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The full report is titled "Salicylate (Salsalate) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. A Randomized Trial." It is in the 2 July 2013 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine (volume 159, pages 1-12). The authors are A.B. Goldfine, V. Fonseca, K.A. Jablonski, Y.D.I. Chen, L. Tipton, M.A. Staten, and S.E. Shoelson, for the Targeting Inflammation Using Salsalate in Type 2 Diabetes Study Team.
Summaries for Patients are a service provided by Annals to help patients better understand the complicated and often mystifying language of modern medicine.
Summaries for Patients are presented for informational purposes only. These summaries are not a substitute for advice from your own medical provider. If you have questions about this material, or need medical advice about your own health or situation, please contact your physician. The summaries may be reproduced for not-for-profit educational purposes only. Any other uses must be approved by the American College of Physicians.
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have elevated blood sugar levels, which, if not controlled, lead to both acute and long-term health problems. Many patients continue to have inadequately controlled blood sugar levels even after dietary changes, exercise, or drug therapy.
Salsalate is a drug that has been used for pain treatment for decades. Chemically, it is related to aspirin. Some early evidence suggests that it may lower blood sugar levels in patients with T2DM.
To find out whether salsalate can lower blood sugar levels in patients with T2DM and to monitor for possible side effects.
Patients with established T2DM who were already treated with exercise, dietary changes, or drug therapies (but not insulin) but still had inadequate blood sugar control were invited to participate. Participants were randomly assigned to receive salsalate or placebo once a day. Patients continued their other medications for treatment of T2DM, and their blood sugar as well as other blood levels were observed for 1 year. They were also monitored for side effects. Other changes to their treatments were allowed if needed.
During the 1-year study, markers of blood sugar control were improved in the participants who received salsalate compared with those who received placebo pills. In addition, overall, the participants receiving salsalate were receiving fewer other medications for treatment of T2DM, whereas participants receiving placebo were more likely to require more medications. Blood work results suggested that salsalate reduced inflammation in the body, which may be one way that the drug improved blood sugar control. Some increases in weight and blood lipid levels were seen, as was a marker of reduced kidney function that reversed after salsalate was stopped.
The study lasted only 1 year and could not more definitively assess whether the changes in weight, blood pressure, lipid levels, and kidney function posed any long-term problem.
Salsalate may be a useful treatment of patients with T2DM. Further, longer-term studies are ongoing to assess this possibility.
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Happy New Beer's Eve! How to Host a Beer Tasting
Mark your calendars! April 6 is New Beer's Eve. Never heard of it? Well, here you go: It's the date we celebrate the end of Prohibition. And since we never pass up a reason to celebrate, we think it's only proper to honor this sudsy holiday–which falls on a Saturday this year–with a New Beer's…Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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"From the dawn of time we came, moving silently down through the centuries. Living many secret lives, struggling to reach the time of the Gathering, when the few who remain will battle to the last. No one has ever known we were among you...until now."
-The Highlander
Hi folks!
I'm spending this fall in sunny Edinburgh, Scotland, where the only things riper and readier for pluckin' than the oranges are the smokin' hot women (or "bonnie lasses"). But I'm a little nervous, because Edinburgh is, as many of you know, the murder capital of the world. In order to stay prepared and on my guard, I've needed to make myself CULTURALLY LITERATE.
Like, I'd already seen Braveheart, so I thought I knew EVERYTHING there was to know about Scotland. Turns out, I was only partially right.
But after watching the film Trainspotting, I am much the wiser.
The Scots are best described as a "mangy" people. They enjoy all manner of feckin' and fightin' and fistin'. They grow great big bushy birds and dangle their unwashed genitals freely under their kilts. And that's just the women.
But the Scots have more going on than bagpipes and alcoholism. Scotland was home to the great Scottish actor, Ewan MacGregor, before he tragically died due to repetitive blows from wooden dialogue, sustained during the filming of George Lucas' Attack of the Clones. Other famous people are from here—like Liam Neeson, probably.
But we must not forget the Greatest Scotsman of Them All—and the only one who REALLY knows how to treat a lady—Sir. Sean Connery. Mr. Connery was the fictional creation of progressively minded author, Ian Fleming, who wished to expose the virulent dangers of British Imperialism, the plight of the Third World, and the perils of male chauvinism. Mr. Connery was his tool for combating these errors through the use of various gadgets, designed by a mysterious homosexual inventor named "Q." Among these inventions was a magic robo-dick that could sniff out neglected Russian housewives and stunt-flying feminists, apparently. Mr. Connery is now known as the "Gloria Steinem of the North" for some reason.
I proceed at random:
Scotland is also known for rolling hills and "peat," a magical substance which conveys the gift o' the gab or something. It also has many four-leaf clovers and Leprechuans, lending it its nickname, "The Emerald Isle" or "Ireland."
The Scottish are largely Immortals (with a large Jewish minority), but in the end "THERE CAN BE ONLY ONE." The Immortals battle with each other for supremacy, until the time of The Gathering, when the greatest and last of the Immortals will emerge victoriously. (The Jews tend to play it cool.)
As the Scottish band, U2, once said, "Uno, dos, tres (tres), catorce-orce-orce…" "Vertigo," the anthem of a generation from which these lyrics were taken, describes the Scottish party scene. You go out there, in your best duds, looking like a young Ricardo Montalban, but then the vibe gets bad, man. It gets real bad, real fast. And before you know it, you're trying to do a speedball cocktail out of your own pee-hole.
Goodnight everybody!
Donald J. Roebling '11
*Though Mr. Roebling was previously listed as Donald J. Roebling '10, he was held back for his involvement in a hilarious Winter Carnival prank that resulted in the hysterical blindness of several Smith girls.


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Jake Owen is ready to practice what he preaches – or at least, what he sings.
The "Beachin'" singer, and self-confessed "water rat," says he cannot wait for his annual summer respite to get here.
"Every year I take off for July 4th to go to the lake and have a good time with my family, so I've been counting down the days until July 4th gets here!" he tells PEOPLE Country.
Owen and wife Lacey will pack up 19-month-old daughter Pearl and meet their families at a lake just outside of Nashville.
"We're out there for four or five days and it's all about hanging out with my family and just being me again," he says. "Cooking out and doing some wakeboarding and wake surfing, and hanging out with my parents, my brother, my wife's family."
Owen says he's "having a blast" on his Days of Gold tour, but when it's time to recharge, only the sand and surf will do. "The water is like a second home to me," he says. "It gives me a free feeling."
Jake Owen Has the Perfect Fourth of July Plans
Neilson Barnard/Getty
updated 07/04/2014 AT 03:40 PM EDT
•originally published 07/01/2014 AT 03:15 PM EDT


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Author Affiliations: Conte Center for Schizophrenia Research, Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York (Drs Sehatpour, Dias, Butler, Revheim, Guilfoyle, Foxe, and Javitt); Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Sehatpour, Butler, and Javitt); and Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The City College of the City University of New York North Academic Complex, New York (Drs Sehatpour, Butler, Foxe, and Javitt).
Perceptual closure is the ability to identify objects based on partial information and depends on the function of a distributed network of brain regions that include the dorsal and the ventral visual streams, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus.
To evaluate network-level interactions during perceptual closure in schizophrenia using parallel event-related potential (ERP), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and neuropsychological assessment.
Case-control study.
Inpatient and outpatient facilities associated with the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research.
Twenty-seven patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 23 healthy controls.
Event-related potentials were obtained from 24 patients and 20 healthy volunteers in response to fragmented (closeable) and control-scrambled (noncloseable) line drawings. Functional MRI was performed in 11 patients and 12 controls.
Main Outcome Measure
Patterns of between-group differences for predefined ERP components and fMRI regions of interest were determined using both analysis of variance and structural equation modeling. Global neuropsychological performance was assessed using standard neuropsychological batteries.
Patients showed impaired generation of event-related components reflecting early sensory and later closure-related activity. In fMRI, patients showed impaired activation of the dorsal and ventral visual regions, PFC, and hippocampus. Impaired activation of dorsal stream visual regions contributed significantly to impaired PFC activation, which contributed significantly to impaired activation of the hippocampus and ventral visual stream. Impaired ventral stream and hippocampal activation contributed significantly to deficits on neuropsychological measures of perceptual organization.
