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Author Affiliations: Institute for Health Research and Policy (Drs Slater, Nicholson, Chriqui, Turner, and Chaloupka), Department of Health Policy & Administration, School of Public Health (Dr Slater), Department of Political Science (Dr Chriqui), and Department of Economics (Dr Chaloupka), University of Illinois at Chicago.
Objective To examine the impact of state- and school district–level policies on the prevalence of physical education (PE) and recess in a nationally representative sample of US public elementary schools.
Design Analyses from annual, nationally representative, cross-sectional surveys of school administrators in the United States.
Setting Data were collected through surveys conducted between February and June during the 2006-2007 through 2008-2009 school years. State laws and district policies were compiled annually by researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago using established legal research techniques.
Participants The sample size was 47 states, 690 districts, and 1761 schools.
Main Exposures State- and school district–level PE and recess-related laws
Main Outcome Measures Twenty minutes of daily recess and 150 min/wk of PE.
Results The odds of schools having 150 min/wk of PE increased if they were located in states (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-5.7) or school districts (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.3) having a law or policy requiring 150 min/wk of PE. Schools located in states with laws encouraging daily recess were significantly more likely to have 20 minutes of recess daily (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8). District policies were not significantly associated with school-level recess practices. Adequate PE time was inversely associated with recess and vice versa, suggesting that schools are substituting one form of physical activity for another rather than providing the recommended amount of both recess and PE.
Conclusion By mandating PE or recess, policy makers can effectively increase school-based physical activity opportunities for youth.
The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans1 recommend that school-aged youth (ages 6-18 years) get 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily. Children spend the majority of their waking hours in school, thus schools are important locations to focus obesity prevention activities, such as increasing physical activity (PA) opportunities.2 During the typical school day children have 3 potential opportunities for PA: (1) physical education (PE) classes, (2) recess, and (3) other unstructured physical activities such as PA breaks or before and after school activities.
Physical education class can increase daily PA levels of children3 and more weekly hours of school-based PE have also been shown to encourage favorable PA behaviors in adulthood.3 Physical activity has also been linked to positive influences on concentration, memory, classroom behavior,4 and overall academic achievement.5,6 The national recommendation for school PE—endorsed by the National Association of Sport and Physical Education (NASPE)7 and the American Heart Association8—is that elementary school students be offered at least 150 min/wk of PE. However, fewer than 20% of third grade students at public elementary schools in the United States were offered this amount during the 2007-2008 school year.9
Recess also provides another important opportunity for regular PA, particularly among elementary school students. It has been shown to be a good source of PA10- 12 and can account for up to half of the recommended 60 minutes of MVPA.10 The unstructured nature of recess provides students discretionary time to be active while playing. Participating in recess is associated with teacher reports of better student classroom behavior, better focus, and less fidgeting among students.13- 16 The NASPE recommends that all elementary school students be provided with at least 1 daily session of recess for a period of at least 20 minutes.17 While only a few studies have examined the impact state-level policies have on the amount of time allocated to PE and/or PA during the school day, all show an increase in the number of weekly PE minutes after the passage of a state law.18- 20 However, implementation of state policy varied across the affected school districts19,20 and some schools cited competing time demands as a barrier to full implementation.19 A limitation of these studies was that they examined individual states, did not account for additional policies at the school district level, and only focused on PE and/or PA without examining recess-related policies. We build on existing evidence by examining the impact of state- and school district–level policies on the prevalence of PE and recess in a nationally representative sample of US public elementary school; to our knowledge, this is the first study to do this. We focused on PE and recess because these are 2 primary opportunities for in-school PA time at the elementary level.
Our study collects information on food environments and PA in elementary school, as well as district-level policy data from corresponding school districts, and relevant state laws. This study was approved by the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) institutional review board.
Our nationally representative samples were developed at the Institute for Survey Research at the University of Michigan, using sampling frames based on the National Center for Education Statistics Common Core of Data.21 Because elementary schools vary in grade composition (eg, kindergarten to third grade, second to fifth grade), all schools were required to include a third grade. Public schools from all coterminous US states (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) were eligible for sampling. School weights adjusted for potential nonresponse bias by modeling every school's propensity to respond based on the following: student enrollment; school racial/ethnic composition; percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch; region; and urbanicity.
State PE and recess-related laws effective as of September 2006, 2007, and 2008 were compiled by UIC researchers22 using primary legal research techniques23,24 through searches of the Lexis and Westlaw state statutory and administrative law databases (September of each year was chosen as reflective of the laws in place as of the beginning of each school year, 2006-2007, 2007-2008, and 2008-2009). The state law information was validated against secondary source compilations available from the Trust for America's Health annual F as in FAT reports,25- 28 the National Association of State Boards of Education State School Health Policy Database,29 and the National Conference of State Legislatures legislative summary reports.30,31
Each state's laws were reviewed and analyzed by 2 coders to create 3-category variables, which focus on time requirements for PE and daily recess. The variables differentiate between strong (2), weak (1), and no policies (0). For the PE time variable, state laws were coded as follows: strong if they met the NASPE standard for time spent in PE by requiring that students receive 150 min/wk of PE; weak if they included a lesser requirement (ie, <150 min/wk) or suggested, but did not require, 150 min/wk; and no policy if they did not address PE time requirements. For recess, we examined if a state law existed requiring daily recess for elementary school students (2), if the state law encouraged or suggested daily recess (1), or if there is no state law addressing daily recess for elementary school (0).
Concurrent with school administrator surveys, researchers collected congressionally mandated school district (herein after "district") wellness policies.32,33 Wellness policies were required to include goals for PA and, although not required, nearly all addressed PE.32,33 District wellness policies and other relevant district policy documents (eg, regulations, curricula standards) were gathered for all corresponding districts that contained elementary schools in our sample for each of the school years. Wellness policies were gathered via Web site searches with telephone and mail follow-up, as necessary. Wellness and related policies were obtained from 94%, 94%, and 97% of all districts included in the sample for the 2006-2007, 2007-2008, and 2008-2009 study years, respectively. All district policies were double coded and analyzed by 2 trained researchers using the same coding scheme applied to the state laws and, for this analysis, the focus is on the district policies related to amounts of time required or suggested for PE and recess for elementary school students. All policies were coded to reflect policies in place as of the first day of each school year of interest (the day after Labor Day was used as the proxy for the first day of the school year).
Data were collected with mail-back school surveys conducted during school years 2006-2007, 2007-2008, and 2008-2009, primarily between February and June of each school year. Our survey was mailed to the school principal and a $100 incentive was offered. Response rates calculated using the American Association for Public Opinion Research method 234—counting partial responses as complete—across the 3 years, were 54.6% (578 schools); 70.6% (748 schools); and 61.8% (641 schools), respectively.
Survey respondents were asked about the number of days per week and number of minutes for which each PE class was scheduled during a typical week for third-grade students. This information was combined to calculate the total minutes of PE weekly, and we calculated a dichotomous outcome variable according to the NASPE standard for 150 min/wk of PE (1) vs any amount less than 150 min/wk. Survey respondents were also asked to report on possible barriers to implementing or maintaining regular PE classes, each coded yes (1) or no (0), including the following: lack of necessary staff; inadequate indoor facilities/equipment; inadequate outdoor facilities; competing demands for teaching other subject areas; physical education is not a high priority for district administrators; no state or district policies requiring PE; and financial constraints.
Respondents were asked about scheduled recess during a typical week for third-grade students including the number of days per week, times per day, and total number of minutes per day of recess. This information was combined to create a dichotomous outcome of whether students were offered at least 20 minutes of recess daily for every day of the week (1) or not (0), corresponding to national recommendations for recess. At schools without regularly scheduled recess, respondents were asked to indicate which of the following reasons why not, each coded as yes (1) or no (0): inadequate resources (eg, staff, facilities); or competing time demands for academics. Multiple approaches were tried for constructing the outcome variables and dichotomization was the best fit for the data.
To control for relevant school-level characteristics, demographic and socioeconomic data were obtained.21 We obtained data from the 2006-2007 Common Core of Data file for the corresponding year of survey data and from the 2007-2008 Common Core of Data file for the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 survey data, since the 2008-2009 demographics were not available at the time of analysis. Variables included free or reduced-cost lunch, coded in tertiles (lowest tertile as the referent group); race/ethnicity of the schools' students, coded in 4 mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories of majority black, majority Hispanic, diverse (no majority race), or majority white (referent group); and locale, coded as suburb, rural, township, or city (referent group). The length of the school day, provided through the elementary school survey, was also included.
