text:
Phytochemistry (v.71, #5-6)
Calendar of Events (I).
Graphical Contents List (487-494).
Vitamin B6: Killing two birds with one stone? by Sutton Mooney; Hanjo Hellmann (495-501).
Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate is one of six common B6 vitamers that broadly functions as an enzymatic co-factor in amino acid, carbohydrate, and fatty acid metabolism.Vitamin B6 comprises a group of compounds that are involved in a surprisingly high diversity of biochemical reactions. Actually, most of these reactions are co-catalyzed by a single B6 vitamer, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, making it a crucial and versatile co-factor in many metabolic processes in the cell. In addition, it has been demonstrated in recent years that vitamin B6 has a second important function by being an effective antioxidant. Because of these two characteristics the vitamin is an interesting compound to study in plants. This review provides a brief overview and update on such important aspects like vitamin B6-dependent enzymes and known biosynthetic pathways in plants, phenotypes of plant mutants affected in vitamin B6 biosynthesis, and the potential benefits of modifying vitamin B6 content in plants.
Keywords: Vitamin B6; Pyridoxine; PLP; Co-factor; Antioxidant;
Misincorporation of the proline homologue Aze (azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) into recombinant myelin basic protein by Kyrylo Bessonov; Vladimir V. Bamm; George Harauz (502-507).
Misincorporation of the proline homologue Aze (azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) into proteins results in severe distortion of the polypeptide chain at every site of substitution.We have evaluated the effects of the proline homologue Aze (1) (azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) on growth of Escherichia coli strains used to over-express recombinant forms of murine myelin basic protein (rmMBP), and on the degree of misincorporation. Addition of Aze to minimal media resulted in severe diminution of growth rate, but rmMBP could still be produced and purified. Mass spectrometry indicated that a detectable proportion of the rmMBP produced had incorporated Aze instead of proline (Pro), to a maximum of three of eleven possible sites. Molecular modelling of a proline-rich region of rmMBP illustrated that the misincorporation of Aze at any site would cause a severe bend in the polypeptide chain, and that multiple Pro → Aze substitutions would completely disrupt a poly-proline type II structure that has been conjectured to be functionally significant.
Keywords: Myelin basic protein; Intrinsically disordered protein; Multiple sclerosis; Poly-proline II; Aze (azetidine-2-carboxylic acid);
Flavone synthase II (CYP93B16) from soybean (Glycine max L.) by Judith Fliegmann; Katarina Furtwängler; Georg Malterer; Corrado Cantarello; Göde Schüler; Jürgen Ebel; Axel Mithöfer (508-514).
The enzyme responsible for the inducible accumulation of 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone in soybean cell cultures was identified as a flavone synthase of type II, and classified as CYP93B16. The biochemical characterization of the recombinant protein indicated a direct and stereoselective formation of the flavone from the flavanone substrate.Flavonoids are a very diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with a wide array of activities in plants, as well as in nutrition and health. All flavonoids are derived from a limited number of flavanone intermediates, which serve as substrates for a variety of enzyme activities, enabling the generation of diversity in flavonoid structures. Flavonoids can be characteristic metabolites, like isoflavonoids for legumes. Others, like flavones, occur in nearly all plants. Interestingly, there exist two fundamentally different enzymatic systems able to directly generate flavones from flavanones, flavone synthase (FNS) I and II. We describe an inducible flavone synthase activity from soybean (Glycine max) cell cultures, generating 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), which we classified as FNS II. The corresponding full-length cDNA (CYP93B16) was isolated using known FNS II sequences from other plants. Functional expression in yeast allowed the detailed biochemical characterization of the catalytic activity of FNS II. A direct conversion of flavanones such as liquiritigenin, naringenin, and eriodictyol into the corresponding flavones DHF, apigenin and luteolin, respectively, was demonstrated. The enzymatic reaction of FNS II was stereoselective, favouring the (S)- over the (R)-enantiomer. Phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily of plant CYP93B enzymes indicate the evolution of a gene encoding a flavone synthase which originally catalyzed the direct conversion of flavanones into flavones, via early gene duplication into a less efficient enzyme with an altered catalytic mechanism. Ultimately, this allowed the evolution of the legume-specific isoflavonoid synthase activity.
Keywords: Glycine max L.; Leguminosae; Enzyme characterization; Enantiomer selectivity; Flavonoids; Flavone synthase II; 7,4′-Dihydroxyflavone; Liquiritigenin; CYP93B16; Coronalon; 12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid; JA, Jasmonic acid;
Structure–function characterization of the recombinant aspartic proteinase A1 from Arabidopsis thaliana by Miguel A. Mazorra-Manzano; Takuji Tanaka; Derek R. Dee; Rickey Y. Yada (515-523).
Interactions of the plant specific insert and histidine residues may explain the broad pH stability (pH 3–8) of recombinant aspartic proteinase A1 from Arabidopsis thaliana.Aspartic proteinases (APs) are involved in several physiological processes in plants, including protein processing, senescence, and stress response and share many structural and functional features with mammalian and microbial APs. The heterodimeric aspartic proteinase A1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtAP A1) was the first acid protease identified in this model plant, however, little information exists regarding its structure function characteristics. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that recombinant AtAP A1 contained an higher α-helical content than most APs which was attributed to the presence of a sequence known as the plant specific insert in the mature enzyme. rAtAP A1 was stable over a broad pH range (pH 3–8) with the highest stability at pH 5–6, where 70–80% of the activity was retained after 1 month at 37 °C. Using calorimetry, a melting point of 79.6 °C was observed at pH 5.3. Cleavage profiles of insulin β-chain indicated that the enzyme exhibited a higher specificity as compared to other plant APs, with a high preference for the Leu15–Tyr16 peptide bond. Molecular modeling of AtAP A1 indicated that exposed histidine residues and their interaction with nearby charged groups may explain the pH stability of rAtAP A1.
Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; Cruciferae; Plant aspartic proteinase; Substrate specificity; Thermal stability; pH stability; Plant specific insert; Proteases;
Biochemical comparison of two proteolytic enzymes from Carica candamarcensis: Structural motifs underlying resistance to cystatin inhibition by Marco Túlio R. Gomes; Henrique A. Ribeiro; Miriam T.P. Lopes; Fanny Guzman; Carlos E. Salas (524-530).
While CMS1MS2 displays the highest enzyme activity, the mitogenic proteinase CMS2MS2 is barely inhibited by cystatin. It is proposed that Arg180 is responsible for cystatin resistance.The lattices of Carica candamarcensis and Carica papaya, members of the Caricaceae family, contain isoforms of cysteine proteinases that help protect these plants against injury. In a prior study, we fractionated 14 discrete proteinaceous components from C. candamarcensis, two of them displaying mitogenic activity in mammalian cells. In this study, we compared the kinetic parameters of one of the mitogenic proteinases (CMS2MS2) with one of the isoforms displaying the highest enzyme activity of this group (CMS1MS2). Both enzymes display a similar Km value with either BAPNA (Benzoyl-Arg-pNA) or PFLPNA (Pyr-Phe-Leu-pNA), but the kcat of CMS1MS2 is about 14-fold higher for BAPNA and 129-fold higher with PFLPNA. While both enzymes are inhibited by E-64 and iodoacetamide, chicken cystatin fully inhibits CMS1MS2, but scarcely affects activity of CMS2MS2. Based on the structure of these proteins and other enzymes from the Caricaceae family whose structures have been resolved, it is proposed that Arg180 located in the cleft at the active site in CMS2MS2 is responsible for its resistance to cystatin.
Keywords: Carica candamarcensis; Caricaceae; Cystatin; Cysteine proteinases; Latex;
Consequences of antisense down-regulation of a lignification-specific peroxidase on leaf and vascular tissue in tobacco lines demonstrating enhanced enzymic saccharification by Bahram Kavousi; Arsalan Daudi; Charis M. Cook; Jean-Paul Joseleau; Katia Ruel; Alessandra Devoto; G. Paul Bolwell; Kristopher A. Blee (531-542).
Peroxidase down-regulated tobacco plants were profiled for effects on cell walls, photosynthetic capacity and improved saccharification efficiency. Growth and potential industrial utility were not compromised by morphological changes.Tobacco plants expressing an antisense construct for a cationic peroxidase, which down-regulated lignin content at the presumed level of polymerisation, have been further analysed. T1 plants were derived from a large-scale screen of T0 mutant lines, previously published, which identified lines demonstrating consistent lignin down-regulation. Of these, line 1074 which had the most robust changes in lignin distribution through several generations was shown to have accompanying down-regulation of transcription of most lignin biosynthesis genes, except cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. The consistent 20% reduction in lignin was not accompanied by significant gross changes in vascular polysaccharide content and composition, despite a modest up-regulation of transcripts of genes involved in cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis. Morphologically, 1074 plants have under-developed xylem with both fibers and vessels having thin cell walls and limited secondary wall thickening with an abnormal S2 layer. However, they were not compromised in overall growth. Nevertheless, these and other lines showed improved potential industrial utility through a threefold increase in enzymic saccharification efficiency compared with wild-type (wt). Therefore, they were profiled for further un-intended effects of transgenesis that might compromise their value for industrial or biofuel processes. Other phenotypic changes included increased leaf thickness and bifurcation at the tip of the leaf. wt-Plants had smaller chloroplasts and higher stomatal numbers than mutants. Transgenic lines also showed a variable leaf pigment distribution with light-green areas that contained measurably less chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids. Changes in epidermal pavement cells of mutant lines were also observed after exposure to various chemicals, while wt leaves retained their structural integrity. Despite these changes, the mutant plants grew and were viable indicating that lignification patterns can be manipulated considerably through targeting polymerisation without serious deleterious effects.
Keywords: Tobacco; Nicotiana tabacum; Peroxidase; Antisense; Cell wall; Saccharification; Photosynthesis;
The C-terminal zinc finger domain of Arabidopsis cold shock domain proteins is important for RNA chaperone activity during cold adaptation by Su Jung Park; Kyung Jin Kwak; Hyun Ju Jung; Hwa Jung Lee; Hunseung Kang (543-547).
Domain swapping between the cold shock domain proteins (CSDPs) 1 and 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrates that a specific modular arrangement of the cold shock domain and the zinc finger domain establishes both RNA chaperone activity and nucleic acid-binding property of CSDPs; this, in turn, contributes to enhanced chilling tolerance in plants as well as in bacteria.Among the four cold shock domain proteins (CSDPs) identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, it has recently been shown that CSDP1 harboring seven CCHC-type zinc fingers, but not CSDP2 harboring two CCHC-type zinc fingers, function as a RNA chaperone during cold adaptation. However, the structural features relevant to this differing RNA chaperone activity between CSDP1 and CSDP2 remain largely unknown. To determine which structural features are necessary for the RNA chaperone activity of the CSDPs, the importance of the N-terminal cold shock domain (CSD) and the C-terminal zinc finger glycine-rich domains of CSDP1 and CSDP2 were assessed. The results of sequence motif-swapping and deletion experiments showed that, although the CSD itself harbored RNA chaperone activity, the number and length of the zinc finger glycine-rich domains of CSDPs were crucial to the full activity of the RNA chaperones. The C-terminal domain itself of CSDP1, harboring seven CCHC-type zinc fingers, also has RNA chaperone activity. The RNA chaperone activity and nuclei acid-binding property of the native and chimeric proteins were closely correlated with each other. Collectively, these results indicate that a specific modular arrangement of the CSD and the zinc finger domain determines both the RNA chaperone activity and nucleic acid-binding property of CSDPs; this, in turn, contributes to enhanced cold tolerance in plants as well as in bacteria.
Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; Cruciferae; Cold adaptation; Cold shock protein; Posttranscriptional regulation; RNA chaperone;
Cytosolic APx knockdown indicates an ambiguous redox responses in rice by Sílvia B. Rosa; Andréia Caverzan; Felipe K. Teixeira; Fernanda Lazzarotto; Joaquim A.G. Silveira; Sérgio Luiz Ferreira-Silva; João Abreu-Neto; Rogério Margis; Márcia Margis-Pinheiro (548-558).
Ascorbate peroxidases convert H2O2 into H2O, using ascorbate as an electron donor. Rice transgenic plants silenced for cytosolic Apx1 and Apx2 genes were obtained. The double silencing of cytosolic OsApx genes induced compensatory antioxidant mechanisms while single knockdown of these genes resulted in the impairment of normal plant development.Ascorbate peroxidases (APX, EC 18.104.22.168) are class I heme-peroxidases, which catalyze the conversion of H2O2 into H2O, using ascorbate as a specific electron donor. Previously, the presence of eight Apx genes was identified in the nuclear genome of rice (Oryza sativa), encoding isoforms that are located in different sub-cellular compartments. Herein, the generation of rice transgenic plants silenced for either both or each one of the cytosolic Apx1 and Apx2 genes was carried out in order to investigate the importance of cytosolic Apx isoforms on plant development and on plant stress responses. Transgenic double Apx1/2-silenced plants exhibited normal development, even though these plants showed a global reduction of Apx activity which strongly impacts the whole antioxidant system regulation. Apx1/2-silenced plants also showed increased H2O2 accumulation under control and stress situations and presented higher tolerance to toxic concentration of aluminum when compared to wild type plants. On the other hand, silencing OsApx1 and OsApx2 genes individually resulted in strong effect on plant development producing semi-dwarf phenotype. These results suggested that the double silencing of cytosolic OsApx genes induced compensatory antioxidant mechanisms in rice while single knockdown of these genes did not, which resulted in the impairing of normal plant development.
Keywords: Oryza sativa; Gramineaea; Rice; Apx; Ascorbate peroxidase; Antioxidant; Redox; H2O2 scavenging; RNAi;
Distribution and biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols in Camellia sinensis seedlings and expression of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes by Hiroshi Ashihara; Wei-Wei Deng; William Mullen; Alan Crozier (559-566).
The distribution of flavan-3-ols in various parts of Camellia sinensis seedlings was investigated along with the expression of genes encoding enzymes associated with the biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols and related phenolic compounds. The main biosynthetic pathways leading to (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate biosynthetic pathways in tea leaves are proposed.The distribution of phenolic compounds in young and developing leaves, stems, main and lateral roots and cotyledons of 8-week-old tea (Camellia sinensis) seedlings was investigated using HPLC-MS2. Fourteen compounds, flavan-3-ols, chlorogenic acids, and kaempferol-O-glycosides, were identified on the basis of their retention time, absorbance spectrum, and MS fragmentation pattern. The major phenolics were (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, located principally in the green parts of the seedlings. Considerable amounts of radioactivity from [ring-14C]phenylalanine were incorporated in (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate and (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, by tissues of young and developing leaves and stems. Expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3′5′H, DFR, ANS, ANR and LAR was investigated. Transcripts of all genes, except LAR, were more abundant in leaves and stems than in roots and cotyledons. No significant difference was found in the amount of transcript of LAR. These findings indicate that in tea seedlings flavan-3-ols are produced by a naringenin-chalcone → naringenin → dihydrokaempferol pathway. Dihydrokaempferol is a branch point in the synthesis of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and other flavan-3-ols which can be formed by routes beginning with either a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase mediated conversion of the flavonol to dihydroquercetin or a flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase-catalysed conversion to dihydromyricetin with subsequent steps involving sequential reactions catalysed by dihydroflavanol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase and flavan-3-ol gallate synthase.
Keywords: Camellia sinensis; Theaceae; Tea seedlings; Flavan-3-ols (aka catechins); (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate; Distribution; Biosynthesis; Gene expression;
Biological variation of Vanilla planifolia leaf metabolome by Tony Lionel Palama; Isabelle Fock; Young Hae Choi; Robert Verpoorte; Hippolyte Kodja (567-573).
The effects of the leaf age, day-time, season and accession on the metabolome was carried out on Vanilla planifolia leaves using 1H NMR spectrometry and multivariate data analysis techniques.The metabolomic analysis of Vanilla planifolia leaves collected at different developmental stages was carried out using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis in order to evaluate their variation. Ontogenic changes of the metabolome were considered since leaves of different ages were collected at two different times of the day and in two different seasons. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square modeling discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) of 1H NMR data provided a clear separation according to leaf age, time of the day and season of collection. Young leaves were found to have higher levels of glucose, bis[4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl]-2-isopropyltartrate (glucoside A) and bis[4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl]-2-(2-butyl)-tartrate (glucoside B), whereas older leaves had more sucrose, acetic acid, homocitric acid and malic acid. Results obtained from PLS-DA analysis showed that leaves collected in March 2008 had higher levels of glucosides A and B as compared to those collected in August 2007. However, the relative standard deviation (RSD) exhibited by the individual values of glucosides A and B showed that those compounds vary more according to their developmental stage (50%) than to the time of day or the season in which they were collected (19%). Although morphological variations of the V. planifolia accessions were observed, no clear separation of the accessions was determined from the analysis of the NMR spectra. The results obtained in this study, show that this method based on the use of 1H NMR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate analysis has a great potential for further applications in the study of vanilla leaf metabolome.
Keywords: Vanilla planifolia; Orchidaceae; Metabolomic; NMR spectroscopy; CAM plants; Malic acid; Phenolic glucosides;
Survey of volatile oxylipins and their biosynthetic precursors in bryophytes by Emmanuel Croisier; Martin Rempt; Georg Pohnert (574-580).
A screening of 23 moss species revealed that these bryophytes release a surprising diversity of C5, C6, C8 and C9 volatile oxylipins upon tissue disruption. Precursors of these oxylipins are both, C18 and C20 fatty acids.Oxylipins are metabolites which are derived from the oxidative fragmentation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These metabolites play central roles in plant hormonal regulation and defense. Here we survey the production of volatile oxylipins in bryophytes and report the production of a high structural variety of C5, C6, C8 and C9 volatiles of mosses. In liverworts and hornworts oxylipin production was not as pronounced as in the 23 screened mosses. A biosynthetic investigation revealed that both, C18 and C20 fatty acids serve as precursors for the volatile oxylipins that are mainly produced after mechanical wounding of the green tissue of mosses.
Keywords: Dicranum scoparium; Mosses; Liverworts; Volatiles; Oxylipins; Fatty acids; Lipoxygenases; Hydroperoxide lyases; GC–MS;
Metabolic responses of Thellungiella halophila/salsuginea to biotic and abiotic stresses: Metabolite profiles and quantitative analyses by M. Soledade C. Pedras; Qing-An Zheng (581-589).
Analyses of non-polar and polar metabolites from Thellungiella salsuginea subjected to various forms of stress led to elucidation of the chemical structures of five constitutive metabolites and identification of a broad range of polar metabolites identical to those of other crucifers. The phytoalexins wasalexins A and B were consistently elicited by biotic and abiotic stresses.The metabolite profiles of the model crucifer Thellungiella salsuginea (salt cress) ecotype Shandong subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses were analyzed using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Two different cruciferous microbial pathogens, Albugo candida, a biotrophic oomycete, and Leptosphaeria maculans, a necrotrophic fungus, elicited formation of the phytoalexins wasalexins A and B without causing visual damage on inoculated leaves. Analyses of non-polar and polar metabolites led to elucidation of the chemical structures of five metabolites: 4′-O-(E)-sinapoyl-7-methoxyisovitexin-2″-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 4′-O-(E)-sinapoylisovitexin-2″-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-hydroxymatairesinol, 5′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyldihydroneoascorbigen and 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosylthiane. 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosylthiane, an unique metabolite for which we suggest the name glucosalsuginin, is proposed to derive from the glucosinolate glucoberteroin. In addition, the identification of a broad range of polar metabolites identical to those of other crucifers was carried out. Quantification of several metabolites over a period of eight days showed that concentrations of the polar phytoanticipin 4-methoxyglucobrassicin increased substantially in leaves irradiated with UV light (λ max 254 nm) relative to control leaves, but not in leaves subjected to other stresses.
Keywords: Albugo candida; Brassicaceae; Crucifer; Glucosalsuginin; Leptosphaeria maculans; Phytoalexin; Salt cress; UV stress; Thellungiella halophila; T. salsuginea; Thiane; Wasalexins;
Dual metabolomics: A novel approach to understanding plant–pathogen interactions by J. William Allwood; Andrew Clarke; Royston Goodacre; Luis A.J. Mur (590-597).
A co-culture method is proposed for the dual metabolomic profiling of both Arabidopsis and bacterial pathogens which will facilitate the modelling of the interaction of both partners.One of the most well-characterised plant pathogenic interactions involves Arabidopsis thaliana and the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (Pst). The standard Pst inoculation procedure involves infiltration of large populations of bacteria into plant leaves which means that metabolite changes cannot be readily assigned to the host or pathogen. A plant cell–pathogen co-culture based approach has been developed where the plant and pathogen cells are separated after 12 h of co-culture via differential filtering and centrifugation. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was employed to assess the intracellular metabolomes (metabolic fingerprints) of both host and pathogen and their extruded (extracellular) metabolites (metabolic footprints) under conditions relevant to disease and resistance. We propose that this system will enable the metabolomic profiling of the separated host and pathogen (i.e. 'dual metabolomics') and will facilitate the modelling of reciprocal responses.
Keywords: Dual metabolomics; Arabidopsis thaliana; Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato; Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy;
Constituents and secondary metabolite natural products in fresh and deteriorated cassava roots by Soad A.L. Bayoumi; Michael G. Rowan; John R. Beeching; Ian S. Blagbrough (598-604).
Hydroxycoumarins from cassava roots: scopoletin, scopolin, esculetin, and esculin.A phytochemical analysis of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) fresh roots and roots suffering from post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) has been carried out. The first isolation and identification of galactosyl diacylglycerides from fresh cassava roots is reported, as well as β-carotene, linamarin, and β-sitosterol glucopyranoside. The hydroxycoumarin scopoletin and its glucoside scopolin were identified from cassava roots during PPD, as well as trace quantities of esculetin and its glucoside esculin. There is no isoscopoletin in cassava roots during PPD.
Keywords: Galactosyl diacylglyceride; Hydroxycoumarin; Linamarin; Manihot esculenta Crantz; family Euphorbiaceae; Post-harvest physiological deterioration; Scopoletin; β-Sitosterol glucopyranoside; Spectroscopy;
Synergetic effects of nitrogen depletion, temperature, and light on the content of phenolic compounds and gene expression in leaves of tomato by Trond Løvdal; Kristine M. Olsen; Rune Slimestad; Michel Verheul; Cathrine Lillo (605-613).
Phenolics are valued for improving pathogen-resistance and other quality properties in plants. We show how their accumulation may be enhanced in tomato by non-transgenic means, and how flavonoid-associated genes are affected by various abiotic factors.Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum, cv. Suzanne) were subjected to complete nutrient solution or a solution without nitrogen (N), and placed at different temperatures and light conditions to test the effects of environment on flavonoids and caffeoyl derivatives and related gene expression. N depletion during 4–8 days resulted in enhanced levels of flavonoids and caffeoyl derivatives. Anthocyanins showed pronounced increased levels when lowering the growth temperature from 24 °C to 18 °C or 12 °C. Flavonol levels increased when the light intensity was increased from 100 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR to 200 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR. Synergistic effects of the various environmental factors were observed. The increase in content of quercetin derivatives in response to low temperatures was only found under conditions of N depletion, and especially at the higher light intensity. Expression of structural genes in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), CHS (chalcone synthase), F3H (flavanone 3-hydroxylase), and FLS (flavonol synthase) increased in response to N depletion, in agreement with a corresponding increase in flavonoid and caffeoyl content. Expression of these structural genes generally also increased in response to lower temperatures. As indicated through expression studies and correlation analysis, effects of N depletion were apparently mediated through the overall regulators of the pathway the MYB transcription factor ANT1 (ANTHOCYANIN 1) and SlJAF13 (a bHLH transcription factor orthologue of petunia JAF13 and maize RED genes). A PAL gene (PAL6) was identified, and correlation analysis was compatible with PAL6 being an actively expressed gene with function in flavonoid synthesis.
Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum; Tomato; Nitrogen; Temperature; Flavonoids; Anthocyanins; Kaempferol; Rutin; ANT1; Phenylalanine ammonia lyase;
Cadmium activates Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6 via accumulation of reactive oxygen species by Xiao-Min Liu; Kyung Eun Kim; Kang-Chang Kim; Xuan Canh Nguyen; Hay Ju Han; Mi Soon Jung; Ho Soo Kim; Sun Ho Kim; Hyeong Cheol Park; Dae-Jin Yun; Woo Sik Chung (614-618).
Cd activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases, MPK3 and MPK6, in Arabidopsis, with the Cd sensing pathway using build-up of ROS to trigger activation of the MPKs.Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal that influences normal growth and development of plants. However, the molecular mechanisms by which plants recognize and respond to Cd remain poorly understood. We show that, in Arabidopsis, Cd activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases, MPK3 and MPK6, in a dose-dependent manner. Following treatment with Cd, these two MAPKs exhibited much higher activity in the roots than in the leaves, and pre-treatment with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, glutathione, effectively inhibited their activation. These results suggest that the Cd sensing signaling pathway uses a build-up of ROS to trigger activation of Arabidopsis MPK3 and MPK6.
Keywords: Arabidopsis; Cruciferae; Cadmium; Heavy metal; MAPK; Reactive oxygen species; Signal transduction;
Induction of acid phosphatase transcripts, protein and enzymatic activity by simulated herbivory of hybrid poplar by Vasko Veljanovski; Ian T. Major; Joseph J. Patton; Eric Bol; Stephanie Louvet; Barbara J. Hawkins; C. Peter Constabel (619-626).
The enzymatic activity and protein levels of a pest defense-related enzyme of hybrid poplar, acid phosphatase, are shown to be inducible by tissue damage.Herbivory and wounding upregulate a large suite of defense genes in hybrid poplar leaves. A strongly wound- and herbivore-induced gene with high similarity to Arabidopsis vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) and acid phosphatase (AP) was identified among genes strongly expressed during the poplar herbivore defense response. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the putative poplar acid phosphatase (PtdAP1) gene is part of an eight-member AP gene family in poplar, and is most closely related to a functionally characterized soybean nodule AP. Unlike the other poplar APs, PtdAP1 is expressed in variety of tissues, as observed in an analysis of EST data. Following wounding, the gene shows an expression profile similar to other known poplar defense genes such as protease inhibitors, chitinase, and polyphenol oxidase. Significantly, we show for the first time that subsequent to the wound-induction of PtdAP1 transcripts, AP protein and activity increase in extracts of leaves and other tissues. Although its mechanism of action is as yet unknown, these results suggest in hybrid poplar PtdAP1 is likely a component of the defense response against leaf-eating herbivores.
Keywords: Hybrid poplar; Populus trichocarpa; P. deltoides; Salicaceae; Plant defense; Plant-herbivore interactions; Systemic defense response;
Chemotaxonomy of Gonospermum and related genera by Jorge Triana; José Luis Eiroa; Juan José Ortega; Francisco León; Ignacio Brouard; Juan Carlos Hernández; Francisco Estévez; Jaime Bermejo (627-634).
Sesquiterpenes lactones isolated from Gonospermum and Lugoa, as well as endemic Canarian species of Tanacetum show a close relationship, and feature highly oxidized eudesmane or germacrane lactones. The presence of these types of lactones supports the proposal to group them in a monophyletic group in the Canary Islands.Aerial parts of Gonospermum fruticosum collected at several locations in the Canary Islands afforded, in addition to known compounds, four sesquiterpene alcohols related to costol and a sesquiterpene lactone, whose structures were established on the basis of their spectroscopic data and chemical transformations. Except for Gonospermum species collected on the island of Tenerife, those collected on the island of El Hierro and, in a previous study those from La Gomera, contain sesquiterpene lactones that can be used as chemotaxonomic markers confirming the inclusion of Gonospermum, Lugoa, and species of Tanacetum endemic to the Canary Islands in a genus that does not support the monophyly of Gonosperminae.
Keywords: Gonospermum fruticosum; Gonosperminae; Asteraceae; Chemotaxonomy; Sesquiterpene lactones; Sesquiterpene alcohols;
Bioactivity-guided isolation of cytotoxic sesquiterpenes of Rolandra fruticosa by Li Pan; Daniel D. Lantvit; Soedarsono Riswan; Leonardus B.S. Kardono; Hee-Byung Chai; Esperanza J. Carcache de Blanco; Norman R. Farnsworth; Djaja Doel Soejarto; Steven M. Swanson; A. Douglas Kinghorn (635-640).
Bioassay-guided fractionation of a methanol extract of Rolandra fruticosa led to the isolation of seven germacrane-type derived sesquiterpenes, including two previously unknown compounds, 13-methoxyisorolandrolide (1), and 2α,13-diacetoxy-4α-hydroxy-8α-isobutyloyloxybourbonen-12,6α-olide (2). All isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity using the HT-29 cell line. Compounds 3, 5, 6 were also tested in an enzyme-based ELISA NF-κB (p65) inhibition assay. 13-Acetoxyrolandrolide (3) was investigated in an in vivo hollow fiber assay.Cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of a methanol extract of the leaves and twigs of Rolandra fruticosa using the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line led to the isolation of seven sesquiterpene lactones, including the hitherto unknown isorolandrolide, 13-methoxyisorolandrolide (1), and bourbonenolide, 2α,13-diacetoxy-4α-hydroxy-8α-isobutyroyloxybourbonen-12,6α-olide (2), as well as five known compounds, 13-acetoxyrolandrolide (3), 8-desacyl-13-acetoxyrolandrolide-8-O-tiglate (4), 2-epi-glaucolide E (5), 2α,13-diacetoxy-4α-hydroxy-8α-methacryloyloxybourbonen-12,6α-olide (6), and 2α,13-diacetoxy-4α-hydroxy-8α-tigloyloxybourbonen-12,6α-olide (7). The structures of the two sesquiterpenes were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. All isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity using the HT-29 cell line, and only 13-acetoxyrolandrolide (3) was found to possess a potent inhibitory effect against this cell line. Compounds 3, 5 and 6 were also tested in a NF-κB (p65) inhibition assay, and 3 was assessed in an in vivo hollow fiber assay.
Keywords: Rolandra fruticosa (Asteraceae); Germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactones; Isorolandrolide; Rolandrolide; Glaucolide; Bourbonenolide; Cytotoxicity; HT-29 human colon cancer cells; NF-κB (p65) inhibition assay; In vivo hollow fiber assay;
Isolation and evaluation of kaempferol glycosides from the fern Neocheiropteris palmatopedata by Jian-Hong Yang; Tamara P. Kondratyuk; Laura E. Marler; Xi Qiu; Yongsoo Choi; Hongmei Cao; Rui Yu; Megan Sturdy; Scott Pegan; Ying Liu; Li-Qin Wang; Andrew D. Mesecar; Richard B. Van Breemen; John M. Pezzuto; Harry H.S. Fong; Ye-Gao Chen; Hong-Jie Zhang (641-647).
Six kaempferol glycosides including three hitherto unknown compounds (1–3) were isolated from the roots of the fern Neocheiropteris palmatopedata. Compounds 1 and 2 were determined to possess an unusual sugar moiety containing a 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-butoxy substituent group, respectively. The isolates were evaluated for their cancer chemopreventive potential based on their ability to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α-induced induced NF-κB, nitric oxide (NO) production, aromatase, quinone reductase 2 (QR2) and COX-1/-2 activities.Kaempferol glycosides, named palmatosides A (1), B (2) and C (3), together with three known kaempferol glycosides, multiflorins A (4) and B (5), and afzelin (6), were isolated from the roots of the fern Neocheiropteris palmatopedata. Palmatosides A (1) and B (2) each possessed an unusual sugar moiety containing a 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-butoxy substituent group. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cancer chemopreventive potential based on their ability to inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced NF-κB activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, aromatase, quinone reductase 2 (QR2) and COX-1/-2 activities. Palmatosides B (2) and C (3) inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity with IC50 values of 15.7 and 24.1 μM, respectively; multiflorin A (4) inhibited aromatase enzyme with an IC50 value of 15.5 μM; afzelin (6) showed 68.3% inhibition against QR2 at a concentration of 11.5 μg/ml; palmatoside A (1) showed 52% inhibition against COX-1 enzyme at a concentration of 10 μg/ml; and multiflorin B (5) showed 52% inhibition against nitric oxide production at a concentration of 20 μg/ml. In addition, compounds 3–6 were shown to bind QR2 enzyme using LC–MS ultrafiltration binding assay.
Keywords: Neocheiropteris palmatopedata; Polypodiaceae; Flavone; Kaempferol glycosides; Palmatosides; Cancer chemoprevention; NF-κB; NO; QR2; Aromatase; COX-1; COX-2;
Toxic isolectins from the mushroom Boletus venenatus by Masashi Horibe; Yuka Kobayashi; Hideo Dohra; Tatsuya Morita; Takeomi Murata; Taichi Usui; Sachiko Nakamura-Tsuruta; Masugu Kamei; Jun Hirabayashi; Masanori Matsuura; Mina Yamada; Yoko Saikawa; Kimiko Hashimoto; Masaya Nakata; Hirokazu Kawagishi (648-657).
Ingestion of the mushroom Boletus venenatus causes a gastrointestinal syndrome, such as diarrhea. A family of isolectins (B. venenatus lectins, BVLs) was isolated as the toxic principles from the mushroom. BVL ingestion resulted in fetal toxicity to mice and also caused diarrhea.Ingestion of the toxic mushroom Boletus venenatus causes a severe gastrointestinal syndrome, such as nausea, repetitive vomiting, diarrhea, and stomachache. A family of isolectins (B. venenatus lectins, BVLs) was isolated as the toxic principles from the mushroom by successive 80% ammonium sulfate-precipitation, Super Q anion-exchange chromatography, and TSK-gel G3000SW gel filtration. Although BVLs showed a single band on SDS–PAGE, they were further divided into eight isolectins (BVL-1 to -8) by BioAssist Q anion-exchange chromatography. All the isolectins showed lectin activity and had very similar molecular weights as detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis. Among them, BVL-1 and -3 were further characterized with their complete amino acid sequences of 99 amino acids determined and found to be identical to each other. In the hemagglutination inhibition assay, both proteins failed to bind to any mono- or oligo-saccharides tested and showed the same sugar-binding specificity to glycoproteins. Among the glycoproteins examined, asialo-fetuin was the strongest inhibitor. The sugar-binding specificity of each isolectin was also analyzed by using frontal affinity chromatography and surface plasmon resonance analysis, indicating that they recognized N-linked sugar chains, especially Galβ1 → 4GlcNAcβ1 → 4Manβ1 → 4GlcNAcβ1 → 4GlcNAc (Type II) residues in N-linked sugar chains. BVLs ingestion resulted in fatal toxicity in mice upon intraperitoneal administration and caused diarrhea upon oral administration in rats.
Keywords: Boletus venenatus; Boletaceae; Mushroom; Purification; Lectin; Lethal toxicity; Diarrhea;
Triterpenoid saponins from Astragalus wiedemannianus Fischer by Emre Polat; Erdal Bedir; Angela Perrone; Sonia Piacente; Ozgen Alankus-Caliskan (658-662).
Three cycloartane type glycosides, together with eight known compounds were isolated from the roots of Astragalus wiedemannianus. The presence of an arabinose moiety on the acyclic side chain of cycloartanes is reported for the first time.Three cycloartane-type triterpene glycosides were isolated from Astragalus wiedemannianus together with eight known secondary metabolites namely cycloastragenol, cycloascauloside B, astragaloside IV, astragaloside VIII, brachyoside B, astragaloside II, astrachrysoside A, and astrasieversianin X. The structures were established mainly by a combination of 1D and 2D-NMR techniques as 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-25-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(R),24(S)-epoxy-3β,6α,16β,25-tetrahydroxycycloartane, 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl]-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-24-O-α-(4'-O-acetoxy)-L-arabinopyranosyl-16-O-acetoxy-3β,6α,16β,24(S),25-pentahydroxycycloartane, 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl]-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-24-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-16-O-acetoxy-3β,6α,16β,24(S),25-pentahydroxycycloartane. To the best of our knowledge, the presence of an arabinose moiety on the acyclic side chain of cycloartanes is reported for the first time.
Keywords: Astragalus wiedemannianus; Leguminosae; Saponin; Cycloartane;
Triterpene glycosides from Agrostemma gracilis by Omer Koz; Erdal Bedir; Milena Masullo; Ozgen Alankus-Caliskan; Sonia Piacente (663-668).
Four triterpene saponins, agrostemmoside A–D were isolated from the methanol extract of Agrostemma gracilis. Their structures were determined by a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques, and mass spectrometry.Four triterpene saponins, agrostemmosides A–D were isolated from the methanol extract of Agrostemma gracilis. The structures of the compounds were determined as 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyloleanolic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-xylopyranosyloleanolic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosylechinocystic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosylechinocystic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester by a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques, and mass spectrometry. To the best of our knowledge this is the first phytochemical report on A. gracilis, and echinocystic acid saponins were encountered for the first time in Caryophyllaceae family.
Keywords: Agrostemma gracilis; Caryophyllaceae; Triterpene glycosides; Saponins; Echinocystic acid;
Euphane triterpenoids of Cassipourea lanceolata from the Madagascar rainforest by Yanpeng Hou; Shugeng Cao; Peggy J. Brodie; James S. Miller; Chris Birkinshaw; Mamisoa N. Andrianjafy; Rabodo Andriantsiferana; Vincent E. Rasamison; Karen TenDyke; Yongchun Shen; Edward M. Suh; David G.I. Kingston (669-674).
A Madagascar collection of the leaves and fruit of Cassipourea lanceolata Tul. led to the isolation of three euphane triterpenoids 1–3. The three compounds showed weak antiproliferative activities against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line, with IC50 values of 25, 25 and 32 μM, respectively.Fractionation of an ethanol extract of a Madagascar collection of the leaves and fruit of Cassipourea lanceolata Tul. led to the isolation of three euphane triterpenoids 1–3. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of all compounds were fully assigned using a combination of 2D NMR experiments, including COSY, TOCSY, HSQC (HMQC), HMBC and ROESY sequences. The three compounds showed weak antiproliferative activities against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line, with IC50 values of 25, 25 and 32 μM, respectively.
Keywords: Cassipourea lanceolata; Rhizophoraceae; Euphanes; Triterpenoids; NMR; Antiproliferative activity;
Microtropiosides A–F: ent-Labdane diterpenoid glucosides from the leaves of Microtropis japonica (Celastraceae) by Yuka Koyama; Katsuyoshi Matsunami; Hideaki Otsuka; Takakazu Shinzato; Yoshio Takeda (675-681).
From the leaves of Microtropis japonica, collected in the Okinawa islands, six ent-labdane glucosides, named microtropiosides A–F, were isolated. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analyses, application of the β-d-glucopyranosylation-induced shift-trend rule in the 13C NMR spectroscopy and the modified Mosher's method.From a 1-BuOH-soluble fraction of a MeOH extract of the leaves of Microtropis japonica, collected in the Okinawa islands, six ent-labdane glucosides, named microtropiosides A–F, were isolated together with one known acyclic sesquiterpene glucoside. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analyses, and their absolute configurations determined by application of the β-d-glucopyranosylation-induced shift-trend rule in 13C NMR spectroscopy and the modified Mosher's method.
Keywords: Microtropis japonica; Celastraceae; ent-Labdane glucoside; Microtropioside;
Chemical constituents from Saussurea cordifolia by Xu-Wen Li; Zi-Tao Guo; Yun Zhao; Zheng Zhao; Jin-Feng Hu (682-687).
C10-Acetylenic glycosides (1–4), and a lignan (5), together with 31 known compounds, were isolated from whole plants of Saussurea cordifolia . Selected compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using the MTT assay.Thirty-six naturally occurring compounds, including four C10-acetylenic glycosides and a lignan, were isolated from the whole plants of Saussurea cordifolia. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic and chemical methods to be 4,6-decadiyne-1-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), 4,6-decadiyne-1-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), (8E)-decaene-4, 6-diyn-1-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), (8Z)-decaene-4,6-diyn-1-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), and (2R, 3S, 4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-2-(5-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran-3-ol (5).
Keywords: Saussurea cordifolia; Compositae; Acetylenic glycoside; Lignan;
A C14-polyacetylenic glucoside with an α-pyrone moiety and four C10-polyacetylenic glucosides from Mediasia macrophylla by Shin-ichiro Kurimoto; Mamoru Okasaka; Yoshiki Kashiwada; Olimjon K. Kodzhimatov; Yoshihisa Takaishi (688-692).
Polyacetylenic glucosides (1–5) were isolated from the MeOH extract of Mediasia macrophylla. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 2–4 were the first examples of C10-polyacetylenic glucosides found in the family Umbelliferae, while compound 1 was a unique polyacetylenic glucoside possessing an α-pyrone moiety.Polyacetylenic glucosides (1–5) were isolated from the MeOH extract of Mediasia macrophylla, and their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 2–4 were the first examples of C10-polyacetylenic glucosides found in the family Umbelliferae, while compound 1 was a unique polyacetylenic glucoside possessing an α-pyrone moiety.
Keywords: Mediasia macrophylla; Umbelliferae; Polyacetylene; α-Pyrone;
Gynostemosides A–E, megastigmane glycosides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum by Zhen Zhang; Wei Zhang; Yan-Ping Ji; Yun Zhao; Chuan-Gui Wang; Jin-Feng Hu (693-700).
Megastigmane glycosides (1–5) were isolated from the whole plants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Their absolute structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR, HR-ESIMS, and circular dichroism (CD), as well as by chemical transformations.Megastigmane glycosides (1–5) together with seven (6–12) related known compounds were isolated from the whole plants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. The structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR, HR-ESIMS, and circular dichroism (CD), as well as chemical transformations to be (3R, 4R, 5S, 6S, 7E)-3,4,6-trihydroxymegastigmane-7-en-9-one-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (gynostemoside A, 1), (3S, 4S, 5R, 6R, 7E, 9R)-3,4,6,9-tetrahydroxymegastigmane-7-en-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (gynostemoside B, 2), (3S, 4S, 5S, 6S, 7E, 9R)-3,4,9-trihydroxymegastigmane-7-en-9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (gynostemoside C, 3), (3S, 4S, 5S, 6S, 7E, 9R)-3,4,9-trihydroxymegastigmane-7-en-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (gynostemoside D, 4), and (3S, 4S, 5S, 6S, 7E, 9R)-3,4,9-trihydroxymegastigmane-7-en-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (gynostemoside E, 5), respectively.
Keywords: Gynostemma pentaphyllum; Cucurbitaceae; Megastigmane glycosides; Absolute configuration;
by Stephen C. Fry (701-702).


