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Natural History Research Experiences
Research Training Program 2004
Research Abstracts
Morphological Adaptations for Terrestrial Habits of the Scimitar-biller Woodcreeper (Drymornis bridgesii)
Joaquin Aldabe
Universidad de la República
Montevideo, Uruguay
Carla Dove, Ph.D.
Storrs Olson, Ph.D.
Department of Vertebrate Zoology - Birds
Woodcreepers are arboreal birds that forage almost entirely by gleaning and probing along trunks and branches using their tail feathers as a body support. However, there is one species, the Scimitar-billed Woodcreeper (Drymornis bridgesii) of south central South America that forages mainly on the ground where it feeds by probing loose soil with its long bill. Osteological characters, claw morphology, and tail feathers were examined and compared with other species within the strong-billed woodcreeper clade. The results show that Drymornis has clear anatomical modifications that support the ground foraging habits that characterize this species. The proportion of metatarsal length related to the whole leg was larger in Drymornis than the rest of the genera studied – an adaptation to increase movement capability on the ground. The tip width of the central feathers of the tail in Drymornis is markedly smaller than the strictly arboreal forms; presumably because Drymornis does not need a strongly feathered tail to support its weight. However, no differences in claw curvature were found, a fact that reflects the tree climbing ability that Drymornis still retains. This study also suggests that some of these characters may be used to predict the feeding behavior of fossil birds.
This research was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Latino Initiatives Fund.
GIS Prediction of the Outcrop Area of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
Anthony Alvarez
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California
Scott Wing, Ph.D.
Department of Paleobiology
The Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a period of ~140,000 years during which global temperature rapidly increased (~10,000 yrs), then returned to background conditions, is represented by sediments in the uppermost Fort Union and lowermost Willwood Formations over a wide area of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Using both plant and vertebrate fossils researchers have been working to identify and analyze the impact of these environmental changes on ecological systems. Locating additional outcrops that preserve the PETM is an important goal for field work. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to help locate the 30-40 meter-thick set of deposits that were laid down during the PETM. (PETM deposits are a very small part of the >1km thick section of Paleocene and Eocene strata in the Bighorn Basin. Stratigraphic, elevation and spatial information about known PETM deposits were synthesized in the GIS system in order to predict where undiscovered PETM deposits should be exposed within the research area. High resolution (1 pixel=1 meter) aerial photos provided important information because some PETM marker beds can be identified and traced long distances by simple visual inspection. Additional work using the GIS system will include three-dimensional modeling of the PETM strata and calculation of the intersection of this sediment package with the current topography.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
Relationships of sauries and needlefishes (Teleostei: Scomberesocoidea) to the internally fertilizing halfbeaks (Zenarchopteridae) based on the pharyngeal jaw apparatus
Neil Aschliman
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Bruce Collette, Ph.D.
Department of Vertebrate Zoology - Fishes
The pharyngeal jaw apparatus in both saury genera was examined to evaluate the 40 life history, myological, and osteological characters from Tibbetts (1992) to determine if the Scomberesocidae are more closely related to the Zenarchopteridae, to the needlefishes, or to the halfbeaks and flying fishes. Data were analyzed using PAUP*, and eight equally parsimonious trees were found (70 steps, CI 0.814, RI 0.938). This analysis indicates that sauries are most closely related to needlefishes, validating the historical superfamily Scomberesocoidea. A caudal displacement of the origin of the retractor dorsalis muscle is a tentative additional synapomorphy for all four saury species. Zenarchopteridae is strongly supported as a valid family sister to the Scomberesocoidea (decay index = 19, bootstrap = 100). Resolution of the internal structure of the Belonidae and the Hemiramphidae requires the identification of additional morphological characters and examination of a greater number of taxa.
This research was supported by a grant from the Alice Eve Kennington Endowment and Battelle.
Intergeneric Hybridization between the sand dollars Encope michelini and Mellita isometra (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Mellitidae)
Arden Ashley
Macalester College
St. Paul, Minnesota
Dave Pawson, Ph.D.
Department of Invertebrate Zoology
In 1974, several unusual sand dollars were collected off of Fort Pierce, FL. They are unlike any known species, and they cannot be referred to any of the existing genera. They exhibit some characteristics of the genus Mellita and some of the genus Encope. It is hypothesized that these unknown sand dollars are hybrids, the result of an interbreeding event between these two genera. If they are not hybrids, they must be regarded as representing a new genus in the Family Mellitidae. Research was aimed at clarifying the status of these unknown sand dollars. Measurements were taken of various morphological characteristics of specimens of the presumed parent taxa, Mellita isometra and Encope michelini, and of the presumed hybrids. In some characteristics (curvature of spines from the oral side of petal IV, number of pores per petal, and relative positions of the mouth and anus, as well as position of the highest point of the test), the hybrids fell directly within the broad limits of variation of the proposed parents. In other cases (relative size of the feeding apparatus or Aristotle's lantern, spine lengths), the presumed hybrids seemed to be quite distinct, falling outside the range of variation of the presumed parent taxa. Further study is required, including additional breeding experiments, DNA analysis and additional morphometric data sampling, including examination of the plate structure and analysis of the internal skeleton.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512 and Battelle.
Sulfur depletion on 433 Eros: Analyzing meteoritic analogs to compare possible causes
Megan Brown
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona
Tim McCoy, Ph.D.
Department of Mineral Sciences
One of the most surprising findings of the NEAR mission was a marked depletion of S on the surface of asteroid 433 Eros (Nittler et al., 2001). Although micrometeorite bombardment producing S volatilization was the favored mechanism to explain this depletion, partial melting and removal of an Fe,Ni-FeS cotectic partial melt could not be excluded as the cause. We have studied possible meteoritic analogs to 433 Eros to further constrain these two models. Derivation of Mn/Si and Cr/Si ratios (Lim et al., 2003) from NEAR X-ray spectra might provide additional constraints. We have studied the acapulcoites and lodranites Acapulco, EET 84302 and Lodran to document the effect of partial melting on these ratios. Modeling suggests that efficient removal of chromite should reduce Cr/Si dramatically and Mn/Si slightly. Evidence for chromite removal is observed in reduced chromite abundances in Lodran compared to Acapulco. Chromite appears to be removed with the Fe,Ni-FeS melts, with which it is associated in EET 84302. Non-chondritic Mn/Si and, particularly, Cr/Si ratios for 433 Eros would strongly favor partial melting. If impact volatilization is the primary cause of the sulfur depletion, we would expect to see similar effects in ordinary chondrite regolith breccias. The dark portions of these meteorites are rich in solar wind gases and sample ancient regolith. The Dwaleni H6 regolith breccia has a bulk S/Si ratio typical of ordinary chondrites (Jarosewich, 1990) and we found no difference in troilite abundance between the dark, regolith-exposed portions and the light, unexposed clasts. It is possible that ancient regolith breccias do not sample, in bulk, the same material present in the upper hundred microns of modern regolith. We have, however, observed a single taenite-troilite particle which includes numerous orthopyroxene blebs less than 5 microns in diameter. This particle appears to have formed by melting and may be the equivalent of a sulfur-cemented, asteroidal agglutinate. To examine the possible role of volatilization during formation of this particle, ToF-SIMS analyses of chalcophile elements with a range of volatilities are planned.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
The advent of yeast cell cultivation in Cyphomyrmex
Jonathan Chen
Oberlin College
Oberlin, Ohio
Ted Schultz, Ph.D.
Department of Entomology
The genus Cyphomyrmex belongs to the tribe Attini, a group of New World ants distinguished by their ability to grow fungus. Cyphomyrmex is divided into two groups, the strigatus group and the rimosus group, differing in the states of three morphological characters: the preocular carinae, the mid-pronotal tubercles, and the number of teeth on the mandibles. This division of the genus based on morphology corresponds with a division based on an important behavioral characteristic. Some, but not all, members of the rimosus group grow yeast gardens (consisting of clumps of unicellular yeast cells) rather than the typical mycelial gardens (consisting of connected hyphae) grown by members of the strigatus group and by the rest of the attines. A cladistic analysis of 19 morphological characters and 22 Cyphomyrmex and one outgroup species produced a phylogeny in which the strigatus and rimosus groups are sister clades, and in which the yeast-growing rimosus-group species are monophyletic. The monophyly of this subset of the rimosus group is consistent with the hypothesis that yeast gardening is a derived trait. Although the gardening behaviors of some of the species within this group are currently unknown, its monophyly suggests that those species probably also cultivate yeast gardens. Additional phylogenetic and behavioral data will be required to fully test these conclusions.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
The Stratigraphic Precision of Paleoenvironmental Data in Relation to Hominin Localities in the Turkana and Olduvai Basins, East Africa: how much fuzz exists?
Lynn Copes
Columbia University
New York, New York
Rick Potts, Ph.D.
Department of Anthropology
This study sought to test the hypothesis that paleoenvironmental evidence (stable isotopes, faunal assemblages and fossilized plant remains) from the Olduvai and Turkana Basins in East Africa comes from the same stratigraphic levels as the hominin and archaeological material from these areas. Another hypothesis tested was that the localities-Koobi Fora, Nachukui and Shungura at Turkana, and Beds I and II at Olduvai-would all show similar patterns of evidence. A set of tests were established to determine the percentage of "hits" at each site -the number of hominins that matched precisely with paleoenvironmental data. The percentage of hominins with environmental matches ranged from 7 to 50%. This left the hypotheses unsupported, as the sites differed greatly in their percentages of hominins with exact matches, and no site was able to boast of more than half of its hominins associated exactly with paleoenvironmental indicators.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
A cathodoluminescence study of microcline from the Morefield pegmatite, Virginia
Amie Garcia
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
Rapid City, South Dakota
Mike Wise, Ph.D.
