text:
Vol. 3, No. 2:
October - November 2009
(For this issue in PDF format, click here.)
Communicating EBM: Facing the Challenge of Describing a New Management System to Various Audiences
Communicating EBM, Part II: Countering Common Misconceptions about EBM and Marine Spatial Planning
From Watersheds to Coral Reefs: Working to Manage Coastal Ecosystems in Fiji in an Integrated Way
Letters to the Editor
How Conservationists, Industry, and Government All View Risk Differently, and What This Means for EBM
Tundi's Take: Marine Spatial Planning in Europe: Can MSP Help Achieve EBM without Ocean Zoning?
The EBM Toolbox: Tools for Determining Marine Connectivity
Notes & News: US ocean policy - Governing transboundary resources - Ecosystem-based adaptation - Ocean zoning - Adaptation survey
NOTE: Global webinar on marine spatial planning - 17 November
MEAM and the EBM Tools Network will co-host a live Web-based seminar on 17 November 2009 to explore marine spatial planning. The speakers will be Charles Ehler and Fanny Douvere of the UNESCO Initiative on Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Planning. They are co-authors of the new guidebook Marine Spatial Planning: A Step-by-Step Approach toward Ecosystem-Based Management.
For information on the time of the webinar and how to register (it is free), go to www1.gotomeeting.com/register/837707984.
In the two years that MEAM has been published, the most common questions from readers have related to terminology. Namely readers have wondered about the distinctions between ecosystem-based management and other resource management terms that have gained favor at different times in various places - like ecosystem approach to management, or integrated coastal management. A Google search of these terms will yield multiple definitions for each, with enough overlap to blur the distinctions.
MEAM has avoided assigning specific definitions for these terms, partly out of recognition that there is room for reasonable debate on them. We would rather focus on how to implement better management than argue over which term, or whose definition, is best. Nonetheless, communicating the concept of EBM remains a serious challenge for practitioners. Confusion about terms and what they mean can lead to public misconceptions on the intent of management, and obstacles to implementation (see the article "Countering common misconceptions about EBM and marine spatial planning" in this issue).
Practitioners and communications experts are facing the challenge of describing EBM to its different audiences. MEAM asked some of them how it can best be done.
EBM as the new paradigm/buzzword
"EBM is the new paradigm that donors, governments, and practitioners are using," says Alan White of The Nature Conservancy. White has advised and implemented coastal and marine resource management programs in Southeast Asia for the past three decades, including in the Philippines and Indonesia. He is now co-leading a project to implement EBM in the Coral Triangle region (www.nature.org/wherewework/asiapacific/coraltriangle/initiatives). In the 1990s, integrated coastal management (ICM) was the main management buzzword in Southeast Asia, and it remains familiar to many coastal communities there. Now EBM is the goal.
"For the most part, the importance of whether it is ICM or EBM, or a combination thereof, is lost on local stakeholders and communities," says White. "In my experience in the Philippines, because communities and the government have endorsed an ICM approach to their coastal areas through legislation and action, they tend to see EBM as a refinement but not a replacement for their ICM framework. In contrast, other areas where there was no particular coastal and marine resource management framework in place may adopt a so-called EBM system for their needs without pause."
White himself sees significant overlap and complementation between ICM and EBM, with the main distinction being that ICM has more of an emphasis on institutional integration while EBM has more of an emphasis on ecosystem considerations. White calls that a simplistic separation and acknowledges that academic theory on management would likely draw finer distinctions.
"In the real world of coastal management, though, the perception of stakeholders and local managers is the bottom line, and their view of the world determines if management gains are to be achieved," he says. "Thus, whether it is ICM or EBM or some other management framework is not the main point. First learn what is already being accepted and implemented, then decide how to improve that. If you introduce your system in a manner that complements and augments current approaches, it will have a greater influence than if it is promoted as the ultimate new solution."
Should you avoid the term "EBM"?
At the International Marine Conservation Congress this past May, a journalist on a panel of media professionals suggested that resource managers should avoid using the term "EBM" all together when talking to the public. He said such jargon would cause more confusion than clarity. Instead, he suggested, managers should use terms that would mean more to the average person, such as "comprehensive management".
SeaWeb - an NGO that uses strategic communications to advance science-based solutions to ocean issues - conducted a study from 2006-2008 that reached the same conclusion. Its research on how best to communicate EBM recommended that managers not tie themselves to the term, and instead use alternative descriptors that would resonate with different audiences. In its report Talking about a Sea Change, SeaWeb concluded,
"With some exceptions, audiences such as coastal residents, ocean industry workers, fishers, and elected officials are less familiar with ecosystem-based management and may be confused by the term or interpret it incorrectly. To avoid these potential traps, you may want to avoid saying 'ecosystem-based management' at first (and especially avoid using 'EBM' as shorthand) and focus on other words that were found to resonate with these audiences. Our research showed that the best alternative words were 'integrated', 'comprehensive', 'effective', 'holistic', and 'balanced'."
"With some exceptions, audiences such as coastal residents, ocean industry workers, fishers, and elected officials are less familiar with ecosystem-based management and may be confused by the term or interpret it incorrectly. To avoid these potential traps, you may want to avoid saying 'ecosystem-based management' at first (and especially avoid using 'EBM' as shorthand) and focus on other words that were found to resonate with these audiences. Our research showed that the best alternative words were 'integrated', 'comprehensive', 'effective', 'holistic', and 'balanced'."
The study draws on in-depth interviews with scientists, NGOs, management agencies, and ocean industries, as well as a US nationwide poll of 1500 adults. It describes tailored strategies and messages for communicating EBM to each of nine groups, from commercial fishermen to resource managers. SeaWeb hopes that although the research was US-based, it could apply to situations elsewhere, providing value to NGOs and international bodies. SeaWeb operates a website on EBM communications at www.seaweb.org/resources/Ecosystem-basedmanagement/SeaWebsEBMCommunicationsProject.php.
Shared resources, but different languages and cultures
Marine ecosystems often cross national boundaries. As a result, EBM can require international management of resources. Obstacles to communicating EBM within one country can be magnified when communication is necessary across multiple nations, languages, and cultures.
The EU-funded BALANCE project, active from 2005-2007, aimed to develop joint methods and tools for marine spatial planning and management through the Baltic Sea region. The Baltic region consists of nine countries - Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden - each with a different language and culture. Jan Ekebom of the Finnish Environment Institute said of the communication and coordination issues involved, "If marine spatial planning can be done in the Baltic, it can be done anywhere."
The BALANCE project (www.balance-eu.org) involved a broad alliance of partners from nearly all nine countries, including conservation agencies, fisheries agencies, geological institutions, scientists, and NGOs. Åsa Andersson of WWF-Sweden, who led the project's work on MPA networks, says communication on the project had to be in English in light of the language barriers. Although this meant communicating in a language that was foreign to everyone, it also presented all partners with an equal challenge, which was a good thing overall, says Andersson.
"The language challenges were just something that had to be taken into account, such as when developing time plans or writing reports, since it takes a bit longer when using a language that is not your own," says Andersson. "It was also important to meet face to face every now and then, and not communicate only via telephone and e-mail, to avoid misunderstandings."
The countries' different histories and cultures also meant that there were various levels of awareness of environmental conditions, and of EBM and marine spatial planning as management strategies. In addition, there were different priorities, expectations, and reasons for joining the project. "One way of dealing with the different priorities and expectations was to define, as early and as clearly as possible, the expected outcomes of the project, what had to be delivered by each partner, and the absolute deadlines for delivery," says Andersson.
It was critical to set ambitious but realistic expectations, she says. "One of the main objectives of the project was to compile coherent maps of basic information such as sediment, salinity, light, and bathymetry covering the entire sea area," says Andersson. "This might sound simple, but because of the challenges of being nine countries - with nine different languages and 19 sediment classifications, for example - this was a great achievement and something to be proud of. Having these maps for the region now is a great step forward and crucial for future planning and management of our joint sea."
For more information:
Alan White, The Nature Conservancy, Honolulu, Hawai`i, US. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Daria Siciliano (director of science), SeaWeb, San Francisco, California, US. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Åsa Andersson, WWF, Solna, Sweden. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
BOX: Describing ecosystem-based management
"Ecosystem-based management is a balanced approach to managing the ocean and its coasts that aims to restore and protect the ocean's functions - including the ocean's provision of things that humans want and need - by improving ocean health. Ecosystem-based management is a shift toward long-term perspectives that places humans as integral to ecosystems and a move beyond current management plans that have jurisdictional limits, offer short-term perspectives and consider humans independent of nature."