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DeLand, Fla. - The Stetson women's basketball team (12-11, 8-6 Atlantic Sun) fended off a strong second half charge from visiting USC Upstate (12-11, 8-6 A-Sun) to claim an 80-76 A-Sun victory at the Edmunds Center on Monday. Freshman forward Sasha Sims (Fayetteville, Ga.) drilled three free throws with Stetson down two and 15.6 seconds left to give the Hatters the victory. Sophomore guard Victoria McGowan (Inkster, Mich.) scored a career-high 26 points to go with seven rebounds, six assists and four steals.
Stetson led by as many as 12 points with 13:24 left in regulation, but the Spartans charged back with a 9-0 run to cut the Hatter lead to 54-51 with 10:29 to go. Six of those nine points were scored from the free throw line; USC Upstate would knock down 24 of 26 free throw attempts in the contest (.923).
When senior guard Tierra Brown (Orlando, Fla.) went to the bench with her fourth foul at the 11:50 mark having scored 17 points, McGowan took over the load for her backcourt partner, slashing to the basket time and again as Stetson extended its lead back to nine points with less than six minutes left. Again the visitors would not go down quietly, fighting back to tie the game on a Kyana Jacobs steal and layup with 1:40 to play.
Sophomore forward Janelle Mills (Wesley Chapel, Fla.) hit two free throws with 40 seconds left to put Stetson back ahead 75-73, but on the ensuing possession, Spartans forward Chelsea McMillan, the preseason A-Sun Player of the Year, converted a three-point play with 30 seconds on the clock to give USC Upstate its first and only lead of the second half. McGowan then brought the ball up the court and dished to Sims in the left corner, who was fouled by McMillan with 15.6 seconds left while hoisting up a three-pointer. McMillan fouled out on the play and Sims made the Spartans pay dearly by swishing all three attempts to give the Hatters a 78-76 lead.
A last ditch hook shot on the other end was off the mark; McGowan sealed the win with two more free throws. Stetson made 14 consecutive free throws in the last 10 minutes and change; the Hatters were 24-28 overall at the line (.857).
McGowan was 10 of 18 from the floor, 2-2 from distance and 4-5 from the charity stripe en route to her career scoring high, one more than she scored at Miami (Ohio) on November 20. Brown ended with 19 points, tying Janene Maclin '07 for 13th place on the Stetson all-time scoring list (1,087 points). Sims finished with 15 points, six rebounds and three steals on perfect 7-7 free throw shooting. Mills scored eight points, one shy of her career high, and recorded a career-high five blocked shots.
McMillan led USC Upstate with 28 points and 11 rebounds while Sharneice Wadelington had 18 points as well. Tee'Ara Copney joined them in double figures with 10 points; Lauren McRoberts contributed nine rebounds and five assists.
Stetson heads north up I-75 to face Kennesaw State at 5:30 p.m. Saturday before visiting Mercer at 7 p.m. Monday in the A-Sun Game of the Week on CSS Sports. Check local listings to find the game in your area. The Stetson-KSU A-Sun.TV broadcast will be simulcast on Hatter Vision; a Live Stats link will also be available at GoHatters.com.
Facebook - Stetson Athletics; Twitter - @StetsonSID; YouTube - StetsonHatters