Department of Mineral Sciences
The Morefield pegmatite of the Amelia pegmatite district, Virginia is a mineralogically complex, internally zoned, rare-element granitic pegmatite enriched in Be, Nb, Ta, and F. Microcline is a major component of the primary zones and varies in color from tan to green. Tan-colored microcline occurs in the 1st intermediate zone, and green-colored microcline (amazonite) develops in the 2nd and 3rd intermediate zones and the core. Bi-colored microcline crystals with tan and green regions occur locally in the intermediate zones. The green color of amazonite increases in intensity from the 2nd intermediate zone to the core. Cathodoluminescence (CL) was used to study the textural relationships between tan-colored microcline and amazonite from the pegmatite. Amazonite samples show a blue-green color in CL whereas tan-colored microcline displays a blue color. Within bi-colored microcline samples, both CL colors are visible. Microcline immediately adjacent to albite lamellae sometime displays areas of non-luminescence. This feature is very prominent in amazonite samples, and occurs infrequently within tan microcline. Microcline exhibiting the non-luminescent CL contains lower Na2O contents (0.3-0.4 wt. %) compared to the microcline with blue or blue-green luminescence (Na2O = 0.6-0.8 wt. %). Textural evidence obtained from the CL images confirms that amazonite from the Morefield pegmatite developed as a result of a post-magmatic replacement process. Aqueous fluids that were introduced along fractures and cleavage planes of the original primary tan-colored microcline, aided in the transformation to amazonite.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
Can the species of Critoniopsis from Ecuador be easily identified?
Xavier Haro
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
Quito, Ecuador
Harold Robinson, Ph.D.
Department of Botany
Seventeen species of Critoniopsis (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) were previously credited from Ecuador. In order to make a key for the country, the Ecuadorian species were reviewed. Two of the species cited for the country have been withdrawn from the Flora. Critoniopsis bogotana, recorded for one collection, has been re-identified under C. floribunda, a well represented Ecuadorian species. Critoniopsis elbertiana has been withdrawn because the specimens identified under this name exhibit considerable differences from the type collection. Critoniopsis jelskii, a northern Peruvian species, is newly recorded for eastern Ecuador, and four species are currently being proposed as new. Two specimens previously identified as C. elbertiana are being proposed as a new species, as well as two others, one closely related to C. pycnantha, and one to C. sevillana. Additionally, a new sample acquired in the US National Herbarium collection during the period of this project, has been identified as new. A key, including all the newly proposed species, is presented, and the number of Ecuadorian Critoniopsis is expanded to 20 species.
This research was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Latino Initiatives Fund.
A Morphological Revision of the Genus Erato DC (Compositae: Liabeae)
Emily Moran
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Vicki Funk, Ph.D.
Department of Botany
Erato DC (Compositae, tribe Liabeae), is a genus of five species distributed from Costa Rica to Bolivia with its main center of diversity in Ecuador. The genus has never before been revised. This morphological study was based on specimens of Erato available in the US National Herbarium. The revision includes descriptions of the genus and of each species, a key to the species, and distribution maps. In addition, a cladistic analysis was performed using 25 morphological and 2 genetic characters, with Munnozia, Chrysactinium, and Philoglossa serving as outgroups. In the course of the study, a new species endemic to Costa Rica was described: Erato sp. nov. E. Moran & V.A. Funk. Morphological and molecular data strongly support Erato as a monophyletic group sister to Philoglossa. The relationships within Erato, however, have only weak bootstrap support. The results of the cladistic analysis and the degree of similarity among taxa suggest that the genus may be a recent radiation.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
Skeletal Morphology of Mammals, Soricid Feet in Relation to Phylogeny
James Morgan
Fort Valley State University
Fort Valley, Georgia
Neal Woodman, Ph.D.
Department of Vertebrate Zoology - Mammals
Morphological variation in the forefeet of shrews (Family Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis has been used previously to help understand taxonomic and evolutionary relationships. However, few skeletons of shrews are available for study. For this study digital x-rays were used to closely observe the forefeet of 101 dried skins in which the bones of the forefeet were preserved. These specimens included eight taxa from four species-groups that are hypothesized to represent distinct evolutionary lineages within the genus Cryptotis: C. p.parva and C. p.floridana (C. parva-group); C. nigrescens and C. mera (C.nigrescens-group); C. meridensis (C. thomasi-group); C. mexicana, C. goldmani, and C. goodwini (C. mexicana-group). The left forefoot of each specimen was digitally x-rayed, the resulting image edited, and the bones measured using Photoshop computer software. This research primarily focused on the bones of digit III because digit III of all specimens appeared most variable. The variation is useful in distinguishing among species and groups of species. For example, C. meridensis has a long metacarpal relative to all other taxa. The length of the distal phalanx relative to the length of the middle phalanx distinguished three groups of species. In four species (C. p.parva, C. mexicana, C. goldmani, C. goodwini), the distal phalanx is less than 90% the length of the middle phalanx. In C. meridensis, the distal phalanx is greater than 100% but less than 120% and in C. mexicana, C. goldmani, and C. goodwini, the distal phalanx more than 150%.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
Testing the Ceramic Chronology Sequence of the Steed-Kisker Phase
Digna Ortiz
Universidad Interamerica de Puerto Rico
San German, Puerto Rico
William Billeck, Ph.D.
Department of Anthropology
Using portions of broken vessels from Steed-Kisker phase (ca. AD 1100-1350) archaeological sites from near Kansas City, Missouri, decorative ceramic types were identified and the chronological significance of the decorative sequence evaluated. The results are compared to an existing chronological sequence. This research focused on classifying ceramics from several Steed-Kisker houses to determine the relationships between the houses based on similarities and differences in ceramic decoration. The vessels forms and decoration of the Steed-Kisker phase ceramics were also compared to those from the Middle Mississippian tradition site of Cahokia near St. Louis, Missouri, and to the nearby archaeological sites of the Central Plains Tradition to assess their relationships with the Steed-Kisker phase.
This research was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Women's Committee.
Identity of an atypical bear from Alaska: The first documented wild hybrid bear (Ursus americanus X Ursus arctos)?
Christian Miguel Pinto Baez
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
Quito, Ecuador
Al Gardner, Ph.D.
Department of Vertebrate Zoology - Mammals
Some years ago a remarkable bear was hunted in Alaska. This bear shows characteristics of brown and black bears, a big size but black fur. In order to identify this unusual bear we analyzed the shape of the last upper molar of brown and black bear series and the atypical specimen, using Relative Warp Analysis after Procrustes superimposition. We could distinguish general patterns for both species; however, some specimens have intermediate characteristics. The atypical specimen matched in the group of black bears. When we add centroid size and fur coloration to the regression analysis, both groups were excluded completely and the specimen matched just in the middle between the two species. These evidences strongly suggest that this specimen is a hybrid and not a melanistic brown bear.
This research was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Latino Initiatives Fund.
The beautiful squirrel of South East Asia: cranial morphology and variation
Adrienne Sussman
Simon's Rock College of Bard
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Richard Thorington, Ph.D.
Department of Vertebrate Zoology - Mammals
Callosciurus prevostii is an arboreal squirrel found on the Sunda shelf in South East Asia. The species is composed of 21 subspecies, which vary widely in peltage and size. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 1997). This variation and the complex paleogeographic history of the Sunda shelf put the current taxonomic classification of C. prevostii into question. This study investigated cranial morphological variation among eight C. prevostii subspecies to determine whether sufficient differences exist to justify taxonomic reclassification. After taking 33 cranial measurements on each skull, several multivariate analyses were performed. It was found that the skulls of the different subspecies are indeed distinguishable, even when controlled for size; a Jackknifed Classification Matrix was able to correctly identify an average of 63% of the subspecies based on their cranial measurements, with the identification rate ranging from 40% to 80% in each subspecies. In particular, squirrels on some of the smaller islands of the South China Sea were found to be quite distinct from other subspecies, and strong differentiation was also found among some of the subspecies on the island of Borneo. The results from this study and the history of the islands' geographic isolation indicate that the squirrels are in the process of allopatric speciation; further genetic testing will be required to assess whether or not a new taxonomic classification is in order. Some preliminary genetic analysis on two of the C. prevostii subspecies has indicated a 4.2% divergence rate in cytochrome b, placing the date for separation of the two species at 0.46 to 2.1 million years ago (Leonard, pers. comm.). This study thus has interesting ramifications in regard to the paleogeography of the Sunda shelf; although the islands were connected by land bridges until as recently as 9,500 years ago (Gorog, Sinaga, and Engstrom, 2004), this squirrel diverged long before that, indicating that some other factor must have affected faunal distribution.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
A new Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes) from Colombia and its phylogenetic position within the genus
Mauricio Torres Mejia
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Bucaramanga, Colombia
Richard Vari, Ph.D.
