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At green energy uk, we supply 100% sustainable energy to our customers, which means none of our electricity comes from burning fossils fuels but instead alternative energy sources.
At green energy uk we have a team of qualified energy efficiency advisors. The team have all undergone extensive training on alternative energy sources endorsed by the Energy Saving Trust. The Energy Saving Trust is the UK's leading not for profit, impartial organisation helping people save energy and reduce carbon emissions.
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27 September 2016
Welsh wave energy scheme gets EU funding
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26 September 2016
Energy efficient homes generate savings for landlords


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Dense fog slows NJ motorists
TRENTON, N.J. (AP) — Fog is slowing the start of the work week around New Jersey.
A dense fog advisory is in effect for most of the state until 11 a.m.
The fog can reduce visibility to a quarter mile or less.
Motorists are advised to slow down.

subset: commoncrawl


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Last Tuesday evening a GSNENY staff member had the great pleasure of attending a local Soroptimist International dinner meeting in Schenectady where Felicia Dodge was being honored and awarded both local and regionally in support of the work she has been doing for her Gold Award Take Action Project, as well as scholarships that will help with college expenses. The SI awards she received are named the Violet Richardson Awards and the ones she specifically received for the Gold Award Take Action Project will help with the costs of shipping her project materials to Haiti. The women of the Schenectady Chapter Soporomist International were truly enthralled by having Felicia being recognized at their Regional Conference where the 50 Chapters in attendance overwhelmingly voted her to be the person awarded the Regional Violet Richardson Award. They were also genuinely appreciative and in awe of the work she is doing as a leader in their community and for others globally.
As some of you may remember, Felicia began with a Little Pillowcase Dress project where she had planned to send dresses to a school/orphanage in Haiti. After reconsidering that this was just a band aid for the issue she wanted to address, she explored other options and groups she could work with for her project titled "Invigoration". In the end the project has become a vocational training with all the supplies required, (sewing machines, cloth, patterns, etc.) for the students/school/orphanage through the connections she made with mission groups and others where they would be able to make their own clothing. Along with this they will be able to sell any excess clothing to become self-supportive in purchasing more sewing supplies and other items to help fulfill their needs.
Congratulations, Felicia, we are super proud of everything you are accomplishing!


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Oh dear.
Welcome back!! Great Chapter
It was great to see this story updated. Wow, Draco killed his own mother? I would have never suspected that. Interesting, very interesting. I hope you are able to update this story before too long. Cyns
I love Roderick calling Snape the Black Gloom-- which he is! But u betta stop worrying about other stuff and update a story which longs needs to be completed~ lyk, sumtym b4 DH Release! Pls Pls Pls update, I've been reading this for almost 2 years now (I think)... 4give me if i exagger8 but i think i'm ryt. Pls Pls update... ur pulling it out too much~ dere's sooo much to do!
Author's Response: I am so sorry to keep you waiting for updates. Real life has been a bit of a nightmare recently. I'm working on another chapter right now! And thank you for sticking with the story!
Excellent chapter as always. I have a question. When Snape said "I received an owl from them half an hour ago to inform me that Ginny was safe. It was meant for Harry... why would anyone send an owl to Harry? Ginny was told he was dead. Ron & Hermione were told he didn't die at Hogwarts however they were told moments before leaving & they didn't have time to tell anyone else. There could be a million reasons I just was wondering.
Author's Response: Ah, very perceptive... You should now have your answer! It's good to know that my eagle-eyed readers pick up on stuff like that. :-)
Thank you for updating!!!! I love all of your stories, your charactors are very real.
Author's Response: Thank you! Thanks for reviewing and I hope you continue to enjoy the story.
So glad you finally updated! I hope we don't have to wait for so long for the conclusion. I do like the Severus persona. We all hoped he wasn't so wicked!
Author's Response: Glad you like Severus. I'm dreading what Jo will do to hin in DH. ;-) Thanks for the review!
So glad you finally updated! I hope we don't have to wait for so long for the conclusion. I do like the Severus persona. We all hoped he wasn't so wicked!
Wow, and the plot thickens!! I look forward to the next chapter. IT was great seeing this story updated! :)
Author's Response: *hugs* Thank you. Hope you like the new chappie.... and I'm working on another right now!
I have just finished both of your stories, daughter of light and this one up till now. I'm DESPERATE for another update. I've had a chapter or two to read every day and I"m sadly spoiled. :(
I love this story and the Daughter of Light. I love seeing Severus in love. It's amazing how you can keep Severus, Severus yet in love at the same time. Wonderful character work.
Another cliff hanger! Update soon please!
Roderick gets more and more mysterious. I really hope that Ron and Maeve don't get in too much trouble at Hogwarts, but your warnings seem to indicate otherwise. I look forward to reading more! Cyns
Wow! This chapter was great!!!!! Loved it! But what's the chapter called? :o Any titles? Very good though! Great quick updates ;D!
Tension. And what a cliffhanger: what on earth is this "disaster"?
And of course, Roderick is as mysterious and intriguing as ever. His knowledge on the Deathly Hallows adds to his incomprehensible character.
That said, I love your interpretation on what--or who--the Deathly Hallows are; it goes a little away from the general opinions on what / who they are, and yet it seems just as possible.
Lovely work in the two latest chapters. Jan. Keep it up. :)
Wow. Roderick is as unpredictable as ever! I truly didn't expect him at the end of that chapter. It is also interesting to see Maeve on her last nerve. She is usually more collected then that. Great chapter!! Cyns
Author's Response: *nods* Maeve is definately starting to fray a little. poor woman. And Roderick. The only thing predictable about Roderick is that he is completely unpredictable. ;-) Thanks for sticking with this story, despite the big gaps in updating. Hopefully I'm back on track with it now.
I enjoyed your story so far and look forward to reading more. I'm a fan of this and Daughter of Light and think you are a talented writer. Keep up the great work and hurry with more :-)
Author's Response: I'm so glad you are still reading. I'm working on more consistent updates now! Thanks for the review.
Fantastic! I'm very excited by the opening of this sequel. You've laid out the direction of the story well and dropped tantalizing hints of conflicts to come. Most intriguing, Narcissa, of course! If Severus ever calls her Cissy, I expect Maeve to slap him around. :) I thought the characterization of Remus was great. It was very striking to read him being so cold and detached in the beginning. He was being OOC in a perfectly IC way, if that makes sense. And then the way he struggled to balance his devotion to her with his firmness to make her accept the situation... very Remus. Lovely to read!
Maeve's reaction was well-done, too; her panic and denial felt real. And her loyalty to Severus was both sweet and heartbreaking! As I read it, I imagined that it mirrored your reaction to the end of HBP. ;) I thought she figured out the "pleading for life/pleading for death" a little too quickly, though. I realize she believes completely in Severus and wants him to be innocent, but it feels like she solved the puzzle too easily.
My favorite description was of Spinner's End. It was dead on; from the first sentence it took me right back to HBP. And I loved Maeve's smackdown on Roderick inside: A shoulder to cry on? The incredulity she displayed made him think she was perhaps over-reacting a little. The world is trying to tell me something that I cannot allow myself to believe and here you are, presenting me with evidence of my husbands other life. I dont want a shoulder to cry on, I want bloody answers. I want to know where my husband is. Do you know? You seem to know everything else. She glowered accusingly at him.
I love it! She's such a strong character; it was great to see the fire in her that we first saw in DoL. And of course it's great to have Roderick back. I thought his best line was "He had the decency to look genuinely sorry for her." A small line, but it says so much about him. Your characterizations give a lot of depth to your stories, and make them so interesting to read. I can't wait to see what you do with Narcissa. But even more so, I can't wait to hear Snape speak for the first time since we saw him running away with Draco. Oh, and I also can't wait to see what you do with Draco! All right, it's clear I need to get reading chapter two. :) Great job!
Author's Response: What a great review! *blushes* I'm glad it works as an opening chapter. HBP really threw me... but then I always knew it would. I think a lot of Maeve's disbelief... and then belief in her husband did stem from what many Snape fans felt. he just couldn't be evil... could he? I think it's fairly self-evident where I think he stands from this fic. :-) I think the pleading for life thing hit quite a few people on first reading. I know that's how I read it. Perhaps with hindsight I should have given her a little more uncertainty; it would have made for a very different opener if she had had her doubts. *pats Remus* I love dear Remus, although he does get a little more angsty later on. I hope you keep reading. I have finally got back into my updating groove, so hopefully the story will be completed before too long.
Bravo! Too short, but otherwise I liked this chapter. Please keep updating. Your story is thoughtful and well written-- and those come few and far between.
Pax and Happy Christmas!
Author's Response: Thank you for the lovely review. I'm glad you are enjoying the story.
Ah!! I love the ending of that chapter. I can't believe that Hogwarts is falling. I hope that Ginny got out ok. I can see her being a leader in getting the other students out. It will be good to see Hermione and Ron's reaction to being reunited with Harry. I anxiously await the next chapter!
Author's Response: I might be cruel and leave Ginny's fate in the balance for a few chapters. ;-)
Hi, I really enjoy your writing. I'm so glad that you haven't abandoned this story, I was begining to wonder.
I'm sad to see Hogwarts fall, but I'm glad that Ron and Hermione are going to see Harry again. I also like what you have done with Neville, he's one of my favorite characters.
Thanks again for writing such wonderful stories.
Author's Response: And thanks to you for reviewing! I'm glad you are enjoying them and I'm sorry for the erratic updating. And it looks bad for Hogwarts now, but you never know what the future holds.