- From Talking about a Sea Change (2009, SeaWeb). To order a free PDF copy, e-mail SeaWeb's EBM Communications Associate Alex Danoff at email@example.com.
As with new concepts in virtually any field - particularly ideas that involve change from the status quo - misconceptions exist about marine ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning (MSP). These misconceptions, held by practitioners and stakeholders alike, pose obstacles to implementation. Below, authors of two new publications describe some of the most common misunderstandings they have encountered on MSP and EBM, and how they respond to each.
• From Charles Ehler and Fanny Douvere, authors of Marine Spatial Planning: A Step-by-Step Approach toward Ecosystem-Based Management (2009, UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme, www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be/msp_guide):
MSP Misconception 1: My jurisdiction does not have the authority to apply MSP.
Reality: While some countries have specific legislation for MSP (e.g., the UK is preparing a new Coastal and Oceans Access Bill), most do not. Many countries use existing authorities - including environmental legislation (like Belgium) or biodiversity legislation (like Australia) - or existing land-use planning legislation that is extended to the sea (The Netherlands and Germany) as a basis of authority for MSP. Wherever the authority for MSP comes from, it is critical that the final plan is legally binding and enforceable.
MSP Misconception 2: We do not have enough data to apply MSP.
Reality: Perfect ecological and economic data are never available. It is more important to get started with the best data available. Even more important is the definition of clear goals and objectives for MSP. That critical step in the MSP process should guide the collection and analysis of data. International examples illustrate MSP is successful when conducted as a continuous, iterative process that is flexible to adapt when new information becomes available.
MSP Misconception 3: We do not have any conflicts among users, so we do not need MSP.
Reality: MSP is a future-oriented activity. The absence of conflicts today among human uses of marine areas or between human uses and nature conservation should not be a rationale for postponing planning and decision-making about the future use of marine areas. The benefits of avoiding conflicts and other problems in the future will far outweigh the costs of MSP today.
• From Karen McLeod and Heather Leslie, editors of Ecosystem-Based Management for the Oceans (2009, Island Press, www.islandpress.org/ebm):
EBM Misconception 1: A management effort is ecosystem-based only if it implements all the elements of the "theory" of EBM, such as the one outlined in the 2005 Scientific Consensus Statement (www.compassonline.org/pdf_files/EBM_Consensus_Statement_v12.pdf).
Reality: In truth, there are many "right ways" to move forward. EBM will be implemented differently in different historical, social, and ecological contexts. It is possible to move forward with EBM even in situations with little information or minimal management or governance already in place.
EBM Misconception 2: EBM needs to be done at a particular "X" scale (local, regional, national, etc.).
Reality: We see from case studies of EBM in practice that it can be implemented at any spatial scale - from local, site-based efforts to entire large marine ecosystems. In many cases, management plans will need to include multiple scales, due to the ecological and human connections among different places.
EBM Misconception 3: EBM will involve much more work for managers.
Reality: Managing the full array of human activities in the ocean and explicitly considering tradeoffs among them is a fundamentally different way of doing business. While this shift will require some new personnel and funding, EBM will build on many of the scientific and technical activities already underway in coastal and marine areas. Also, it may help ease workloads by leveraging resources, reducing redundancy, and increasing certainty for managers and stakeholders about the current and future institutional landscape.
EBM Misconception 4: EBM is an academic theory, and is not actually being applied "in the water".
Reality: Key elements of EBM are already being implemented in many locations around the world, such as in the US (Chesapeake Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Florida Keys, Great South Bay, Massachusetts, Morro Bay, Port Orford, Puget Sound); in Australia (Great Barrier Reef); in Canada (Eastern Scotian Shelf); and in Mexico (Gulf of California).
In the Western Pacific, the archipelagic nation of Fiji includes more than 800 high islands, cays, and islets. Holding roughly 4% of all coral reefs in the world, Fiji includes the third-longest barrier reef on Earth - the Great Sea Reef, or Cakau Levu. Most of the country's population of 945,000 people live along the coast, and many rely on the sea's resources for food and income. Fijian lifestyles, history, and customs - including the traditional use of tabu areas in Fijian resource management - all reflect the islanders' relationship with the sea.
Despite the importance of Fijian seascapes, they are under threat, partly from direct overuse (i.e., overfishing of reefs) and partly from the downstream effects of various land-use practices, including rapid land conversion from forestry and agricultural activities. "These threats are compounded by a weak national legislative framework and enforcement capacity, and the lack of alternative livelihoods," says Stacy Jupiter, director of the South Pacific program for the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Her organization is partnering with other NGOs, academics, government, and villages to address the threats in an integrated way.
Four-pronged approach
The program aims to promote an EBM-based plan for Fiji's watersheds, coral reefs, and fisheries. It is doing this through a four-pronged approach:
(1) Establishing community-managed protected areas linking ridge to reef;
(2) Assisting communities to diversify fishing- and forest-based incomes;
(3) Providing recommendations to national and local managers to strengthen policies for natural resource management and biodiversity conservation; and
(4) Applying scientific tools to understand the nature of ecosystem linkages and community capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The scientific tools include analyses of long-term coral records to assess impacts of runoff from nearby mining operations; underwater video surveys of fish responses to fishing pressure; and high-resolution habitat maps to create spatial models of fish assemblages.
(1) Establishing community-managed protected areas linking ridge to reef;
(2) Assisting communities to diversify fishing- and forest-based incomes;
(3) Providing recommendations to national and local managers to strengthen policies for natural resource management and biodiversity conservation; and
(4) Applying scientific tools to understand the nature of ecosystem linkages and community capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The scientific tools include analyses of long-term coral records to assess impacts of runoff from nearby mining operations; underwater video surveys of fish responses to fishing pressure; and high-resolution habitat maps to create spatial models of fish assemblages.
Aaron Jenkins of Wetlands International-Oceania (WIO), an institutional partner on the EBM project, says a threat to Fijian seascapes is the "myopic partitioning" of habitat types and sectors in conservation and development. "Actual ecological and social processes interplay across habitats and sectors," says Jenkins. "At a broad level we are trying to address unsustainable fishing practices and land-use practices at the scale at which ecological and social processes are operating. While we have a lot of resources and effort dedicated to marine protected area network design and monitoring, we are also trying to get beyond an MPA approach."
So in addition to MPA network development, the program is involved in establishing and encouraging adjacent locally managed forest protected areas in strategic areas of rivers (such as critical headwaters that provide for recharge of water), as well as setting up community-based re-planting of river buffer zones. "With local participatory consultation and science, we have developed the first ecosystem-scale management plan for one of our project sites," says Jenkins. "We are striving continually to be more holistic in our approach to management and see where crucial intersections for management intervention are within the 'ecoscape'" - a term he uses to describe the combination of landscape, seascape, and human well-being.
Institutional partnering
To manage these integrated factors requires the partnering of institutions, each with its own strengths. Responsibilities have been divided accordingly. The main NGO partners on the Fiji EBM program are WCS (responsible for marine surveys and intervention), WIO (freshwater/estuarine surveys and intervention), and WWF (socioeconomic studies and community engagement). The NGOs are also members of the Fiji Locally Managed Marine Area network (FLMMA), and collaborate closely with the University of the South Pacific, the Fiji Department of the Environment, and the Fiji Ministry of Forests and Fisheries.
"Communication is the key to successful partnerships," says Jupiter of WCS. "From the start, it was important to agree on a common vision and objectives. The Fiji EBM partners meet regularly to keep each other informed on project progress. Having multiple organizations speaking with a common voice has made government departments and other conservation partners more receptive to EBM principles and science."
Jenkins says a major positive move has been the hiring of a full-time project coordinator who is answerable to the project and not to any one organization. The project coordinator is Sunil Prasad, a local Indo-Fijian with a master's degree in conservation biology. He organizes regular meetings and exchanges, and keeps the partners on track for project deliverables. Says Jenkins, "Between all of our organizations, we have dozens of projects going on simultaneously that are not necessarily related to the EBM project. With the coordinator answerable to the EBM project only, this allows him to remain focused and unbiased."
Land-based industry has been relatively slow to partner on the project to this point. "We are still having difficulties in meaningfully engaging with some of the more land-based extractive sectors such as logging, mining, and large-scale agriculture," says Jenkins.
Management indicators
The vision for the project is "Healthy people, processes, and systems", which is reflected in its study of indicators. The project is measuring factors from the effect of protection on river and reef fish species, for example, to the effect of that same protection on fishers' incomes (the findings of which have been used in Marxan-based analyses of potential closed areas).