Department of Vertebrate Zoology - Fishes
Creagrutus Günther (1864) has currently 66 recognized species, which are distributed through much of South America and Panamá. The members of the genus are most abundant and diverse in swift currents and piedmont rivers. Even though Creagrutus has been recently revised, increasing dramatically the number of its recognized species, it is striking that the intrageneric diversity continues to rise as consequence of continued collecting in many poorly explored regions of South America. The species described here was captured in a low order river within the Río Magdalena basin, and includes morphometric and meristic data, including vertebral accounts. Some specimens were dissected to observe myological and osteological characters, with the latter examined in specimens cleared and double-stained for bone and cartilage. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of morphometric, meristic, and morphological features. Data gathered was used for a phylogenetic analysis based on data sets previously published. The phylogenetic position of the new species within the genus and various aspects of its ecology and behavior are discussed.
This research was supported by a grant from the Smithsonian Latino Initiatives Fund.
The microvertebrates of Quarry Nine of the Morrison Formation: what environment were they living in?
Jorge Velez
University of Puerto Rico
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
Matthew Carrano, Ph.D.
Department of Paleobiology
Although the formation holds one of the richest dinosaur-bearing deposits in the world, the paleoecology of the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation (Wyoming) is poorly understood. For this study fossils collected from a quarry of the Morrison formation, called Quarry Nine, were studied. This research focused on a detailed investigation of specimens collected at the site so as to better understand this ancient ecosystem and highlight the importance of microvertebrate fossils in reconstructing the paleoecology of a formation. To understand the paleoecology of a site, it is important to develop a detailed study of the fossils found in the formation. The fossils collected from this quarry yielded the single most important collection of small vertebrates from the Late Jurassic, offering unique insight into the Late Jurassic environment. Fossil flora and fauna of Quarry Nine include mammals, chelonians, fishes, theropods, ornithopods, sauropods, anurans, urodelans, squamates, rhynchocephalians and crocodilians as well as freshwater snails and plants. New additions to the list of fossils vertebrates of Quarry Nine include one chelonian, two fishes, one squamate, one anuran, one pterosaur and one sauropod, two ornithopods and five theropods. The theropods were identified by measuring the fore-aft base length of the teeth and the amount of serrations per millimeter. The occurrence of fossilized remains of frogs and salamanders provide evidence that freshwater lacustrine conditions were prevalent at the site. This is also supported by the abundance of turtle and crocodile remains and by the occurrence of freshwater plant fossils. The results of this research indicates that Quarry Nine was a lacustrine environment formed during seasonal wet and dry extremes, similar to the modern environment in the Gran Chaco plain of central South America.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
Cathodoluminescence Analysis of Six Bayon Style Sculptures from Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Lee Zelewicz
Lycoming College
Williamsport, Pennsylvania
Sorena Sorenson, Ph.D.
Supervising Scientist
Department of Mineral Sciences
Six samples from Khmer sandstone sculptures dating to the 12th-13th centuries from the collections of the National Museum of Cambodia were studied by cathodoluminescence (CL). Macro- and some microscopic study suggested that these six sculptures from Angkor Wat appear to be carved from the same sandstone. Thin-sections, small samples roughly 1 cm by ½ cm and cut paper thin, were obtained from each sculpture. These thin-sections were observed with CL a technique that images the distribution of trace elements within mineral grains. To use CL, the sample is placed under a vacuum, and an electron beam is directed on the sample. Minerals luminesce in different colors, which make it possible to differentiate among mineral types. CL images were taken of each sample and compiled into a composite showing the whole sample as imaged with CL. These CL mosaics were modified in Photoshop to create color-maps, showing each mineral subtype in a different color, so they can be identified and categorized to obtain a pixel percentage of each mineral subtype within a sample. The six samples are similar in composition, and thus most likely have a common geological provenance. Quartz and feldspars, which are the predominant mineral components of these sandstones, showed similar luminescence features and class proportions. Other grains in the sandstones were derived from altered rock sources are in present in similar proportions. The results of this study corroborate other types of petrographic analysis of these samples, and further supporting the hypothesis that the sandstone of these sculptures came from the same geological unit, and perhaps even the same quarry.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, Award Number DBI-0243512.
Discovering Rastafari: A Case Study of Transnationalism
Andrew Gaudreau
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana
Jake Homiak, Ph.D.
Department of Anthropology
Rastafari is a social, political, and religious movement which originated in Jamaica in the early 20th century. It is a response to the legacy of slavery and cultural marginalization and the oppression of Blacks under European colonialism. Rastafari is inherently a resistance movement which espouses social equality and justice, as well as an emphasis on repatriation to Ethiopia/Africa. During the last three decades, the Rastafari movement has gained considerable momentum and membership across the African Diaspora and on the African continent. It has become "transnational," transcending barriers such as race, language, nationality, ethnicity, and gender. This globalization has been facilitated by certain key factors: the philosophy of Pan-Africanism, the popularization of reggae music (particularly through the impact of Bob Marley), increased travel by Rastafari elders, the accelerated networking of Rastafari communities throughout the world, and a political climate in the African Diaspora that has supported reparations and repatriation. This project has examined a number of processes of Rastafari globalization in preparation for a forthcoming exhibit at the National Museum of Natural History entitled "Discovering Rastafari." Work has included the transcription of videotape material from fieldwork, as well as the digitization of postcard, photograph, and slide collections which document Rastafari as a transnational movement. By working with these and other materials, it has been concluded that Rastafari has essentially been transnational since its inception (born out of specific global occurrences and ideologies) and that basic symbolic ambiguities in core Rastafari themes serve to facilitate the ongoing globalization of the movement. These ambiguities (such as whether Rastafari is an exclusively Black heritage or a universal faith for all) invite communicants to resolve basic existential and historical problems. Note that Rastafari has no formal positions of authority or doctrinal precepts. Rather, the structure of the movement encourages individuals to achieve personal meaning and value within a broad ideological framework. Although differences may occur between various Rastafari sects and localities, the common experience of African displacement has nonetheless united individuals who seek spiritual and/or physical repatriation within a single, strengthening movement.
This research was supported by a grant from the University of Notre Dame NMNH Internship Program in Anthropology.
NMNH or Bust — Museum Sculptures of Native Americans
Kathryn Musica
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana
William Billeck, Ph.D.
Department of Anthropology
The Anthropology Department at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History houses approximately 200 busts of individuals. The busts are plaster casts that display the facial features, hair, and shoulders of individuals and were primarily made from the 1870's to the 1930's. Face molds, head measurements, and photographs taken of several hundred living individuals from throughout the world were used by sculptors to create the busts. Research was conducted to ascertain all possible background information on the Native American busts, and more specifically on the Cheyenne, Blackfoot, Crow, and Osage Tribes. The original accession data, catalogue cards, ledgers, personal correspondence, and Smithsonian publications such as the Annual Report and the Proceedings of the US National Museum were searched for information on the field collection or museum manufacturing of the face positives and busts. Several of the Cheyenne subjects produced ledger artwork while imprisoned at Fort Marion in the late 1870s, and a publication on their artwork provides information on the bust subjects. The busts and face positives were examined for markings or details, such as name and tribe, to verify the museum records. Photos taken of the individuals at the time the facemasks were made were used to link the busts, molds, casts, names, and pictures together for a complete integrated record of as many individuals as possible. Digital photographs were taken to share the images of the bust with the descendants of the subjects and tribal representatives and for use on a future website.
This research was supported by a grant from the University of Notre Dame NMNH Internship Program in Anthropology.


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Here we're going to explore the most flexible layout style and that is Custom Package. We can choose this either by clicking on the layout style here, Custom Package, or can choose one of our presets, say, for example, Custom Overlap x 3. Now, when we do that, we can see that we have these different cells and what you can do is you can add images to the various cells. For example, I'll go ahead and click on a photo and drag and drop it into one of these areas. I'll choose another image and bring that image into this area and then perhaps this one over here and drag this into the background.
Well, the great thing about this is that if we don't like this layout, we can change this in a number of different ways. For example, I don't like that this image is covered. Well, to change that, right- click and choose Send Forwards. In this case, this is now covering up that image there. We can do the same thing with this image here or this image in the bottom right-hand corner. Again, I'll go ahead and just choose Send to Back, so that's sitting there in the background. The other thing that we can control here is the layout. Previously we've been pretty locked down to a grid.
We haven't had a lot of flexibility. Watch this. We can simply click and drag. I'll go ahead and click and drag these images around and then I'll modify the overall space of these photographs. Now, at this current space here, I'm going to get rid of it. So, I'll press the Delete key and I'll just bring my images over. All right, well how about if we want to add one more photograph to this? Well one easy way to do that is to select one of these cells and then to use a shortcut, here it is, hold down Option on the Mac, Alt on Windows and then click and drag.
Well now I have another cell. Of course, I don't like that image. No big deal. I'll grab a new image, drag and drop and voila, you're off and running. The whole point here is that you have a lot of flexibility. This can lead to some really creative results and also this can be a ton of fun. All right, well let's take a look at some of our options inside of our panels. If we open up Image Settings, we're going to see similar to what we've seen before, Rotation, Borders, or Brush Strokes. All right, let's close that because we've seen those.