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Thanksgiving doesn't get the same sort of movie love that holidays like Christmas and Halloween do. Still, just because there aren't quite as many theatrical examples focusing on America's favorite celebration of turkey and smallpox doesn't mean that there aren't a number of films delivering a cinematic representation of the big day.
As you prepare to gorge yourselves on stuffing and pie, Moviefone gives you a list of some of the best Thanksgiving-related movies ever made.
'Planes, Trains and Automobiles' (1987)
The 'Citizen Kane' of Thanksgiving movies, this proto-'Due Date' stars Steve Martin as a beleaguered everyman forced to work with an oversharing buffoon (John Candy) in order to make it home for the holiday. The movie marks John Hughes' first time working with an adult cast instead of teens, and helped cement Martin and Candy's places on the '80s comedy A-list.
'Pieces of April' (2003)
Mostly regarded now as a chance to see a mid-period Katie Holmes in full early-2000s hipster drag, 'Pieces of April' stars the erstwhile Mrs. Cruise as the black sheep of her family, steadfastly working to prepare a Thanksgiving dinner for the clan in her tiny apartment with a broken stove.
'Dutch' (1991)
Another John Hughes production, 'Dutch' stars Ed O'Neill as a goofy man-child tasked with escorting a pre-adolescent Ethan Embry as an over-serious child-man to his mother's house for Thanksgiving. In the tradition of 'Home Alone,' it includes lots of shots of a little kid beating up a grown-up.
'Son In Law' (1993)
As far as Pauly Shore movies go, 'Son In Law' is a magnum opus, in that it doesn't co-star Stephen Baldwin and it wasn't followed by a made-for-TV sequel called 'Encino Woman.' It also includes a scene in which Lane Smith presages serving his family a Thanksgiving dinner with the immortal words, "Let's munch some grindage!"
'The Ice Storm' (1997)
Nothing says "Thanksgiving" like key parties and '70s-era suburban angst, and the American debut of director Ang Lee features both of those things. It also features winning early performances by Christina Ricci, Tobey Maguire, and Elijah Wood.
'The House of Yes' (1997)
Nineties independent film darlings Parker Posey and Josh Hamilton team with Tori Spelling and Freddie Prinze Jr. for the film adaptation of Wendy MacLeod's play. Hamilton brings his fiancee home to meet the family at Thanksgiving, and Posey, who plays his twin sister, doesn't take it so well.
'The Myth of Fingerprints' (1997)
The Thanksgiving setting is usually shorthand for themes of homecoming and family drama, but it's rarely as on-the-nose as it is in the 1997 debut of director Bart Freundlich. Bonus fun fact: Freundlich actually did follow up the Paul Simon title-biting 'The Myth of Fingerprints' with a TV movie called 'The Only Living Boy in New York'.
'Home for the Holidays' (1995)
Even more explicit about its "Thanksgiving as homecoming" theme than 'The Myth of Fingerprints,' this Jodie Foster-directed ensemble piece about a dysfunctional family stars Holly Hunter as a recently laid-off single mom who returns home for Thanksgiving.
'Funny People' (2009)
Judd Apatow's Adam Sandler/Seth Rogen dramedy spans a good amount of time in the lives of its characters, but an early highlight is a scene in which Sandler, as comedian George Simmons, offers up a Thanksgiving toast at the house of his protege, Ira Wright (Rogen).
'Hannah and Her Sisters' (1986)
Woody Allen's 1986 classic spans the course of two years in an extended family, bookended with Thanksgiving dinners. For extra ick-factor, one of the guests at Thanksgiving dinner includes a teenage (and thus pre-marriage to Allen) Soon-Yi Previn.
'Brokeback Mountain' (2005)
Apparently something about Thanksgiving resonates with Ang Lee as a time to depict existentialist despair, as he revisits the setting of 'The Ice Storm' for two rough scenes in 'Brokeback Mountain.' In one, Ennis (Heath Ledger) is confronted by his wife about his encounters with Jack Twist (Jake Gyllenhall), and in the other, Twist gets into a fight with his father-in-law.
'Scent of a Woman' (1992)
Like most Thanksgiving meals at Casa MovieFone, the one depicted in 'Scent of a Woman' concludes with Al Pacino putting Bradley Whitford in a chokehold.
'Miracle on 34th Street' (1947)
While it's more famously associated with a different holiday, the Christmas classic revolves around the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, and the catalyst for the whole plot is a sneaky attempt to get an invite to a Thanksgiving dinner.
'Tadpole' (2002)
With apparent Thanksgiving MILF Sigourney Weaver (see also her turn in 'The Ice Storm') co-starring in the debut of a young Aaron Stanford (who'd go on to play Pyro in the 'X-Men' series), 'Tadpole' uses its holiday setting mostly to set up an awkward sex comedy about -- let's face it -- statutory rape.
'Nobody's Fool' (1994)
Most movies that use Thanksgiving to set up introspective family drama follow a pretty basic formula, and 'Nobody's Fool' doesn't deviate much from that standard. It does, however, star Paul Newman and feature scenes of him bantering with everyone from Bruce Willis to Jessica Tandy to Philip Seymour Hoffman to Melanie Griffith, making it easily the coolest of the bunch.
'ThanksKilling' (2009)
Yes, there really is a horror-comedy about a killer turkey taking his revenge on mankind -- meet 'ThanksKilling.' Yes, it's streaming on NetFlix. "Gobble, gobble, motherf***er," indeed.
'She's Gotta Have It' (1986)
While most filmmakers use Thanksgiving as a chance to create an uncomfortable gathering -- say, estranged family members or divorced parents -- Spike Lee, in his directorial debut, went all out: the titular "She" invites all three of her suitors to her apartment for Thanksgiving dinner, and the expected awkwardness ensues.
'Alice's Restaurant' (1969)
If you're fascinated by the story of the remarkable Thanksgiving dinner told in Arlo Guthrie's hippie-era single, but find his "talking blues"-style singing to be insufferable, consider watching the 1969 film spinoff instead.
'Rescue Dawn' (2006)
The Thanksgiving in the Werner Herzog dramatization of Deiter Dengler's capture and escape in Laos during the Vietnam war takes place off-screen. But it's described in rich detail by Dengler (Christian Bale) and his fellow captives (played by Steve Zahn and Jeremy Davies).
'Grindhouse' (2007)
The Quentin Tarantino/Robert Rodriguez B-movie double feature included a lineup of fake trailers, and the most holiday-themed of the bunch was contributed by 'Hostel' director Eli Roth: 'Thanksgiving,' which Roth insists will be turned into the feature film that 'ThanksKilling' wishes it could be.
'The Big Chill' (1983)
Technically, no, there's not a Thanksgiving scene in 'The Big Chill.' However, there is a very famous deleted scene -- which has yet to surface even on the retrospective DVD releases -- that was set to close the picture. Director Lawrence Kasdan shot a college-era flashback in which the film's reunited baby boomers prepared Thanksgiving dinner with the friend whose death brought them together -- namely Kevin Costner, who otherwise only appears in the movie as the corpse.
categories Features, Holiday Movies


text: Saving WSBT-TV: Dealing With the High Price of Prescription Drugs Today on my Moms First segment (with WSBT-TV), I discussed ways that you can save money on those high prescription drug prices. This segment goes along with my articles on The Prescription Lowdown and Going Without Health Insurance. Catch me every Tuesday morning for a quick dose of motherly advice from our site! Quick Note: We are experiencing some technical difficulties with our forum and the registration process. The letters for verification are not showing and people are unable to register. I apologize that we are having difficulties and will let everyone know when we have resolved this issue. Thanks a bunch!!Sound Off: What are some ways that you save on your prescription medications? Published October 16, 2007 by: Amy Allen Clark is the founder of MomAdvice.com. You can read all about her here. The Make-Ahead Thanksgiving Dinner: Appetizers An Inspiring Home Tour


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Andrea Kruger was shot and killed on her way home from work early Wednesday.
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text: A pipeline company employee was flown to St. Elizabeth's in Youngstown Wednesday afternoon after an accident at a pipeline job site between Vincent and Depots roads south of Winona. Unconfirmed reports said the worker suffered a head injury while clearing ice from the pipe. The sheriff's department, which is investigating, did not release other details. Winona firefighters and KLG Ambulance also responded. (Photo by Patti Scheaffer)


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Local Buzz
Written in Water, Summer Art Scene, Alice the Kayak, Saving Silver Creek, Summer Events Calendar
(page 2 of 5)
A brief history of water in the West with Prof. David Kennedy
"One of the defining characteristics of the West is that it is, by and large, an arid region," explained David M. Kennedy, the Donald J. McLachlan Professor of History at Stanford University and 2010 Sun Valley Writer's Conference attendee.
While gold has garnered more headlines and sparkles more brightly in the minds of man, water has always been the most precious and important resource in the Western United States. And referring to the 11 states that make up the region as "arid" may actually be an understatement.
As Professor Kennedy graciously explained between classes at Stanford's Palo Alto, California, campus, outside of some mountainous areas of the Rockies, Sierra and Cascades, most of the West averages less than 20 inches of rainfall per year.
"Water is the central most important issue in the region and it has long been misunderstood," said Professor Kennedy, who then pointed out that this misunderstanding goes all the way back to when the region was first being settled, shortly after the Civil War.
John Wesley Powell may be best known for being the first man to navigate the Grand Canyon, but he was all but ignored as a writer. A decade after his daring Colorado River expedition, the soon-to-be director of the U.S. Geological Survey published a paper called "Report on the Arid Region of the United States."
In it, Powell argued that the West must be broken into states according to water and that access to rivers, creeks and brooks should be the dividing lines. Powell also warned that the water must be divided equally among states and that it must be treated with great care, for every drop of it would be needed.
"Not a spring of a creek can be touched without affecting the interests of every man who cultivates the soil in the region," Powell wrote.
"Powell's recommendations were never followed. Political boundaries were not drawn by water, which is why another distinctive characteristic of the West is the squareness of the states," Professor Kennedy said, adding, "and ever since then it's literally become 'hell or low water' in the West."
While Powell pleaded, hordes of Americans began to answer the call (usually credited to author Horace Greeley) to "Go West, young man. Go west and grow up in the country." Of course, no one bothered to tell these young men that most of the West was as dry as a dollar bill.
To help the struggling, but nonetheless growing, communities of the arid region survive, shortly after the turn of the century the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation was born and the great damming of the West began. Before the better part of a century had passed, there was hardly so much as a spring creek in the West that didn't have at least one dam on it, which is one of the reasons Idaho's beloved Salmon River is so special. It's one of the only truly wild and free rivers left in the West.
"Everything depends on the manipulation of water—on capturing it behind dams, storing it, and rerouting it in concrete rivers over distances of hundreds of miles. Were it not for…the messianic effort towards that end, the West as we know it would not exist," Marc Reisner wrote in Cadillac Desert; the classic and highly entertaining tome about water and the West.
Despite almost constant fights for water rights and massive destruction to native fish and waterfowl populations, the damming has pretty much proven to be a success. The once barren West is now home to about one-third of the nation's population. But success has its price, too.
"The good news is that the dams were hugely successful. The bad news is that success brings its own problems," Professor Kennedy said.
The problems are primarily three-fold: steady population growth is taxing the systems, the Endangered Species Act (enacted in 1973) limits human use of water, and the wild card is what will happen because of global climate change. They all add up to a water system that is rapidly becoming obsolete.
But there is still hope. Professor Kennedy is part of Stanford's Joint Program on Water in the West, which is currently in the midst of a five-year intensive study that not only aims to get a grasp on the current state of water in the Western U.S., but also to research and test solutions.
"There are reasons to be hopeful," Professor Kennedy said. "On balance, it's starting to emerge as a topic of concern to the general media. It's hopeful that we're even paying attention to the issues. We're still a pretty smart and resourceful people."
The type of people smart enough to understand the words that poet Thomas Hornsby Ferril used to describe the West: "Here is a land where life is written in water." -Mike McKenna
Sun Valley Magazine encourages its readers to post thoughtful and respectful comments on all of our online stories. Your comments may be edited for length and language.