This study is a stacked cross-sectional analysis of 1761 public elementary schools, nested within 690 districts and 47 states. Owing to the hierarchical nature of the data, 3-level Bernoulli logit models35,36 were used to examine the binary outcomes for recess and PE (described in the previous subsection), correctly adjusting the standard errors for the clustering of schools within districts and districts within states. Descriptive and regression analyses were weighted using school-level sampling weights. All data were prepared using the STATA/SE version 11 (StataCorp), analyzed using hierarchical linear model (HLM) 6.08 (Scientific Software International Inc), and used 2-sided tests with a significance level of .05.
Each model included demographic covariates and relevant PE barriers or recess barriers, as appropriate. In addition, because schools sometimes substitute recess time for formal PE class time, we included the recess variable as a covariate in predicting PE outcomes and vice versa for the recess outcome.
Table 1 presents descriptive statistics on the study sample. Approximately 70% of the schools in our sample offered at least 20 minutes of daily recess and 17.9% offered 150 min/wk of PE. The majority of states (83%) offered no daily recess law and less than half offered some kind of law addressing the recommended 150 min/wk of PE.
The PE model is presented in Table 2. The odds of schools meeting the NASPE recommendation of 150 min/wk of PE increased if they were located in states or school districts having a law or a policy requiring 150 min/wk of PE. Schools meeting the NASPE recommendation for recess were significantly less likely to meet the PE criterion (odds ratio [OR], 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.7). Schools reporting PE not being a school priority were significantly less likely to have 150 min/wk of PE.
As noted in Table 3, several variables emerged as significant predictors of schools meeting the nationally recommended criterion of offering at least 20 minutes of daily recess. Schools in states with policies encouraging daily recess had higher odds of having 20 minutes of recess daily (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8). District policies were not significantly associated with school-level recess practices. Adequate PE time was inversely associated with recess, with schools meeting the NASPE recommendations of at least 150 min/wk of PE being 50% less likely to meet the recess criterion. The odds of schools meeting the recess criterion were lower (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.3) if the survey respondent reported competing time demands as a barrier. Predominantly white schools were more likely than all other racial/ethnic groups to have daily recess. Schools with the highest number of students receiving free or reduced-cost lunch were less likely to have 20 minutes of recess daily (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.3-0.7). Finally, having a longer school day was positively associated with meeting the NASPE standards for both PE and recess.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine nationally the impact of state- and district-level policies on public elementary school PE and recess time practices. Results showed that state policies are associated with increased PE and recess time in elementary school. Having strong district-level PE laws was also associated with increased weekly PE minutes offered in schools. More importantly, although the federal wellness policy mandate did not require districts to address PE,37 results show that having strong district-level PE policies increased the likelihood of schools having 150 min/wk or more of PE independent of the state having a strong PE law. We found instances where districts adopted strong policies in states with weak or no policies (results not shown). We also found that the lack of necessary staff and the lack of PE as a district-level priority were barriers to having a greater number of weekly PE minutes. This finding coupled with results from a recent study showing that wellness policy provisions related to PA were weaker and less prominent than those related to nutrition32 highlights the need and importance of educating district administrators about the benefits to youth of receiving an adequate amount of daily PA, as well as providing schools with the necessary resources to fully implement new policies.
We found that weak, but not strong, state-level recess laws were associated with schools having at least 20 minutes of daily recess. However, only 3 states' laws (Delaware, Nebraska, and Virginia) in our sample required daily recess and less than 2% of our school sample was located in these states, thus we have too few schools impacted by these laws to detect a significant effect. We also found no association between the number of weekly recess minutes offered by schools and district recess policies; however, it is important to note that the wellness and related policies compiled for this study were not required to address recess, so it may be that districts have other or informal policies that address recess time but that are outside the scope of this study.
Consistent with previous research,19 we found that a barrier to meeting the national criterion for 20 minutes of recess daily was competing time demands. Results of both models showed schools that had either 20 minutes of daily recess or 150 min/wk of PE were less likely to have the other, although those with longer school days were more likely to meet the NASPE requirements. This suggests that schools are substituting one form of PA for another rather than providing the recommended amount of both recess and PE. With many districts placing greater emphasis on academic achievement, schools may be sacrificing PA time in lieu of more classroom instruction. Schools may need to be better informed about the growing evidence of the positive relationship between PA and academics.3- 6,38 More research into this trade-off of school-based PA opportunities is warranted.
We also found that schools comprised primarily of racial and ethnic minority students as well as those containing the most socioeconomically disadvantaged students were less likely to offer at least 20 minutes of daily recess, with mixed racial and ethnic schools also receiving fewer weekly PE minutes. Latino and African American children have higher rates of being overweight or obese than their white counterparts, and the prevalence of obesity is significantly higher among low- vs high-income groups.39 Lower-income youth also participate less in PA.40 Existing evidence shows that students who are more physically active have lower body mass index scores than more sedentary youth,38,41 and that school-based PA has a positive effect on health outcomes and academic performance particularly among low-income and minority children.5 Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to increase the number of minutes of recess offered specifically for these vulnerable populations most at risk to acquire the many health complications associated with obesity.
There are several limitations that should be noted in our study. First, the cross-sectional design limits causal interpretation. However, this study provides valuable insight into how state-level and district-level policies can have an impact on school-based PA opportunities. Second, our sample only examined public elementary schools. Not all state laws apply to private schools, and we did not have comparable district policies for private schools. Future research should examine private school policies and practices, as well as how state-level and school district–level policies affect both middle and high schools. Third, there is potential for response bias because we used self-report school administrator data. However, similar measures have previously been shown to be reliable and valid.42 Fifth, data were unavailable for youth PA behavior during PE and recess (eg, percentage of time in MVPA), or weight outcomes such as body mass index. Future research should include these measures to better understand how these programs and related policies are associated with students' health outcomes. Sixth, state and district recess policies only captured provisions for daily recess and did not capture the amount of time required/encouraged each day. We are compiling the daily recess time requirements starting with school year 2009-2010 and will be able to examine whether varying daily recess time requirements are associated with school recess practices. Seventh, PE and recess time are endogenous, which may bias the results, and cannot be adjusted using HLM. Eighth, we did not have sufficient statistical power using HLM to estimate the separate effects of state and district level policies requiring less than 150 min/wk of PE and those suggesting 150 min/wk of PE or more. Finally, states and districts may have noncodified or informal policies or guidance-related policies to PE time or recess not captured by this study. However, given that such informal policies would not carry the force of law, they were not compiled for this study.
In conclusion, given the amount of time youth spend in school and the importance of PA, our study provides important information for policy makers. Our results show that mandating only increased PE or recess time does not result in more overall PA as schools and/or districts appear to compensate for any increased PA in one area by decreasing other PA opportunities. To increase school-based PA, policy makers may need to mandate more of both PE and recess time.
Correspondence: Sandy Slater, PhD, Institute for Health Research and Policy and Department of Health Policy & Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd, M/C 275, Room 558, Chicago, IL 60608 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: June 16, 2011; final revision received September 28, 2011; accepted October 6, 2011.
Published Online: December 5, 2011. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1133
Author Contributions: Dr Slater had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Slater, Chriqui, Turner, and Chaloupka. Acquisition of data: Slater, Nicholson, Chriqui, Turner, and Chaloupka. Analysis and interpretation of data: Slater, Nicholson, Chriqui, and Chaloupka. Drafting of the manuscript: Slater and Nicholson. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Nicholson, Chriqui, Turner, and Chaloupka. Statistical analysis: Slater, Nicholson, and Chaloupka. Obtained funding: Turner and Chaloupka. Administrative, technical, and material support: Chriqui and Turner.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: Support for this study was provided by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to the Bridging the Gap Program at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Dr Slater's time for this study was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute on Child Health and Human Development (grant K99 HD055033).
Role of the Sponsors: The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors or UIC.
Additional Contributions: Linda Schneider, DC, MS, Camille Gourdet, JD, MA, Kristen Ide, RD, MS, and Amy Bruursema, MS, provided support for state and district policy research and analysis; Steven Horvath, support for policy-related data entry; and Anna Sandoval, MPH, support for the elementary survey data collection.
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subset: commoncrawl


