text:
Войти в систему
Home - Создать дневник - Написать в дневник - Подробный режим
LJ.Rossia.org - Новости сайта - Общие настройки - Sitemap - Оплата - ljr-fif
Редактировать... - Настройки - Список друзей - Дневник - Картинки - Пароль - Вид дневника
Настроить S2
Помощь - Забыли пароль? - FAQ - Тех. поддержка
BERNARD D. HAAGE Alchemy II: Antiquity-12th Century (cont.)
2. ZOSIMOS OF PANOPOLISThe first historical alchemist, Zosimos of Panopolis (Akhmim) in Egypt, who was active around A.D. 300, knew the Hermettca. Latin (Western) alchemy calls him Rosinus. The Suda ("Souda", c. l000), the most important, comprehensive Byzantine encyclopaedia, credits him with an alchemical encyclopaedia in twenty-eight volumes entitled Cheirokmeta ("Handles"). Only Greek and Syrian fragments have survived, somewhat distorted in a Christian sense, for Zosimos was not a Christian.There is also a scries of Arabic quotations. We have particular knowledge of Zosimos from the commentary of the Byzantine alchemist Olympiodoros (6th century).On the one hand, Zosimos was a practical alchemist. Like Mary the Jewess, he places great value on apparatus, e.g. his book On Apparatus and Furnaces, and many alchemical recipes of his have survived. On the other hand, he gives the first instance of alchemical allegory and a coded language, because he pleads that the alchemical art be kept secret and charges Bolos of Mendes with having made it public. An example of his enigmatic language would be the following "description" of the Philosophers' Stone in dichotomous paradoxes: 'This stone which isn't a stone, this precious thing which has no value, this polymorphous thing which has no form, this unknown thing which is known to all'. In one of his works, the "Commentary on the Letter Omega" which probably belongs among the twenty-eight books of the alchemical encyclopaedia, he debates with his sister Theose-beia, that a sage who has self-knowledge needs no kind of magic to influence something. In contrast, he allows everything to develop according to the necessity of nature and thus produces permanent "natural tinctures". Zosimos' portrait of the true alchemist, e.g. in the book "On the Treatment of Magnesia", displays obvious Hermetic features. Zosimos introduces not only Hermetism together with reminiscences of current myths and religions to alchemy, but also the allegorical encoding of his ideas concerning the redemption of the corporeal, transient existence, of metals as well as men, into the immaterial realm of the spirit. Zosimos' endeavours are most clear in his alchemistic "Dream" or "Vision", the title of his allegory of the alchemical work. In fact, this is neither a dream nor a vision, but Zosimos chooses to use the literary form of an allegorical dream. With his ideas of clarification and metanoia, linked to a serial progression through purification to illumination and perfection, Zosimos stands at the beginning of a tradition - at once mythical, mystical, religious, philosophical, scientific, metallurgical and alchemical - which has been repeated a thousandfold by alchemists ever since. Zosimos' dream allegory presents all these traditions so clearly, that one may speak of a didactic text, artfully divided into three parts, and intentionally written in a coded linguistic form.3. ALEXANDRIAN AND BYZANTINE ALCHEMICAL LITERATUREAfter Zosimos of Panopolis, Greek alchemy exhausts itself in the repetition of old theory, in the elaboration and development of imagery in literary formulations, as well as wearisome descriptions of practical work. However, this has left a valuable legacy. Greek alchemy has been handed down to us in collections of manuscripts, including the already quoted Codex Marcianus 299 (11th century), as well as the Greek Codices 2325 (i3th century) and 2327 (15th century) of the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. All other Greek survivals derive from these manuscripts. Greek alchemy exhibits the following literary genres: recipe, allegory, riddle, revelatory vision, didactic poem or letter, a tract in dialogue, and commentary. The Greek alchemists of the 4th century, especially Pelagros, Dioscoros, and Syne-sius are not proven historical figures. Only Synesius, who directs his commentary on Pseudo-Demo-critos to Dioscoros, can be identified with some probability as the Neoplatonist Synesius of Cyrene (c. 370-c. 414), bishop of Ptolemais in 410-411.The transition from Alexandrian to Byzantine alchemy took place in the 5th century. Olympiodo-ros, a pagan historian and alchemist from Thebes in Egypt, inaugurates this process. The work entitled "The philosopher Olympiodoros on Zosimos, Hermes and the Philosophers" is attributed to him. It exhibits Gnostic influence as well as a knowledge of practical alchemy, especially in the description of equipment, but contains nothing new otherwise. He broadly concerns himself with the philosophical bases of alchemy, especially the Greek philosophers of nature, and repeatedly quotes extracts from Zosimos, described as the "Crown of the Philosophers".The rhetorical and metaphorical expansion of alchemy, already present in Oiympiodoros to an unprecedented degree, culminates in Greek alchemy with Stephanos of Alexandria (7th century). During the reign of emperor Herakleios (610-641) he taught philosophy, especially Plato and Aristotle, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and -> music. Besides a commentary on Aristotle and a work on astronomy, he composed an alchemical tract in nine lectures. In an eclectic fashion, he combined a mystical Christianity with ideas of the Pythagoreans, Platonism and other philosophical currents. He presents alchemy not as practical laboratory work but as an intellectual and spiritual process. He interprets the practice of alchemy in a mystical way as the clarification of the soul, following in Zosimos' tradition. He stylizes the transmutation of base metals into gold as a symbol for the perfection of the human spirit through understanding in a Gnostic sense. He uses the ancient metaphorical tradition, but disguises its sexual symbolism, which occurs overtly in Cleopatra as coitus, pregnancy and birth. In the ensuing period, Christian ideas and images as well as references to the New Testament become increasingly prominent in the metaphorical usage of Greek alchemy. Overall, the interest in practical laboratory work recedes, while the poetic and allegorical ornament increases. Poems of this "allegorizing" tendency by Heliodoros, Theophrastos, Hierotheos and Archelaos have survived from the 8th and 9th centuries. The old practice of encoding continues, but also basic ideas, e.g. the composition of all things from body, soul and spirit, as in Archelaos.Now alchemy, ever since Zosimos, manifests in a mythologised and psychologised form. This transmutation was linked with notions of death and reawakening in the oriental mystery-cults, crowned by the Gnostic idea of redemption through knowledge. This combination of practical knowledge and the esoteric formulation of mythological, psychic and soteriological ideas is continued in this period by Salmanas (9th-ioth century) and Psellus (11th century), through whom alchemical knowledge reached the Latin West. However, unlike the innovations which Arab alchemy introduced to the Christian West, Byzantine alchemy brought no new theoretical ideas.4. ARAB ALCHEMICAL LITERATURE Translations from Greek and Syrian into Arabic made by Syrian-speaking Nestorians in Nisibis and Edessa and the Sabaeans in Harran proliferated under educated rulers like Harun al-Rashid (c. 764-809) and Al-Ma'mun (787-833). Besides these centres of learning, Greek science entered the Islamic world through the Academy of Gondishapur founded during the Sassanid dynasty (224-651) in west Persia and through Egyptian centres, especially Alexandria.Since the end of the 8th century there were also sufficient numbers of Muslim translators proficient in Greek. As far as alchemical literature is concerned, several Persian and even Babylonian-Assyrian ideas and concepts found in Arabic versions are attributable to their translation in Persian and Mesopotamian locations. The newly developing Arabic literature of alchemy relied on these translations and so transmitted both authentic material, above all Zosimos, as well as pseudepigraphic works, which were not recognised as such. These included, for example, Thaies, Pythagoras, Leukip-pos, Empedocles, Democritos, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, but also "Agathodaimon", "Chimes", "Hermes" and Hermetic writings, such as the already cited Tabula Smaragdina, which originally stood at the end of "The Book of the Secret of Creation" by Balinas (Pseudo-Apollonios of Tyana), and further authorities like Cleopatra, Mary the Jewess, Ostanes and others. Such pseudepigrapha in Arabic alchemy have still not been adequately researched.From the 8th century onwards, Islamic scholars enter the historical stage. Only several of the great number of Muslim alchemists, who produced original and representative work, can be given as examples. Arab historiography is problematic, as legend is not always distinguishable from historical truth. The most important historical source is the "Fihrist" (kitab-al-Fihrist) of Ibn [-Abi-Yakub]-an-Nadim (second half loth century).Ibn an-Nadim introduces the Umayyad prince Khalid (Halid b. Yazid b. Mu'awiya) at the turn of the 7th to the 8th century as the first Arab alchemist. He claims to have seen works by him and his alchemical testament to his son. There are similar reports by other Arab historians. It is still an open question whether the historical Khalid is identical with this alchemist. However, Khalid's principal importance is his legacy to the Christian West, as the dialogue of Khalid with his alchemy teacher Maryanus (i.e. Morienus Romanus) was the first alchemical text to be translated from Arabic into Latin by -> Robert of Chester in 1144, later printed under the title Liber de compositione alche-miae quern edidit Morienus Romanus, Calid regi Aegyptiorum: quern Robertus Castrensis de Arabico in Latinum transtulit. It is true that Khalid is credited with several alchemical works, among them "The Paradise of Wisdom", a divan of alchemical didactic poems, which were frequently quoted later.5. JABIR AND THE CORPUS JABIRIANUM The reception of Greek learning swiftly led to remarkable achievements in Arab alchemy, first evident in the extremely influential Corpus Jabiri-anum. Evolving from the 8th to the loth century, its authorship is attributed to Jabir (ibn Hayyan), who is the subject of much scholarly debate owing to scant historical evidence. In any case, this Jabir or Arab Geber must have been succeeded by the Latin Geber of the I3th century, who is credited with a text which was produced in Italy. Jabir provides evidence of himself as a historical personality in the 8th-9th century by repeatedly asserting that he is a pupil of Ja'far as-Sadiq and that he followed the latter in the content and structure of his writings. The Imam 'Abd Allah Ja'far al-Sadiq (c. 700-765) lived a reclusive life in Medina. He must have enjoyed a high reputation, because a great number of legendary pseudepigrapha have gathered around his name. In one such attributed work, "The Open Letter of Ja'far as-Sadiq regarding the Science of the Art and of the Noble Stone", one encounters in Arab alchemical literature the earliest subdivision of the metals as of all things into the triad body, soul and spirit, which plays such an important role in -> Paracelsus as "Salt, Sulphur and Mercury".The Corpus jabirianum is extremely voluminous and treats of all ancient sciences. Three thousand titles in total are known, of which many relate to chapter-headings. The most important writings of Jabir are the following:- "The Compassion", also known as "The Foundation", appears to be the oldest work in view of its archaic terminology. Ja'far is not named in this work.- "The Hundred and Twelve Books", which continue and offer a commentary on "The Compassion" have only survived in fragmentary form (thirty "books" are preserved). The description of the elixir as made not only of mineral but also from organic, that is animal and vegetable substances, is especially significant for the further development of alchemical ideas. Ja'far is named here.- "The Seventy Books" contain the most uniform and systematic plan of Jabirian alchemy. Greek authorities are frequently quoted. Ja'far is named only once. This general survey of Jabirian alchemy also contains, like "The Compassion", the Sulphur-Mercury theory, which Jabir probably derived from Balinas (Pseudo-Apollonios of Tyana). Parts of the "Seventy Books" were translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona as Liber de Septuaginta and then used widely in theChristian West.- "The Ten Books of Rectifications" are concerned with improvements in alchemy by specific authorities. Such "rectifications" are written by various alchemical authors under the assumed names of Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Democritos among others.- "The Books of the Balances", originally one hundred and forty-four in number, of which forty-four survive, deal not only with alchemy but also with -> astrology, medicine, logic, physics, metaphysics, arithmetic, music, grammar and prosody. Jabir gleans insights from all these sciences for his special theory of "balance".- "The Seven Metals", whose contents continue the discussion of the theory of "balance".- "The Development of the Potential into the Actual" is concerned with the theoretical assumptions of contemporary natural science such as the doctrines of the elements and qualities, astronomy, meteorology and "klimata", that is the latitudinal zones of the earth. Here one finds the fundamental questions of all Jabirian texts arising from such fields as medicine, alchemy, sympathetic influences, theurgy, -> astrology, the science of balances and the artificial creation of life.- "The Great Book of Properties" appears disordered in its seventy-one chapters, because in its composition fifty core chapters were supplemented by slightly abridged chapters. This book contains the important innovation of iatrochem-istry, that is the alchemical preparation of medicines, so crucial for the further development of Western alchemy (-> Jean de Rocquetaillade, Paracelsus).Concerning sources, it is evident that Jabir chiefly relies on Arabic translations of Greek pseudepi-graphical literature, which he wrongly assumes to be authentic. This is usually the case with Pseudo-Socrates, Plato, Porphyry, Democritos, Agathodai-mon and Pseudo-Apollonios of Tyana (Balinas). The only genuine quotations stem exclusively from Aristotle and Galen - Jabir is familiar with the humoral doctrine of medicine - as well as from the only real alchemist, Zosimos. Jabir's alchemical theory may be sketched as follows:The foundation and touchstone of all traditional as well as discovered theory is experiment. Aristotle's doctrine of the elements, which derives from Empedocles of Agrigent, is combined in the Corpus Jabirianum with the doctrine of qualities in its early form as in Galen. The alchemist must endeavour to produce a state of equilibrium. The goal of transmutation is to achieve the same composition of the elementary qualities as obtained in gold. Jabir wanted to achieve this with elixirs. When preparing elixirs, the raw material should first be broken down into the four elements, e.g. by dry distillation, which are then added in an appropriate manner to the specific elixir with reference to the "lack" in the material which is to be transmuted. In this way, Jabir considers it possible to "heal" the "sick" matter or metal, by bringing its elementary qualities into the same equilibrium as of gold. For all that, quantitative thought enters alchemical theory here. In Jabir, the elementary qualities are carried by the two philosophical principles Mercury and Sulphur, from which the metals arise under the influence of the planets. Jabir's Mercury-Sulphur theory may have been prompted by the Arab encyclopaedia of his revered Balinas (Pseudo-Apollonios of Tyana), which was known as "The Causes", "The Collector of Things", but mostly as "The Book of the Secret of Creation".Jabir's basic conviction that natural events are ordered according to measure and purpose leads him to place no limits on the alchemist's ability to imitate the world-creating demiurge. Everything is possible, even artificial procreation, that is the homunculus. One merely needs to produce the right mixture of elementary qualities through elixirs. The innovation of the Corpus Jabirianum^ as in "The Seventy Books", in the preparation of such elixirs for transmutation consists in the use, besides minerals, of organic, animal and plant substances: blood, hair, sperm, bones, lions' urine, poisonous snakes, foxes, oxen, gazelles, asses, as well as parts of olive, jasmine, onion, ginger, pepper, mustard, pear, anenome and aconite.A further idea from the Corpus Jabirianum, which only blossomed fully in Western alchemy, was the use of the elixir in medicine as a remedy, even as a panacea. In the sixth maqala of "The Great Book of Properties", Jabir reports that he healed a thousand patients on a single day with the aid of the elixir. He also used it with success against snake bites and poisonings.The Corpus Jabirianum is based on empirical results, but it does not achieve the level of Rhazes, especially regarding alchemical equipment and substances. The Corpus Jabirianum divides minerals into the following classes: i) "spirits", that is volatile substances like sulphur, arsenic (arsenic sulphide, realgar, auripigment), mercury, camphor and salmiac (Sal ammoniacum), which was scarcely mentioned in earlier Arab alchemical literature, and whose production from organic substances, e.g. hair, is described in the Corpus, 2) Metals, namely gold, silver, lead, tin, copper, iron and "khar sini" ("Chinese iron", still unidentified). 3) Eight further groups of minerals. The empirical aspect of the Corpus Jabirianum also demonstrates highly practical techniques, e.g. the production of steel and refinement, dyeing, protection from corrosion, and the making of "gold" ink from marca-site for the illumination of manuscripts.Apart from the corpuscular theory, Jabirian alchemy contains the principal ideas of all ensuing alchemy. The Corpus Jabirianum knows of the esoteric, metaphorical, occult as well as the exoteric aspect of alchemy. It offers both theory and empirical practice.6. RHAZESThe great Persian physician and alchemist Rhazes (865-915) offers the most striking example of a thoroughly exoteric, sober, and practical alchemy. His full name is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi, that is "the man of Ray" (ancient Rhagae) near Teheran. Together with Jabir, the alchemist Rhazes exercised the greatest influence on Western alchemy. He based his thought largely on Jabir, but did not accept his theory of balance. He compiled his alchemical works in a list called "Pinax". Towards the end of his life he abridged his major work "The Book of Secrets" (Kitab al Asrar) as "The Secret of Secrets" (K. Sirr al Asrar), with an almost identical introduction. Here "secret" must be understood in the sense of technical knowledge. A collection of twelve further books belongs to the alchemical corpus of Rhazes, including "The Book of Propaedeutic Introduction" (written c. 900-910), which presents contemporary alchemy in a clear and systematic fashion like a modern introduction to chemistry.Rhazes was chiefly devoted to practical alchemy and experiment. Although his thinking is far removed from the allegory of Greek alchemy or an Ibn Umail and is reticent in speculation, he follows the theory of Jabir in particular. He accepts the Aristotelian doctrine of elements, also the Mercury-Sulphur theory of Balinas realised by Jabir, regards "Sulphur" as non-inflammable oil and adds to Mercury and Sulphur a third constituent of a salty nature, a triad which is naturally reminiscent of Paracelsus. Like Jabir, he uses plant and animal products for the preparation of elixirs, with which the base, "sick" metals can be "healed" into gold, and furthermore systematically classifies all chemical substances into animal, vegetable and mineral. A corpuscular theory is manifest in Rhazes' "Book of Secrets", more sharply defined than its vague beginnings in the Corpus Jabiri-anum: bodies consist of the smallest indivisible parts, that is atoms. These are eternal and have a definite size. The qualities of the perceived elements, lightness, heaviness, colour, softness, hardness, depend on the density of the atoms, that is on the amount of the empty space between them.Rhazes' ideas concerning the theory of matter later influenced the corpuscular theory of the Latin Geber towards the end of the 13th century. Armed with this theory, Rhazes describes the alchemical work in precise terms: distillation, calcination, solution, evaporation, crystallisation, sublimation, filtration, amalgamation, ceration, i.e. a process for making substances into a waxy solid. For the transmutation, the substances are purified by distillation and calcination. They are then amalgamated. Following their purification they are next prepared in a waxen state, without any evolution of fumes. There follows the solution in "sharp waters", not generally acids (lemon juice, sour milk), but rather alkaline and ammoniacal solutions. Finally, a coagulation or solidification was performed to produce the elixir.7. AVICENNAAfter Rhazes came -> Avicenna (980-1037), i.e. Abu 'Ali al-Husain ibn Abdullah ibn Sina, the supreme medical authority among Islamic doctors. Like Rhazes, he was widely educated in many fields including alchemy - although he wrote no work on the subject and was no alchemist. However, his name was used pseudepigraphically for a number of alchemical books. His most important philosophical work, a kind of Aristotelian encyclopaedia dealing with the sciences of logic, physics, mathematics and metaphysics, bears the title Book of the Remedy, which refers to the recovery from ignorance. Here he treated of the natural generation of the metals and thundered his famous invective against the alchemists, which the Latins quote as "Sciant artifices", i.e. "The alchemists should know..." Avicenna took a position contrary to Jabir's belief in limitless feasibility. The products of nature are better than those produced artificially. Alchemical art never measures up to nature. For this reason, neither can it transmute base into noble metals. Like Jabir, but as an opponent of the art of making gold, Avicenna signposts the purpose of alchemical elixirs as remedies in human medicine, a challenge first fulfilled in the Christian world.8. THE TURBA PHILOSOPHORUMThe Turba philosophorum or "Convention of Philosophers" (as adepts called themselves) has enjoyed the greatest favour among alchemists up to modern times, despite or possibly because of its obscure language, which has still not been adequately explained up to the present day. The Turba first appears in manuscripts of the 12th century, a Latin edition was first printed at Basle in 1572, and the first German translation by Paul Hildenbrandt appeared at Frankfurt in 1597. Surviving fragments of the lost Arabic original bear the title "The Book of the Convention". The doxographic work, written in Arabic around 900, is entirely based on Greek alchemy. The Turba quotes entire passages from Pseudo-Democritos and Olympiodoros. There are also textual parallels with the first book of the Refutatio omnium haerestum by the Church father Hippolytus (3rd century), in which nine of the Turba discussants appear. There are no references to Arab alchemists nor any mention of the Mercury-Sulphur theory. The text is manifestly an Arab edition of an original Greek work.The Latin edition presents the Turba in a fictional narrative framework as the report of Archelaos, called "Arisleus", on the "Third Pythagorean Synod", to which Pythagoras allegedly invited his pupils across the world. Pre-Socratic philosophers, their identity masked by gross distortions of their names, speak predominantly in debate with the convention: Anaximandros, Anaximenes, Anaxo-goras, Empedocles, Archelaos, Leukippos, Ekphan-tos, Pythagoras and Xenophanes, besides Socrates and Plato.There is little in the Turba relating to alchemical procedures. The four elements must be mixed. Only then can they combine in new substances. Thus, "our copper" must first be transmuted into silver, before one can proceed with the preparation of gold. Coded names obstruct further interpretation. The author of the Turba has clearly not practised alchemy himself, as indicated by his recommendation of alchemical literature instead of experiment - a statement he puts in the mouth of Parmenides in the eleventh chapter. There is a wide gap here with the thought of Jabir and Rhazes, and the scholars of Salerno and Chartres in the nth and 12th centuries.9. IBN UMAILThe most prominent representative of allegorical alchemy is Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umail at-Tamimi (c. 900-c. 960), whom the Latin writers called Senior Zadith Filius Hamuel. He wrote two influential major works besides various poems. The first is entitled The Book of Silvery Water and Starry Earth, while its Latin translation is known as Tabula chemica or Senioris antiquissimi