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Mass of Thanksgiving for Pope Francis' inauguration will be Tuesday
UPDATED 7:13 PM CDT Mar 14, 2013
A Mass of Thanksgiving celebrating the installation of Pope Francis will be held in downtown Milwaukee on Tuesday.
Archbishop Jerome Listecki will celebrate Mass at Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist at 7 p.m. Tuesday.
"As the archbishop of Milwaukee, I pledge to Pope Francis, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, my love and support, along with the prayers of the entire Church of southeastern Wisconsin," Listecki said in a news release.
The pope's Mass for the Inauguration of the Petrine Ministry will be Tuesday morning in St. Peter's Square.
Copyright 2013 by WISN.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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The staff in Student Financial Services is here to help you throughout the application process and in managing the cost of a Mount Holyoke education. Please contact us with any questions you may have.
As You Begin the Process:
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Financial aid eligibility is the difference between the estimated student budget (tuition, room and board, fees, books and personal expenses, travel expenses) and the expected family contribution.
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We determine your eligibility for need based assistance from the College using a combination of institutional and federal methodologies to calculate the family contribution. The family contribution is comprised of a parental and a student contribution. In determining the parental contribution a number of factors are considered including parent taxable income and untaxed income, parental assets, number of dependents in the household, and the number of dependent children attending undergraduate institutions. The student contribution is determined after a review of student income and assets, including trusts. Students are expected to contribute 25% of the value of their assets each year and a minimum expected contribution which ranges from $2,450 to $3,400 depending on the year in college.
Click here for more information about our financial aid policies including important information about funding maximums.
Note: You do not have to apply for financial aid from Mount Holyoke to apply for federal financial aid. For information about applying for federal aid please review: Federal Student Aid.


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The author takes sole responsibility for the conclusions and opinions expressed in this editorial, which do not necessarily reflect the views of other staff members of the Urban Institute, its officers, trustees, and advisory groups, or any organizations that provide financial support to the Institute.
Grant Support: By the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Requests for Reprints: Randall R. Bovbjerg, Health Policy Center, The Urban Institute, 2100 M Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037.
Physicians and attorneys often can barely converse about malpractice topics. Why cannot doctors and lawyers see eye to eye? Differences in professional selfinterest naturally loom large, but unshared misperceptions play a role as well. The article by Taragin and colleagues (1) in this issue of Annals should help to dispel some misperceptions. This editorial reviews the main folklore and the main real problems; discusses reforms for the short, medium, and long terms; and makes suggestions for the future.
Myth versus Reality in Malpractice: Medical myth holds that malpractice law lacks any redeeming social value. Legal myth suggests that law is
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A British Soldier. British soldiers are treated so horribly that they can be said to eat shit daily. They are treated like scum, lower than dogs.
Did you see the way the shiteaters were drinking last night? I don't know how they can still march this morning.
作者 Tony666 2012年12月13日
Leslie; Someone who enjoys engaging in a feast of fecies.
Shiteater Leslie changes diapers, just so she can eat cheaply.
作者 Dean S. 2004年11月26日
one who eats, behaves like, or ingests shit. usually used as an insult or compilment LOL
"You fucking shiteater!"
作者 wtflolbbqrotfl 2008年6月02日
1.Somone who is gothic
2.Someone who is white and excessively thugged out.
2.Someone who is white and excessively thugged out.
作者 Wop 2003年1月28日
See Mr. Thornhill
Mr. Thornhill is a shit eater
作者 Spam man 2003年12月05日
trent coots
trent cootz eats his moms shit
作者 Anonymous 2003年3月19日
1.. Native-American land steelers that has had too much botox.
2.. Red-Neck
2.. Red-Neck
作者 |Grandma| 2005年3月03日