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SOUTH HAVEN -- A little more than two weeks ago, Sarah Lee Guthrie sang "This Land is Your Land" with Sheryl Crow and Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys to close the "This Land Is Your Land: A Tribute to John Steinbeck, Woody Guthrie and the American Spirit" festival in San Francisco.
"It was amazing," the daughter of musician Arlo Guthrie and granddaughter of legendary folk musician Woody Guthrie said during a phone interview from her home in Washington, Mass.
The festival idea came from the aunt of her husband, Johnny Irion, the grandnephew of Pulitzer Prize-winning "Grapes of Wrath" author John Steinbeck. Promotion giant Live Nation helped make it happen by booking Crow, Auerbach, Cat Power, Henry Rollins and others. Sarah Lee Guthrie said the family never thought something like it would happen, but considering the economic and political climate, it certainly seemed the timing was right. They hope to repeat the event.
She said her grandfather and Steinbeck stood up for the little guy and the regular people of America and represent the "heart of the true working class of America."
"Any time you talk about them, you talk about dreams and hopes," she said.
At times, Guthrie and Irion, who will perform at 7:30 p.m. Friday at Foundry Hall in South Haven, continue the cause of their famous family members at shows.
"In our performances, we're concerned just like any other human being right now," Guthrie said. "It does come out in our songs a little bit."
When called at their home, which sits on 100 acres, for an interview this week, Irion answered. He commented about the first frost that morning, how he was putting sausage from a local farmer on the grill and "trying to wrap some stuff up we're working on." Their 6-year-old daughter, Olivia, was at school, and 1-year-old Sophia Louise was just given some applesauce, so they had a few down moments to talk.
One of the first items on Irion's mind was a "family record" for Smithsonian Folkways, a nonprofit record label of the Smithsonian Institution. The couple invited about 15 family members, including Arlo Guthrie, to record the album in their home in late August and early September. Called "Daddy's Shoes," which is also the name of the album's first song that Sarah Lee Guthrie wrote, it features a couple of songs inspired from the family driving in the car, Irion said.
While driving from Chicago to Minneapolis for a gig, a family member noticed horses out the window. Olivia corrected them saying, "Those are not horses, those are ponies." Soon the entire car started singing those lines. Irion captured it on his phone and later transferred the wave files to make the track called "Ponies."
"It's a pretty intricate melody for a 6-year-old," Irion said. "It's a little piece of art."
As was the case when "Ponies" came about, Sarah Lee Guthrie and Irion occasionally tour with their kids. Irion said they'll most likely bring them, and maybe a cousin, to South Haven. It has been a while since the duo -- which released its debut album, "Exploration," in 2005 -- has been to Michigan together. Irion said he knows about the economic troubles here, and, in keeping with Woody Guthrie and John Steinbeck, they hope their art will help.
"Hopefully we can bring some comic and heartfelt relief," he said.
For more: www.sarahleeandjohnny.com