"Thus far, our results from coral reef areas show that the positive benefits of no-take closures - i.e., significant increases in fisheries biomass and abundance - can be wiped out by a single, intensive fishing event or too-frequent, less-intensive harvests," says Jupiter. "In freshwater systems, we have found that catchment land clearing and the presence of introduced tilapia have strong negative effects on native fish diversity. However, community controls on activities within riparian zones and freshwater streams may reduce these threats."
Eventually the project will assess an even broader array of indicators. "We are hoping to expand the measurement of ecosystem health to incorporate a set of waterborne disease indicators for adjacent populations of people," says Jenkins. "This will hopefully provide some guidance on the intersection of ecosystem-scale management and human health, and is part of our future plans."
Aaron Jenkins, Wetlands International-Oceania, c/o Marine Studies Program, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Stacy Jupiter, WCS South Pacific Program, Suva, Fiji. E-mail: email@example.com
Sanivalati Navuku, WWF, Suva, Fiji. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
EBM Kubulau Bulletin (2008, Wildlife Conservation Society-Fiji): www.reefbase.org/pacific/pub_A0000004575.aspx
Ecosystem-Based Implementation of Management in Marine Capture Fisheries: Case Studies from WWF's Marine Ecoregions (2007, WWF). Includes case study on WWF's marine ecoregion work in Fiji: http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_ebm_toolkit_2007.pdf
BOX: On communicating EBM in Fiji
"When communicating with local communities, the media, and non-scientific audiences, we tend to use the term 'ridge to reef management'. The term is readily understood by Fijians who have traditionally governed their natural resources from terrestrial forests out to the reef's edge. However, when we speak to government and organizations in the conservation sector, we use the terms 'ecosystem management' or 'ecosystem-based management' as a way to incorporate human dynamics, cross-sectoral engagement, and ecosystem linkages into national-scale planning." - Stacy Jupiter, Wildlife Conservation Society
The article in our last issue on whether conservation should be considered a use of the marine environment (MEAM 3:1) drew reactions from readers who were opposed to the concept.
Dear MEAM,
With all of the major issues confronting our oceans and marine resources, why are we creating new ones? Conservation management is not a use but rather a way to regulate or manage a use or activity. Its benefits are for the public good, not for the unrestricted use of private industry. In fact, extractive uses of any resource are rarely sustainable without some form of regulation or restriction. If we place conservation on the same level as a "use", how can we achieve economic stability and environmental quality for the greatest number over the long term? Conservation involves having the goal of sustainable resource use for successive generations. Please put this debate to rest and let's get on with the protection of our ocean resources.
Gib Chase
Biologist (retired), US Fish and Wildlife Service
Dear MEAM,
To deal with the question of whether conservation is a use, the term conservation should have first been defined. But I agree entirely with Elliott Norse [in the article]: conservation, as I understand the term, is a policy goal, a process, and a condition of use.
Sidney Holt
Biologist and consultant, Italy
Risk plays a role in any situation where decisions must be made based on uncertain information. In finance, for example, investors must often choose between putting their money in a bank account with a low but guaranteed interest rate, or in a stock that may yield high returns but also has a chance of losing all value. The amount of risk that the investors are willing to accept is called risk tolerance. Inversely, the amount of risk the investors are unwilling to accept is called risk aversion. Both considerations affect investors' decision-making.
There is much uncertainty in marine resource management. Managers must regularly make decisions without knowing exactly how the ecosystem, or stakeholders in some cases, will respond. As a result, there is risk. To make matters more complex, each group involved in marine resource management views risk in different ways, says Jake Rice, senior national advisor for ecosystem sciences with Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans. In particular, he says, conservationists, industry, and government managers all exhibit different types of risk aversion. And each type affects management in a different way.
MEAM spoke with Rice about the implications of risk aversion for EBM, and how the differences can be bridged:
• MEAM: How do conservationists, industry (fishing or otherwise), and government view risk aversion differently?
• Jake Rice: Risk aversion should be viewed relative to two very different types of management errors. One error is termed a "miss": when a conservation threat exists but management does not take action appropriate to address the threat. The other type of error is a "false alarm". This is when management acts to substantially restrict harvest (or otherwise reduce social or economic benefits) on the basis of perceived conservation needs, when in fact a lesser degree of restriction would have avoided serious ecological consequences just as effectively.
It is well documented in decision-theoretical research that, faced with uncertain information about threats and outcomes, error-free decisions are impossible. For a given degree of uncertainty, decision-makers have to make trade-offs between the two types of errors. One cannot lower the risk of one type of error without raising the risk of the other. Optimal trade-offs depend on the cost of a miss compared to the cost of a false alarm.
This is a useful framework for addressing these questions. The risk aversion of the various communities - conservation, industry, government - can be explained in terms of their views on the relative costs of the errors inherent in decision-making. First, it is important to note that all communities want low error rates. Beyond that, in my view the evidence indicates that:
- The conservation biology community is very risk averse to misses. They consider a miss to have very high cost (on the ecological dimension) and are willing to accept a high false alarm rate if needed to have a low probability of any misses;
- The fishing industry, not surprisingly, considers false alarms to have high costs on social and economic dimensions, and look for a balance between the two types of error or a small bias toward avoiding false alarms; and
- Subjectively, it appears that politicians are particularly risk averse relative to false alarms on the social dimension of sustainability (making decisions that cause unnecessary social hardship, even if temporary), although I have not seen that documented experimentally.
- The conservation biology community is very risk averse to misses. They consider a miss to have very high cost (on the ecological dimension) and are willing to accept a high false alarm rate if needed to have a low probability of any misses;
- The fishing industry, not surprisingly, considers false alarms to have high costs on social and economic dimensions, and look for a balance between the two types of error or a small bias toward avoiding false alarms; and
- Subjectively, it appears that politicians are particularly risk averse relative to false alarms on the social dimension of sustainability (making decisions that cause unnecessary social hardship, even if temporary), although I have not seen that documented experimentally.
• MEAM: How do those differences in risk aversion impact management?
• Rice: The difference in risk tolerances for misses and false alarms are rarely understood by participants in inclusive decision-making processes - or when lobbying top-down decision-making processes. When the different communities apply different weights to the costs on the three dimensions of sustainability, no amount of dialogue will find a compromise that seems equally fair from all perspectives. The result is polarization of viewpoints and inability of inclusive processes to find consensus solutions. It also reduces the ability of processes to learn from experience, because the experiences (namely, what errors really did or did not occur) are felt and interpreted on different grounds.
• MEAM: Are there ways for managers to bridge those differences?
• Rice: First of all, better knowledge of the ecological, social, and economic aspects of a fishery always helps - to the extent that better knowledge reduces uncertainty and makes the likelihood of either type of error lower. Beyond that, differences can be bridged only by reducing unconstructive dialogues that are likely between the conservationist community and fishers, each failing to acknowledge that the risk aversion profile of the other is a legitimate starting point for seeking a mutually acceptable decision.
There are constructive discussions that could occur regarding the costs of misses and false alarms on each dimension of sustainability (ecological, social, and economic). Were it possible to find common ground on the individual costs, it might be possible to have a more constructive dialogue about which trade-offs have a fair balance of costs. It would also ensure that the "transition costs" of inflicting short-term social and economic constraints for short-term ecological benefits leading to longer-term social and economic opportunities are part of the dialogue from the outset - rather than something done at a late stage in the overall decision-making process.
I am not sure this framework for applying risk aversion will solve all problems or allow the various communities always to interact harmoniously. However, it is practical and will not make things worse. If it helps at all, every perspective - and the ecosystems and the industry - will gain.
Jake Rice, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada. E-mail: email@example.com
Tundi's Take
By Tundi Agardy, MEAM Contributing Editor. E-mail: email@example.com
The European Commission has embraced the concept of marine spatial planning (MSP) as a way to promote ecosystem-based management. But will its endorsement of MSP lead to active changes in management and, more specifically, to the development of ocean zoning? It is a key question. A commitment to MSP without a commitment to ocean zoning is like two people living together and vowing to be faithful, but who are unwilling to take the plunge into marriage for fear of commitment.
The process of marine spatial planning allows for doing many good things, including engaging stakeholders from multiple sectors and attaching values to certain uses of the marine environment. However, in developing marine spatial planning programs, some countries have focused solely on those aspects while backing away from ocean zoning, wary of a public backlash based on fears of what ocean zoning could entail (i.e., restrictions on use). These countries' hope is seemingly that, following the planning process, stakeholders and agencies will simply do the right things on their own without needing a zoning system in place to direct them. This is a colossal missed opportunity.