text:
Hezbollah, Arabic for "party of God," is a pro-Iranian, Shi'ite, south Lebanon-based terrorist organization. Headed by Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah was originally formed in 1982 to drive the Israeli military out of South Lebanon. Although it continues to claim that it is a legitimate resistance organization, Hezbollah's leaders routinely speak of Israel's "illegal existence," "the end and elimination of Israel from the region" and "death to America," Hezbollah views the creation of an Islamic state in Lebanon and the destruction of Israel as steps in the pan-Islamic struggle.
Over the decades, Hezbollah has grown into a sophisticated political and military network that engages in terrorist-related activity all over the world, perpetrates and plots attacks against Americans, westerners and Jews both inside and outside Lebanon, and cooperates with other international terrorist organizations.
Hezbollah is funded, armed and trained by Iran and given safe haven, logistical support and operational freedom by Syria. Its international network, according to terrorism analysts, is believed to include at least 15,000 operatives in cells in the U.S., Canada, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Indonesia, Malaysia, and throughout Africa.
Western intelligence sources estimate Hezbollah's operational budget to be approximately $200-$500 million annually, including $100 million annually from Iran. Other sources of funding include Syria, charitable organizations, individual donations, legitimate business, and illegitimate businesses such as illegal arms trading, cigarette smuggling, currency counterfeiting, credit card fraud, theft, operating illegal telephone exchanges, and drug trafficking.
Hezbollah's growing international terrorist activity has raised concerns that the terrorist group may be emerging as a more serious threat than previously considered. Its global terrorist reach has serious policy implications for countries, regional groupings and international organizations that continue to insist that Hezbollah is a legitimate political organization in Lebanon that does not warrant designation as a terrorist group.
Hezbollah in the United States
According to U.S. intelligence officials, Hezbollah maintains agents and sleeper cells in the U.S. ready to attempt terrorist attacks should this become an objective of the group. The organization is considered to have an operational capacity in the U.S. similar to that of AI Qaeda. Detroit has been cited as the main center of Hezbollah's fundraising activity in the U.S.
The extent of Hezbollah activity in the U.S. was first exposed when two Charlotte, North Carolina, brothers, Mohamad and Chawki Hammoud, were convicted in June 2002 of providing material support to Hezbollah through a cigarette smuggling ring that knowingly directed money to the terrorist organization.
The terror cell reported directly back to a senior Hezbollah military commander in Lebanon and was part of a larger North American network responsible for raising funds and procuring dual-use technologies for Hezbollah. Items were purchased in both the U.S. and Canada and included goggles, global positioning systems, stun guns, naval equipment, nitrogen cutters and laser range finders.
"Hezbollah demonstrated twice in Argentina that it has global reach and can turn so-called support cells into action cells to carry out its trademark catastrophic bombings," said Tom Diaz, co-author of the forthcoming Lightning Out of Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American Soil. "It is absolutely clear that Hezbollah has similar cells in the United States right now. It is fully capable of making those cells operational if and when Hezbollah's or Iran's leaders decide to flip the switch."
The U.S. designated Hezbollah as a foreign terrorist organization in 1997 and listed it as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) in 2001. Three members of Hezbollah - Imad Mughniyeh, Hasan Izz-al-Din, and Ali Atwa - are on the FBI's "Most Wanted Terrorists" list for their role in the 1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847 during which a U.S. Navy diver was brutally murdered.
Hezbollah in Europe
Hezbollah is known to maintain terror cells and a terror infrastructure throughout Europe. In particular, the organization uses Europe as an operational launching pad for Hezbollah operatives to enter Israel in order to conduct attacks, assist other operatives already there, or conduct surveillance and collect intelligence on Israeli targets. Operationally, traveling from Europe provides Hezbollah operatives with "cover" and a European logistical support cell provides operatives with information and resources for travel, including fraudulent travel documents.
In 2002, for example, Israeli forces in Hebron apprehended Fawzi Ayoub, a Canadian citizen of Lebanese descent who traveled from Lebanon to Europe on his Canadian passport. In Europe he is believed to have met with a Hezbollah operative who supplied him with a fake American passport for his entry into Israel. He stayed in Jerusalem and reportedly attempted to approach arms brokers. The exact purpose of Ayoub's mission remains unclear.
A year earlier, Israeli authorities arrested Hezbollah operative Jihad (Gerard) Shuman, a Lebanese citizen with British nationality. Shuman flew from Lebanon to Britain on his Lebanese passport. After a briefing with a Hezbollah operative in Britain, he flew from Britain to Israel on his British passport and stayed in Jerusalem where he was later arrested. A search of his possessions, according to Israeli authorities, revealed a yarmulka, a timer, tourist maps of the Jerusalem area, a large sum of money, a video camera, disposable cameras and several cellular phones.
Germany has been identified as Hezbollah's main fund raising center in Europe. Most of the funds come from charitable organizations and are officially earmarked for Hezbollah's social welfare work. In 2002, Germany closed down two charitable organizations raising money for Hezbollah: the al-Shahid Social Relief Institution, which was the German branch of a Lebanese charitable organization, and the al-Aqsa Fund, a Hamas front that also raised funds for Hezbollah.
The European Union has refrained from including Hezbollah on its list of designated foreign terrorist organizations; however, in early November 2004 Dutch Foreign Minister Ben Bot called for Hezbollah to be added to the list. The EU does list senior Hezbollah terrorist Imad Mughniyah, but it does not list Hezbollah itself. Additionally, in September 2004, the EU's Representative in Lebanon, Patrick Renauld, met with Hezbollah head Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut regarding Euro-Med cooperation.
A resolution is currently making its way through the U.S. House of Representatives calling on the EU to include Hezbollah on its terrorist list.
Hezbollah in Canada
Hezbollah is believed to have an active presence in Canada. According to Canadian intelligence, Hezbollah raises money, recruits terrorists, purchases military supplies, and forges travel documents in Canada. Money is raised through credit card scams and counterfeit rings. In two cases, alleged Hezbollah agents wanted for terrorist activities overseas were found hiding in Canada. Hezbollah theft rings have stolen luxury cars in Canada and sent them to Lebanon for use by senior Hezbollah officials.
The North Carolina Hezbollah terror cell was part of a larger Hezbollah network that raised funds and procured dual-use technologies for Hezbollah. The Canadian part of the network was allegedly run by Mohammed Hassan Dbouk and his brother-in-law Ali Adham Amhaz, who allegedly received money from Hezbollah officials in Lebanon and engaged in credit card and banking scams in Canada in order to finance the purchase in Canada and the U.S. of military items which were then smuggled into Lebanon.
Amhaz was indicted in North Carolina in March 2001 on charges of providing material support to Hezbollah. In October 2001, Canadian authorities arrested him based on an American arrest warrant calling for his extradition. Amhaz was freed in December 2001 after the U.S. dropped the arrest warrant; the U.S. indictment against him still stands. Dbouk fled to Lebanon.
The Canadian government first argued that a distinction could be made between Hezbollah's military and political/humanitarian wings. It therefore listed Hezbollah's military wing as a banned terrorist organization but refused to include its political arm. After domestic and international pressure, Canada finally banned the entire Hezbollah organization in December 2002.
Hezbollah in South America
Hezbollah is widely considered to have an established presence in the lawless, corrupt, drug-ridden triple border region of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Hezbollah uses the area as a key locale for raising and laundering money, drug trafficking, weapons and people smuggling and document and currency fraud. It has been alleged that Hezbollah, Hamas and AI Qaeda also maintain terrorist training camps in the triborder region but the evidence to date is inconclusive.
Fundraising for Hezbollah is done through legitimate businesses, charities and shake-downs. U.S. officials believe that at least $1 00 million is funneled through the tri-border region each year, with Hezbollah receiving a large share of the funds.
The recent trial in Argentina for the 1994 bombing of the AMIA Jewish community building in Buenos Aires revealed an extensive Hezbollah operational presence in South America. Law enforcement officials are active in combating Hezbollah's increased activity in free trade zones in South America, hiding behind the cover of import-export companies.
Paraguayan authorities have identified Assad Ahmad Barakat as Hezbollah's leading operative and chief financier in the region. Barakat allegedly ran an extensive counterfeiting and money laundering operation in the area and sent $50 million to Hezbollah from 1995 until his arrest by Brazilian police in 2002. He was extradited to Paraguay where he is currently serving a prison term for tax evasion. In June 2004, the U.S. designated Barakat and two of his businesses, Casa Apollo and Barakat Import Export Ltd., as SDGTs.
Other major arrests in the tri-border region include the 2000 arrest of Ali Khalil Mehri, a Lebanese businessman who allegedly funneled millions of dollars to Hezbollah made from selling pirated software, and the 2001 arrest of Barakat's personal secretary, Sobhi Mahmoud Fayad, who allegedly coordinated Hezbollah's fund raising operations in the region with Barakat. Mehri was released on bail and fled to Syria, and Fayad is currently serving a prison sentence in Paraguay for tax evasion.
The Bush Administration allocated $1 million in counterterrorism assistance to the tri-border area to help eliminate the flow of terrorist money. The assistance is aimed at training financial investigators, improving intelligence sharing, enacting antiterrorism legislation and tightening border controls in the region. The U.S. also maintains a "Three Plus One" Counterterrorism Dialogue with Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.
Hezbollah in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Hezbollah has developed a well-entrenched presence in the West Bank and Gaza. It is believed that Iran and Hezbollah officials in Lebanon began to recruit Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza and Israeli Arabs following Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in May 2000 with the goal of developing Hezbollah-supported Palestinian terror cells in Israel and the territories.
Iran and Hezbollah are accomplishing these goals by sending money, weapons, weapons technology and expertise to the area and by providing Palestinian terrorists with access to Hezbollah terrorist training camps in Iran and southern Lebanon.
Over the past several years, Hezbollah has reportedly provided Palestinian terrorist groups with $750,000 to $1.5 million annually. Money is funneled to Palestinians through moneychangers, bank transfers and couriers coming in from abroad. Hezbollah funds Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Fatah's AI Aqsa Martyrs Brigades and it is believed that Hezbollah is involved in up to 80 percent of terrorist attacks emanating from the West Bank. According to Israeli security authorities, since 2003, six Hezbollah cells have been uncovered among Israeli Arabs.
In 2003, Israeli forces arrested Ghulam Mahmud Qawqa, a Palestinian member of Fatah's al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades and a Hezbollah operative. He reportedly had been planning attacks on Israeli targets in Europe on behalf of Hezbollah.
Regarding its weapons smuggling efforts, Hezbollah was heavily involved in the failed January 2002 effort to smuggle 50 tons of weapons to Palestinian terrorists aboard the Karine-A weapons ship, intercepted by Israeli authorities.
The operation was reportedly overseen by senior Hezbollah operative Hajj Bassem. Following the Karine-A affair, Hezbollah head Nasrallah was quoted as saying, "transferring weapons to the Palestinians is one of [Hezbollah's] greatest and most important obligations." In October 2004, an Israeli court sentenced three terrorists involved in the affair to lengthy prison terms.
Al-Manar Television
Hezbollah maintains its own television station, al-Manar ("the beacon"), which broadcasts Hezbollah's messages of hate and violence worldwide. Hezbollah owns and operates the station, staffing it with members of Hezbollah and directing its programming and communications. Founded in 1991 and funded by Iran, Shi'ite communities abroad, and, reportedly, Muslim communities in Europe, the United States and Canada, the station is now a major satellite network transmitting in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa. It broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
AI-Manar is more than Hezbollah's mouthpiece; it is its tool for incitement to terror against Americans and Israelis. It broadcasts images of Iraqi devastation attributed to the U.S.-led action with voiceovers calling for "death to America," glorifies suicide bombings
and calls for the recruitment of Palestinian "martyrs" to kill Jews.
AI-Manar appears to be the source of the conspiracy theory that claimed that 4,000 Israelis were absent from their jobs at the World Trade Center on September 11, thereby implying that Israel was in some way behind the attack. The story was posted on its Web site on September 17, 2001 and picked up by extremists around the world.
AI-Manar's messages of hate and violence are also often accompanied by anti-Semitic themes, such as the medieval blood libel. AIManar is also a conduit to channel money to Hezbollah - openly and actively soliciting funds on the air and on its Web site.
AI-Manar uses American and European communications infrastructures; several western satellite companies distribute al-Manar, including the U.S.-based IntelSat, which distributes al-Manar to North America, and France-based Eutelsat, which distributes al-Manar to Europe and North Africa. Furthermore, Lebanese subsidiaries of major European corporations advertise on the satellite station.
Several American companies, including Pepsi, Coke, Proctor and Gamble and Western Union have recently ceased their al-Manar advertising following negative media coverage.
In his recently published monograph, Beacon of Hatred: Inside HizbaJ/ah's al-Manar Television (Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2004), Avi Jorisch offers several policy recommendations for the U.S. vis-a-vis alManar. They include:
Copyright 2004, Anti-Defamation League


text:
Cradled between some of the highest peaks on the island, ADJUNTAS is a remarkably traditional rural community, a million miles from urban Puerto Rico. It sits on one of the island's primary north–south arteries, PR-10, 50km south of Arecibo and 30km north of Ponce, but with the highway now bypassing the town, its torpid centre seems frozen in the 1950s, with none of the strip malls and fast-food outlets that grace most Puerto Rican towns – for now. It's also known as La Ciudad del Gigante Dormido ("the city of the sleeping giant") after the ridge of mountains on its western side, which vaguely resemble the outline of a giant, lying face up. The town is perhaps best known in Puerto Rico today as the home of one of the island's most successful conservation movements, Casa Pueblo. This local organization waged a long but eventually successful campaign against local open-mining of copper and gold deposits, and is today at the forefront of the Puerto Rican environmental movement. Adjuntas lies just off the Ruta Panorámica, around 32km from the heart of the Toro Negro.
Puerto Rico // La Ruta Panorámica //
Adjuntas and around
More about Puerto Rico
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- Maricao and around
Casa Pueblo
Casa Pueblo
The most compelling reason to stop in Adjuntas lies 200m south of the plaza on PR-123, at c/Rodolfo González 30 – an innovative cultural and environmental centre known as Casa Pueblo (787/829-4842, www.casapueblo.org). The arresting pink criollo-style house was purchased in 1985 by a group of environmentalists that had already been protesting the development of local open-air copper mining for five years – the mining posed a catastrophic threat to the local ecosystem. It took fifteen years of campaigning, but in 1995 the government passed a bill prohibiting open-air mining in Puerto Rico, and by the following year the land formerly threatened by the mine was turned into a small reserve, the Bosque del Pueblo. Founder Alexis Massol-González received the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize in 2002 on behalf of the group, and today Casa Pueblo supports sustainable development and conservation projects all over the island, also conducting a number of toxicity studies on Vieques.
The main house acts as a performance centre and art space, with a small shop selling local arts and crafts, coffee beans grown by the project (Café Madre Isla), T-shirts and books. Most of the wall space is dedicated to charting the group's history and environmental campaigns through photographs and various media coverage. At the back is a small Mariposario (butterfly house) and garden, where caterpillars are reared on lettuce leaves. The whole place is powered by solar energy.
Adjuntas coffee
Adjuntas coffee
Once the largest exporter of citron in the world, R&A de Jong (t787/829-2610), founded by Dutchman Andries de Jong in the 1960s, is now dedicated solely to the production of Café Bello, a high-quality coffee. Their plant is just north of town at PR-123 km 36.6 – you can stop to buy coffee and take a tour of the premises, but it's best to call in advance if you can.
You can also buy gourmet coffee at Hacienda Patricia (t787/813-1878), home of the Segarra family's sun-dried and wood fire-roasted Arabica beans. The plantation that was established in 1900, right on the Ruta Panorámica (PR-143 km 6.6, about 11km before Adjuntas – on the left just after the junction with PR-140). You can usually try their product in a small café on site.