philoso-phi libellus. Both express Ibn Umail's allegorical and encoded manner of expression. In this book he claims to be interpreting the secrets of alchemy, revealed to him when visiting the temple in Sidr Busir. He particularly enlarges on the alchemical doctrines of ancient, pre-Islamic authorities, including Zosimos, Mary the Jewess and the Herme-tica, as well as the Turba philosophorum. Among Islamic alchemists he quotes only Jabir, occasionally engaging in polemics against him, and appears well acquainted with several books of the Corpus Jabirianum. He either knows nothing of Rhazes, which is hardly conceivable, or else he wishes to ignore him as the leading exoteric authority. He is wholly indebted to metaphorical Greek alchemy and closes his eyes to the achievements of Islamic alchemy.In his introduction he refers to his second major work, "Epistle of the Sun to the Crescent Moon", in which he gives poetic expression to his alchemical insights at the temple in Sidr Busir. There are ninety strophes and a total of 448 verses of "extraordinary wooden doggerel" about the sun, the great elixir and the half-moon, namely mercury. The first work is presented as a commentary on the poetic, second work.The "Epistle" also exists in a Latin version under the title Epistola Solis ad Lunam crescentem. This second work of Ibn Umail was used in the late medieval period as a source for a widely circulated, anonymous German poem, which was integrated into the Latin and German editions of the Rosarium philosophorum. Its contents revolve around the relationship dictated by nature between Sol and Luna, seen in sexual terms as the love-play of cock and hen.In retrospect it is evident that Arab alchemy knows both theory and practice, the esoteric aspect with its metaphorical language and the exoteric with its struggle to understand matter and experimentation expressed in sober, objective language. There are divergent opinions concerning the possibility of transmutation, with Jabir and Rhazes pro and Avicenna contra. Innovations include the preparation of the elixir from plant and animal substances, the doctrine of the correct mixture of the four elements, the medicinal use of elixirs as remedies, even as a panacea, and the Mercury-Sulphur theory in particular, as well as practical improvements in instruments, especially distillation apparatus.From the 12th century onwards, Arab alchemy produces only commentators and compilers. The Christian West begins to absorb the greatest and momentous wave of ancient science, in the 11th century in southern Italy, especially at Salerno, and in the 12th century in Spain, notably at Toledo. This was primarily mediated by Arabic sources, and to a lesser extent, especially in southern Italy, by Greek sources. In this way alchemy came to Europe as an ars nova.10. ALCHEMICAL LITERATURE IN THE LATIN MIDDLE AGES UNTIL THE END OF THE I2TH CENTURYThe natural philosophers of the School of Chartres, "physici" as they called themselves, sought to understand God's corporeal world in a rational manner. Both William of Conches and Adelard of Bath rebuked the ancient scientists, who had neither studied the writings of the physici, nor recognised the natural virtues (vires naturae), nor trusted heir own reason (ratio). William's critique shows that this was not a mere rationalist impulse derived from the Timaeus, but reflected a wider receptivity to new knowledge: he implied that there were still hidebound scientists who relied on the elementary doctrine of the old Timaeus (of Chalcidius), when Constantinus Africanus was now available as a source.William of Conches therefore supplements his knowledge of the doctrine of elements, in this case the corpuscular theories, with influences from Salerno, particularly Galen's doctrine of the elements in the Liber regalis of 'Ali ibn Al-Abbas al-Magusi (Lat. Haly Abbas, d. 994), entitled Liber pantegni (The Whole Art) in the translation of Constantinus Africanus (1010-1087). His widely diffused "Philosophia mundi" offers a systematic treatment of all existence based on this corpuscular theory.Constantinus Africanus, the first major and world-renowned translator of Greek-Arabic science into Latin, is synonymous with Salerno as the oldest university centre of Europe and the foremost centre for the reception of Arabic scientific and medical literature. This leading school of medicine cultivated a tradition of rational scientific thought united with observation and experiment in the spirit of Hippocrates and Galen. At the same time as Constantinus, Alphanus of Salerno (c. 1015-1085) translated the tract Peri physeos anthropou of Nemesios of Emesa (5th century) from Greek into Latin under the title Premnon physicon. Like Constantinus, he was concerned with establishing a corpuscular theory of matter as the basis of Western medicine, because the text offers one of the most extensive descriptions of the Platonic atomic theory in the Middle Ages. It was widely disseminated.The networking, from the l0th century onwards, of educational centres, especially of Salerno in southern Italy with those in northern France, was flanked and eventually superseded by the reception and assimilation of translations from the Arabic at Toledo in Spain, soon extended throughout Europe.From the end of the 12th century, Latin writers had access to the leading authors of Arab philosophy, -> al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Avicenna and al-Ghaz-ali, as well as the giants of medicine like Rhazes with his compendium Ad Almansorem and especially Avicenna's Canon medicinae. Much was introduced from other fields, including the Her-metica, superstitious material, and not least alchemy, presented as the ars nova by Robert of Chester. Alchemy therefore owes its existence in the West to this 11th-century wave of reception and assimilation. The gradual Arab-Latin translation of Aristotle's complete works was especially epoch-making.Arab science was introduced into the West by the enormous translating activity of Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187) and his circle in Toledo. His pupils compiled a list of 71 of his translations. Among these are three alchemical titles: Jabir (Jabir ibn Hayyan), Liber divinitatis de LXX (Berthelot 1906), Pseudo-Rhazes, De aluminibus et salibus (Ruska 193 5) and Pseudo-Rhazes, Liber lumen luminum (Lippmann 1954, III, 17). In addition, there are Rhazes' "Book of Secrets" and pseudepigraphic texts like Pseudo-Avicenna's De anima in ane alkimie or the treatises on alchemy in the Secretum secretorum, the Arab encyclopaedia of Pseudo-Aristotle.The reception of Arab alchemy in Europe commences with the same story of Morienus Romanus for the Umayyad prince Khalid, which marked the Islamic reception of Greek alchemy. Robertus Ketenensis (Robertus Castrensis), i.e. Robert of Chester (from Ketton) translated it in 1144 as Liber de compositione alchemiae and introduced in its foreword "alchymia" as a hitherto unknown art into Europe. He and his friend Hermann of Carinthia were studying alchemy while staying near the Ebro in Spain. Both men were influenced by the School of Chartres.The number of early translations of alchemical writings from Arabic into Latin was not that great, and the well-received "Book of Alums and Salts" represents the foundation text of alchemy in the West, combining theory, allegory and practice. The Arab original was probably written in Spain in the nth or nth century. Its contents are as follows: the unknown author generally follows the line of Jabir and Rhazes, but also quotes from a poem attributed to Khalid and, not unexpectedly, appends the Mercury-Sulphur theory. However, he repeatedly reverts to his own experiments. The work is predominantly practical and treats the basic substances according to Rhazes's classification: sixteen chapters on spirits (mercury, arsenic, sulphur, sal ammoniac), forty-nine on bodies, i.e. metals (gold, silver, iron, lead, tin, copper), eight on stones and twelve on salts. This sober and objective chemical exposition is, however, mixed with the use of cover-names and esoteric, allegorical codes. In his description of mercury, for example, empirical observation initially prevails. But then analogy is invoked to conclude that the mercurial spirit penetrating another metal, which it clearly is able to tincture by giving it a different appearance, may also be able to act as an elixir by clarifying this other metal into silver ("white") and gold ("red").This description is known as the Pure Mercury theory, already encountered among other theories of the transmutation of metals in Jabir's Liber de septuaginta. But then the language grows more obscure and a series of cover-names ensues ("water of life", "colouring herb"), as found in the Turba philosophorum, followed by a list of the properties of mercury deriving from its twofold nature. This twofold nature is conveyed by an image, entirely in the style of Ibn Umail's allegorical alchemy or the Turba philosophorum. The snake impregnating itself, giving new birth from itself, when its time has come, unites the opposites of masculine and feminine in itself and renews itself. This is an allegory of the Ouroboros symbol. The toxicity of the mercury vapours is emphasised and then an easily understood representation is given of red mercury oxide being slowly heated. A torrent of cover-names is used, as if to make the point. The ensuing allegorical dialogue between gold and mercury is traditional, as found in Jabir's "Book of Seventy". Once again, mercury is presented as the origin of all metals, even of gold, as well as its hermaphroditic nature. According to whether it is regarded as masculine or feminine, mercury should be wedded to the feminine (sister) or masculine (brother). This idea might appear to favour the Mercury-Sulphur theory rather than the Pure Mercury theory. However, as a hermaphrodite, mercury contains both principles, which can each enter into a new relationship and thus both theories can harmoniously co-exist. By means of arsenic and sulphur, mercury can thus transmute base metals into silver and gold. The introduction of alchemy to the scholarly world of Europe in the 12th and 13th century immediately provoked controversy. Alfred of Sareshel (Alfredus Anglicus) stirred up opposition against the ars nova at the turn of the nth and 13th century. He was a member of Gerard of Cremona's circle and was responsible for some of the new translations of Aristotelian writings from Arabic. In the fourth book of his translation of Aristotle's Meteorologica he added the meteorological section of Avicenna's Book of the Remedy under the title De congelatone et conglutinatione lapidum ("Concerning the Coagulation and Conglutination of Stones"), without acknowledgement. But this contains the "Sciant artifices", Avicenna's famous rejection of transmutation. With these first translations of the 12th century the entire Arab theory of alchemy together with its imagery and terminology entered the Latin West.Aristotle, The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation (Jonathan Barnes, ed.), 2 vols., 2nd ed., New Jersey: Princeton, 1985 (1st ed., 1984) * Plato, Werke in acht Banden: Griechisch und Deutsch (Gunther Eigler, ed.), Darmstadt, 1972 * Pliny the Elder, Naturkunde, 37 Bucher, lateinisch und deutsch (Roderich Konig and Gerhard Winkler, eds.), Munich, Zurich, 1973-1991 * Plutarch, Uber Isis und Osiris (Th. Hopfner, transi, and commentar)'), Prague, 1941 (Reprint Hildesheim, 1974) * Corpus Her-meticum, see Copenhaver (1992) * Calcidius, see Waszink (1975) * Nemesius, Peri physeos antropou, see Fredrich (1894) " Pseudo-Apollonios of Tyana, see Weisser (1980) * Alfanus, Nemesii episcopi premnon physicon sive "peri physeos anthropou" liber a N. Alfano archiepiscopo Salerni in Latinum translatifs (Carlos Burkhard, ed.), Leipzig, 1917 * Jabir,Jabir ibn Hayyan: Essai sur l'histoire des idees scientifiques dans l'islam, vol. i, Textes choisis (Kraus, Paul, eds.), Paris, Cairo, 1935 * Ja'far (Ja'far al-Sidiq), see Ruska (1977) * Tabula Smaragdina, see Ruska ( 1926) * Turba philosophorum, see Ruska (1931) * Ibn Umail at Tameme, Muhammad, Kitab ai-ma' al-waraqe wal-ard an-nagmeya (The Book of Silvery Water and Starry Earth), edition and translation, see Stapleton and Husain (1933) and Ruska (1936) * Avicenna, Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum, see Holmyard and Mandeville (1927) * Urso, Der Salernitaner Arzt Urso aus der z. Halfte des 12. Jahrhunderts und seine beide Schriften "De effectibus qualitatum" und "De effectibus medicinarum" (Curt Mathaes, ed.), med. Diss. Leipzig, 1918 * William of Conches, Dragmaticon. Ediert von Guilelmus Gratarolus: Diahgus de substantiis physicis, Strasburg, 1567 (Reprint Frankfurt am Main, 1967) * Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, 2 vols. (Karl Lachmann, ed., Wolfgang Spiewok, transi.), Stuttgart, 1981 * Dominicus Gundissalinus, De divisione philosophie (L. Baur, ed.), Munster, 1903 * Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum naturale, Venice, 1494 * Daniel of Morley, Liber de naturis inferiorum et superiorum (Karl Sudhoff, ed.), Archiv fur die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik 8 (1917), 1-40 * Geber; see Newman (1991) and Darmstaedter (1922) * Rosarium Philosophorum, see Telle (1992) t Michael Maier, Symbola aureae mensae duodecim nationum, Frankfurt am Main, 1617. Lit.: P. Assion, Altdeutsche Fachliteratur, Berlin, 1973 * A. Aurnhammer, "Zum Hermaphroditen in der Sinnbildkunst der Alchemisten", in: Meinel (1986), 179-200 * J. Barke, Die Sprache der Chymie, Tubingen, 1991 * M. Berthelot, La Chimie au moyen age, 3 vols., Paris, 1893 (Reprograph. reprint Osnabruck, 1967) * idem (ed.), "Geber-le livre des soixante-dix", Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences 49 (1906), 310-363 * idem, Die Chemie im Altertum und im Mittelalter ... ubertragen von E. Kalliwoda. Durchgesehen, eingeleitet und 'mit Anmerkungen von F. Strunz, Leipzig, Vienna, 1909 (Reprograph. reprint. With a foreword by R. Schmilz, Hildesheim, New York, 1970) * idem & C.E. Ruelle, Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs, 3 vols., Paris, 1888-1889 (reprint Osnabruck, 1967) * H. Biedermann, Materia prima: Eine Bildersammlung zur Ideengeschichte der Alchemie, Graz, 1973 * idem, Handlexikon der magischen Kunste. 2 vols, 3rd ed., Graz, 1986 * H. Birkhan, Die alchemistische Lehrdichtung des Gratheus filius philo-sophi im Cod. Vind. 2372, i vols., Vienna, 1992 * H. Brunner, Grundzuge der abagyptischen Religion, Darmstadt, 1983 * H. Buntz, "Deutsche alchemistische Traktate des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts", Diss. Munich, 1968, accepted 1969 * idem, "Das 'Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit': Sein Autor und seine Uberlieferung", Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum 101 (1971), 150-160 " R. Butler, Die Mystik der Welt, Darmstadt, 1992 " Ch. Butterworth & B.A. Kessel (eds.), The Introduction of Arabic Philosophy into Europe, Leiden, New York, Cologne, 1994 * D. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier und fder Ssabismus, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1856 (Reprint Amsterdam, 1965) * B.P. Copenhaver, Hermetica: The Greek "Corpus Hermeticum" and the Latin "Asclepius" in a new English translation, with notes and introduction, Cambridge, 1992 * W. F. Daems, "'Sal-Merkur-Sulphur' bei Paracelsus und das 'Buch der Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit'", Nova Acta Paracelsica io (1982), 189-190 * P. Diepgeo, Das Elixier, die kostlichste der Arzneien, Ingelheim, 1951 * E.J. Dijksterhuis, Die Mechanisierung des Weltbildes (H. Habicht, transi), Berlin, Heidelberg & New York, 1983 (Reprint of 1956 ed. De mechanisering van het wereldbeeld, Amsterdam ,1950) * P. Dinzelbacher (ed.), Mittelalterliche Frauenmystik, Paderborn, 1993 * R. Drux, (ed.), Menschen aus Menschenhand, Stuttgart, 1988 4 G. Eis, Vor und nach Paracelsus, Stuttgart, 1965 * idem, Mittelalterliche Fachliteratur, 2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1967 * M. Eliade, Schmiede und Alchemisten, znd ed., Stuttgart, 1980 " R.J. Forbes, A Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal, Leiden, 1970 * C. Fredrich, "De libro 'Peri physeos anthropou' pseudippocrateo", Phil. Diss. Gottingen, 1894 * K. Frick, "Einfuhrung in die alchemistische Literatur", Sudhoffs Archiv 45 (1961), 147-163 * W. Ganzenmuller, Die Alchemie im Mittelalter, Paderborn, 1938 (Reprog. reprint Hildesheim 1967) * K. Garbers & J. Weyer (eds.), Quellengeschichtliches Lesebuch zur Chemie und Alchemie der Araber im Mittelalter, Hamburg, 1980 * M. Giebel, Das Geheimnis der Mysterien, Zurich & Munich, 1990 * D. Goltz, J. Teile & H. J. Vermeer, Der alchemistische Traktat "Von der Multiplikation" von Pseudo-Thomas von Aquin: Untersuchungen und Texte, Wiesbaden, 1977 * E. Grant (ed.), A Source Book in Medieval Science, Cambridge, Mass., 1974 * B.D. Haage, "Das alchemistische Bildgedicht vom 'Nackten Weib' in seiner bisher altesten Uberlieferung", Centaurus 26 (1982), 204-214 * idem, "Der Harmoniegedanke in mittelalterlicher Dichtung und Diatetik als Thera-peutikum: Das mystische Leben in der Welt ohne die Welt im 'Armen Heinrich' Hartmanns von Aue", in: J. Kuhnel et al. (eds.), Psychologie in der Mediavistik: Gesammelte Beitrage des Steinheimer Symposions, Goppingen, 1985, 171-196 * idem, "Wissenschaftsund bildungstheoretische Reminiszenzen nordfranzosischer Schulen bei Gottfried von Stra?burg und Wolfram von Eschenbach", Wurzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen 8 (1990), 91-135 * idem, Studien zur Heilkunde im "Parzival" Wolframs von Eschenbach, Goppingen, 1992 * idem, "Wissenstradierende und gesellschaftliche Konstituenten mittelalterlicher deutscher Fachsprache", in: Th. Bungarten (ed.), Fachsprachentheorie. Bd. i, Tostedt, 1993, 228-268 * idem, "Ouroboros - und kein Ende", in: J. Domes et al. (eds.), Licht der Natur: Festschrift fur Gundolf Keil zum 60. Geburtstag, Goppingen, 1994,149-169 * idem, Alchemie im Mittelalter, Zurich, 1996 * R. Halleux, Les textes alchimiques, Turnhout, 1979 * D. Harmening, Superstitio, Berlin, 1979 * Ch. H. Haskins, "The 'Alchemy' ascribed to Michael Scot", Isis io (1928), 350-359 " E.J. Holmyard, Alchemy, Harmondsworth, 1968 (ist ed., 1957) * idem oc D.C. Mandeville, "De congelatone et conglutinatione lapidum" being sections of the Kitab al Shifa, Paris, 1927 * B.Joly, "Rhazes", in: Priesneroc Figala (1998), 302-304 * C.G. Jung, Studien uber alchemistische Vorstellungen, Olten, 1978 * idem, Psychologie und Alchemie, 5th ed., Olten und Freiburg i.Br., 1979 (2nd ed. within the collected edition of 1975; ist ed., Zurich, 1944) * G. Keil, "Die Frau als Arztin und Patientin in der medizinischen Fachprosa des deutschen Mittelalters", in: Frau und spatmittelalterlicher Alltag: Internationaler Kongre? Krems a.d. Donau 2.-5.10.1984 (Sitzungsberichte der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Kl. 473 1986), 157-211 * R. Kieckhefer, Magic in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1989 " H.M. Koelbing, Die arztliche Therapie, Darmstadt, 1985 * P. Kraus, Jabir ihn Hayyan: Contribution a l'histoire des idees scientifiques dans l'Islam, Cairo, vol. i, 1943, vol. 2, 1942 * K. Lasswitz, Geschichte der Atomistik vom Mittelalter bis Newton, z vols., Hamburg OC Leipzig, 1890 (Photog. Reprint Darmstadt, 1963) * J. Lindsay, The Origins of Alchemy in Graeco-Roman Egypt, London, 1970 * E.O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Berlin, vol. i, 1919, vol. :., 1931, Weinheim, vol. 3, 1954 * LMA = Lexikon des Mittelalters, vols, i, Munich & Zurich, 1977 * E Ludy-Tenger, Alchemistische und chemische Zeichen, Vaduz, 1981 * Z.R. von Martels (ed.), Alchemy Revisited: Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Alchemy at the University of Groningen, I7.-I9.4.I989, Leiden, New York & Cologne, 1990 * M. Mertens, "Project for a New Edition of Zosimos of Panopolis", in: Martels (1990), 121-126 * W.-D. Muller-Jahncke, "Homunculus", in: Priesner & Figala (1998), 182 " R. Multhauf, The Origins of Chemistry, London, 1966 * A.N. Nader, "Les alchimistes arabes du Moyen Age et leur conception de la nature", in: A. Zimmermann & A. Speer (eds.), Mensch und Natur im Mittelalter, Berlin & New York, 1991, 510-534 * W.R. Newman, The "Summa perfectionis" of PseudoGeber: A Critical Edition, Translation and Study, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen & Cologne, 1991 * idem, "Avicenna", in: Priesner & Figala (1998), 67 * idem, "Alchemie, mittelalterliche/arabische", in: Priesner & Figala (1998), 26-29 * B. Obrist, "Die Alchemie in der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft", in: Meinel (1968), 33-59 * B. Pabst, Atomtheorien des lateinischen Mittelalters, Darmstadt, 1994 * Pauly = Der Kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike, 5 vols., Munich, 1975 * M. Plessner, Vorsokratische Philosophie und griechische Alchemie in arabisch-lateinischer Uberlieferung: Studien zu Text und Inhalt der "Turba philosophorum", Wiesbaden, 1975 " E.E. Ploss, H. Roosen-Runge, H. Schipperges & H. Bunrz, Alchimia: Ideologie und Technologie, Munich, 1970 * C. Priesner oc K. Figala (eds.), Alchemie: Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft, Munich, 1998 * J. Pruig, "The Transmission and Reception of Arabic Philosophy in Christian Spain (until 1200)", in: Ch. Butter-worth & B.A. Kessel (eds.), The Introduction of Arabic Philosophy into Europe, Leiden, New York oc Cologne, 1994, 7-30 * H. Roosen-Runge, "Farben- und Malrezepte in fruhmittelalterlichen technologischen Handschriften", in: Ploss et al, (1970), 47-66 * J. Ruska, Tabula Smaragdina, Heidelberg, 1916 * idem, uTurba Philosophorum"', Berlin, 1931* idem, "Der Urtext der Tabula Chemica", Archeion 16 (1934), 273-283 " idem (ed. & trans.), Das Buch der Alaune und Salze: Ein Grundwerk der spatlateinischen Alchemic, Berlin, 1935 * idem, Al-Raze's Buch Geheimnis der Geheimnisse, mit Einleitung und Erlauterungen in deutscher Ubersetzung, Berlin, 1937 * idem, Arabische Alche-misten, Wiesbaden, 1977 (Reprint of the 1924 edition) * H. Schipperges, "Die Schulen von Chartres unter dem Einflu? des Arabismus", Sudhoffs Archiv 40 (1956), 193-219 * idem, Die Assimilation der arabischen Medizin durch das lateinische Mittelalter, Wiesbaden, 1964 * idem, "Strukturen und Prozesse alchimistischer Uberlieferungen", in: Ploss et al. (1970), 67-118 " idem, "Die Rezeption arabisch-griechischer Medizin und ihr Einflu? auf die abendlandische Heilkunde", in: P. Weimar (ed.), Die Renaissance der Wissenschaften im 12. Jahrhundert, Zurich, 1981, 173-196 4 idem, "Zum Topos von 'ratio et experi-mentum' in der alteren Wissenschaftsgeschichte", in: G. Keil oc P. Assion (eds.), Fachprosa-Studien: Beitrage zur mittelalterlichen Wissenschafts- und Geistesgeschichte, Berlin, 1982,25-36 * idem, Der Garten der Gesundheit: Medizin im Mittelalter, Munich, 1985 * idem, "Avicenna (980-1037)", in: D. von Engelhardt & F. Hartmann, (eds.), Klassiker der Medizin, Munich, 1991, vol. i, 40-43 * R. Schnabel, Pharmazie in Wissenschaft und Praxis: Dargestellt an der Geschichte der Klosterapotheken Altbayerns vom jahre 800-1800, Munich, 1965 * W. Schneider, Lexikon alchemistisch-pharmazeutischer Symbole, Weinheim, 1962 4 F. Sez-gin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, vol. 4, Leiden, 1971 * HJ. Sheppard, "Gnosticism and alchemy", Ambix 6 (1957), 86-101 * A. Siggel, Decknamen in der arabischen alchemistischen Literatur, Berlin, 1951 * P.H. Smith, "Hermetik", in: Priesner 6c Figala (1998), 176-177 " H.E. Stapleton & M.H. Husain (eds. & trans.), "Three Arabic Treatises on Alchemy by Muhammad ibn Umail (loth Century A.D.): Edition of the Texts by Muhammad Turab Ale", Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 12 (1933), i-213 * B.W. Switalski, Des Chalcidius Kommentar zu Plato's Timaeus, Munster, 1902 * Z. Szydlo, "Hermes Trismegistos", in: Priesner OC Figala (1998), 172-176 * F. Sherwood Taylor, "The visions of Zosimos", Ambix 1 (1937) 88-92 * idem, "The idea of the quintessence", in: E. Ashworth Underwood (ed.), Science, Medicine and History: Essays on the Evolution of Scientific Thought and Medical Practice written in honour of Charles Singer, London, New York & Toronto, 1953, 247-265 * J. Teile, Rosarium Philosophorum: Ein alchemisches florilegium des Spatmittelalters, 2 vols., Weinheim, 1992 * idem, "Sol und Luna", VL, vol. 9 (1993), cols. 19-22 " idem, "Aristoteles und Alexander uber den philosophischen Stein: Die alchemistischen Lehren des pseudo-aristotelischen 'Secre-tum secretorum' in einer deutschen Ubersetzung des 15. Jahrhunderts", in: Domes et al. (1994), 455-483 * O. Temkin, "Medicine and Graeco-Arabic alchemy", Bulletin of the History of Medicine 29(i955),134-153 * M. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, Leiden, 1970 * idem, Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam, Leiden, 1972 * J.H. Waszink, "Timaeus" a Caladio translatus commentarioque instructus, Leiden, 1975 (ist ed., 1962) * U. Weisser, Das "Buch uber das Geheimnis der Schopfung" von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana, Berlin ?c New York, 1980 * J. Weyer, Graf Wolfgang II. von Hohenlohe und die Alchemic: Alchemistische Studien im Schlo? Weikersheim 1587-1610, Sigmaringen, 1992 * idem, "Alchemic, antike", in: Priesner oc Figala (1998), 22-25.To be continued...
(Добавить комментарий)


