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Skip to comments.Federal court rules Wisconsin schools' graduations in church were unconstitutional
Posted on 07/23/2012 7:55:04 PM PDT by Hunton Peck
A federal appeals court ruled Monday that two Wisconsin high schools violated the U.S. Constitution by holding graduations in a church -- among the most recent decisions in a long-running debate about the separation of church and state.
A three-judge panel from the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in September the schools did nothing wrong by hold graduation in Elmbrook Church, in the southeastern part of the state.
However, the full 7th Circuit reversed the panel, ruling Monday the ceremonies were unconstitutional and noting students were exposed to religious messages in the form of a giant cross that hung over the church's sanctuary and religious pamphlets on middle school and high school ministries and hymnals in the pews.
The case against the schools was filed by a group of anonymous students and parents, arguing the ceremonies violated church-state separation.
"This decision upholds the separation of...
(Excerpt) Read more at foxnews.com ...
I wonder if the kids have to return their diplomas.
The Constitution sets no standards whatsoever for what is or is not 'religious' ~ and a building is just a building.
The landlord has no obligation whatsoever to remove or hide the artwork.
She DID say you can politic in churches, so what's the deal with handing out a diploma?
wonder if the teachers are willing to put their salary on the line...kinda paygo.... If the kid turns out ignorant...no pay and no retirement contribution....
LOL here in Indiana, a lot of the POLLING PLACES are in church buildings.
Since we're a red state this time, maybe this is Holder's ploy to invalidate our votes....
For decades worship services were held in the House of Representatives. For even longer, our judges were sane. Auld Lang Syne...
These "judges" sound like a bunch of addicts who molest little boys. I can't find it anywhere in MY CONSTITUTION where it says AMERICANS can't hold graduations in church. NO WHERE! They seemed to have confused their copy of "Rules for Radicals" with the U.S. Constitution.
>>These folks must be extremely insecure in their faith in socialism and secularism to be so terrified that twelve years of indoctrination into it can be undone by the glimpse of a cross.
Most of these "atheists" hate God too much to not really believe. They just wish that He didn't exist and any exposure reminds them of their folly. God calls to them and they scream back, "No. Stay away. I'm not worthy and I hate you for that."
I used to be one of them (the atheist, but not the socialist).
Then the pagan intelligentsia amongst us realized that G_d was and embarrassment to their desired lifestyles and HE had to go.
She DID say you can politic in churches,..."
But this is different don't you know. You must also have forgotten that we is not she.
The anonymous parents and students just tees me off. If you are going to stand up for anything, regardless of whether anyone agrees with you or not, stand up and be recognized. No lawsuits should be permitted to proceed unless the person bringing it is willing to state their name.
The secular-progressive cultural Marxism peddled by Hollywood, the government schools and liberal universities is as much a system of religious belief as Christianity or Buddhism or Paganism.
Anonymous? That ain't right. If you're brave enough to file a lawsuit that stupid, you ought to be brave enough to sign your name to it.
Now I'm just a mountain bred hick but it seems to me that it's awfully strange that none of the 'highly educated' legal beagles ever said to a judge (in these types of fiascos)...
"Your honor, in order to rule that somehow this violates some heretofor undiscovered part of the Constitution, your honor would need to rationally hold that the founding fathers who wrote the constitution itself were unaware of all the schooling going on in churches, all the prayer in schools, and all the prayer that began and ended their official government activities.
"Now I do not believe that your honor is unaware of these historical facts, therefore your honor would be in gross denial of both history and their very actions."
And when the judge DID rule liberally, then hit every talk show and do every interview where an interviewer could be found relentlessly shredding the stupidity of the decision.
Oh Sweet Jesus, these poor kids were exposed to a Cross.
How awful.
Not a one of these kids were ever exposed to a cross before I am sure, even though cemetary's are full of them
So... now these poor kids lose their diplomas?
This is why all Democrats must never be allowed to Hold any Public office,or work in any Govt Beaurocracy,..or be allowed to run with scissors...or shoot BB Guns.
They are childish God Hating Morons.
I'm in a blue state.. I have voted in churches the last 5 or 6 times.. Before that it was in the town hall..
Wisconsin separation of church and state ping
FReep Mail me if you want on, or off, this Wisconsin interest ping list.
I don't know the answer to that, though I wish I did. Does any one else know? All I can say is RESIST. We are the freedom fighters of this war, and we must do whatever we can to resist and obstruct the pathway of the socialists/marxists/communists/revolutionaries/sharia law loving thugs of the "government in OUR White Hous."