text:
firstname.lastname@example.com wrote...
>I rebooted my Windows 2000 server and noticed when it reloaded that
>Symantec AV 8.0 was not auto-protecting. After tinkering with it for a
>while I noticed I was also uanble to open IE, Control Panel, backup
>Exec, browse with My Computer etc. There are not event viewer errors
>or messages. I cannot see what fixes and patches I have installed
>becuase I cannot access Control Panel. I also noticed that there were
>patches that needed applied by rebooting the server. I'm actually
>offsite now and do not have direct access to the server.
Browse to the following item:
256. Restore the Control Panel ...


text:
This course contains the basics of Quantitative Techniques For ManagementCourse introduction
Transportation Model
The transportation problem is one of the subclasses of linear programming problem where the objective is to transport various quantities of a single homogeneous product that are initially stored at various origins, to different destinations in such a way that the total transportation is minimum.
F.I. Hitchaxic developed the basic transportation problem in 1941. However it could be solved for optimally as an answer to complex business problem only in 1951, when George B. Dantzig applied the concept of Linear Programming in solving the Transportation models.
Transportation models or problems are primarily concerned with the optimal (best possible) way in which a product produced at different factories or plants (called supply origins) can be transported to a number of warehouses (called demand destinations). The objective in a transportation problem is to fully satisfy the destination requirements within the operating production capacity constraints at the minimum possible cost.
Whenever there is a physical movement of goods from the point of manufacture to the final consumers through a variety of channels of distribution (wholesalers, retailers, distributors etc.), there is a need to minimize the cost of transportation so as to increase the profit on sales. Transportation problems arise in all such cases.
It aims at providing assistance to the top management in ascertaining how many units 1of a particular product should be transported from each supply origin to each demand destinations to that the total prevailing demand for the company's product is satisfied, while at the same time the total transportation costs are minimized.MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
Mathematically a transportation problem is nothing but a special linear programming problem in which the objective function is to minimize the cost of transportation subjected to the demand and supply constraints.
The transportation problem applies to situations where a single commodity is to be transported from various sources of supply (origins) to various demands (destinations). Let there be m sources of supply s1, s2, .…..............sm having ai ( i = 1,2,......m) units of supplies respectively to be transported among n destinations d1, d2………dn with bj ( j = 1,2…..n) units of requirements respectively.
Let cij be the cost for shipping one unit of the commodity from source i, to destination j for each route. If xij represents the units shipped per route from source i, to destination j, then the problem is to determine the transportation schedule which minimizes the total transportation cost of satisfying supply and demand conditions.
The transportation problem can be stated mathematically as a linear programming problem as below:
The transportation model is represented by a network diagram in Figure
Network Transportation Model
m be the number of sources,
n be the number of destinations,
sm be the supply at source m,
dn be the demand at destination n,
cij be the cost of transportation from source i to destination j, and
xij be the number of units to be shipped from source i to destination j.
The objective is to minimize the total transportation cost by determining the unknown xij, i.e., the number of units to be shipped from the sources and the destinations while satisfying all the supply and demand requirements.GENERAL REPRESENTATION OF TRANSPORTATION MODEL
The Transportation problem can also be represented in a tabular form as shown in Table
Let Cij be the cost of transporting a unit of the product from ith origin to jth destination.
ai be the quantity of the commodity available at source i,
bj be the quantity of the commodity needed at destination j, and
xij be the quantity transported from ith source to jth destination
Tabular Representation of Transportation Model
If the total supply is equal to total demand, then the given transportation problem is a balanced one.USE OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING TO SOLVE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM
Linear Programming Solution
The network diagram shown in Figure represents the transportation model of M/s GM Textiles units located at Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai. GM Textiles produces ready-made garments at these locations with capacities 6000, 5000 and 4000 units per week at Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai respectively. The textile unit distributes its ready-made garments through four of its wholesale distributors situated at four locations Bangalore, Hyderabad, Cochin and Goa. The weekly demand of the distributors are 5000, 4000, 2000 and 4000 units for Bangalore, Hyderabad, Cochin and Goa respectively.
The cost of transportation per unit varies between different supply points and destination points. The transportation costs are given in the network diagram.
The management of GM Textiles would like to determine the number of units to be shipped from each textile unit to satisfy the demand of each wholesale distributor. The supply, demand and transportation cost are as follows:
Production Capacities
Demand Requirements
Transportation cost per unit
A linear programming model can be used to solve the transportation problem.
X11 be number of units shipped from source1 (Chennai) to destination 1 (B'lore).
X12 be number of units shipped from source1 (Chennai) to destination 2 (Hyderabad).
X13 number of units shipped from source 1 (Chennai) to destination 3 (Cochin).
X14 number of units shipped from source 1 (Chennai) to destination 4 (Goa) and so on.
Xij = number of units shipped from source i to destination j, where i = 1,2,……..m and, j = 1,2,………n.
Objective function: The objective is to minimize the total transportation cost. Using the cost data table, the following equation can be arrived at:
Transportation cost for units
shipped from Chennai = 5x11+6x12+9x13+7x14
Transportation cost for units
shipped from Coimbatore = 7x21+8x22+2x23+4x24
Transportation cost for units
shipped from Madurai = 6x31+3x32+5x33+3x34
Combining the transportation cost for all the units shipped from each supply point with the objective to minimize the transportation cost, the objective function will be,
Minimize Z = 5x11+6x12+9x13+7x14+7x21+8x22+2x23+4x24+6x31+3x32+5x33+3x34
In transportation problems, there are supply constraints for each source, and demand
constraints for each destination.
Supply constraints:
For Chennai, x11+ x12+ x13+ x14< 6000
For Coimbatore, x21+ x22+ x23+ x24< 5000
For Madurai, x31+ x32+ x33+ x34< 4000
Demand constraints:
For B'lore, x11+ x21+ x31 = 5000
For Hyderabad, x12 + x22 + x32 = 4000
For Cochin, x13 + x23 + x33 = 2000
For Goa, x14 + x24 + x34 = 4000
The linear programming model for GM Textiles will be write in the next line. Minimize
Z = 5x11 + 6x12 + 9x13 + 7x14 + 7x21 + 8x22 + 2x23 + 4x24 + 6x31 + 3x32 + 5x33 + 3x34
Subject to constraints,
x11+x12+x13+x14< 6000 .........................(i)
X 21+x22+x23+x24< 5000 .........................(ii)
x31+x32+x33+x34< 4000 .........................(iii)
x11+x21+x31 = 5000 ..........................(iv)
x12+x22+x32 = 4000 ..........................(v)
x13+x23+x33 = 2000 ..........................(vi)
x14+x24+x34 = 4000 .........................(vii)
Where, xij> 0 for i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Input screen for solving TP & LP models using TORA
TORA Screen for TP Model
Output screen using TP & LP models
TORA Screen for LP Model
Example : Consider the following transportation problem and develop a linear programming (LP) model.
Transportation Problem
Solution: Let xij be the number of units to be transported from the source i to the destination
j, where i = 1, 2, 3,…m and j = 1, 2, 3,…n.
The linear programming model is
Minimize Z = 15x11+20x12+30x13+10x21+9x22+15x23+14x31+12x32+18x33
Subject to constraints,
x11+x12+x13< 350 ...................(i)
x21+x22+x23< 200 ...................(ii)
x31+x32+x33< 400 ...................(iii)
x11+x12+x31 = 250 ...................(iv)
x12+x22+x32 = 400 ...................(v)
x13+x23+x33 = 300 ...................(vi)
xij> 0 for all i and j.
In the above LP problem, there are m × n = 3 × 3 = 9 decision variables and m + n = 3 + 3 = 6 constraints.BALANCED TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM
When the total supplies of all the sources are equal to the total demand of all destinations, the problem is a balanced transportation problem.
Total supply = Total demand
When the total supply of all the sources is not equal to the total demand of all destinations, the problem is an unbalanced transportation problem.
Total supply ≠ Total demand
Demand Less than Supply
In real-life, supply and demand requirements will rarely be equal. This is because of variation in production from the supplier end, and variations in forecast from the customer end. Supply variations may be because of shortage of raw materials, labour problems, Transportation Model improper planning and scheduling. Demand variations may be because of change in customer preference, change in prices and introduction of new products by competitors.
These unbalanced problems can be easily solved by introducing dummy sources and dummy destinations. If the total supply is greater than the total demand, a dummy destination (dummy column) with demand equal to the supply surplus is added. If the total demand is greater than the total supply, a dummy source (dummy row) with supply equal to the demand surplus is added. The unit transportation cost for the dummy column and dummy row are assigned zero values, because no shipment is actually made in case of a dummy source and dummy destination.
Example : Check whether the given transportation problem shown in Table is a balanced one. If not, convert the unbalanced problem into a balanced transportation problem.
Transportation Model with Supply Exceeding Demand
Solution: For the given problem, the total supply is not equal to the total demand.
The given problem is an unbalanced transportation problem. To convert the unbalanced transportation problem into a balanced problem, add a dummy destination (dummy column). i.e., the demand of the dummy destination is equal to,
Thus, a dummy destination is added to the table, with a demand of 100 units. The modified table is shown in Table which has been converted into a balanced transportation table. The unit costs of transportation of dummy destinations are assigned as zero.
Dummy Destination Added
Demand Greater than Supply
Example : Convert the transportation problem shown in Table into a balanced problem.
Demand Exceeding Supply
Solution: The given problem is,
The given problem is an unbalanced one. To convert it into a balanced transportation problem, include a dummy source (dummy row) as shown in Table
Balanced TP ModelPROCEDURE TO SOLVE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM
Step 1: Formulate the problem.
Formulate the given problem and set up in a matrix form. Check whether the problem is a balanced or unbalanced transportation problem. If unbalanced, add dummy source (row) or dummy destination (column) as required.
Step 2: Obtain the initial feasible solution.
The initial feasible solution can be obtained by any of the following three methods:
The transportation cost of the initial basic feasible solution through Vogel's approximation method, VAM will be the least when compared to the other two methods which gives the value nearer to the optimal solution or optimal solution itself. Algorithms for all the three methods to find the initial basic feasible solution are given.
Algorithm for North-West Corner Method (NWC)
Algorithm for Least Cost Method (LCM)
Algorithm for Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM)
Remarks: The initial solution obtained by any of the three methods must satisfy the following conditions:
Step 3: Check for degeneracy
In a standard transportation problem with m sources of supply and n demand destinations, the test of optimality of any feasible solution requires allocations in m + n – 1 independent cells. If the number of allocations is short of the required number, then the solution is said to be degenerate.
If number of allocations, N = m + n – 1, then degeneracy does not exist. Go to Step 5.
If number of allocations, N ¹ m + n – 1, then degeneracy does exist. Go to Step 4.
Step 4: Resolving degeneracy
In order to resolve degeneracy, the conventional method is to allocate an infinitesimally small amount e to one of the independent cells i.e., allocate a small positive quantity e to one or more unoccupied cell that have lowest transportation costs, so as to make m + n – 1 allocations (i.e., to satisfy the condition N = m + n – 1).
In other words, the allocation of e should avoid a closed loop and should not have a path. Once this is done, the test of optimality is applied and, if necessary, the solution is improved in the normal was until optimality is reached. The following table shows independent allocations.
Independent Allocations
The following Tables 6.10 (a), (b) and (c) show non-independent allocations.
Non-Independent Allocations
Optimal Solution
Step 5: Test for optimality
The solution is tested for optimality using the Modified Distribution (MODI) method (also known as U-V method).
Once an initial solution is obtained, the next step is to test its optimality.
An optimal solution is one in which there are no other transportation routes that would reduce the total transportation cost, for which we have to evaluate each unoccupied cell in the table in terms of opportunity cost. In this process, if there is no negative opportunity cost, and the solution is an optimal solution.
(i) Row 1, row 2,…, row i of the cost matrix are assigned with variables u1, u2, …,ui and the column 1, column 2,…, column j are assigned with variables v1, v2, …,vj respectively.
(ii) Initially, assume any one of U Transportation Model i values as zero and compute the values for u1, u2, …,ui and v1, v2, …,vj by applying the formula for occupied cell.
For occupied cells,
cij + ui + vj = 0
(iii) Obtain all the values of cij for unoccupied cells by applying the formula for unoccupied cell.
For unoccupied cells,
Step 6: Procedure for shifting of allocations
Select the cell which has the most negative C ij value and introduce a positive quantity called 'q' in that cell. To balance that row, allocate a '– q' to that row in occupied cell. Again, to balance that column put a positive 'q' in an occupied cell and similarly a '-q' to that row. Connecting all the 'q's and '-q's, a closed loop is formed.
Two cases are represented in Table In Table if all the q allocations are joined by horizontal and vertical lines, a closed loop is obtained.
The set of cells forming a closed loop is
The loop in Table 6.11(b) is not allowed because the cell (D3) appears twice.
Showing Closed Loop
Conditions for forming a loop
(i) The start and end points of a loop must be the same.
(ii) The lines connecting the cells must be horizontal and vertical.
(iii) The turns must be taken at occupied cells only.
(iv) Take a shortest path possible (for easy calculations).
Remarks on forming a loop
(i) Every loop has an even number of cells and at least four cells
(ii) Each row or column should have only one '+' and '–' sign.
(iii) Closed loop may or may not be square in shape. It can also be a rectangle or a stepped shape.
(iv) It doesn't matter whether the loop is traced in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
Take the most negative '– q' value, and shift the allocated cells accordingly by adding the value in positive cells and subtracting it in the negative cells. This gives a new improved table. Then go to step 5 to test for optimality.
Step 7: Calculate the Total Transportation Cost.
Since all the C ij values are positive, optimality is reached and hence the present allocations are the optimum allocations. Calculate the total transportation cost by summing the product of allocated units and unit costs.
Example : The cost of transportation per unit from three sources and four destinations are given in the following table Obtain the initial basic feasible solutions using the following methods.
(i) North-west corner method
(ii) Least cost method
(iii) Vogel's approximation method
Transportation Model
Solution: The problem given in Table is a balanced one as the total sum of supply is equal to the total sum of demand. The problem can be solved by all the three methods.
North-West Corner Method: In the given matrix, select the North-West corner cell. The North-West corner cell is (1,1) and the supply and demand values corresponding to cell (1,1) are 250 and 200 respectively. Allocate the maximum possible value to satisfy the demand from the supply. Here the demand and supply are 200 and 250 respectively. Hence allocate 200 to the cell (1,1) as shown in Table.