text:
Hi from another Helen Louise.
I enjoy fried sweet potato fries with my lunch added to some salad plus protein. I cut peeled sweet potatoes into transverse circles, shallow fry them for about 5 mins on each side in olive oil and butter, or in coconut oil. They keep well in the fridge for 3-4 days so they are a great staple.
F 5 ft 3. HW: 196 lbs. Primal SW (May 2011): 182 lbs (42% BF)... W June '12: 160 lbs (29% BF) (UK size 12, US size 8). GW: ~24% BF - have ditched the scales til I fit into a pair of UK size 10 bootcut jeans. Currently aligning towards 'The Perfect Health Diet' having swapped some fat for potatoes.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Leadership carries great expectations.
Since when did exceeding them become so much fun?
All Solutions for Society Market Impact Environmental Impact Working TogetherDownload Full Report
On April 5th, 2011, a 12 year-old girl was reported missing from her home. Law enforcement turned to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children and they quickly distributed hundreds of posters of the child within a 15-mile radius of her last known location.
View Full Story
The success of a business depends on making good decisions, which requires being armed with the right information, at the right time. But these better decisions extend well beyond the walls of business.
All year long, our employees work tirelessly to give back to local and global communities. To recognize the collective volunteerism efforts, LexisNexis Risk Solutions will host its first Day of Caring on Thursday, September 26. Each office across the Risk organization will pick a charitable project to participate in as a team.
We are committed to treating all employees and applicants for employment with respect and dignity, and we prohibit discrimination.
Giving back to the community is a part of our corporate culture. And we recognize that giving back requires employees to go above and beyond their everyday responsibilities.
Laura was one of eight individuals selected for the "Recognizing Those Who Care Awards", which is open to all Reed Elsevier employees who clearly demonstrate the contribution made to business sponsored RE Cares activities, as well as the impact they had on the community and company.
LexisNexis Risk Solutions is committed to sustainability - to reducing our consumption and environmental impact. We do so by not only reducing waste generation and the use of water and energy in our operations, but also by monitoring and tracking our progress every day.
Jeff Piefke was inspired to organize a Cares project during the National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems (NAPHSIS) / CDC National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) joint annual meeting in New Orleans.
In the Spring of 2011, nine-year-old Anaiah Rucker performed an act of bravery and heroism that could have only come from the bond shared between sisters.
In addition to supporting the volunteer efforts of our employees, we also support them in their giving. LexisNexis' Matching Gift Program helps employees double the impact of their financial contributions to charities and causes, up to $1,000.
We're never fully satisfied. In fact, one of our primary objectives is to successfully engage our employees by providing meaningful opportunities for their professional and personal growth.
The St. Cloud Children's Home was established to foster and promote services for children and families to enhance their growth and development.