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Welcome to the Georgina von Etzdorf website. For those of you new to GvE, click on Press to see what all the fuss has been about. History has an overview of our Exhibition, 25 years of Sensous Textiles, held at Manchester Art Gallery in September 2006. For those of you who know us well, click on Lifestyle to share some snapshots of life within the company over the last two and a half decades.
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MECHANICSBURG - Donnie Kreitz didn't even know he won the sprint car feature Friday night at Williams Grove Speedway. He thought his pass of Brian Montieth at the flagstand was for third.
But, as it turns out, that pass was for the win, and by the slimmest of margins.
The four-time track champion's 59th career Grove win ended up being worth $4,310 with the base purse and bonus money.
"I thought I was passing him for third coming to the line," Kreitz said. "I didn't know we won."
Kreitz, of Sinking Spring, was a straightaway behind when he took second with five laps to go.
"Davey (Brown) did a heck of a job with the car tonight," Kreitz said. "I'm shocked. I'm really happy to just get one win. I'm so happy with the way the year is going."
Kreitz extended his point lead with the victory.
"It was unexpected," he said. "Even after we took the checkered and I'm going down the backstretch, they were saying on the radio '69K', '21' and I'm thinking, 'I wonder why they said me first?' Then I look up on the (score) board and seen we were first. I was shocked. If I would have known it was for the win, I probably would have screwed up and wouldn't have got him."
Opening night winner Gerard McIntyre Jr. slowed on the frontstretch with a flat right rear tire on the initial start of the 25-lap main event.
On the second start, Montieth grabbed the early race lead over Justin Barger and Cory Haas.
While Montieth pulled away to a huge lead, Haas worked his way past Barger and into second.
Kreitz started seventh and drove by Rick Lafferty and into the fifth spot as Montieth and Haas streaked away from the field and around lapped cars. Kreitz continued his march toward the front as he passed rookie Austin Hogue for fourth with 10 laps completed.
Kreitz and last week's winner Steve Buckwalter passed Barger for third and fourth, respectively. Montieth, meanwhile, was nearly a half-track ahead and in heavy lapped traffic with seven laps to go.
Kreitz caught Haas and drove into second with an inside move off turn two, but was a straightaway behind the leader, who was racing around heavy traffic.
It appeared as if the race for the win might be over, but it wasn't as Kreitz gained dramatically on Montieth over the final laps.
Montieth dropped to the bottom in turns three and four to block Kreitz, but it didn't matter as Kreitz went lower yet. They were side-by-side as they raced down the frontstretch as Kreitz got the win by a scant 0.01 seconds thanks to the electronic scoring system.
"That's a heartbreaker for Montieth," Kreitz said. "I didn't know it was for the win. I thought I beat him to the line, but you never really know. That's cool. That's a really close finish. That's cutting it too close."
Buckwalter passed Haas to follow up his win with a solid third-place effort. Haas, who was second last week, finished fourth and Barger rounded out the top five. Ryan Smith, Greg Hodnett, Rick Lafferty, Lance Dewease and Doug Esh completed the top 10.
Buckwalter, Lafferty and Kreitz won the 10-lap heat races for the 28-car field of sprint cars.
Notes: Jimmy Seger, 26, of Morrisdale, Clearfield County, was air-lifted from the speedway following a vicious third turn crash during the first set of 410 sprint car practice laps.
Wellsville's Ryan Slothower hit the inside backstretch guardrail just as he was about to enter turn three. His car shot back into traffic and was airborne.
Seger crashed hard into Slothower's car while it was in the air. The hit destroyed Seger's top wing and severely bent the top and side of the frame. Seger's car never flipped and drifted to a stop at the top of the third turn. He had to be cut from the car, but speedway officials reported he was conscious.
Slothower was not injured and reported that his steering wheel came off causing him to lose control at the end of the backstretch.
Both drivers were making their season debuts at the speedway.