Most of them are cowards. That's why they wear face masks.
Separate school and state. Before it is too late.
Separate school and state. Before it is too late.
You have cut to the core of the problem. If we had a capitalist, free market school industry instead of a single payer socialized school industry we wouldn't have these problems.
Next thing you know they will order the removal of square linoleum tiles from public buildings because of the thousands of crosses they form at their intersections, and replace them with something else. They're clearly not interested in the purpose of the constitution- to bind government, not to bind the people, censor them or to shield them from the ideas or symbols of others. If they truly believed in a separation of government from religion for the sake of preserving people's rights they would separate government from education so it could not impose any ideas and would leave us alone. It's clear they are interested only in eradicating Christianity and promoting their own religion of atheism instead, and by their manners have no respect or tolerance for anyone's beliefs except their own.
Reminds me of the communists in East Germany perpetually trying to cover the image of a cross on a what I guess was a water tower. Nothing they tried worked, it just kept reappearing. They could never grasp that their problem wasn't so much because it was a "flaw" in the water tower as it was a flaw in their own heads. Birds could fly by that tower and the ever-present symbol unperturbed, because they do not hate and have nothing to fear from any symbol; but the communists could not pass by it without it capturing their eyes. They kept seeing a cross no matter how much they painted over it; it was something they most feared and could not take their eyes off of it; it consumed them even though it could not even command so much reaction from a mere bird.
Unwittingly they themselves were the best advertisement that cross ever had because by relentlessly attacking the cross they kept drawing the attention of others to it- and to their own relative powerlessness. It might have gone wholly unnoticed, seen for the round water tower it was, but their hatred and persecution of it made it shine all the more.
Seems to me if they want to play that game then they may ultimately shed a lot of blood as did earlier revolutionaries, but they will lose; let them just try to eradicate religion when we can see God in everything, and everything a sign reminding us of faith in something higher than mere mortal men, who fear what even a sparrow need not shy from.
It is astounding ——the ignorance of people who would bring forth a suit such as this.
Obviously the Church's were used because they were large enough to seat the graduating students'.
Well: Next year they can hold their ceremony in the un-air conditioned football field and if it rain it's tough jelly beans.
Other than home schooling and self schooling, George Washington's only formal schooling was in church. He turned out better than OK, IMHO.
You are 100% right. Elmbrook Church is the largest building in town. The high school has nothing comparable. Elmbrook church is used for lots of things, other than church — concerts, etc.
If the high school were to hold graduation in their own building, the students would not be allowed to invite more than one, or two guests to graduation.
So, in order to accomodate guests at graduation, the townspeople will be forced to pony up lots of $$$ to build a huge hall which will stand empty most of the year — or to brave thunderstorms on the football field.
If this isn't freedom FROM religion instead of freedom OF religion, then I'll never know what is.
That isn't too hard for sane people to understand is it?These people who filed this suit are turds with nothing better to do than cause trouble.
I guess the Penn State sanctions rule applies and all the diplomas back to 1999 are null and void. That won't inconvenience anyone, right? Its come to the point crazy is more sensible than what judges say.
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Jetwing Beach
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TravelPod Member ReviewsTrans-Siberian Hostel Moscow
That is about it I'm afraid, very much a tourist hotel in a tourist area. The rooms are very comfortable, spotless and the outlook onto the beach cannot be bettered, but large numbers of large people on serried ranks of sunbeds and a surrounding village of embossed leather handbags did not impress.... and if I ever see another sapphire I will scream!
Not the hotels fault, they have a top class facility and their "suites" are palaces with pools....$500 a throw.... but wow!
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
Historical Traveler Reviews Trans-Siberian Hostel Moscow
Loving it......!
After spending nearly one week at the Beach hotel with my friend and my 11mth
baby - I cannot recommend it highly enough.�'� Although we had a suite with
service ... all the rooms are fantastic with excellent views of the sea.�'�
I would recommend staying on a BB basis as we took the HB and although our set
menus were very tasty and interesting, I sometimes would have prefered a small
meal from their restaurant menu.�'� The food was very well presented - not the
usual slop from buffet dinners.�'� My only complaint was the staff - although
nice and helpful - were just too few and not very well trained!�'� Having said
that they prepared excellent food for the baby and at no extra charge.
But no place is truely excellent and as a parent I have to say that although the
hotel is very beautiful, its not buggy friendly.�'� It could do with a few more
ramps and less stairs - maybe some more paving around the grounds and less beds
on the beach and near the pool. Baby and sand do not mix!�'� The baby pool
be shaded too.�'� There...moaning over!