text:
Adjunct Assistant Professor, Northwestern University
- Conservation biology
- Pollination ecology
- Feedbacks between evolutionary and ecological dynamics
- Spatial scale-dependence in species interactions
- Biology of Echinacea angustifolia in fragmented habitat
- Fire ecology
- Restoration ecology
- Prairie
Research in my lab addresses questions about the ecology and evolution of native perennial plants in remnant prairie habitat. Native prairie plants used to live in vast continuous habitat, but now they are constrained to small and isolated remnants. The persistence of plant populations in these remnants depends on their demographic response to new threats such as lack of fire, competition with weeds, inbreeding depression, and limited mate availability. My students and I quantify the ecological and evolutionary consequences of habitat fragmentation on herbaceous plant populations. We investigate short-term consequences, such as reproductive failure and inbreeding depression, as well as long-term consequences, such as loss of genetic diversity and lack of fire.
I offer research opportunities for enthusiastic students, teachers, and volunteers, including graduate students through at Northwestern University. I teach courses in statistics and plant conservation genetics through Northwestern's program in plant biology and conservation and the Center for Plant Conservation. In 1995 I started the Echinacea Project, which investigates the ecology and evolution of the purple coneflower Echinacea angustifolia in fragmented prairie habitat in western Minnesota.
Ison, J.L., and S. Wagenius. 2014. Both flowering time and spatial isolation affect reproduction in Echinacea angustifolia. Journal of Ecology 102: 920–929. PDF
Ison, J.L., S. Wagenius, D. Reitz., M.V. Ashley. 2014. Mating between Echinacea angustifolia (Asteraceae) individuals increases with their flowering synchrony and spatial proximity. American Journal of Botany 101: 180-189. PDF
Ison, J.L., S. Wagenius, D. Reitz., M.V. Ashley. 2013. Development and evaluation of microsatellite markers for a native prairie perennial, Echinacea angustifolia (Asteraceae). Applications in Plant Sciences 1: 1300049. PDF
Wagenius, S., A. B. Dykstra, C. E. Ridley, and R. G. Shaw. 2012. Seedling recruitment in the long-lived perennial, Echinacea angustifolia: a 10-year experiment. Restoration Ecology 20: 352-359. PDF
Ridley CE, Hangelbroek HH, Wagenius S, Stanton-Geddes J, Shaw RG, 2011. The effect of plant inbreeding and stoichiometry on interactions with herbivores in nature: Echinacea angustifolia and its specialist aphid. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24762. PDF
Wagenius, S., and S. P. Lyon. 2010. Reproduction of Echinacea angustifolia in fragmented prairie is pollen-limited but not pollinator-limited. Ecology 91:733-742. PDF
Wagenius, S., H. H. Hangelbroek, C. E. Ridley, and R. G. Shaw. 2010. Biparental inbreeding and interremnant mating in a perennial prairie plant: fitness consequences for progeny in their first eight years. Evolution 64:761-771. PDF
Ruth G. Shaw, Charles J. Geyer, Stuart Wagenius, Helen H. Hangelbroek, and Julie R. Etterson. 2008. Unifying life-history analyses for inference of fitness and population growth. American Naturalist 172: E35 – E47. PDF
Geyer, C.J., S. Wagenius, and R.G. Shaw. 2007. Aster models for life history analysis. Biometrika 94: 415-426. PDF
Wagenius, S., E. Lonsdorf, and C. Neuhauser. 2007. Patch aging and the S-Allee effect: breeding system effects on the demographic response of plants to habitat fragmentation. American Naturalist 169:383-397. PDF
Wagenius, S. 2006. Scale dependence of reproductive failure in fragmented Echinacea populations. Ecology 87:931-941. PDF
Wagenius, S. 2004. Style persistence, pollen limitation, and seed set in the common prairie plant Echinacea angustifolia (Asteraceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 165:595-603. PDF
Neuhauser, C., D. A. Andow, G. E. Heimpel, G. May, R. G. Shaw, and S. Wagenius. 2003. Community genetics: expanding the synthesis of ecology and genetics. Ecology 84:545-558. PDF
Echinacea Project
The Echinacea Project is a long-term investigation of the ecology and evolution of plants in fragmented prairie habitat. The Echinacea Project started as Stuart's dissertation research project in 1995. Read about this cutting-edge research that helps us understand long-lived prairie plants and the other species with which they interact.
Echinacea Field Log
This website, affectionately known as "the flog," is a field journal for members of the Echinacea Project. We're field biologists with limited memory. We post details of events and activities that we can't fit easily on a datasheet, but that we might want to remember.
Television Episode Featuring the Echinacea Project
A public TV show featured a long interview with Stuart about the Echinacea Project. Watch it. It's a 30 minute episode of "Prairie Yard & Garden" called "Prairie Flora: History and Future." It aired Feb 20, 2014 in western MN and the Dakotas. Please help spread the word about prairies!