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List $370.00 Color: Black
This is the smallest equipment box offered and has a storage space of 8 x 8 x 2.63 in., which is designed to fit Mac mini™ PCs as well as other small media components. This equipment GearBox™ includes a single pole adapter (PSP-SPA) for carts and stands.
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There are currently no F.A.Q.'s available for the GB-MBX120. Please contact Customer Service at 800-368-9700 with your question.


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8 posts tagged with toyota and 4runner.
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A good mechanic near New Orleans for a '94 4Runner?
This is a long shot, but does anybody know a good mechanic in the New Orleans area who'll work on my old 4Runner? I'm having a hard time finding one for some reason. [more inside]
1994 Toyota 4Runner with bad muffler/tailpipe – what to do?
My 1994 Toyota 4Runner (V6, RWD) has a bad muffler and/or tailpipe. It runs loud, but not undriveably loud. Today I took a good look under there for the first time since buying the truck (pictures within) and I would like some advice on the best and most cost-effective way to proceed. Bonus mystery switch question at end. [more inside]
Spare parts for an ex-Japan Toyota Hilux Surf?
How (in the hell) do I find spare parts for my '02 Toyota Hilux Surf? Difficulty factor: car in Kenya, originally made for Japanese market, wife in US and could bring parts back. [more inside]
1988 Toyota 4Runner V6 Transmission Trouble
How much will my transmission cost to fix? Left to its own devices, how much longer will it last? Any advice for a mechanical laywoman? [more inside]
1988 Toyota 4Runner Intermittent Radiator Problem
I need guidance from car-fixin' types before I take my truck to a mechanic, in order to prevent falling into a money pit of unnecessary repairs. I also need to know if this is a critical immediate fix or if I have time to collect a few paychecks before addressing it. [more inside]
Is an older 4runner a good adventure vehicle + daily driver?
What automatic used 4runner should I buy that will be best for both rugged roads and daily driving? Specific project plans inside... [more inside]
How much does it cost to replace the shocks on a Toyota 4Runner?
How much should it cost to replace four shocks on a 1996 Toyota 4Runner? [more inside]
Trailer towing advice needed
First time travel trailer tower question... [more inside]
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The Kansas City Chiefs have announced the hiring of Green Bay Packers executive John Dorsey as the team's new general manager.
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Only six games remain for the Detroit Tigers on their 2010 schedule. With the season all but officially over, thoughts have naturally turned to what the team might do next year. And Tigers fans have been anticipating the 2010 offseason lustfully, thinking about the $60 million or so that could be available to spend.
This week at MLive.com, we've had several articles looking at what the Tigers might do over the winter and who could stay or go. Hey, it's not just us. General manager Dave Dombrowski acknowledged the front office is already having those discussions, too.
But one particular story concerning the Tigers' offseason plans caught my eye last week. The official line coming from the team wasn't vague. It was definitive. The Tigers will be pursuing free agent relievers this winter. Jim Leyland came right out and said it, as quoted by Steve Kornacki:
"I am going to say this point blank: On the free agent market, we are going to look at relievers. I think we need a couple bullpen guys."
So there's a fair chance that getting more help for the bullpen came up when executives and coaches started their annual end-of-season chat this week. Plenty of good relievers will be available on the free-agent market, so the Tigers should be able to find their man, at their price.
Detroit already has a closer, which should work in its favor. Jose Valverde has one more year left on his deal, and a club option for 2012. And though he had problems in July and August, Valverde was dominant early in the season. Did health issues factor into his struggles? Was it something mechanical? Or did Valverde encounter trouble when he was used outside of the traditional ninth-inning role for a closer?
Is it a coincidence Valverde only had one appearance longer than one inning until Joel Zumaya broke his elbow in late June? Perhaps the bullpen could cover for Zumaya's loss in the short-term, but by the end of July, Valverde was pitching more than three outs almost regularly. In one of those appearances, he threw 60 pitches. In two of his next four, he threw more than 30.
Valverde wouldn't have had that sort of workload if the Tigers' bullpen had dependable middle relief. But Phil Coke was the only reliable set-up man for much of the season. As a result, he's pitched more innings this year for Detroit than in his previous two seasons. There's also a possibility the Tigers will move Coke to the starting rotation next season. But can they really afford to?
Ryan Perry was inconsistent throughout the year, though he's improved considerably since July, reducing his ERA from 5.01 to 3.81. Daniel Schlereth has the potential to be dominant, if he can develop better control. But Fu-Te Ni was a washout, after an impressive 2009 season. Eddie Bonine and Brad Thomas have pitched relatively well, but in long relief, mop-up roles.
So, for the third straight offseason, the Tigers will be looking for bullpen help. And there's nothing wrong with that. Every major league team needs help in that area. Few of them take the same relief corps from season to season, even the teams we'll see in the playoffs this October.
But what makes this need particularly troubling for the Tigers is that it comes approximately a year after Dombrowski made the following statement:
"I could go through and name 10 relief pitchers to you right now that I think are going to pitch in the big leagues in our bullpen within the next year or so. And be good. They're there."
If the Tigers' relief prospects had developed as well as Dombrowski was boasting, would he need to be shopping for bullpen help this offseason? Where are these guys?
In fairness to Dombrowski, "going to pitch in the big leagues" is not the same as "succeed in the big leagues." And some of those pitchers made it to Detroit this year. Robbie Weinhardt struggled, but showed flashes of promise. Casey Fien finally ran out of chances. Jay Sborz dropped his proverbial cup of coffee and shattered it.
Other relievers who also may have been able to help Detroit this season got hurt. Cody Satterwhite missed this season with a torn labrum, an injury that puts his baseball future in doubt. Scott Green suffered the same injury last year. Brett Jacobson was traded to Baltimore in the Aubrey Huff deal.
Out of the 10 reliever prospects Dombrowski touted, maybe only two or three of them were going to develop into major league contributors anyway. That success rate sounds about right. Not every prospect works out. Some get hurt, some don't fulfill their potential. Others get traded, which is another form of help.
But the failure of even one of these pitchers to become a meaningful major league contributor for next season calls into question whether the minor league system is providing the help it should be.
Dombrowski and David Chadd invested heavily in bullpen prospects over the last couple of drafts (especially in 2008, when seven of their first 10 selections were relievers). Shouldn't that be yielding some results by now, instead of forcing the team to spend more money on relievers outside the organization?


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Klein's Christmas Tree Farm telephone number is (610) 588-1065.
Telefax: No fax number available
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Biz owner? Moderate reviews or edit listing.
Search entire category for Gifts - All
Gifts, in Bangor, are tokens or souvenirs of love, affection, honour, gratitude, friendship, etc, that are given or sent to recipient/s on special days and occasions marking a turn of event, as on birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, promotions, births, Christmas, New Year, Lovers' Day, Parents' Day, etc.
Biofuel: Food In, Fuel Out, But Is It The Answer We're looking For?
(Long Island, NY) In today's environmentally-conscious worldview that is being shared by more and more people, alternative fuel sources are the Holy Grail of the "green" movement. There are many new ways to eschew hydrocarbon-laden gasoline when it comes to filling up your vehicle's tank at the pump, and one of the most oft-talked about are biofuels- mainly ethanol and..