It is clear that the EU feels a solution to status quo marine management is within reach. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/marine/index_en.htm) spells out what kind of changes need to be made. The Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries has calls for proposals for MSP in the North and Baltic seas, while an initiative in the Mediterranean is expected soon. And the 2006 Maritime Policy states, "The mapping of existing and planned activities in the water and on the seabed is essential."
But what these MSP efforts will actually lead to is not at all clear, at least not from the information that has been made public. Even the EC Maritime Spatial Planning Roadmap (http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/spatial_planning_en.html) fails to articulate the connection between MSP and ocean zoning, nor to detail how planning will operationally change management.
The EU has led the world in many aspects of marine management, and European policies around EBM and MSP are still in a state of play. I am hopeful that the European countries will recognize the immense potential of ocean zoning, and not shy away from it. By advocating a larger vision - to develop a strategic, comprehensive, coordinated planning effort in member states and in regions that member states border - European countries face an unprecedented opportunity to develop an integrated spatial plan regulating activities and uses at EBM scales. Zoning in which environmental protection is harmonized with uses of the sea is likely the most effective approach to mitigate and possibly reverse extensive and increasing human impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems.
Editor's note: The goal of The EBM Toolbox is to promote awareness of tools for facilitating EBM processes. It is brought to you by the EBM Tools Network (www.ebmtools.org), a voluntary alliance of tool users, developers, and training providers.
THE EBM TOOLBOX, by Sarah Carr
Tools for determining marine connectivity
Marine connectivity refers to the concept that areas in the ocean are linked through the exchange of organisms (larvae, adults) or non-living things (nutrients, sediment). When areas are connected, management decisions for one area may also affect the other areas. Tools for modeling this connectivity include:
• Aus-ConnIe (www.per.marine.csiro.au/aus-connie), which maps statistics on particle diffusion over time and can be used to predict larval dispersal, recruitment, and contaminant dispersion around Australasia and Southeast Asia; and
• Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools (http://code.env.duke.edu/projects/mget), which include an ArcGIS tool for modeling dispersal of larvae between patches of suitable habitat (such as coral reefs) by ocean currents.
• Aus-ConnIe (www.per.marine.csiro.au/aus-connie), which maps statistics on particle diffusion over time and can be used to predict larval dispersal, recruitment, and contaminant dispersion around Australasia and Southeast Asia; and
• Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools (http://code.env.duke.edu/projects/mget), which include an ArcGIS tool for modeling dispersal of larvae between patches of suitable habitat (such as coral reefs) by ocean currents.
As connectivity is variable among locations and species, managers should consult with experts and literature in their region before using tools. Learn more about these tools and related resources at www.ebmtools.org/faqs.html (FAQ #9).
(Sarah Carr is coordinator for the EBM Tools Network. Learn more about EBM tools and sign up for Network updates at www.ebmtools.org.)
US interagency task force releases proposal for new national ocean policy
A US task force composed of representatives from multiple federal agencies has released an interim report with proposals for a comprehensive national approach to ocean policy. The plan would set up a new interagency National Ocean Council to guide a holistic, ecosystem-based approach to management, unifying what has been a piecemeal, sector-by-sector approach by US agencies toward ocean policy and development. If enacted as proposed, the policy would represent sweeping change for US ocean policy, including an embrace of marine spatial planning as a principal strategy. The plan aims to "serve as a model of [...] use, management, and conservation within the global community."
President Barack Obama established the task force in June 2009 to develop a national ocean policy. Its interim report is undergoing a 30-day public review and comment period; the comment period ends around 17 October. The report is available at www.whitehouse.gov/oceans. Public comments on the report may also be submitted on that website.
Report examines governance of transboundary resources
A new report from IUCN examines the characteristics of effective transboundary resource management, particularly through the use of ecosystem-based management. It includes case studies of the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Antarctic waters, the Benguela Current, the North Atlantic, and the Western and Central Pacific region. Common themes emerge, such as the need for a holistic approach, environmental impact assessments, and precaution. Shared Resources: Issues of Governance is available at http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/EPLP-072.pdf.
World Bank calls for ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation and mitigation
Nations should include ecosystem-based approaches to mitigation and adaptation as an essential strategy in their efforts to address climate change, according to a new report from the World Bank. The report explores opportunities to benefit populations, protect natural capital (including via protected areas), and utilize green technologies to address climate-change impacts. It describes specific strategies for wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs, and ocean ecosystems. The report Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth: Ecosystem-based Approaches to Climate Change is at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ENVIRONMENT/Resources/ESW_EcosystemBasedApp.pdf.
Paper: ocean zoning can be catalyst for ocean governance reform
A new article in the Bulletin of Marine Science proposes multiple potential benefits to come from taking a robust approach to ocean zoning, including opportunities for user groups to form long-lived institutions and a reassessment of the focus and scope of ocean regulatory institutions. The paper's authors say such benefits will lead to improved conflict resolution, efficiency of use, and ecosystem stability. The article is available for free; a link is at www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/pre-prints/8621.
Survey: seeking North American experience with adaptation strategies to climate change
Editor: John B. Davis
Contributing Editor: Tundi Agardy
Chair - David Fluharty, University of Washington
Sarah Carr, EBM Tools Network
Kevern Cochrane, UN Food and Agriculture Organization
Jon Day, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
Mark Erdmann, Conservation International
Ben Halpern, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
Karen McLeod, Oregon State University
Jake Rice, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Kristin Sherwood, David and Lucile Packard Foundation
Kevin Stokes, Fisheries consultant
School of Marine Affairs
University of Washington
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Tel: +1 425 788 8185
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text:
Faculty Profiles
B. Olswang, Ph.D./ CCC
- Language
Development and Disorders in Children
- Social Communication Disorders in School-Aged Children
- Early Signals of Communication in
- Treatment Efficacy
Personal Teaching & Research website
Dept. of Speech & Hearing Sciences
(For Campus Mail only: Box 354875)
University of Washington
1417 NE 42nd St.
Seattle, WA 98105-6246
Office:(206) 616-5273 Fax:(206) 543-1093
Education & Research: Speech-Language Pathology Division
Faculty & Staff Directory
Lesley Olswang has been on the faculty at the University of Washington since 1978. She is also an affiliate of the Center on Human Development and Disability and the Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Center. She became an Asha Fellow in 1996 and was awarded a Fulbright Scholar Award in 1994-95, allowing her to study in Great Britain at the University of Reading and the University of Edinburgh. She received her degrees from Northwestern University, University of Illinois and the University of Washington.
Her research has focused on measuring the benefits of treatment for individuals with language disorders, including using dynamic assessment as a means of predicting change in young children with specific language impairments. She currently is pursuing two major lines of investigation. The first involves the acquisition of signals of communication by infants with motor impairments and young adults with severe/profound developmental disabilities. The second focuses on examining the social communication skills of children prenatally exposed to alcohol. This latter research has been examining the performance of children as they interact with peers in their classroom Dr. Olswang's research is described more fully on her lab Website and her Personal Teaching and Research Website.
Dr. Olswang teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in the department. She won the University of Washington Distinguished Teaching Award in 1983, and the Marsha Landolt Graduate Mentor Award in 2005. She was also the recipient of the Washington State Clinical Achievement Award in 2004. Her courses include: Social Cultural Aspects of Communication (SPHSC 308), Clinical Methodology for Documenting Change in Communication Disorders (SPHSC 500), Clinical Research in Communication Disorders (SPHSC 505), and Instructional Development Forum (SPHSC 563).
Recent Publications
L., Coggins, T., & Timler, G. (2001). Alternative
measures for evaluating outcomes: outcome measures for
school-age children with social communication problems. Topics
in Language Disorders, 21(4), 50-73.
Stone-Goldman, J. & Olswang, L. (2003). Learning to look, learning to see: using ethnography to develop cultural sensitivity. Asha Leader, 8(5), pp. 6-7, 14-15.
J., & Olswang, L. (2003). Facilitating peer
group entry in kindergarteners with deficits in social
communication. Language, Speech, Hearing Services
in Schools, 34, 154-166.
Murphy, K. M., Saunders, M. D., Saunders, R. R., & Olswang, L. B. (2004). Effects of ambient stimuli on measures of behavioral state and microswitch use in adults with profound multiple impairments. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 355-370.
Timler, G., Olswang, L., & Coggins, T. (2005). "Do I Know What I need to Do?" A social communication intervention for children with complex clinical profiles. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services In Schools, 36, 73-85.
Community of Science: complete description of research and updated bibliography with abstracts.

