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Ginny Catania's Slides
Institute for Geophysics
University of Texas
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stand by.
>> Welcome to the LIMA Quest challenge.
Today we're going to listen to some scientists talk about the LIMA
The purpose of this webcast is to learn more about the mystery
sites featured on the LIMA website and give you a chance to ask
some questions to these experts with LIMA imagery that's interesting
to you.
My name is Rebecca green.
I'm at the NASA Ames Research Center in northern California.
I'm here with Linda Conrad today.
Today Linda will be fielding your questions.
Tell us a little about yourself.
>> I've met most of the people already because I've sent
them little correspondence.
But I have the fun time of putting these kind of things together
for you.
And I will be looking forward to questions in the chatroom.
Please be very appropriate with them.
We have lots of people right now in the chatroom.
We would love to see questions about Antarctica and this imagery
that we're talking about and maybe some of the help you need to
get started on your projects.
I will be pulling questions out of chatroom.
I may interrupt occasionally but most of it will be handled in
a Q and A session near the end.
>> Let's begin by meeting some of our scientists.
Coming to us from various parts of the country through videoconference
and over the phone.
We'll learn a little bit about them and how the LIMA imagery is
helping them do their work.
We'll start with Robert Bindschadler the chief scientist in green
belt, Maryland.
Tell us a little about yourself, what led you to work with the
LIMA imagery and how it's helping you.
>> I sure will.
Thanks a lot, Rebecca.
I'm very pleased to be part of this panel of experts and part of
this Quest Challenge.
I'm a glacial olist.
I study ice.
I want to tell all the students that when I was their age I had
no idea I would end up being a glacial oh gist.
I love to climb mountains and hike in the mountains.
That led me to be interested in glaciers.
That led me to larger glaciers and now I have the privilege and
the joy of working on the biggest block of ice on the planet, Antarctica.
And I've been there 15 times with different field teams and what
I study down there is how fast the ice is moving.
The reason we're interested in that is that how fast the ice moves
determines the shape of the ice sheet and the size of the ice sheet.
As the size of the ice sheet changes, sea level goes up and down
and that affects people all around the world.
It really is a global issue that we deal with in Antarctica.
Certainly with warmer climates we know the ice sheets are sinking
and sea level the going up.
We're trying to answer how much, how fast.
That's really important.
A lot of the work we do in Antarctica, I think I have a slide here
that shows Antarctica.
And every time I go down there, I'm reminded of what a wonderful
place it is, what an interesting place and exciting place to work
but how small I am relative to how big Antarctica is.
I mean, Antarctica is huge.
It is larger than the United States.
And that's one reason this satellite data are so important for
our research.
It gives us the big picture.
Something like the land sat mosaic not only gives us the big picture
but allows us to zoom in and see fine detail that is so important
to giving us clues as to where the ice is going fast, where it's
safe to work and also other things that some of the other scientists
will be talking about that help us in our research.
But it also is part of our research because we can measure the
speed of the ice directly from satellite imagery.
The land sat imagery has a lot of uses for the time of research
I do.
And I can go on and on about that but I dare not.
I want to pass the video baton to my colleague at national science
foundation Tom Wagner.
>> Hi, everybody.
Welcome to the webcast.
I don't see my face on the screen but I assume you can all hear
Is it going okay?
>> We're good.
We can see you.
>> I'm going to keep talking then.
So, you know, like Bob, when I was a kid I was into science.
Not so much the mountain climbing but I loved chemistry and physics
and all that stuff.
When I went to college I realized I wasn't to do science but I
wanted to get outside.
I started to get more interested in the Earth on how it works.
I settled on volcanoes eventually and I worked in new New Guinea
for a while.
Then I got a job where I worked today.
My job is hearing about the projects people want to do in Antarctica
and I help figure out which ones we're going to support.
The reason I got interested in LIMA was we realized scientists
needed a better way to see things in Antarctica to plan their work
and figure out where to go and what they were going to do there.
We worked with Bob and other scientists to get this mosaic together.
I'm looking forward to telling you some more about mystery mountains
and hearing about your proposals down the road.
I'll turn over now to Ted?
>> We're going to go to Ginny Catania who is a research
scientist at the University of Texas with Austin's institute of
geo physics.
Tell us a little about yourself, what led you to study Antarctica
and how the LIMA imagery is important to the work you development
>> Can everybody see me okay?
>> Yes, you're good.
>> I had a very similar background to Bob in that I was
really interested in being outside in the mountains and my first
trip was to Switzerland to study glaciers there and that's where
I got completely addicted by being in the field.
And I kept going into the field and studying Alpine glaciers and
eventually got really interested in Antarctica because the science
there is so important and it is so -- such a big scale.
And satellite imagery to me has really revolutionized our field
because in the last ten years we've had a lot more availability
of satellite imagery and a lot more frequent satellite images and
so we're able to see the rates of change of the ice sheets over
And by seeing this, we're able to observe really fast rates of
change that we wouldn't have been able to observe other ways.
And so this has really changed our field and it has been exciting
to witness it from my perspective as a newcomer coming into this
I have some pictures here, too, I don't know if you guys can see
These are pictures of me getting dressed for the field to go to
You need to have a lot of warm clothes because it gets pretty cold
And this is another picture of the kind of work that I do.
I collect the ice penetrating radar data that you can see in the
lower right-hand side here.
It gives us a cross section of what the ice sheet looks like.
The way I collect it is going into the field we need to have satellite
images to tell us where to go in the field so we're safe in how
we drive around on the ice sheet but also to help us plan what
kind of features we're interested in looking at.
What areas show big rates of change and what kind of problems do
we want to really answer?
Satellite imagery helps to guide my work and I'm starting to get
more and more interested in satellite data because of the plethora
of data out there.
There is more data out there that is more easy to obtain than there
is field data.
It is harder to get funding to go into the field.
So I'm starting to get more and more interested in satellite data
and it has been a really enjoyable thing for me.
That's all I have.
>> Thank you, Ginny.
Do we have Ted Scambos on the phone?
He is a glaciologist.
He along with Ken Jezek a professor of Ohio State University are
also part of the LIMA project.
Ted will be joining us later on web khats or in the final webcast.
So let's check one more time.
Do we have Ted on the phone?
Well, let's go ahead and talk about what this challenge is all
As Earth scientists you and your group are going to study some
images that are provided through the LIMA project.
You're going to identify a specific ice feature that is of particular
interest to you and you're going to submit a proposal to these
scientists you're hearing from today.
In your proposal you'll do two things.
First you will talk about the geologic feature, why it's interesting
to you and why you would like to study it further.
And then second, you're going to give your opinions as to what
processes you think are happening to cause that feature.
We hope that you've already toured some of the LIMA website and
certainly there is an educator guide that we have available to
you to help guide you through the process and show you how to explore
that website.
We're particularly going to be looking at some of the mystery sites.
So let's take a look at that slide.
We have these mystery sites.
The scientists with us today, Tom and Ginny and Bob are going to
be talking about some of these sites that you see up on the screen.
As far as the submissions, we're looking for very interesting submissions
from you.
We want something that is unique and possibly that we haven't even
noticed ourselves.
If you select a site that is scientifically significant, then we
may actually add it to these group of mystery sites that you see
on the screen.
So that is certainly a goal that you can aim for.
So we know there is science in every piece of Antarctica and during
the challenge you'll be finding a spot on the continent that interests
Today in this webcast we're going to help you understand the type
of submission that we're looking for and we're going to talk about
these mystery sites that have already been identified.
So let's start with Tom.
Tom, can you tell us about volcanoes and mountains on Antarctica
and why they intrigue you?
>> Yes, I can.
For a whole bunch of reasons.
Can you guys -- is my first slide up?
>> Yes.
>> It is, great.
If you look at this slide, there are all different kinds of mountains
in Antarctica and there are some mountains that are formed by
tectonic forces that push things up and others formed by glaciers
and some mountains are just volcanoes.
You can see all of them in this figure.
Let's go to the next one.
Sorry, this is the one here that shows you, this is a picture of
Antarctica with all the ice lifted off.
While you might have thought Antarctica is flat, it's not.
Those are mountains and volcanoes and valleys.
Let's go to the next slide.
Our mystery volcano was mount TAKAHI.
They're important to us for two reasons.
They tell us about -- because magma comes from great depth in the
Earth it tells us the characteristics of the deep Earth and it
is important to understand about the geologic history about Antarctica
and they help us understand global climate change.
Let's go to the next slide.
When a volcano erupts say like Mount St. Helens it throws a lot
of dust in the atmosphere and the dust falls down.
In Antarctica it puts a layer on the ice and it gets buried and
incorporated into the ice.
>> Can I interrupt you for a second here?
>> Sure.
>> I believe we need Ginny to mute her slides.
They are showing up in the corner.
>> A glaciologist trying to steel all the thunder.
>> Excellent, it's all fixed.
>> Okay.
Continue with your discussion.
>> Yeah, sure.
This is a cartoon that shows a volcano erupting in Antarctica and
how it develops a layer of volcanic ash all over the ice.
Let's go to the next slide.
And this is what it looks like if you go and chain saw out a block
of ice you can see a layer of volcanic ash in it.
