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All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
This article tries to cover all about Arrays like from it's definition till it's usage using a single dimension.
An array is a built-in Data Structure that holds a sequence of variables of same data type, that are stored in a contiguous memory locations.
Some characteristics about Arrays
Declaration of an Array
Declaration of an array takes data_type of the elements to be stored, variable name followed by the size of the array wrapped within square brackets as below:
data_type variableNameOfArray[no_elements]
For Example:
int employee[5] = {10,20,30,40,50};
where employee is the name of a single dimensional array variable, that can hold 5 variables of integer type. So, the number 5 indicates the size of the array employee.
Where "0", "1", "2", "3", "4" shows the indices of the array employee. Any element of an Array, can be accessed by using it's respective index inside [] as below:
printf("%d", employee[2]);
This will access and print the 3rd element i.e. 30 of the Array employee.
Array Initialization
We can Initilize an Array when it is declared. Initializers are constant values/expressions seperated by a comma and enclosed within flower braces {} as below:
dataType variableNameOfArray[no_elements] = {values}
int employee[5] = {120, 121, 122, 123, 124};
As a convinience, if you leave out the size of the array, it creates it with the exact size to hold that number of initial values.
int employee[] = {120, 121, 122, 123, 124};
The elements in the aggregate that are not given initilizers are default initialized according to their data type.
The code
Code: Cpp
In this code, only the array index 0 and 1 are initilized with values 1 & 2, whereas rest of the elements in the array will be initilized with zeros.
Also, We can initialize all the elements of an integer Array with 0 value by assigning with empty {} as below:
int array[5] = {};
Array Initilization in a class
Arrays are always initilized outside the class. Usually static const data types are initilized inside the class declaration, but, static const Arrays are also initilized outside the class declaration as below:
The code
Code: Cpp
Size of an Array
Irrespective of whether an Array is initialized or not, the size of an Array is nothing but ;
sizeOf(dataType of the element) * arraySize.
The code
Code: Cpp
The above code also confirms that by default array elements are not initilized.
Arrays and References
We cannot have an Array of references. Whereas we can have an Reference to an Array as an argument to a function.
The code
Code: Cpp
Pointer Arithmetic and Arrays
Address to a first element of an Array is nothing but Array name itself and it is a pointer of it's element type or Array type. Adding 1 to this pointer, gives the address of the next element in the Array. It means, it adds with 1*sizeOf(elementDataType) to the base address of the array.
For Example:
Code: Cpp
Results the content of second element i.e. "20". array+1 adds (1*4) to the base address i.e. array and gives the content of that address. Where 4 is size of an int nothing but size of an element of array here!!
In other way we can say
array or array+0 ----> &array[0]
*array -----> array[0]
array+1 ------> &array[1]
*(array+1) -----> array[1]
array+i --------> & array[i]
*(array+i) ------> array[i]
Same way, we can as well do subtraction here.
By seeing these examples, we can say that array behaves like a pointer, but really it is not. As we cannot assign values to it as below:
Code: Cpp
But however we can assign an array name to a pointer as below:
Code: Cpp
Static and Dynamic Array allocation
int employee[5];
When an Array is declared like above, the memory is allocated for all the elements of it and it will be there till the life time of the program. This is called as Static Array allocation. So, here the developer knows in advance the size of the Array at compile time itself.
In case, if the developer does not know the Array size at compile time, then Array can be alllocaed at run time as well. This is called as Dynamic Allocation of an Array.
For Example:
The code
Code: Cpp
Arrays of Characters
Arrays of characters are special, as we can Initialize the Array using string literals as below:
char array[8]= {'M', 'r', 'i', 'd', 'u', 'l', 'a'}
char array[8]= "Mridula";
Here we can see that Mridula can be Initized as a string !!
Also, if some of the elements in character Arrays are not given initizers, then they will be initilized with NULL or '\0' character.As like initeger Arrays, character arrays are also can be initilized with NULL character just by assigning them with {} as below.
char array[8] = {};
Otherwise, by Default, it will be initilized with some junk characters.
