text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 22, 1986
|Filing date
|Sep 7, 1984
|Priority date
|Sep 7, 1984
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert G. Lutz, William P. Gergen
|Original Assignee
|Shell Oil Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (46), Classifications (30), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to metal-polymer laminates and to their prepration. More particularly, this invention relates to novel metal-polymer-metal structural laminates having a unique combination of property advantages.
Metal-plastic-metal laminates have been described in various U.S. and foreign patents. Exemplary patents include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,582,427, 4,229,504, 4,204,022, 4,313,996, 4,369,222, 4,424,254 and EPA No. 19,835. These laminates are useful as light weight replacements for sheet steel in cars and trucks. Relatively thin laminates are useful in flexible packaging end use applications while relatively thick laminates are useful as construction laminates.
Methods of preparing such laminates are also known. One method includes bringing at least one layer of plastic and at least one layer of metal into intimate contact and subjecting them to suitable heat and pressure, using, for example, a platen press. A more efficient and continuous method involves the well known extrusion processes--extrusion coating or extrusion lamination. Often an intermediate layer of adhesive or primer, in the form of a film or coating, is used in conjunction with these methods to insure adequate adhesion between the metal substrate and plastic.
In the past, one primary incentive for considering the replacement of sheet steel with metal-polymer laminates was the weight saving that could be obtained with equivalent stiffness. Placing thin steel skins on the outside of the laminate makes optimal use of high yield, high modulus steel and allows the structurally ineffective (in bending) middle portion of the composite to be light weight plastic, resulting in the primary advantage of steel-plastic laminates--weight reduction versus an equivalent stiffness sheet steel, but at substantially less cost penalty compared to other weight-reducing materials such as aluminum sheet. In other cases it has been desired to obtain sound or vibration damping from the laminate.
One of the basic limitations of many of the prior art metal-polymer laminates is the lack of sufficient high-temperature stability to enable the laminate to pass through current automotive bake ovens. A satisfactory high temperature laminate must not exhibit significant distortion at 205� C. Metal polymer laminates having cores of rigid engineering thermoplastics meet this requirement. Such metal-polymer laminates however tend to delaminate in conventional sheet metal forming processes due to the lack of ductility of the adhesion bond between polymer and metal. A new laminate has now been found that does possess adequate heat distortion characteristics and good ductility.
The present invention deals with a metal-polymer-metal structural laminate having an unexpected balance of properties including light weight, high stiffness, good adhesion between polymer and metal, and automotive paint bake oven stability. In particular, the present invention deals with a metal-polymer-metal structural laminate comprising a core of polymeric resinous material having tightly adhered to each side thereof a metal skin layer wherein:
(a) said metal skin layer is about 5 to about 40 mils thick;
(b) said laminate has a ratio of core thickness to skin thickness of between about 1:2 and about 20:1;
(c) said laminate total thickness is between about 15 mils and about 300 mils; and
(d) said polymeric resinous material comprises the admixture obtained by intimately mixing about 4 to about 96 parts by weight of a block copolymer and about 96 to about 4 parts by weight of an engineering thermoplastic resin so as to form at least partial continuous interlocking networks wherein:
(i) said block copolymer comprises at least two monoalkenyl arene polymer end blocks A and at least one substantially completely hydrogenated conjugated diene mid block B, said block copolymer having an 8 to 55 percent by weight monoalkenyl arene polymer block content, each polymer block A having an average molecular weight of between about 5,000 and about 125,000, and each polymer block B having an average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 300,000; and
(ii) said engineering thermoplastic resin has a generally crystalline or amorphous structure and a crystalline melting point or glass transition point over about 120� C.
As used herein, the term "tightly adhered" means a lap shear value of at least about 300 psi at room temperature as measured by ASTM D 3165-73 using a lap length of about 0.25 inch.
The laminates of the present invention have a unique combination of property advantages. These laminates have demonstrated the primary advantage, weight reduction versus an equivalence stiffness sheet steel while in addition demonstrating high temperature stability and good forming capability. As shown in the embodiments which follow, laminates according to the present invention have excellent high heat distortion temperature along with good adhesion between polymer and metal skins. As a result of these property advantages, parts made from such laminates will not distort during normal paint bake oven operations nor delaminate during forming operations.
An important attribute of these laminates is their stiffness relative to steel. It is possible to obtain equivalent stiffness to steel with only about a 5 to 10 percent increase in overall thickness. This means that it is possible to employ existing stamping dies to stamp parts. In addition, the small increase in thickness results in a large decrease in weight.
The metal skin layers which are used in accordance with this invention each have a thickness of about 5 to about 40 mils (thousands of an inch), preferably about 8 to about 20 mils. The metal skin layer can be formed, for example, from aluminum, aluminum alloys, alloy-clad aluminum, surface modified copper, bronze, magnesium or magnesium alloys, steel, tin-free steel, tin-plate steel, aluminized steel, stainless steel, surface modified copper-clad stainless steel, terneplate steel, galvanized steel, chrome or chrome treated steel, zinc coated steel and the like. These metals may also be surface treated or have thereon surface conversion coatings. A preferred group of metals is steel and steel alloys. Steel alloys include the chrome/chrome oxide coated steel substrate or so-called tin-free steel (TFS) described in Canadian Pat. No. 808,630 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,526,486 and 3,826,628, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference, and zinc coated alloys. The thickness of discrete layers of chromium metal and chromium oxide may be controlled by varying plating bath parameters as is well known in the art. The metal skin of most preference is regular cold rolled steel, also termed black plate.
The metal skin layers on each side of the core can be formed of the same metal or of different metals and can have same or different thicknesses.
The high temperature stability and superior forming characteristics of the present invention result from the particular resinous polymeric material employed as the core herein. The resinous polymer material employed herein is the admixture obtained by intimately mixing about 4 to about 96 parts by weight of a certain block copolymer and about 96 to about 4 parts by weight of an engineering thermoplastic so as to form at least partial continuous interlocking networks.
The block copolymer of the instant invention effectively acts as a mechanical or structural stabilizer which interlocks the polymer structure networks and prevents the consequent separation of the polymers during processing and their subsequent use. As defined more fully hereinafter, the resulting structure of the instant polyblend is that of two at least partial continuous interlocking networks. This interlocked structure results in a dimensionally stable polyblend that will not delaminate upon extrusion and subsequent use. Because of the co-continuous nature of the mixture, the resulting blend combines the high temperature stability of the ETP and the ductility of the elastomeric block copolymer.
To produce stable blends it is necessary that both polymers have at least partial continuous networks which interlock with each other. In an ideal situation both polymers would have complete continuous networks which interlock with each other. A partial continuous network means that a portion of the polymer has a continuous network phase while the other portion has a disperse phase structure. Preferably, a major proportion (greater than 50% by weight) of the partial continuous network is continuous.
The block copolymers employed in the present invention may have a variety of geometrical structures, since the invention does not depend on any specific geometrical structure, but rather upon the chemical constitution of each of the polymer blocks. Thus, the structures may be linear, radial or branched so long as each copolymer has at least two polymer end blocks A and at least one polymer mid block B as defined above. Methods for the preparation of such polymers are known in the art. Particular reference will be made to the use of lithium based catalysts and especially lithium-alkyls for the preparation of the precursor polymers (polymers before hydrogenation). U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,942 not only describes some of the polymers of the instant invention but also describes suitable methods for their hydrogenation. The structure of the polymers is determined by their methods of polymerization. For example, linear polymers result by sequential introduction of the desired monomers into the reaction vessel when using such initiators as lithium-alkyls or dilithiostilbene and the like, or by coupling a two segment block copolymer with a difunctional coupling agent. Branched structures, on the other hand, may be obtained by the use of suitable coupling agents having a functionality with respect to the precursor polymers of three or more. Coupling may be effected with multifunctional coupling agents such as dihaloalkanes or -alkenes and divinyl benzene as well as certain polar compounds such as silicon halides, siloxanes or esters of monohydric alcohols with carboxylic acids. The presence of any coupling residues in the polymer may be ignored for an adequate description of the polymers forming a part of the compositions of this invention. Likewise, in the generic sense, the specific structures also may be ignored. The invention applies especially to the use of selectively hydrogenated polymers having the configuration before hydrogenation of the following typical species:
polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene (SBS)
polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene (SIS)
poly(alpha-methylstyrene)-polybutadiene-poly(alpha-methylstyrene) and
It will be understood that both blocks A and B may be either homopolymer or random copolymer blocks as long as each block predominates in at least one class of the monomers characterizing the blocks and as long as the A blocks individually predominate in monoalkenyl arenes and the B blocks individually predominate in dienes. The term "monoalkenyl arene" will be taken to include especially styrene and its analogs and homologs including alpha-methylstyrene and ring-substituted styrenes, particularly ring-methylated styrenes. The preferred monoalkenyl arenes are styrene and alpha-methylstyrene, and styrene is particularly preferred. The blocks B may comprise homopolymers of butadiene or isoprene and copolymers of one of these two dienes with a monoalkenyl arene as long as the blocks B predominate in conjugated diene units. When the monomer employed is butadiene, it is preferred that between about 35 and about 55 mol percent of the condensed butadiene units in the butadiene polymer block have 1,2 configuration. Thus, when such a block is hydrogenated, the resulting product is, or resembles, a regular copolymer block of ethylene and butene-1 (EB). If the conjugated diene employed is isoprene, the resulting hydrogenated product is or resembles a regular copolymer block of ethylene and propylene (EP).