This turns out to be really important to us.
Next slide.
One of the most important ways that we understand how the Earth's
climate has changed and how it was warmed and cooled in the past
and how it might warm and cool in the future is through ice course.
Every year in Antarctica a little bit of snow builds up.
Every year we get another layer and we drill through it and we
get a tube of ice.
We can go to the individual layers to figure out what the Earth
was like at the time that they formed.
In Antarctica now we've gone all the way back a million years.
How do we know it's a million years?
It's tough to do.
If you're only going back a few thousand years you can count the
layers you see in the ice core.
Sometimes they get cut off.
Maybe there was melting or something and this is where the volcanic
ash comes in.
If you find a layer of volcanic ash you can use chemical techniques
to date it.
This is a way for us to date the deep parts of the ice core.
Let's go to the next slide.
Also, too, as you might think, volcanoes can be pretty hot, right?
A lot of people are surprised that Antarctica is cold.
How can there be hot volcanoes?
We get liquid water underneath the ice.
This is what happens when you take off the ice.
There is water.
There are sub glacial lakes.
You can read more about them and you can use LIMA to show how it
flows underneath the ice sheet and modeling what the ice is going
to do in the future in a warming world.
Let's go to the next slide.
Those other mountains are really important.
They tell us two things.
They can tell us about Antarctica's geologic history and glacial
Let's go to the next slide.
The mountains of Antarctica get shaped by the rivers of flowing
That's a big one.
To put that in scale some of those mountains are 14,000 feet tall.
You can even have a glacier scour in and dig up -- what we can
do is go out and use local topography to try to understand what
the glaciers were like in the past.
Like in this case you can see once upon a time the ice was probably
a lot higher and overrode all the mountains.
Now the ice is lower.
Also, too, you can see blue ice which hints that there has been
some melting.
Next slide.
Now in that mystery slide there was a black rock that looks like
this rock right here called basalt.
It tells us a lot about the geologic history of Antarctica.
Next slide.
Now, today all the plates are spread around the world, right?
Next slide.
200 million years ago all the continents were smashed together
and you can see Antarctica down in the lower right-hand corner.
What would happen was there was a super volcano that popped up
between Antarctica and Africa and literally broke them apart and
sent magma squirting throughout the rocks in Antarctica.
On the mystery slide that black rock in that image is the remnants
of that super volcano.
Next slide.
Going back 200 million years the other thing we had were dinosaurs.
I have my friend here to tell you about later.
Other things you can do with LIMA and the mountains we find fossils
but the surfaces are important themselves.
In this case here what we can see is there are glaciers that are
covered over with a soil layer and this is really important for
people trying to understand Mars because they want to know where
they might find life on Mars or where they might find ice.
A lot of times where we have ice we have a little water and we
can have life there.
People are using imagery like this and LIMA imagery to try to understand
and get -- I'll keep talking.
That last shot I showed you is from the dry valleys in Antarctica,
the largest ice-free area in Antarctica.
If you look on the web and if you look around the LIMA site you
can see this.
This area is important because it's got some of the most primitive
life on Earth but also lakes.
The next slide.
Here is a picture of one of those lakes called Don Juan pond.
This lake even in the middle of winter has never been seen to be
frozen over even at minus 50 degrees.
Next slide.
Just a couple of suggestions for you and we'll talk about this
more at the en.
In terms of using LIMA for your proposal.
Find your favorite feature.
Have fun with it and poke around LIMA and look around and see what
catches your interest but also read about that feature a little
bit, right?
See how can it -- what is the research question that you can ask
about that feature and how can LIMA help you study it?
There are plenty of great resources on the web.
The LIMA website and one that's not listed on here called CRESIS.
You'll find plenty of information.
I'll close and turn it back over to Rebecca.
>> Thank you, Tom.
That was very interesting.
We're going to now transition to Ginny and she a going to tell
us a little about glaciers and crevasses.
>> Okay.
The first picture I have if you guys can see it is one of the mystery
features that comes from the LIMA website.
This is a picture of a glacier in the dry valleys.
The dry valleys I'll turn to my map behind me.
It's down in here.
And Tom actually if you look behind Tom, there is a map, really
detailed map of the dry valleys on the wall behind his head.
But Taylor glacier occupies one of the valleys there.
You can see in the image that the ice wraps around and almost forms
a circular flow pattern.
This is a really interesting image to me because number one, I
think the scale is really interesting.
A lot of people think glaciers, you go to the mountains they may
not be very big.
This glacier is huge.
If you look on this image I've put on scale which is 500 meters
One of the tallest buildings in the world and I've scaled this
tower on the image to match what the image scale is.
It's actually pretty small.
If you stack all these towers across the ice it measures 2 1/2
kilometers wide.
This is a really big glacier.
It is not like something that you would see in the continental
So the other interesting thing about this image is that you can
see these nice lines on the ice that kind of form and they go around
this block of rock right here.
And the cool thing to me is that you can actually tell what direction
the ice is flowing from this image and how these streaked lines
are formed.
If the ice was flowing in this direction around this bit of rock
in the middle, you wouldn't get the same pattern that you see over
here where these streak lines get deformed and pulled into the
ice flow.
What that implies is that the ice is flowing around it this way
and going down this valley.
That's also true because you can see as the ice comes up and over
this bit of rock you get all these crevasses that form as it tries
to get up there and fails.
This is a little bit of rock in the middle of the ice and it deforms
the ice around it because it's a pretty resistant piece of rock.
This is a really interesting image to me and I think it would be
neat to explore other ideas of what you might try to figure out
from this image.
If you were to look at this, you know, what kind of questions would
you answer like besides which direction is the ice flowing, like
maybe how long has the ice been there, how would you try to figure
that out?
Which ice is flowing faster and how would you try to figure that
Is it the ice that's flowing faster within this round valley or
is it the ice that's flowing over here that is faster?
How would you try to figure that out.
That's what I would encourage you to do with the LIMA website.
This is another picture of the same area from an airplane.
You can see the top of the airplane at the top of the image up
here to give you a sense of scale of what these big ice glaciers
look like when you're out in the dry valleys.
On the lower part of the image is a picture of beacon valley.
A beautiful area in the dry valley.
The next image I have is a set of crevasses that we see on the
ice sheet.
They are in a lot of places on the ice sheet.
These are located over here.
And this is a really fast-moving glacier that is forming and creating
the crevasses and the glacier is over on this side and there is
slow-moving ice on this side.
So you have this region where you have fast-moving ice next to
slow-moving ice and it causes the crevasses to form.
I have with me a little bit of silly putty which a lot of people
probably are familiar with.
It behaves a lot like ice does.
If you pull it quickly it breaks apart.
That's just what ice does.
If you pull ice quickly that's how you get the crevasses but you
can pull silly putty very slowly and it will stretch and that's
also like ice.
If you pull it really slowly it will tend to thin and it stays
coherent and doesn't crack if you pull it really slowly.
If you pull it quickly that's when you get the crevasses forming.
The interesting thing about this image is again if you take the
scale of this tower and put it on this image you can see the tower
here is tiny and could fit almost into the huge crevasses.
Number one, these are very big crevasses and you wouldn't want
to go anywhere near these except if you were maybe flying in an
The other interesting thing is that you can see that the shape
of these crevasses are deformed.
That's because the ice is moving fast in this flow direction on
the side here and it tends to shear the crevasses on one side more
than the other and you get this shape to them.
The other thing that's really interesting is that on this side
the crevasses are not sheared as much so they tend to not be very
actively opening all the time.
So as the snow falls on the surface you can get a snow bridge.
You can end up closing the crevasse over time but you can also
have, as you can see these little pockets.
These little holes where the snow bridges have failed just kind
of randomly and so you want to be careful if you're planning to
go into the field to study this a little bit more detail that you
wouldn't want to go anywhere near these big crevasses.
Those are the two mystery images I've been really interested in.
So I would encourage you again, like Tom said, to go to the LIMA
website and check out all the things that are there.
There is a huge amount of data that's there to look at.
You could spend hours pouring over the imagery in great detail.
Then try to figure out what is that image and what kind of information
do you need to answer the question of what are you seeing in that
I encourage you to think about what you would do to study it in
more detail.
Would you plan a field season.
What would that entail?
If you weren't going to plan a field season, would it be to look
at other imagery besides LIMA to help you understand the LIMA data
better or look at books to understand geology maybe or the books
to look at what ice looks like in other regions just to compare?
So I would encourage you to get online and check out the LIMA website
but the website Tom suggested and the other websites that have
lots of great photos of glaciers and ice sheets as well.
>> Thank you, Ginny.
We appreciate your input.
And Bob, we would like to transition over to you and learn a little
bit about some of the iceberg formations through the LIMA imagery.
>> All right, thank you very much, Rebecca.
I will share a secret that all these 17 mystery images that are
on the LIMA website right now I found.
And I found them in about half an hour of panic trying to put this
page together before I had to leave on a trip.
And I found it exactly the way that I hope a lot of the students
are going to be finding them which is just scrolling around this
huge dataset and looking for interesting things.
I thought I would just pick ten but I couldn't narrow it down to
just ten.
Almost every place I scrolled I saw something interesting so it's
really gratifying to hear so much science come out of each one
of these.