Schizophrenia is associated with severe activation deficits across a distributed network of sensory and higher order cognitive regions. Deficit in early visual processing within the dorsal visual stream contributes significantly to impaired frontal activation, which, in turn, leads to dysregulation of the hippocampus and ventral visual stream. Dysfunction within this network underlies deficits in more traditional neurocognitive measures, supporting distributed models of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Cognitive dysfunction is a critical component of schizophrenia and a major predictor of impaired long-term outcome.1 Recent models of neurocognitive impairment focus on distributed dysfunction within widespread neuronal networks, with deficits in sensory processing along with higher-level impairment.2 To date, however, the interrelationships between perceptual-level and higher-order components of neurocognitive impairment remain poorly understood. The present study uses multimodal event-related potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess distributed neural processing in schizophrenia within the context of a perceptual closure task, which is known to depend on interrelated bottom-up and top-down neural mechanisms.3
Perceptual closure refers to the ability of the brain to recognize an object even when presented with only fragmentary information (eg, a cat behind venetian blinds). Successful object recognition is indexed by generation of closure negativity (NCL), peaking at approximately 240 milliseconds, which indexes activation of neuronal structures located within ventral stream visual areas such as the lateral occipital complex (LOC).4,5 Lateral occipital complex activation, in turn, depends on convergent bottom-up and top-down processes.6- 10 Prior studies have demonstrated significantly impaired LOC activation in schizophrenia along with impaired object recognition processes.11
The LOC receives convergent visual input from the magnocellular and parvocellular visual system. The magnocellular system is specialized for rapid conduction of low-resolution information to the dorsal visual stream, which plays a critical role in representation of spatial information and guiding attention and is thus commonly referred to as the "where" pathway. Dorsal stream projections to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) activate low-resolution image representations within this region,12 which in turn provide top-down "framing" input to the hippocampal and LOC regions. In contrast, the parvocellular system provides slower, higher-resolution visual information that projects directly to the LOC.13 Because of the more rapid transit of information through the magnocellular/dorsal stream pathway than through the parvocellular/ventral stream, information from the 2 pathways converges in LOC within the temporal window of object identification.
In ERP, magnocellular/dorsal stream activation is reflected in generation of visual P1 (approximately 100 milliseconds), which indexes bottom-up activation of structures such as cortical visual area V3A.6 Subsequent activation is observed over the PFC10,14 and in individuals with implanted intracranial electrodes in the hippocampus.3 Generation of NCL is preceded by a marked neurophysiological synchrony between the hippocampus and LOC, suggesting that magnocellular-driven top-down information flow through the PFC/hippocampal loop provides critical framing input to the ventral stream closure process.
Parvocellular/ventral stream activation is reflected in generation of the visual N1 (approximately 170 milliseconds) potential, which reflects initial parvocellular-driven input to the LOC. For simple objects that can be identified without top-down input such as illusory contour detection, closure processes are reflected by modulation of the N1 potential itself.8 However, for more complex processes,15 such as closure of fragmented images, the closure process is delayed,5 reflecting the need for convergent bottom-up and top-down processes.16 Activation of brain regions involved in the perceptual closure process are reflected as well in differential activation of the dorsal/ventral visual regions, PFC, and hippocampus to nonfragmented vs fragmented images, with the high spatial resolution of MRI complementing the high temporal resolution of ERP.
Prior schizophrenia studies have demonstrated impaired NCL generation using ERP along with behavioral closure impairments.11 Parallel studies, in turn, have demonstrated impaired early magnocellular/dorsal stream processing,17 suggesting potential loss of bottom-up input to PFC and hippocampal nodes of the perceptual closure network. However, assessment of the hippocampal node of this network, in particular, requires convergent fMRI/ERP assessment, as hippocampal generated activity is poorly represented in scalp ERP. The present study is the first to use a combined ERP/fMRI approach to assess network dysfunction underlying impaired perceptual closure processing in schizophrenia.
Finally, the present study evaluates the relationship between ERP/fMRI activation to perceptual closure stimuli and impairments in perception-related neuropsychological tasks. In particular, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) includes the picture arrangement test as well as subtests, including the Perceptual Organization Index, a component of the performance IQ index.18 Similarly, the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) battery2 incorporates the Brief Visual Memory Task, which assesses visual/perceptual processing. Although performance deficits on these measures are well established in schizophrenia, the underlying brain substrates are poorly understood.
Overall, in this study, we hypothesized that (1) patients would show deficits in fMRI as well as ERP indices of dorsal stream activation and closure, (2) deficits in dorsal stream activation would predict dysfunction throughout the closure circuit, and (3) closure deficits would be correlated with impairment in performance IQ related to assessment of perceptual organization.
Data were collected in 2 separate experiments. In experiment 1 (ERP), 24 male patients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia (n = 22) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 2) and 20 healthy volunteers (17 male) of similar age participated. In experiment 2 (fMRI), 11 patients (10 male) who met criteria for schizophrenia (n = 9) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 2) and 12 healthy volunteers (11 male) of similar age participated. Eight male patients and 9 controls (8 male) participated in both experiments, so that the total sample included 27 patients (26 male, 1 female) and 23 controls (20 male, 3 female). Experiment 1 consisted of a single ERP session and experiment 2 was part of a larger fMRI study.
Patients were recruited from inpatient and outpatient facilities associated with the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. Diagnoses were obtained using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.19 Healthy volunteers with a history of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV–defined Axis I psychiatric disorder were excluded. Subjects were excluded if they had any neurological or ophthalmologic disorders that might affect performance or if they met criteria for alcohol or substance dependence within the last 6 months or abuse within the last month. Informed consent was obtained after full explanation of procedures.
Patient and control groups did not differ significantly in age (mean [SD]: patients, 38.9 [10.5] years; controls, 33.3 [10.0] years). Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale20 mean total score was 37.4 (SD, 9.4; n = 26) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms21 mean total score (including global scores) was 34.0 (SD, 16.0; n = 26). All patients were receiving antipsychotics, with 20 patients receiving atypical antipsychotics, 3 patients receiving typical antipsychotics, and 4 patients receiving a combination of atypical and typical antipsychotics. The mean chlorpromazine equivalent was 1225 mg/d (SD, 589.5 mg/d). Mean duration of illness was 18.1 years (SD, 9.9 years).
Methods were described previously for ERP and fMRI studies.3,10 Briefly, fragmented line drawings of natural and man-made objects were drawn from the normed Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set,22,23 as shown in Figure 1. For ERP, stimuli were presented on an Iiyama Vision Master Pro 502 monitor located 143 cm from the subject. Images subtended a mean 4.8° (SD, 1.4°) and 4.4° (SD, 1.2°) of angle in the vertical and horizontal planes, respectively. For fMRI, stimuli were delivered through magnetic resonance–compatible liquid crystal display goggles.
Examples of stimuli. Line drawings were taken from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set.22,23 From these images, segments containing black pixels were randomly and cumulatively deleted to produce 7 incrementally fragmented versions of each picture.24 For this study, only images belonging to the third level of fragmentation were used; they are associated with 73% correct performance in normal individuals.5 Fragmented stimuli were presented either in original nonscrambled form or were additionally scrambled to prevent object identification.10 The images from top to bottom are an anchor, ball, and banana.
For ERP, each image appeared for 750 milliseconds, followed by a blank screen (800 milliseconds), a "Y/N" prompt (200 milliseconds) requesting subjects to indicate by button press whether the object was recognizable vs scrambled, and a second blank screen (2200 milliseconds) showing the response window. If subjects pressed "Y" they were then requested to name the object. Only correctly named objects were considered correct "Y" responses. A total of 400 unique images (200 each, nonscrambled and scrambled) were presented in 8 runs (3.25 minutes/run).
For fMRI, each image appeared for 500 milliseconds, followed by a 500-millisecond blank screen, resulting in a stimulus onset asynchrony of 1 second. Nonscrambled, scrambled, and complete (not used in present analyses) stimuli were presented in a block design. Each block consisted of 24 unique, nonrepeated images. Twelve blocks total (4 blocks × 3 stimulus types) were presented per subject. Order of stimuli was pseudorandomly distributed across subjects but organized such that the complete version of a stimulus was never presented prior to either the scrambled and incomplete versions. To ensure central fixation, subjects were asked to respond by button press whenever an irrelevant image (a dog, 4.2% probability) was presented.
Continuous electroencephalography was acquired using a BioSemi ActiveTwo electrode system with 168 scalp electrodes that was digitized at 512 Hz and re-referenced to the nose. Data were analyzed using BESA, version 5.1 (Brain Electric Source Analysis, MEGIS Software GmbH). Electrode channels were subjected to an artifact criterion of ±120 μV from −100 to 500 milliseconds. The vertical and horizontal electrooculograms were, in addition, visually inspected for blinks and large eye movements. For each subject, epochs were calculated for a time window from −100 to 500 milliseconds poststimulus and baseline-corrected relative to the prestimulus baseline. Accepted trials were then averaged separately for both nonscrambled and scrambled stimulus conditions to compute the visual evoked potential. Only identified stimuli were included in averages for nonscrambled stimuli. A priori analysis10,11 tested between-group differences in amplitude of the ERP components P1, N1, NCL, and frontal closure-related activity (NfCL) within predetermined spatial and temporal windows (information in legends to Figure 2 and Figure 3).