text:
- Details
Sperian PureFit® General Purpose Nitrile Gloves 380-LE
- 13-cut lightweight nitrile gloves have nylon liner to enhance comfort and flexibility
- Available in black or gray nitrile palm coating
- Knit wrist cuffs are very easy to wear and remove
- Pure-Fit™ PF542 Series gloves are guaranteed cut-resistant and have fingertip coating for extra protection
- Meets ASTM 3389-05/F1790-97 and EN 388 standards
SpecificationsSelect options above to see specifications.
- Help
Need more details or have questions about this product?
We have experts on staff to answer all your questions Monday-Friday, 7:30am to 7:00pm EST


text:
Locally sourced ingredients and a daily menu are the watchwords behind the homey Russet (1521 Spruce St., 215-546-1521, www.russetphilly.com), an American BYOB that opened Tuesday at the former site of Ernesto's 1521 Cafe.
Andrew and Kristin Wood's fresh philosophy - he is into whole-animal butchery and traditional cooking; she is a pastry chef with an eye and nose for cheeses - is reminiscent of other top husband-and-wife duos, including Django and The Farm & Fisherman. He worked at Fork in Old City after a turn at the Michelin-starred Terra and Quince (and previous engagements at James and Maia); she was a cheesemonger for Dean & Deluca and was a longtime pastry chef at James.