Such as Ginny and Tom described.
One of the favorites I picked is this image of what I call a puffy
It was unusual to me and I've made some of these images seem unusual
by cropping them the way I did and removing some of the context
that can help explain what these are.
Just as one example, I think this serves as a good example.
If I go ahead and I just zoom out on this, to look at the region
around this particular region, you can see where the sub image
came from is still outlined in red.
We see in the upper right the coast of Antarctica.
That's the grounded ice sheet in the upper right and most of the
images actually frozen ocean with a thin covering of sea ice.
We also see from the upper -- the top middle something labeled
a land glacier.
This is a big glacier draining ice off the ice sheet into the ocean.
Ginny give a wonderful description about glaciers and ice flow.
This glacier is one of those that flows fast enough that it breaks.
The silly putty that is being stretched hard enough and quickly
enough that it breaks but it is still held together by the mountains
that it flows through and you can see those in the image as well.
Once it gets into the ocean and there is nothing holding it back,
the little pieces of the glacier just spread out like little chicklets.
If people know about that kind of gum, I'm not endorsing any product.
They're not really little.
But that glacier just falls apart.
And these icebergs in this mystery image are part of that collection
of icebergs.
The best photo I could find of what you might actually see if you
were in that area is this one.
And it shows a number of icebergs just floating in the ocean and
they are thicker.
They're higher because it's thick ice.
And around these icebergs is much thinner sea ice that's frozen
ocean nowhere near as thick.
Only a few feet thick for the sea highs.
Hundreds of meters think for the icebergs.
The big difference there if you were to be in that area and see
What you don't get from either the image that I showed or this
picture is an idea of the scale.
This is something that Ginny spoke about and I want to emphasize
it, too.
I go back to one of my opening remarks.
Antarctica is just so big.
It's hard to really appreciate that.
Here is another a fairly small iceberg but at least this photograph
includes an airplane for scale so you can get some idea of how
big a small iceberg is.
But let me keep emphasizing that point by going back to this larger
image and now what I've shown included on this slide is part --
a map of Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. is this small yellow dot in the middle but around
Washington, D.C. is this major highway we call the capitol beltway.
It's 25 miles from side to side.
What I'm going to do is circle that with this blue circle and then
put the -- circle the same size on the land glacier.
What that says is the land glacier is big enough that if it were
in Washington, D.C. it would not only cover the City of Washington,
D.C., it would cover the whole area from one side of the beltway
to the other.
To help people get a sense of how big these features are in Antarctica.
And just to come back to that mystery image, I go back to that
mystery image on the right here and what I've done is taken another
popular, familiar, geographic feature, the lower half of Manhattan
Same scale, these two images and what I want to emphasize here
is again how big these little icebergs are.
Most of them would clog up the east river on the right side of
Manhattan island there.
If you look at the Brooklyn bridge there, most of those icebergs
wouldn't even fit underneath the Brooklyn bridge.
So again Antarctica is bigger than you can ever imagine.
And that's one thing that actually makes it interesting.
One final comment about icebergs, you have to remember that although
you see something that's quite big, you are looking at literally
the tip of the iceberg, which is only 10% of the full size of these
90% of the features that are included in this particular image
are contained underneath the surface of the ocean.
Antarctica is big.
That's the message.
And I think hopefully Linda has been flooded now with a lot of
questions and we've piqued your appetite.
I hope the students led by their teachers will do what I did in
that afternoon, scroll around Antarctica, poke through these websites.
Find interesting features.
There is a science story to tell about each one of those.
But those 17 are offlimits.
You have to find your own.
>> Well, thank you, Bob.
I want to thank Tom and Ginny and Bob for the explanations of the
mystery sites, the images have been great in your comparisons
to features here on our continent and to things like silly putty
have been enlightening.
We're going to turn now to our audience and do some of the Q and
We're going to start with a few of the questions that we've received
so far.
Linda, what do you have?
>> I did want to mention that we will put the Power Point
slides that we've been playing up online so that you can have a
look at them a little closer later after the show.
And this will also be archived for those of you who are having
trouble connecting to the video.
However, you can still post your questions in the chatroom.
We just got one from -- let me see if I can pronounce this -- middle
science from New York.
And they ask, we're looking for the area where the lake is located
under the ice.
Is that one of the areas we could study?
>> The largest sub glacial lake is called VASTAFF.
I don't remember the coordinates right now.
>> It's in LIMA, yes.
>> Okay.
It's -- you know the coordinates.
>> I can show you on a map.
>> You don't need to do that.
You can go to the LIMA website and there is a link called find
a feature and you go there and you type in lake VOSTOK.
And you query on that.
You'll get a description of the lake and then there is another
link there, click on that and you'll be brought straight into LIMA
centered on the lake and that will set you up as that is your starting
point and you can zoom in and out and scroll around.
So the LIMA website allows you, if you know the name of the feature
to go and see it.
>> Okay.
>> Can I throw something else out there for that one?
>> Another thing to think about there are a couple of these
other lakes.
They're is sub glacial lakes but other lakes around the land areas
of the coast.
Can you use LIMA to answer any questions about those?
Their size, shapes, locations.
Find one that hasn't been found yet.
Things like that.
>> Speaking of one that hasn't been found yet, who is your
>> This is Elvis.
Elvis wanted to make a couple of points.
Elvis likes ice but Elvis is also saying you know, climate change
is one of the things that wiped out me and a lot of my friends
over the year, right?
And he says look, you guys can spend a lot of time studying ice
but I was found in Antarctica on a mountaintop that was unexposed.
I wonder, is it possible for you to use LIMA to look for things
like me again?
>> That would be fun, actually.
We have another question from Idaho kid who says, how can you tell
how deep and iceberg really goes?
>> A great question.
One of the best ways to do that is with imagery.
Landsat imagery is taken of a Sun lit surface so we know where
the satellite is and what time it collects the image so we know
where the Sun -- what the elevation of the Sun is.
And often we can measure the length of the shadow and that will
tell us how much of the height of the ice above the water and then
we multiply it times nine and we know how thick the ice is.
It's using the imagery and knowledge about the Sun location to
determine the height of the ice above the water.
So some simple geometry there but it can be done and has been done.
Oftentimes we want to know exactly that.
>> Okay.
We have a couple of questions on the logistics of when, which seasons
you go to Antarctica and how you get there.
>> We knew there would be some questions about that.
Because Ginny had that wonderful slide of her getting dressed we'll
let her answer that.
We don't want to answer too many questions about the field work.
We want to sort of help people get their questions answered so
they can satisfy this challenge that has been put to them.
>> Yeah.
Well, we go to Antarctica in the summer that happens in the northern
hemisphere wintertime.
So typically you leave sometime in October and you can be there
until February.
But the beauty of satellite imagery is that you can see Antarctica
all the time as long as it's sunny and you're looking at visible
imagery you can see Antarctica from your desk all the time and
so it's actually -- you can go to Antarctica right now if you wanted
You have the luxury of doing that now.
In some way I think satellite imagery allows everybody to go there
and allows us to go there a lot more frequently than we can physically
do it.
>> Okay.
I think you folks are having to see us more often than they should.
We aren't being able to switch to Ginny.
I apologize for that.
Hopefully we'll get that settled here soon.
Another question here, do you find the most interesting features
of Antarctica to be located in the interior or along the coast?
>> There are interesting features of Antarctica throughout
the continent.
And I think if somebody goes to the LIMA website and starts scrolling
around, you could answer that question yourself.
I think you will find that there are interesting things to see
throughout the continent.
So I'll put that challenge back to you.
Go look and I bet you'll find interesting features all over the
>> Also don't forget to look at the peninsula that extends
up toward South America.
>> Speaking of how to get there.
You try to get images from different times of year or only during
the Sun lit months?
>> Ginny, did you want to answer that one?
I don't want to hog all the questions.
>> I mostly use visible satellite imagery so I do try to
get data from just the summer times.
And I really like to look at change of the ice sheet.
So I want to have repeat images of the same area.
It is important to make sure there are no clouds in the image so
you can actually see the ice or the rock below you.
So I want to get repeat images of the same area at different times
during the year or different years and at different -- the same
date but every year for maybe five years or so.
One of the things you could look at are seasonal changes.
Are there changes over the summertime?
Are there changes over many years due to global warming or due
to natural variability?
And to me it's really important to be able to see changes in the
ice sheet.
That's the kind of thing I'm very motivated by.
So I love to see repeat images.
That's like the best thing for me.
>> I'll just add to that that on the wall behind Ginny.
She's already used it a couple of times, is another map of Antarctica
not collected with optical imagery but with a radar sensor that
actually transmits a radar beam and records the scattered energy
that it receives back.
And it is a totally different view of Antarctica.
On the LIMA website we've been able to combine different maps of
LIMA is one of them.
Once you have an interesting feature in your sites, you can click
to this radar sat is the name of the satellite imagery of that
same feature and even another optical sensor and you can get different
views of that feature looked at in different parts of the electromagnetic
It will look different.
There is interesting science to do with comparing and contrasting
with different views of the same feature.
>> We have a question here from wren middle.
How can water flow under the ice that is frozen?
>> You want me to handle that one?
>> Sure, Tom.