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Optimism Amid Serious Disease: Clinical Panacea or Ethical Conundrum? Comment on "Recovery Expectations and Long-term Prognosis of Patients With Coronary Heart Disease"
Gramling R, Epstein R.
Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(10):935-936.
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Comments Thread For: The Next for Donaire, Rios: Review and Ratings Update
Nonito Donaire is the World Champion at 122 lbs. A knockout of Toshiaki Nishioka, the most accomplished fighter in the division, sealed that spot. If Donaire stays in class, what matters now is what will, and what can, come next.
For Brandon Rios, what can happen, if not next then soon, matters a lot. Already, hes being dangled as a potential foe for Manny Pacquiao. Its a cant miss action fight. Most Rios fights are. Can Rios stay disciplined long enough to get near the chance?
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text:
with your SmartPhone for immediate access to JobPack anywhere on the shop floor.
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Our staff understands the increasing pressures that manufacturers face in the real world, the way people collaborate, and the rapid results you demand. Our production management solutions are simple to implement and comprehensive in use to provide extra value for your dollar.
Our goal is to always be behind you to help you protect your initial investment of JobPack production management software. Our continuous service and support agreements deliver a fixed minimum cost for day-to-day service, and protection against obsolescence with annual upgrades as part of our CSA.
All JobPack systems solutions include...
Since no two manufacturing environments are alike, we can configure our software and scripts to meet your specific customer needs, including database connectivity and system customization. Just ask us for a detailed consultation.
See if your shop can benefit from an integrated manufacturing software solution.