Rulers, Grid & Guides, again we've seen all this before. I'll just turn on these options, just to illustrate that we have a number of different types of information that we can overlay on top of our photographs. Well, in this case, one of the things that I do notice is that my alignment isn't very good. So, I'll move that photograph over there and then I'll turn off Show Guides. All right, what about Cells? When we open up Cells, what's interesting is that we see something that's very similar to Picture Package, except in Picture Package, we have this repeating image so we could print different sizes.
Well here what you can do is choose perhaps, let's say a 4 x 6. Well, that then created a new page. What all I need to do now is simply clicking and drag my image into that cell. I can drag it around to reposition it, and voila. Now, we have similar controls in the sense that what we can do is we can change the overall size. We can also modify this simply by clicking and dragging. Now, if we don't want to crop the image or change the aspect ratio, we can lock that, so that as we change the size, it'll always maintain that aspect ratio that we had previously.
So again, a ton of flexibility there. All right next, let's go down to Page and in Page, we're going to see what we've seen before. We can change the background color, add an identity plate. We can include a watermark in order to protect our photographs. We could also add those cut guides if we're planning to trim up this particular layout. All right, well finally, let's head down to Print Job. And once again, we'll see the exact same options as we've seen before. Well, finally in closing, the whole point here I think with this movie is just to highlight that when working with the Layout Style Custom Package, it is indeed custom.
It finally gives us these controls in order create some pretty unique layouts, and to position images in an interesting way. Now, this particular layout style is new to Lightroom 3, so if you haven't experimented with it, I definitely recommend that you give it a try because I think you'll find that this new extra flexibility will really help you out in certain situations in regards to making your printing workflow a little bit more effective and a little bit more creative.
- Understanding the difference between Lightroom and Photoshop
- Using interface shortcuts to navigate the workspace quickly
- Working with catalogs
- Making incremental adjustments
- Grouping images with collections and smart collections
- Creating virtual copies of adjusted images
- Correcting white balances
- Adjusting color with Vibrance and Saturation
- Cropping images and changing aspect ratios
- Using the Adjustment Brush
- Toning with the HSL controls
- Outputting images to slideshows and web galleries
- Printing photos

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bedroom Electronics Workbench
Plywood and Aluminum electronics workbench designed to fit in a bedroom. Includes adjustable shelves and tool cart on casters for portability.
Stuffomatic (Light-Up Bins)
Component bins with locator LED's and microcontroller bill-of-material reader for efficient manual "pick-and-place" of electronic components.
AR XB Wooden Turntable Base
Replacing the vinyl covered particle board base of an Acoustic Research XB turntable with a solid wood base made from a piece of rough Black Walnut.
Deluxe Reverb Rebuild
Rebuilding an early 70's Fender Deluxe Reverb, using the original AB763 schematic. New wiring, resistors, capacitors, 3-prong power cord, etc.
Light Bar
I built this strip of 128 purple LED's in 2008 specifically for my apartment in Wellington, New Zealand. The lights have 16 different patterns and each one uses the microprocessor's pseudo-random number generator in different ways to generate moving patterns.
Bike Cam
I designed and built this set-up, so that the user can operate a video camera while riding a bicycle. Recording controls and microphones are mounted at the handlebar and the recording deck and battery are stored in a lexan crash enclosure inside a pannier. The camera itself sits at the end of an adjustable 1M long boom that can collapse down to 30cm.
Spring Reverb for Guitar
This is a spring reverb unit built to use with guitar. Uses an Accutronics reverb tank and a fairly simple solid-state driver and recovery circuit. Fun project, and a good use of scrap wood.
Hi-Fi Speakers
The first pair of speakers I built were the dB61TL, a transmission line speaker designed by Dave Brown that uses Dayton woofers and silk-dome tweeters. I have also built a pair of bookshelf speakers using Tang Band full range drivers.
Bike Shirt
A simple sewing project to add bicycle jersey style pockets to the back of a t-shirt. Rear pockets are perfect for holding keys, wallet and digital camera while cycling, without having to wear spandex.
Reverse Clock
After getting used to reading this reverse clock all the time, I found it hard to tell time on a regular clock. This clock also gauges productivity and consumer confidence.
Pan-Tilt Webcam
For several years, this webcam was mounted on the ceiling of my workshop. Users were able to watch live video over the internet while moving the camera arbitrarily, or to preset locations through a custom graphic interface. Used stepper motors salvaged from 5.25″ floppy disk drives.
Make Fish Talk
Make Fish Talk allowed people over the internet to type in a phrase to be "spoken" by my goldfish (through a speaker hidden behind the tank). Users could select between different synthesized voices for the snale or either of the two fish; Fish[0] or Fish[1] (yes, that was their names).
Atari Online
This was the first time that an Atari game happened across the internet. User's input through a web interface was passed directly to a real Atari 2600. In practice, the lag made playing most games nearly impossible. This was online between 2002-2004.
Control The Car
This was my first web project, and is still my favourite! Started at the end of 2000, this was a yellow radio controlled VW Beetle that was able to be controlled over the internet. The car was on a custom sound-dampened table top with cushioned walls and a web cam mounted overhead. Users could control and watch the car through the web interface.


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The Hongqiao Vantone SunnyWorld Centre, a major new sustainable masterplan for a prominent site at the heart of the Shanghai Hongqiao CBD, has broken ground - the project forms part of a large-scale urban plan, extending from Shanghai's main station. The dynamic new mixed-use community is centred on a new four-hectare public park and brings together highly efficient, flexible office buildings, animated at ground level by shops, restaurants and a range of new civic spaces.
Designed to set a new benchmark for sustainable design in the city, the office buildings border the linear park and are oriented to minimise solar gains and maximise views. The buildings are laid out as triangular fingers, which intersect to create visual connections between the ground level and offices above, while drawing greenery deep into the site.
Their slender floor plates maximise daylight and natural ventilation, while providing a flexible solution that can easily adapt to future change. The park culminates in a landmark building, whose scale responds to its location as the 'end point' of the development, while relating successfully to the canal and city quarter beyond.
The ground-breaking ceremony was attended by Feng Lun, Chairman of Vantone Holdings and Qi Hongbo, Chairman of SunnyWorld Group, along with local business and civic leaders and the project has been designed and engineered by Foster + Partners integrated architectural and engineering design teams.
Grant Brooker, senior partner, design director said: "We aim to create a destination and a genuine public place that is a positive contribution to the future growth of Shanghai, but is also rooted in the spirit of the past and the traditions of this great city - lively and bustling, filled with the business of everyday life. We have had wonderful support from the local government and our collaborators at the SIADR and it is great to now start construction on this very ambitious project."
Ferring HQ
New Slussen Masterplan
Red Hook
Maggie's Cancer Centre
New Norton Museum of Art
One Hundred East Fifty Third Street
Mixed-use tower
Musée de la Romanité
Maspero Triangle District
Tech Spot #22: Mars Habitat design competition
Rwandan Droneports
Porcelanosa showroom refurbishment
Thames Hub Airport
Expo 2015 UAE Pavilion
Jeddah transport system
Wessel Casa-Port Phase Two
100 east 53rd
Mexico City International Airport
RMK Headquarters
Yacht Club de Monaco
Hankook Technodome
30 St Mary Axe
First and Mission Towers
Maggie's Centre at The Christie
551 West 21st Street
Norton Museum of Art
Bund Finance Centre
Faena House
SSE Hydro Arena
The Bow
Lenbachhaus Museum
Apple HQ
Queen Alia International Airport
Vieux Port Pavilion
ME Hotel
Faena Aleph Residences
The Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts
New York Public Library
50 United Nations Plaza
Interview: Vishaan Chakrabarti
Grand Central Terminal Masterplan
425 Park Avenue Tower
Cuba School of Dance
Musee de la Romanitee Narbonne
Shanghai Bund International Financial Centre
Datong Art Museum
Vieux Port
Hearst Tower
Masdar City
Jameson House
Thames Hub
Virgin Galactic Gateway to Space
Kuwait International Airport
Edmond J. Safra Campus, Hebrew University
Slussen Waterfront
CITIC Bank Headquarters
Washington Convention Center
BMCE branches
Zayed National Museum
Harmon Hotel
Art of the Americas Wing, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Faustino Winery
VietinBank Business Centre
Sperone Westwater Gallery
Banco Ciudad de Buenos Aires
Fortaleza Hall
Langley Academy
Quatermile Phase 1
Campus Biometropolis
980 Madison Avenue, New York
Vivaldi Tower
Incheon Free Economic Zone
Beijing International Airport
Heathrow Terminal 2
Walbrook Square
Spaceport America
Russia Tower
The Zénith
Slussen Regeneration Masterplan
Aurelis Mixed Use Complex
Camp Nou
Riva Hotel
UAE Pavilion, Shanghai Expo 2010
Capella Resort
Hermitage Plaza
The John Spoor Broome Library
Al Faisaliah Tower 2
Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard, Smithsonian Institution
The Aleph
The Walbrook
Ruskin Square
U2 Tower
Clarence Hotel
Black Sea Gardens
Rimini Waterfront
State Street Corporation Fenway Entrance
Ernst & Young Headquarters
Elephant House, Copenhagen Zoo
Parke-Bernet Gallery, Upper East Side
The Willis Building
The Dolder Grand Hotel
The Index
Beijing Airport
Capella Singapore
Crystal Island
Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts
United Arab Emirates Pavilion
Abu Dhabi Plaza
Beach Road
Camp Nou Stadium
Capital Airport
The New Mexico Spaceport Authority Building
Dresden Station Redevelopment
Living Wall
Mixed use tower
Faustino Winery, Gumiel de Izan
Masdar Development
Editorial - Wembley Stadium
Seattle Civic Square
Clarence Hotel, Dublin
980 Madison
Khan Shatyry Entertainment Centre
Serrenia residential resort and hotel
Elephant House at Copenhagen zoo
Central Market scheme
Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building
Tower Two
Palace of Peace
Milano Santa Giulia
St Paul's Church, Onslow Square
Sainsbury Center for Visual Arts
Retail Architecture/Interior Design Specialist
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Strawberry Banana BreadAngie McGowan
We had a wonderful time this past weekend at the Florida strawberry festival. My son got to ride all sorts of fun carnival rides, including the ferris wheel and bumper boats. The food smells drifting through the crowds were amazing. Along with delicious corn dogs, sausages, and of course strawberry shortcakes, there were the fair type foods, like deep fried corn on the cob, chocolate covered bacon, and various foods on sticks. We practiced some self-control and just shared a corn dog. We also walked around a bit, saw all the livestock, and talked to some of the kids showing their livestock so my son could pet their prize animals. He was happy. My husband also won our son a giant lady bug that had high heels and hearts on her back.