Conditions for forming a loop
(i) The start and end points of a loop must be the same.
(ii) The lines connecting the cells must be horizontal and vertical.
(iii) The turns must be taken at occupied cells only.
(iv) Take a shortest path possible (for easy calculations).
Remarks on forming a loop
(i) Every loop has an even number of cells and at least four cells
(ii) Each row or column should have only one '+' and '–' sign.
(iii) Closed loop may or may not be square in shape. It can also be a rectangle or a stepped shape.
(iv) It doesn't matter whether the loop is traced in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
Take the most negative '– q' value, and shift the allocated cells accordingly by adding the value in positive cells and subtracting it in the negative cells. This gives a new improved table. Then go to step 5 to test for optimality.
Allocated 200 to the Cell (1, 1)
Now, delete the exhausted column 1 which gives a new reduced table as shown in the following tables. Again repeat the steps.
Exhausted Column 1 Deleted
Table after deleting Row 1
Exhausted Row 1 Deleted
Table after deleting column 2
Exhausted Column 2 Deleted
Finally, after deleting Row 2, we have
Exhausted Row 2 Deleted
Now only source 3 is left. Allocating to destinations 3 and 4 satisfies the supply of 500. The initial basic feasible solution using North-west corner method is shown in the following table
Initial Basic Feasible Solution Using NWC Method
Transportation cost = (4 × 200) + (2 × 50) + (7 × 350) + (5 × 100) +(2 × 300) + (1 × 300)
= 800 + 100 + 2450 + 500 + 600 + 300
= Rs. 4,750.00
Least Cost Method
Select the minimum cost cell from the entire table, the least cell is (3,4). The corresponding supply and demand values are 500 and 300 respectively. Allocate the maximum possible units. The allocation is shown in Table.
Allocation of Maximum Possible Units
From the supply value of 500, the demand value of 300 is satisfied. Subtract 300 from the supply value of 500 and subtract 300 from the demand value of 300. The demand of destination 4 is fully satisfied. Hence, delete the column 4; as a result we get, the table as shown in the following table.
Exhausted Column 4 Deleted
Now, again take the minimum cost value available in the existing table and allocate it with a value of 250 in the cell (1,2).
The reduced matrix is shown in Table
Exhausted Row 1 Deleted
In the reduced table, the minimum value 3 exists in cell (2,1) and (3,3), which is a tie. If there is a tie, it is preferable to select a cell where maximum allocation can be made. In this case, the maximum allocation is 200 in both the cells. Choose a cell arbitrarily and allocate. The cell allocated in (2,1) is shown in Table. The reduced matrix is shown in Table.
Reduced Matrix
Now, deleting the exhausted demand row 3, we get the matrix as shown in the following table
Exhausted Row 3 Deleted
The initial basic feasible solution using least cost method is shown in a single table
Initial Basic Feasible Solution Using LCM Method
Transportation Cost = (2 × 250)+ (3 × 200) + (7 × 150) + (5 × 100)+ ( 3 × 200) +(1 × 300)
= 500 + 600 + 1050 + 500 + 600 + 300 = Rs. 3550
Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM): The penalties for each row and column are calculated (steps given on pages 176-77) Choose the row/column, which has the maximum value for allocation. In this case there are five penalties, which have the maximum value 2. The cell with least cost is Row 3 and hence select cell (3,4) for allocation. The supply and demand are 500 and 300 respectively and hence allocate 300 in cell (3,4) as shown in Table
Penalty Calculation for each Row and Column
Since the demand is satisfied for destination 4, delete column 4. Now again calculate the penalties for the remaining rows and columns.
Exhausted Column 4 Deleted
In the following table shown, there are four maximum penalties of values which is 2. Selecting the least cost cell, (1,2) which has the least unit transportation cost 2. The cell (1, 2) is selected for allocation as shown in the previous table. The following table shows the reduced table after deleting row l.
Row 1 Deleted
After deleting column 1 we get the table as shown in the table below.
Column 1 Deleted
Finally we get the reduced table as shown in the following table.
Final Reduced Table
The initial basic feasible solution is shown in the following table.
Initial Basic Feasible Solution
Transportation cost = (2 × 250) + (3 × 200) + (5 × 250) + (4 × 150) + (3 × 50) +(1 × 300)
= 500 + 600 + 1250 + 600 + 150 + 300
= Rs. 3,400.00
Example : Find the initial basic solution for the transportation problem and hence solve it.
Transportation Problem
Solution: Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is preferred to find initial feasible solution.
The advantage of this method is that it gives an initial solution which is nearer to an optimal solution or the optimal solution itself.
Step 1: The given transportation problem is a balanced one as the sum of supply equals to sum of demand.
Step 2: The initial basic solution is found by applying the Vogel's Approximation method and the result is shown in the following table.
Initial Basic Solution Found by Applying VAM
Step 3: Calculate the Total Transportation Cost.
Initial Transportation cost = (2 × 250) + (3 × 200) + (5 × 250) + (4 × 150) + (3 × 50) + (1 × 300)
= 500 + 600 + 1250 + 600 + 150 + 300
= Rs. 3,400
Step 4: Check for degeneracy. For this, verify the condition,
Number of allocations, N= m + n – 1
6 = 3 + 4 – 1
6 = 6
Since the condition is satisfied, degeneracy does not exist.
Step 5: Test for optimality using modified distribution method. Compute the values of U i and vj for rows and columns respectively by applying the formula for occupied cells.
cij+ui+vj = 0
Then, the opportunity cost for each unoccupied cell is calculated using the formula C ij = cij + ui + vj and denoted at the left hand bottom corner of each unoccupied cell. The computed valued of uj and vi and are shown in the table below.
Calculation of the Opportunity Cost
Calculate the values of ui and vj, using the formula for occupied cells. Assume any one
of ui and vj value as zero (U3 is taken as 0)
cij + ui + vj = 0
4 + 0 + v2 = 0, v2 = – 4
5 + v2– 3 = 0, u2 = – 2
3 – 2 + v1 = 0, v1 = – 1
2 – 4 + u1 = 0, u1 = 2
Calculate the values of C ij , using the formula for unoccupied cells
C ij = cij + ui + vj
c11 = 4+2 –1 = 5
c13 = 7+2 –3 = 6
c14 = 3+2 –1 = 4
Since all the opportunity cost, C ij values are positive the solution is optimum.
Total transportation cost = (2 × 25) + (3 × 200) + (5 × 250) + (4 × 150) + (3 × 50)+ (1 × 300)
= 50 + 600 +1250 + 600 + 150 + 300
= Rs 2,950/-
Example : Find the initial basic feasible solution for the transportation problem given in Table.
Transportation Problem
Solution : The initial basic feasible solution using VAM is shown in table below.
Initial Basic Feasible Solution Using VAM
Check for degeneracy,
The number of allocations, N must be equal to m + n – 1.
i.e., N = m+n – 1
5 = 3+3 – 1
since 4 ≠5, therefore degeneracy exists.
To overcome degeneracy, the condition N = m + n – 1 is satisfied by allocating a very small quantity, close to zero in an occupied independent cell. (i.e., it should not form a closed loop) or the cell having the lowest transportation cost. This quantity is denoted by e.
This quantity would not affect the total cost as well as the supply and demand values. Table shows the resolved degenerate table.
Resolved Degenerate Table
Total transportation cost = (50 × 1)+ (90 × 3) + (200 × 2) + (50 × 2) + (250 × e)
= 50 + 270 + 400 + 100 + 250 e
= 820 + 250 e = Rs. 820 since e ® 0
Example : Obtain an optimal solution for the transportation problem by MODI method given in Table.
Transportation Problem
Step1: The initial basic feasible solution is found using Vogel's Approximation Method as shown in Table.
Initial Basic Feasible Solution Using VAM
Total transportation cost = (19 × 5) + (10 × 2) + (40 × 7) + (60 × 2) + (8 × 8) +(20 × 10)
= 95 + 20 + 280 + 120 + 64 + 200
= Rs. 779.00
Step 2: To check for degeneracy, verify the number of allocations, N = m+n – 1.
In this problem, number of allocation is 6 which is equal m+n – 1.
∴ N = m + n – 1
6 = 3 + 4 – 1
6 = 6 therefore degeneracy does not exist.
Step 3: Test for optimality using MODI method. In Table 6.36 the values of Ui and Vj are calculated by applying the formula Cij + Ui + Vj = 0 for occupied cells.
Optimality Test Using MODI Method
Find the values of the dual variables Ui and Vj for occupied cells.
Initially assume Ui = 0,
Cij + Ui + Vj = 0,
19 + 0 + V i = 0, V1 = – 19
In Table the cell (2,2) has the most negative opportunity cost. This negative cost has to be converted to a positive cost without altering the supply and demand value.
Step 4: Construct a closed loop . Introduce a quantity + q in the most negative cell (S2, D2 ) and a put – q in cell (S3, D2 ) in order to balance the column D2. Now, take a right angle turn and locate an occupied cell in column D4. The occupied cell is (S3, D4) and put a + q in that cell. Now, put a – q in cell (S2, D4 ) to balance the column D4. Join all the cells to have a complete closed path. The closed path is shown in Figure.
Closed Path
Now, identify the – q values, which are 2 and 8. Take the minimum value, 2 which is the allocating value. This value is then added to cells (S2, D2 ) and (S3, D4 ) which have '+' signs and subtract from cells (S2, D4 ) and (S3, D2 ) which have '–' signs. The process is shown in Figure.
Closed Path
The table after reallocation is shown in Table below.
After Reallocation
Now, again check for degeneracy. Here allocation number is 6.
Verify whether number of allocations,
N = m + n – 1
6 = 3 + 4 – 1
6 = 6
therefore degeneracy does not exits.
Again find the values of Ui, Vj and cij for the Table 6.39 shown earlier.
For occupied cells, Cij + Ui + Vj = 0
The values of the opportunity cost cij are positive. Hence the optimality is reached.
The final allocations are shown in Table.
Final Allocation
Total transportation cost = (19 × 5) + (10 × 2) + (30 × 2) + (40 × 7) + (8 × 6) + (20 × 12)
= 95 + 20 + 60 + 280 + 48 + 240
= Rs. 743
Example : Solve the transportation problem
The problem is unbalanced if S ai = S bj, that is, when the total supply is not equal to the total demand. Convert the unbalanced problem into a balanced one by adding a dummy
row or dummy column as required and solve.
Here the supply does not meet the demand and is short of 2 units. To convert it to a balanced transportation problem add a dummy row and assume the unit cost for the dummy cells as zero as shown in Table and solve.
Dummy Row Added to TP
There are certain types of transportation problems where the objective function is to be maximized instead of being minimized. These problems can be solved by converting the maximization problem into a minimization problem.
Example : A manufacturing company has four plants situated at different locations, all producing the same product. The manufacturing cost varies at each plant due to internal and external factors. The size of each plant varies, and hence the production capacities also vary. The cost and capacities at different locations are given in the following table:
Cost and Capacity of Different Plants
The company has five warehouses. The demands at these warehouses and the transportation costs per unit are given in the Table below. The selling price per unit is Rs. 30/-
Transportation Problem
The objective is to maximize the profits. Formulation of transportation problem as profit matrix table is shown in Table. The profit values are arrived as follows.
Profit = Selling Price – Production cost –Transportation cost
Profit Matrix
Converting the profit matrix to an equivalent loss matrix by subtracting all the profit values from the highest value 13. Subtracting all the values from 13, the loss matrix obtained is shown in the Table
Loss Matrix
(ii) To determine the initial solution using TORA
Input Screen:
TORA, Input Screen for TP Max Problem
Output Screen
TORA Output Screen (Vogel's Method)
The first iteration itself is optimal, hence optimality is reached.
(iii) To find the total cost:
The total maximization profit associated with the solution is
Total Profit
= (6 × 10) + (4 × 20) + (10 × 120) + (3 × 180) + (9 × 70) + (10 × 20)+ (13 × 80) + (15 × 70)
= 60 + 80 + 1200 + 540 + 630 + 200 + 1040 + 1050
= Rs 4800.00
Sometimes there may be situations, where it is not possible to use certain routes in a transportation problem. For example, road construction, bad road conditions, strike, unexpected floods, local traffic rules, etc. Such restrictions (or prohibitions) can be handled in the transportation problem by assigning a very high cost (say M or [infinity]) to the prohibited routes to ensure that routes will not be included in the optimal solution and then the problem is solved in the usual manner.
Example :The following transportation table shows the transportation cost per unit (in Rs.) from sources 1,2, and 3 to destinations A, B, C. Shipment of goods is prohibited from source 2 to destination C. Solve the transportation problem using TORA
Problem for TORA Solution
Solution: The entries of the transportation cost are made using TORA
Input Screen:
TP Prohibited Route TORA (Input Screen)
Output Screen:
TP Prohibited Route (TORA Output Screen)
From the output Schedule, there are no goods that are to be shipped from source 2 to destination C. The total transportation cost is Rs 4600 /-TRANSHIPMENT PROBLEM
One requirement of the transportation problem is advance knowledge of the method of distribution of units from each source i to each destination j, so that the corresponding cost per unit (xij) can be determined. Sometimes, however, the best method of distribution is not clear because of the possibility of transshipments, whereby shipments would go through intermediate transfer points (which might be other sources or destinations).
Such possibilities for transshipments could be investigated in advance to determine the cheapest route from each source to each destination. However, this might be a very complicated and time-consuming task if there are many possible intermediate transfer points. Therefore, it may be much more convenient to let a computer algorithm solve simultaneously for the amount to ship from each source to each destination and the route to follow for each shipment so as to minimize the total shipping cost.
This extension of the transportation problem to include the routing decisions is referred to as the transshipment problem. This problem is the special case of the minimum cost flow problem where there are no restrictions on the amount that can be shipped through each shipping lane (unlimited arc capacities). The network representation of such a problem, where each two-sided arrow indicates that a shipment can be sent in either direction between the corresponding pair of locations.
The objective of the transshipment problem is to determine how many units should be shipped over each node so that all the demand requirements are met with the minimum transportation cost.
Considering a company with its manufacturing facilities situated at two places, Coimbatore and Pune. The units produced at each facility are shipped to either of the company's warehouse hubs located at Chennai and Mumbai. The company has its own retail outlets in Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Thiruvananthapuram. The network diagram representing the nodes and transportation per unit cost is shown in Figure. The supply and demand requirements are also given.
Manufacturing Warehouses Retail Outlets Demand facility (Origin nodes) (Transshipment nodes) (Destination nodes)
Network Representation of Transshipment Problem
Solving Transshipment Problem using Linear Programming
xij be the number of units shipped from node i to node j,
x13 be the number of units shipped from Coimbatore to Chennai,
x24 be the number of units shipped from Pune to Mumbai, and so on
The following table shows the unit transportation cost from sources to destination.
TP of the Shipment
The objective is to minimize the total cost
Z = 4x13+ 7x14+ 6x23+ 3x24+ 7x35+ 4x36+ 3x37+ 5x38+ 5x45+6x46+ 7x47+ 8x48
Constraints: The number of units shipped from Coimbatore must be less than or equal to 800. Because the supply from Coimbatore facility is 800 units. Therefore, the constraints equation is as follows:
x13+ x14< 800 …………………….. (i)
Similarly, for Pune facility
x23+ x24< 600 ……………………...(ii)
Now, considering the node 3,
Number of units shipped out from node 1 and 2 are,
x13+ x23
Number of units shipped out from node 3 is,
x35 + x36 + x37 + x38
The number of units shipped in must be equal to number of units shipped out, therefore
x13 + x23 = x35 + x36 + x37 + x38
Bringing all the variables to one side, we get
– x13– x23 + x35 + x36 + x37 + x38 = 0 ………….(iii)
Similarly for node 4
– x14– x24 + x45+x46 + x47 + x48 =0 …………..(iv)
Now considering the retail outlet nodes, the demand requirements of each outlet must be
satisfied. Therefore for retail node 5, the constraint equation is
x35 + x45 = 350 ................(v)
Similarly for nodes 6, 7, and 8, we get,
x36 + x46 = 200 ……...........(vi)
x37 + x47 = 400 ……...........(vii)
x38 + x48 = 450 ……...........(viii)
Linear Programming formulation,
Minimize Z = 4x13+7x14+6X22+3x24+7x35+4x36+3x37+5x38+5x45+6x46+7x47+8x48
Subject to constraints