>> What happens.
At the base of the ice even though it's really, really cold, in
some places it's warm enough you still have liquid water and
this is something that is pretty exciting because it's only been
figured out in the last -- even in the time I started with the
program five years ago, you know, we've realized there is much
more water than anybody thought of and part of it has to do with
the geo thermal heat flux from the Earth and -- some of the exciteings
things is that there are lakes around Antarctica and also underneath
big thick parts of the ice.
We're talking about two different kinds of lakes.
I hope everybody understands that.
In the ice-free parts of Antarctica, less than 5% of Antarctica,
there are small ponder around or small lakes.
These are things that might be 50 to 100 feet deep.
Some of them are ice covered and a couple of them are open water
in the summer at least.
Then there is that one lake I showed you that stays open water
all winter.
Then under the thicker parts of the ice sheet, places where the
ice is literally miles thick, there are great big lakes like lake
VOSTOK that is miles long and kilometers deep.
There is evidence that some lakes have popped a seal on the side
and drained downhill into another lake.
Geologic evidence in the past that there were massive ice sheet
lakes that broke out and created their own valleys at a place called
the lab -- labyrinth in the dry valleys.
>> As people who study the ice like Ginny and I the recognition
that there is so much water underneath the Antarctica ice sheet
is an absolute revelation and entirely new field in our discipline
because there is so much water it's moving around so much, that
it has to have an important influence on how fast the ice is going.
So it's one of the -- one of the real frontiers in our science
right now.
I'll just use that as an opportunity to tell people out there,
because often students think that all the neat questions are happening
right now.
All the neat science is going on right now.
But the neat thing about science is the questions never do stop.
This is just a perfect example of that.
We're not going to get all the questions answered.
We can't even anticipate what some of the questions are.
So students out there that are interested in science, there is
going to be some absolutely fascinating stuff to do.
And so that's just serves as a reminder to students out there that
science is fun.
It actually is very much like acting like Sherlock Holmes day in
and day out and getting paid for it.
It's great.
>> Okay.
We have a question from O.L.M.G.
Could anything exist in the sub glacier lakes?
>> You want me to -- Ginny, do you want that one?
>> I'll give that one to you.
I'm not much of a biologist.
>> That's the million dollar question, Samantha!
One of the big things.
Chances are there are probably not fish.
But there probably is microbeall life and we have so good evidence
to that.
Right now nobody has ever drilled into a sub glacial lake but there
is discussion of drilling into lake VOSTOK.
There is a report online that tries to assess what might be in
the lake and how we might safely drill into it without contaminating
The people that study it right now, what they've done is sampled
the ice around the lake and there is evidence that part of lake
VOSTOK as the massive ice sheet flows over the surface, on one
side of the lake it melts a little bit and on the other side of
the lake it crystallizes and forms more ice and the ice is lake
water which we've drilled into.
There are some microbes in there.
It's sketchy or the science is really just beginning to happen
but it looks like these things are like an Alpine lake that you
might find in other cold parts of the world.
Mostly microbial life.
This lake has probably been isolated from the surface for many
millions of years.
7 to 15 million years.
So potentially the life that's down there has evolved a little
One of the other questions is what is their food source?
How could they live?
There is a theory that maybe there is a little bit of like a hydrothermal
system that you might find at a mid ocean rings and black smokers
on the sea floor.
Hot rocks that are causing water to percolate through it or maybe
there is enough background heat to keep that lake alive and going.
This is probably one of the most exciting areas for future research
and the next few years you're going to see a lot more coming out
about it.
>> I can't let that one go, either.
NASA, we look for life all over the place in the solar system and
And it's a big, big question for us.
And Antarctica is the perfect test bed for many of the experiments
that we are designing ultimately to be launched to other planets.
And so there -- the extreme environment in Antarctica is tremendously
unique place on this planet that we have much easier access to
and whether it's the sub glacial environment that you were asking
about or some of the hyper saline environments with Don Juan pond
and why it never freezes because it has so much salt in it.
You can find portions of LIMA that are related to these questions
in biology and life in extreme environments.
You'll look at the dry valley area because that's where scientists
are focusing their attention in the extreme environment experiments
and investigation.
Go for it.
That's a great line of questioning to follow.
>> Okay.
Want to follow up with a question that is not totally LIMA directed
but has anyone sent a sub to see under there, Amanda wants to
>> Let me take that.
She's probably talking about the sub glacial lake environment that's
totally enclosed with ice and you have to drill through the ice
to get to it.
And nobody has entered the sub glacial lake yet.
During the International Polar Year there are countries expressing
serious intent to do that.
But because she mentioned submarines, I will mention one of my
favorite topics, which are the floating ice shelves around the
fringe of Antarctica.
Certainly you can see these with LIMA.
This is where the activity is really taking place on the ice sheet
We have a project underway right now to study one of these major
ice shelves that's called the pine island glacier ice shelf.
I was there and we had the first landing on the ice shelf this
past summer during the field season.
But this next field season what is going to happen is that a research
vessel, the U.S. research vessel is going the get as close as it
can to this ice shelf and they're going to release an automatic
Automatic undersea vehicle and its mission is to go underneath
the ice shelf and sample that water for the very first time.
There are biological questions there and physical questions about
how the water that gets underneath that ice shelf interacts with
the ice.
How much ice does it melt?
We have indications from satellite imagery that it melts a huge
amount of ice.
Tens of meters and hundreds of meters of ice every year.
We've never been able to sample it and submarines will give us
the first view.
Ultimately we want to drill through the ice shelf and put other
instruments into the water that can stay a long time.
A submarine goes in and comes back out.
Hopefully comes back out and gives us a glimpse.
That's again one of the frontiers of science.
These are great questions because they're really taking us to the
most exciting science that's being done right now.
>> Okay.
Jasmine asks, can I study the core of the ice and ash?
That's Amanda's question.
>> Yeah, you can.
There is actually a big--
>> There is actually a big ice core drilling project that
is happening right now for the next couple of years.
I don't know if you guys can see me but the drill is being -- the
core is being taken from a place right here.
And the reason that it is being taken from there is it it acouple
later a lot of snow in that area.
You get a lot of snow that dumps on the ice sheet there and that
means every year you have a big annual layer of snow and over time
that gets compressed by more and more snow so you get really thick
layers of annual layers in that area.
And the other thing that Bob and Ted touched on earlier is you
have melting at the base of the ice.
This is one of those places.
It is thick ice here.
You have melting at the bottom of the ice sheet here.
Not only do you have a lot of ice coming on the top of the ice
sheet, a lot of snow on the top of the ice sheet but you have some
removed from the bottom.
As the ice layers go down through the ice columns, they don't get
compressed as much because you have removal of ice at the bottom.
You get nice thick layers really deep in this one particular area
and it allows a great high resolution of data within each annual
layer and it is going to be a very unique dataset, I think.
There have been a number of ice course drilled both in Greenland
and Antarctica and many glaciers all over the world.
This will add a lot of new information about more recent temperature
changes and changes in the atmosphere over the last 100,000 years
or so.
It will be a great addition to the set of data that's out there
>> Okay.
A couple more before we wrap up here.
How often are the LIMA images updated?
>> Good question.
For LIMA what we did, we wanted a snapshot of Antarctica so we
tried to make the time window as narrow as possible because of
the fact that clouds get in the way and we needed cloud-free
LIMA spans a time period of about four years and it is what we
call a benchmark.
A snapshot and reference point and we hope that every five or ten
years we'll update it.
We'll do a new mosaic so we can look for changes on the continental
scale but images taken at other times, landsat imagery started
as early as 1973 and continues now with landsat seven.
New images are being collected all the time.
We hope there will be lots of time comparisons with individual
images but very often I think LIMA is going to be a reference point
we compare those changes to.
For right now, LIMA is that snapshot.
Because we've done it and we've been able to describe how we did
it, I think it makes it easier to do it again and again and again
on into the future.
So my hope is in the ten years' time we'll have another activity
to produce another mosaic.
>> It would help to turn my Mike on.
One last question here.
Does the LIMA imagery provide data on temperature or depth?
>> Well, no, not directly.
However, the landsat data that are collected includes a number
of bands.
We used three spectral bands to produce a true color image.
What you see is what you get.
This is the very best representation of what you would see if you
were in Antarctica is by going to the LIMA website.
And that, as Ginny said, it is one way of us allowing you to bring
Antarctica to you.
There are other bands collected by the lansat sensor.
One of those is a band so it actually does measure the surface
It is just we have not included that dataset in the LIMA imagery
that is most easy to use through the website.
But the scientific data are there for scientists.
About ice thickness, again, no, we don't.
Only if that ice is floating and we have a shadow and through the
techniques that I described earlier can we get an idea of how thick
the ice is.
We really need to measure the elevation of the ice and with other
sensors called ice penetrating radars we can actually measure the
Those are important datasets in their own right but when we combine
those datasets with LIMA, we just have that much more to work with
and it adds value to all the data.
It doesn't measure everything, but it gives us a lot of good information
that helps us understand other data that are collected.
>> I don't know if you want to add anything to that, Ginny
or Tom.
>> I learned something new.
I didn't know there was another band that was sensitive to temperature.