On the way out of the festival, I couldn't pass up all the fresh fruits and vegetables. I got a huge flat of strawberries, lots of fresh tomatoes and some onions. This morning I made this strawberry banana bread to help use up some over ripe bananas and some of the strawberries. I've got several more strawberry recipes planned this week, before turning what strawberries we don't eat fresh into homemade preserves.
Strawberry Banana Bread
1/2 cup, or 1 stick melted butter
3 very ripe bananas
1 cup sliced fresh strawberries
1 cup sugar
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
2 eggs
1 1/2 cups flour
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Mash up bananas in a large mixing bowl. Add butter and sugar. Mix well. Add eggs and vanilla. Mix again. Sift together baking soda, flour and salt. Add to other ingredients and mix until just combined. Fold in sliced strawberries.
2. Grease a loaf pan with nonstick spray or butter. Pour batter into loaf pan. Bake at 350 degrees until golden brown and bread passes toothpick test, about 60 minutes.


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Did you find photographs or other sentimental items carried by the tornado?
Help reunite people with their lost items.
UPDATED 12:40 PM CDT May 23, 2013
After the tornado devastation one of the priorities many people have is simply recovering personal items like cherished photographs.
If you find photographs or other sentimental items carried by the tornado post an image on KOCO's u local section. You may help reunite people with their lost items and contribute to their recovery.
When uploading your images, or videos, select the Weather Pix and Tornado Lost and Found categories. Please include a description of the item and location where it was found.
If you are not already a member of the u local community, you can join by clicking here.


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By SANDRA E. CONSTANTINE
HOLYOKE - The executive director of a nonprofit organization that provides job training is scheduled to meet Monday with the president of Mastex Industries Inc. to discuss ways to help workers who lost their jobs when the company closed this week.
David Gadaire, executive director of CareerPoint, a nonprofit organization that provides job training and adult education, the 80 workers should be able to get government-funded training for new jobs.
"The money is tight right now, but there is a whole lot coming through under the stimulus plan," he said.
The federal government has earmarked $18.6 million for helping laid-off workers in Massachusetts, which could make the employees, who number about 80, eligible for up to $5,000 or more in training. Gadaire said he is waiting for more details, which the government is still in the process of working out, and will meet with the company's president, Laurence J. Vincent, on Monday.
"I truly feel for these folks. They are one of the cornerstone companies in Holyoke," Gadaire said, adding that Vincent is concerned about his workers and wants to meet with CareerPoint officials.
Meanwhile, Mastex officials did not answer repeated telephone calls to the Bigelow Street business Thursday or Friday. The doors at the plant were locked and an employee refused to respond requests for information Friday.
The company manufactured about 7 million yards of cloth a year used in the automotive industry as well as by the armed forces and for some custom industrial uses. The bulk of its fabric was used for airbags.
Ransford speculated that the company was a victim of the financial woes in the automobile industry.
"Prior to the downturn they were doing well. They have always had exceptional relations with their employees," Ransford said.
Established in 1938, the company has been in Holyoke since 1946. It had been owned by the Shepps family for many years. As of 2006, the company was owned by Vincent and Israel Shepps and Jeffrey Stream.
As recently as June, Mastex officials had plans to buy a 280,000-square-foot facility the company had been renting on Bigelow Street, which is in an industrial area in the center of the city. The company had secured a $650,000 loan from the Massachusetts Community Development Finance Corp. to buy the building and make production changes. Including that sum, the state agency had loaned Mastex more than $900,000 since 2002.
Finance corporation spokesman Douglas P. Pizzi said there are a number of lenders involved with the company and that whether his agency recovers its funding depends on where it falls in the pecking order.
"I think what is going to happen is that people are going to go over the books and see what is there," Pizzi said.


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The Web Services runtime for J2ME (non-MIDP) is packaged in the
WebServicesME.jar file. You need to install the MicroEnvironment
Toolkit in order to get the Web Service runtime. There is a predefined
update site for this in the update view of WSDD.
firstname.lastname@example.com wrote:
> Hi,
> Do you known what is the .jar file I have to install into my windows CE device to can use webservices? And how can I install?
> I use the Personal Profile J9 virtual machine.
> Thanks a lot.


text:
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Financial Assistance
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Sign up for E-mail updates on Organic Agriculture
Organic farming is an ecologically-based system that relies on preventative practices for weed, insect and disease problems, uses nontoxic methods to manage problems if they arise, and improves the natural resources of the land, including soil and water quality.
Organic producers, or producers transitioning to organic, can receive conservation technical assistance and can apply for all NRCS programs.
Managed by USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service, the National Organic Program develops, implements, and administers national organic production, handling, and labeling standards. If you're wondering whether organic is a good option for your operation, visit the USDA's Organic Literacy Initiative resources to learn more.
NEW: Organic Farming Handbook (eDirectives)
With funding from Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE), the following guides were created by Oregon Tilth for use by NRCS staff:
The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation has a number of resources related to pollinator habitat assessment and design on organic farms.
The NRCS Organic Initiative Practice List and National Organic Program Rules Matrix (PDF; 52KB) correlates the organic system plan and organic certification requirements with NRCS conservation practices. (Not all practices are appropriate in all areas.)
Information for Technical Service Providers is available at TechReg.
Webinars are typically scheduled the first Tuesday of even-numbered months and start at 3:00 PM EST / 12:00 PM PST. They are free and participants may earn and continuing education credits and/or training certificates. Live webinars are recorded for later viewing. These webinars are presented in partnership with Oregon Tilth.
Recipients of an NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant, The National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) offers webinars on the conservation benefits of crop rotations, pest management and other topics designed to better integrate sustainable and organic agriculture production systems into NRCS planning and programs.
eOrganic, the online eXtension community focused on organic agriculture, offers additional online training videos.
NRCS' Environmental Quality Incentives Program – Organic Initiative helps producers with conservation on their land and can support National Organic Program standards. Eligible program participants receive financial and technical assistance to implement conservation practices, or activities like conservation planning, that address natural resource concerns. Payments are made to participants after conservation practices and activities identified in an EQIP plan of operations are implemented.
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Jon Gosselin and the new Kate in his life – tabloid reporter Kate Major – hooked up with Lindsay Lohan's dad, Michael Lohan, in the Hamptons on Wednesday.
"Jon is a friend, he's a great guy, he needed a place to get away to, and my doors were open to him and Kate Major," Lohan tells PEOPLE. "Jon and Kate [Major] are good friends of mine. She's with him [at Lohan's house]. Kate's like a daughter to me. When she needed a place my doors were open."
Gosselin was also seen last weekend with Major – a reporter for the Star – at a New York City restaurant. Jon has been dating family friend Hailey Glassman since splitting with wife Kate Gosselin. – Diane Herbst
Jon Gosselin Hits the Hamptons – with Lindsay Lohan's Dad
Vino/Splash News Online


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Sir.—Furman1 raises some interesting points in her letter published in the May 1992 issue of AJDC. Although we have far to go with regard to support for parenting in this country, we will not improve the duration or quality of the mother-infant nursing relationship by simply extending maternity leaves and providing job security to working mothers. I believe that we as pediatricians (as well as obstetricians and family physicians) do a very poor job of promoting breast-feeding to our patients. Yes, we say "breast is best," but are we really providing mothers with enough resources to realize these goals?