Array as an Argument to a function
A function can receive Array as an argument with any of the below forms:
But always an array name that as a function argument is converted to a pointer to the start of array, at compile time itself, by the compiler. So any reference to that array inside the function is treated as a pointer reference.
For Example:
Code: Cpp
If we see the above code snippets, array when it is passed as an argument to a function, can be assigned to another array as it is treated always as a pointer. Whereas we cannot do the same in main function, it would give compilation error, as we are trying to change the array name itself, which cannot be done.
Code: Cpp
The above code snippet confirms that array which is passed to as an argument to function, is treated as a pointer inside the function as the sizeof that argument results with sizeof a pointer and not sizeof the Array.
Also, by giving/sending a pointer to any intermediate element of an Array to a function, we can just pass the slice/last part of the array from that intermediate point.
For Example:
The code
Code: Cpp
Here ptr which is pointing to 2nd index of the array[4] is sent to func and so only 2nd and 3rd indices has been printed on accessing the array through ptr in function func.
Operations Done on Arrays
The bottom line: Arrays are nothing but collection of elements of same Data Type, having same identifer as Array name itself !!.
Re: All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
Stop use int in examples of array indexing! :-)
See: About size_t and ptrdiff_t
Re: All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
Nominate this article for Article of the month - Oct 2009
Re: All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
Start voting for this article for Article of the month - Oct 2009
Re: All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
Thanks to share this information.
Re: All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
Both your articles Part I and Part II on this topic are real good. They will surly help lot looking for help and understanding arrays.
Re: All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
many thanks!!
Re: All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
Thankiossk Cool!
Re: All about Arrays in C/C++ - Part I
its amazing ,but i don't understanding about arrays. i'am begineer..how can i easily understand about arrays..reply must anybody..i'am very curiosity know about c++..
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CONFERENCE SAMPLE TOPICS TO BE COVERED [but not limited to]:
5th Annual Conference on the Americas Abstract Submission Deadline:
March 10, 2002
We also encourage graduate and undergraduate student participation and
presentation. If you have exceptional papers written by students which you wish to recommend for presentation, please urge him/her to submit an abstract. In addition to faculty presentations, at least two graduate and two undergraduate panels will be scheduled.
Conference Site:
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For information please email: Dr. Lynn Fedeli at email@example.com OR email Dr. Jeanne L. Jensen, Co-Chair at email@example.com
Conference Sponsors: Americas World Council and the Office of
International Education, University System of Georgia.

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text:
A Review of Aggregate and Asphalt Mixture Specific Gravity Measurements and Their Impacts on Asphalt Mix Design Properties and Mix Acceptance
Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted HMA Specimens
Standard Test Methods
The standard test methods for determining Gmb of compacted HMA specimens are AASHTO T 166 and ASTM D 2726. The latter differs from the AASHTO standard principally with regard to its precision statement. Both methods calculate the specific gravity of the sample based on the fundamental density equation, mass over volume. It is therefore important that both dry mass and volume of a specimen be accurately determined. These methods base the determination of the volume of a compacted HMA specimen on Archimedes' principle which equates the buoyant force of an object submerged in water to the volume of water displaced by the object. The problem with this technique is that for specimens with large permeable voids, such as with coarse-graded, gap-graded, or open-graded mixtures, some of the water that enters the permeable voids when the specimen is submerged in water drains out of the specimen when the specimen is removed from the water bath and the surface water dried with a damp towel. The problem is amplified when the air voids in a specimen are interconnected or surface connected, which is often the case with field cores and laboratory performance test specimens compacted to target initial relative densities expected to occur in the field. The result of the water drainage is an error in the SSD mass and thereby the volume determination of the specimen. Consequently, a higher specific gravity value than what the specimen actually has is determined.
Current test methods provide an approach to reducing this error by requiring that specimens with water absorption of above two percent be sealed for testing. For T 166, the method cited for sealing is the paraffin coating method, AASHTO T 275. The ASTM method allows either the parafilm method, D 1188, or the vacuum sealing method, D 6752, when the water absorption exceeds two percent. It is not known why the two percent limit was selected, but is speculated that this limit was determined for Marshall mixes which were typically fine-graded.