Hydrogenation of the precursor block copolymers is preferably effected by use of a catalyst comprising the reaction products of an aluminum alkyl compound with nickel or cobalt carboxylates or alkoxides under such conditions as to substantially completely hydrogenate at least 80% of the aliphatic double bonds while hydrogenating no more than about 25% of the alkenyl arene aromatic double bonds. Preferred block copolymers are those where at least 99% of the aliphatic double bonds are hydrogenated while less than 5% of the aromatic double bonds are hydrogenated.
The average molecular weights of the individual blocks may vary within certain limits. In most instances, the monoalkenyl arene blocks will have number average molecular weights in the order of 5,000-125,000, preferably 7,000-60,000 while the conjugated diene blocks either before or after hydrogenation will have average molecular weights in the order of 10,000-300,000, preferably 30,000-150,000. The total average molecular weight of the block copolymer is typically in the order of 25,000 to about 350,000, preferably from about 35,000 to about 300,000. These molecular weights are most accurately determined by tritium counting methods or osmotic pressure measurements.
The proportion of the monoalkenyl arene blocks should be between about 8 and 55% by weight of the block copolymer, preferably between about 10 and 30% by weight.
While the average molecular weight of the individual blocks is not critical, at least within the above specified limits, it can be important to select the type and total molecular weight of the block copolymer necessary to get the interlocking network under the chosen blending conditions. As discussed more fully hereinafter, interlocking structure can be obtained when the viscosity of the block copolymer and the engineering thermoplastic resin are substantially the same at the temperature used for blending and processing. In some instances, matching of the viscosity of the block copolymer portion and the resin portion are best achieved by using two or more block copolymers or resins. For example, a blend of two block copolymers having different molecular weights or a blend of a hydrogenated SBS and hydrogenated SIS polymers may be employed.
Matching of the viscosity of the block copolymer portion and the engineering thermoplastic resin portion may also be accomplished by adding supplemental blending components such as hydrocarbon oils and other resins. These supplementary components may be blended with the block copolymer portion or the engineering thermoplastic resin portion, but it is preferred to add the additional components to the block copolymer portion. This pre-blended block copolymer composition is then intimately mixed with the engineering thermoplastic resin to form compositions according to the present invention.
The types of oils useful in the practice of this invention are those polymer extending oils ordinarily used in the processing of rubber and plastics, e.g., rubber compounding oils. Especially preferred are the types of oil that are compatible with the elastomeric segment of the block copolymer. While oils of higher aromatics content are satisfactory, those petroleum-based white oils having low volatility and less than 50% aromatics content as determined by the clay gel method of tentative ASTM method D 2007 are particularly preferred. The oils should additionally have low volatility, preferably having an initial boiling point above 500� F. The amount of oil employed varies from about 0 to about 100 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts by weight rubber, or block copolymer as in this case), preferably about 5 to about 30 phr.
The other component in the admixture used for the resinous core is an engineering thermoplastic resin. The label engineering thermoplastic resin has come to be applied to those polymers that possess a property balance comprising strength, stiffness, impact, and long term dimensional stability. Preferably these engineering thermoplastic resins have glass transition temperatures or apparent crystalline melting points (defined as that temperature at which the modulus, at low stress, shows a catastrophic drop) of over about 120� C., more preferably between about 150� C. and about 350� C., and are capable of forming a continuous network structure through a thermally reversible crosslinking mechanism. Such thermally reversible crosslinking mechanisms include crystallites, polar aggregations, ionic aggregations, lamellae, or hydrogen bonding. In a specific embodiment, where the viscosity of the block copolymer or blended block copolymer composition at processing temperature T.sub.ρ and a shear rate of 100 sec-1 is.sub.η, the ratio of the viscosity of the engineering thermoplastic resins, or blend of engineering thermoplastic resin with viscosity modifiers to η should be between about 0.2 and about 4.0, preferably about 0.8 and about 1.2. As used in the specification and claims, the viscosity of the block copolymer and the thermoplastic engineering resin is the "melt viscosity" obtained by employing a piston driven capillary melt rheometer at constant shear rate and at some consistent temperature above melting, say 260� C. The upper limit (350� C.) on apparent crystalline melting point or glass transition temperature is set so that the resin may be processed in low to medium shear rate equipment at commercial temperature levels of 350� C. or less. The engineering thermoplastic resin also includes blends of various engineering thermoplastic resins and blends with fillers and the like.
By way of specific example, the various polymers found in the classes listed in Table A below and thereafter defined are within the definition of engineering thermoplastic resins:
1. Nitrile barrier resins
2. Thermoplastic polyesters
3. Poly(aryl ethers) and Poly(aryl sulfones)
4. Polyamides
5. Acetal resins
6. Thermoplastic polyurethanes
7. Halogenated thermoplastics
These various engineering thermoplastic resins are further defined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,895, which is herein incorporated by reference. Other patents dealing with blends of the subject block copolymer and engineering thermoplastic resins are shown in Table B below:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,041,103
U.S. Pat. No. 4,079,099
U.S. Pat. No. 4,079,100
U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,403
U.S. Pat. No. 4,088,711
U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,204
U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,605
U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,356
U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,357
U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,424
U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,163
U.S. Pat. No. 4,088,626
U.S. Pat. No. 4,088,627
U.S. Pat. No. 4,090,996
U.S. Pat. No. 4,102,854
U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,130
U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,131
U.S. Pat. No. 4,110,303
U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,894
U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,896
U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,607
U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,600
U.S. Pat. No. 4,242,470
In the present invention the various polymers are blended in such a way as to form co-continuous interlocking networks; i.e., where a continuous phase of one polymer would be thought of as filling the voids of a continuous phase of the second polymer. The interlocking structure of the various polymers does not show gross phase separation such as would lead to delamination. Further, the blend is not so intimately mixed that there is molecular mixing or miscibility, nor one in which the separate phases will lead to delamination.
Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is considered that there are two general requirements for the formation of an interlocking network. First, there must be a primary phase network stable to the shearing field. This requirement is fulfilled by employing the block copolymers of the instant invention having the capability of self-crosslinking (network formation) and furthermore having sufficiently high molecular weight to retain its network (domain) structure in processing. Second, the other polymers employed must be capable of some kind of chemical or physical crosslinks or other intermolecular association to maintain a continuous phase in the blend. The polymer must possess sufficient fluidity to interlock with the primary network in the blending process. This second requirement is met by the instant thermoplastic engineering resins.
There are at least two methods (other than the absence of delamination) by which the presence of an interlocking network can be shown. In one method, an interlocking network is shown when molded or extruded objects made from the blends of this invention are placed in a refluxing solvent that quantitatively dissolves away the block copolymer and other soluble components, and the remaining polymer structure (comprising the thermoplastic engineering resin) still has the shape and continuity of the molded or extruded object and is intact structurally without any crumbling or delamination, and the refluxing solvent carries no insoluble particulate matter. If these criteria are fulfilled, then both the unextracted and extracted phases are interlocking and continuous. The unextracted phase must be continuous because it is geometrically and mechanically intact. The extracted phase must have been continuous before extraction, since quantitative extraction of a dispersed phase from an insoluble matrix is highly unlikely. Finally, interlocking networks must be present in order to have simultaneous continuous phases. Also, confirmation of the continuity of the unextracted phase may be confirmed by microscopic examination.
In the second method, a mechanical property such as tensile modulus is measured and compared with that expected from an assumed system where each continuous isotropically distributed phase contributes a fraction of the mechanical response, proportional to its compositional fraction by volume. Correspondence of the two values indicates presence of the interlocking network, whereas, if the interlocking network is not present, the measured value is different than that of the predicted value.
An important aspect of the present invention is that the relative proportions of the various polymers in the blend can be varied over a wide range. The relative proportions of the polymers are presented below in parts by weight (the total blend comprising 100 parts):
______________________________________ Preferred More Preferred______________________________________Engineering Thermoplastic 96 to 4 93 to 7Block Copolymer 4 to 96 7 to 93______________________________________
Accordingly, it is possible to prepare a wide variety of polymer blends ranging from a flexibilized engineering thermoplastic to a stiffened elastomeric block copolymer. Note that the minimum amount of block copolymer necessary to achieve these blends may vary with the particular engineering thermoplastic.
The blending of the engineering thermoplastic resin and the block copolymer may be done in any manner that produces a blend which will not delaminate on processing, i.e., in any manner that produces the interlocking network. For example, the resin and block copolymer may be dissolved in a solvent common for all and coagulated by admixing in a solvent in which none of the polymers are soluble. But more preferably, a particularly useful procedure is to intimately mix the polymers in the form of granules and/or powder in a high shear mixer. "Intimately mixing" means to mix the polymers with sufficient mechanical shear and thermal energy to ensure that interlocking of the various networks is achieved. Intimate mixing is typically achieved by employing high shear extrusion compounding machines such as twin screw compounding extruders and thermoplastic extruders having at least a 20:1 L/D ratio and a compression ratio of 3 or 4:1.
The mixing or processing temperature (Tp) is selected in accordance with the particular polymers to be blended. For example, when melt blending the polymers instead of solution blending, it will be necessary to select a processing temperature above the melting point of the highest melting point polymer. In addition, as explained more fully hereinafter, the processing temperature may also be chosen so as to permit the isoviscous mixing of the polymers. Typically, the mixing or processing temperature is between about 150� C. and about 400� C. For blends containing poly(butylene terephthalate) Tp is preferably between about 230� C. and about 300� C.