Event-related potential responses to the nonscrambled and scrambled stimuli over the posterior scalp and scalp voltage maps of the response to the nonscrambled stimuli. Voltage maps at 100 milliseconds show the observed positivity (P1) in controls and in patients. The graphs show scalp recordings from 2 representative occipital electrodes (PO5/PO6) in controls and patients, indicating no significant differences between the conditions in either group. The bar graph shows significant differences between the groups in the amplitude of responses to the nonscrambled stimuli.
Voltage maps at 330 milliseconds (peak NCL activity) illustrate the relative negativity over lateral occipital scalp for nonscrambled vs scrambled stimuli. The graphs show scalp recordings from 2 representative lateral occipital electrodes (PO7/PO8) and 2 representative lateral frontal electrodes (FC5/FC6) in controls and patients. The blue ribbon in the graphs show the tested window of time when the responses to the nonscrambled stimulus condition (in red) produced significantly larger negativity when compared with the scrambled pictures (in green). The bar graphs show significant differences between the groups in the amplitude of responses to the nonscrambled vs scrambled stimuli at the lateral occipital (NCL) but not at the frontal scalp (NfCL). The graphs do not show any significant differences between the groups in the amplitude of responses for N1.
Images were acquired at the Center for Advanced Brain Imaging at the Nathan Kline Institute on a 3-T MRRS (formerly SMIS, Guildford, England) MRI system. This system uses a 38-cm inner diameter gradient coil with a gradient strength of 40 mT/m, rise time of 280 microseconds, and a 30-cm inner diameter transmission line radio frequency coil (Morris Instruments). In each run, T2*-weighed echoplanar functional images (repetition time = 2000 milliseconds, flip angle = 90°, matrix size = 64 × 64, field of view = 224 mm, voxel size = 3.5 mm3) that emphasized the blood oxygenation level–dependent response were acquired while the participant attended to the visual stimuli. High-resolution (1 mm3), T1-weighed anatomical images of the whole brain were acquired from each subject using a standard 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo pulse sequence to allow volume statistical analyses of signal changes. Head movement was minimized with the use of a custom-made head holder. In all subjects, motion never exceeded 0.75 mm along any axis.
The BrainVoyager QX software package25 was used to process the fMRI data. Each subject's data were analyzed separately. Preprocessing of functional scans included slice scan time correction, head movement measurements, removal of linear trends, and temporal high-pass filtering. Each subject's functional data were coregistered with the anatomical data. The functional data were then transformed into Talairach space26 for the multisubject analysis. Group statistical maps were obtained using a random-effect analysis of the blood oxygenation level–dependent signal time series. To estimate the blood oxygenation level–dependent response associated with each condition, regressors representing the timing of each of the stimulation epochs were convolved with a canonical function adjusted with a double-gamma hemodynamic response delay27 and used in a multiple regression analysis. The resulting statistical maps were then grouped to obtain activation maps (Figure 4 and Figure 5). The P values of the statistical maps were corrected for multiple comparisons28,29 and z-normalized. Different conditions were then contrasted using a general linear model.30,31
Functional magnetic resonance imaging group activation maps for controls and patients in response to the nonscrambled and scrambled conditions. The functional data are presented on the Talairach-normalized inflated brain of a single subject. All data are P ≤ .05, corrected for multiple comparisons across the entire image volume. Areas of significant blood oxygenation level–dependent signal in the visual stream and prefrontal cortical regions are observed. LH indicates left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses for the nonscrambled vs scrambled comparison in controls, patients, and the difference between the 2 groups. In the functional magnetic resonance imaging activation maps for each group, red indicates a positive (nonscrambled > scrambled) and blue indicates a negative (nonscrambled < scrambled) direction in the blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal change. Thus, the maps of the difference between the 2 groups illustrate areas of significant BOLD signal increase in controls compared with patients. The bar graph shows the magnitude of the BOLD signal change in response to the nonscrambled vs scrambled stimuli in controls and in patients at each region of interest (ROI), namely, the dorsal visual stream, ventral visual stream, lateral frontal cortex, and hippocampal formation. Significant differences between controls and patients are observed at the 4 ROIs bilaterally. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean; LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere.
Based on an a priori hypothesis, the coordinates from the intracranial generators of the P1, NCL, NfCL,10 and hippocampus3 were used to define regions of interest (ROIs) centered around these coordinates with a spread range of 10 mm3. These resulted in an ROI at the dorsal visual stream, LOC, PFC, and hippocampal formation, respectively, from which the parameter estimates (β values) were derived and subjected to a multivariate analysis of variance.
In addition to ERP and fMRI, several relevant neuropsychological measures were administered. These included the WAIS-III picture arrangement test18; the Perceptual Organization Index battery, which consists of picture completion, matrix reasoning, and block design tests and the Processing Speed Index from the WAIS-III; the Working Memory Index (WMI) from the Wechsler Memory Scale III32; and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (BVMT-R),33 which assesses retention of visual memory over time.
Between-group analyses for ERP and fMRI measures were performed using a separate repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance for each identified ERP component (P1, N1, NCL, and NfCL) and for each of the 4 ROIs in fMRI studies (dorsal stream, LOC, PFC, and hippocampus). Analyses were conducted using SPSS software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois), with a between-subjects factor of group (patients and controls) and within-subjects factors of condition (nonscrambled and scrambled) and hemisphere. All tests were 2-tailed with a preset α level of P < .05.
Interrelationship among measures was determined by linear regression, supplemented with structural equation modeling (path analysis). Path analysis was implemented using AMOS 7.0 (SPSS Inc).34 Selection among alternative models was determined by minimizing χ2 variance, with paths entered according to the criterion χ2 to include = (χ2without − χ2with), (dfwithout − dfwith). Residual error and goodness of fit measures, including minimum sample discrepancy/df, root mean square error of approximation, and normed fit index, were used to assess model integrity. All significance levels are 2-tailed with a preset α level for significance of P < .05. Values in the text are mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
Patients recognized the nonscrambled objects 50.6% of the time vs 67.5% for controls (t42 = −3.7, P = .002). However, both groups scored substantially above chance, which was essentially 0, as the task consisted of naming the object with no information other than the fragmented image. The groups did not differ in their reaction times (patients, 1647 milliseconds [503 milliseconds]; controls, 1870 milliseconds [388 milliseconds]; t42 = −1.6, P = .1). Control values are similar to those obtained previously.10
The ERP measures were assessed at predefined electrodes within predefined intervals based on prior studies with these stimuli in normal volunteers.10 Separate analyses were conducted for the sensory components P1 and N1 and for closure-related components over LOC (NCL) and PFC (NfCL).
P1 was maximal over dorsal stream electrodes (PO5/PO6) within the 90- to 110-millisecond interval (Figure 2). P1 amplitudes were significantly reduced in patients relative to controls (F1,42 = 7.0, P = .008). The group × hemisphere (F1,42 = 4.3, P = .045) interaction was also significant, reflecting differential asymmetry between groups. Group × condition (F1,42 = 1.3, P = .3) and group × condition × hemisphere (F1,42 = 0.02, P = .9) interactions were not significant, reflecting similar P1 amplitude to nonscrambled and scrambled stimuli.
N1 was maximal over ventral stream electrodes (PO7/PO8) during the 160- to 180-millisecond latency range. N1 amplitude (Figure 3) was not significantly different between groups (F1,42 = 1.8, P = .19). Group × hemisphere (F1,42 = 0.96, P = .33), group × condition (F1,42 = 0.05, P = .82), and group × condition × hemisphere (F1,42 = 0.62, P = .44) interactions were also nonsignificant.
Closure-related activity was observed primarily over the LOC, with a smaller contribution over frontal regions (Figures 3). As in prior studies, the NCL was defined as the mean amplitude within a 300- to 330-millisecond latency range over left and right ventral stream electrodes (PO7/PO8). The expected significant main effect of condition was observed (F1,42 = 22.4, P < .001), indicating differential activity across groups to nonscrambled vs scrambled stimuli. A significant group × condition was also found (F1,42 = 4.8, P = .04), indicating reduced differential activity to nonscrambled vs scrambled in patients (F1,23 = 3.9, P = .06) vs controls (F1,19 = 20.0, P < .001). No significant main or interaction effects involving hemisphere were observed. Group × hemisphere (F1,42 = 0.15, P = .7), condition × hemisphere (F1,42 = 0.94, P = .3), and group × condition × hemisphere (F1,42 = 1.18, P = .3) interactions involving LOC were not significant.
Bilateral differential activity was also observed over lateral-frontal scalp regions (FC5/FC6) within the NCL time frame (F1,42 = 9.08, P = .004). The group × condition interaction was not significant (F1,42 = 0.345, P = .56).