text:
Northwest NEWS
eptember 4, 2000
Little Bit Ride 2000 supports a unique program
Becky Nixon/staff photo
(l-r) Volunteer Bebe Baker, Mikel Luster, Margie Baratto, volunteer.
by Bronwyn Wilson
Senior Staff Reporter
With kind, soulful eyes and sleek, glistening coats, the horses wait motionless as their riders dismount. Gentleness and patience are part of their job description. The horses realize many of their riders need assistance to get on and off, as well as assistance in and out of wheelchairs. They're in no hurry.
At the Little Bit Therapeutic Riding Center in Woodinville, the patient horses are known as the four-legged therapists.
Their names are Bucky, Bjorn, Desi, Scotchie and Prince, to name a few. There are fourteen of them in all and many are getting on in years.
Actually, their average age is 23 and for horses this is considered the 'golden' years, but at Little Bit the age of the horses is perfect.
According to Executive Director, Kathy Alm, older horses have a tendency to spook less and have been through more.
These are the exact qualifications for horses who work with children and adults with disabilities. Older horses are best suited to help children and adults overcome their limitations as they learn to ride a horse.
The four-legged therapists establish trust through the bond of human-animal relationships and they awaken touch, smell, sound and sight.
To support this unique approach to therapy, a public ride-a-thon called Little Bit Ride 2000, will be held Sept. 9.
The Little Bit Therapeutic Riding Center, a non-profit organization, is supported through individual contributions, grants, tuition and special events, such as the ride-a-thon.
Nancy Luster and Cindy Nakahara are co-chairs to the fund raising effort. "We're planning to make a really fun event," Luster said.
Anyone who wishes to participate in the event can do so by asking for pledges from family, friends and co-workers and then walk, bike or horseback ride the beautiful Tolt Pipeline to the trails of the Redmond Watershed and Farrell McWhirter Park.
There will be checkpoints along the way with movie set designs in western themes.
Volunteers will be outfitted in cowboy costumes, and there will be cool water to refresh the horses.
At the saloon or the Alamo check points or at any of the others, participants will be asked questions and when answered correctly, they'll be handed Little Bit Bucks which can be spent at the General Store set up inside the Little Bit arena. Also included in the day's activities are a continental breakfast, an afternoon barbecue and plenty of prizes.
For Nancy Luster the ride-a-thon has a personal meaning. Her son, Mikel, is thirteen years old and has congenital hydrocephalus.
Seven years ago, orthopedic surgeons suggested horseback riding as a way for Mikel to avoid surgery. At that time, Mikel was unable to sit independently and had tightness in his legs.
Luster, brought him to Little Bit and soon after noticed significant improvement in Mikel, not only in his trunk control but also in his joy of life.
"Mikel loves horseback riding," Luster said. "It gives him a lot of independence."
For Mikel and all the other riders, the Little Bit program offers a sense of achievement that comes from riding and maneuvering a 1,100 pound horse.
It also offers a sense of freedom and an opportunity to feel like everybody else. Nancy Luster pointed out that from Mikel's view in his wheelchair, it is difficult to even see over railing.
But up on a horse, the world takes on a whole new perspective; he can see what it looks like from above. Luster also said the program helped Mikel to improve social skills as the program requires interaction with others.
And this is exactly what the program sets out to accomplish.
"Our mission is to improve the bodies, mind and spirits of people with disabilities. Here, we focus on people's abilities, not disabilities," said Alm.
Founded in 1976, Little Bit Therapeutic Riding Center was started by a woman who had multiple sclerosis and decided to have a therapeutic horseback riding program as a means of inhibiting the progress of her disease.
Today, the program has grown from five students, one horse and an instructor to more than 130 students a week, 180 volunteers and a dedicated staff which includes eight instructors.
Through therapeutic horseback riding, the riders receive healthy exercise which brings about improved circulation and muscle tone.
The riding also builds coordination and balance while strengthening dormant and failing muscles. Hippotherapy, which is one-on-one work with a physical therapist and uses the horse as a tool for the therapy, is available to riders and is a tremendous benefit.
According to Kathy Alm, emotional healing is also a factor in the program. Children who have stopped speaking after witnessing something traumatic start talking again after participating in the program.
She also said that riders from the Ryther Child Center who had suffered child abuse and were always in trouble as a result, showed a huge change in attitude after receiving horseback riding therapy at Little Bit.
And many of Little Bit's riders, she added, continue with the program through childhood on to their adult years.
"We have a number who have been riding with us for ten to seventeen years. We have one who has been riding with us for twenty years," Alm said.
More volunteers are needed and Alm explained that previous horse experience isn't required, though it's helpful. However, she said that volunteers need to be willing to attend a three hour training program and to not have a fear of horses.
Also needed are more volunteers and participants in the Ride 2000 event.
For pledge sheets, details, prize rules or to register, call 425-882-1554. Riders under 18 must have a signed parent consent form.


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Jorden Furnish is sure about one thing this football season. He will be ready for the Guymon Tigers' opening game Saturday against Friona.
The senior running back-strong safety is coming off shoulder surgery and will get a late start because of it. But he vows he'll be ready to help his team against Friona when the Tigers and Chieftains play at Amarillo's Dick Bivins Stadium.
Furnish had surgery in April to repair tendons in his right shoulder. His doctors didn't let him have contact until mid-August. Guymon's three-a-day workouts began Aug. 1.
"It was something that had been hurting me for about two years. I had some tendons that got too loose. They had to tighten them up," said Guymon's starting right halfback. "I just couldn't take the pain any more."
The surgery hampered his summer workout plan. For five weeks the shoulder had to be immobile. He had his arm tied down to his side.
He said the shoulder is feeling fine. His first competitive action since the surgery was at the Coors Ranch Rodeo. Competing for the Hitch Ranch, he competed in the cattle sorting and cattle branding events.
Rodeo is another love of Furnish. He and his Hitch Ranch teammates generally compete in two or three Ranch rodeos during the summer.
If the quality of the teacher means anything, the 5-foot-4, 160-pound Furnish will be a good one. His teachers have been world renowned saddle bronc riders Robert, Billy and Danny Etbauer, who live in Goodwell, just a few miles down the road from the Hitch Ranch, where Furnish lives.
Furnish's father, Rick, is the foreman at the Ranch. His 21-year-old brother Jacob also works there. The three Furnishes make up part of the Hitch Ranch rodeo team. Rick Furnish was a good rider in his day. He won the Will Rogers Range Riders Rodeo saddle bronc competition three times.
Furnish has been competing in ranch rodeos since he was eight years old. He's taken saddle bronc riding lessons."I've had some great teachers. The Etbauers are really nice people. They come over and rope every now and then," Furnish said.
"I've been going to Billy Etbauer's saddle bronc riding school the last three years. About 200 guys from all over the country go to that school. It lasts 4 days."
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text:
Minka Kelly fares just fine in the celebrity dating world.
The actress – who has dated Derek Jeter and been linked to Wilmer Valderrama – says that while some stunning stars grumble about never being asked out, she does not have that problem.
"I like to think I'm pretty accessible," she told PEOPLE Saturday at the Veuve Clicquot Polo Classic at Liberty State Park. "And if [guys] are intimidated, I wouldn't know it."
Does this mean she gets inundated with offers of romance from a slew of eligible men?
"I get so much action," joked the actress, 31.
Kelly, who joined other celebs in the VIP area including Clive Owen, Zoe Saldana, Rachel Zoe and Tiffani Thiessen, said she was looking forward to sipping champagne while taking in her first-ever polo match.
"I think polo might be the most exciting thing I've done while having champagne in my hand," she joked.
While she hung out without a date on Saturday, in April she was seen having a cozy stroll in Australia with Valderrama. The actors were first linked last month, when they were "all over each other" in a private booth at L.A.'s Greystone Manor, according to an onlooker.
Minka Kelly: Guys Aren't Intimidated by Me
Andrew H. Walker/Getty