Another parameter that can be important in melt blending to ensure the formation of interlocking networks is matching the viscosities of the block copolymer and the engineering thermoplastic resin (isoviscous mixing) at the temperature and shear stress of the mixing process. The better the interdispersion of the engineering resin in the block copolymer network, the better the chance for formation of co-continuous interlocking networks on subsequent cooling. Therefore, it has been found that when the block copolymer has a viscosity η poise at temperature Tp and shear rate of 100 sec-1, it is much preferred that the viscosity of the engineering thermoplastic resin or blend containing such resin have a viscosity at temperature Tp and a shear rate of 100 sec1- such that the ratio of the viscosity of the block copolymer over the viscosity of the engineering thermoplastic be between about 0.2 and about 4.0, preferably between about 0.8 and about 1.2. Accordingly, as used herein, isoviscous mixing means that the viscosity of the block copolymer divided by the viscosity of the other polymer or polymer blend at the temperature Tp is between about 0.2 and about 4.0. It should also be noted that within an extruder, there is a wide distribution of shear rates. Therefore, isoviscous mixing can occur even though the viscosity curves of two polymers differ at some of the shear rates.
The block copolymer or block copolymer blend may be selected to essentially match the viscosity of the engineering resin. Optionally, the block copolymer may be mixed with a rubber compounding oil or supplemental resin as described hereinbefore to change the viscosity characteristics of the block copolymer.
The particular physical properties of the instant block copolymers are important in forming co-continuous interlocking networks. Specifically, the most preferred block copolymers of the instant invention when unblended do not melt in the ordinary sense with increasing temperature, since the viscosity of these polymers is highly non-Newtonian and tends to increase without limit as zero shear stress is approached. Further, the viscosity of these block copolyemrs is also relatively insensitive to temperature. This rheological behavior and inherent thermal stability of the block copolymer enhances its ability to retain its network (domain) structure in the melt so that when the various blends are made, interlocking and continuous networks are formed.
The viscosity behavior of the instant thermoplastic engineering resin, on the other hand, typically is more sensitive to temperature than that of the instant block copolymers. Accordingly, it is often possible to select a processing temperature Tp at which the viscosities of the block copolymer and engineering resin fall within the required range necessary to form interlocking networks.
The polymer blends of the instant invention may be compounded further with other polymers, oils, fillers, reinforcements, antioxidants, stabilizers, fire retardants, antiblocking agents and other rubber and plastic compounding ingredients without departing from the scope of this invention.
Examples of various fillers that can be employed are in the 1971-72 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, pages 240-247. Reinforcements are also very useful in the present polymer blends. A reinforcement may be defined simply as the material that is added to a resinous matrix to improve the strength of the polymer. Most of these reinforcing materials are inorganic or organic products of high molecular weight. Various examples include glass fibers, asbestos, boron fibers, carbon and graphite fibers, whiskers, quartz and silica fibers, ceramic fibers, metal fibers, natural organic fibers, and synthetic organic fibers. Especially preferred are reinforced polymer blends of the instant invention containing about 2 to about 80 percent by weight glass fibers, based on the total weight of the resulting reinforced blend. It is particularly desired that coupling agents, such as various silanes, be employed in the preparation of the reinforced blends.
The polymeric resinous materials of the core can be bonded directly to the metal skin layers or by the use of an intermediate adhesive layer therebetween. One of the advantages of the present invention is that no adhesive layer is needed. If used, the intermediate adhesive layer can have a thickness from about 0.1 to 5 mils, preferably from about 0.3 to 3.0 mils. Such layer may be formed from any thermoplastic polymeric resinous material which will tightly adhere the core layer to the metalskin layers. A particularly preferred adhesive layer is a normally solid thermoplastic propylene-based polymer modified by monomers having reactive carboxylic acid groups, particularly a copolymer of a major proportion of propylene and a minor proportion, typically from 1 to 30, preferably from 2 to 20 percent by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid. Specific examples of such suitable ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids (which term includes mono- and polybasic acids, acid anhydrides, and partial esters of polybasic acids) are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, maleric anhydride monomethyl malcate, monoethyl malcate, monomethyl fumarate, monoethyl fumarate, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether acid maleate, or ethylene glycol monophenyl ether acid maleate. The carboxylic acid monomer is preferably selected from a β-ethylenically unsaturated mono- and polycarboxylic acids and acid anhydrides having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms per molecule and partial esters of such polycarboxylic acid wherein the acid moiety has at least one carboxylic acid group and the alcohol moiety has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. The copolymer can also contain other copolymerizable monomers including an ester of acrylic acid. The comonomers can be combined in the copolymer in any way, e.g., as random copolymers, as block or sequential copolymers, or as graft copolymers. Materials of these kinds and methods of making them are readily known in the art. Specific examples of such copolymers are propylene acrylic acid copolymer, propylene methacrylic acid copolymer, propylene maleic acid copolymer and the like.
The adhesive layer can first be applied to the metal skin layers, first be applied to the core, or can be applied to the metal skin layer and the core simultaneously. The adhesive layer can be applied using well known application techniques, such as, for example, solvent casting, roll coating, or, preferably, extrusion processes and the like. When the adhesive layer is to be combined with the core prior to the lamination thereof to the metal skins, such layers can advantageously be introduced into the laminates by the well known coextrusion process or combining the conventional extrusion process with a film lamination technique.
In one embodiment of this invention, a metal-polymer-metal laminate is produced by disposing a layer of polymer resinous material, which layer is continuously extruded from a conventional, screw-type extruder between two metallic skin layers which are fed continuously to a nip formed by a pair of opposing and counterrotating laminating rolls. Heat and pressure sufficient to affect a bond between the metal skin layers and the polymeric resinous material are applied to the skin layers. This is accomplished by heating one or both of the laminating rolls, by preheating metal skin layers, or through the heat of extrusion of the polymeric resinous material or combination of such heating steps. The distance between the laminating rolls at the nip can be controlled to exert effective pressure to metal-polymer-metal laminate to ensure adequate bond between the metal skins and the polymer core. The laminating rolls can be covered with a layer of polytetrafluorethylene to prevent sticking of polymeric resinous material to the rolls.
In another embodiment of this invention, the metal skin layers are first coated with an adhesive layer on one side thereof and are fed continuously to the combining nip with the coated sides facing toward each other. A layer of polymeric resinous material is disposed between the two adhesive coated skin layers by continuous extrusion as described hereinabove.
In yet another embodiment of this invention, a multi-layered extrudate comprising an adhesive layer--a core layer--an adhesive layer is disposed continuously and simultaneously between the two metal skin layers or precoated metal skin layers by the well known coextrusion process.
The present invention is not limited by the process used to prepare the metal-polymer-metal structural laminates. Extrusion processes, i.e., extrusion coating or extrusion lamination, film lamination techniques, solution coating techniques or combination of such techniques well known in the art can readily be used to produce the laminates of this invention. It is essential, however, that the thermoplastic polymeric resinous material of the adhesive layer and core layer be subjected to a temperature at least equal to the softening point thereof, for a period of time sufficient to cause the polymer to tightly adhere but not undergo significant degradation thereof, and effective pressure to achieve intimate contact between the polymer layers and the metal skin layers.
An important consideration in obtaining light weight laminates is the ratio of core thickness to skin thickness. The ratio of core thickness to skin thickness should be between 1:2 and 20:1, preferably between 1:2 and 3:1. These ratios include the thickness of any adhesive layer. The skin thickness includes both skins. The total laminate thickness should be between 15 mils and 300 mils, preferably between 25 mils and 60 mils.
To illustrate the present invention, the following illustrative embodiments are given. It is to be understood, however, that the embodiments are given for the purpose of illustration only and the invention is not to be regarded as limited to any of the specific materials or conditions used in the specific embodiments.
In Illustrative Embodiment #1, a steel/polymer/steel laminate was prepared and tested. The steel was electro-chrome coated steel (ECCS) having a thickness of about 10 mils, and was degreased in trichloroethane. The polymer core was a binary blend of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and a Kraton� G block copolymer (G) in a weight ratio of 75:25 PBT to G.
The core was extruded into a film of about 15 mils thickness and the surface treated with a 20% NaOH solution at 180�-200� F. for 5 minutes. The laminate was then prepared by pressing the polymer film between 2 pieces of steel at an elevated temperature above the melting point of the polymer core.
Various tests were performed on the laminates. In the heat sag test, the sample was placed between two supports in a oven and the deflection in inches at various temperatures was noted. Adhesion was measured by lap shear (ASTM D3165-73) and by T-peel (ASTM D903). Corrosion was measured by standard metal tests (hot water fog and salt spray). The results, presented below in Table I, show excellent heat distortion and metal/polymer adherence properties:
TABLE I______________________________________Heat Sag Test______________________________________Temp., �F. Deflection, in.350 0375 0400 0425 0.15AdhesionT-peel 24 pli* @ 0.5 in/min crosshead speed 32 pli* @ 10 in/min crosshead speedLap shear 2300 psi*Corrosion1000 hrs water fog no undercutting of scribed lines(˜100� F.) adhesion was qualitatively reduced1000 hrs salt spray no undercutting of scribed line(˜90� F.)______________________________________ *Failure: cohesive near bond line
While metal laminates of the same dimensions having cores of 100% PBT have equal heat deflection characteristics, they have no measurable T-Peel value. This results from the rigidity of the PBT which concentrates the stress applied in the T-Peel test and causes catastrophic failure of the adhesive bond. The laminates of this embodiment are difficult to separate and have high measure values of T-Peel.