Both experimental conditions (nonscrambled and scrambled) activated widespread and substantially overlapping cortical networks (Figure 4). Blood oxygenation level–dependent activation patterns were assessed within predefined ROIs based on prior studies with these stimuli in normal volunteers.10 We investigated 4 brain regions—the dorsal visual stream, ventral visual stream, lateral PFC, and hippocampal formation—using multivariate analysis of variance, which revealed significant main effects of region (F3,19 = 7.9, P = .001) and hemisphere (F1,21 = 11.8, P = .003). No significant main effect of group was observed (F1,21 = 2.23, P = .15), indicating absence of significant differences in the general activation of these brain regions across the 2 groups. However, significant effects for group × condition (F1,21 = 37.4, P < .001), group × hemisphere (F1,21 = 5, P = .03), and region × hemisphere (F3,19 = 4.5, P = .02) were observed. No other significant interactions were found. Following a main effect of region, a set of preplanned analyses of variance were carried out to unpack the results observed at each region. Significant group × condition interactions were observed at all 4 regions bilaterally, indicating reduced closure-related activity in patients relative to controls (Table 1, Table 2, and Figure 5).
To determine contributions of early stage measures to subsequent closure-related activity, separate sets of analyses were conducted for ERP and fMRI data. For ERP data, correlational analyses using the differential activity to nonscrambled vs scrambled stimuli were used. However, because the hippocampal node was not represented in scalp-related activity, formal path analysis was not used. For fMRI data, a path analysis explored the interrelationship between ROIs, as well as the effect of cohort on pattern of interrelationships. Because only 8 subjects participated in both ERP and fMRI studies, correlation across modalities was not possible.
For both patients and controls, P1 amplitude correlated significantly with amplitude of NfCL (patients, r = 0.64, P = .001; controls, r = 0.55, P = .01). Also, in both groups, strength of NfCL correlated significantly with amplitude of NCL (patients, r = 0.75, P < .001; controls, r = 0.76, P < .001). For patients (r = 0.64, P = .001), but not controls (r = 0.28, P = .24), deficits in P1 generation correlated significantly with deficits in NCL generation over LOC.
Interrelationship among regions was assessed using path analysis. An iterative model was used, with paths added to the model only to the extent that they statistically reduced free variance. Significant paths were observed from the dorsal visual stream to PFC, PFC to LOC, and PFC to hippocampal formation. In addition, a bidirectional interaction was observed between hippocampal formation and the ventral visual stream (Figure 6). When group was entered into the model, significant independent effects of diagnosis were observed on dorsal stream and frontal nodes, but not with hippocampal formation or ventral visual stream, suggesting significant effects of pathological processing primarily on processing within dorsal stream and frontal regions.
Path analysis of brain network interactions associated with impaired perceptual closure in schizophrenia. Differential activation indicated brain regions to closeable (nonscrambled) vs noncloseable (scrambled) images. Standard regression coefficients between regions are determined by path analysis based on iterative path fitting (all P < .05). Functional magnetic resonance imaging activations at dorsal stream and frontal regions significantly predicted group affiliation. Goodness of fit measures vs suggested rule of thumb values34 for the model are as follows: minimum sample discrepancy = 1.036 (rule of thumb <2.0), normed fit index, 0.949 (rule of thumb >0.9); root mean square error of approximation, 0.027 (rule of thumb <0.05); and Hoelter 0.05 = 113.
Mean performance IQ in patients with schizophrenia was 86.7 (17.3), which is significantly lower than the normative mean of 100 (t22 = 3.68, P = .001). Patients showed significant reductions in picture arrangement (t = 2.25, P = .03), Perceptual Organization Index (t = 2.62, P = .02), Processing Speed Index (t = 10.8, P = .001), and WMI scores (t = 3.46, P = .002) relative to published norms, with greater deficit on the Processing Speed Index relative to the Perceptual Organization Index (t = 3.31, P = .003) (Table 3).
Deficits in fMRI activation of the LOC correlated significantly with picture arrangement scores as well as the overall Perceptual Organization Index and matrix reasoning subtest. In contrast, no significant correlation was observed between LOC activity and Processing Speed Index, WMI, or BVMT-R scores (Table 3). Significant correlations were also observed between hippocampal activation and several indices of visual processing as well as with BVMT-R score. No significant correlations were observed between frontal or dorsal ROI activations and indices of perceptual closure (all, P > .2). Similar correlations were observed with differential N1 activation to nonscrambled vs scrambled stimuli vs both picture arrangement (n = 24, r = −0.48, P = .02) and Perceptual Organization Index (r = −0.41, P = .048) scores, but not with Processing Speed Index (r = −0.11, P = .61), WMI (r = −0.24, P = .29), or BVMT-R (r = −0.24, P = .29) scores. Reduced NCL generation correlated significantly with higher scores on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total (n = 24, r = 0.46, P = .03), positive (r = 0.44, P = .03), and general (r = 0.45, P = .03) symptoms.
We have previously demonstrated reduced perceptual closure ability in schizophrenia using both behavioral11 and ERP11 measures, along with impaired generation of the dorsal stream P1 potential,35 suggesting significant contribution of early visual impairments36 to more complex forms of visual processing. Since that time, additional evidence has accumulated regarding the functional anatomy of the perceptual closure process using scalp ERP, fMRI, and direct intracranial recordings in humans, permitting more detailed hypothesis-driven analysis of underlying physiological disturbances in schizophrenia.
This study confirms and extends previous findings in 4 ways. First, it replicates the prior reports of impaired P1 and NCL generation using a more efficient paradigm we recently used in healthy individuals.3,10 Second, it combines ERP findings with results of parallel fMRI investigation, permitting an improved characterization of the deficit in schizophrenia, while third, providing a direct between-group comparison of fMRI activation patterns in patients and controls. Finally, neuropsychological data were collected to enable the characterization of the functional neuroanatomy of closure processes more fully within the context of neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Here, as in previous studies, the earliest deficits were found in generation of the dorsal stream P1 potential, suggesting failure of magnocellular and/or early-stage cortical processing, followed by impaired generation of NCL.17,37,38 Although cortical visual area V1 activation was not assessed in this study relative to fragmented images, patients participating in this study were previously found to have reduced activation to magnocellular-biased visual stimuli.36
In addition, in the present study, specific measures were obtained for other brain regions that have been found to be involved in the closure process, including the PFC and hippocampus.3 Deficits in dorsal activation significantly predicted deficits in frontal processing as assessed using both ERP and fMRI measures. In both the ERP and fMRI experiments, the degree of correlation between dorsal and prefrontal activation was similar in patients and controls, suggesting relatively normal functional connectivity between these 2 regions in patients. However, the absolute level of activation was dramatically reduced over both brain regions in patients, suggesting that failure in processing at the level of dorsal stream visual cortex contributes directly to failures in processing at subsequent nodes in the closure network.
The study also permits the first assessment of potential hippocampal involvement in perceptual closure deficits in schizophrenia. Although the hippocampus does not generate known scalp-recordable activity because of its location and orientation within the brain, we have recently demonstrated the involvement of hippocampal formation in the process of closure using recordings from intracranial electrodes in epileptic patients.3 In those recordings, a significant sustained β-synchrony interaction was observed between the hippocampal formation and LOC during the NCL time frame, suggesting that closure may depend on a matching process between sensory inputs and mnemonic representations activated within the hippocampus.
In support, Bar and coworkers39,40 have postulated that the magnocellular system provides rapid low-resolution input to the frontal cortex, which then helps trigger top-down object recognition. The failure of frontal and hippocampal activation observed here would be consistent with the hypothesis that this top-down mechanism is lost in schizophrenia, owing at least in part to loss of ascending magnocellular/dorsal stream input. However, intrinsic abnormalities in prefrontal and hippocampal function and structure have also been reported,41 leaving the degree to which intrinsic prefrontal and hippocampal pathology and deficit in top-down processes may contribute to perceptual closure ability unresolved as well.
As in our earlier studies, prominent closure-related activity was observed in nonscrambled vs scrambled objects in the LOC, consistent with the concept that LOC represents the locus of conscious object identification.39,42 However, several lines of evidence suggest that activation deficits were not due to intrinsic structural dysfunction within the LOC.
First, generation of the N1 potential, which reflects initial activation of the LOC primarily via the parvocellular stream, was unimpaired. Second, we have previously demonstrated intact N1 modulation in schizophrenia by illusory contour stimuli.9 As opposed to perceptual closure, which depends on recursive processing between brain regions and thus occurs significantly after the visual N1, illusory contour-related activity overlaps the N1, suggesting that it can be processed during the feed-forward sweep.13 Behavioral modulations of perceptual closure, such as repetition and word priming are also relatively intact,43 suggesting intact intrinsic function of the LOC and modulation by top-down influences.
Third, in our path analysis, illness-related effects were observed only at the level of the dorsal stream visual cortex, and, to a lesser extent, PFC, suggesting that impaired activation of the LOC in this task was driven primarily by impaired input from preceding stages of cortical analysis. Other studies have also demonstrated intact ventral stream function to stimuli like faces using behavioral44 and fMRI45 measures.