subset: commoncrawl


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[Solved] How To Remove Virus.Vbcrypt.CK, Virus.Vbcrypt.CK Removal
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Traditional Duck with Pancakes And Hoisin-Lime Sauce
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This is your site's slogan. Edit, move or remove it as needed.
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Matt Barkley sees the irony in Russell Shepard's catching his passes at Eagles practices.
In 2009, they were the two top-ranked quarterbacks coming out of high school. Barkley topped the pro-style list, while Shepard headlined the ranks of dual threats.
"It's funny the way things work out sometimes," Barkley said.
Barkley's path to the Eagles after a standout career at Southern Cal could become folklore if he turns into a long-term starter. Shepard's path has been less heralded, which is consistent with his career at Louisiana State.
The 6-foot-1, 195-pounder moved from quarterback during his freshman season and played everywhere from running back to wide receiver to defensive back.


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Thousands of union workers converged on Independence Mall on a crisp Saturday morning, calling on Mayor Nutter to negotiate with some of the city's biggest labor unions, which have been locked in a four-year standoff over their contracts.
Labeling Nutter a "dictator" and his labor negotiations akin to hostage-taking, national labor leaders took the stage with local union presidents just days after Nutter made a "final offer" to the local municipal workers' union - an offer that local labor leaders say is unacceptable.
Speakers praised the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. as a fighter for workers' rights. He died while advocating in Memphis for striking sanitation workers.


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An American Sandwich in ParisSara O'Donnell
I'm sure you wouldn't be surprised if I told you that everything I ate while visiting Paris was spectacular. You wouldn't be shocked if I told you everything was outstanding. But you might roll your eyes if I told you they even make a better Club Sandwich than us.
The Club Sandwich my husband and I shared in Paris (top of post) inspired, what I like to call, The BLD, or Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner Sandwich.
In Paris, our Club had thick cut grilled chicken, not thinly sliced turkey. In Paris, our Club had a fried egg, over hard.
I don't know about you, but no Club Sandwich I've ever enjoyed across our great 50 states has had an egg. Pairing chicken and egg with all the usual Club Sandwich fixings got inside of my head and had to find it's way back into my belly.
Watch the video to see how I make The BLD and tell me, where have you traveled and found food inspiration? Share your creations in the comments.
Check out these SANDWICH RECIPES here on Babble Food:
15 Fresh Twists on B.L.T's
Manchego, Fig Jam, and Prosciutto Grilled Cheese Sandwich
3 Creative Ways to Serve PB&J!
More videos and recipes from Sara at Average Betty.
Follow Sara on Facebook and Twitter and Pinterest for even more fun!
Don't miss the latest from Family Kitchen Like Us on Facebook.


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High: 75°F ~ Low: 53°F
Monday, Sep. 26, 2016
RAMPANT RUDENESS: WHAT'S THE REAL CAUSE?Posted Tuesday, September 22, 2009, at 10:33 AM
Outbursts in Congress, cursing on the tennis courts, and grabbing the mic from a young award winner; everyone is lamenting our loss of civility as more and more public figures continue to behave badly.
To quote my grandmother, I think someone has forgotten their manners.
It would be easy to go off on a rant about the disrespectful Congressman, the angry athlete or the scene-stealing rapper, but these people are not acting in a cultural vacuum.
Is it any wonder that the gentleman from South Carolina felt free to shout at the President of the United States when talk-show hosts win ratings with smear campaigns and candidates routinely engage in character bashing?
We might express shock over a female athlete screaming the "F" word at an official, but we've long tolerated shouting and cursing in sports. There have been numerous male tennis players who routinely berated officials. Their bad tempers became almost a joke, and their angry outbursts were often considered part of their strategy.
And if you think swearing is limited to the athletes, try attending a college football game. You'll be treated to thousand of drunks, shouting curses at the refs, the opponents and sometimes even their own coach and team, if they don't like the way the game is going.
As for the rapper, is it any surprise that someone from an industry that routinely disrespects women with nasty lyrics and dog-chain-collar costumes thinks nothing of stealing a young woman's moment in the limelight? It's kind of hard to imagine why a man would behave gallantly when so many of his peers are being rewarded for being rude and obnoxious.
Maybe I am turning into my grandmother, but this rudeness hurts my heart.
The simple solution is to criticize the individuals and to treat them as exceptions that should be shunned.
But this is a teachable moment for all of us. Rudeness isn't the real problem. The root of the problem is loss of empathy, and we've been given a golden opportunity to remind the world what it looks like.
Instead of focusing on how awful the offenders actions were, we ought to be asking people to think about what it feels like to be on the other end of uncivil behavior.
How would you feel if you were a line judge, trying to do your job in the game you loved, and a player practically accosted you, cursing at you on national television?
What would it be like to be a young woman winning one of the biggest awards of your life and have someone grab the microphone right out of your hand?
And yes, even the President deserves a little empathy. Criticizing policy is fair game, but how would like to be doing the hardest job in the world and have one of your colleagues treat you with less respect than he does the guard who walked you in?
So what's the solution? It's simple. Take a calming breath, think before you speak, and be nice.
The recent rash of rudeness is merely a symptom of a larger problem; we've forgotten that other people are human beings, too. They may get in our way in traffic, sing songs we don't like, make questionable calls on the line, or feel differently about health care than we do, but they're human beings, and they're just as deserving of respect as we are.
When we lose our empathy, we've lost our humanity, and if we lose that, we've pretty much lost everything.
So mind your manners, people. If you wouldn't want your grandma to hear it, then don't say it.
Lisa Earle McLeod is an author, syndicated columnist and inspirational thought-leader. A popular keynote speaker, Lisa is principal of McLeod & More, Inc., a training and consulting firm specializing in sales, leadership and conflict management. Her newest book is The Triangle of Truth: The Surprisingly Simple Secret to Resolving Conflicts Large and Small (Jan 2010 from Penguin Putnam).www.LisaEarleMcLeod.com
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I can't take any more. The economy is tanking, the election is endless, and now it looks like I might have to sell my blood if I want to keep my kids in mac 'n cheese. Oh, and did I mention that, thanks to falling house prices, I probably owe more on my home than it's actually worth? I want to go back to bed, pull the covers over my head and have somebody wake me up when my 401(k) bounces back. I don't know about you, but I'm finding myself so jittery about, well everything, that it's all I can do to surf the net. Kind of ironic, isn't it? I should be working more, but I'm so anxious about my finances that I'm actually working less. Alas, such is the world of grown-ups - stress, anxiety, depression. And to think that I wasted much of my childhood wishing I could be in charge of my own life. Why in the heck did I ever think that was a good idea? Give me a few cookies, a blankey and a nice place to lie down and I swear I'll never complain about an early bedtime again. These are tough times indeed. Even if you're still OK, you'd have to be one cold, hard, rich person to stay immune to all the angst in the air. So how do you cope? How do you get through today when you're so worried about tomorrow that you can't see straight? I overheard a news commentator say that people are thinking twice before they go out to eat or buy new clothes. I'm guessing that those are the people who still have jobs. Because the people without jobs aren't spending a nickel on anything except cheap carbs and keeping a roof over their heads. Yet as depressing as our collective and individual situations may be, the last thing we need to do is let our fear get the best of us. If you spend all day quaking and anxious, guess who wins? The fear. Yes, I know FDR had a roof over his head when he said "we have nothing to fear but fear itself," but he was right. Every moment you waste paralyzed with fear is a moment you could be doing something, or resting up so that you can do something tomorrow. It's been said that there are only two emotions, love and fear, and all the other emotions are derivatives of those. So I'd like to make a suggestion. Let's chose love. Let's decide to love each other and to love ourselves, no matter what happens. And if you're really a Pollyanna, perhaps you'll join me in deciding to love the fact that this crisis is serving as a call for us to become our better selves; a call for us to look within and rid ourselves of consumerism, greed and the need to keep up with the Jones; and a call for us to have more empathy for those who are struggling. Maybe this is a chance for all of us - and I include myself - to decide that we love our country and we love our fellow human beings more than we love our stuff. Yeah, I know it sounds hokey. But you don't change your circumstances until you change the thoughts that created them. Cowering under the covers in fear may feel safer. But in a crisis, the truly powerful response is love. (c) Copyright 2008, by Lisa Earle McLeod. All rights reserved. Lisa Earle McLeod is a keynote speaker, author and nationally syndicated columnist. Her books include "Forget Perfect" and "Finding Grace When You Can't Even Find Clean Underwear." Contact her at www.ForgetPerfect.com.
Hot topicsOne Free Thing That Will Make Your Life Better In 2012
(0 ~ 12:41 PM, Jan 4)
How to Differentiate Yourself in 1 Minute Flat
7 ways to have a great life
Why a ten-year-old is giving advice to Congress