In Illustrative Embodiment II, a steel/polymer/steel laminate was prepared in a platen press according to the present invention. The steel skins were 9.5 mil black plate. The core was a PBT/Kraton G polymer binary blend (70% PBT/30% K-G). A film of polymer core was extruded and cut into large sheets (about 3'�8'). These sheets were placed between two steel sheets and then pressed together in a platen press. The temperature was raised to 425�-450� F. (core temperature) and held there for about 5 minutes at about 500 psi pressure.
The results, presented in Tables IIa and IIb, also show excellent heat distortion and forming characteristics:
TABLE IIa__________________________________________________________________________ SampleEvaluation Item Unit Evaluating Method HH 0283__________________________________________________________________________Total thickness mm Actual measurement of sample 0.803 +0.078 -0.063Thickness of surfacing " " 0.235materialWeight kg/m2 " 4.149Peel strength ASTM D903 10 � 100 mmInitial strength 23� C. kg/cm (pli) Measurement carried out in 6.0 (33.6) 80� C. " the air bath 6.0 (33.6)120� C. " 6.1 (34.1)150� C. " 5.4 (30.2)Air bath 80 � C. � 300 hrs kg/cm (pli) Measurement carried out at 6.0 (33.6)120 � C. � 300 hrs " 23� C. after heating the 7.0 (39.2)150 � C. � 100 hrs " sample in the air bath 10.3 (57.6)150 � C. � 300 hrs " 6.3 (35.2)150 � C. � 600 hrs " 2.7 (15.1)150 � C. � 900 hrs " 0 (0)Deflection temperature �C. Shearing area 10 W � 25 L mm 232(Under shear stress) Load 12 g__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE IIb__________________________________________________________________________ SampleEvaluation Item Unit Evaluating Method HH 0283__________________________________________________________________________Tensile test Parallel part of the dumb- bell shaped test sample: 15 mm wide (W) and 50 mm long (L)Yield strength kg/mm2 Offset = 0.2% 16.2Tensile strength " 21.9Elongation % 40.0Bending test ASTM D790 12.5 W � 32 L mmModulus of elasticity kg/mm2 span 16 mm 7,014Yield strength " Offset = 0.2% 28.5Bulging test mm 10-mm-radius punch 8.07Erichsen valueBend forming test -- 100 W � 50 L mm Workable 5-mm-radius punch, 90� bendingVibration damping Decay method (at resonanceproperties frequency) Size: 30 W � 300 L mm (2-node-hanging)Resonance Hz 1st mode 56frequency1st Loss factor (η) � 10-4 13Resonance Hz 2nd mode 154frequency2nd Loss factor (η) � 10-4 6Resonance Hz 3rd mode 301frequency3rd Loss factor (η) � 10-4 6Resonance Hz 4th mode 494frequency4th Loss factor (η) � 10-4 7__________________________________________________________________________
In Illustrative Embodiment III, four different core materials were employed in metal/polymer/metal laminates. The steel skins were nominal 9.5 mil black plate steel. The surface of the steel was sanded (lightly) to remove surface contaminates, then washed with solvent prior to making the laminates. The various polymer core compositions were:
______________________________________Core # Composition______________________________________A* 100% Nylon 6-6 (DuPont Zytel 101)B** Blend of 70% w Nylon 6-6 and 30% w Kraton � G 1651 block copolymerC* 100% PBT (General Electric Valox 310)D** Blend of 70% w PBT and 30% w Kraton G 1651 block copolymer______________________________________ *for comparison **according to the present invention
Compression molded films of about 20 mil were prepared for each different core. The polymer cores were placed between steel skin and laminates were prepared under identical conditions:
2 min. warm up @450� F.
2 min. under 20 tons pressure
2 min. cool under 5 tons
The laminates were dried at 200� F. for three days, and then submitted for lap shear testing according to ASTM D3165-73. The results are presented below in Table III (three or four laminates for each different core):
TABLE III______________________________________R.T. LAP SHEAR@ .05"/min Chart 5"/minSample # Width Length Lap Area Break Load (psi)______________________________________1 .999 .980 .979 7572 1.069 .991 1.059 8033 1.010 .992 1.002 5244 1.024 .971 .994 822 MEAN (psi) 727B1 1.033 .986 1.019 4652 1.015 .989 1.004 4603 1.006 .988 .994 204 MEAN (psi) 376C1 .931 1.007 -- >648*2 1.004 .997 -- >800*3 .960 .990 -- >778*D1 1.003 .979 -- >794*2 1.005 .997 -- >762*3 .994 .994 -- >804*______________________________________ *Metal broke, not plastic
The results above show that nylon (A) and block copolymer-nylon blends (B) both have acceptable lap shear strength. For either PBT (C) or block copolymer-PBT blends (D), the lap shear bond exceeds the strength of the metal skins. The metal failed at about 750-800 psi, while the MPL bond remained intact. These data clearly suggest that PBT is the better choice between these engineering thermoplastics. It must be kept in mind that while neat Nylon or neat PBT form tenacious bonds, they cannot be used as neat polymers because of brittle behavior in forming. Blends with the particular block copolymer according to the present invention overcome this problem.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 21, 1965
|Jun 1, 1971
|Chevron Res
|Polyolefin-metal laminates
|May 5, 1977
|Sep 5, 1978
|Shell Oil Company
|Multicomponent polycarbonate-block copolymer-polymer blends
|Mar 23, 1976
|May 20, 1980
|United States Steel Corporation
|Adhesives coatings and laminates utilizing ethylene copolymers and coal-tar pitch
|Jul 31, 1978
|Oct 21, 1980
|Bethlehem Steel Corporation
|Polyolefin composition having high impact resistance and high temperature flow resistance
|May 21, 1979
|Feb 2, 1982
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Formable metal-plastic-metal structural laminates
|Oct 26, 1981
|Jan 18, 1983
|Monsanto Company
|Metal-thermoplastic-metal laminates
|Jul 12, 1982
|Jan 3, 1984
|Monsanto Company
|Metal-thermoplastic-metal laminates
|Jun 8, 1983
|Jan 15, 1985
|Shell Oil Company
|Polymer blend composition comprising two block polymers a vinyl aromatic copolymer and a polyester
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 1, 1987
|Jun 14, 1988
|Hercules Incorporated
|Process and apparatus for monitoring laminate structural stability
|Mar 1, 1988
|May 9, 1989
|General Motors Corporation
|Method of applying painted carrier films to automobile body parts
|Mar 1, 1988
|Jun 13, 1989
|General Motors Corporation
|Method of applying painted carrier films to automobile body parts
|Aug 17, 1987
|Aug 22, 1989
|Nippon Steel Corporation
|Viscoelastic resin for vibration damping material
|Aug 4, 1988
|Sep 19, 1989
|General Motors Corporation
|Article covered with painted carrier films
|Aug 27, 1986
|Dec 19, 1989
|General Electric Company
|Low-thermal-expansion, heat conducting laminates having layers of metal and reinforced polymer matrix composite
|Aug 4, 1988
|Sep 18, 1990
|General Motors Corporation
|Article covered with painted carrier films
|Nov 23, 1988
|Jul 9, 1991
|Chemical And Polymer Technology, Inc.
|Laminates, panels and means for joining them
|Dec 4, 1991
|Jul 7, 1992
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Electrophotographic element containing barrier layer
|Jul 3, 1991
|Jun 15, 1993
|Chemical & Polymer Technology, Inc.
|Laminates, panels and methods for making them
|Feb 14, 1992
|Mar 22, 1994
|Materials Science Corporation
|High conductivity hydrid material for thermal management
|Oct 9, 1996
|May 12, 1998
|Shell Oil Company
|Multilayer polymer system comprising at least one engineering thermoplast layer and at least one soft touch composition layer, and compositions to be used therefore
|May 14, 1999
|Jun 13, 2000
|Hughes Electronics Corporation
|Electronic structure having an embedded pyrolytic graphite heat sink material
|Feb 3, 2000
|Jan 6, 2004
|Bridgestone Corporation
|Composite structure and production method thereof
|May 24, 2002
|Jul 20, 2004
|Baxter International Inc.
|Membrane material for automated dialysis system
|Mar 22, 2006
|Mar 3, 2009
|Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc.
|Method for joining or repairing metal surface parts
|Apr 19, 2011
|Productive Research Llc
|Formable light weight composites
|Oct 13, 2006
|Jul 10, 2012
|Michelin Recherche Et Technique
|Shear band
|Mar 21, 2011
|Sep 24, 2013
|Productive Research Llc
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|Aug 5, 2014
|Productive Research
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|Apr 14, 2015
|Productive Research
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|Aug 25, 2015
|Productive Research Llc
|Delamination resistant, weldable and formable light weight composites
|Mar 12, 2013
|Jan 12, 2016
|Productive Research Llc
|Composites having improved interlayer adhesion and methods thereof
|Jun 4, 2014
|Jan 19, 2016
|Productive Research Llc
|Processes for welding composite materials and articles therefrom
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|Aug 16, 2016
|Productive Research Llc
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|Sep 6, 2016
|Productive Research Llc
|Formable light weight composites
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|May 15, 2003
|Watson Stanley A.
|Support structure and method of assembling same
|Nov 12, 2003
|May 20, 2004
|Bridgestone Corporation
|Composite structure and production method thereof
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|Nov 30, 2006
|Antoine Gauriat
|Metal-polyamide/polyethylene-metal laminate
|Aug 1, 2005
|Feb 1, 2007
|Material Sciences Corporation
|Laminated structure with a filled viscoelastic layer and method
|Mar 22, 2006
|Sep 27, 2007
|Ruokolainen Robert B
|Method for joining or repairing metal surface parts
|Apr 17, 2007
|Nov 1, 2007
|Loen Mark V
|Production Method for Sound Deadening Structure
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|Jan 28, 2010
|Ronald Hobart Thompsom
|Shear band
|Feb 18, 2010
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|Formable light weight composites
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|Productive Research Llc
|Formable light weight composites
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|Productive Research LLC.
|Processes for welding composite materials and articles therefrom
|Aug 18, 2011
|Productive Research Llc
|Formable light weight composite material systems and methods
|Aug 4, 2004
|Sep 22, 2010
|A metal-polyamide/polyethylene-metal laminate
|Feb 15, 2011
|Dec 26, 2012
|Formable light weight composite material systems and methods
|Feb 15, 2011
|Sep 16, 2015
|Aug 7, 2003
|Feb 9, 2005
|Thyssen Krupp Stahl AG
|A metal-polyamide/polyethylene-metal laminate
|Nov 22, 1989
|May 31, 1990
|Chemical & Polymer Technology, Inc.
|Laminates, panels and means for joining them
|Aug 4, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|A metal-polyamide/polyethylene-metal laminate
|Mar 7, 2007
|Sep 27, 2007
|Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc.
|Method for joining or repairing metal surface parts
|Aug 13, 2009
|Feb 25, 2010
|Productive Research LLC.
|Formable light weight composites
|Feb 8, 2012
|Aug 23, 2012
|Integran Technologies
|High yield strength lightweight polymer-metal hybrid articles
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 11, 1986
Owner name: SHELL OIL COMPANY, A CORP. OF DE.