Finally, this study assesses closure-related activity relative to traditional neuropsychological measures. Performance IQ in the WAIS is made up of 2 indices: the Perceptual Organization Index and Processing Speed Index. Reduced performance IQ is a hallmark of schizophrenia. In the present sample, significant reductions in both the Perceptual Organization Index and Processing Speed Index were observed relative to normative values, though reductions in the Processing Speed Index were significantly more robust (P = .003), consistent with prior publications.46 Nevertheless, herein, impaired activation of the LOC correlated specifically with overall Perceptual Organization Index impairment, as well as reduced picture arrangement scores, but not with impairments in Processing Speed Index, WMI, or BVMT-R scores (Table 3). Thus as expected, LOC impairment was most related to cognitive difficulties in perceptual organization.
A significant correlation was also observed between hippocampal activation and picture arrangement scores, and a nearly significant correlation with Perceptual Organization Index was also observed (Table 3), suggesting that the interaction between the hippocampus and LOC may also be critical for successful completion of these tasks. In terms of subtests, a somewhat different pattern of correlations was observed between regions, with LOC activation correlating only with matrix reasoning, and hippocampal activation correlating with both picture completion and matrix reasoning. The differential pattern of correlation may reflect the different mnemonic requirements of the picture completion vs matrix reasoning subtests, as hippocampal activation correlated also with performance on the BVMT-R, whereas the LOC did not. As with the LOC, hippocampal activity in this task did not correlate significantly with performance on either the Processing Speed Index or WMI, suggesting relative independence of perceptual closure mechanisms from other aspects of cognitive dysfunction.
The study is potentially limited by the small sample size, which suggests that replication in a larger group of subjects may be warranted, and by the relatively high doses of antipsychotic medication. However, no correlation was observed between any of the dependent measures and chlorpromazine equivalents, which argues against direct medication effects. Additionally, a more balanced sex distribution would have been preferable. However, 2 previous studies of closure10,43 with a more balanced population indicated no sex differences in the performance of this task.
In summary, the present study represents the first multimodal imaging study of impaired perceptual closure ability in schizophrenia and highlights the importance of distributed network dysfunction in the pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction. In the case of perceptual closure, the critical network of regions begins in the dorsal stream visual cortex and encompasses the PFC, hippocampus, and ventral stream visual regions as well. Deficits in early stages of processing contribute significantly to impairments in subsequent frontal, hippocampal, and ventral stream processing. Dysfunction within this network also contributes to overall performance IQ impairments in schizophrenia, with particular relevance to functions relating to processing of complex visual scenes. Overall, sensory input dysfunction must be considered a strong contributor to neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Correspondence: Pejman Sehatpour, MD, PhD, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Schizophrenia Research Center, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962 (email@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: June 10, 2009; final revision received October 26, 2009; accepted November 16, 2009.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This work was supported by grants MH49334 and MH84848 from the National Institute of Mental Health (Dr Javitt) and grant P50MH086385 from the New York University Conte Center for Schizophrenia Research.
Additional Contributions: We are ever grateful to all participants, particularly the patients who donated their time and energy with grace and dignity to this project. Maria Jalbrzikowski, MA, assisted in data collection and analysis and Talia Kaplan, BA, and Heather Glubo, MA, aided in manuscript preparation.
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Magnesium Citrate from Protocol for Life Balance® helps in better cardiovascular and relaxation of the body. While stress plays a significant part in our lives' it may reduce the body's ability to absorb magnesium. Magnesium is a mineral that is vital for the growth and maintenance of bones' energy production and glucose balance. This mineral may even be necessary to induce relaxation in the body and to provide a calming effect.
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Jeff Balek has never actually seen a book – but that hasn't stopped the blind man from teaching struggling kids how to read.
Growing up learning braille, "I felt pretty empowered thanks to teachers and my family," he tells PEOPLE. "Teachers were very supportive of me, working with me through high school on my braille and computer skills," he says.
So thankful is Balek, 34, to the people that taught him, that when his sister forwarded him an e-mail about volunteering for the Y Readers program at the YMCA of Greater Charlotte in North Carolina two years ago, he signed right up.
"I was really excited to help these kids," he says of joining the after-school program, which aims to boost literacy among first, second and third grade children who are reading below grade level.
"They need help, and I've always been into reading – it's really rewarding," he says.
Balek uses twin vision books to read along with the children, reading a page in braille then listening to them read the next in print.
"They're reading the same thing I'm reading, so I can help them with sounding out or spelling a word," he explains.
Naturally curious, "kids ask me questions about my blindness – how I became blind, the challenges I had to overcome," Balek says.
"They put a lot of confidence in me reading braille; and I think for them, [learning some] braille gives them confidence, too," he says.
The kids like him, too.
"He's so unique," says Michael DeVaul, senior vice president of organizational advancement at the YMCA of Greater Charlotte.
"We hear from a lot of kids about how 'cool' he is," he says. "And he really has a passion for kids, and a passion for reading. I think parents who have met him know that.
He also seems to be the most popular volunteer at the YMCA.
"He doesn't know this, but he usually gets moved around a lot because he's so good at what he does," DeVaul adds.
"Most volunteers see two kids in an hour, but Jeff sees four to five because kids want to touch his books, learn braille," he says. "It's beyond words – it really cements the concept of reading comprehension, which is what we're after."
Though Balek is humble about his contributions – "I'm just glad I got chosen to participate," he demurs – DeVaul contends he's brought more to the table than he'll ever know.
"He's extraordinary in general," he says. "But it goes beyond reading, to this life lesson of pushing through challenges and being resilient. It's powerful."
Know a hero? Send suggestions to email@example.com. For more inspiring stories, read the latest issue of PEOPLE magazine
Meet Jeff Balek – the Blind YMCA Volunteer Who Teaches Children How to Read
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Fri, 24 April 2009 at 11:49 pm
Jake Gyllenhaal & Stephen Gaghan: Caffe Luxxe Lunch
A Reese Witherspoon-less Jake Gyllenhaal grabs lunch at Caffe Luxxe on Friday afternoon (April 24) in Santa Monica, Calif.
The 28-year-old actor was accompanied by fellow Nike-sneakers-wearing Stephen Gaghan, an Academy Award and Emmy Award-winning film writer and director. You think the pair have a film project in the works together?
Earlier this week, Jake was seen cuddling with girlfriend Reese Witherspoon at the Coachella Musical Festival.
10+ pictures inside of Jake Gyllenhaal and Stephen Gaghan's Caffe Luxxe lunch…
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Credit: Kevin Perkins; Photos: Right/Fame Pictures, Pacificcoastnewsonline Posted to: Jake Gyllenhaal
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... this is totally normal because usually parents forget or didn't know about it. They told us there will be about 100 kids here tomorrow so it will be very busy and loud here!
We went to the orphanage again to make sure they were handing out vitamins and doing it correctly. Afterwards we stayed and played with the kids. They loooooooved having their pictures taken! Being at the orphanage is my favorite thing to do here so ...
Gotta Love Fridays
... us and were even happier about getting vitamins! Some of
them even referred the vitamins as candy and we had to stop some kids from
taking more than one! After they were all handed out we stayed and played with
some of the children before we had to go. We learned that a lot of the kids at
the orphanage aren't actually orphans. Most kids are brought there because
their parents can't afford to take ...
Bonswa! (Hello)
... that lasted for a whole hour and it was actually very exciting. You know you're in a third-world country when a game of Uno gets exciting.
We are going to start doing our home visits on Friday so until then it will be eating, napping, reading, repeat. We also got our first training on using the water purifiers and will start teaching the people how to use these once we get our second training.
Yesterday we ...
Culture Shock #1
... with Excel. I am starting to see the paper-work side of being in public health and don't mind it! I'm one of those weirdos who enjoys organizing papers and writing up reports about what we have done.
We will be trained on how to use the water purifiers tomorrow and then get to work on handing them out! I'm very excited to be doing house visits and be able to look deeper into the lives of the Haitian people!
Karen Dearing - day 1 & 2 in Haiti
... They were a little shy at first and as we walked up the hill to see them we could hear them all yelling, I can only imagine it was - HERE THEY COME... A wonderful greeting of song. It amazes me how much they loved to be held and cuddle.The girls have enjoyed my reddish hair and I was given a few braids (I don't think they will ever come out - and I loved every minute of it)
Such a kind and wonderful group!
If we can make the difference in one life it is well worth it!