text:
The question is will she do Sectionals or a B International in the Sectionals time frame? She needs to do an international to establish a minimum technical score, but if she can't land any triples, she might have a problem qualifying.
Click Senior Ladies CR Short Program Final. And then if you click + on the right side, you can check the planned elements.
I believe that the people were gussing it from what her coach said. He said that except for 3 Lo, she was landing other triples. That's what I remember.
Why did Alissa get negative GOE's on her other two jumps? I did not see the video.
Unless I'm reading this wrong, sounds like Rachael and Alissa are both registered for their respective sectionals:
"Two other former U.S. champions, Rachael Flatt and Alissa Czisny, are registered for the qualifiers. Flatt, the 2010 U.S. champion, and Czisny, who won in 2009 and 2011, missed last year's nationals because of injuries. They would have to place in the top four at both their regional and sectional competitions to earn spots at the U.S. championships, which begin Jan. 9 in Boston."
From this article: http://sports.yahoo.com/news/weir-so...4517--spt.html
Alissa just got a 94.89 in her long program at Regionals. Not bad at all! At least, not bad for this point in the season. It will be interesting to see the protocol.
Dying for the protocols.


text:
Popular Pages
Are you registered to vote where you are currently living? If not, stop in the Clerk's office at City Hall as soon as possible – it will only take a few minutes and will save you time waiting in line at the polls in November!
Do you live or work downtown and need a reliable place to park? The City of Platteville rents parking spaces in three convenient downtown locations. Spaces are available for $30/month ($360/year or $270/academic year). Grab your space before they are gone! Click here for more information: http://platteville.org/index.php?post=7228
As a reminder, there are many scams going on now, especially the IRS Scam. Do NOT give any personal information or money over the phone.
2016 Shelter Reservations


text:
MOBILE, Alabama -- Bellingrath Gardens will host on April 14 the St. Jude Runs 5K. The certified 5K Race will begin at 8:30 a.m. in the parking lot at Bellingrath and will be followed by a 1 Mile Run/Walk. The one mile course is also certified.
The proceeds go to help our local children who are being treated for a serious illness at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tenn.
Pre-Registration entry fees are $20 for the 5K and $10 for the 1 mile Fun Run/Walk.
Register by April 6 to insure you receive a t-shirt for the run.
Participants may pre-register at McCoy Outdoors or on-line at www.Active.com or http://www.bellingrath.org/st-jude-on-the-bay-run.html.
Entry fees the day of the race are $20 for the 5K and $15 for the 1 Mile Fun Run/Walk.
Race Day registration will be from 7:30 a.m. - 8:15 a.m. at Bellingrath Gardens.
Organizers state they are very happy to work with St. Jude Runs to present this great event.


text:
Police Chief Bob Floor said he supports the idea of requiring property owners to remove graffiti.
"Graffiti is a community problem, just like letting your grass grow up," he said.
Floor was questioned for his thoughts on some ideas floated recently by the Rules & Ordinances Committee of city council for dealing with graffiti, including an ordinance requiring the removal of graffiti from a property in a set amount of time.
He said property owners have the responsibility to remove it, but the police and city have no right now to go on a property to remove it for them. If it's profane, he said officers have asked people to get it removed or covered up.
He admitted he has some reservations about the proposed requirement because as a property owner, he doesn't like to be told what to do, but at the same time, "we do live in a community" and graffiti needs to be removed.
"It makes the whole neighborhood look bad," he said.
He said the city definitely has a graffiti problem, but "we're fortunate the graffiti we're finding does not indicate gang activity or criminal acts beyond the graffiti itself."
Since June 16, officers had documented 22 new instances of graffiti spaced out throughout the city, but over this past weekend, there was report of five additional new graffiti cases around the west side.
The spots hit included the west side of a business on Dodge Drive, the rear of a business on West State Street, the east side of a business on West Pershing Street, the southwest side of the West State Street overpass and a support structure underneath the overpass west of the tracks. Another case was reported Monday on West State Street.
According to Floor, the laws already in place for criminal damaging, criminal mischief and vandalism are adequate for dealing with the perpetrators of graffiti. He said there's obviously a difficulty in catching them because they can do their spraypainting rapidly and be done. Most of the people who are caught for graffiti are not caught in the act, they're caught through investigation.
"Quite often these people are proud of their work and they tell their friends about it," he said, noting friends will talk.
Often times, he said someone will be caught for something else or for graffiti and they'll give up another person who was part of the crime. They've also found leads on Facebook.
As for the idea of stressing to the courts the city's desire for wanting punishment for graffiti offenders, Floor said they already have a good cooperation with the courts. The courts let police know last year that all they need to know is that a charge is related to graffiti and they'll make sure cleanup is part of the sentencing. They'll order community service for cleaning up the graffiti and not just the graffiti done by the offender.
Floor noted that one of the misconceptions with graffiti is that it's all done by kids or juveniles. The majority of offenders caught by city police have been young adults who are over the age of 18. In most cases, the charge would be criminal damaging or criminal mischief, which are both misdemeanors. If it affects a business doing its operations or the amount of damage reaches a high dollar amount of $500 or more, then the charge is vandalism, which is a felony.
He said they want to find out who's been doing the graffiti in town, explaining that usually when they catch someone and they're convicted, the others back off.
The graffiti issue came up again during Tuesday's city council meeting, with city Service/Safety Director Ken Kenst announcing a notice would be sent to all city employees asking them to do their part to curtail graffiti by reporting any graffiti they see on city-owned property or city right-of-ways.
At least then the city can make sure the graffiti is removed or painted over and the city property kept as clean as possible, he said.
Drummond updated council members on his recent committee meeting regarding graffiti and possible ways to get graffiti removed by property owners, including requiring the property owners to remove any graffiti on their property in a set amount of time.
"When people see graffiti, they get the impression that the city doesn't care," he said, adding it's not going away on its own.
Councilman Dave Nestic said he received some feedback regarding the proposal that would "punish the victim," saying it would be met with some resistance. He questioned whether graffiti could be handled through a mayor's court so the city could control the punishment.
Drummond said the problem isn't being addressed by property owners. As long as the graffiti stays, the problem will likely expand. When property owners get rid of it, over time the problem abates significantly. He said it was not the committee's intention to pile on more regulations on property owners.
No date has been set for the committee to hold a work session with city Law Director Brooke Zellers to go over language for a proposed ordinance. Plans also call for another meeting where the public can ask questions and make comment about the issue.
Mary Ann Greier can be reached at email@example.com


text:
Hi colleagues,
I have completed an SAP SRM ABAP installation.
I started a SAP SRM JAVA installation.
While entering the UME users data during installation i see an error
No RFC authorization for the function module RFCPING.
Can someone let me know what is this and what exactly needs to be done to resolve this.
I have already created SAPJSF user with the necessary roles i.c. SAP_BC_JSF_COMMUNICATION and SAP_BC_JSF_COMMUNICATION_RO
Please check your kernel release as per SAP note 1351181 as it is a kernel bug in some releases.
Check this:
STMS sap no rfc authorization for function module rfcping
Login to follow, like, comment, share and bookmark content.


text: When should it all settle down? Will some bits never go back? Is your stomach supposed to look like that? Is going to the toilet always going to feel like that? Are certain parts of your anatomy always going to poke out, bulge or feel strange? When is it just part of being a mother, and when is something actually wrong?


text:
- Marci Mancuso, 29, whose last known address was Washington Street, Leetonia, was cited for driving under suspension after a traffic stop at 2:07 a.m. Wednesday on Woodland Avenue. The license plates were removed and confiscated per the BMV and the vehicle was towed.
- A clerk at Circle K, 1125 E. State St., reported at 1:46 a.m. Wednesday that a wallet was left at the store. A debit card was also left there. Both items were given to police and placed in the police lost and found.
- Police were called at 11:39 p.m. Tuesday to the 400 block of West Third Street for a suspicious vehicle parked behind a residence with the headlights on for two hours. An officer learned the lights were accidentally left on by the owner.
- An officer at 11:16 p.m. Tuesday spoke to a man about some personal issues at his place of employment. He was told his options.
- A caller at 11:09 p.m. Tuesday asked police to check the well-being of a person walking on the sidewalk in the 1800 block of East State Street who was stumbling and possibly intoxicated. The person was okay, with no signs of intoxication.
- Police responded to North Madison Avenue to check for a report at 8:22 p.m. Tuesday of a gray four-door vehicle allegedly speeding up and down the street. The vehicle was not found.
- Police were called at 7:13 p.m. Tuesday to the area of East State Street and Washington Avenue for a report of four intoxicated people. Officers arrived and learned that one of the people called dispatch and reported he was just assaulted. They made contact with him on North Union Avenue. He said he was walking down the sidewalk with a friend when he was attacked by a male juvenile he knows. The juvenile punched him several times and left traveling west on East State Street with his mother. The incident was under investigation.
- A caller at 6:59 p.m. Tuesday reported juveniles riding bicycles on the track at Reilly Stadium. An officer spoke to the juveniles and they said they wouldn't do it any more.
- A security alarm was reported going off at 6:30 p.m. Tuesday in the 100 block of Vine Avenue. The building was found secure. Nothing appeared disturbed.
- An officer on East State Street at Vine Avenue at 5:36 p.m. Tuesday initiated a traffic stop after seeing a vehicle with expired registration. The driver, Linda L. Snyder, 38, of Franklin Street, was cited for driving under suspension and expired registration. The vehicle was towed.
- A male juvenile came to the police station at 5:21 p.m. Tuesday to report he was threatened by a male adult and another male juvenile while in the 200 block of South Lundy Avenue. He alleged that the adult male said he had a knife and has hurt people in the past. An officer located the two and both said no threats were made. No weapons were found on either one of them. All parties were told to stay away from each other.
- A resident in the 400 block of Washington Avenue reported at 4:28 p.m. Tuesday that she was assaulted by an in-home care worker on April 15. The officer observed bruising on her. The alleged assault is under investigation.
- A residential security alarm was reported at 4:25 p.m. Tuesday in the 700 block of Franklin Avenue. The exterior was checked and found secure.
- Charles McNeal, 42, of Columbiana Waterword Road, Columbiana, was cited for assured clear distance ahead after his vehicle struck the rear of a vehicle driven by Lynne Guappone, 52, of Leetonia Road, Leetonia, at 5:12 p.m. Tuesday on Georgetown Road. Guappone was stopped for the stop sign at state Route 45 when struck from behind. No injuries were reported.
- Kevin Blackburn, 28, whose last known address was 6471 state Route 9, Salem, was taken into custody at 1:42 p.m. Tuesday on an active warrant out of Columbiana County for failure to appear for domestic violence. Blackburn was a passenger in a vehicle stopped on state Route 45 at Pidgeon Road for a traffic stop. He was transported to the county jail due to deputies being tied up on a domestic violence call on U.S. Route 62.
- A resident of Elberon Avenue reported identity theft at 12:05 p.m. Tuesday, saying that her social security number was used to file an income tax return and she was blocked from filing her income tax due to the number already being used by someone. The IRS and Federal Trade Commission and local credit companies were notified.
- A bus driver for the Columbiana County Educational Service Center reported at 9:28 a.m. Tuesday that while she was traveling southbound on South Lincoln Avenue around 7 a.m. and stopped at the railroad tracks with her flashing hazard lights on, a green Ford truck passed the bus.
- A driver and his passenger were charged with unrelated offenses following a traffic stop on Monday afternoon on Saltwell Road. The driver, James W. Straight, was charged with speeding and driving under suspension. His passenger, Joshua Hoover, 29, Brown Street, was charged with possessing instruments of drug abuse and tampering with evidence. Hoover is accused of possessing two hypodermic needles he tried to hide behind the front tire of the van parked in the county municipal court parking lot. He also allegedly threw two spoons with heroin residue onto the curb lawn next to the van.
- Three kids were arrested for curfew violation on North Main Street at 1:42 a.m. Monday. They were later released to their parents.
- A woman reported at 8:27 a.m. Monday a semi was blocking the road at Reichards Industries on Fairfield Avenue for about 20 minutes. Police checked and found the semi had a wide load and was getting ready to leave the company and was only partially blocking the roadway. Highway patrol troopers were also providing an escort and there were no problems.
- Police conducted a welfare check on a Springfield Road resident at 11:34 a.m. Monday and found no problems.
- A North Main Street woman reported at 11:55 a.m. Monday a gold car with men inside appeared to be following her when she was trying to walk in the park toward the walking trail and they kept turning around and doubling back wherever she was going. Police checked and found the men were delivering phone books and appeared to be lost and were checking a map. The men admitted they had passed the woman a few times.
- Sasha Love, South Main Street, reported at 11:56 a.m. Monday someone stole an X-Box from her home.
- Mary Welsh of Leetonia reported at 3:10 p.m. Monday her daughter's ex-boyfriend was following her car and trying to make her go off the road. Police spoke with the juvenile and no charges have been filed.
- Gary Blosser, Howard Avenue, reported at 4 p.m. Monday a black Impala with Pennsylvania plates kept driving down Southern Avenue between Howard and Woodland avenue. The driver was a white man with glasses and short brown hair whom he has seen in that area before watching kids play basketball. Police checked the area but the vehicle was gone.
- Linda Cope of Cope Associates consulted with police at 5 p.m. Monday regarding and eviction notice on state Route 14.
- Police received several calls at 8 p.m. Monday about a black Ram pickup and small red SUV racing or chasing each other in the area of Fairfield, Howard and Southern avenues. Police checked the area but did not see the vehicles.
- A woman reported at 10:14 p.m. Monday someone was driving recklessly in a gold Cavalier westbound on state Route 14 and going left of center and speeding. Police checked the area but did not find the vehicle.
- A Col-Pump employee reported at 3:13 p.m. Tuesday someone took off in a white older 1990s model full-size Chevy pickup after attempting to steal scrap, although it was unknown if they had actually taken anything. Police checked the area but did not find the vehicle.
- Tom Frost of North Jackson reported at 3:46 p.m. Tuesday items he had consigned to Larry Deidrick's online auction business have never been paid for even after several attempts to contact him.
- Marilyn Swope, Fairfield School Road, reported identity theft at 3:40 p.m. Tuesday.
- A woman reported at 3:53 p.m. Tuesday someone in a gray Pontiac was driving recklessly on state Route 14. Police checked the area but did not find the vehicle.