>> Okay, great.
That only proves we can all learn something at these webcasts.
Thank you for your questions.
>> That concludes our question and answer period for today's
I do want to give our scientists a chance to say any last words
that they want to share with you before we sign off.
So let's start with Tom.
Tom, do you have any last words or thoughts to share?
>> Yeah.
I just want to say you should have a lot of fun with this project
and again, as we -- all of us pointed out, the way to go about
it is look at LIMA or find a feature or if there is something
you know about Antarctica or learned somewhere else, see if you
can use LIMA to help you understand that.
Dream your big dream as a scientist and you're starting out your
career now and we're all looking forward to reading your proposals.
>> Ginny, do you have any final thoughts you would like
to share?
>> I would echo Tom's words.
It's an exciting time to be interested in science because we have
so much data available right now.
So I would just encourage you to browse on the website and check
out all the things you're interested in and zoom in deeply to see
what scales you can resolve and zoom out to try to figure out what
you're looking at.
It will be a really fun project.
I encourage you to explore and have fun with it.
>> Thank you.
And Bob, how about yourself?
Would you like to share any last thoughts.
>> Both Tom and Ginny said the magic three letter word.
We hope by making this dataset the view of Antarctica as it looks
so easy to look at that you will have fun.
Science is fun.
And you can be scientists.
You can just poke around, explore the continent and see what interests
That's what starts a lot of science projects is exactly that.
It's that sort of interest and intrigue and scratching your head
saying what is that?
That's why we've come back to that as the central objective of
this challenge is what is that?
Go explore Antarctica and see what you find and learn a little
bit about it and you're doing science and hopefully having fun
while you do it.
>> Well, thank you.
I want to thank Tom and Ginny and Bob for their enthusiasm and
their expertise that they've shared with us today.
And to our audience, we look forward to receiving your proposals.
Just a reminder they are due -- the preliminary proposals are due
on November 5 and you can send those.
You'll send those to Linda.
And then our scientists will be reviewing them and we'll have a
closing webcast at the end of our challenge.
So go out there, do exactly like Bob, Tom and Ginny said.
Look at what sinting and explore it and enjoy it.
Send us something that is interesting and something that will even
surprise us that will spark our interest as well.
So thank you all for joining us for listening to us today.
For sending in your questions.
And good luck.
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This volume by its title indicates the tremendous scope of its approach to the problem of nutrition for children. Sections on heredity and environment, the biology of mating, the growth of the cell and on disease in general precede discussions of metabolism and the discussion of infant nutrition. There are special sections devoted to each of the individual foods, the fruits, physical and psychic stimuli and physiologic processes. The scope of the volume is thus so great that it is far more likely to be considered a work of reference than a book easily readable or a textbook. It is interesting to observe that the section on oleomargarine fails to mention the recent action for enrichment of margarine with vitamin A. The section on cocoa and chocolate in the child's diet credits the eating of chocolate with the causation of tooth decay and fails to mention the frequent sensitivity to
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'Dhorakadu': Telugu movie is closer to completion
Produced by Master R U Sriram Ajay the Telugu flick is presented by Smt. Chandrakala.
Telugu actors Sivaji and Gayathri are playing the lead pair in a film titled 'Dhorakadu'. Directed by filmmaker Vara Prasad the film is produced by Master R U Sriram Ajay and is presented by Smt. Chandrakala under the Chandrakala Arts Creations banner as production No.1.
The shooting of the film is completed except just two songs.
The filmmaker says, "We have thought that the title is very apt for the film and fixed it. We are about to shoot two songs with the lead pair at the end of this month.The post production work has been already started. We are planning to release the audio in March and the movie in the same month. I am very thankful to hero Sivaji, who has been helpful to me throughout the making of this film".
Suman, Ajay, Babu Mohan, Kondavalasa, Gowtham Raju, Chitram Srinu, Gharshana Srinivas, Chathrapathi Sekhar, Shilpa, Smily, Sirisha, Nansee etc are the other cast.
The music of the film is by composer Sunil Dharma and it is been co produced by Muni Reddy. The film is presented by Smt. Chandrakala.


text:
The Last Man is without doubt Mary Shelley's most ambitious novel. Traditionally under the shadow of Frankenstein, it has begun in recent years to attract the critical attention it so obviously deserves. The novel, however, exemplifies basic problems which stand in the way of a fuller, more mature critical reception of Mary Shelley's writings and her unique contribution to literary Romanticism. Two interrelated problems stand out: firstly, the novel, written after the deaths of P. B. Shelley and Lord Byron, seems to encourage precisely the kind of biographically-oriented reading which has traditionally led to the marginalization of Mary Shelley's work; secondly, as a novel The Last Man does not seem to fit in t…
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Allen, Graham. "The Last Man". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 02 February 2004
[http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=402, accessed 30 September 2016.]


text:
I followed this recipe/video on Youtube, and our Play Dough came out awesome!
|Ben smashes his Play Dough!
My Review:
I thought I'd measured wrong or something, because it took longer than I though it would to turn into dough. I also had to use a ton of food coloring to get it to turn color, and not just be streaked with color. The boys, and I had fun squishing it in our fingers, and making "balls". Jack always asks me to make his play dough into a ball. :)


text:
PPPs: a critique of the green paper
Hall, David (2004) PPPs: a critique of the green paper. Discussion Paper. Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), London, UK.
PDF (PPPs: a critique of the Green Paper)
2004-07-U-ECPPP.pdf - Published Version
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Official URL: http://www.psiru.org/reports/2004-07-U-ECPPP.doc
A critique of the European Commission's 2004 Green Paper on PPPs, as well of the European Commission's approach to PPPs.
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|Produced on behalf of the European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU) http://www.epsu.org/
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|internal market, public services, private public partnership, PPP, private sector, green paper
|H Social Sciences > HD Industries. Land use. Labor > HD28 Management. Industrial Management
H Social Sciences > HB Economic Theory
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Shinde paps Pakistan for sponsoring violence
By N C Bipindra | ENS - NEW DELHI
Published: 14th December 2012 10:51 AM
Last Updated: 14th December 2012 10:51 AM
A day ahead of Pakistani Interior Minister Rehman Malik's three-day visit to India, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde has targeted the neighbouring country for sponsoring and supporting terrorist and secessionist violence in Jammu and Kashmir.
Shinde informed a group of parliamentarians on Wednesday night that several terror outfits such as the Hizbul-Mujahideen (HM) and Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT), operating from across the border, were quite active in Jammu and Kashmir.
The issues, he said, were being addressed from the security point of view and also raised with Pakistan during bilateral engagements.
Shinde was chairing the Parliamentary Consultative Committee on Home Affairs here when he made these remarks, but the details were shared with the media only on Thursday.
Malik will be here on an official visit from Friday to Sunday when the two sides are expected to discuss a gamut of bilateral issues including terrorism emanating from Pakistan.
"The level of militancy, which was at its peak in the 1990s, started declining from 2003 and today it is at its lowest in terms of incidents as well as causalities of the civilians and security forces," he said, adding this was made possible by the people's yearning for peace and the security measures put in place to restrict infiltration from across the 750-km Line of Control.
Shinde further informed that HM and LeT "continued to be the dominant militant groups," mostly operating in Baramulla, Kupwara, Bandipore, Anantnag and Pulwama in Kashmir region and Poonch, Ramban and Rajouri in Jammu region.
"This issue is being addressed from the security point of view and also taken up diplomatically with Pakistan," he said.
Shinde also noted that the state and central governments had adopted various counter measures to neutralise the efforts and capabilities of militants and others to disturb peace in the state by inciting the people towards violent agitations and protests against duly elected institutions and authority.
On Friday evening, Shinde is slated to meet Malik for official talks when India will press for handing over of LeT founder and 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks mastermind Hafeez Saeed.
He will also ask Malik, who is coming with a 13-member delegation, to hand over the 50 wanted criminals and terrorists, including Dawood Ibrahim.
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text:
Though Jon Gosselin has been spotted with other women – most recently with two female companions over Memorial Day weekend and during a recent shopping spree at a New Jersey mall – the reality star says the women are actually just friends of his – and of his wife Kate.
"The two women with whom I've been photographed are family friends – Lauren Glassman and Lauren's daughter, Hailey," he tells PEOPLE. "Lauren's husband, Dr. Larry Glassman, performed Kate's tummy tuck surgery, and since the surgery we've become friendly with the Glassmans."
The Glassmans were photographed shopping with Jon at the Riverside Square Mall in New Jersey over the weekend, stopping in at Louis Vuitton, Cole Haan and Godiva stores, according to TMZ.com.
The trio were first spotted over Memorial Day Weekend, visiting a bar in Newburgh, N.Y., where Jon drank Miller Lite, according to witnesses.
Meanwhile, Kate Gosselin went on a working vacation in North Carolina last week with her eight kids, body guards, a nanny and camera crews.
Jon & Kate Plus Eight returns to TLC Monday (8 p.m. ET) with the second episode of the fifth season.
Only on People.com
Jon Gosselin Insists Companions Are Just Friends
Mark Arbeit/TLC


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First, the big news: Yes, John McDonald has grown a beard. And what are a few specks of gray, really, in the face of camaraderie?