There are several companies promoting products (electric pumps that allow both breasts to be pumped simultaneously, specially designed pillows that make positioning much easier) that can make a tremendous difference in the success a mother has with breast-feeding, yet few pediatricians know of these products. Despite the promotion of
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• The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been reported in hemophiliacs. We examined lymphocyte numbers and functions in 28 patients with hemophilia and 16 healthy adults. Healthy hemophiliacs who had received fewer than 150 commercial factor concentrate (CFC) infusions had normal T-cell numbers, T-cell subsets, and mitogen responses. Healthy hemophiliacs who had received more than 250 CFC infusions had a decreased number of Leu 3+ "helper" T cells, a decreased Leu 3–Leu 2 ratio, and decreased pokeweed mitogen responses. Hemophiliacs who had received greater than 250 CFC infusions and who had persistent lymphadenopathy had decreased Leu 3+ cells, increased Leu 2+ "suppressor" T cells, a decreased Leu 3–Leu 2 ratio, and decreased phytohemagglutinin responses. Abnormal results of T-cell studies were found in 67% of healthy hemophiliacs who had a high degree of CFC exposure and 100% of clinically abnormal hemophiliacs. These findings suggest that hemophiliacs are at risk for the development of the immunologic changes that characterize AIDS and that this risk is related to CFC exposure.
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Do not submit personal medical questions or information that could identify a specific patient, questions about a particular case, or general inquiries to an author. Only content that has not been published, posted, or submitted elsewhere should be submitted. By submitting this Comment, you and any coauthors transfer copyright to the journal if your Comment is posted.
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Indicate all relevant conflicts of interest of each author below, including all relevant financial interests, activities, and relationships within the past 3 years including, but not limited to, employment, affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria or payment, speakers' bureaus, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, donation of medical equipment, or patents planned, pending, or issued. If all authors have none, check "No potential conflicts or relevant financial interests" in the box below. Please also indicate any funding received in support of this work. The information will be posted with your response.
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Krueger, Paul S. and Dabiri, John O. and Gharib, Morteza (2003) Vortex ring pinchoff in the presence of simultaneously initiated uniform background co-flow. Physics of Fluids, 15 (7). L49-L52. ISSN 1070-6631. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KRUpof03b
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Use this Persistent URL to link to this item: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:KRUpof03b
Vortex rings were formed with a piston-cylinder mechanism in the presence of uniform background co-flow supplied through a shroud surrounding the cylinder. The jet and co-flow were started simultaneously. Ratios of the co-flow to jet velocity (Rv) in the range 0–1 were considered. The formation number (F) as a function of Rv was determined using the procedure of Gharib et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 360, 121 (1998)] and a generalized definition of formation time. The results show a sharp decrease in F as Rv increases from 0.5–0.75, suggesting possible performance limitations for pulsed-jet propulsion.
|Item Type:
|Additional Information:
|©2003 American Institute of Physics. (Received 16 January 2003; accepted 25 April 2003; published online 6 June 2003)
|Subject Keywords:
|vortices; jets; external flows; laser velocimetry; flow visualisation
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|No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.
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|Deposited By:
|Archive Administrator
|Deposited On:
|06 Mar 2006
|Last Modified:
|26 Dec 2012 08:47
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Photography feature VJournal Entry: Mon Apr 2, 2012, 7:54 PM
<da:thumb id="293827833"/><da:thumb id="282722126"/><da:thumb id="293827763"/><da:thumb id="293827675"/><da:thumb id="293826073"/>
Mature Content
This Journal Skin was designed by Night-Beast
Skin by Night-Beast
Photography feature V by Shutter-ShooterWatch
©2012-2016 Shutter-Shooter
Thank-You So Much!! I'm so happy that someone is enjoying my work !!
yes it is
Thank you
thanks for the feature <3 awesome photos ^^
thank you...
Many thanks! Great feature!
Thank You!
Thank you so much for the feature
Regards from Dubai
Regards from Dubai
gorgeous! wow...flabbergasted.
Thank you so much!
Its so cool seeing my picture here!
great choices!
Thanks for the feature im new and all and im glad you like my work
Thanks a lot for your support, the feature is very nice !
Thank you very much! It's a wonderful feature!
thank you
Thanks for including my photographs!
Thank you!
Thanks for the feature!
Thank you so much for the great feature Jacob I really appreciate my work being included amoungst so many great works of art.
An amazing collection of photoworks! I'm really happy for seeing mine among them. Thanks a lot for the feature.


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Book Binding Machines
Categorized: Electronics, Printing | No comments
Are you looking for an efficient way of creating professional looking documents? Then, you have to consider investing in a reliable electric book binding machine. This efficient binding tool allows office workers to produce presentable business documents in a jiffy. They are generally designed to cater high-volume binding tasks that are often needed in most offices.
In general, binding machine is intended to preserve important business or office documents which can be used for future reference. Binding is technically a procedure wherein multiple pages of paper are bound inside a hard or soft cover to make it look more organized and presentable.
To find the perfect book binding machine, there are few things that you should bear in mind. First, determine the type of book binder that you will need. Book binder machines are sold in different varieties including the comb binding variety. Comb binding machines work by punching round holes at the left edge of the pages, and then the comb will open once the loose pages are inserted. The comb is then closed over a row of accurately spaced rings. Of all book binding methods, this is the least flexible style. The integration of a unique lock on the comb is required to prevent the papers from falling out.
The spiral book binder machine creates more durable binding style than the comb binders. These machines punch holes and bind pages with the use of a continuous spiral plastic coil. Today, PVC coils is most commonly used, which is a perfect alternative for the metal variety. PVC coils are much preferred since they are less prone to shape bending and they do not have sharp ends. This type works well with legal documents.
The thermal book binding machine is the best option if you want to give your office manuscripts an ultra-professional look. A one-piece front and back cover is often used with thermal binding. The documents' edges are inserted into the pre-glued spine which will then be heated by the machine to melt the glue into the edges of documents.
The compact binding machine is an affordable choice, and perfect for hardcover book binding. On the other hand, the electric binding machine can punch up to 24 sheets at a time, and is capable of binding 200 sheets.
Price range for book binder machines greatly vary which can cost around $45 up to as high as $600 depending on the size, type, model, binding capacity, punching capacity and overall quality. Therefore, carefully choose the binding machine that will best address your needs!
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Tagged with: book binder, book binder machines, book binding machine, desk book binding machine, hardcover book binding, perfect book binding machine, spiral book binder, thermal book binding machine, used book binding machine
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Get `in touch with QI Press Controls intelligent solutions at IFRA 2008
September 24, 2009
Oosterhout, 8 September 2008 - This year's Ifra Expo, held in Amsterdam, will be something of a home game for Q.I. Press Controls. In their known pure white stand (nr 8238) QI Press Controls will present their complete product range from system solutions for colour and cut-off register control to their Air Bustle Device for automatic fan-out compensation and one more thing: IQMobile (mangement information by iPHone). ...cont´d
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Copyright © S & W Ecowater, 2012. All rights reserved.
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October 23rd, 2010 - Hour 1
53:48 minutes October 23rd, 2010 - Hour 1
This weeks episode begins with a wake up call from none other than Psycroptic, Australia's brutal-est import. Kevin hosts the first hour solo and lets everyone in on a little plan he has for next weeks very special Halloween episode. Want the info? Gotta listen, yo!
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University of Göttingen / Graduate School of Social Sciences
22 to 24 November 2011
Point of departure
Democratisation processes around the world are challenging the trade unions as political players in the
creation and transformation of (new) societies because these processes are inevitably associated with
the shifts and realignments of civil society. At the same time, globalisation and demographic change
are also changing the work of the trade unions in established democracies.
The conference will cover issues relating to the role and influence of trade unions within the
framework of democratisation efforts and as the result of the radical changes and transformations
which have and are still taking place in various political systems around the world. It will also
consider the options available to trade unions in existing democracies to shape developments,
particularly in light of the growing socio-economic problems and new challenges that they face in
many of these democracies.
The conference will focus on the initial situations, developments, processes and results of trade union
influence in very different countries, regions and political frameworks. International comparisons and
historical perspectives are also possible and desired.
In particular, the conference will cover the following topics and issues
- What functions do trade unions assume in democratisation and/or democracy stabilisation processes?
- In what way are trade unions political players in their operative frameworks and functions? How do
they present themselves?
- What are the definitions and interpretations of democracy from a behaviour influencing perspective?
- How do the trade unions collaborate with their alliance partners in the democratic process?
- How do the trade unions' strategic concepts compare at an international level?
- What roles do trade unions play in repressive regimes? - To what extent have trade unions adapted to changing work situations and demographic shifts (e.g. to
the 'internship generation' in industrial nations, migrants or the very young average age of many
populations in the southern hemisphere)?
- What functions do trade unions assume in connection with the inclusion and integration of marginal
sed groups?
- What function does the ILO and other international trade union organisations assume in the above
connection? What is the significance of transnational networks?
- What kind of a media presence do trade unions have in the democratic process?
This Call for Papers is addressed to doctoral students and young scientists of all disciplines who are
involved in research projects which relate to the conference theme, i.e. presentations of current theses
or research projects on the subject matter are also feasible and desired. There are plans to publish a
conference digest after the conference.
Agenda and organisation
Wiebke Friedrich, Christoph H. Schwarz, Sebastian Voigt
(Hans Böckler Foundation doctoral scholarship holder)
Doctoral Scholarship Department of the Hans-Böckler Foundation
Göttingen Graduate School of Social Sciences
Dates and deadlines
Interested parties are requested to send a 1 to 2-page exposé/ abstract together with a biography and
research profile (max. half a page) to firstname.lastname@example.com by 19 August 2011 at the latest. Please also
send queries and conference registration requests to this address or call the Scholarship Department of
the Hans Böckler Foundation (Dr. Susanne Schedel, Tel.: +49 (0)211/7778-301). The selection
process will take place at the end of August.