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Celebrity Central / Top 25 Celebs
Nicole Kidman
Credit: Tom Belcher/Capital Pictures/Sipa
Published: Tuesday February 19, 2013 10:00 AM EST
More from PEOPLE
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In the context of data visualization what kind of interface is better, one that plays the data upfront or the one that reveals the details progressively as the user interacts with the interface?
Say, in the absence of anything better, we want to show a trend of how certain data changes over time. There are multiple data points, each varying over time. Is it better that when the user reaches the interface we play all the data at once or we just show one trend and then provide a way for the user to see how each data point varies over time.
In this month's BayCHI meeting, two wildly different time periods collide. In the first half of the program Professor Daniel Rosenberg will focus on the emergence of the timeline as a common graphic tool. Rosenberg examines the origins of measured, linear representations of history, their alternatives, and their implications for historical thinking, as well as the power of graphic devices in the representation of information more generally.
Erik is the co-founder of Ushahidi (which means "testimony" in Swahili), a web application created to map the reported incidents of violence happening during the post-election crisis in Kenya. Currently, he is working with a team of mostly-African programmers to continue development of this new free and open source platform that makes it easier to crowdsource crisis information and visualize data.


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A FUND worth R1,2bn established last year by Old Mutual Investment Group SA (Omigsa), Old Mutual Life Company and the Public Investment Corporation (PIC) yesterday signed a deal with JSE-listed private schools company Curro Holdings to build and acquire privately-owned schools for children from low-income families across the country.
The venture marks a new thrust by the PIC - which manages more than R1-trillion on behalf of the state - to invest in the private schools education market where demand is rising due to concern about the quality of government education.
Curro, which last week raised R477m from a rights issue to fund its expansion, would contribute nearly R43m and the Schools and Education Investment Impact Fund of SA (Schools Fund) a loan of just over R397m.
The partners would provide funding to a company that will operate the Meridian Independent Schools brand of schools, expanding them from the existing three to 11 with 20000 pupils over the next seven years.
Curro would manage the schools which were aimed at families with an annual income of R200000 and would charge monthly fees of between R900 and R1300.
Demand for private schooling is expected to increase as more middle-income black families enter the market, said labour economist Loane Sharp. He said last week the growth of private schooling would be similar to that in the private security sector, which now employed more guards than the police force.
Current estimates show there are about 30000 government schools enrolling more than 11,5-million students and more than 470000 students enrolled at between 1100 registered and about 2000 unregistered privately-owned schools.
Curro CEO Chris van der Merwe said negotiations to partner with Omigsa started a year ago. "We have partnered with Curro because of their track record in delivering high-quality education," Christine Glover, head of development impact funds at Omigsa Alternative Investments, said yesterday.
The Schools Fund, which has so far invested more than R500m in education projects, was established after the PIC approached Omigsa to help find innovative ways of addressing the shortage of affordable schools in SA.
The PIC has so far contributed R1bn to the fund and Omigsa R200m. "We are very excited about our involvement with the Curro independent schools project," said Elias Masilela, the CEO of the PIC. "This investment is in line with our investment approach. As a long-term investor, we believe that over time this will yield the desired results of providing quality education to South Africans," he said.
Dr Van der Merwe said Curro was building a Meridian school in the Western Cape and was considering projects near Cosmo City in northern Johannesburg, Durban and Nelspruit.
He said at least three Meridian schools would be built every year in these areas excluding possible acquisitions of existing schools.
Curro, which also manages schools targeted at the high-end market, would build its own teacher training college within the next 24 months.


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Top Definition
Former Red Light capital of California, which is why it is a frequent destination of Bugs Bunny. Known for its clams.
Bake #1: Let's go get some Pismo Beach clam, dude.
Bake #2: Okay, dude.
Bake #2: Okay, dude.
โดย Cenco 16 เมษายน 2006
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?


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Check out the cartoon above, and post your caption. If your caption is good enough, you can win a version of the original cartoon signed by Drew Sheneman.
The winning caption is:
By chatdad. Congrats to chatdad for winning!
The winning caption is:
Both in unison
"99 gallons of gas on the wall, 99 gallons of gas"
By chatdad. Congrats to chatdad for winning!


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The Valley Industry Association announced this week its 2011 regional conference and industry show will be held at the Valencia Gateway Promenade center May 12. Up to 60 industry-show exhibitors will be at the industry show.
The annual event combines a business-to-business industry show with keynote speakers and panel discussions on topics relevant to today's business community.
VIA will also host a VIP reception and exhibitor showcase on the evening prior to the kickoff of the industry show.
The conference itself includes breakfast and lunch keynote addresses, a choice of six panel discussions presented in two breakout sessions, as well as the main exhibit hall.
"We understand that business people are extremely busy, and time spent away from their core business must have tangible value, both short and long term," said Kathy Norris, VIA CEO and president.
"That's why we have evolved the show into a hybrid conference/show format to maximize the benefit attendees receive from participating."
Keynote speakers are: Jack Stewart, president of the California Manufacturers and Technology Association; and James A. Kelly, senior vice president with Southern California Edison, Transmission and Distribution Business Unit.
The panels focus on several industry-related topics in the biotechnology/medical, green, aerospace/defense, film and entertainment fields. There are also panels focusing on regulatory reform and business development.
Biotechnology and medical panelists include Andie Bogdan, director planning and marketing with Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, and Rob Hall, director of recruiting with Advanced Bionics.
Dave Peterson, director community development with the city of Santa Clarita, and Ed Kjaer, director electric vehicles with Southern California Edison, will address issues on the green industry panel.
Aerospace and defense panelists include William Osgood, business and executive coach with CFR & Associates; John Del Frate, director, advanced planning and partnerships for NASA; and Alberto Sandoval, Boeing test and evaluation, Edwards Air Force Base/NASA Dryden program, the Boeing Company.
The film and entertainment panel is composed of Jessica Freude, film office specialist with the city of Santa Clarita, and Tim Burkhart, general manager of Six Flags Magic Mountain.
Regulatory reform panelists are Loren Kaye, commissioner with the Little Hoover Commission; Dr. Mohsen Nazemi, executive officer, engineering and compliance with the South Coast Air Quality Management District; and Carrie Rogers, vice president business assistance and development from the Los Angeles Economic Development Corp.
Business-development panelists include Dr. Dianne Van Hook, chancellor, College of the Canyons; Debbie Cabriera-Johnson, director, Office of Small Business, Los Angeles County Office of Small Business; and Steve Tannehill, director, Small Business Development Corp.
Conference Sponsors
Conference sponsors include Southern California Edison, which is the title sponsor. The city of Santa Clarita and Bayless Engineering and Manufacturing are luncheon sponsors.
The VIP reception sponsors include Crissman Commercial, Santa Clarita Valley Business Journal, The Signal and San Fernando Valley Business Journal. Supporting sponsors include Six Flags Magic Mountain, Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, Klassen Corporation, MD Commercial Cleaning and Point of View Communications.
VIA's regional conference and industry show begins with the VIP reception May 11. The industry show kicks off May 12. The event is held at the Valencia Gateway Promenade center located at 28656 The Old Road in Valencia off Interstate 5 near the Highway 126/Newhall Ranch Road exit.
For sponsorship opportunities or exhibitor registrations, contact Kathy Norris at (661) 294-8088 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com, or visit www.b2b2011.com.