"My wife says it's looking pretty good, too," Johnny Mac was saying the other night through a hoarse voice, the product of a lingering cold and the champagne celebration of a lifetime, the one that that ran like a current from Saturday night into the euphoria of Sunday morning.
How happy, indeed, the news: A piece of East Lyme — actually, its favorite son — is going to the World Series.
"How do you put this into words? Honestly, I can't," Johnny Mac was saying from the calmer, quieter climate of his home in Scituate, Mass., maybe 45 minutes from where the 2013 World Series commences tonight.
"You play baseball your whole life and you get to go to the World Series with your uniform on?" Johnny Mac said. "I can't wait for it to start."
McDonald was not on the active roster for the Red Sox in the American League Championship Series. But he was there in the dugout, the eyes and ears of the place, sitting there Saturday night next to David Ross. They were on Terry Francona's old haunt, the makeshift bench thing, watching Shane Victorino's fly ball rocket into the night, a little white projectile on John McDonald's own rainbow.
And then there was McDonald on the field after the game in the pile. The wife and kids came along later. If you saw Dustin Pedroia's postgame interview on Fox, you saw Maura and the kids in the background. On the Fenway lawn. A family photo for the McDonalds. And then this nomadic summer, all the moving from spring training in Arizona and then to Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Philadelphia, became mere prologue for the greatest chapter and verse of them all.
"You don't want a night like that to end,' McDonald said. "The guys just wanted to enjoy being around each other. Our families were on the field, the kids were in the locker room. A big family."
McDonald calls himself the Red Sox "insurance policy," there in case of injury to a teammate. Meanwhile, there is mentoring. His pregame work is ground balls with, among others, Xander Boegarts, 21. Johnny Mac might have cleats older than Bogaerts, who was born in 1992, the year Johnny Mac graduated high school.
Bogaerts was in Pampers 20 years ago this past summer when Johnny Mac won the Zone for Niantic American Legion, the ultimate Johnny Mac play, crackerjack and instinctive. He scored from second base on an infield hit in the bottom of the ninth of the clinching game. Johnny Mac never stopped running, despite an innocuous little chopper. Scored standing, too, spiking his helmet as if he'd just scored a touchdown, punctuating his best baseball moment, until his next one.
Now 20 years have passed. Baseball owes Johnny Mac nothing. A 14-year career, unwavering respect of his peers who call him "Pro."
And then came the call from Phillies general manager Ruben Amaro last month, the call that would change Johnny Mac's life. He was going to Boston. The team in contention. The chance — maybe, finally — to compete for the championship.
The pixie dust rained on him Saturday night, maybe even sprinkled from his late father, Jack, the man who taught him how to play baseball. Jack McDonald was a great Yankee fan. But where others might see irony in this story, Jack's son sees symmetry.
"The guys on this team play the game the way my dad taught me to play it," Johnny Mac said. "(Saturday) night, Dustin Pedroia was on the bench at 7 o'clock for an 8 o'clock game. My dad would have loved watching this team. I think about him the whole time. I was on the field in the last inning of the series against the Yankees (late September in Fenway). I caught the last out in the game that eliminated them from the playoffs. He would have been so happy for me."
The World Series starts tonight at Fenway. East Lyme's in the house. Johnny Mac will be calmer, most likely, than he was Saturday night.
"I'd never been so nervous before a game. Maybe nervous is the wrong word," he said. "Maybe excited. I never wanted to win a game as badly as I did (Saturday) night. We had to wait out the day to 8 o'clock. I'll never forget the anthem by the Dropkick Murphys. I'll never forget the whole night."
This is the opinion of Day sports columnist Mike DiMauro.
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State launches Pay for Success substance abuse program for parents
Lunch with the Candidates: Kevin Ryan and Joseph Mark Taraya


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Runbell at The Running Event in Austin
Hi Kickstarter Backers!
Long time! More than one year has passed since we launched and funded our Kickstarter campaign. Thank you for your support. We have been busy over the past... Read more
Happy Holidays from Runbell
Happy Holidays and Merry Christmas!
Thank you again for all the support in this past year. We have made so much progress this past year and you have made Runbell... Read more
Runbell has shipped!
Runbell has shipped!! Unbelievable, but we finished 1000 Runbells, made 750 boxes and then Japan Post came and took them away in a huge truck on Friday morning.
We have... Read more
Copper or Gold?
We are in the homestretch before shipment. We have our reservation with the post office, Friday, September 26th. They will be picking up about 1000 Runbells for shipment. Hopefully, the... Read more
Address Updates Please
Address Updates
We are in the home stretch of our production, assembly, and shipment of Runbells. In order to make sure we can proceed smoothly, we are starting to create... Read more
Production Update - Almost There
Almost There
We haven't updated in a while, but are still hard at work. We have reached a new milestone with a finished sample product of Runbell. The below picture... Read more
Runbell on the TODAY show
While we just posted a production update yesterday, we just heard some terrific news today that we just had to share. Runbell will be on the TODAYshow Wednesday morning... Read more
Production Update
We've been busy these past few weeks, and have been sharing some exciting pictures on our Facebook page. Let us give you a summary of all that has happened so... Read more
Runbell is Moving Forward! - One Week Wrap-Up
Thanks again for backing Runbell!! We closed our campaign just one week ago and are now in the midst of initial production. Very exciting times! We've ordered our first materials... Read more
Thank you all in advance!! We have just 93 minutes left to go!!
The past 37 days have been amazing all due to your fantastic support. We hit our goal and surpassed it by quite some margin. Thank you!! We can't wait to... Read more
Runbell For Trail Runners Too? - Last 45 Hours!!
We have heard two questions regarding Runbell: Does it work outside of Japan? Does it work outside of urban areas? The video below demonstrates a "yes" for both these questions. ... Read more
New Stretch Goal! - Introducing Chrome at 30K!!
New Stretch Goal
Thank you!!Thank you all one more time for becoming backers! Hitting our Kickstarter goal was an absolutely wonderful way to start this weekend. We have been... Read more
We did it!!!
Amazing!! Awesome! Unbelievable!! I am so excited and not sure which words to describe all these emotions.
Let me just say without your support we would not be celebrating today. ... Read more
Closing in on our Fundraising Goal - 92%!!!
Thank YOU - 92% and Closing in on 100%
We are closing in on our fundraising goal and are so close to making Runbell a reality. At the time of... Read more
Counting Down Now!
The days are now in single digits! Thank you so much for the support! We are almost in the final week of our campaign and want to stress our thanks... Read more
Brass vs Aluminium Bells
Last 10 Days!
One big thank you to all our supporters. We have 10 more days left in our campaign and are at 70% of our goal. We are so... Read more
One More Upgrade and Two New Rewards
New Upgrade
The Japanese have a phrase: "kaizen (改善)" which translates as "continuous improvement". We are continually working to improve Runbell and today we introduce the next improvement in the... Read more


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Re "Saving overdose victims" (editorial, March 7): I urge the New Jersey Legislature to pass S851/A578, a "911 good Samaritan" drug overdose prevention bill that allows individuals to call 911 during an overdose without fear of being prosecuted for drug possession.
Rational, sober individuals understand that calling an ambulance in the face of an emergency is the right thing to do. The choice is not always so clear or easy for those who are using drugs and who may still be in possession. In fact, the No. 1 reason people don't call for help during drug overdose emergencies is the fear of being arrested.
I was closely involved with the passage of New York's 911 Good Samaritan Law. I have since worked to help promote and implement the law, including working with local police departments, nonprofits and elected officials. These laws work and save lives.
Our laws should serve human values, and the preservation of life should always be our top priority. Drug use should not be punished by a death sentence caused by fear of arrest.
Evan Nison, East Brunswick


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Approximately eighteen centuries ago Galen described the thyroid gland. One century ago Cooper experimentally removed the gland from a dog. Sixty years ago myxedema was described, and forty years ago thyroid juice was injected subcutaneously as a cure. Twenty years ago Kendall isolated and synthesized thyroxine. Thirty years ago a German compiled a tome listing the books, monographs and papers on the subject of cretinism—a total of 2,468 titles. Since then the literature has expanded enormously.
Among all the reports of investigations there is none of a detailed objective study of the effect of thyroxine on early mental growth. These effects are truly remarkable. The aim of this paper is to describe their nature, to show the relationships between psychologic and physical factors and to indicate the diagnostic significance of the behavior changes produced by thyroid therapy.
It is commonly asserted that the early diagnosis and treatment of cretinism are
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Federal Communications Commission:
Competitive Bidding Procedures
OGC-98-26: Published: Jan 27, 1998. Publicly Released: Jan 27, 1998.
Additional Materials:
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Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) new rule on competitive bidding procedures. GAO noted that the: (1) rule would adopt uniform competitive bidding rules for all future auctions, simplifying and streamlining FCC regulations in order to increase the overall efficiency of the competitive bidding process; (2) rule and the procedures therin are applicable to FCC's spectrum auction program; and (3) FCC complied with applicable requirements in promulgating the rule.
Sep 20, 2016
Highlights of a Forum:Data and Analytics Innovation: Emerging Opportunities and ChallengesGAO-16-659SP: Published: Sep 20, 2016. Publicly Released: Sep 20, 2016.