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Theft from front porch caught on cameraUPDATED 11:04 PM CDT Jun 26, 2014
A surveillance camera caught thieves in the act of stealing packages off front porches.Video Transcript
01:13:13:23 security cameras in neighborhoods are becoming more common by the day, and thanks to that, we're able to see more than one look at how this crime occurred. A HOME SECURITY CAMERA SHOWS THE THIEF QUICKLY SNAG A PACKAGE FROM JUDGE CINDY TRUONG'S DOORSTEP.... AND THEN SHOVE THE PACKAGE -- CONTAINING A GARDENING SAW -- INTO A BLACK SUV. THE THIEF DOESN'T CALL IT QUITS AFTER NABBING THE PACKAGE ....HE THEN RIFLES THROUGH HER MAILBOX BEFORE TAKING OFF. BUT IT'S NOT BELIEVED ANY MAIL WAS STOLEN. Clip 8 GARY KNIGHT/OKC POLICE DEPARTMENT 00:03:36;21 anytime you're leaving an item of value on the front porch, that makes it an easy target for a criminal, so if possible, if you're going to have a package delivered, it's always wise to either have it delivered to your workplace or if that's not convenient, have it delivered to a neighbor's house who might be able to be home. OKC POLICE SAY THEY CAN'T MAKE OUT A LICENSE PLATE ON THE CAR BECAUSE OF THE VIDEO QUALITY. THEY NEED YOUR HELP IDENTIFYING THE THIEF. clip 60 01:13:56:26 and if you recognize the man or vehicle in the video, make sure to call police immediately. reporting from northwest oklahoma city, ariana garza, koco 5 news. FS (VIDEO BO OKLAHOMA CITY POLICE ARREST A
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Our View: Let's talk about #erieimage
With the city of Erie's big spring cleanup under way, this is the perfect time to start a conversation about whether Erie needs an image makeover.
Rick Sayers, who served as executive editor of the Erie Times-News for 13 years before he retired on Tuesday, thinks so. "Erie's inferiority complex was the first thing I noticed when we moved here," said Sayers, an Oil City native who came to Erie after serving as editor of the Connecticut Post in Bridgeport.
"The tendency to be down-in-the-mouth and sarcastic, even mean-spirited, about the city just didn't seem to mesh with the overall friendliness of its residents," he said. "Is there room for improvement here? Of course, but unlike so many other cities similar to Erie, we have a natural, overwhelming beauty given to us by nature. That's something we should never overlook. And we must stop taking it for granted."
Erie County Executive Kathy Dahlkemper also talked about Erie's natural assets and positive attributes when she discussed her first 100 days in office at the Jefferson Educational Society on Monday night.
Dahlkemper said Erie needs to value its history and look ahead, to create an economy that attracts entrepreneurs and keeps young people here. She said we need "a bayfront and downtown that is vibrant and rich with culture, shopping amenities and living space," and that outlying communities need to feel connected to Erie.
"How do we ensure that we don't continue to age and decay?" she asked. "If I can accomplish one thing during these four years, I hope it will be to change our self-defeating attitude, to help our citizens believe we deserve better and can achieve it."
Dahlkemper's speech looked forward, but it also brought back memories of the days when our official slogans exuded civic pride. In the 1970s, the late Mayor Lou Tullio showed off this city with We Love Erie Days every August. In 1990, Mayor Joyce Savocchio unveiled a campaign to make Erie "Eriesistible." In 2002, Mayor Rick Filippi revitalized We Love Erie Days by changing the name to CelebrateErie.
Erie residents and visitors can easily enumerate Erie's strengths and our best features, including the bayfront and Presque Isle State Park. But when we interviewed residents and asked our readers to post comments on the GoErie Facebook page about Erie's image, Erie people provided dozens of concrete ideas on how Erie can improve its image. Fix the streets. Replace street signs. Clean up garbage. Reduce violence. Revitalize neighborhoods. Help homeowners rehab their properties. Figure out whether Erie is a tourism town or a manufacturing center -- or find ways to promote both identities, they said.
Please join the conversation on Facebook and Twitter, using #erieimage.


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Description & Highlights
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His family first feared Polio. A young Dominick Bragalone dodged that illness, but doctors still told his family he would never run fast or excel at sports. They even started fitting Bragalone for the kind of leg braces Forrest Gump wore in the 1994 Oscar winning film.
In a script taken right from that movie, a little more than a decade later if one listens closely they can hear South Williamsport fans now shouting, "run Dominick, run!"
The boy who was given no chance has turned into a powerful running back who runs as fast as just about any District 4 player. The boy whose legs once looked deformed now stands alone in South history.
Article Photos
South Willamsport's Dominick Bragalone runs around Canton's Trevor Route into the end zone for a touchdown Friday night vs. Canton. View additonal photos at cu.sungazette.com.
Running behind a dominant offensive line, Bragalone gained a Mountie single-game record 301 yards and scored four touchdowns Friday at Rodney K. Morgans Stadium while leading South to a 49-21 thumping of Canton. Bragalone broke the 30-year record of 285 yards held by Rob Gair, topped 200 yards for a second straight week and scored three of his four touchdowns on runs of 26 or more yards.
"I don't really remember it, but sometimes I'll think about it and thank God for everything. I'm just so thankful for what I have now," Bragalone said. "It (the record) is awesome. That's my goal, to get all the records I can in the school and hopefully play after high school."
The scary thing is that Bragalone basically is a work in progress. The 200-pound junior with 4.4 speed in the 40 did not play as a freshman and learned on the job last year while running for 746 yards and 10 touchdowns. He did that for a District 4 Class A runner-up without ever having lifted a weight.
Bragalone started hitting the weights hard last January and thus far has been unstoppable. He has run for 513 yards and seven touchdowns, helping South start 2-0 for a second straight year.
"We made a conscious effort to get him going in the offseason and he really worked hard at it," South coach Chris Eiswerth said. "He has goals obviously, and we want to keep him moving forward because he has a lot of talent. He's a kid that can do some great things."
So can the South offensive line.
Ian Niklaus, Noah Martin, Nick Keeler, Cody Nelson, Sam Buck and tight ends Tyler Schonewolf and Josh Wein were sensational, paving the way for 486 yards, including 401 on the ground. The line set the tone early and South scored on six of its first seven possessions, taking a 42-0 third-quarter lead. The Mounties scored on all but one first-half drive and led 35-0, inflicting the mercy rule against a team that had stymied a good Muncy team's running game a week ago.
"Our whole line, all across the team, it's like a brotherhood," said Niklaus, who also shined defensively. "I know a lot of teams say that, but we're all close friends. We're all really glad to help the team out."
Quarterback Matt Boone and receiver Riley Hengler played well, connecting five times for 80 yards. Boone hit Hengler in stride down the left sideline on the game's fifth play for a 45-yard touchdown as South took a 7-0 lead.
Bragalone hurdled a defender near the line of scrimmage on South's next possession and went 86 yards untouched for his first touchdown, doing so untouched. He scored two more times in the first half, the last coming from five yards out as South took a 35-0 lead and gained 326 first-half yards.
South ran only one play in the third quarter but Bragalone made it count. The powerful tailback swept right and into history. The line again made sure he was untouched and Bragalone again outran the entire Canton defense, speeding away for a 75-yard touchdown that made it 42-0.
"I can't even remember anything. People ask me about the plays and I don't know because it happens so fast," Bragalone said. "The line is great and I feel like if there's a hole I can at least make someone miss and if I get out in the open I feel like I can take it."
The South defense hit Canton players as hard as Bragalone hit the holes and the starters did not allow a point. The Mounties made three fourth-down stops in the first three quarters and the front four dominated the line of scrimmage. First-time player Anthony Caruso was a force up front while outside linebacker Sean McCormick and safety Jon Pulizzi were all over the field, making big plays.
It was another step forward for a team that lost the majority of its starters from last year's 10-2 team but that looks as dangerous as ever.
"A lot of people think last year we had Brandon Stonge and some great players and that it was a one-year thing. We're showing them that it's not like that," said Niklaus, who added a sack. "We're hear to stay. We started a program and we're keeping a good program."
The program has been boosted by the addition of some first-time players like Caruso, Ryan Foran, Riley Thomas and Brett Garbrick. Foran, who played soccer until this year, took his first scholastic carry 78 yards for a third-quarter touchdown and also returned the game's opening kickoff 39 yards.
"We really don't have to say much to them," Eiswerth said. "They come, they do their thing and work hard and it's real enjoyable. It's nice for the community and the school."


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Streets of Afghanistan book available for pre-order!
We are so proud to share the launch of the Streets of Afghanistan coffee table book from Hatherleigh Press. The book is available for pre-order now and hits bookstores October... Read more
Finale Show in Kabul, a Book, and the Rewards!
Hi Everyone!
Thank you all for your patience in getting the rewards taking care of. Its been a crazy few months since our original trip and series of exhibitions. I... Read more
See the Exhibition in the Streets!!
Hello Everyone!