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Not far from Lake Moultrie in Berkeley County, someone took the time this month to log a formal complaint about a credit-card issuer.
In the process, this anonymous individual unknowingly became a statistical footnote in the governments push to shed more light on a cornerstone of the lending business.
The local grievance was among the first 150 or so from around the country to be disclosed publicly by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau last week. The agency released the mostly anonymous complaints Tuesday when it unveiled a public database that will both tally the volume of credit-card gripes by issuer and document how each dispute was resolved.
Previously, this information was kept private.
By making our data publicly available, initially in the area of credit cards, we hope to improve the transparency and efficiency of this essential consumer market, CFPB Director Richard Cordray said in a statement.
Consumers can search the site in several ways: by issuer; by type of complaint; by ZIP code. No personal information about customers is released, and the disclosed content is terse and vague.
Cordrays agency began amassing complaints list last July. The methodology has since changed, and for now the database is limited to filings since June 1 against lenders with more than $10 billion in assets. It will likely be expanded to include the roughly 46,000 complaints the bureau received before that date.
Dirty laundryThe consumer bureau was officially established about a year ago by the Obama administration in response to the 2008 financial meltdown and ensuing crackdown on the banking industry.
It isnt breaking new ground with its online credit-card watchdog. Other federal agencies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Trade Commission, have offered searchable buyer-beware databases to the public for years.
The lending business isnt thrilled about having its dirty laundry aired in the sunlight. The American Bankers Association, which represents many major card issuers, noted that of the 383 million account holders, less than one-hundredth of 1 percent have filed a complaint.
Kenneth Clayton, executive vice president of legislative affairs and chief counsel for the Washington, D.C.-based trade group, said the governments plan to expand the database is disappointing and could mislead consumers.
Obviously a seasoned attorney whos perused his share of lawsuits, Clayton goes on to make a valid point.
Publishing allegations is often different than publishing facts, he said.
More to comeConsumer advocates, naturally, take the opposite tack. They believe a publicly accessible online clearinghouse will make the business more accountable without affecting reputable companies.
If credit-card issuers improve their practices and the way that they respond when customers contact them about problems, customers will be happier with their services and less likely to complain to the CFPB, said Susan Grant, director of consumer protection at the Consumer Federation of America.
The bureau said it forwards all suitable complaints to issuers for review. Companies have 15 days to respond, and most issues are expected to be settled and closed within 60 days. Borrowers can track the progress of their complaints and dispute the resolution.
The practical benefits of the database are murkier for shoppers who pull out the plastic prudently and pay off their balances monthly. Michaele Pena, director of consumer credit counseling at the nonprofit Family Services Inc. in North Charleston, sees it as a potentially useful tool for someone whos shopping for a credit card.
It may be quick reference for some consumers to look at, Pena said.
Charleston areas first official entry in the credit-card company database was filed June 1 and forwarded to Bank of America the next day. His or her residence was identified only by Bonneaus ZIP code: 29431. The complaint had to do with the interest rate. The issue was resolved with explanation, according to the database.
Case closed perhaps, but that hardly marks the end of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
Now that its launched its credit-card database, the agency is aiming to police other commonplace lending transactions, namely home mortgages and private student loans.
Reach John McDermott at 937-5572.


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Moher and colleagues introduce PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), an update of the QUOROM guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Using a systematic review of studies examining the quality of reporting of systematic reviews, a comprehensive literature search to identify methodological and other articles, and results of an international survey, the executive committee revised and expanded the QUOROM checklist and flow diagram.
Liberati and colleagues present an explanation and elaboration of the PRISMA Statement, updated guidelines for the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This article is available online only.


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Milestones and Projected RevenueMolybdenum-99 Production at MURR• AMIC - University of Missouri MOU already negotiated• Technical analysis accomplished / work plan identified• Customer off-take commitments established• Production projected for early year five from first funding dateRevenue range at production year one• At $750/curie and 3000 curies/week• $117 million gross / $28 million net• At $500/curie and 2000 curies/week• $52 million gross / $12 million net This is key with AMIC (ADMD)-- their potential ability to produce up to 50% of America's moly-99 needs. This is huge.
Great summary and bullet points here. Not until recently was I even aware of the fact that there is such a widespread scarcity of isotopes, radioisotopes, molybdenum 99, yttrium, and so forth .
If I am not mistaken, this could be in the billions of dollars range for this company. The prospect of rare moly-99 production for the US and beyond is quite an undertaking.
ashame.. we need more volume.. think I will buy more..spread the word!
I agree that this little company has some astounding potential for making $$. I also think this company needs way more investor support though. The volume has to start moving. Only a matter of time till awareness spreads though.
This indeed is key information. Not only is the US's supply of moly-99 running low, but the WORLD's supply is. By being a producer of such a sought after element, ADMD ensures it's place as a potential giant in the future. Personally, I would invest and go long.
I doubt the company will still be trading at $0.25/share if they are one of the few global producers around. Demand for a product with no substitute can be a very powerful thing. I am in long as well.
Great message here. Thank you. I will link to the power point where this information is found from their website. thank you.http://www.isotopeworld.com/about-amic-/powerpoint-presentation/
This is a very interesting company. Cornering the market on a radioactive commodity could result in serious gains.


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Want Free Shipping Every Day? Learn How.
I appreciate the little things in life and like to think outside the square! My two beautiful daughters LOVE to get arty farty with me which is sooooo much fun. My husband and I also love to travel with the girls which helps with creative juices!
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The Service Employees and Priorities USA, the superPAC created by backers of President Obama, have jointly bought $4 million in television ads in key states with Hispanic-American populations, exposing the anti-worker, anti-Hispanic record of presumed Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney.
The joint ad buy is the latest evidence that progressive groups, faced with the financial might of the Right - an estimated $1 billion-plus in their pro-Romney campaign spending - are uniting in coalitions to fight back on behalf of Obama and their causes.
The commercials, "Mitt Romney: En Sus Propias Palabras" (Mitt Romney: In His Own Words), feature working Latinos commenting on Romney's statements in favor of firing people, union spokeswoman Beatriz Lopez says.
"Romney's tainted record shows how the multi-millionaire has made a career out of driving companies into bankruptcy and laying off workers without the health and retirement benefits they had earned, only so that he could generate profit for himself and his wealthy, corporate shareholders," she added.
In the ad, one Denver Latino voter says Romney is "making fun of us, of the people who don't have work. What he is saying is not fair. I cannot vote for Romney." Colorado is one of the swing states where the ad campaign will run.
"Our kids are suffering and he makes a joke... I cannot imagine voting for him," adds an offended Nevada voter. Nevada is another swing state with a fast-growing Hispanic-American population.
"The new Spanish-language ads are part of a broader effort to illustrate what a
Romney presidency would mean for Latinos and working families everywhere," Lopez says. "His condescending rhetoric regarding the middle-class and the Latino commun-ity are clear indicators of devastating policies that would come with his administration."
Eliseo Medina, the union's Secretary-Treasurer and the son of immigrants, expanded upon the ad campaign in a June 13 op-ed piece about Romney's anti-Hispanic stands.
"Actions don't lie and neither does video," Medina wrote. "Those who doubt that should closely watch facial expressions of those who feel insulted. Watch faces of voters when they see and hear a politician only interested in helping the wealthy. Watch faces of Latinos when they hear Romney speak in his own words and hear about how Romney actually made his millions. Then you will agree that pictures don't lie."
Romney, Medina said, "jokes about being unemployed" and "made a fortune often driving companies to bankruptcy and laying off workers without the health and retirement benefits they had earned to increase the profit margins for himself and his wealthy investors." The voters, Medina said, were disgusted and worse, and not just about Romney's stands on jobs.
"Romney's GOP primary campaign rhetoric on immigration, jobs and other key issues shows a real disrespect for Hispanics struggling to earn fair wages to support their families. Lately, Romney has run paid media ads claiming he shares Latinos' values, while trying to avoid talking about immigration, a 'gut check' issue that helps Latino voters distinguish between the good guys and the bad.
"But Hispanics won't forget his record" of opposing the Dream Act, favoring anti-Hispanic anti-immigrant laws in Alabama and Arizona and saying Latinos should "self-deport" after authorities make their lives miserable, Medina said.