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text: MarcS wrote: > > Does everyone indeed agree with Tyler's proposed statements of agreement > here? It would pleasantly surprise me if they did. Again, a quick "no" is > sufficient for my immediate purpose. I'm gratified that you solicit my opinion, but for the record, my silence does not signal assent. I certainly don't agree that capabilities are sufficient for forming a first line of defense, nor that they are theoretically sound. I would require (at least) about 12 months of experience to agree with the former and some deeper theoretical reading to agree with the latter. If it helps, I *do* think that the capability security model is a powerful and elegant intellectual tool, and my intuition is that it will mesh well with the natural inclincations of some programmers (like myself), thus forming a powerful "tool/programmer" symbiosis. Probably you should continue with your laudable project of summarizing common grounds without including me. Regards, Zooko, Journeyman Hacker

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Overcast with Haze ~
High: 74°F ~ Low: 57°F
Friday, Sep. 30, 2016
Something In The AirPosted Thursday, June 2, 2011, at 9:31 AM
Most people have the feeling of renewal in the spring... With summer comes, for me, the feeling of "new"...I think it began when I was old enough to remember getting my summer tennis shoes....
Aaahhhh, the wonderful smell of new rubber in the air.
I spent every winter in a pair of heavy, ugly saddle oxfords because my mother (correctly as it turns out) was convinced they were the only shoes that were going to keep me from having flat feet ...A fate worse than death in her book. I still vividly remember trudging into our local department store (Stovall's for all you Malden folks) in those hateful saddle oxfords and sitting in one of the chairs they had all lined up for their shoes customers. I always felt very important sitting in those chairs. Mr. Shepard or Mr. McMillian would bring over the selection of tennis shoes...and it was a small one compared to the current day selection of athletic shoes. They would carefully measure my foot and go get the right size in the pair my mother selected...no boys and girls...I did not get to tell her which shoes I wanted...she chose them for their price and durability....since they were the only pair I would have all summer.
Several rituals of shoe buying were involved...as I mentioned earlier, the measuring of the foot to see how much it had grown...the sitting in the chair watching him lace up both shoes...because I had to try on both left and right shoes...the sedate walk along the carpeted floor to see how they felt and if the heel slipped...some times I just couldn't resist a jump or skip or two...the mashing down with the thumb by Mr. Shepard or McMillian on the end of the toe of the shoe to make sure I had "room to grow" ...my fingers crossed that whichever pair I got would be "cute". The big name tennis shoes at that time were P.F. Flyers and Red Ball Jets so of course those were the objects of my desire.
The very best and most wonderful part of the shoe buying ritual was walking out of the store with the hated saddle oxfords in a box and the tennis shoes on my feet! I literally felt like my feet were so light I could fly. You know that dance Snoopy does when Schroeder plays the piano for him? It felt like that and in my memory it was always a sunny day, so when I stepped out of that door I stepped right into summer sunshine.
When school let out...on that last hot, noisy day three long months of summer shimmered in front of my eyes....months of fun and eventual boredom...three months is a really long time to a kid in grade school...and I had on my new tennis shoes...anything could happen! It felt like a new beginning to me. Life was going to bring lots of new and wonderful things that summer...surely. It was mine for the taking...
That was the other thing that was in the air in the summer...freedom.
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text:
Top Definition
Form of Sonic when he has all 7 Chaos Emeralds.
Super Sonic vs. Perfect Chaos
SonicDude가 작성 2003년 05월 30일 (금)
Trending Now
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Photos & Videos
It's faster than the speed of sound you dumbasses.
???가 작성 2003년 07월 04일 (금)
The urge to drink alcohol and enter a state of supersonic. Usually by drinking gin and tonic.
"Man, lets get supersonic tonight." or, "Give me gin and tonic, I'm feeling supersonic."
Liam_plays_guitar가 작성 2008년 07월 10일 (목)
Super Sonic is a very unoriginal concept.
hahaa가 작성 2003년 11월 07일 (금)
When Sonic the Hedgehog collets all of the Chaos Emeralds, he does a shameless Super Saiyan rip-off. His skin turns a flashy bright gold color, he's damn near invincible, and goes from 0 to 200 in about .7 seconds. Attaining the form of Super Sonic removes all challenge from the game.
OMG Super Sonic ROX!!! I JUST PWNED DR. ROBOTNIK!!!
BLARG man가 작성 2004년 10월 07일 (목)
The transformation that Sonic goes through when he receives the seven Chaos emeralds. This Transformation causes him to gain incredible speed and power. Sonic First used this in Sonic the Hedgehog 2, to defeat Dr. Robotnick.Many believe this to be a copy of the Transformation that a Saiyan goes through in the Anime Series "Dragon ball Z". A few reasons for this are that First of all, Yugi Naka was a huge DBZ fan. Second, Sonic the Hedgehog was created in 1991, while the Anime of DBZ came out in 1989, and the Manga came out way before that. And finally, Sonic's Hair, or fur, turns golden, and he becomes more powerful.
Hey, is that Super Saiyan Goku?
No. That's Super Sonic.
No. That's Super Sonic.
Pretzelman718가 작성 2007년 07월 24일 (화)
A deuluxe burger at Sonic Drive in with double hamburger patties. Simular to a Big Mac but much better.
Let's hit the Sonic and get a Supersonic Deal.
BillyG가 작성 2004년 03월 04일 (목)


text:
|Women, Men, Girls, Boys, Petite, Tall, Plus-sized
Maddy Cranley is the Montreal-based designer behind the lines of maddy baby, maddy kids, and maddy laine knitting patterns.
For more information, please visit - maddycraft.com
Three easy pieces to get you covered - a hat, a neck cowl, and wrist warmers. The pattern stitch is reversible which allows for the hat brim to be worn up or down and the neck cowl to slouch effortlessly. These accessories can be knit in one color or if you prefer, you can enhance each piece with a simple embroidery technique - fully illustrated instructions are included in the pattern. This way you can add just the right amount of color to suit you and your stash. The knitting pattern is written in both US and metric measurements and includes illustrated instructions for the embroidery embellishment. Making gifts? There are many ways to embellish this patterh - http://www.maddycraft.com/ML176-TwentyIdeas.htm Sign up for the maddycraft Newsletter and be the first to know when new patterns are released, along with complimentary knitting projects, tips, and news. http://www.maddycraft.com/SignUpNewsletter.htm
16 sts x 22 rows = 4"/10cm over basketweave pattern stitch.


text:
Top Definition
The effect of two or more people or circumstances that interact to have an over all negative affect where the sum of the parts exceeds the sum of the whole, negatively.
There is malergy in that relationship where Sue needs be needed and Sam is always playing helpless. They have a malergistic affect on one another and those around them.
بواسطة speedy little taxi أغسطس/آب 19, 2008
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text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: CA$5.98 (38% off)
Luke's review - from ireland
Posted by Reviewer1925585 on Jul 24, 2010
I have a gut that has a mind of its own, and it tends to get lazy every now and again, allowing stuff i have eaten maybe a month or two before, still slugging along at a crawl in my system. This stuff has the ability to give your gut that needed kick in the arse to wake it up, and get all the ahem - waste out of you system so that nutrients can be properly absorbed. Great for a detox along with the liquid bentonite clay from yerba prima too. Also tastes great with juices especially apple as it also catains a digestive cleancing properties. I can certinaly feel the difference in a week, skin clearer, more energy, brigheter eyes, better sleep, more focused, I could go on and on . This is genuinely good stuff. Buy it if you think you need it.
Posted by Reviewer1350598 on Mar 14, 2009
This is fantastic quality psyllium husks. Can be used as a bulking agent, as well as a laxative. Think "metamucil" from the 90s (before they started over-grinding it) and without any sugers. I've experienced a huge drop in my cholesterol since I started taking this once a day (over 50 points) It works wonderfully as a colon cleanser, since it bulks up. If you are not used to taking bulking fiber, start with a lower dosage than recommended on the can -- it bulks up significantly, and may make you feel 'too full'. (1t, 1.5t, 2t until you can take 1T at a time) I recommend mixing it in diluted room-temperature juice. (For some odd reason, the texture bugs me if I use all water). Must drink the entire glass quickly or it will congeal, thus room-temperature is recommended.