All in all I loved it and would recommend it to all.
Great Hotel - staff need some training !
We stayed at this hotel following our wedding at the Elephant Corridor. We were in a party of 6, one of who works in the travel business.
The hotel decor & facilities etc may be 5 star but the reception & restaurant staff could only be rated as 3 star (at best), Mediocre and expensive food, inability to split a bill between 3 rooms, forgotten orders ( every meal time) , staff more interested in chatting amongst them selves. After we complained the staff could only be described as fawning.
On checkout the bill took ages to prepare even though we had requested it to be done earlier as we had an early (4.00 am) departure - how many places still do this by hand !! Fire alarm went off twice in the early morning, no one came round to say false alarm.
The rooms are well furnished, had a look at a suite, it was beautiful with excellent facilities but very very expensive.
Could not fault the room staff.
The Beach is the Best
We stayed at The Beach for a week, following our tour of Sri Lanka. A wonderfully designed hotel in a fantastic location. The room was large with a shower room, a big bath and balcony. This was more than adequate but if you want something more special try one of the suites. These are fantastic. The pool and sunbed area are kept spotlessly clean, as is the beach. The meals are waiter service and are excellent. A good choice of international food together with excellent local curries. Our only complaint would be the limited choice of meals on the lunchtime menu and the fact that the restaurent staff seemed to be overstretched when there was a wedding and corporate event taking place at the same time. We would love to stay there again.
Try it - it won't disappoint!
Wow - what a hotel! After staying in The Lighthouse in Galle, we were looking forward to trying the newest 5* from Jetwing. Although it is a different type of hotel, we thought that it is almost on par. The style in which the hotel has been redone is lovely. The clean and minimalist look is very effective. This was the last hotel on our tour of Sri Lanka and we were surprised by the size of the room - huge! The bathrooms are well done with the great separate shower and a large dressing area. The view of the ocean from our balcony was fantastic and the sunsets were fabulous. It's nice that even though the hotel is new that it still offers the level of friendly service that we've found in many other Sri Lankan hotels. The food was really good - breakfast cooked to order as well as a buffet, the evening meals were delicious and beautifully presented. On our first evening there was a "cocktail party" in the reception area. It was a very nice introduction to the hotel, we were offered cocktails and delicious canap�s. It was also very nice of the general manager to introduce herself to all of the guests and have an informal chat. On our last evening we chose to have dinner in the fine dining restaurant. Very nice dining experience, I had a delicious king prawn curry.
I would not hesitate to recommend this hotel to anyone, it was lovely and we felt that it offered good value for money for the standard that it provided.
Wonderful!! I have just returned from a weeks stay at The Beach Hotel, Negombo. The hotel is straight onto the beach, more than enough sunbeds for all. The food was fantastic, breakfast cooked to order and first class evening meals. The service provided by all staff brillant, nothing was too much trouble, our waiter insisted in packing us a picnic to take to the airport, this was most welcome when we found we had a 4 hour delay. The rooms where minimal but luxorious. I had a third floor room and could lie in the bath and watch the sunset. The room was tended all day, with clean towels all the time and the bed laid with flowers each evening, you even have a morning paper delivered and afternoon snacks, all included in the price. Could go on forever about the plus points of this hotel but don't forget to support the local shops and restaurants, it is still really quiet in Negombo and they rely on the hotel bring in guests - there are also some very nice restaurants outside of the hotel, if you walk towards Negombo Town
Out of this world
We booked a last minute week at The Beach and were totally impressed. Service was fantastic as was the food and the beach. We had a beautiful room opening on to the pool and the beach. Flowers were arranged on our bed and floated in our bath. A wonderful romantic setting and sunsets to die for. Go now!
Fantastic !
Took a risk on this hotel, as the reviews of the Royal Oceanic leaved a lot to be desired, however ;
The Beach hotel, is quite simply wonderful ! We stayed there for a week on our return from Southern India and our every need was catered for. Having spent two nights in a standard room with a sea view - which in itself was marvellous, we decided to upgrade into one of the 3 suites. This made our holiday even better as the facilities in the room were excellent and we had a butler who was superb. Our only minor gripe was the airconditioning which was not as cool as it could have been but this was far outwieghed by the excellent service, beautiful decor and wonderful setting. I would not hesitate to take my family back to the Beach, and indeed plan to in the very near future. Having been fortunate to travel extensively, I would place this hotel in a similar category to the Maldives Hilton, but much, much cheaper !