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Our Green School Color Tutu features layers of bright green tulle that gives a flirty look. Each Green Tutu features an elastic waistband to fit size 29 - 44 inches. Show off your school spirit when you wear a Green Tutu to the next big game!
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Try Ancestry.com and get 14 Days FREE!
Shutterstock Circumstantial evidence indicates a high probability that Henry VIII fathered two children by Mary Boleyn, meaning that he has many descendants in both England and America.
"Morever, Mr. Skydmore dyd show to me yongge Master Care, saying that he was our suffren Lord the Kynge's son by our suffren Lady the Qwyen's syster, whom the Qwyen's grace might not suffer to be yn the Cowrte." �����������������������������John Hale, vicar of Isleworth to the Council, 20 April 15351
At Queen Elizabeth I's death in 1603, the legitimate descendants of Henry VIII were extinct. The king's only acknowledged illegitimate child, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond (born 1519) had died 22 July 1536, also without heirs. Although various persons have been suggested as bastards of the king, among them is only one for whom significant, contemporary documentation exists: Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon (1526-96), son of Mary (Boleyn) Carey, one-time mistress of the king, wife of William Carey (gentleman of the privy chamber and esquire of the body to the king) and sister of Anne Boleyn, King Henry VIII's second queen. Although rumors regarding Henry Carey's royal paternity have long circulated, this article quotes for the first time a contemporary statement of 1535 that Henry Carey was King Henry VIII's son.2
That King Henry VIII had an affair with Mary (Boleyn) Carey is indisputable fact.3 In this article, I will establish the chronology of this affair and present evidence that not just Henry Carey, but also his sister Catherine Carey, were born to Mary Boleyn during her affair with the king. The circumstantial case presented for the Careys being children of Henry VIII is founded on consideration of the following:


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In all the years I have spent building contact centers and tracking this market, from both business and technology perspectives many things have not changed. Center managers are still under pressure to drive down costs, customers generally are not satisfied with the way their interactions are handled (perhaps less so), and organizations still aren't making the most of customer interactions. However, as noted in my predictions for 2012, I am expecting more rapid change in the next couple of years than ever before with the advent of a collection of technologies that are already impacting business interactions with customer or by their actions.
What's driving this change is the Internet. It is the power behind communication habits moving from conversational to electronic and incorporating mobility, which allows people to do things now even if they are on the move. The Internet also has fuelled the rise of social media and empowered people to publicly air their views, has enabled collaboration on a grand scale both inside and outside organizations, and has led to widespread acceptance and adoption of cloud-based systems. In addition the growth and volumes of customer information in what is now called big data and utilizing it through business analytics can empower better customer management. Taken together these changes are having a major impact on the contact center, and my research agenda for 2012 will reflect them.
Regarding the cloud, my benchmark research in 2011 shows that companies increasingly adopting cloud-based systems. First was CRM in the cloud, followed by communications in the cloud and then other business applications. Expecting this trend to continue, I will be tracking how companies use cloud-based systems to optimize customer-facing activities, including:
Amid the changes, an old phrase once popular has resurfaced, as many people are now pronouncing that the "customer is king." But I question whether the outcomes of calls leave customers with this impression. In any case, this emphasis I believe is why customer relationship management is maturing into customer experience management, and I will be tracking organizations efforts to optimize the customer experience across all channels, including:
Some pundits are predicting that electronic communications and social media will kill off the contact center. One of my other 2011 benchmark research studies shows this is premature because although the rate of increase has dropped compared to other channels, the volume of inbound calls is still expected to rise in 2012. This means people will still be answering customer calls and their performance will continue to impact the overall customer experience. Therefore I will be tracking organizations' efforts to improve the effectiveness of their entire workforce involved with customer-facing activities, including:
This research agenda will lead us to produce some new benchmark research during the year. I just finished a benchmark on customer relationship maturity in 2012, so look for my report and presentation during the first quarter. That will be followed by research into use of customer feedback management, emerging technologies to improve the desktop for people involved in customer-facing activities, and a maturity assessment of how well organizations are doing at handling all forms of customer interactions. In addition the importance of more detail oriented analysis of vendors and products will be met with new Value Index research that I will be leading covering vendors and products in areas including: agent performance management, customer analytics, contact center in the cloud and customer feedback management.
It is going to be a busy year trying to keep up with expected business changes, shifting customer behaviors and product improvements so follow our efforts to help you come out on top in the competition to gain, retain and profit from customers. To learn more, please come and collaborate with me further.
Richard Snow – VP & Research Director


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WESSEX, Conn. — Peapod by Stop & Shop will award more than two dozen weekly prizes of $100 worth of free groceries to commuters participating in the Earth Day Commuter Challenge, a program promoting green commuting for consumers who live and work in Connecticut and New York's Lower Hudson Valley, according to NuRide here, which administers the program for area companies. The challenge encourages carpooling, telecommuting, biking, walking and other "green" commuting practices and was ...
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|Sonoma Clean Power to double size of first launch
Sonoma Clean Power will be doubling the size of its service launch from 10,000 to 20,000 customers in the initial phase, with an emphasis on commercial customers who are slated to start receiving service on May 1, 2014.
Most residential customers will be eligible for service in one of the two later phases at the start of 2015 and the start of 2016.
The updated plan is designed to improve finances for the program by serving a larger customer base more quickly, while providing a better schedule for educating customers and setting rates. Customers will receive two enrollment notices before their Sonoma Clean Power service starts and two more after.
"SCP is currently negotiating with power suppliers to ensure the best mix of cleaner power sources at the most competitive rates," Sonoma Clean Power CEO Geof Syphers said. "With 79 percent of the County participating, that really increases our negotiating power. Contracts are expected to be signed by November 2013."
While negotiations are underway, Sonoma Clean Power is seeking applications from interested community members who wish to be considered to serve on two committees: the Business Operations Committee and the Ratepayer Advisory Committee.
The Business Operations Committee will meet monthly during the start-up phase. Members will be appointed to staggered four-year terms with a commitment of approximately four hours monthly. Members must have business or professional experience in certain specific areas.
The Ratepayer Advisory Committee will meet four times in 2013 and generally three times each in the following years to advise on the annual rate process. Members will be drawn from commercial and residential customers and will be appointed to staggered four-year terms.
More information regarding the duties and powers of these two committees can be found on the Sonoma Clean Power website. Applications are available at sonomacleanpower.org.
SCP is the new, locally controlled electricity provider in Sonoma County.
It will offer residential and commercial customers in participating areas the option of using more environmentally friendly power, generated by renewable sources – such as solar, wind and geothermal – at competitive rates. SCP will serve customers in the cities of Sonoma, Santa Rosa, Cotati, Windsor, and Sebastopol, and in the unincorporated area of the County.
Cotati's City Council voted to join SCP on June 26. Rohnert Park is not a member.


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Elizabeth A. Walther and Jeffrey B. Albrecht are engaged to be married July 25.
Parents of the bride-elect are Dominic and Tammy Walther of Essexville. Parents of the prospective groom are John and Esther Albrecht of Westland.
Elizabeth is a graduate of Northwood University with a degree in marketing/management. She is employed at Delphi Steering, Saginaw. Jeffrey is a graduate of Olivet College with a degree in education. He is a teacher in Dearborn.