text:
The standoff between Cliven Bundy and hundreds of armed federal agents intensified on Friday as civilian militia members arrived to lend their support on behalf of the embattled Nevada rancher.
Several members of militia groups from as far as Texas have begun to trickle into the area, with many among them armed as well, according to reports from media sources at the scene.
The Oath Keepers, an organization consisting of many former and active military personnel that considers itself "Guardians of the Republic," issued a statement on Thursday supporting Bundy in his bid to stave off actions that have been characterized by some, including Nevada Gov. Brian Sandoval, as heavy-handed intimidation tactics by the government.
According to the Oath Keepers' official press release:
A delegation of state legislators, led by Washington state Rep. Matt Shea, along with a delegation of current serving sheriffs, led by Sheriff Richard Mack of the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association, and military and police members of Oath Keepers, are converging on the site of a stand-off between federal law enforcement and Nevada rancher Clive Bundy, to prevent bloodshed and to stand in defense of hardworking rural Americans who are under assault by a runaway federal government.
Although it appears that a peaceful resolution is being sought to put an end to the confrontation, others have expressed their willingness to fight the assembled federal forces if it comes to that. A video of an individual apparently issuing a call to arms is now circulating around YouTube. The video shows an assault-style rifle outfitted with a high-capacity magazine, surrounded by other tactical gear, arrayed on the floor, as a voiceover outlines steps to take after arriving on the scene.
Violence threatened to erupt on Wednesday after a shouting match broke out between Bundy family members and supporters after they were confronted by armed US Bureau of Land Management rangers. Several protesters and family members, including a pregnant woman, accused agents of throwing them to the ground and using K-9 dogs to intimidate them. Federal authorities said that they acted after someone kicked a police dog and officers were assaulted.
Protesters claimed a small victory on Thursday when federal authorities dismantled their "free speech zone" at the behest of Gov. Sandoval, who voiced his offense and sharply criticized government attempts at restricting constitutional rights of fellow Nevadans.
"Most disturbing to me is the BLM's establishment of a 'First Amendment Area' that tramples upon Nevadans' fundamental rights under the US Constitution," said Sandoval in a statement. "To that end, I have advised the BLM that such conduct is offensive to me and countless others and that the 'First Amendment Area' should be dismantled immediately."
Despite some coverage of these events by mainstream media, alternative media sources allege that there has been a virtual media blackout concerning what is now actually taking place. There are accusations that agents are killing Bundy's cattle that have been designated so-called "trespass cattle," and are burying them in a remote section of the area away from media crews. Reports of snipers ringing the Bundy farm with weapons trained on protesters have also surfaced.
However, federal officials tell a different story. According to federal authorities, although they would not deny or confirm the sniper allegations, the show of force is necessary because the contractors and others involved in the operation felt threatened.
The incident began when agents arrived at Bundy's ranch to carry out an order to remove Bundy's cattle from public land claimed by the government as a preserve for the endangered desert tortoise. Bundy is also accused of refusing to pay more than $1 million in grazing fees, accrued over the past 20 years. Bundy contends that he has a right to allow his herd to graze on the land and that he owes the federal government nothing. However, Bundy did agree to make payments to the county for use of the land.


text:
Alphaline™ 6' Composite A/V Cable
Store pickup
1 year parts and labor
The 6 Ft. Composite A/V Cable Brings You Entertainment That's True To Its Recording Providing an A/V connection to your audio/video source, this 6 ft. Composite A/V Cable connects with your TVs, DVD players, satellites, VCRs, AV receivers and DVRs to bring you high quality entertainment. Listen to music and view photos or videos on your home theater system with its convenient and hassle-free set-up. The cables are color coded so hookup is a breeze. Connect and forget as this cable is durably backed with a lifetime warranty for years of high performance. Cleaner signal transfer means purer audio and video. That's what you'll get with this composite A/V cable . Featuring gold plated connectors and a gold plated triple phono cable, the A/V cable gives you a superior, distortion-free sound and picture experience at a price that's hard to believe. Enhance the way you spend your leisure time.
- The 6 Ft. Composite A/V Cable helps you get the most out of your Xbox 360, Camcorders and other devices with this HD audio video cable
- Provides superior performance with corrosion-free 24K gold-plated connectors
- Gold-plated triple phono cable provides a cleaner signal transfer between audio output and speakers
- For use with hi-fi, DVD and video equipment
- Color coded cables for simple, error-free hookup
- Limited lifetime warranty
Specifications & Dimensions
Product Documentation
More Like This
View Product
View Product
View Product
View Product


text:
I freely admit I had never heard the term 'transliteracy' until my RSS feed exploded with it this month.
My bad for not being aware of/following Libraries and Transliteracy… or not? Where are medical and other librarians in their "This topic is important to all types of libraries so we have authors from public, university, college and school libraries for a broad perspective" About section?
From my view, there is no broad perspective in a discussion about all types of literacies without the very pervasive and real challenges of health literacy (not listed among the categories) when 83% of Internet users are looking for health information online. One intro post did not show me how transliteracy is specific to medical librarians.
As far as the RSS feed went, the most ruckus was related to David Rothman's first (Commensurable Nonsense (Transliteracy)) and second (Followup: Transliteracy, Theory and Scholarly Language) posts which were mostly in response to blogs I don't follow so I really appreciate both them and their comment threads. I rely heavily on insightful coverage since I can't follow every active blog in the numerous fields I am interested in and get my own work done.
Marcus Banks with Transliteracy, Information Literacy, et. al offers 'transliteracy, as a concept, is an attempt to label what we are already doing–linking up traditional notions of authority with the realities of how people obtain information today." I also like that he uses the term 'hooha', which is one of my favorites to describe hype (in his case '2.0' concepts) too.
Dean Giustini in Where do you stand on transliteracy? helpfully offers perspectives emphasizing a solid understanding of learning theories. I agree these are important if we are to be effective instructors/teachers/guides to information, and am puzzled why library school does not usually spend much (if any) time on them. He has also started a Transliteracy for librarians section on the HLWIKI.
How does all this (and more, I'm sure) come across to those outside the library field?
From the Transliteracy Research Group – The Whole Elephant: librarians arguing about transliteracy
Like it or not that is a valid perception. Is this really what librarians want to offer to a current conversation spanning multiple fields? Does this advocate for our professionalism or bring us back to being bitchbrarians?
My perspective on the issue of transliteracy, from my limited time spent reading about it, is the same as the ruckus about PubMed changes in 2009.
Channels for information access always have been and always will continue changing in response to available technology, usability, audiences, and a myriad of other factors.
It is our job to stay on top of information channels to the best of our time and ability, with resources we can obtain and already have available, take the time to study and understand them, have a solid grounding in usability and leaning theories, then offer instruction in response to our users' information needs (which we know from real assessment, not guesstimates) involving them and not simply emulate how things are done at Peer Institution Over There or As Written In This Book Here. I don't particularly care what you call this process so long as you actually do it.
Let's focus on the positive as we enter a new year: What are some recent examples from blogs of medical librarians who are doing it?
Alisha Miles offered a detailed post from her experience as a solo hospital librarian about the use of an iPad (even though she is not personally that fond of Apple) for library outreach and teaching physicians.
Patricia Anderson accomplished the daunting task of organizing and presenting the actual 'Lessons Learned' from a hashtag chat on Twitter involving health care social media (#HCSM) on December 13th and described her methods used in doing so. From my own biased perspective (#healthlit), librarian involvement in Twitter hashtag chats is an immediate & effective way to have the information resources and organization skills you bring noticed and valued by those outside the library field.
Carol Perryman reflects on her upcoming instruction about consumer health (I'm sure you'll do great!) with reflections on being transparent and focusing on evidence-based practice with
- not making truth claims
- being ready to be wrong
- being ready to be unsure
- being ready to base my work and claims on best practices
- being capable and willing to assess outcomes, acknowledging my own tendency to bias
That's what I try to do both here in my writing and in my work.
What others do you know of? May you all be successful in doing it in 2011!


text:
In 1996 I wrote on my web page about how I felt buffetted by conflicting forces in my life. I couldn't tell what the future held and I was confused. What's changed in 14 years? Nothing, except now I'm writing about my confusion on a blog.
« A great David O. Russell interview | Main | The Gilt Story »
You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post.
As a final step before posting your comment, enter the letters and numbers you see in the image below. This prevents automated programs from posting comments.
Having trouble reading this image? View an alternate.