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Then I realized, "Oh, what great job security for our city planners!" Undoubtedly, City Manager Ken Pulskamp is salivating excessively over this prospect, since it's well known that one of his stated goals is to turn our suburban bedroom community into a legitimate urban center.
Moreover, what a brilliant move Pulskamp made hiring Paul Brotzman as director, community development, soon after becoming city manager.
Who could be better positioned to execute Pulskamp's goal, considering Brotzman's cozy relationships with various developer lobbyists, primarily Jeffrey Lambert, a previous co-worker and colleague, or is it accomplice?
Simply "Google up" Brotzman and Lambert, assemble relevant facts and you, too, will be troubled to recognize how these two maneuver. Interestingly, Lambert currently represents every major development project in Santa Clarita. Lambert's list includes Henry Mayo's huge office expansion; the gigantic urban project Avenue at Santa Clarita; Bridgeport Market Place (featuring 39,000 square feet of additional medical office space); Casden's massive North Newhall urban project consisting of a hotel, high-density housing, retail and industrial facilities; Vista Canyon Ranch urban project with 1.5 million square feet of commercial and high-density housing.
It certainly is noteworthy that Brotzman and Lambert worked together at West Hollywood City where they changed zoning laws enabling a substantial increase of restaurant and nightclub construction in 1992-93.
They also facilitated a reduction of parking requirements thus easing construction costs for developers.
Sound familiar? This is shortly before both of them gained planning department positions with our city. I don't know about you, but almost everywhere I go in SCV, I find a shortage of parking spaces, i.e., Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, Trader Joe's, Sunrise Senior Center, Town Center Mall, Best Buy, Elephant Bar restaurant, Black Angus restaurant and Costco, among others.
When recently discussing our city's new ethics policy, Council Member Laurie Ender astutely mentioned that it is all about perception. It is very disturbing to read documents revealing Pulskamp's goal to turn our communities into an urban center, Lambert's and Brotzman's past job positions, their association to each other, how they favored developers by changing zoning laws, how together they facilitated increased construction while reducing parking standards and their involvement in SCV's major projects.
Indeed, connecting the Pulskamp, Brotzman and Lambert dots has been dreadfully instructive.
Another MAJOR dot, SCV citizens: BEWARE "The General Plan" looming on the horizon. City Planning, under the direction of Ken Pulskamp and Paul Brotzman, is working diligently to completely overhaul "The General Plan" developed decades ago, which was instrumental to the creation and protection of our master-planned communities.
The revised general plan, being implemented piecemeal, will drastically change zoning laws, relax parking requirements, reduce traffic standards, greatly minimize public hearing scrutiny, and enables city approval of large construction projects.
This is the precise vehicle that will provide our city manager a green light to fully implement his goal to turn our suburban bedroom community into a legitimate urban center.