Loved this hotel!
Spent the last night of a tour in Sri Lanka in The Beach and can't wait to go back. Just had to write a review after reading the only other one posted because it's definately different now!
In reception we were given cold towels and drinks by the friendly smiling staff before being taken to our room on the second floor. The room was big with white walls and dark furniture. It had air-conditioning, a ceiling fan, kingsize bed, mini bar, loads of wardrobe space, TV.
The bathroom had a large tub and the seperate shower had an old-style wide shower head with great power from it. The bathroom walls are glass (there are blinds though) and there was lots of toiletries. All rooms have large balconies overlooking the pool and Indian Ocean (ground floor ones have a terrace with steps down to lawn and the pool). The sunset was amazing.
As with the rest of the rest of hotel, the room and bathroom were spotless. It was the only hotel we stayed in Sri Lanka where a torch was provided in the room for powercuts, but it was also the only time we didn't need one!
There was a lifeboy on duty on the beach which was reassuring because the drag on the Indian Ocean was very powerful. We didn't have a problem with hawkers on the beach, a "no thanks" and we were left alone. Also swam in the pool in the evening and found it clean. There didn't seem to be mosquitoes while we were there.
We ate in the restaurant that night, our roomboy having kept us a specific table on the terrace. There was a choice between buffet or al carte menu.
The food, despite being catered to more Western tastes, was excellent, as was the service.
Because our early morning flight meant we would miss breakfast the hotel gave us a breakfast bag of coconut, banana and a sandwich - not the most appetising, but appreciated all the same.
I can't comment on facilities outside the hotel as we only had one night in the hotel,
Exciting experience
The first time we experienced electricty shortage during my vacation was at this hotel. We stayed for two nights at the hotel. On the first night, there was no electricty for about an hour (which meant no air conditioning in hot and humid weather). We changed the room the other day but the room was near some sorts of noisy hotel facilities (like a water filtering system) though we managed to sleep well (as the room was specially equipped with double doors to filter the noise). The mosquitos was also a problem. The room was big with a King size bed and interesting local decoration but the toilet and bathroom facilities were unaccpetable. However, during the day, the hotel looked surprisingly lovely with its excellent beachfront location. The various pools were also attractive, though a bit dirty and small. The reception area was quite big and commanded excellent sea view. The food and the service were average. But one cannot expect too much for the cheap price paid.
TripAdvisor Reviews Trans-Siberian Hostel Moscow
Travel Blogs from Negombo
Nearing the end in Negombo
... It was a building site! Maybe he got it wrong. Maybe not. Maybe I had got it wrong. We walked on in but there was no one around, apart from builders. Then, eventually, a little older gentleman appeared. He didn't speak a word of English and didn't seem to understand that I had made a booking. A few minutes later, an old lady appeared, who also spoke no English, and didn't know I had a booking. Eventually, they said they had rooms and they took us back ...
Ziegler Cottage & Muthurajawela Wetlands
... trees.
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Two boys were cycling across the canal. We called out to them and waved. I'm glad ...
Going to see the orphaned elephants-Easter Sunday
... 50am...quickest I have got ready thanks to getting all organised the night before and just needed a shower and feed before heading to Deck 5 ready to leave. We docked overnight at the Colombo Port and after the clearance from the Sri Lankan officials we were able to disembark at 6am to about 70 waiting buses all lined up ready to go to various day tours. We were also greeted by dancers and even an elephant (yes a real one). We found our bus (No. 3) and waited ...
Day 27-28... Negombo
We got up just after sunrise and went for a walk around the walls of the fort. It was cool and quiet, but things heated up quickly. Having completed the walk in an hr, we had a great coffee (the best so far) and breakfast. After checking out, we headed to the train station for an 11am train to Colombo. What followed was a hellish near 3hr train journey in an unreserved carriage. What this means is that if youre lucky enough to get a ...
Sri Lanka v England, One Day International
... as they say at the Guardian.
Nevermind, the hotel was cool and we only got marginally ripped off for a tuk-tuk all the way to the ground. All the way to the ground some three hours early. All the way to the ground in miserable looking drizzle (mizzle?). My heart was sinking with every raindrop.
Nevermind, again. We got to the ground along with a few other early birds and about a thousand Sri Lankan police. I ...