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Margherita Pizza
1 recipe for Homemade pizza dough (enough for a 16 inch pizza)
(try this one! It's my go-to pizza dough.)
7-8 ripe Roma Tomatoes
1/4 cup olive oil
1/2 teaspoon Kosher salt
12 ounces fresh Mozzarella cheese, thinly sliced
2 Tablespoons freshly grated Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese (optional)
1/4 cup chopped fresh basil leaves
Kosher salt and black pepper, for sprinkling
DIRECTIONS: Lightly oil a 16 inch pizza pan. Prepare dough, roll it out and place in prepared pan. Set aside.
Preheat oven to 425 degrees. Dice the tomatoes and discard seeds. Place tomatoes in a large bowl and combine with the olive oil and 1/2 teaspoon salt. Spread tomato mixture over the pizza dough.
Bake 15-20 minutes on the lowest oven rack.
Remove pizza from oven and arrange mozzarella and Parmesan on top of tomatoes. Sprinkle with salt and pepper. Return to oven until cheese is melted and bubbling. (about 5-10 more minutes)
Top with basil and serve!
(Recipe Source: The Food Nanny)


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Post the output of the "ipconfig /all" command from a working workstation
and your non-working laptop.
How, exactly, are you trying to "see" the other computers from your laptop.
Also, make sure the laptop has the same workgroup name as the other PCs.
wrote in message
>I have a network of 5 PC's, one is wireless, the other 4 connected via a
> The hub is connected to a router. The router is also wireless enabled
> therfore the wireless pc connects via that route, but the wireless pc for
> some reason cannot see the workgroup and hence open shared files etc on
> the
> network. It is saying - you may not have permissions. This worked fine
> until
> i needed to renew the router due to a fault, it is the same type of
> router. I
> am thinking it is because the wireless pc attaches to the wireless network
> on
> start up but i still thought it would see the other workgroupo via the
> router. Any clues what i may have done wrong would be very much
> appreciated.


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Home invasion shooting sends man to hospital
Published 10:40 AM EDT Mar 14, 2013
DeLand police are investigating a home invasion that sent a man to the hospital with a gunshot wound to the leg.
The incident happened in the 200 block of West Volusia Avenue at about 9 p.m. Wednesday.
The victim, 39-year-old Maurice Adams, told police a man walked into his home, demanded his property and shot him in the leg without taking anything.
Officials said the shooter ran from the area and Adams was airlifted to Halifax Health Medical Center.
Investigators are hoping the victim can provide more information Thursday.
Copyright 2013 by WESH.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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My son is fascinated by knights and their armor and has been enjoying his fencing lessons.
So he gave us two thumbs up when my wife and I offered to take him to Medieval Times in Lyndhurst to celebrate his 10th birthday.
This dinner-theater extravaganza lived up to its hype. My son loved it. But its never-ending demands to spend money didn't make us want to go back. For an hour, the audience had to wait in the "Hall of Arms''--where they sold medieval merchandise and drinks--before the show even started.
But even I liked the show, set in 11th century Spain. There were elaborate, colorful costumes. Actors jousted on horseback, making it all look real without actually stabbing their opponents.
There was some backstory about the whole battle narrated for the audience, but the muddy P.A. system made it impossible to understand the plot. There was spare ribs and roast chicken, eaten without utensils, so we felt like Henry the Eighth.
But that didn't work well for my son. When our so-called "serving wench" spilled his glass of water, he was left on his own to clean it up. "They don't give us extra napkins," she explained.
But the biggest problem was that we were feeling a little medievaled-out before we even got to our seats.
The instructions encouraged us to get there at least an hour before showtime. That was supposed to get us to our first-come, first-served seats more quickly.
But they didn't let us go to our seats until it was nearly showtime. They trapped us for the full hour in their "Hall of Arms," a gargantuan gift-shop complex. Fortunately, my son was merciful and let us off the hook with just a $15 glowing sword.
It wasn't as if we hadn't already made a major contribution to the sagging North Jersey economy. Tickets go for $56.95 for adults and $39.95 for children (as a promotion, we got the kid in free, but we still spent a lot).
Because we wanted to make our son's 10th birthday truly special, we purchased lots of extras. We bought the King's Royalty package for an extra $20 per person. That guaranteed us VIP seating in the front two rows and also provided a group photo, a program, promotional DVDs for all three of us and a banner.
We also paid extra for cake, for a scroll proclaiming my son's birthday and to have his name announced from the stage. We had paid more than $200 before we even got there and then they wanted us to buy more stuff.
We may have bought the royalty package, but by the time we left, we were broke as serfs.


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He's the storm.
Aggressive, direct and unforgiving.
There's no secret what Trinity Classical Academy junior Spencer Klehn is going to do on the basketball court.
Like a tornado destined to touch down, the only question is where and when he will strike.
But with every storm comes something else.
A calm, quiet moment in the midst of the chaos.
The eye of Trinity's storm is sophomore Ryan Brooks.
"Spencer is the one who jumps first, starts to warm up and tells everyone to get down here," says Trinity head coach John Brooks. "He's more of the military commander. You see it his energy, it's contagious. Ryan's the calming influence. It makes the team feel like 'We got this. We're going to be OK.' It's our whole success. This is why we can do this with a bunch of young guys. Because of that (combination)."
Together these two have created a dynamic identity for the Knights.
And it's that identity that has led them to the brink of a CIF-Southern Section Division VI title.
The Knights will play Rio Hondo Prep in the championship game of CIF-SS Division VI on Saturday at 9:30 a.m. at Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana.
They got there with the perfect combination of intensity and tranquility.
It was Klehn who simply outhustled everyone on the court in the closing minutes of the Knights' semifinal victory over Joshua Springs — pulling down offensive rebounds, finding open teammates and coming up with huge baskets.
"It seemed like every time we needed something, he did what he had to do and just kept the crowd going and it pumped me up a lot," Ryan Brooks says of Klehn. "He got big rebounds too, along with points."
But it was Brooks who provided the most underrated and important game-changer of the night.
With both teams pressing, a trip to the finals in site, one Knight knew his team needed to rein things in.
So Brooks took control. Slowing things down, keeping his team composed and, ultimately, leading it to victory.
"When Joshua Springs started to press us, their front three guys were pretty crazy and they were trying to jump every pass," Klehn says. "A lot of the times Ryan would cut to the middle and when the ball got to him everything slowed down a bit and opened up the lane and he made smart decisions."
For a pair of kids who both came so close to a CIF-SS finals appearance on Trinity's football team in the fall — the Knights fell 46-28 in the CIF-SS 8-man Division II semifinals to Joshua Springs — the moment meant even more.
The basketball program becomes the first team in Trinity's history to make it this far.
"I always thought the football team would go all the way," Ryan says. "I had people tell me they never thought basketball would go."
But now it will, and the Knights are ready to give Rio Hondo Prep the fight of its season.
The Rio Hondo Prep Kares, the No. 1 seed in Division VI, enter Saturday's contest with a 20-7 record after finishing second in the Prep League.
The Kares are led by senior center/forward Ryan Wiley, who averages 22 points and 10.9 rebounds per game.
Rio Hondo Prep defeated Desert Chapel 78-74 in the semifinals.
"It's going to be a high-energy game and I think our team is definitely going to come out firing and going after every loose ball," Klehn says.
For Klehn and Brooks, the moment has been a long time coming.
The duo has been playing basketball together nearly every year since Klehn was in fourth grade and Brooks was in third.
They've grown up together, with Klehn first attending Trinity, formerly known as Northpark Christian Academy, in kindergarten and Brooks since first grade.
Saturday night is the culmination of the work the two have put in side by side.
But it's something else, too.
It's a precursor.
A sign that the future is bright at Trinity.
Klehn and Brooks oddly represent the "elder guard" of the Knights' basketball team. A team that features seven freshmen.
The Knights' roster has four sophomores, with Klehn the lone junior and Chris Buchanan the lone senior.
"This isn't the culmination I think," Klehn says. "We're seeing the potential. We're finally seeing the potential we knew from so long ago — and we have a lot of room to grow."
Their next opportunity is Saturday morning — and while no one knows who will walk out of the gymnasium the victor, one thing is certain — there's a storm coming, and the Knights intend to keep Rio Hondo Prep from weathering it.