Posted by Reviewer1479485 on Mar 18, 2009
talk about a total colon blast
Posted by Reviewer3011042 on Oct 12, 2008
This is one terrific product when it comes to eliminating waste from the colon without worries of having diarhea. It comes highly recommended.
was skeptical at first..but it works
Posted by TravelRubyHealthGeek on Jan 01, 2010
i think it can surely provide enough daily fibre intakes, i can go to the toilet on time without any difficulties. i used to take oatmeal every morning and can go to toilet after that, but i hv stopped recently and started to have problems. only 4 days taking this already makes me feel better, i might try to use twice daily next week. not to mention iherb provides promptly delivery and reasonable shipping price for international orders.
Also good for cooking and baking low carb things!
Posted by Reviewer2974532 on Mar 17, 2011
Very good quality/price ratio!
The Best Product I ever bought from iherb
Posted by 4650683665206232737 on Jul 05, 2016
This is my routine after doing my research on colon cleansing: Everyday in the morning and in the evening, i take 1 Tablespoon of Yerba Prima, Psyllium Whole Husks 1 teaspoon of Jarrow Formulas, Inulin 1 capsule of Probiotics Using this recipe, i poo very morning right after getting up. I feel so good and so clean and so light afterward. Recommend this recipe to everyone!
Posted by Reviewer1904402 on May 21, 2014
I read description carefully before ordering this product. Today I got it delivered and what I found on the bottle was shocking note - all psyllium husk products, and most agricultural products, contain some chemicals that the plants absorb from the soil. Warning - this product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. Would be good to see the WHOLE description of the product online.
Best fiber supplement
Posted by 5092987972235075090 on Jan 29, 2015
I have been constipated practically my whole life and this product has helped me become regular in a unaggressive way.
Psyllium husk
Posted by Reviewer1431990 on Jan 23, 2011
I been using the product for three weeks now and what can I say its like magic going to the bathroom has never been a problem for me but this product had increased the number of times and every time I go there is plenty in the bowl no side affects and no diarrhea I also take it with bentonite the pb shake


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Rockstar Cowgirl1220 Sheridan AvenueCody, WY 82414United firstname.lastname@example.com
Every year in February beaders know what time it is! Tucson Time -- my favorite time of year. Some people call it going to market. I call it spending all of my money. Check back in March for sweet wholesale turquoise strands!
Copyright 2011 Rockstar Cowgirl. All rights reserved.
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Pope Clement VII forbids Henry VIII to re-marry until the case determining the validity of his union with Catherine of Aragon is decided. He also orders secular courts, parliaments and universities to refrain from interfering in the issue.
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Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is the most widely used directory protocol today. It is powerful, rich in capabilities and highly flexible. It has massive scaling ability, supports distributed directories and provides excellent authentication, authorization, and auditing (AAA) support. In fact, LDAP is the de facto industry standard for directory services. The Tivoli offering of the LDAP server is IBM Tivoli Directory Server (ITDS). It is amongst the leading products in identity management middleware and is a part of many of Tivoli middleware offerings.
A request by a client to the LDAP server is called an "operation". Operations specified by LDAP v3 protocol include
- bind - new connection
- unbind - end connection
- search - search the directory
- compare - compare entries on the server
- add - add an entry
- modify - modify an entry
- delete - delete an entry
- modify RDN/DN - rename an entry/change its parent
- abandon - abandon an outstanding operation
- startTLS - start a TLS session
- extended operations
What are extended operations?
Extended operations (exops) is a mechanism that allows additional operations that are not defined in the protocol to be supported for services that LDAP v3 servers provide. Exops provide a server the extensibility in terms of operations that it can support. RFC 2251 describes the LDAP v3 protocol and the provision for exops. It does not define the kind of exops a server can or should support. All additional operations that a server supports are to be sent by the client as an extended operation. The exops a server supports is vendor dependent, LDAP v3 protocol does not mandate any particular exop to be supported. Though some of the more popular ones have been standardized, many are proprietary to vendors. Consequently, many of the exops are not portable, that is, a client is bound to a particular server if it uses its proprietary exop.
ITDS fully implements the LDAP v3 standard, it supports a variety of exops to perform otherwise tedious operations. These include finding the account status of a user, finding the groups which a user belongs to, and reading server logs. Most of the operations are proprietary and work exclusively on ITDS and are not supported by other vendors.
How it works
An extended operation is invoked by a client by sending an extended request and receiving an extended response in response from the server.
Broadly the sequence of events is:
- A client sends an extended request to the server.
- If the server recognizes the request, it performs the operation
- An extended response is sent back with the result, if any, of the operation
An extended request is made of two parts:
- requestName
requestName is a globally unique dotted-decimal representation of the OID (Object Identifier) that identifies the request. The OID namespace is hierarchically divided; every authority that can define an OID is assigned a prefix which it uses to identify its OIDs, for example, all ITDS exops start with
- requestValue
Data needed to execute the request. The format of the data is predefined for every exop. Some exops do not require any data to be associated with the request.
The extended request is encoded before being sent to the server. ITDS expects its extended request to be ASN.1 BER encoded.
The structure of the extended response is similar to extended response in that it
can contain the OID and value, both of which are optional, and a field describing
the result code of the operation.
An extended response is made of three parts:
- resultcode
Result code of the operation. One of the defined LDAP error codes, for example, LDAP_SUCCESS, LDAP_OPERATIONS_ERROR, and so forth
- responseName
responseName is OID of the response. It might or might not be same as the request OID.
- responseValue
Result of the operation, if any.
The response from the server is encoded (ASN.1 BER) and should be decoded by the client when received.
How do I know if an exop is supported?
Different vendors support different exops. Support may even vary between versions
from the same vendor. If an unsupported exop is requested by a client, the server
sends back an
LDAP error code 52 - unsupported operation
message. If the request is malformed, the
LDAP error code 2 - protocol error
is sent.
The server advertises the supported extensions through the supportedExtension attribute in the RootDSE. The attribute values are OIDs for the supported extended operations.
RootDSE search for supportedextension attribute
#ldapsearch -h lnike -p 4389 -D cn=root -w root -s base objectclass=* supportedextension supportedextension=18.104.22.168.2.12.1 supportedextension=18.104.22.168.2.12.3 supportedextension=22.214.171.124.2.12.5 supportedextension=18.104.22.168.2.12.6 supportedextension=18.104.22.168.2.12.64 supportedextension=184.108.40.206.2.12.15 supportedextension=22.214.171.124.2.12.16 supportedextension=184.108.40.206.2.12.17 supportedextension=220.127.116.11.2.12.19 supportedextension=22.214.171.124.2.12.54 supportedextension=184.108.40.206.2.12.56 supportedextension=2.16.840.1.1137188.8.131.52 supportedextension=126.96.36.199.2.12.44 supportedextension=184.108.40.206.2.12.50 . . .
Further, some extensions might be disabled and so cannot be used. The list of enabled extensions (among other capabilities) can be fetched using the operational attribute ibm-enabledCapabilities in the root DSE. An operational attribute needs to be explicitly requested during a search.
Root DSE search for ibm-enabledcapabilities operational attribute
The OIDs of enabled capabilities are returned. Capabilities include not only exops but control and other server capabilities too.
Below is a list of some of the exops ITDS 6.0 supports:
|Extended Operation
|Account status
|Gets the account status of a user
|Attribute types
Gets the attributes by supported capability:
language tag
attribute cache
|Begin transaction
|Begins a transaction context
|Cascading replication operation
|Cascades the replication information to all the servers consumers
|Clear log
|Clears the specified server log
|Control replication
|Force, suspend, resume replication
|Control queue
|Skips changes in the replication queue
|DN normalization
|Normalizes a sequence of DNs
|Dynamic server trace
|Starts or stops server tracing
|Dynamic update requests
|Updates the server configuration
|End transaction
|Ends the given transaction context
|Event notification register request
|Registers for an event on the server
|Event notification unregister request
|Unregisters for events that were registered for
|Get lines
|Gets the specified lines of the specified server log
|Get number of lines
|Gets the total number of lines of the specified server log
|Group evaluation
|Gets all the groups that the user belongs to
|Kill connection
|Request to kill all or some specific connections to the server
|LDAP trace facility
|Controls server tracing
|Quiesce or unquiesce replication context
|Quiesces or Unquiesces replication subtrees
|Replication error log
|Controls the server error log
|Replication topology
|Triggers replication of the given replication context
|Start, stop servers
|Remotely starts/stops server
|Start TLS
|Initiates TLS session
|Unique attributes
|Gets the list of all non-unique values for an attribute
|Update configuration
|Update the configuration of the server
|User type
|Gets the type and roles of the bound user
Extended operations and JNDI
JNDI inherently supports extended operations since
Java 1.3. We'll look at the classes involved in creating an extended request and
response and firing it for ITDS using a simple example. The interface
describes an exop request.
As described earlier, OID and value are two properties for an
exop request.
are the defined methods for the two.
describes an exop response. It contains the same methods as
. What happens to the result code we talked about earlier? JNDI intercepts the
response and if it is something other that
, throws a
citing the error.
LDAP operations are performed in JNDI through the interface
is the method used to send an exop request to the server. It accepts an instance of
and returns an instance of type
Building a sample extended request and response
Let's build a request and response classes for an extended operation for ITDS 6.0. This particular exop gets the account status of a directory user.
The exop request for
account status
extended request is defined in ASN notation as:
userDN OCTETSTRING
The structure says that the request value contains a single element
userDN : DN of the user, the status of whose account is needed.