Conference venue: Historical Observatory Conference Centre, University of Göttingen
Registration deadline: 21 October 2011
Conference languages: German and English
Board and lodging costs will be paid by the Hans Böckler Foundation. Travel expenses for conference
speakers and Hans Böckler Foundation scholarship holders will also be reimbursed.


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BANGKOK, 23 April 2012 – Glasgow Celtic soccer players, who won the 2011-2012 Scottish Premier League, were seen during their match against Motherwell on Sunday wearing team shirts with their names printed in Thai.
Motherwell lost a home match at Fir Park Stadium to Glasgow Celtic on Sunday with the score of 0-3. But most importantly, the winning team sported soccer shirts with their names spelt in Thai in their support for Thai children with Down's syndrome, who were also present at the game.
Celtic FC had successfully raised enough funds earlier this year to enable the children from the Good Child Foundation, or Thai Tims, which is located in Thailand's eastern province of Chanthaburi, to visit Scotland for the soccer match.
The children have also been invited to appear and perform at a concert at the Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow on May 10 as part of Celtic's celebration of its victory. The report also stated that the children will also get to see another soccer match between Celtic and St. Johnstone up close on May 3.
Comments are closed.


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Going to the grocery store is a non-social experience. Although I've met and dated some great women I've met while picking up toilet paper and pre-cooked bacon, there's an invisible wall between you and those you pass in each aisle. Even if you go with a spouse or friend, you're almost always wanting to go in a different direction because of your own food peculiarities.
For me, buying my food at the grocery store has become a more difficult activity. Since I have become more focused on eating real food (meaning, with as little industrial processing as possible, including how an animal is reared), there's less and less for me to eat. Restaurant dining, one of my core joys in life, as been practically shut down to zero — I don't want your canola oil or your gluten-heavy breading; keep your margarine and even your grain-fed butter. I went to a Chinese restaurant recently with a stick of grass-fed pastured butter and asked the hostess if they could cook my dinner with that. She went in the back and said certainly, but she was shocked at the idea. I port around my own 16 ounce insulated bottle of pastured heavy cream during the day in case I want to stop by a Starbucks and have a cup of coffee — half and half isn't good enough for me.
Since I'm focusing more on real foods, sourcing them myself has become the new joy. I communicate with dozens of local farmers and farm owners, local fresh produce market managers and even a local cafe or coffee shop, inquiring how I can get real food without the industrial oils and processing. Sometimes it's a success (a coffee shop offered to carry my brand of pastured heavy cream), more often it's a failure (a local farm I admire told me that they have to grain feed their cows in the winter).
Growing my own vegetables is very energy and time consuming, and I can source reasonable vegetables through my local fresh produce markets (the managers are happy to get whatever I ask for). Meat, though, is still a problem. Either I pay a "local" farm 200 miles away and buy in bulk and freeze it, or I pay a very high price to get grass-fed pastured ruminant meat at the local Whole Foods ($29.99 a pound for certain steak cuts isn't unheard of!).
Through all of that, shopping for food is still a non-social experience. We're social creatures — it's not enough to just get 8-9 hours of sleep, reduce industrial neolithic agents of disease (plant oils, gluten grains and any product sourced through solvents and high heat extraction processes), reduce blue light in the evenings and not graze on snack food all day long. We also need human interaction, and my life in the late night bar scene has also fallen apart — I just have so little in common with the average Westerner.
I want solid, real food and I want the social experience. That led me to one area that has been at a sharp disadvantage in the West lately: hunting. With all that PETA and the anti-animal movement has done to society, it's no wonder that hunters are an endangered species. Animals have feelings, I've been told. Sure, they also have big teeth, claws, tusks, and leg muscles that let them accelerate to 40 MPH faster than you can exhale the breath you were holding. We can survive on soybeans, some other say. Absolutely, and you can watch your joints and muscles deteriorate even as you live to 105. But it tastes like bacon, just ignore all the processing and chemicals used before it gets that "natural" USDA stamp of approval.
Me? I want real food: food sourced without overcrowded meat factories, fats made from nature instead of industrial solvents like hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide. It's not about me being fair to nature, it's about finding way that nature can be fair to me. I'm a selfish man and I want to live as long as possible while still being clear-headed, strong and not worry about the soldier saluting in the bedroom. That means consuming animal products, and not just the beautiful but lean steaks you can get at the local chophouse.
Some of the best micronutrients ("vitamins") in animal meat are in the parts you throw away or don't buy in the first place: the offal, the organs. Liver, heart, brain, tongue, kidney: all have high saturated fat (the healthiest of all fats) along with a bounty of healthy micronutrients that are bioavailable and easily used by the body. Why take 15 pills a day when you can ground 1 pound of pastured beef liver into your 65% lean pastured ground beef? It's a vitamin explosion, it tastes good, it's satisfying and it's what we've been designed to do.
So back to hunting. It's supposedly cruel, and it's something that many meat eaters will avoid. Dr. Kurt Harris goes into some side details about hunting in a recent article of his, I, Caveman, which is actually a review of a reality TV show. I love his details about how to best slay your prey — you're looking for a quick, cruelty-free kill, which means getting your bullet or arrow or bolt through the animal's "spinal cord or trachea or the cerebral vessels to reliably kill or even bring down an animal." He goes on to say that "a nice hole in the aorta or heart is merely a bonus" helping to drain the animal of the blood, a step you need to do to properly dress the meat and prepare it for transportation and later consumption. Usually, we dress our kills in the field — it makes the meat less gamey, the carcass is lighter, and we can have a cleaner job at home.
I don't mind killing anymore. I used to, early on, when I first aimed my shotgun at a buck. I don't kill for sport, I kill to eat, but there's something healthy about the hunt. If we don't find a source of prey at this end of the woods, a fast sprint to the other end is necessary, before slowing down to quiet our movements. The animals aren't defenseless, either — I've had to haul ass faster than I've done on any open training field when we've encountered a group of bucks that were definitely looking to defend their territory. I have a gun or a bow, they have their intense smelling abilities, huge tusks, gigantic leg muscles and the ability to trample anyone who isn't careful (watch that link!).
I don't take an animal's life calmly, always giving my trophy my true thanks for the challenge and the meat ahead — enough meat to feed myself for months or even a year. Yet hunting is also a social process. I bond with my hunter-friends, we confide in our fears for what lies ahead of us, we communicate through words and glances, hand signals and sometimes the blow of a hard-to-locate whistle frequency. It feels right, congregating on the hunt to track and slay the prey before us, to fill our plates for months with the healthiest wild meat and fat. It's sport, for sure, but it challenges us to the edge of human endurance. It requires patience, speed, large lung capacity for proper aim, muscle endurance and absolutely no alcohol remaining in the blood stream. Often we end up with not even a slice of bacon, but when we approach a solid beast and it succumbs to our patience and aim and determination, we'll reap the benefits of inexpensive meat for a long time along with the good nature of friendship.
Dressing the catch in the woods is difficult. So many meat eaters just buy a burger at the local fancy burger joint ("ooh, it has smoked gouda on top and it's only $15!"), but they don't know the process of draining a huge 160lb deer of 35lbs of blood before you can properly break it down to carry it home. It's not pretty, it's not pleasant, and it gives you strong respect for nature. Once you see and feel the defenses that an animal has, you become aware of what it takes for man to feed himself and his family and community well. Industrial raising of defenseless animals in cages is not what you want after you do it yourself.
To those who are animal rights lovers, I can respect you more after I have to do what needs to be done. I take no issue with PETA's view of industrial animal husbandry — it sickens me, too. But I also don't agree with your dietary habits. Soy is a dangerous toxin, as is wheat. I want healthy, animal-based saturated fats in my diet, and I want food that satisfies me with only 1 or 2 meals a day, no grazing or snacking. I won't get that from the latest soyrizo or bean tamale, and I am driven to living healthy and alert and sexual for as long as possible. The number of years I have left is irrelevant versus the quality of those years.
So I defend the hunter, and the hunt — I also defend the hunted, since I don't want to waste one bit of their healthy and satisfying flesh, like the lion who kills their prey just to consume the fat, leaving the lean protein for the vultures or to decay, unused. I don't like the idea of a cow living 3 years jammed in between hundreds of other cows, versus the elk I will slay this fall who has lived a long life in nature, raised offspring naturally, and is fully prepared and designed to challenge me and even take me down if I screw up.
It's what man was designed to do, and if you try it yourself this fall, you might find new uses for speed, stamina, sobriety, friendship and the ability to manipulate your hands in specific, engineered ways. Get away from your mouse and your monitor, your treadmills and stairmasters, your colon cleanses and barstools — and see what your body can do in nature.