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Bath is often heralded as the most beautiful city in Britain. With its stunning Georgian architecture and historic Roman sights, together with boutique shopping and gastro delights, there is a reason for everyone to go there. The city is a UNESCO World Heritage Sight and with such well known attractions as the Royal Crescent and Roman Baths it is easy to see why.
Over 5 million people head to Bath every year for a break. It is one of the few cities, that make a truly relaxing city experience. The lack of high-rise buildings makes it feel more like a town. The river Avon runs through the city and is a great place to relax in the summer months.
Bath's location, also makes it very convenient to travel to. 2 hours from London by either car or train, and under 3 hours from Manchester. Bristol International Airport is only 30 minutes away too so you can fly there easily from many UK airports.
Staying in a holiday cottage close to Bath is a great choice for your holiday. The countryside surrounding Bath in Somerset and Wiltshire is simply stunning. From your base here, you can explore the Cotswolds and Stonehenge easily. It is a great spot for holidaying throughout the Westcountry.
To tempt you further, here are just a small selection of holiday cottages that you could rent this year.
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Rabbit Island
Imagine a remote, forested island in the largest body of freshwater in the world. Now imagine living on that island and being a part of one of the most unique and challenging artist residencies in the world. Rabbit Island is that island, and with your help, Rabbit Island will become that residency.The 90 acre Rabbit Island, initially a Kickstarter project, has become a reality. Follow the blog or Flickr feed from this uninhabited island-turned-artist-collective.
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SE 113th Avenue - Burnside to Stark
The Traffic Calming Program (TCP) undertook a streamlined speed bump project in the Spring of 1996 to address traffic problems identified by residents along SE 113th Avenue from Burnside to Stark.
The goal of the project was to enhance street safety and livability by reducing the 85th percentile speed of vehicles using SE 113th Avenue closer to the legal maximum speed limit of 25 miles per hour (mph). Speed bumps are the only device considered for streets like SE 113th Avenue, which are classified as Local Service Streets, are not transit or primary fire response routes and have vehicle volumes between 400 and 1700 vehicles per day. Speed bumps have proven to be effective tools to reduce vehicle speed without impacting access. It is not an intended goal to reduce traffic volume on low-volume Local Service Streets.
SE 113th Avenue serves a single family residence neighborhood with Ventura Park at the south end. Burnside, to the north, is a Neighborhood Collector street. Stark, at SE 113th Avenue's south end, is a Major City Traffic street. SE 113th Avenue has sidewalks and curbs and there is a hill which limits sight distances about midpoint along the street. A portion of the daily traffic on SE 113th Avenue is believed to be cut-through traffic due to localized congestion on the arterial streets and a traffic signal at Burnside where vehicles can cross the MAX rail line.
Open House
All residents along SE 113th Avenue were invited to an open house June 13, 1996 to review and comment on the proposed speed bump installation. Thirteen households were represented at the open house. All those who attended expressed approval for the proposed project. A petition was available at the open house for residents along SE 113th Avenue to sign and was circulated after the open house by a local resident. Of the 19 households along the street, 15, or 78.9%, signed the petition requesting speed bump installation.
Three 14-foot speed bumps, at 411 and 425 foot spacing, were constructed along the 0.23 mile stretch of SE 113th Avenue, Burnside to Stark, August 10, 1996 by the Bureau of Maintenance.
As the graph shows, vehicle speeds, previously concentrated between 26 and 34 mph, have been shifted into the range of 20 to 28 mph. The 85th percentile vehicle speed before the project was 34.8 mph. After bump construction the average 85th percentile speed is 24.5 mph and ranges from a low of 22 mph (near the bumps) to a high of 28 mph.
Traffic volumes measured before bump construction were 1100-1200 vehicles per day (vpd). After bump construction volumes measured 900-1100 vpd. It should be noted that the different time of year for the before and after volume measurements may account for the reduced volume Traffic volumes measured on side streets adjacent to SE 113th Avenue showed no increases from volumes measured prior to speed bump construction.
Traffic Calming on SE 113th Avenue, Burnside to Stark has successfully reduced the 85th percentile closer to the posted speed and enhanced street safety and livability.


text: Comedian Etta May Performs in Greenville By Kate Lochte • Nov 13, 2012 ShareTwitter Facebook Google+ Email Listen Listening... / You may have heard us giving away tickets to see Etta May performing at the Felix E. Martin Jr. Hall Creative and Performing Arts Center in Greenville. Kate speaks with the comedian about her upcoming performance. Related Program: Sounds GoodTags: Etta MayGreenvilleFelix E. Martin Jr. HallSouthern Fried ChicksComedianView the discussion thread.