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USDA Guidelines
|Borrower Eligibility
|U.S. citizens
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|First time homebuyers allowed
|Non-occupant co-borrowers NOT allowed
|Commitment Fee
|USDA charges a 1% Commitment Fee
|Commitment Fee can be financed into the loan
|Downpayment Requirement
|No down payment is required
|If borrower has adequate liquid assets (i.e. 20% of the property purchase price) to obtain conventional financing the borrower may be ineligible for the USDA Rural Development Loan
|Eligible Properties
|Must be in an eligible USDA Rural Development Location
|Owner-occupied properties
|Existing attached & detached single family residences
|New construction with permanent financing only
|PUD's (i.e. Townhomes)
|Condo-units. HUD, VA, FNMA or FHLMC approved project
|Ineligible Properties
|Manufactured homes
|Log cabin homes
|Single Family Homes where the land value excess 30% of the appraised value and can be sub-dividend.
|Loan Amount
|Minimum loan amount: $80,000. (Note, this is an internal lender guideline. The USDA Loan program has no minimum loan amount guideline. If you are purchasing a house with a price less than $80,000 contact other lenders to determine if they will service your mortgage requirements.)
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|Maximum Income Amount
|County specific. Reference the USDA website for adjusted household income limits
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|Maximum loan-to-value is 101.01%
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|Middle Credit Score - 640 for each applicant for GUS automated underwritting approval
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Attorneys & StaffMcNaul Ebel has assembled a team of diverse professionals which brings a wealth of cultural, educational and employment backgrounds to the firm. Our attorneys are among Seattle's top practitioners in their respective areas, and have garnered exceptional reputations in the state and national legal communities as well.
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Healthcare providers in the market for an electronic health record system can prepare and plan for their purchase with a new guide released Monday by federal health officials.
A recent $35.5 million pledge from Massachusetts lawmakers to boost wages in nursing homes may not apply to all nursing home workers, a possibility that's raising concerns among the officials and advocates who pushed for the additional funds.
A bill aimed at improving Medicare's accountable care organizations shows promise for its inclusion of pro-telehealth provisions, according to two healthcare groups.


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WILLIAMSPORT - It was close for awhile, and then it wasn't.
That is the way the Mifflin County-Wayne County game played out Sunday in the Pennsylvania 15-year-old Babe Ruth state tournament.
Mifflin County defeated Wayne County 15-4 in six innings. Mifflin County will close out its pool play today at 1 p.m. against defending state champion Bensalem.
Article Photos
Sentinel photo by KAREN VIBERT-KENNEDY
Mifflin County's Lucas McKay makes a throw to first base for an out during Saturday's game against West End at the 2012 Pennsylvania 15-year-old Babe Ruth Tournament at Logue Field in Williamsport.
The locals now are 2-1 and after Monday's game will have to wait to see how they stand - the single elimination part of the tournament doesn't start until Wednesday. Six of the nine teams in the tournament will advance.
Wayne County was its own worse enemy on Sunday as it committed nine errors. Six of those miscues led directly to Mifflin County runs. In fact, there wasn't an inning that Mifflin County scored that Wayne County didn't have an error.
But with all the miscues, the game was still close going into the top of the sixth as Mifflin County led only by four runs, 8-4.
Carter Spade led off the inning with a single and then stole second and landed at third on a throwing error. Lucas McKay walked, before Drew Hannon hit a pop foul ball to the Wayne County first baseman.
Then Mifflin County manager Bernie Howard, decided to play small ball as Jared Michaels tapped a squeeze bunt that scored Spade.
After that play Mifflin County got six straight batters on base before the final out. By then the score was 15-4.
"We took advantage of their errors," Howard said. "Isn't it funny how when we executed the squeeze bunt that it was such a big play and by the end of the inning we had obliviated the scoreboard."
The fourth inning wasn't the only time that Mifflin County came up with a two-out rally. In the second, after Wayne County had turned a double play, Mifflin County scored four times.
Hunter Shuff doubled and Blaise Roush was hit by a pitch. Jacob Walters singled Shuff home. Hunter Walker was then hit by a pitch to load the bases and Max Remy hit a ball to third, where it was thrown away for a three-base error.
Mifflin County added two more runs in the third. McKay opened the inning by reached on an error. After two out, Mifflin County again scored.
Shuff knocked home McKay with a single and then he stole second and third and scored when the Wayne County catcher threw the ball away at third base.
In the fifth, Mifflin County scored twice as Hannon singled, stole second and scored when Roush reached on an error. Walker later drove home Roush with a base hit.
Shuff got the win as he pitched the first four innings. He struck out three, walked two and gave up eight hits and four runs. Nate Koller closed out the game for Mifflin County with two scoreless innings. He walked three and gave up one hit.