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No issue in America is quite as divisive as abortion. And "Lake of Fire," an epic new documentary, is unlikely to help.
That's not, however, because it obviously favors one side or another. It's because director Tony Kaye -- who spent 17 years and all of his money making this movie -- favors the uncomfortable truth. And so he's taken his camera places and filmed things that neither side will want you see.
Yes, the anti-abortion crusaders are here, and few of them come off well (although Village Voice columnist Nat Hentoff talks, with some articulate insistence, about how human life is sacred at any stage). Too many go off on tirades against the "pagans" and "sodomites" arrayed against them. Others reveal a variety of frightening links, from the KKK to anti-government militias to mad bombers.
But many of the pro-choice activists who show up at protests seem to be mostly showing up for the cameras. Later, a punk singer dressed, briefly, in electrical tape performs with a wire hanger. Most shockingly, there's film of a woman receiving an abortion at 20 weeks. The camera goes in for a close-up as the doctor disposes of tiny, recognizably human limbs.
Kaye has probably finally given both sides something to agree on: Neither is going to be completely pleased with "Lake of Fire."
A ground-breaking maker of commercials and music videos in Britain, Kaye made his first Hollywood feature, "American History X," in 1998 -- and quickly flamed out, in fights with his leading man, his studio and any possible supporters he might have had. (A second project with Marlon Brando fell apart when Kaye greeted the star, inexplicably, dressed as Osama Bin Laden.) So Kaye financed this picture himself, shooting whenever he had the money (and declaring bankruptcy once along the way).
The result is, not surprisingly, a bit choppy, with the look of the picture -- blurry video, sleek black-and-white film -- changing constantly. An overdone score by Anne Dudley tends to overwhelm the images, while Kaye still remains too much the provocateur -- the punk-rock pro-choicer and the mad anti-abortionist who claims to have seen a Satanic baby-barbecue add nothing to this debate except noise.
Where this complicated, and ultimately overlong film is at its best is when it's at its simplest and most succinct -- following one woman through the day she decides to have an abortion.
The woman is both irresponsible (this is her fifth unplanned conception) and sympathetic (she suffers from depression and pain over a past abusive relationship). She is both at peace with herself (declaring she has no regrets before the procedure) and horribly wrought up (tearfully describing a "pain in her heart" minutes after the doctor has disposed of what a worker will only refer to as "the pregnancy").
And it is the equal power of those successive images that best explains why the two sides of this issue fight so fiercely. And why they will never, ever agree.
Rating note: The film contains extremely graphic medical footage and strong language.
Stephen Whitty may be reached at email@example.com or (212) 790-4435.


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Bill T. Burk, 79, of Amarillo died Wednesday, Aug. 29, 2007.
Memorial services will be at 2 p.m. Saturday in Pleasant Valley Christian Church with Jerry Davey officiating. Arrangements are by Cox-LaGrone Funeral Home, 4180 Canyon Drive.
Mr. Burk was born Billy Tomlinson Burk on Oct. 9, 1927, in Amarillo to Cecil and Winnie Mae Burk. He grew up in Amarillo and graduated in 1945 from Estelline High School, where he met his wife, Edna Louise May. They were married on Sept. 21, 1947, in Amarillo. Bill was self-employed and worked with his family in the lumber business most of his life. He enjoyed fishing and he loved the mountains. He will be dearly missed by all those who knew and loved him.
He was preceded in death by his parents; his wife in 2001; a brother, Roy Burk; and a sister, Delita Burk.
Survivors include three sons, Larry Burk and wife Natacha of Amarillo, Billy Burk and wife Joanne of McKinney and Robert Burk and wife Gay of Frisco; a daughter, Karen Patterson of Amarillo; three brothers, Bob Burk and wife Mae, Gary Burk and wife Liz and Hugh Burk and wife Jaquita, all of Amarillo; 12 grandchildren; and 10 great-grandchildren.
Amarillo Globe-News, Aug. 31, 2007
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Freshman (2014): Saw action in seven games ... Was a perfect 3-of-3 on PAT kicks ... Was called on to punt in the game at Campbell, averaging 36.2 yards on four attempts with a long of 45 yards ... Connected on a pair of field goal attempts in the game at Morehead State with a long of 37 yards ... Averaged 52.2 yards on four kickoffs ... Was named to the 2014 PFL Academic Honor Roll.
High School: Was a three-year letter winner for coach Rodney Harris at Palm Beach Central HS ... Handled punts, kickoff and placement kicks ... Also lettered in soccer, wrestling and track ... Averaged 40 yards per punt as a junior and senior ... Received a 4.5 star rating by Khol's Kicking ... Set a school record with a 90 yard punt ... Helped his team to back-to-back District titles ... Attended the Ohio State kicking camp in 2012 ... Was an honor roll student and was involved in the Culinary Academy Theatre.
Personal: Full name is Jordan Martin Acham ... Was born on January 25, 1996, in Boynton Beach ... Is the son of Wendy and Roger Acham ... Has one brother, Tyler ... Chose Stetson over Miami, FIT and Jacksonville ... Is a business administration major.


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Aristotle's works have influenced science, religion, and philosophy for nearly two thousand years. He could be thought of as the father of logical thought. Aristotle wrote: "There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the senses." He wrote that everything that is learned in life is learned through sensory perception. Aristotle was the first to establish the founding principle of logic. The great writer Dante called Aristotle "The Master of those who know." The Roman writer Cicero viewed Aristotle's work so highly that he called them "A river of gold". "Again does it follow that being, if one, is motionless? Why should it not move, the whole of it within itself as parts of it do which are unities e.g. this water. Please Note: This book is easy to read in true text, not scanned images that can sometimes be difficult to decipher. The Microsoft eBook has a contents page linked to the chapter headings for easy navigation. The Adobe eBook has bookmarks at chapter headings and is printable up to two full copies per year.
You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices:


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JACKSON, MI — Dog the Bounty Hunter bets Ricky Wheeldon loves his mother, and he intends to use her as leverage to bring the fugitive and convicted felon to justice.
Duane "Dog" Chapman and his wife, Beth, are in Jackson assisting with the search for Wheeldon, who bolted during the last day of his trial, leaving his mother responsible for his $500,000 bond.
"This is about his mother," Chapman said Tuesday. "Whether you're an organized crime leader or in any gang in America, one thing that stands out about all of us is our mothers.
"And when you burn your momma ..."
"You're the worst kind of scum out there," his wife added. "You're lower than pond scum."
Wheeldon went on trial earlier this year for allegations he oversaw a wide-ranging theft and drug ring. In his absence, a jury convicted Wheeldon of nine felonies, including conducting a criminal enterprise.
During his court proceedings, Wheeldon was free on a $500,000 bond posted by Mason-based Leo's Bail Bonds. Wheeldon's elderly mother, Luella, co-signed on the bond and put up her property as collateral. That property, including her house, has already been seized, said Leo Urban, owner of Leo's Bail Bonds.
Urban and Jackson County are disputing who receives the property. The county claims the property should be forfeited as part of Wheeldon's drug crimes. Urban claims the property is his because it was put up as collateral on the bond. While the property has been seized, Luella Wheeldon is not homeless, Urban said.
The Chapmans have not yet spoken with Luella Wheeldon but hope to do so soon. Their search for Wheeldon is focusing on her because she is the one most hurt by his leaving, Beth Chapman said.
"At this point, it's just kind of a sick thing that someone would do this to their mother, especially in the age that she is now, and basically leave her with all of the stress and the drama of the bounty hunters and the neighbors and other speed freaks who are trying to claim that big reward," Beth Chapman said. "She's really the victim here in this particular moment."
Duane Chapman hopes the stress and pressure put on his mother will make Ricky Wheeldon turn himself in. While Wheeldon does face possible life in prison for his convictions, time is running out if he ever wants to see his mother again, Duane Chapman said.
Ricky Wheeldon's possible sentence could be lengthened if Jackson County prosecutors seek an additional charge of bail absconding. Jackson County Prosecutor Hank Zavislak said adding the charge is a possibility, but with Wheeldon already looking at life in prison, it is unlikely.
The Chapmans, who were said to be in Jackson last week, appeared to have ramped up their search for Wheeldon this week. On Tuesday, the couple went to the Jackson County Courthouse to meet with Circuit Judge Thomas Wilson.
"It's always best for us to stand where the fugitive was last. That is the courtroom where he fled from. That is the last place where that fugitive was known to be," Beth Chapman said.
She would not go into details about the leads the two have received or how they plan to search for Wheeldon. Beth Chapman said they prefer to work at night and will start by putting pressure on people who know Wheeldon and might be helping him.
"Once we start hitting places, you're going to hear about it. If you're listening to the police scanner in the next two or three days, you're going to hear a lot of drama," she said. "Obviously, Ricky Wheeldon wanted to be famous, and so now he is."
She said sooner or later, Wheeldon will take a wrong turn and someone will recognize him.
"The more people who know his face, the more people who see him, the more light that is shed on this case, the better it is for the court and for the victims to recover this defendant," she said. "When the lights are off, the cockroaches come out. When you shine a bright light on them, they scatter.
"So right now, he's got a very bright light on him, and he's going to run out of places to go."
As the couple met people Tuesday, Duane Chapman handed out cards with Wheeldon's mugshot and a phone number to call. Anyone with a tip can call Dog the Bounty Hunter at 517-219-4765. People can also call the Jackson County Tip line at 517-787-0212.
— Contact Aaron Aupperlee at (517) 262-2967 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at@tinynotebook.