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Apolipoprotein A-V is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA5 gene.[3][4][5]
The protein encoded by this gene is an apolipoprotein and an important determinant of plasma triglyceride levels, a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. It is a component of several lipoprotein fractions including VLDL, HDL, chylomicrons. It is believed that apoA-V affects lipoprotein metabolism by interacting with LDL-R gene family receptors.[6]
This gene uses alternate polyadenylation sites and is located proximal to the apolipoprotein gene cluster on chromosome 11q23.[5]
- 1 Discovery
- 2 Gene and protein
- 3 Tissue distribution
- 4 Function
- 5 Gene variability
- 6 Clinical significance
- 7 Interactive pathway map
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
The gene for apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5, gene ID 116519, OMIM accession number – 606368) was originally found by comparative sequencing of human and mice DNA as a last member of the gene cluster of apolipoproteins APOA1/APOC3/APOA4/APOA5, located on human chromosome 11 at position 11q23.[3] The creation of two mice models (APOA5 transgenic and APOA5 knock-out) confirmed the important role of this gene in plasma triglyceride determination. The transgenic mice had lower and the knock-out mice higher levels of plasma triglycerides, while plasma cholesterol levels remained unchanged in both animal models. Interestingly, a Dutch group simultaneously described an identical gene as apolipoprotein which it is associated with the early phase of liver regeneration, but failed to recognise its important role in the determination of plasma triglyceride levels.[4]
Gene and protein[edit]
The gene for apolipoprotein A5 is small, spans approximately 3 kbp, is constituted in a similar way to other apolipoprotein genes (with apolipoprotein B as an exception), is composed of 4 exons and 3 introns and codes for the 366 amino acid protein (with the 23 amino acid signal peptide and the 343 amino acid of mature APOA5).
Tissue distribution[edit]
In humans, APOA5 is expressed almost exclusively in the liver tissue;[3] some minor expressions have also been detected in the small intestine.[7] Nothing is known about the existence of the potential alternative splicing variants of this gene. In comparison with other apolipoproteins, plasma concentration of APOA5 is very low (less than 1 μg/mL).[8] This suggests that it has more catalytic than structural functions, since there is less than one APOA5 molecule per one lipoprotein particle. APOA5 is associated predominantly with TG-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons and VLDL) and has also been detected on HDL particles.
APOA5 mainly functions to influence plasma triglyceride levels.[9] The first suggested mechanism supposes that APOA5 functions as an activator of lipoprotein lipase (which is a key enzyme in triglyceride catabolism) and, through this process, enhances the metabolism of TG-rich particles. The second is the possible effect of APOA5 on the secretion of VLDL particles, since APOA5 reduces hepatic production by inhibiting VLDL-particle production and assembly by binding to cellular membranes and lipids.[10] Finally, the third possibility relates to the acceleration of the hepatic uptake of lipoprotein remnants and it has been shown that APOA5 binds to different members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family.[11] In addition to its TG-lowering effect, APOA5 also plays a significant role in modulating HDL maturation and cholesterol metabolism. Increased APOA5 levels were associated with skewed cholesterol distribution from VLDL to large HDL particles.[12][13] APOA5 mRNA is upregulated during liver regeneration and this suggests that APOA5 serves a function in hepatocyte proliferation.[14] It's also reported that APOA5 could enhance insulin secretion in beta-cells and the cell surface midkine could be involved in APOA5 endocytosis.[15]
Gene variability[edit]
Within the APOA5 gene, a couple of important SNPs with a widely confirmed effect on plasma TG levels as well as rare mutations have been described. In Caucasians, the common variants are inherited mostly in three haplotypes, which are characterised by two SNPs, namely rs662799 (T-1131˃C; in almost complete LD with A-3˃G, where the minor allele is associated with about 50% lower gene expression) and rs3135506 (Ser19˃Trp; C56˃G; alters the signal peptide and influences APOA5 secretion into plasma). There are also a further three common variants (A-3˃G, IVS+476 G˃A and T1259˃C) which are not necessary for haplotype characterisation. Population frequencies of common APOA5 alleles exhibit large interethnic differences. For example, there are about 15% of carriers of the -1131C allele among Caucasians, but the frequency could reach even between 40% and 50% among Asians. In contrast, the Trp19 allele is very rare in the Asian population (less than 1% of carriers) but is common in Caucasians (about 15% of carriers). Vice versa, important SNP (rs2075291, G553T, Gly185˃Cys) with a population frequency of about 5% has been detected among Asians, but it is extremely rare among Caucasians. Sporadic publications refer to some other common polymorphisms, e.g. Val153˃Met (rs3135507, G457A) and also suggest significant sex-dependent associations[16] with plasma lipids. Rare variants within the APOA5 gene have been described in a couple of different populations. Among the "common mutations/rare SNPs", one of the most characterised on a population level is the Ala315˃Val[17] exchange. Originally detected in patients with extreme TG levels over 10 mmo/L, it was also found in about 0.7% of the general population (mostly in individuals with normal TG values), which suggests a low penetrance of this variant. More than twenty other rare variants (mutations) have been described within the human APOA5 gene. They cover a wide spectrum that includes preliminary stop codons, amino acid changes as well as insertions and deletions. These mutations are generally associated with hypertriglyceridaemia, but penetration is usually not 100%. Individual mutations have been found mostly in one pedigree only.[18]
But no all the SNPs have a detrimental effect on TG levels. A recent report, showed that, in Sardinian population, the missense mutation Arg282Ser in APOA5 gene, correlates with a decrease in TG levels. The authors believe that this point mutation is a mayor modulatory of TG values in this population.[19]
Clinical significance[edit]
As a risk factor[edit]
Even though plasma concentration of APOA5 is very low, some studies have focused on the analysis of the potential association of this biochemical parameter with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This relationship remains controversial, as higher plasma levels of APOA5 in individuals with CVD disease have been found in some, but not in all studies.[20][21]
Plasma lipids and cardiovascular disease[edit]
The major effect of the apolipoprotein A5 gene (and its variants) is on plasma triglyceride levels. Minor alleles (C1131 and Trp19) are primarily associated with the elevation of plasma triglyceride levels. The most extensive information available has been drawn from Caucasian populations, particularly in relation to the rs662799 SNP. Here, one minor allele is associated with an approximate 0,25 mmol/L increase of plasma TG levels.[22] A similar effect is associated with the Trp19 allele, even though it has not been confirmed by a huge number of studies. Original studies have further described that the strongest effect of APOA5 polymorphisms on plasma TG levels is observed among Hispanics, with only minor effects detected among Africans. Among Asians, the effect on plasma TG levels is similar that found among Caucasians. Generally, studies have suggested significant interethnic differences and in some cases sex-dependent associations as well.[16][23][24]
Sporadic publications have also mentioned a weak but nonetheless significant effect of APOA5 variants on plasma HDL-cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol levels.
Myocardial infarction[edit]
A large meta-analysis of 101 studies[22] confirmed a risk associated with the presence of the minor APOA5 allele -1131C and coronary heart disease. The odds ratio was 1.18 for every C allele. There are far fewer studies on the second common APOA5 polymorphism, Ser19>Trp, even though available studies have detected that its effect on plasma triglycerides is similar to C-1131>T. Nevertheless, the minor Trp allele is also associated with increased risk of CVD, and it seems that especially homozygotes and carriers of more minor alleles (both -1131C and 19Trp) are at higher risk of CVD.[25]
BMI, metabolic syndrome[edit]