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Conventional Wisdom may not be exactly spinning in its grave, but it appears to be on life support.
It was only eleven days ago that I wrote about the unofficial state caucus held by Democratic activists where Hillary Rodham Clinton's supporters worked hard to achieve an easy-looking victory only to get shut out of the caucus in the first round (in favor of Dennis Kucinich - whom my wife refers to as "Vegan Elf Boy"). It turns out that New Jersey may not be so irrelevant after all. If anything, we may be acting as a bellwether.
In a poll released just over an hour ago, ABC News-Washington Post polling shows Barack Obama with a 33-29 advantage over HRC. In New Hampshire, Rasmussen Polling shows Obama and Hillary trading front-runner status back and forth, with Obama holding a steady 13% advantage in New Hampshire's independents. In campaign terms, the Clinton campaign is "bleeding" - even calling out ex-President Bill Clinton to help apply some first aid.
In New Jersey, Hillary was supposed to roll to victory without so much as a hiccup. So much for that. Not only is the Garden State hiccupping, but the Democratic Party power structure is trying to force feed some Maalox down the throats of the Democratic activists who refuse to accept Hillary as the establishment candidate. How?
Check out this diary at Blue Jersey. In direct conflict of DNC rules, the State Committee is trying to ensure that Hillary Clinton gets to head up the majority of ballots in New Jersey for the Democratic primary. In an effort to cut off protests from the Obama camp, someone stayed up late at night dreaming up a rule that would give Obama a few ballot-top positions as well. Apparently, no one at the Clinton campaign has been paying attention to what Barack Obama has been saying, though.
"This would put power in the hands of the few," I was told by Mark Alexander, Senior Policy Advisor and NJ Director of Obama for America. "We are about empowering the people and building from the grssroots." He also pointed out that the Obama campaign collected 5400 petition signatures - almost two thousand more than any other candidate. Though he didn't say so outright, his message was clear - the Obama campaign doesn't have to game the system to win.
For almost a year, Hillary Clinton has been telling us that she can bring change to Washington. As her campaign has unravelled in recent weeks, she has scapegoated staffer after staffer for launching viscious and unfounded attacks against Obama, firing them when the mudslinging blew up in her face. It remains to be seen if this pattern will hold true in New Jersey. But while she is busy promising change, the only thing that seems to be changing is how low and underhanded Hillary Clinton's campaign seems willing to sink.
Update A reader writes:
it's unfortunate that you blame the Clinton campaign without substantiation and then quote the Obama campaign to confirm your accusation.
I didn't blame anyone. But the fact of the matter is that the Chair of the State Committee is a Hillary supporter and she is the one candidate that benefits the most from this decision because so much of the Democratic establishment is behind her and so little of the Democratic grassroots is.


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Post Punk Kitchen 100
63) Mac And Cheese With Roasted Artichokes at MOB
Old man voice. "Used ta' be you had to cross the bridge to get yer high fallutin' fancy ass vegan comfort foods. But now-a-days alls you gotta' do is walk kinda' sorta near the bridge. Vegans these days…" No, but seriously, the Mac & Cheese at the highly unusually named and highly unusually delicious newish M.O.B. is out of this world. It's the meal I chose for my 40th bday, if that tells you anything.
Visit M.O.B.
Follow Chef Neal on Instagram


text: INSMAN LIBRARY TO CELEBRATE 100 YEARS: The Kinsman Public Library will celebrate its 100th anniversary from 2 to 5 p.m. Sunday at the library. The event will include refreshments, giveaways door prizes, reading raffles, and musical performances including the Vocal Alliance and a 1950s Elvis tribute band. Entertainment will begin at 2:15 p.m. The library will be open for informational tours. For more information, call 330-876-2461 or visit www.kinsmanlibrary.org.


text:
Hi people,
I started using WMI to get Drive, Memory, and CPU information. But I am not sure or don't know how to get CPU usage. This is part of a system monitoring functionality I am trying to implement. I need CPU's usage like the same as you get from Task Manager(in
percentage). I don't need CPU's temperature.
Also, I need total memory(as in RAM). This is the same RAM from My Computer >> Properties. Example: 2.99GB of RAM. I got FreePhysicalMemeory and FreeVirtualMemeory from Win32_OperatingSystem but I still need the total RAM. I am thinking FreeVirtualMemory
is from HardDrive and FreePhysicalMemory is from the RAM that is not being used, and thus free for use.
Answer 1
Check out the WMI Code Creator. It's a fantastic utility.
Answer 2
Just a small addtion to the previous great link:
Computer Memory you can get from Win32_ComputerSystem -> TotalPhysicalMemory
CPU counter you can get from Win32_PerfFormattedData_Counters_ProcessorInformation ->
PercentProcessorTime; the first collection entry returns total for all processors and cores, the 2nd entry all cores of the first processor. If the system has just one processor they are the same
Answer 3
Something simple like this will work.
Forward Declarions:
private: System::Management::SelectQuery^ Info
private: System::Management::ManagementObjectSearcher^ Searcher;
private: int cpuUsage (System::Object^ sender, System::EventArgs^ e)
this->Info = gcnew System::Management::SelectQuery("Win32_PerfFormattedData_PerfOS_Processor
this->Searcher = gcnew System::Management::ManagementObjectSearcher(Info);
Object^ idleTime;
ManagementObject^ envVar;
for each (envVar in Searcher->Get())
idleTime = envVar["PercentIdleTime"];
return 100 - int::Parse(idleTime->ToString());
Answer 4
Hi UgnV,
This looks good but can you get me code in VB? if possible?
I can try the Win32_ComputerSystem -> TotalPhysicalMemory first. I assume this will give me the total RAM; the same RAM as you get from My Computer -> Properties? But how do I get total free RAM?
I will need some code to get the percentage of CPU's usage from Win32_PerfFormattedData_Counters_ProcessorInformation ->
Answer 5
Thanks for replying pyrox,
I am not sure how to implement your code. I assume its in c++ and I don't see the return value that I needed. I need total RAM and total free RAM.
And I also need CPU's usage in percentage.
Answer 6
Download the WMI Creator!!
It generates code in several languages.
Answer 7
Hi Tergiver,
I downloaded and ran the creator. There's 472 classes. How the heck do I know which one to run? Besides the classes mentioned above?
As of now, I got the total RAM. I still need the CPU's usage in percentage.
Answer 8
The Creator have no:
under: root\CIMV2
Anyway, I got an error from the following when I tried to grab CPU's usage from below:
Dim scope5 = New ManagementScope()
Dim queryBuilder5 = New StringBuilder()
queryBuilder5.Append("SELECT PercentProcessorTime FROM Win32_PerfFormattedData_Counters_ProcessorInformation")
Dim query5 = New ObjectQuery(queryBuilder5.ToString())
Dim search5 = New ManagementObjectSearcher(scope5, query5)
Dim collectionOfResults5 As ManagementObjectCollection
collectionOfResults5 = search5.Get()
Dim currentObject5 As ManagementObject
'Display Total RAM information
For Each currentObject5 In collectionOfResults5
'_collected.AddFirst("CPU's Usage(%): " + currentObject5("PercentProcessorTime").ToString()))
lbDiskInformation.Items.Add("CPU's Usage(%): " + currentObject5("PercentProcessorTime").ToString())
I got an error at the end(at the For Each loop). The collectionOfResults5 yield nothing.
Answer 9
Hi BlueMarker,
To get free memory you can use Win32_PerfFormattedData_PerfOS_Memory ->AvailableBytes or
AvailableMBytesBelow is the working code in VB that gets CPU percentage sample and free memory
Imports System
Imports System.Management
'Imports System.Windows.Forms
Module Module1
Sub Main()
End Sub
End Module
Namespace WMISample
Public Class MyWMIQuery
Public Overloads Shared Function Main() As Integer
Dim processorSearcher As New ManagementObjectSearcher( _
"root\CIMV2", _
"SELECT * FROM Win32_PerfFormattedData_Counters_ProcessorInformation")
For Each queryObj As ManagementObject In processorSearcher.Get()
Console.WriteLine("PercentProcessorTime: {0}", queryObj("PercentProcessorTime"))
' for system with single processor we exit after the 1st iteration
Exit For
Dim memorySearcher As New ManagementObjectSearcher( _
"root\CIMV2", _
"SELECT * FROM Win32_PerfFormattedData_PerfOS_Memory")
For Each queryObj As ManagementObject In memorySearcher.Get()
Console.WriteLine("AvailableBytes: {0}", queryObj("AvailableBytes"))
Console.WriteLine("AvailableMBytes: {0}", queryObj("AvailableMBytes"))
End Function
End Class
End Namespace
Best Regards,
Answer 10
Thanks for the help.
Ugnv pointed to the appropiate class and code which help me.
Tergives pointed me the the WMI Creator which is helpful but I still need to know which class and which value to select.
I will mark both as answer.
Thanks again,
Answer 11
There's 472 classes. How the heck do I know which one to run?
I know you're going to hate this answer, but I love giving it:
Answer 12
Answer 13
Already got this saved in My Favorites...
I was on my way to the answer...just need the needle in the hay stack :)
Answer 14
Answer 15
Already got this saved in My Favorites...I was on my way to the answer...just need the needle in the hay stack :)Thanks
Save a link in your code inside of a comment.
// links
// http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/netfxbcl/thread/608a2bc0-3bf8-4845-b0d8-09f2624189f7#bb899507-8c45-478a-b484-3e381b933d22


text:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the acceptance rate for Med, Vet, and Dental school at CC?
For the 2013-14 Application year: 38 CC students applied to MD and DO school; 35 had interviews and 31 were accepted-88%; 2 students applied to Dental school and were accepted-100%; 3 students applied to Vet school and were accepted-100%; 1 applied to PA school and was accepted-100%.
What are the Medical Schools that accept our students?
Our students have been accepted to:
- Brown
- Case Western
- Creighton
- Duke
- Einstein
- Emory
- Florida International University
- Georgetown
- Harvard
- Loyola
- Mount Sinai
- Northwestern
- Oklahoma
- Oregon Health and Science University
- Penn State
- Rochester
- Stanford
- St. Louis
- Texas Tech
- Tufts
- Tulane
- University of Arkansas
- University of Chicago
- University of Colorado
- University of Hawaii
- University of Miami
- University of Michigan
- University of Minnesota
- University of Missouri
- University of Southern California
- University of Texas
- University of Utah
- University of Vermont
- University of Washington
- Yale
Can I take required courses at a community college or online?
Most Medical, Dental, and Vet schools prefer the required courses to come from a 4-year institution. It varies from school to school regarding online courses and community college sourses. The student will need to check the school of interest for specifics.
I heard that schools do background checks as part of the admissions process. Do I need to disclose everything?
Yes, it is very important to disclose any information that may be pulled up in a background check. It is also important to check with Student Life, to check for any infractions you may have received as a student.
Do I have to major in Biology or Chemistry to apply to med, vet or dental school?
No, actually many medical schools prefer non-science majors as it exhibits a well-rounded understanding of many curricular areas.