Account status extended request
import javax.naming.NamingException; import javax.naming.ldap.ExtendedRequest; import javax.naming.ldap.ExtendedResponse; import com.ibm.ldap.bp.asn1.ASN1Exception; import com.ibm.ldap.bp.asn1.BEREncoder; public class AccountStatusRequest implements ExtendedRequest { public static final String OID = "18.104.22.168.2.12.58"; private final String userDN; /** * Creates an account status exnteded operation request * @param userDN non-null DN of the user * */ public AccountStatusRequest(String userDN) { this.userDN = userDN; } //creates response method creates the response to this request. //This is what is returned by LDAPContext#extendedOperation() @override public ExtendedResponse createExtendedResponse(String id, byte[] berValue, int offset, int length) throws NamingException { AccountStatusResponse response = new AccountStatusResponse(berValue, offset, length); return response; } //gets the encoded value for the request. @override public byte[] getEncodedValue() { byte[] berValue = null; try { //We'll use IBM java BER encoder for encoding. //the library is shipped with ITDS (IBMJavaBer.jar in <ITDS_HOME/javalib>) BEREncoder encoder = new BEREncoder(); int seq_nr = encoder.encodeSequence(); encoder.encodeOctetString(this.userDN.getBytes("utf-8")); encoder.endOf(seq_nr); berValue = encoder.toByteArray(); } catch (ASN1Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return berValue; } //returns the OID. @override public String getID() { return AccountStatusRequest.OID; } }
implements the interface
. Encoded data from
is sent to the server along with the OID from
. When a response is received, the response value is passed to
to get the response to this request. This is the object that is returned to the
client when
Now lets create the extended response to the request.
The exop request for
account status
extended response is defined in ASN notation as:
responseVAlue ::= SEQUENCE {
status ENUMERATION
status::= ENUMERATED {
The structure tells us that the response contains a single element
and it can take one of the three enumaerated values.
status : account status. One of
Account status extended response
import javax.naming.ldap.ExtendedResponse; import com.ibm.ldap.bp.asn1.ASN1Exception; import com.ibm.ldap.bp.exception.BPException; import com.ibm.ldap.bp.util.BERUtils public class AccountStatusResponse implements ExtendedResponse { public static final int ACCOUNT_OPEN = 0; public static final int ACCOUNT_LOCKED = 1; public static final int ACCOUNT_EXPIRED = 2; public static final String OID = "126.96.36.199.2.12.59"; private int acc_status; private byte[] berValue; AccountStatusResponse(final byte[] berValue, final int offset, final int length) { this.berValue = new byte[length]; System.arraycopy(berValue, offset, this.berValue, 0, length); //We'll use IBM java BER decoder for decoding. BERDecoder decoder = new BERDecoder(this.berValue); int id = decoder.decodeSequenceOf(); //get the single enumeration in the structure this.acc_status = decoder.decodeEnumeration(); decoder.endOf(id); } /** * Gets the account status of the user DN for which this extended operation * was fired * * @return one of {ACCOUNT_OPEN|ACCOUNT_EXPIRED|ACCOUNT_LOCKED} */ public int getAccountStatus() { return this.acc_status; } @override public byte[] getEncodedValue() { return this.berValue; } @override public String getID() { return AccountStatusResponse.OID; } }
implements the interface
. An instance of the response is created by its associated request object. Our
response object gets the client the account status through the method
getAccountStatus(). An extendedResponse might not always have a response value (for example,
Clear Log
extended operation). Such a response object would return only the OID and null
response value. It should be noted that AccountStatusResponse has a different OID
than its associated request AccountStatusRequest. This might not always be the case,
request and response can very well share the same OID (for example,
Normalize DN
extended operation).
That is all there is to creating extended requests and responses. The example taken here was simple, exops with more complex BER structures exist. Complex structures require a better understanding of encoding and decoding BER structures. Please refer the IBM Java BER decoder documentation for details.
In this article an introduction to extended operations and an example of supported extension were provided. ITDS v6.0 supports a number of useful extensions for tasks related to logs, replication, effective password policy and such. A link to the list can be found in the Resources section.
- OIDs and structures of Extensions supported by Tivoli Directory Server 6.0: IBM Tivoli Directory Server help .
- ITDS home page .
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text:
Romney's hopes for victory Tuesday hinged on almost all of the polls being wrong.
The gender gap has been with us since at least 1980. With the rise of minorities as a larger share of the voting population, the GOP has begun to rely increasingly on the strategy of maximizing the white male vote.
While every campaign seeks to energize its core support, this presented long-term problems not just for Romney in this election, but for the GOP in the future. By explicitly appealing to certain issues, they were in effect writing off many groups entirely.
The economy had, rightly so, given Obama's re-election a run for its money, but it masked somewhat the changes that are underfoot in the U.S. Now that Romney has lost, the GOP will have some soul-searching to do before they plan for the 2016 election. Then the economy should be less of a divisive issue and they will have to face the reality that they will have to appeal to voters outside of their historic groups.
Hopefully, one day, both parties will appeal to all voting groups instead of playing off each other so that we may all feel included and connected in the process.
(Author's note: This was not meant to be an overt racial piece nor is this author a member of a minority group.)
Craig Seman


text:
Base oils-Lubes prices, markets & analysis
- Overview
- Asia
- China
- Europe
- Middle East
Whichever regional Base oils-Lubes markets you work in, ICIS offers the thorough pricing information you need to operate with confidence.
Our insights into regional Base oils-Lubes markets are provided by our network of reporters based locally in those markets.
This enables us to provide in-depth price assessments and market coverage that are reliable and up-to-date on the very latest developments.
Base Oils-lubes overview Transcript
Base Oils are a synonym for base-stocks, they are mixed with additives to form finished lubricants. Biggest end-use is the automotive sector and there's a big trend right now for higher quality base stocks, so we're actually seeing some consolidation of our Group 1 Base Oil plants and a bigger move to Group 2, Group 3 and even gas-to-liquids plants.
Automotive emission standards are the biggest factor affecting base oils.
There's also a seasonality factor. Heavy drive season that's usually May to September, that's when demand is the strongest for base oils.
How we can help
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News & Analysis - News & market analysis specifically relating to Base oils-Lubes
Breaking news of latest developments affecting the markets.
Insight and analysis of factors driving prices.
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Base oils-Lubes
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Market overview
Base oils-Lubes: Market overview
Updated to Q3 2016
Europe Group I base oil prices could increase in early Q3 as earlier crude oil gains have not been fully reflected in the downstream base oil market.
Baltic export prices are expected to remain within a wide range amid diverging price ideas. Some say demand may quieten amid the summer holiday season.
Rising crude oil prices sparked posted price increases in the US market in April to July, with production margins improving. With more stability in the upstream markets, expectations for Q3 are that Americas base oil prices will also stabilize. Supply/demand are balanced, with steady exports of Group II maintaining the balance.
Base oils moving into Mexico are lagging in the increases but expected to show gains in Q3 based upon the hikes in the US.
Asian base oil prices are expected to be stable-to-weak in August, as waning demand brought about by high inventories and unfavourable currency exchange rates weigh on sentiment. Group I base oils saw softer negotiations for July-loading cargoes. Snug supply of Group II base oils are expected to ease as some major refiners return from scheduled shutdown maintenance.
News & analysis
Base oils-Lubes news & analysis
ICIS price assessments are based on information gathered from a wide cross-section of the market, comprising consumers, producers, traders and distributors from more than 250 reporters world-wide. Confirmed deals, verified by both buyer and seller, provide the foundation of our price assessments.
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Base Oils-Lubes Methodology
About Base oils-Lubes
Base oils are the main component of finished lubricants and are derived from the heavy crude oil fraction in vacuum distillation. They are refined to impart physical and chemical properties that will make a good lubricant. Most base oils are combined with small amounts of chemical additives to form the finished lubricants such as motor oil.
The traditional method of making base oils involves solvent extraction to remove aromatic compounds and solvent dewaxing to take out unwanted waxes. More recently hydroprocessing techniques employing hydrogen and catalysts have been used to make base oils.
Group I base oils which are mostly produced by solvent processing are used in less demanding applications. Group II and III base oils are produced by hydroprocessing and used in higher performing lubricants. Group IV base oils are synthetic oils typically based on polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group V oils are used in the formulation of oil additives.
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text:
2008 JC Cellars 'The Impostor' Red Wine
Mission Codename: False Identity?
Operative: Agent White
Objective: Revisit our friends at JC Cellars to acquire their delicious and unique 'The Impostor' Red Blend.
Mission Status: Accomplished!
Current Winery: JC Cellars
Wine Subject: 2008 'The Impostor' Red Wine
Winemaker: Jeff Cohn
Backgrounder: Red blends are a favorite of many a Wine Spies Operative. Perhaps this is because a great blend is like a great All-star sports team, where the coach gets to choose the best players. In the case of today's wine, it is a unique and extremely flavorful blend of seven grapes including 39% Zinfandel, 29% Syrah, 22% Petite Sirah, 4% Tempranillo, 3% Carignan, 2% Grenache, 1% Viognier.
Wine Spies Tasting Profile:
Look – Beautifully dark and dense garnet purple with a dense inky but clear heart. Along the edges, the color shows its garnet tints and when swirled, tightly spaced clusters of fast legs race down the side of the glass.
Smell – Bold and rich in intensity with aromas of spiced dark bramble berries that are layered over smokey and toasted oak with hints of vanilla. Zesty and savory notes, a touch of licorice and floral violets.