text:
Trouble Andrew x YES | Fly So High T-Shirt
Trouble Andrew is ripping through the south right now as part of Yelawolf's Slumerican tour. For those lucky enough to catch him, YES produced these limited edition "Fly So High" tees inspired by the Trouble song of the same name. Tour dates and tickets are here. In other Trouble news, TA, recently linked with Mad Decent's hype machine Riff Raff for an animated video for "Can't Fit In." Check it out below.
Related posts:


text:
Project Runway All Stars Blog
The Many Faces of Austin Scarlett
The full episode of the "Project Runway All Stars" premiere is available now online! Watch it here and view more videos from last night's episode, including designer video blogs, extended judging and workroom videos.
As a bonus, enjoy the many expressions of Austin Scarlett from the first episode, and imagine what wonders next week's shall bring!
Happy Friday!


text:
Well... obviously this is my 1rst post.. so... hi everyone!
hope we get along!
See u guys around!
Spoiler Alert!
TNOG.ORG - Games events in Manchester
MikeDBloke - PSN
I was into weird games before people knew what they where
@D_Bloke - My inane prattle
Welcome to WiiChat. I hope you have a pleasant stay here.
The key to immortality is first living a life
worth remembering. - Bruce Lee
PSN ID: Byuakuya
welcome m8
Thanks to LinksDarkSide for the sig
Hiya jsolano91! welcome to the forums. what games u playing at d moment?


text:
Colorado Commissioner of Education Dwight D. Jones at Pine Creek High School District
November 1, 2007
Sierra Middle School mathematics teacher, Danny Uyechi, holds up $25,000 check
Students packed the bleachers in the gymnasium at Pine Creek High School in Academy District 20. There was a sense of uncertainty in the air. What was this unusual assembly all about?
Principal Todd Morse praised the students and the staff and then introduced Commissioner Dwight Jones, who reviewed the school's strong record of student achievement and lauded the teachers for their effort and focus.
And then Commissioner Jones introduced Dr. Jane Foley, executive vice-president of the Milken Family Foundation.
Minutes later, math teacher Michael Arsenault was holding a check for $25,000 and the students cheered as if it was a last-second winning touchdown against a football rival.
The check was a complete surprise to Arsenault. Afterall, the Milken Family Foundation doesn't take nominations or applications. They spot top teachers and honor them as part of a campaign to inspire today's students to consider a career in teaching.
Commissioner Dwight Jones helped show how much money each teacher would receive prior to the surprise announcement of Michael Arsenault as the Milken Family Foundation award winner
This year, a total of up to $2 million in Milken awards will be presented to up to 80 secondary educators.
The teachers are also gathered together for a glamorous event in Los Angeles and they are called upon to examine ways to make K-12 schools more effective. Milken winners are considered part of a "family" of excellence. There have been more than 2,300 recipients since the inception of the award in 1982.
The Pine Creek High School scene was repeated later in the morning at Sierra Middle School in Parker as math teacher Danny Uyechi was showered with praise and another $25,000 check.
"This is really all about you," Arsenault told the students. "I didn't go into teaching right away; I kind of took a long path getting there. It took me awhile to figure out what I wanted to do when I grew up, and now I'm doing something that I love."
To close the assembly, the still-stunned Arsenault led the students in a hearty round of the school cheer. Uyechi smiled broadly at the thought of the check. His wife, he said, had occasionally urged him to take a higher-paying position as a mathematician.
Pine Creek High School students were all smiles for mathematics teacher, Michael Arsenault
"She wants me to get out of teaching because mathematicians can make more money in other fields, but I just can't because I love kids too much," Uyechi told Channel 7 News.
Uyechi, after all, does have needs. Danny and his wife have four children, all under the age of seven.


text:
The main goal of the 2007 Hawaii International Conference on Business is to provide an opportunity for academicians and professionals from various business related fields from all over the world to come together and learn from each other. An additional goal of the conference is to provide a place for academicians and professionals with cross-disciplinary interests related to business to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular disciplines.
The 2006 conference was a great success! It was attended by more than 400 participants representing more than 30 countries.
Please visit http://www.hicbusiness.org for more information.


text:
New subscription
Renew my subscription
Give a gift
Pay my bill
Change my address
Active within 2116 Days
Hi! My name is Twitchard
I am Domestic Mediumhair from Lake Butler, FL
Nicknames: buddie, bubby, little baby head, whatever comes out of my mouth
Age: 8 years old
Gender: M
Coat: long haired
Education: he some how talked daddy into keeping him
My favorite tricks and treats are: no and his mothers milk
Where I hang out: in a dr. pepper box
My favorite grubs: His food
My pet peeves: everything
What I love about my owners: everything
My cat hobbies: be carried around
Pet motto:
See all awards »
the baby to my Tabby
I've had 1836 friends visit me.
I'm the 19,905th member on CatChannel.com.
249 friends have voted for me since I joined Club Cat!
Come visit me, NAPPY~Thanx for my Surprise COTD & Adopty Wishes! & GB BEACH.
Come visit me, shuei thanks for this honor 9/10/09 cotd, Pandora thanks for cotd 12/08/09, mika thanks for the cotd honnor!! 7/20/09, mistoffolees thanks for cotd for 10/16/09 & kolvalainen thanks for cotd on 7/20/12.
Come visit me, ♥ Angel Lucy MEMORY PAGE ♥ & Boo Kitty ♥ Angel Winslow - So Long Friends.
Come visit me, Tabby & Twitchard.
Come visit me, ~MEWS ROOM~Vote COTM for MOUSE #219407 in Sept~, COTM office & calendar, ♦ROYAL HALL OF FAME♦, Cat's Meow Resort & Event Center~TY4 COTD~ & Celebrations & Memorials Reporting desk~TY 4 COTD.
Come visit me, TEAKEE KNIGHT #25544 ~*~ 5/10/2002 to 11/18/2015, QUEEN SYLVR TUFF KNIGHT #160205 (COTM MAY 2016), SMUDGE Knight (5/20/2000-8/13/2007 Furever Sleep), NeuBee Knight #123633 Photo: 8/10/2015, KITTZI KNIGHT #160203 ~*~ Photo: 3/01/2016, Q. AUNT SAMANTHA #15442 "7/18/1998 - 8/18/2012", CALLIE KNIGHT #239447 - Photo: 6/22/2016 & SAUSHA KNIGHT #22506 Photo: 12/23/2015.
Come visit me, Angel Gypsy,RIP My Sweet Angel Baby,I Love You, Angel Buddy,Love,Miss You Sweet Boy, Baby,Angel Wicket,Miss You Sweet Wicket, Angels Rambo,Cindell,Love,M- iss You My Sweet Angels, K. SpongeBob-Hi,meet the whacking paw!!, Angels Muffy, Blossie,Missy together again & Bootsie,RIP My Angel,Welcome Wicket.
Come visit me, Sponger: Thank you furrriends!!! <3, Angel John - Love you my dear friends!! :), Patches Welcome home Cliff!!!! :), Princess. World Series Champions 08 PHILLIES!! :) & Tori Little Twerp.
Come visit me, Simba & the BHG Family - THANK YOU DEAR FRIENDS! & ANGEL BIG BLACK &COTTAGE KITTIES THANK YOU FRIENDS.
Come visit me, Ilse, Inga, Slappy, Roswell - ♥, Babette & Pepe.
Come visit me, Angel June 012908,Prancer 0309,Joey924, littlebit, Tabitha (Simba's lady 3-16), Scooter, Sally in loving memory 04/07/09, Mr. Kitty RIP DadCat Jim, mittens, RIP Buttons 1/13/14 COTD 10-03 & Princess.
Come visit me, Jasper, Sami, Leo, Tilly, Paisley, Angel Azeria 1/30/06 - 6/10/10, Nila-(neela) & Cody (in Loving Memory).
Come visit me, ~Charlie 'n' Soni ~ Friends Forever~ & Dino~Hello Everybody!.
Come visit me, Sapphire:D im going to be a mommy again!!!.
Come visit me, Q. Pappoose "Forever Sleep 4-10-2006 to 4-24-2012", BABY KNIGHT July 18, 1998 to May 20, 2010, PATCH GIRL KNIGHT #12767 ~ Photo: 4/28/2016, Suezee Knight #11528~ Photo: 8/08/2015, WHYSKRS KNIGHT #10378 ♥ Photo: 3/03/2016, SASSEE "Forever Sleep 5-01-2004 to 10-02-2014", SIX Knight (Sweet Memories 5/15/01-7/03/06), Ebbonny Knight Forever Sleep 8/14/2000 to 3/9/2011, Sweet Pea ~ Forever Sleep 5-15-2001 to 2-25-2011, Tipper Claflin-Knight (7/15/1989 - 7/23/2008), BAHNEETAH KNIGHT #10641 ~ 8/14/2000 to 12/18/2015, Charr ~ In Loving Memory 8/14/2000-9/19/2008, Jazpyr Knight #10428 - Thankx COTD #6 - 5/02/2016, Sissee Knight (OG) #11531 Photo: 3/03/2016, K. RHOAMIN ~ Forever Sleep 5/14/2003 - 8/15/2016, Velvet~Sleep My Black Beauty 5-10-2002 to 7-7-2012 & Sylvester #11567 ♥ 5/15/2001 - 6/28/2013.
Come visit me, Delphine ... Godspeed Angel Teddy ..., Linus ... Just call me Eddy !!!, RIP Angel Tigger... Chloe misses her Bro, Quincy ... Godspeed Angel Paw-Paw ..., Dakota, Rest in Peace Chester, Chip ..., Clown ... Missing sweet Gypsy ... & Clark Gable Married to Priss Purrsley!.
Come visit me, Milo~I LOVE SOPHIE!, Angel Scardy~Angel COTD 11/15/08, Poodles aka Poodini, Snoodles~COTD 12/12/08, Donnie~COTD 6/22/08, Furball, Tanda-Danda aka Tanda & Macy~I LOVE SAMMY!.
Come visit me, Cubby, Marshmellow, Lemmi, Scruff, Punkie & Muf--RIP sweet one 3/28/2010.
Come visit me, Izzie (A.K.A Booschka), Midnight & Oreo *COTD 1-11-09*.
Come visit me, Taffie( Vote for Angus185054), Angel Chai Chai( RIP 09-18-12), Murphy, Angel Mitzy (9-18-12), Tina, Maggie Mae, Angel Mya(RIP 8-7-12), Angel(RIP 10-02-09), Sly, Angel Herbie & Angel Lexi:Two Special Angels, Samoset "Sam", Jasamine, Meisha, Bo, Ginny(RIP 9-30-10), Dusty, Sweet Pea( Eli RIP 3-10-12 cat#211689) & .
Come visit me, Gremy, Gandy & Azriel.
Come visit me, Cassie - Hi There! & Claude - Howdy!.
Come visit me, ~ Jim-Bob ~.
Come visit me, Q. A. bootz #2601, angel tikki....# 33474, K. meeko..# 2602, K .meeko & Q A bootz #17441 & Q. rosie # 212287.
Come visit me, Keanu, Posha *, Kizzy Kat ** & Zoie *.
Tell a Friend |
Report inappropriate content on this page.
Hi, my name is
Angel Bailey (9/7/02 - 12/20/14).
Visit the photo gallery to cast your vote »
Get quick tips for happy cats, food recall info, news alerts and best behavior advice.
Sign up to get updates delivered straight to your inbox.
CatChannel takes your privacy seriously. To learn more, please read our privacy policy.