Thank you for your patience, its been a busy couple of months since the trip to Afghanistan and there is some amazing news to share with you. ... Read more
BBC World Covers Streets of Afghanistan
Showcasing several of the exhibitions in Afghanistan, filmmaker and journalist Mo Scarpelli did a story for the BBC World that came out yesterday that you don't want to miss!
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20465911... Read more
Streets of Afghanistan Exhibitions a Success!
"Vision without action is merely a dream. Action without vision just passes the time. Vision with action can change the world." - Joel A. Barker
Against the odds, Mountain2Mountain completed 5... Read more
Next Stop...Kabul
In the upcoming weeks we are headed with a team to finally bring the Streets of Afghanistan exhibit to Afghanistan, for a groundbreaking exhibition of 40 life-size photographic images that... Read more
Afghan Bound
Hi Everyone!
Thanks so much for your continued support of Streets of Afghanistan! We are leaving for Afghanistan next weekend and are very excited about producing three photo exhibits in... Read more
Follow our Progress on our Field Notes Blog
We promised you Behind the Scenes updates and blogs and here's how we're going to do it. Mountain2Mountain's Field Notes blog will keep you up to date and in the... Read more
$500 to go - we got this!
where to start? THANK YOU for getting us to this point. We are only $500 out with 10 hours to go - its a Saturday which means many of... Read more
Behind the Scenes
3 days to go and we past over the $15,000 mark - we are SO going to kill this! Please don't stop your outreach, link sharing, and donation support!!
Meanwhile... Read more
Nearly There! Videos, Press, and YOU!
Hi Everyone.
Thanks to a great push last week of outreach, press, and a fabulous video - we are just under $15,000 and 163 backers with 4 days to go!... Read more
The Power of Photography to Give Voice. Now Use Yours!!
Photography is a means of expression. In a place where expression is often limited, allowing photographers to see their work in their homecountry is not just allowing them to take... Read more
Behind the Scenes from Kabul
We are excited to announce that thanks to the talents of writer Anna Brones, photographer Tony Di Zinno, and filmmaker Alexandria Bombach - we will be creating and sharing a... Read more


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MSNBC Live with Tamron Hall 04/10/13
Obama braces for fallout from the budget
The Atlantic's Zachary Karabell breakdown the budget and the Democrat, GOP responses. ... more Duration: {{video.duration.momentjs}}
Obama braces for fallout from the budget
Trump Jr.: Tax returns would raise questions
Paul Ryan says Trump should release his taxes
Trump proposes $4.4 trillion tax cut
Clinton campaign responds to Trump tax cuts
Trump proposes $4.4 trillion tax cut
A question Team Trump finally faced
Questions about Trump Foundation Donation
Clinton: Trump 'has something to hide' in...
Top Republican now supports Hillary Clinton
Poll: Majority of voters want Trump to...
Trump cites lawyers in holding tax returns
Comparing Clinton and Trump's tax plans
Senator to Trump: Release your tax returns
Trump's economic advisor on new tax plan
Why saving for retirement has become...
Growing List of Republicans Not Backing Trump
Trump Turns Focus on Economy
Author shares book on past Trump...
Where are the tax returns?
Retrieving data...
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from NBC News and MSNBC
Best of MSNBC
What's the Clinton game plan?
Protesters gather outside Charlotte NFL game
Jill Stein pushes to be included in debate
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Clinton to make history on debate stage
Another lens to understand American identity
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Rihanna: 'Love on the Brain'
Rihanna: 'FourFiveSeconds'
Rihanna: 'Diamonds'
Chris Martin: 'Raspberry Beret'
The 6 year-old making compassion go viral
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Chris Martin, Eddie Vedder: 'People Have...
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Kendrick Lamar: 'Alright'
Kendrick Lamar: 'i'
Global Citizen
Rihanna: 'Diamonds'
Rihanna: 'FourFiveSeconds'
Chris Martin, Eddie Vedder: 'Nothingman'
Chris Martin, Eddie Vedder: 'Don't Dream...
Kendrick Lamar: 'Alright'
Kendrick Lamar: 'i'
Metallica: 'Enter Sandman'
Metallica - 'Nothing Else Matters'
Demi Lovato: 'Cool for the Summer'
Demi Lovato:' For You'
Yandel ft. Becky G: 'Somos Uno'
Yandel: 'Encantadora'
Rihanna: 'Love on the Brain'
Chris Martin: 'Raspberry Beret'
The 6 year-old making compassion go viral
Taking action to help the world's refugees
Filmmaker: 'There is no honor in killing a...
Chris Martin, Eddie Vedder: 'People Have...
Pelosi: 'Know your power to drive change'
Kendrick Lamar: 'King Kunta'
Decision 2016
Clinton: Donald Trump has shown us who he is
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How Clinton & Trump debated in primaries
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Golden Globe Nominations: Shocks, Snubs And Predictions
The Hollywood Press Association came out this morning with their list of nominees for the 71st annual Golden Globes. The Globes are a huge award show with many categories and sub-categories for both television and the big screen.
Like all award shows there are always surprises, shocks and snubs but which were the stand-outs when it comes to the Movie categories? Ellen Killoran sat down with IBTimesTV to weigh in on who was robbed of a nomination and who she predicts will win.
One of the favorite films of this year is '12 Years A Slave' but Ellen seems to think that this film could loss to 'American Hustle' in the Best Motion Picture category. Just to say those who were snubbed at the Globes like Oprah Winfrey for her performance in 'The Butler' still have a chance to win an Oscar.
So how much do the Golden Globes influence The Academy Awards?
Ellen confirms that the Award shows are very different, and often do not mirror each other. Rather Ellen thinks the Globe nominations can give actors or directors "momentum" moving into the biggest Award show of the year- The Oscars.
So who will win big, and walk away with a gold statue?
Feb 19, 2016 1:53PM
Feb 19, 2016 12:52PM
Feb 19, 2016 12:44PM
Feb 19, 2016 12:33PM
Feb 19, 2016 12:32PM
Feb 19, 2016 11:53AM
Feb 19, 2016 11:32AM
Feb 19, 2016 10:58AM
Feb 18, 2016 10:47PM
Feb 18, 2016 9:52PM


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As the Robert Heilbrunn Professor of Finance and Asset Management at the Columbia Business School, Bruce Greenwald is one of the most respected authorities on value investing. Despite the droves of new investment strategies and exotic financial instruments available, Greenwald still trumpets the techniques championed by Benjamin Graham 80 years ago: Buy unloved, cheap, and overlooked stocks.
Here is a video featuring Greenwald and his beliefs, as well as four stocks that could possibly be on Mr. Greenwald and Mr. Graham's hypothetical radar:
After learning from Benjamin Graham, Warren Buffett is now considered one of the greatest investor of all time. However, the price of becoming the world's greatest investor is that Warren Buffett can no longer make many of the types of investments that made him rich in the first place. Find out about one such opportunity in "The Stock Buffett Wishes He Could Buy." The free report details a sector of the economy Buffett's heavily invested in right now and exactly why he can't buy one attractive company in that sector. Click here to keep reading.


text:
Apple seeds OS X 10.8.3 12D43 [u]
With less than a week to go before jolly ol' Saint Nick takes to the skies, Apple seeded OS X 10.8.3 12D43, the third beta release of this Mountain Lion maintenance update. What's new in this beta? Devs are just tucking in and Apple isn't saying much.
According to a trusted canine source*, OS X 10.8.3 12D43 arrives no known issues or new features, though the mothership has asked developers to focus their testing/attention on AirPlay, AirPort, Game Center, Graphics Drivers, and Safari.
And, for what it's worth, our source reports that turning off the Screen Saver feature (set the time to "Never") resolves most if not all of the display issues Apple previously warned developers to expect with OS X 10.8.3 betas.
Again, however, 12D43 arrives with no known issues.
[u] Apple issued OS X 10.8.3 12D44 late Thursday. Our canine source believes this latest build was released to alleviate a nasty crashing issue.
*Scruffy the Feature Retriever, who is known to read Mac Rumors, compiled this report
Related posts:
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text:
Vishay Intertechnology Inc. of Malvern said yesterday that its second-quarter profit fell to $9.7 million, or 5 cents a share, from $41.1 million, or 22 cents a share, in the year-earlier period, because of lower sales and special expenses.
Second-quarter sales dropped to $581.6 million from $646.7 million in the 2004 quarter.
Gerald Paul, Vishay's president and chief executive officer, said in a conference call that the company expected third-quarter sales of $560 million to $580 million and profit to be flat or slightly lower than in the 2004 third quarter. It posted a $22.1 million profit on sales of $584.3 million then.


text:
UNDP Releases Climate Change Country Profiles
November 2008: The UN Development Programme (UNDP), in collaboration with the School of Geography and Environment at Oxford University, has developed a dataset of climate change country profiles for 52 developing countries.