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are both closely related to plasma triglyceride levels. Therefore, the focus on an association between APOA5 and BMI or metabolic syndrome is understandable. Available studies show that minor APOA5 alleles could be associated with an enhanced risk of obesity or metabolic syndrome development. However, genome wide studies have failed to prove that APOA5 is a gene associated with BMI values and/or obesity, so the effect could be far from clinically significant or at least significantly context-dependent.
Nutri-, acti- and pharmacogenetic associations[edit]
Several studies have focused on changes of anthropometrical (body weight, BMI, WHR,…) or biochemical parameters (mostly plasma lipid levels) as a result of the interactions between common APOA5 variants and dietary habits (polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, n-3 and n-6 fatty acid intake, total fat and total energy intake, alcohol intake), dietary (lowering the energy intake) and/or physical activity interventions or dyslipidaemic (using statins or fenofibrate) treatment. Due to the high heterogeneity of the examined populations, differences in protocol and/or interventions used, the studies are difficult to directly compare and draw definitive conclusions.[26][27][28][29][30][31] However, with caution, it could be concluded that carriers of the minor C-1131, Trp19, or T553 alleles are in some cases less prone to the positive effects of environmental and/or pharmacological interventions. Some papers suggest the importance of the interactions between APOA5 and other genes, especially with common APOE (OMIM acc. No. 107741) three allelic (E2, E3, and E4) polymorphism, in the modulation of plasma lipids. In these cases, the interaction between minor alleles of both genes seems to be of importance. In the general population, APOE4 seems to have the potential to diminish the effect of minor APOA5 rs662799 and rs3135506 alleles, especially in females. Interaction between APOE and APOA5 Ser19˃Trp has been suggested to play some role in the development of type III hyperlipidaemia.[32] Further studies, in which interaction with APOA5 has been described, have included, for example, variants within FTO, lipoprotein lipase, USF-1 and FEN-1. They have also focused not only on plasma lipids, but on BMI values or hypertension as well.
Other roles[edit]
Some other possible roles of APOA5 variants have been discussed, but generally these reports comprise only one or two papers – and first original papers with positive findings are usually not confirmed in second publications. These papers focus on the possible effect of different APOA5 variants on maternal height, longer foetal birth length, putative associations with plasma levels of C-reactive protein, LDL particle size and haemostatic markers. Despite the very low plasma concentration, variants within apolipoprotein A5 are potent determinants of plasma triglyceride levels. Minor alleles of three SNPs (rs662799, rs3135506, rs3135507) are associated with the higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
Interactive pathway map[edit]
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]
- ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "Statin_Pathway_WP430".
See also[edit]
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
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Further reading[edit]
- Garelnabi M, Lor K, Jin J, Chai F, Santanam N (Jan 2013). "The paradox of ApoA5 modulation of triglycerides: evidence from clinical and basic research". Clinical Biochemistry. 46 (1-2): 12–9. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.09.007. PMID 23000317.
- Hubacek JA. "Apolipoprotein A5 and triglyceridemia. Focus on the effects of the common variants". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 43 (9): 897–902. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.153. PMID 16176166.
- Hubácek JA, Adámková V, Vrablík M, Kadlecová M, Zicha J, Kunes J, Pitha J, Suchánek P, Poledne R. "Apolipoprotein A5 in health and disease". Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 58 Suppl 2: S101–9. PMID 20131928.
- Sharma V, Forte TM, Ryan RO (Apr 2013). "Influence of apolipoprotein A-V on the metabolic fate of triacylglycerol". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 24 (2): 153–9. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e32835c8c1a. PMID 23241513.
- Tai ES, Ordovas JM (Aug 2008). "Clinical significance of apolipoprotein A5". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 19 (4): 349–54. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e328304b681. PMID 18607181.
- Pennacchio LA, Rubin EM (Apr 2003). "Apolipoprotein A5, a newly identified gene that affects plasma triglyceride levels in humans and mice". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 23 (4): 529–34. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000054194.78240.45. PMID 12615678.
- Jakel H, Nowak M, Helleboid-Chapman A, Fruchart-Najib J, Fruchart JC (2006). "Is apolipoprotein A5 a novel regulator of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins?". Annals of Medicine. 38 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1080/07853890500407488. PMID 16448983.
- Calandra S, Priore Oliva C, Tarugi P, Bertolini S (Apr 2006). "APOA5 and triglyceride metabolism, lesson from human APOA5 deficiency". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 17 (2): 122–7. doi:10.1097/01.mol.0000217892.00618.54. PMID 16531747.
- Wong K, Ryan RO (Jun 2007). "Characterization of apolipoprotein A-V structure and mode of plasma triacylglycerol regulation". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 18 (3): 319–24. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e328133856c. PMID 17495607.
- Nabika T, Nasreen S, Kobayashi S, Masuda J (Dec 2002). "The genetic effect of the apoprotein AV gene on the serum triglyceride level in Japanese". Atherosclerosis. 165 (2): 201–4. doi:10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00252-6. PMID 12417270.
- Pennacchio LA, Olivier M, Hubacek JA, Krauss RM, Rubin EM, Cohen JC (Nov 2002). "Two independent apolipoprotein A5 haplotypes influence human plasma triglyceride levels". Human Molecular Genetics. 11 (24): 3031–8. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.24.3031. PMID 12417524.
- Talmud PJ, Hawe E, Martin S, Olivier M, Miller GJ, Rubin EM, Pennacchio LA, Humphries SE (Nov 2002). "Relative contribution of variation within the APOC3/A4/A5 gene cluster in determining plasma triglycerides". Human Molecular Genetics. 11 (24): 3039–46. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.24.3039. PMID 12417525.
- Vu-Dac N, Gervois P, Jakel H, Nowak M, Bauge E, Dehondt H, Staels B, Pennacchio LA, Rubin EM, Fruchart-Najib J, Fruchart JC (May 2003). "Apolipoprotein A5, a crucial determinant of plasma triglyceride levels, is highly responsive to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (20): 17982–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212191200. PMID 12637506.
- Prieur X, Coste H, Rodriguez JC (Jul 2003). "The human apolipoprotein AV gene is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and contains a novel farnesoid X-activated receptor response element". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (28): 25468–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301302200. PMID 12709436.
- Weinberg RB, Cook VR, Beckstead JA, Martin DD, Gallagher JW, Shelness GS, Ryan RO (Sep 2003). "Structure and interfacial properties of human apolipoprotein A-V". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (36): 34438–44. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303784200. PMID 12810715.
- Horínek A, Vráblík M, Ceska R, Adámková V, Poledne R, Hubacek JA (Apr 2003). "T-1131-->C polymorphism within the apolipoprotein AV gene in hypertriglyceridemic individuals". Atherosclerosis. 167 (2): 369–70. doi:10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00022-4. PMID 12818421.
- Kao JT, Wen HC, Chien KL, Hsu HC, Lin SW (Oct 2003). "A novel genetic variant in the apolipoprotein A5 gene is associated with hypertriglyceridemia". Human Molecular Genetics. 12 (19): 2533–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg255. PMID 12915450.
- Vrablík M, Horínek A, Ceska R, Adámková V, Poledne R, Hubacek JA (Aug 2003). "Ser19-->Trp polymorphism within the apolipoprotein AV gene in hypertriglyceridaemic people". Journal of Medical Genetics. 40 (8): e105. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.8.e105. PMC 1735562. PMID 12920097.
- Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, Baker K, Baldwin D, Brush J, Chen J, Chow B, Chui C, Crowley C, Currell B, Deuel B, Dowd P, Eaton D, Foster J, Grimaldi C, Gu Q, Hass PE, Heldens S, Huang A, Kim HS, Klimowski L, Jin Y, Johnson S, Lee J, Lewis L, Liao D, Mark M, Robbie E, Sanchez C, Schoenfeld J, Seshagiri S, Simmons L, Singh J, Smith V, Stinson J, Vagts A, Vandlen R, Watanabe C, Wieand D, Woods K, Xie MH, Yansura D, Yi S, Yu G, Yuan J, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Goddard A, Wood WI, Godowski P, Gray A (Oct 2003). "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment". Genome Research. 13 (10): 2265–70. doi:10.1101/gr.1293003. PMC 403697. PMID 12975309.