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All Posts In » 2009 » April » 21
Bob Greene offers EA Sports Active Challengers nutrition tips
Wii Fit Girl, yes the one in the video playing the Hula Hoop mode in Wii Fit, twittered about a video she put up on her blog from her experience at the EA Sports Active retreat. In this video, Bob Greene, Oprah's trainer, offers five nutrition tips to the group. Tips that you can take and incorporate into your routine. [vimeo]4064482[/vimeo] FollowRead more →
Magic Touch Vol 1 Review
Magic Touch (Oyayubi Kara Romance) Volume 1 Release Date: February 2009 Author: Izumi Tsubaki Genre: Shoujo (Teen Romance) Publisher: Viz Media Number of Tankoubon: 9 Buy Magic Touch from RightStuf At first glance, Chiaki appears to be your normal high school student. That is until she catches sight of someones tense back or shoulders, then she becomes enthralled with the thought of massaging all the stress and discomfort from those aching muscles. She is one of the top members of the Massage Research Society, following in the footsteps of her elder brother. Massage is the one thing that she has really enjoyed as it separates her from her manipulative and cruel twin sister, and allows her to spread happiness to others. Every morning Chiaki sees one back in particular that makes her fingers tingle and wants so badly to massage. Opportunity presents itself as she stumbles upon him in theRead more →
Consumer Electronic survey shows women are more tech savvy than men
The latest Gadgetology study from Retrevo shows that women know more about consumer electronic products and men don't know as much as they think they know. Of course we know this, but it's nice to have a study endorse what we know. Women's knowledge of electronics rivals and surpasses their male counterparts. 79% of men feel "extremely tech savvy", compared to 55% of women. But when it came down to details, more women knew details like MB stands for megabytes. Another example showed that 25% of men gave the wrong answer when asked what 1080p meant, while only 17% of women answered incorrectly. The study also showed that women are more attached to their gadgets. When asked to choose between giving up a computer or caffine, 82% chose to give up caffeine. "This Gadgetology report highlights several developments that manufacturers and retailers need to know before they build and marketRead more →
Free Zombie novel from author Travis Adkins
Travis Adkins, author of Day by Day Armageddon and Thunder and Ashes has released his latest novel Twilight of the Dead, which is currently available to read online here. Five years after the dead rose a small band of survivors has taken refuge in the fortified town of Eastpointe. When a newcomer arrives claiming to know the location of the antidote to the zombie plague, it sends the town into an uproar. To retrieve this cure, a group of survivors must venture outside the relative safety of the compound's walls and into a world ruled and dominated by the flesh-eating undead. Twilight of the Dead is also available for purchase on Amazon, but this seems like a good read if you're looking for a new zombie novel to check out! FollowRead more →
Left 4 Dead Survival Pack out today
I know several of you are pretty excited about this. By the time you wake up this morning the Left 4 Dead Survival Pack will be released. The exact time for those of you staying up is 2am PST. The download date/time is for the 360 version. No time for the PC version is set yet. FollowRead more →By GamingAngel in News No comments yet
Are you ready for Free Comic Book day?
Free Comic Book day is approaching. On May 2nd Comic Book stores will help fight illiteracy and do it in one of the most fun ways possible. With comic books! Over at http://www.freecomicbookday.com , you can put in your zip code to find the comic book store closest to you that is celebrating Free Comic Book day. Many comic book stores are having events or autographs too! Over at Golden Apple Comics on Melrose, William Shatner will be signing autographs and there is a Rock Band competition! There are all types of comic book samplers for people on Free Comic Book Day. Even if you like Manga, there is something for you! [youtube]PFaOE0b47jU[/youtube] FollowRead more →
Publisher X Releases Magnificent Gizmos & Gadgets for the iPhone/ iPod Touch
Today Publisher X announced the release of Magnificent Gizmos & Gadgets for the iPhone/ iPod Touch. Who doesn't like gizmos & gadgets?! [i]Magnificent Gizmos & Gadgets[/i] is a physics based game in which players create content to solve puzzles. This puzzle game developed by The Method features: * 44 challenging levels, each with an infinite number of possible solutions * A variety of environmental objects, including explosive cannons, powerful fans, rumbling conveyors, and more * A helpful tutorial and hint system that teaches you how to be a physics whiz * A Share feature that allows you to save and email your favorite Gizmos to your friends * Beautifully stylized visuals * Groovy, foot-tappin' soundtrack. [i]Magnificent Gizmos & Gadgets[/i] is available for $4.99 through the Apps Store. FollowRead more →


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Printable Coco Chanel Quote
Happy Friday! This week I decided that I could use some art in my walk-in closet, and when I saw this quote from Coco Chanel, I knew it would be perfect. I bought this frame at a thrift store and revamped it with a coat of copper paint, and voila, new art!
Mara Hoffman and Inspiration
Last week one of my favorite designers, Mara Hoffman, released her fall campaign images. As with nearly everything she does, I loved them. The imagery is just gorgeous. I could barely keep myself from posting them all, but you can see a few more here.
We Are All Made of Stars
After staring at images of stars, galaxies, and nebulae for far too long, I designed this poster. And then I got a fancy new printer to print it out, and it did a really phenomenal job. The colors are all velvety and the lines are super […]
A Costume Drama
If you're a Downton Abbey fan (and who isn't?), you might be excited to find out that Jessica Brown Findlay will be on the cover of next month's Love magazine. If you don't recognize the name of the actress, you'll recognize her by her photo:
She plays Lady Sybil, of course. She […]
Amazing Art: Paul Cadden
If you think the above images are photographs, you're not alone–so did I. But they're actually meticulously detailed, hyperrealistic pencil drawings by artist Paul Cadden. That's right, pencil. Some people have all the talent.
My name is Rachel and I live in wonderful Portland, OR. Transient Expression is about fashion, style, and DIY. I love to share craft projects, cute outfits, recipes, and inspiration for living a handmade life.
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June Carter Cash isn't the only artist who is finding shelf life after death. Here are some other deceased performers who are living on with new CDs:
•Celia Cruz The salsa legend's final recording, Regalo del Alma, came out just three weeks after she died, at age 78, in July. The disc concludes with "Yo Viviré," a Spanish version of "I Will Survive" that leaves no doubt she will do just that in the hearts of her fans.
•Tupac Shakur He was murdered in 1996, but he has remained a vital force in rap, with six posthumous releases thanks to a wealth of material in the vaults. A new remix album hits stores Oct. 7.
•Elvis Presley "I'm a Roustabout," a long-buried Elvis song that was rejected as the theme to his 1964 movie Roustabout, finally surfaces on Elvis 2nd to None, a compilation that is due Oct. 7. The CD also features a new remix of 1970's "Rubberneckin'. "
•Eva Cassidy Last month saw the release of the fourth disc since the folky singer died in 1996 from cancer at 33. American Tune includes five new songs, three live tracks and a demo recording.
Picks and Pans Review: Spotlight On...Posthumous Releases
updated 09/15/2003 AT 01:00 AM EDT
•originally published 09/15/2003 AT 01:00 AM EDT


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Tuesday, Sept. 2, 7:11 a.m. EDT. The First Quarter Moon rises around 2:30 p.m. and sets around 12:30 a.m. It dominates the evening sky.
Monday, Sept. 8, 9:38 p.m. EDT. The Full Moon of September is known as the Harvest Moon because it is the Full Moon closest to the autumn equinox on September 22; it is also sometimes known as the Full Corn Moon. It rises around sunset and sets around sunrise; this is the only night in the month when the moon is in the sky all night long. The rest of the month, the moon spends at least some time in the daytime sky.
Monday, Sept. 15, 10:05 p.m. EDT. The Last Quarter Moon rises around midnight and sets around 3 p.m. It is most easily seen just after sunrise in the southern sky.
Wednesday, Sept. 24, 2:14 a.m. EDT. The moon is not visible on the date of New Moon because it is too close to the sun, but can be seen low in the East as a narrow crescent a morning or two before, just before sunrise. It is visible low in the West an evening or two after New Moon.
Sunday, Sept. 14, after midnight. The waning last quarter moon will pass just north of the bright star Aldebaran in the constellation Taurus.
Sunday, Sept. 21, early evening. The planet Mercury will pass close to the bright star Spica in Virgo. This is a particularly good apparition of Mercury for observers in the Southern Hemisphere, less so for northerners.
Monday, Sept. 22, 10:29 p.m. EDT. The sun crosses the celestial equator moving southward. Day and night are of equal length. The sun rises due east and sets due west everywhere on Earth. This is the autumnal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, the vernal equinox (Spring) in the Southern Hemisphere.
Wednesday, Sept. 10, 10 p.m. EDT. The waning gibbous moon passes just north of Uranus in the constellation Pisces. The moon will occult Uranus as seen from eastern Canada, Greenland, and northern Siberia. Seen here from Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Saturday, Sept. 27, 9 p.m. EDT. The moon passes just south of the dwarf planet Ceres in the constellation Libra.
Sunday, Sept. 28, midnight EDT. The moon passes just north of the Saturn in the constellation Libra.
Sunday, Sept. 28, 11 a.m. EDT. The moon passes just south of the asteroid Vesta in the constellation Libra.
Monday, Sept. 29. The shadows of Europa and Callisto cross the face of Jupiter simultaneously, best seen from India and central Asia. Seen here from New Delhi.
Mercury will be in its best evening apparition of 2014 for observers in the Southern Hemisphere. Northern observers will have more difficulty seeing it.
Venus is low in the eastern sky, rising just before the sun.
Mars is now fading rapidly in brightness as it moves towards the far side of the sun.
Jupiter is low in the morning sky in the constellation Cancer.
Saturn, in Libra, is low in the WSW evening twilight sky, setting in mid evening.
Uranus is rising in mid-evening in the constellation Pisces, heading towards opposition on October 7.
Neptune was in opposition on August 29th in Aquarius, so the planet is visible all night long.