text:
This is the second beer by White Birch, a microbrewery out of Hooksett, NH, that features on Original Gravity. Previously I've reviewed their Summer seasonal, Crown of Gold, some time this past Fall. Amusingly, I'm similarly late on uncapping this one, as it is a rotating beer bottled during the Fall months. This is one
Archive for December, 2012
White Birch Farmhouse Red
Maine Beer Co. MO
Maine Beer is a favorite of mine in terms of New England craft beer, so when I heard that they were doing another batch of their American Pale Ale, MO, I jumped at the opportunity to grab a bottle. I'm pretty sure I drank a bottle of this brew earlier this year but I don't
Cambridge Brewing Co. Big Man
Here's a newly-bottled Winter seasonal IPA by Cambridge Brewing Company! I've loved these guys for a long time; they always make well-balanced, drinkable beers and can get experimental and crazy when it's called for. This is called Big Man IPA and is 6.8% ABV… this brew definitely seems like it's going for balanced and drinkable
Anderson Valley Winter Solstice
I've written about Anderson Valley once before on Original Gravity, and it was, coincidentally, about their Summer Soltice seasonal ale. Tonight, though, I bring you a write-up of their Winter Solstice! AV are a good brewery and seem like great people as well, so it's always within my interest to pick up their beer when
Event Review: Smokey Bones + Leinenkugel's Beer Dinner
So I was recently invited to my first event as a beer blogger, which was quite exciting. Smokey Bones in Tyngsboro hosted a beer/food pairing extravaganza, partnered with Leinenkugel's Brewery from Chippewa Falls, WI, and I was an honorary part of it. Here are my thoughts about the whole event! I arrived about 15 minutes
Brash Item Nine
Tonight I'm taking a look at a rather new style for the first time on Original Gravity: the "white IPA." Though I've had several examples ranging from the mundane (Sam Adams Whitewater IPA) to the cool-but-not-great (Linchpin, a Green Flash/Founders collaboration), I really have not been impressed by this style yet. I'm hoping newcomers Brash
Local Event @ Tyngsboro Smokey Bones, Dec. 5, 2012
Hey all. I will be in attendance at a Smokey Bones-hosted event this coming Wednesday wherein several beers by Leinenkugel's Brewing will be paired alongside food crafted specifically for the occasion, and I'd love to see some familiar faces there! The list for food/beer pairings is as follows (try not to let your mouth water


text:
He was supposed to be shooting quail. But on Feb. 11, Dick Cheney bagged something else entirely: a new controversy. After accidentally shooting a fellow hunter—Austin attorney Harry Whittington, 78—while hunting on a private ranch in Texas, the Vice President came under fire himself. Struck by as many as 200 pieces of birdshot after he reportedly approached Cheney, 65, from behind without announcing himself, Whittington suffered wounds on the right side of his face, neck and chest. His condition took a turn for the worse early on Feb. 14, when doctors at Christus Spohn Hospital in Corpus Christi discovered he had suffered a minor heart attack after a piece of shot became lodged in or alongside his heart muscle. At press time doctors said Whittington, a politically active Republican and father of four grown daughters, could remain hospitalized for a week, with the remote possibility that a piece of birdshot could move into another organ.
As for the barbs taken by Cheney, they were political in nature. Critics complained that the White House kept word of the accident from the public for nearly 20 hours. (Katharine Armstrong, whose family owns the 50,000-acre ranch where the accident occurred, eventually notified a newspaper in Corpus Christi.) Democratic commentator Paul Begala says the incident confirms "preconceived notions" that Cheney and his boss, George W. Bush, "are trigger-happy and think they are above the law." But conservative commentator Tucker Carlson counters, "I don't understand the fuss at all. He shot this guy in his private time on private property, and the guy hasn't complained about it." So would Carlson, who happened also to be out shooting on the weekend of the accident, accept an invitation to hunt with Cheney? Yes, he says, but "I would definitely watch him carefully."
Ready, Aim—Misfire
updated 02/27/2006 AT 01:00 AM EST
•originally published 02/27/2006 AT 01:00 AM EST


text:
Elliott's Global Trading Chief Miller to Leave Hedge Fund
Brian Miller, who runs global trading at hedge fund Elliott Management Corp., is leaving after 21 years at one of the industry's top performers and may eventually start his own fund, according to a letter to clients.
Miller, 46, will initially manage his own money by forming a family office, Elliott said yesterday in the letter, a copy of which was obtained by Bloomberg News. Jon Pollock, 48, who is co-chief investment officer, will become chief trading officer, said the firm, which oversees $20 billion. Peter Truell, a spokesman for New York-based Elliott, declined to comment.
Billionaire Paul Singer started Elliott in 1977 and has returned an annual average of 14 percent, with just nine losing quarters in its 35-year history, according to the firm. The firm's Elliott International Ltd. fund returned 3.1 percent in the first five months of the year, according to the latest update sent to investors. Hedge funds overall gained 0.64 percent, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Miller, who became an equity partner in Elliott in January last year, will relinquish that interest while remaining an investor in the fund, according to the letter.
Elliott also said it will be promoting Rich Ritholz, 49, who runs the fund's commodities and energy team, and Steve Kasoff, responsible for structured products and global real estate, to the firm's risk committee. Ritholz, who joined Elliott in 2005, and Kasoff, 41, who has been with the hedge fund for almost a decade, will report to Pollock and remain members of Elliott's management committee, according to the letter.


text:
by Marco Williams
From the 1860s to the 1920s, towns across the U.S. violently expelled African American residents. Today, these communities remain virtually all white. As black descendants return to demand justice, Banished exposes the hidden history of racial cleansing in America.
Independent Lens
Behind the Rainbow
by Jihan El-Tahri
Can the deal between South Africa's old apartheid regime and its new government withstand the test of time?
Independent Lens, Global Voices, Global Perspectives Collection
Being Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey
by Constance Marks
Kevin Clash grew up dreaming of working with his idol, master puppeteer Jim Henson. Today, he is the man behind Elmo, among Sesame Street's most beloved characters.
Independent Lens
Bill T. Jones: A Good Man
by Gordon Quinn, Bob Hercules, Joanna Rudnick, and Keith Walker
Bill T. Jones: A Good Man follows the Tony Award-winning choreographer Bill T. Jones as he conceives and executes a dance production based on the life of Abraham Lincoln. The New York Times claimed that Jones's "portrayal of Lincoln is likely to scandalize as many people as it delights."
American Masters
Billy Strayhorn: Lush Life
by Robert Levi
The composer of "Take the A-Train" and other Duke Ellington hits, Billy Strayhorn struggled with obscurity and prejudice as a successful gay man in the tumultuous middle of the 20th century.
Independent Lens
Black Is ... Black Ain't
by Marlon Riggs
Marlon Riggs's final film explores questions of "blackness" and black identity.
The Black Kungfu Experience
by Martha Burr and Mei-Juin Chen
From Blaxploitation cinema in the 1970s to hip-hop and reggae iconography, the martial art of kungfu provides a vital subtext for the modern African American cultural experience.
The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution
by Stanley Nelson
The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution sheds light on the Black Panther Party — and all its reviled, adored, misunderstood, and mythologized history.
Independent Lens
The Black Power Mixtape 1967-1975
by Goran Hugo Olsson
A fascinating look at America's Black Power movement as seen through the eyes of Swedish filmmakers who shot hours of footage in the late 1960s and 1970s with many of the movement's leaders.
Women and Girls Lead, Independent Lens
Blacking Up: Hip-Hop's Remix of Race and Identity
by Robert A. Clift
As hip-hop music and culture continue to redefine American life, its influence exposes the high stakes of the struggle to cross or maintain the cultural divide.
Viewing Topic: African AmericanView All
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text:
What Did Your Kid Shove Up Their Nose?
4:07 minutes What Did Your Kid Shove Up Their Nose?
Katie's daughter shoved a sunflower seed up her nose, Jason doesn't think it is a very common thing but we had a bunch of people call and tell us about the things their kids have shoved up their noses.
| More
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on December 10, 2010 - 9:13am.
My daughter was 4 years old at the time and she actually shoved an end of a broken crayon in her nose. I had to take her to the ER and they used the oxygen hose, shoved it up the right side of her nostril while I sat on top of her, turned it on and out came the little ball of crayon.


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My Pregnancy SuperpowerKatie Loeb
A lot of things have changed since I got pregnant. My boobs have gone up 3 cup sizes, I have developed a line from my sternum to my groin (that is off center and not making me crazy at all), I suddenly have the hips and knees of an 80 year old and the waddle of a duck. In fact, there are only a few things that don't seem to have changed in the last 8 months. But it turns out that I also have a superpower.
Obviously I'm being a little tongue in cheek here since I do live in reality and don't technically believe in superpowers. But about a month ago I noticed something completely bizarre that did not exist prior to pregnancy, and it was confirmed today.
I was at work a month ago talking with some coworkers when suddenly everyone in the room stopped talking and grabbed the walls. There was the mild sense of collective panic that left me stunned because I had zero idea what was going on. About 20 seconds later, someone finally filled me in and said that it had been an earthquake and how had I not felt it?
I was dumbfounded. I am usually a home Richter Scale. I feel every tiny earthquake (often I feel every tiny non-earthquake too) and usually have the USGS earthquake page open before they've even had a chance to update it. I've always found earthquakes interesting (probably because I've been blessed to always be at least a few hours from a very large one) and tend to like to follow them, but suddenly, it seems I can't.
The same thing happened this morning. We had a small earthquake (3.5-4), centered almost literally right beneath me. I felt absolutely nothing. My husband called from work to make sure all was well and I had no idea what he was talking about. I wasn't up walking around or doing something dynamic where I would've missed it, I was sitting in bed trying to see how long I could reasonably wait before getting ready for my OB appointment.
I have heard of a lot of pregnancy side effects, but this one I just cannot quite understand. I don't know if my balance and body awareness are so messed up from the constant movement in my belly that I no longer noticed outside disturbances, or if I'm just so tired that the room always feels like it's shaking. But either way, it seems that pregnancy has made me earthquake proof.
Trust me, I'm not complaining.