The profiles aim to address the climate change information gap for
selected developing countries by making use of existing climatic data
to generate: country‐level data plots from the most up‐to‐date climate
observations; multi‐model projections of each country as
country-average timeseries; maps and diagrams illustrating changes; and
summary tables of the data. A narrative summarizes the data in the
figures, and places it in the context of the country's general climate.
A consistent methodology has been applied to all 52 countries, which
allows for comparison across ten-year time period. [UNDP Climate Change Country Profile] [ALM
Country Adaptation Profiles]


text:
Two New Jersey white supremacists who allegedly attacked several men of Egyptian descent on New Years Eve - and then boasted about the assault on a social media website - were charged this morning with the commission of hate crimes, federal prosecutors said.
Christopher Ising, 31, and Michal Gunar, 27, purportedly are members of two virulently racist neo-Nazi groups. Federal authorities said Ising, of East Brunswick, belonged to the "Atlantic City Skins;" Gunar, of Cranbury, is a member of the "Aryan Terror Brigade," according to the indictment.


text:
Move-In Day
Welcome to Trinity, Trolls!
We are very excited that you have decided to spend your college years at Trinity! You will meet new – life long – friends and will make new – life changing – memories here. We hope this begins happening as soon as you arrive on campus and that you will soon call Trinity "home."
Housing Assignments
Housing assignments are available for viewing on your student portal – log in to your portal and find the My Housing tab on the left. Additional details about your housing assignment and about living on campus will be distributed at Blueprints. Assignment information will also be posted on your student portal. If you've not yet submitted your housing information card and/or your enrolment deposit, talk to your admission counselor today or take care of it online!
Any residence life or campus housing related questions can probably be answered on the website or you can direct them by email or phone to email@example.com or 708.239.4704
Before arriving on campus, be sure to fill out the forms in the "My Student Life" section of the student portal. These will be available after June 1 and should be completed before you arrive in the fall and will ease the process when you arrive. The forms include:
- Housing and Occupancy Agreement – Resident students only
- Student Life Policies
- Emergency Contact Information
- Information Waiver
Move-In Schedule
Move into your residence hall between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. on Friday, August 19. When you arrive to campus, proceed directly to your assigned residence hall to check in with residence life staff. Our move in crew will be on hand and ready to help – please write your name and housing assignment on your belongings.
Move into your residence hall between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. on Monday, August 22. When you arrive to campus, proceed directly to your assigned residence hall to check in with residence life staff. Our move in crew will be on hand and ready to help – please write your name and housing assignment on your belongings.
Orientation Schedule
Orientation is on Tuesday, August 23 in the Grand Lobby of the Ozinga Chapel. Check in begins at 10:45 a.m. and we will wrap up around 4 p.m. that day – lunch will be provided. All transfer students need to attend this important event!
Orientation is on Sunday, August 21 1-4 p.m. , Monday, August 22 10 a.m. - 3 p.m. and Tuesday, August 23 during business hours.
We hope your transition to Trinity is a pleasant and smooth one. As you prepare to come to campus, do not hesitate to contact us with any questions. The following list of contacts should be helpful:
Lauren Outcalt
Area Director – South and West Halls
Kara VanMarion
Area Director - Alumni and Tibstra Hall
Troy Schemper
Director of Student Programs
Emily Bosscher
Director of the First Year Experience
Mabia Shadel
Coordinator for Student Services
Thomas Kazen
Director of Campus Safety and Security
Mark Hanna
Dean of Students
Becky Starkenburg
Vice President for Student Life


text:
It isn't RTJ caliber, but it's worth the price
Address: 2247 Baltzell Gate Road, Anniston
Phone: 256-820-9174
Web site: www.canecreekgolf.com
Par: 36-36-72
Yardage: Blue tees, 7,067 yards; White tees, 6,466 yards; Gold tees, 5,917 yards; Red tees, 5,180 yards
USGA course rating: Blue tees, 71.6; White tees, 68.3; Gold tees, 66.4; Red tees, 69.0
Slope rating: Blue tees, 113; White tees, 111; Gold tees, 111; Red tees, 120
Fairways: Bermuda
Greens: Bermuda
Green fee (cart included): $28 weekday; $34 weekend; $18 on Monday
Amenities: Driving range, putting/chipping greens, pro shop, restaurant/bar
Date played: June 25, 2007
Situated on part of the land that formerly was Fort McClellan, Cane Creek was originally opened as a 9-holer with a second nine added in 1970 during a redesign. While water comes into play on 12 of the holes and a series of strategically placed bunkers can get in the way, the course is a player-friendly layout. It's mostly flat - just two holes feature much of an elevation change - and perfect for walking. With four sets of tees, the course can be as long (7,067 yards) or as short (5,180 yards) as you could want it. It's a fair test for golfers of all abilities. There are a number of short par4s, including the dogleg-left second hole (271 to 383 yards) and the seventh (268 to 373 yards). The second plays over a creek to a three-tiered green protected by three bunkers. The seventh is a downhill dogleg-right hole with a small pond in front of the green, which is surrounded by three bunkers. Where the course lacks length in the par-4s, it makes up for it with three par-3s that can stretch to 200-plus yards and a fourth that can play just under 200. The 18th is a strong par-5, playing 434 to 542 yards. The creek runs up the right side but doesn't really come into play. The green can be reached in two, but a bunker and a few mounds can make things tricky if you miss it. Apparently, the local wildlife enjoys the course, as I saw a number of geese, turtles and a deer grazing just 25 feet off the 12th tee.
Score: 6 (out of 10)
Tee to green, the course was in good shape. The fairways did have a few brown or bare spots, and the bunkers needed a little attention and maybe more sand. The greens were on the hard side - ballmarks were few and far between - but they were smooth and rolling at a consistent medium pace.
Score: 6 (out of 10)
No major complaints - everyone was nice enough in the clubhouse and the restaurant - but they really didn't go out of their way, either. There wasn't a beverage cart running, but there were an ample number of water coolers on the course. Ball washers were located on every hole, I believe. Yardages were marked with stakes at 250 and 150 yards, and with plates at 100 and 200. They were also marked with plates on the cart paths.
Score: 5 (out of 10)
The pro shop is well stocked with brandname equipment and apparel. It had plenty to offer in the way of clubs and bags and had a wide variety of shirts and hats. The restaurant - the 19th Hole Sports Grille - offers breakfast, lunch and dinner. From steak dinners to pasta dishes to sandwiches and salads, the Grille has plenty from which to choose. And the bar is well stocked, too. On display in the restaurant are a number of autographed items - jerseys, golf flags, posters, etc. - from course manager Marc Spaulding's personal collection. The driving range is on the small side, and the practice greens - one by the clubhouse and a second near the first tee - are consistent with those on the course.
Score: 5 (out of 5)
The $28 weekday rate and $34 weekend rate make this a great deal, but the Monday rate of $18 is an outright steal. The course is not Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail material, but it's more than worth the asking price.
Score: 5 (out of 5)
Final score: 27 (out of 40)
Kent Kasey is a member of The Birmingham News' sports staff. Write him at email@example.com.


text: hayride accident Hayride accident dumps people on road, injures several By The Associated Press • Jul 25, 2011 SHAW ISLAND, Wash. — The San Juan County Sheriff says he won't decide whether to cite the driver in a hayride accident on Shaw Island until the investigation is done. Sheriff Rob Nou said about 50 people, mostly teenagers, were riding on a flatbed trailer being pulled by a farm tractor Sunday morning. The trailer was laden with about two dozen stumps of wood being used as seats. The trailer overpowered the tractor as it went down a steep road and caused it to jackknife, dumping passengers onto the road.


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Hi! My name is Howl
I am a Siamese from Waynesboro, PA
Nicknames: Mista Howl or Mr. Howl and sometimes chubby
Age: 9 years old
Gender: M
Coat: short haired
Education: I don't do much , but be a great cat
My favorite tricks and treats are: I'll spread my toes if you play with my back toes and I love to eat Potato chips and please give me your left-overs
Where I hang out: The living room window, mom's bedroom window, the kitchen where my food bowl is and I can also see my cat mom outside, and mom's bed
My favorite grubs: I LOVE FOOD AND WILL EAT ALMOST ANYTHING!!!
My pet peeves: Being blown on, held to long, sharing the humans bathroom with them, the dogs, kids and being ignored
What I love about my owners: Howl says that he loves it when I get up to feed him and invite him or not to my lap. He also says he's happy when I buy him new toys and huts. He's happiest though when I come through the door after a long day at work and is able to greet me.
My cat hobbies: I love the typical cat things like bird watching in the window, cat-nip mice, food, bugs, attention, food and cat huts.
Pet motto: Live life to the fullest and enjoy it!!!
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My neighbor's poor cat moved her litter of kittens to my family's back yard. The poor kittens needed homes so bad. It was a hard battle, but I kept my favorite kitten in the litter, Howl and one of his sisters.
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