Feel – Expansive on the palate, this full-bodied dry wine reaches the far corners of the palate with its firm but smooth ripe tannins and chewy vibrant acidity. Softly textured minerality blend with the well developed tannins and lingers long into the finish.
Taste – Rich and ripe black and red bramble berries, boysenberry and plum flavors generously hit right away as this wine's layers of spice, toasted and smokey oak, earthy undertones and mocha follow. Savory notes along with hints of licorice and pepper also make their appearance.
Finish – Long and plush, this wine finishes clean with its ripe fruit and other flavors nicely evolving and begging for another sip.
Conclusion – The 2008 JC Cellars 'The Impostor' Red Wine is an amazingly abundant, complex and flavorful blend that brings together the best of its seven component varietals. Big on the nose, well structured but not abusive, great flavors and a finish that lingers. Definitely give this wine time to open up or decant it; cellar for up to five years or more. We enjoyed this wine with barbecued baby-back ribs with its smokey, savory and sweet flavors perfectly complement this fantastic wine.
Mission Report:
SUBJECT: Jeff Cohen
WINE EDUCATION: Masters of Agriculture Chemistry with an Emphasis in Enology, California State University, Fresno.
CALIFORNIA WINE JOB BRIEF: Enologist, Asst, Winemaker , Winemaker Rosenblum Cellars 1996-2006. Owner/Winemaker JC Cellars 1997-Current
WINEMAKING PHILOSOPHY: The less you do, the better off you are / If you ask if in needs to be cleaned, just clean it.
WINEMAKER QUOTE: " Anything is possible / I am never satisfied."
AGENT RED: Greetings, Jeff. We are thrilled to be showing your 2008 Importer today. Thanks so much for taking some time to answer questions for our Operatives today.
JEFF COHEN: My pleasure, always like to come out of the Barrel room for intrigue and excitement.
RED: Was there a specific experience in your life that inspired your love of wine?
JEFF: The first time I had Chateauneuf du Pape and a Ridge Fiddletown Zinfandel.
RED: What wine or winemaker has most influenced your winemaking style?
JEFF: This is a constant. As I continue to experience wines from others. Zinfandel: Kent Ronsenblum, Syrah: Pierre Gaillard, Yves Gangloff, John Alban. Whites: Yves Cailleron, Yves Gangloff, Francois Villard.
RED: Who do you make wine for?
JEFF: Myself – and I hope that others will love it and buy it up, so I don't have to drink it all myself.
RED: Please tell me a little bit about the wine we are featuring today.
JEFF: The Impostor is a bit of a mystery wine. Each year it changes in its influence. Some years it's more Northern Rhone, some years Southern Rhone. 2008 reflects the fact that I was doing more Spanish wines, this has old vine Carignan and Tempranillo. I really like this wine because of it's darker side. Blackberry, dark cherry, sun drenched blueberry and wild raspberry that is infused with exotic spices.
RED: What is your favorite pairing with today's wine?
JEFF: Anything on the grill, chicken, steak, hamburger, sausages, even grilled vegetables. This wine is also the perfect pizza wine.
RED: In your opinion, what makes California Appellation fruit so special?
JEFF: I can bring the best fruit sources in for this wine and create the blend. This includes Napa, Sonoma, Paso Robles and Santa Barbara.
RED: What is occupying your time at the winery these days?
JEFF: Tasting through Barrels and on the road spreading the gospel of JC Cellars. I am also spending more time with family & friends.
RED: How would you recommend people approach your wines and wine in general?
JEFF: Never from behind, you might scare the cork out of the bottle. Always decant them, they love to breathe and strut their stuff. I even like to decant whites (not champagne)
RED: Is there anything else you'd like to share with our readers?
JEFF: My goals are to let both the vineyard talk, but also listen to me. It's like a marriage, you have give an take and maybe a fight or two, but if you work hard and remember it's all about the passion in the end, the wine will reflect it.
RED: Thank you so much for your time. We learned a lot about you – and your wine. Keep up the great work, we are big fans!
Wine Spies Vineyard Check:
The location of JC Cellars tasting room, in Oakland, California, can be seen in this satellite photo.


text:
Posted on May 29, 2013 in Speakers 2012
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate of 1976, Mairead Maguire promotes non-violent social action in fight for peace.
Mairead Maguire was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1976 for her extraordinary actions to end the sectarian violence in her native Northern Ireland. She shares the award with Betty Williams. Mairead was the aunt of the three children who died as a result of being hit by an Irish Republican Army getaway car after its driver was shot by a British soldier. Mairead responded to the violence facing her family and community by organizing, with Betty Williams, massive peace demonstrations appealing for an end to the bloodshed. The two organized a peace march attended by 10,000 Protestant and Catholic women, to the graves of the Maguire children. The march was disrupted by members of the IRA, who accused them of being influenced by the British. The following week, 35,000 people marched with Betty and Mairead, demanding an end to the violence in their country. Along with journalist Ciaran McKeown, they founded Peace People, a movement committed to building a just and peaceful society through nonviolent social action. Mairead currently serves as Honorary President.
In the thirty years since receiving the award, Mairead has dedicated her life to promoting peace, both in Northern Ireland and around the world. Her message is simple — nonviolence is the only way to achieve a peaceful and just society. Working with community groups throughout Northern Ireland, as well as with political and church leaders, she has sought to promote dialogue between the deeply divided communities of Catholics and Protestants. A graduate of Ecumenical Studies from the Irish School of Ecumenics, Maguire works with inter-church and inter-faith organizations and is a member of the International Peace Council. She is a Patron of the Methodist Theological College, and Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education. Member of Nobel Women's Initiative.


text:
Stars come out to honor Queen Elizabeth
Monday's jubilee events include star-studded concert, fireworksPublished 9:17 AM CDT Jun 05, 2012
A star-studded concert and spectacular fireworks display were the highlights of Queen Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee on Monday.
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text:
The House Armed Services Committee went on record Wednesday as supporting construction of a 10th LPD amphibious warfare ship, following similar action by a Senate panel.
The committee's decision to include the ship in the $601 billion 2009 defense authorizing bill is a positive sign for the Northrop Grumman Avondale and Pascagoula, Miss., shipyards, where much of the work on the $1.7 billion vessels is done.
The 10th ship seemed in danger when California Rep. Duncan Hunter, the top Republican on the committee, announced he would seek to offset the costs for a second Virginia-class submarine by removing the authorization for the LPD. But he decided to "pay" for the second submarine with another offset -- from a National Defense Sealift Fund.
Louisiana lawmakers said winning authorization for another LPD by both the House and Senate armed services committees is a good sign that work would continue on the ship, which employs a majority of Avondale's 5,500 employees.
"With this authorization, Congress has made a clear commitment to fund the 10th LPD," Sen. David Vitter, R-La., said. "I will continue working to get the funding for this important project in the coming defense appropriations bill."
Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La., said she will try to persuade fellow members of the Senate Appropriations Committee to fully finance the additional vessel in the 2009 spending bill, fearing that a delay could lead to a temporary shutdown of production, resulting in layoffs and ultimately higher costs for taxpayers.
"In a tight budget year, there are many competing programs for federal appropriations dollars," Landrieu said. "But we cannot sabotage national defense programs that protect our troops in a time of war. It is equally foolhardy in this strained national economy to further imperil American manufacturing jobs when so many of them are moving overseas."
The status of the 10th LPD seemed in doubt when President Bush did not propose any money for it in his 2009 budget proposal. But Navy Vice Adm. Barry McCullough said at a March hearing that the Marine Corps wants the LPD as part of the new 313-ship fleet envisioned by 2020.
The Navy, however, has said financing can wait until the 2010 spending bill.
Nearly twice the size of a football field, the LPD can carry a crew of 360 sailors and 700 marines. Construction of the first ships in the LPD San Antonio class were marred by cost overruns, and what a top Navy official called "numerous outstanding deficiencies."
The House bill, like its Senate counterpart, also would raise pay for troops by 3.9 percent, a half a percent more than requested by President Bush.
. . . . . . .
Bruce Alpert can be reached at email@example.com or (202) 383-7861.


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An Interdisciplinary Journal on Urban Affairs and Urbanization Worldwide.
We, the editors, are looking for manuscripts focusing
on cities and urbanization from the perspective of
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text:
Verizon Scraps $2 Bill Payment Fee
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If you were a Verizon customer, you probably heard about the $2 fee Verizon was trying to push on people who made one-time bill payments on their accounts. I'm a Verizon FiOS customer so I wasn't happy to hear the news that they'd be trying to juice up their profits just a little more with this ridiculous fee. It turns out a lot of people weren't happy (surprise!) and Verizon is backtracking by scrapping plans for this $2 fee. The funny part is that the CEO stated:
"At Verizon, we take great care to listen to our customers. Based on their input, we believe the best path forward is to encourage customers to take advantage of the best and most efficient options, eliminating the need to institute the fee at this time," Verizon CEO Dan Mead said in a statement.
It doesn't take a genius to know that customers aren't going to like paying fees. They especially hate paying fees when they are trying to pay you for a service you provide!
The big lesson we can all learn from this and other failed new fees, like at Bank of America, is that the Internet has given consumers a big tool against companies trying to pull these types of stunts. Twenty years ago a company could have instituted a new "convenience" fee and likely gotten away with it. You might have had a local news station do one of those "On Your Side" stories where they pointed it out but nothing was possible on such a national scale. Now, companies like Verizon and Bank of America will really hear their customers when they try something like this.
Verizon – If you want people to use automatic bill pay, try a carrot next time. People don't like being hit with sticks.{ 7 comments, please add your thoughts now! }