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( 2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
GREAT Product,
By Dragon Lady
from Winnipeg Mb.
Easy to apply, most natural colour I have found in a fake tan.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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( 1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
LOVE this product!
By JAMIE
from CARLETON PLACE
No streaks, great brown natural colour, cant ask for more! Love this mousse much more than the spray, the mitt helps to apply it evenly...its just the best tanner Ive tried!
Great Product!!!!
By KAT
from BELLEVILLE
I ordered this product not expecting to like it. I was proven wrong! I have used every self tanner made available to mankind. I was expecting blotchy spots, streaks and variations in colour. I used to be in the sun regularly knowing this was not healthy. However I have always felt better with some colour on my skin so I tried Pretend Tan. Yes, finally a product that does exactly what it is supposed to do.... tan me and not the towels, sheets and clothing on me!!!!I have had a few streaks but when you start out the colour of Frosty and try to get to a Gingerman, well that is expected! But with that being said it is very easy to adjust the colour and after a few days I have it all figured out! I also have gained some weight and feel very uncomfortable laying in the sun or running along the beach white as a ghost. I always feel better with a tan and now I have it without doing further damage to my skin. I do have 1 regret that I did not order Auto Delivery. If the offer comes again I will be Auto all the way!
Best product I have ever tried
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from Winnipeg
I do not tan, only burn and peel. I have tried ever product out there for 30 years. This product works great and does everything it says. I have to wear sunblock because of cancer spots so I love this product. No streaks and so easy to use. It does have a slight smell when it develops but it is the best tan I have ever had.
Love it - finally a good one!
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I LOVE this stuff - I am very fair and always had problems with self-tanners when they wore off, that speckly look. It doesn't happen with this stuff and it lasts *forever* it seems! The only thing I would say is to bring down the price a bit - it can't cost *that* much to make....Otherwise, great product.
Great product!
By kayg
from Edmonton, Alberta
This product is wonderful. It goes on so easily, takes less than 2 minutes to do both legs. It isn't streaky. There is very little odor- I'm very "scent-sensitive" so was worried. There is no odor when you put it on, and then a *slight* odor develops in a couple of hours. But it's not bad at all.The color lasts for days -and it's a great, natural bronze. I apply this twice a week.
Sun Goddess Glow!
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from Alberta
I was pleasantly surprised when I used this for the first time. It was very easy to apply, the mitt works wonderful to blend in the product. The result is a natural, realistic looking tan.
( 3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
Re: Love this product!
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from WINDSOR
I was debating whether to purchase the regular product that I use every year...as I ran out...and saw this product with auto ship. It arrived yesterday. I have to say I was pleasantly surprised at the quality and ease of application.What I would suggest, that I found ..is when applying,more is not better. Exfoliate,and then apply a thin coat in good lighting. If you apply too much it will streak.I found by adding a few drops of water around that streak line and then use the mittagain to blend it looked streak free. Also I exfoliated again in the morning and mytan looks even better. Next time around I will make sure to use less and spread the foam more evenly..I also applied this product on my face and have had no issues.
Best self tanner ever
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from Vancouver, BC
This is the best self tanner I ever used and I've tried plenty. It distributes very well and evenly with the provided mit; leaves beautiful natural looking color and does not have a smell. I use it regularly and get a lot of compliments. My only advice is after you use it wait a couple of hours and then wipe off gently with a moist paper towel before putting on any white clothing.
Pretend Tan Ultimate Summer Look Kit
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Just put this on an hour ago and I can say that I plan to order more. It went on easily, practically no smell and the colour is just great! I am normally white skinned, not the whitest, but close. It also dries nicely with no oily residue.


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What is in this article?:
- Alabama lawmakers who sponsored and voted for the state's new immigration enforcement legislation call it the toughest such law in the country, and they'll get no argument from farmers, who say they suffered harvest losses this year because they couldn't find enough workers to pick their crops.
- Provisions requiring all Alabama employers to use the federal E-Verify system won't become effective until April 1, of 2012.
Now the law
"It's the law now in Alabama, and we're working with our farmers to help them comply with it. There are some good ideas in both the U.S. House and Senate to help improve the guest worker program, so we're hoping for some relief from Congress," says Higginbotham.
Alabama's strict new immigration legislation wasn't passed until about halfway through the 2011 growing season, so it may be next year before some growers feel the full impact, he says.
The problem now, says Higginbotham, is that farmers can't plan adequately for next season.
"Producers of fruits and vegetables are having a hard time making their plans for what to plant next season because they don't know where the labor force will come from. It's always a large investment and a risk. But it's even more of a risk when you're not sure if you'll have the labor to harvest the crop," he says.
In a seminar held earlier this year in north Alabama to discuss Alabama's new immigration law, an attorney advised growers not to expect the courts to block the sections of the law that are most relevant to them.
"Pending lawsuits do not challenge the provisions that would likely be more important to you," says Ted Hosp, an attorney with Maynard, Cooper and Gale. "Therefore, it is extremely important that as of April 1, 2012, you enroll in and use E-Verify."
One of the challenges of the new law is that it doesn't provide an option for existing workers to obtain legal work visas, said Hosp.
"Once an employee is here illegally, it is next to impossible to make that worker a legal worker."
Paul Schlegel of the American Farm Bureau Federation urged growers at the seminar to tell their legislators how the new law is affecting their businesses, in hopes that state lawmakers will pressure Congress to develop an effective guest worker program.
Recently, key Republican state senators in Alabama have hinted they might consider changes in the law when the legislature convenes in February. One senator said there was "wide agreement" that the bill had several unintended consequences.
A study issued in February by the Pew Hispanic Center, a non-partisan research organization in Washington, estimated that 95,000 unauthorized immigrants worked in Alabama in 2009 and 2010, making up about 4.2 percent of the state's labor force. Of the estimated 11 million illegal immigrants in the country, some seven million are in the job force.


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Voting for risk
All credit to Bevan Brittan's performance last Friday. Quicker than you can say "I agree with Nick" on the morning after the election the firm whisked out detailed advice on the legal implications of the lock-outs (of voters) and run-outs (of voting slips) at polling stations.
What I found most intriguing in the Bevan Brittan briefing — and which, at time of writing, no one else had mentioned — was that these poor benighted returning officers are appointed as independent contractors whose responsibilities entail obtaining separate insurance against risk. So, if this does turn into extensive litigation they will


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Our View: Freedom's last stand?
As America braces for Day Two of the first (partial) government shutdown in nearly 20 years — or as some quipsters call it, a much-needed break from Leviathan — the daily stock in trade among the…
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Following the incredibly popular and rare Nike Air Flow "OG" Lineup from last summer, 2012 Spring Summer's Nike Air Flow is now available on our online shoe store. The long awaited sneaker has tempted many since made available to pre-order, and will surely fly off our shelves in no time.
This 1989 creation was the answer to many runners conundrums who wanted a breathable shoe that combined superior comfort with a lightweight silhouette. Now the reedition is available in two wicked colourways that'll appeal to runners and sneakerphiles alike.
Like what you see? Check out the rest of our online footwear selection.