May 4, 2016
Statutory Copyright Licenses:Stakeholders' Views on a Phaseout of Licenses for Broadcast ProgrammingGAO-16-496: Published: May 4, 2016. Publicly Released: May 4, 2016.
Apr 27, 2016
Tribal Internet Access:Increased Federal Coordination and Performance Measurement NeededGAO-16-504T: Published: Apr 27, 2016. Publicly Released: Apr 27, 2016.
Feb 3, 2016
Telecommunications:Additional Coordination and Performance Measurement Needed for High-Speed Internet Access Programs on Tribal LandsGAO-16-222: Published: Jan 29, 2016. Publicly Released: Feb 3, 2016.
Sep 18, 2015
Internet Management:Structured Evaluation Could Help Assess Proposed Transition of Key Domain Name and Other Technical FunctionsGAO-15-642: Published: Aug 19, 2015. Publicly Released: Sep 18, 2015.
Jun 2, 2015
Broadband:Intended Outcomes and Effectiveness of Efforts to Address Adoption Barriers Are UnclearGAO-15-473: Published: Jun 2, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 2, 2015.
Telecommunications:FCC Should Evaluate the Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Lifeline ProgramGAO-15-638T: Published: Jun 2, 2015. Publicly Released: Jun 2, 2015.
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Telecommunications:Agencies Need Better Controls to Achieve Significant Savings on Mobile Devices and ServicesGAO-15-431: Published: May 21, 2015. Publicly Released: May 21, 2015.
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Broadband Performance:Additional Actions Could Help FCC Evaluate Its Efforts to Inform ConsumersGAO-15-363: Published: Apr 17, 2015. Publicly Released: May 15, 2015.
May 8, 2015
Telecommunications Relay Service:FCC Should Strengthen Its Management of Program to Assist Persons with Hearing or Speech DisabilitiesGAO-15-409: Published: Apr 29, 2015. Publicly Released: May 8, 2015.
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If you were to make a list of the most important factors of an investment decision, chances are you'd point to things such as the balance sheet, cash flow, growth, moat, and the like. While all of these are important, another factor that can be easy to overlook and difficult to analyze is management. Do the individuals at the head of the company act like leaders? Or will their poor decisions end up in Sean Williams' CEO Gaffe of the Week series? Hopefully the former.
Analysts and investors have penciled in CARBO Ceramics (NYSE: CRR ) , the world's leading ceramic proppant manufacturer, for some above-average growth in the coming years. Proppants are tiny beads that are pumped into an oil or gas well to keep fractures "propped open" and hydrocarbons flowing. It's easy to see how companies such as CARBO can succeed by enabling the American energy industry during one of the biggest energy booms in history. Management may be a little more difficult to pin down, so let's take a closer look.
Industry ties
The company's management team has deep roots in the energy industry, specifically in oilfield services. President and CEO Gary Kolstad spent 21 years at Schlumberger (NYSE: SLB ) before joining CARBO, while Don Conkle, vice president of marketing and sales, spent 26 years at the same firm. No wonder Schlumberger is one of the top two customers for this proppant manufacturer. Both served in various roles at the company and are well versed in the ebbs and flows of the energy industry, which should serve investors well through the rocky environment of falling natural gas drilling activity.
Insider transactions
Sometimes the incentives of management teams aren't aligned with those of investors. When managers views their company as an ATM rather than as a long-term investment, individual investors can find themselves in a toxic environment. Luckily, there isn't much to report here. Since November 2011, insiders have been net buyers of stock on the open market, although only slightly.
Focus on growth
Two quick and scary numbers for CARBO Ceramics:
- In 2011, fully 92.3% of total revenue came from proppant sales.
- Nearly half -- 49% -- of total sales were generated from just two customers in 2012: Schlumberger and Halliburton (NYSE: HAL ) .
It isn't a bad thing to have industry leaders such as Schlumberger and Halliburton as customers, but the dependence is scary. On one hand is the mutually beneficial relationship. Halliburton, the leader in fracking technology, needs CARBO's products to increase the yields of hydrocarbons at its wells across the country. On the other hand is the innovative nature of the industry. For instance, Schlumberger has developed a technology called HiWAY Flow-Channel Fracturing, which opens up larger seams in a proppant-filled well to further boost its productivity. Unfortunately, the technology reduces proppant usage by 40%!
Management is well aware of these figures and has focused on growing alternative businesses in recent years. The company owns environmental-services firm Falcon Technologies, which builds frac fluid holding structures for drilling companies. As the environmental conscience of energy companies grows, so, too, will Falcon, which grew 21% in 2011. CARBO also provides the industry's leading fracturing simulation software through its wholly owned subsidiary Applied Geomechanics, which grew 46% in 2011.
The company is also expanding its presence in resin-coated ceramics and resin-coated sand proppants. A 600 million pound-per-year resin-coated sand expansion at a facility in Wisconsin was started, though it was ultimately put on hold until market conditions improve. Perhaps most exciting is the development of a high-strength ceramic proppant for use in deepwater oil and gas wells. Such a product could significantly improve the economics of extracting hydrocarbons in deepwater energy reserves.
Foolish bottom line
I couldn't find any red flags surrounding CARBO's management team. When it comes to this company, investors will find that management treats shareholders with respect, responsibly manages its stock holdings, has a clear vision for growth and product development, and certainly understands the industry.
There are many different ways to play the energy sector, and The Motley Fool's analysts have uncovered an under-the-radar company that's dominating its industry. This company is a leading provider of equipment and components used in drilling and production operations and is poised to profit in a big way from it. To get the name and detailed analysis of this company that will prosper for years to come, check out the special free report: "The Only Energy Stock You'll Ever Need." Don't miss out on this limited-time offer and your opportunity to discover this company before the market does. Click here to access your report -- it's totally free.


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I must disagree in that for a long time there absolutely was an established, albeit unwritten, code. It died when the instigator rule came in. Sure, back in the guy some guys were playing on the edge or over it, but they knew they would have to answer the bell for it later on. That doesn't happen anymore. That coupled with the increase in equipment protection has led to complete disrespect amongst a lot of the players.
Thornton also knows he'll have to answer it some day. He's not Matt Cooke. He's an enforcer who fights a lot and he knows he'll fight the Pens top fighters the next time they meet. He just went over the line like guys like Probert, Odjick and Brown would do on occasions.
The only thing that has changed over the years, is disrespect from players on high hits and hits from behind. That I will agree with. But an incident like this from a scrum is something that's always occured from time to time.
Edited by GMRwings1983, 07 December 2013 - 09:56 PM.


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Last night on the outskirts of Miami's Design District, Andre Saraiva (in partnership with local real estate maestro Craig Robins) unveiled the newest additions to his "Love Graffiti" series.
Saraiva, known mainly as the man behind the famed Le Baron nightclub circuit, has slowly gained traction with his love-struck street art. For Art Basel this year, he took an interesting (and surely entertaining, and perhaps salacious) approach – calling on his social media followers to submit names and stories regarding their respective loved ones, from which he'd select a winner based on whoever tugged most at his heartstrings. "LOLA" was the victor, and "HENRIETTA," pictured here, is the name of Saraiva's daughter.
Blocky, bright, and bristling with that oh-so-French-pop vibe inherent in all things Baron, the pieces span massive facades and are virtually impossible to miss. While Saraiva's work is not by any means technically challenging or high concept, it doesn't matter – the message is sweet and his subsequent events are always among the hottest wristbands in town. Thus, as the Miami sky dimmed, the block party thumped into the night – lubricated by Absolut and headlined by local favorites the Jacuzzi Boys. Moreover, Saraiva's Le Baron pop-up – which has been venue-hopping nightly this week – was just down the street to keep the good vibes rolling.
–Nicholas Remsen
Correction: An earlier version of this post misidentified "HENRIETTA" as the winner of the contest.


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New details about the death of oil tycoon T. Boone Pickens' grandson. Ft. Worth Police say he was rushed to the hospital by a friend at about 9:30am Tuesday. Our sister station in Dallas saw investigators searching a black BMW outside of Pickens' apartment.
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Air & Climate Companies serving Ivory Coast
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based in St. Petersburg, FLORIDA (USA)
Industrial and Environmental Health and Safety Instrumentation: Air Sampling Pumps, Calibrators, Equipment, and Accessories. Colorimetric Gas Detector Tubes. Point Gas Monitors. Open Path Gas Detection. Sound, Noise, and Vibration Measurement Instruments. Real-time Dust Monitors. Flame Detectors.
Clean Development Projects Limited
based in Hertford, UNITED KINGDOM
Clean Development Projects Limited is part of the Global Precious Commodities PLC Group. The Group focuses on investing in the private equity of enterprises that in turn operate in the precious commodities sector - where property, energy, water, food and precious minerals are the driving force for LOHAS consumer products (`LOHAS` is the acronym for Lifestyles of Health ...
based in Winterthur, SWITZERLAND
Sulzer is a global partner offering reliable and sustainable solutions for performance-critical applications. Our innovative solutions add value and strengthen the competitive position of our customers. Experience how Sulzer helps to cover the global demand for oil and gas. Pumps for up-, mid- and downstream applications, separation and process technologies for downstream ...
ifu Hamburg GmbH
based in Hamburg, GERMANY
ifu Hamburg GmbH (Institute for Environmental Informatics Hamburg Ltd.) is a software development and consulting company helping companies to achieve sustainable production and strengthen their competitiveness. We deliver software solutions that support corporate environmental tasks and activities such as Material Flow Management, Resource Efficiency, Life Cycle ...