Mifflin County came up with two double plays as Remy and McKay turned two 4-6-3 twin killings.
Another defensive gem came from Jacob Walters, who made an outstanding diving catch in center field to end the second inning.
West End 6, Mifflin County 1
WILLIAMSPORT - Somehow, the score column turned dry.
At the Babe Ruth 15-year-old state tournament on Saturday, Mifflin County turned riches into rags as it fell to rugged West End, 6-1. Actually, Mifflin County played quite well - it just wasn't the 33-run performance the team notched to open the nine-team pool play portion of the tournament at Williamsport's Logue Field.
Except for Saturday's fifth inning, the game between the old rivals could have gone either way. West End opened with a solo run in the top of the first, then exploded for five runs as it sent 10 to the plate in the fifth.
Mifflin County continued the fight with Dakotah Schlegel and Hunter Walker smacking back-to-back singles in the bottom of the seventh with Max Remy driving home the only run.
"I guess we left our offense back home for a game," Mifflin County manager Bernie Howard said. "But it was a very well-played game and a lot closer than the score indicated. Sometimes things just don't go your way."
"That was a great game between two friendly rivals and two class organizations," West End manager Scott Niklaus said.
Blaise Roush, Mifflin County's lanky lefty, was locked in an intense pitcher's duel with David Sanders until a triple by Ian Dinsmore broke it open.
"My curve was really working today," said Sanders, who had thrown a complete-game, no-hit shutout when West End swept its district.
"We knew they were good," Roush said. "But we were confident until the end."
Mifflin County finished with five hits off Sanders and reliever Bradley Walter, including a double by Lucas McKay. Carter Spade and Jacob Walters also had singles.
Indeed, the slugging output was sparse compared to the 30 hits Mifflin County strung together in Thursday's 33-2 hammering of Brandywine. What wasn't missing for Mifflin County was yet another stellar defensive effort that included gems by McKay at short, Spade in right, and Drew Hannon at first.
"You have to respect them because they're a really good team," said Dinsmore, the West End second sacker. "But we played fantastic."
Of course, the two could possibly meet again as the top six teams advance to elimination play, which begins Wednesday.


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ALL environmental systems — whether humans and the environment, alien plants and existing ecosystems, or barnacle larvae and ocean currents — are connected.
This is the message from three academics in different departments at Rhodes University.
The aim of Prof Martin Hill, head of entomology, is to reduce the quantity of pesticides and herbicides used in the country.
"In 2010, more than $50bn (was spent globally) on pesticides. We are looking at alternative control methods." One method is biological control, particularly on alien plants and aquatic weeds.
"We do good, fundamental science on applied systems, and then implement it," he says. Once the alien plant (or animal) has been characterised, "we go to the region of origin, find out what (creature or predator) is controlling it there, bring it back here, do stringent testing and then release it".
However, "we've taken it a step further … (we are) developing fungi and viruses…. There is no non-target effect; they are specific to a pest species," Prof Hill says.
Prof Charlie Shackleton, head of the environmental science department, investigates the "links between humans and the environment" — the use of natural resources, poverty dynamics and how the environment shapes what humans can do.
"The harvesting of numerous natural resources provides consumptive products for millions of poor South Africans, as well as income for equally significant numbers. Consumption of and trade in these resources is the very mainstay of their wellbeing and crucial in preventing deeper poverty levels," Prof Shackleton writes in a 2009 commentary in the South African Journal of Science.
"Wild foods — veggies, mushrooms, small mammals — are widely consumed," he says in his office at Rhodes. He is studying the nutrient content, the effects of preparation techniques and the percentage contribution to diets.
"There is a balance towards applied science, but there doesn't have to be," he says, noting that there has been a groundswell in the theory of socioeconomic systems in the past decade. "There are debates about the governance of resources that are held in common and … (can be) trashed by exploitation (by) the masses."
Marine biologist and research chair into marine ecosystems Prof Christopher McQuaid says he is a strong believer in the importance of fundamental research: "Applied (science) pertains to a particular problem at a particular point in time and space…. I do blue-skies science, but it almost always has an application."
For example, an understanding of reproduction in the sea is intrinsic to conservation efforts. "Most (creatures in the sea) have external fertilisation. Where is it going to land? Shores are full of barnacles, but we have no idea about reproduction. Understanding the movement of larvae is fundamental," Prof McQuaid says.
He is unequivocal about the link between humans and the environment. "We are just another species. We can't divorce ourselves from the environment".