Donaldson Company, Inc.
based in Minneapolis, MINNESOTA (USA)
Donaldson has offered manufacturers the most advanced and reliable dust collectors and filters available. The pairing of these industry-leading collectors and filters helps increase manufacturing efficiencies and provides a cleaner environment for employees. When efficiency is maximized and employees are at their peak, so is the manufacturer`s productivity—and ultimately, ...
Telkonet Inc.
based in Waukesha, WISCONSIN (USA)
Telkonet, Inc. offers EcoSmart energy management technology as well as EthoStream high-speed Internet access solutions. Both product lines satisfy Telkonet`s commitment to product innovation and technological expertise, and have been installed in several hundred thousand rooms worldwide. Telkonet`s EcoSmart products, along with the EcoCentral management platform, reduce ...
Patriot Solar Group
based in Albion, MICHIGAN (USA)
Patriot Solar Group is embedded in a long line of history which started in 1992 as Patriot Antenna Systems. President, Jeffery Mathie lead this company to the top of the telecommunications industry reaching $40m in Annuals Sales and was recognized as an Inc 500. We are committed to providing the highest quality products and service in the solar industry.Over 8 Million ...
PCE Instruments UK Ltd
based in Southampton, UNITED KINGDOM
PCE Instruments offers the most extensive and detailed range of precision measuring instruments. In our catalog we provide about 500 different types and models of high quality measuring equipment and test equipment to do tests and analysis of various physical, electrical, chemical and other parameters. You`ll find lots of equipment for monitoring, analysis, detection, ...
based in Fuengirola, SPAIN
Geotranslations delivers document translation and proofreading services to companies, organizations, institutions and professionals involved in the fields of Geoscience, Environment, Health & Safety, Renewable Energy, Carbon Markets and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Projects and Climate Change.We translate and proofread a wide variety of materials of varying nature and ...
Ammonit Measurement GmbH
based in Berlin, GERMANY
Ammonit offers high quality measurement equipment for wind and solar resource assessment, wind and solar power plant monitoring (SCADA), power curve measurement, soiling measurement of solar modules and climate research. As a wind energy pioneer, Ammonit has been playing a leading role in the global wind measurement sector since 1989. Our sophisticated data loggers, ...
Combustion Research Associates
based in Noida (New Delhi-NCR), INDIA
Founded in 1993, Combustion Research Associates (ISO 9001:2008 & ISO 14001:2004) is a multi-faceted engineering company that is managed by experienced scientists and engineers. We focus on providing clean, green and innovative solutions to a wide array of industries including Oil & Gas, Petrochemicals, Defence, Biomass, Waste Water Treatment, etc. Our solutions span world ...
Organic Power Solutions
based in Indianapolis, INDIANA (USA)
At the core of our customer solutions OPS uses a process called Pyrolytic Thermal Conversion. We offer systems designated by feedstock capacity that break down organic substances (waste) into a combination of consistent, carbon-based by-products including syn-gas, bio-oil and bio-char, each of which has unique characteristics and applications. Our innovations represent a ...
Ecologix Environmental Systems, LLC
based in Alpharetta, GEORGIA (US) (USA)
Ecologix was founded over a decade ago with a simple vision: recruit the best people, acquire the best tools, provide an "A-class" working environment, and continually deliver value-added services to our clients, within budget and on time. From engineering to manufacturing, that vision is at the core of what drives each department, every day at Ecologix.
Environmental Source Samplers, Inc.
based in Wilmington, NORTH CAROLINA (USA)
Environmental Source Samplers, Inc. (ESS) has a long and proven track record. We have been providing air quality related services since 1979. Headquartered in Wilmington, North Carolina, ESS has provided stack testing services in most of the fifty states and internationally. ESS serves clients in many industries including: Aluminum, Asphalt, Automobile, Carbon, ...
LR Senergy
based in Newcastle upon Tyne, UNITED KINGDOM
LR Senergy is a leading provider of solutions for the grid integration of renewables, specialising in the electrical connection of renewable energy projects to grid networks; from initial concept, to design and commissioning. Operating within three core areas of Consultancy, Contracting and Technology, clients are able to call on expertise from a knowledge base that spans ...
CEMS Experts - a division of GK Associates, Inc.
based in Simi Valley, CALIFORNIA (USA)
For over 20 years, CEMS Experts has been providing turn-key CEMS solutions, consulting, and technical support services for the emissions compliance and process monitoring needs of our clients. Our customer base spans many industries including power generation, petro-chemical, cement, glass, forest products, landfills, municipal utilities, waste-energy, and many others. We ...
Edinburgh Instruments Ltd
based in Livingston, UNITED KINGDOM
Edinburgh Sensors are proud to be global providers of high quality Gas Sensor solutions. Our diverse range of gas sensors use the latest technology to enable reliable, accurate and continuous gas detection. Established for over 20 years, Edinburgh Sensors use proven technology to deliver OEM Gas Sensors and Gas Monitors / Indoor Air Quality Monitors that are smart, ...
based in Leinfelden-Echterdingen, GERMANY
thinkstep is the global leader in sustainability performance management. Our data, drawn from more than 7,000 datasets, is unrivalled in its scope and rigour, and permits precise sustainability calculations across all parts of the supply chain. Our software is robust, convenient to use and available on-demand or as part of a complex, configurable solution. Our services ...
Clarke Energy
based in Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
Clarke Energy is a multinational specialist in the engineering, installation and maintenance of gas-fuelled power plants. Our facilities deliver fuel efficiency and help reduce carbon emissions. Applications include combined heat and power (CHP) with natural gas, biogas, landfill gas and coal gas. We are a the largest authorised distributor and service provider for GE's ...
Anguil Environmental Systems, Inc.
based in Milwaukee, WISCONSIN (USA)
Anguil Environmental Systems is a global provider of industrial air pollution control, emission abatement and energy recovery systems. We design, manufacturer, service and install thermal and catalytic oxidation technologies as well as heat recovery systems for a variety of applications and industries. Anguil Aqua was developed to help our industrial clients with water ...
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text: Maria Brooks (active 1868-90) Student at the Department of Science and Art Schools Study of a plaster cast of The Borghese Gladiator 1872 Black chalk Museum no. D.150-1885 The schools run by the Department of Science and Art became notorious for their insistence on a laborious drawing technique. Painstaking cross-hatching and minute stippling meant that a drawing like this could take months to complete. Although women were excluded from the Royal Academy, they were permitted to study at the government-run schools.


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Featured Golf News
Shoal Creek Founder Passes
Hall Thompson, the founder of Shoal Creek Country Club in Birmingham, Ala., passed away Wednesday. He was 87.
Thompson unveiled the Jack Nicklaus-designed private course on November 1, 1977. On hand for the grand opening ceremony was Nicklaus, and local major champions Jerry Pate and Hu¬bert Green.
The course hosted the PGA Championship in 1984, the U.S. Amateur in 1986 and the PGA Championship again in 1990. Before the second PGA, controversy erupted after Thompson was quoted in The Birmingham Post-Herald as saying the club could not be forced into accepting blacks as members.
Thompson said he was "totally misquoted" and apologized for any misunderstandings. The club has since admitted black members, including former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.
As a result of that controversy, all venues for the three American major championships and other events on the professional tours must admit minority members to be eligible for hosting tournaments.
The course was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Junior Amateur and this year's Southern Amateur. In 2011, Shoal Creek will host the Regions Tradition, a Champions Tour event.
Thompson was one of Birmingham's most successful businessmen. He founded a Caterpillar dealership in 1957, and under his leadership, the company became one of the nation's most successful heavy-equipment sales and service companies. He also owned Thompson Realty Co.
"I would like others to remember that Dad had a deep respect of people in every walk of life." said his son Mike. "He loved the employees at Thompson Tractor and was proud to know their names, their spouses' names and those of their children - quite an accomplishment in a company of 500 people."
Thompson was also a generous supporter of Birmingham charities. "A lot of people viewed him as a tough outspoken businessman, and he is outspoken, but he is also very kind and generous," said Dan Hendley, former president of First National Bank of Birmingham, which later became AmSouth. "He gave a lot of charitable gifts over the years."
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text:
Sam Denton wrote...
>I'm tasked with creating a web-page that lists user's files that
>haven't been accessed in the past 180 days. The specs call for two
>links for each file, one to allow the user to view the file without
>changing the last-accessed date and one to delete the file.
>My bright idea is to have the web-server access the user shares two
>ways, one r/o (for viewing), the other r/w (for deleting). Is there
>any way to do a 'net use' and force r/o access? Or should I share the
>drives with two different user/passwords and mount once for each? Or
>is there a better approach that I've completly missed?
The majority of web pages allow users to read (view) files.
One way to allow web read / write / delete is web-dav.
Search for web-dav for more info.