Note that the definition of fine-graded and coarse-graded is provided in AASHTO M 323-07, Section 6.1.3.
Precision Estimates of Standard Test Methods
As noted above, the precision information from the AASHTO and ASTM methods are different. The AASHTO method, T 166, only includes repeatability information: "Duplicate specific gravity results by the same operator should not be considered suspect unless they differ more than 0.02."
The precision information for ASTM D 2726 is based on a study conducted by AMRL (2) involving 6-inch (150-mm) laboratory compacted specimens with approximately 4.5 percent air voids. The study included a fine-graded 12.5-mm and a coarse-graded 19.0-mm nominal maximum aggregate size mixture (NMAS) both containing aggregate with less than 1.0% water absorption. The precision estimates from D 2726 are shown in Table 13 and indicate that the method is less repeatable (i.e. higher within-lab precision) for the coarse-graded specimens compared to fine-graded specimens. Potential sources of variation for the SSD method discussed by AMRL include differences in the dampness of the towel used to blot the surface of the specimen, temperature of the water bath, and differences in the interpretations for achieving the SSD condition as quickly as possible.
|Standard Deviation (1s)
|Acceptable Range of Two Results (d2s)
|Single Operator Precision:
|12.5-mm NMAS (fine-graded)
|19.0-mm NMAS (coarse-graded)
|Multilaboratory Precision:
|12.5-mm NMAS (fine-graded)
|19.0-mm NMAS (coarse-graded)
NCHRP Project 9-26 (11) recently completed a significant study that evaluated the precision estimates for Gmb. The study involved more than 22 laboratories that compacted specimens to 100 gyrations in the Superpave Gyratory Compactor in accordance with AASHTO T 312 then tested the compacted specimens in accordance with AASHTO T 166 and ASTM D 6752 (the vacuum sealing method). Materials variables included two aggregate types (low and high absorption) and two NMAS mixtures. The findings of this study were those mixtures with different NMAS and those containing high and low absorptive aggregate yielded similar precision estimates for Gmb. This study recommended the precision estimates shown in Table 14 for AASHTO T 166.
|Standard Deviation (1s)
|Acceptable Range of Two Results (d2s)
|Single Operator Precision
|Multilaboratory Precision:
Alternatives to Standard Test Methods
Several alternative methods available for determining Gmb are listed in Table 15 with their associated advantages and disadvantages.
Several studies have been conducted over the past seven years comparing T 166 to alternate methods for determining Gmb. Many of the studies were sparked by the development of the CoreLok device which is used to vacuum seal compacted specimens in a special plastic bag for a more accurate volume determination when the specimen has interconnected voids.
Buchanan (13) compared AASHTO T 166 with the vacuum sealing method, the parafilm method, and dimensional volume technique. The experimental plan included specimens compacted in the laboratory with an SGC to yield a range of air void contents. Mixture types included coarse- and fine-graded Superpave mixtures, SMA mixtures, and open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixtures. After the Gmb determination was made on the SGC specimens with the four methods, the specimens were saw cut into cube shapes and the Gmb determinations were made again. The study concluded that the vacuum sealing method and AASHTO T 166 provided similar results for fine- and coarse-graded mixtures, but that the two methods gave different results for SMA and OGFC specimens. For these mixes, air void contents with the vacuum sealing method were higher. A good relationship was found between percent water absorbed in the specimens and the air void difference between the two methods. Buchanan also concluded that significant errors can result even when the water absorbed is less than two percent. The final conclusion was that the vacuum sealing method appeared to most accurately measure the Gmb of all specimens regardless of gradation, aggregate type, or compaction level.
|AASHTO &/or ASTM Designation
|Paraffin Coating
|Vacuum Sealing
|Gamma Radiation (Troxler)
|Dimensional measurement
|T 269, paragraph 6.2
|Rapid Water Displacement (Gilson SG-4)
Hall, et al. (14) conducted a variability analysis for Gmb determinations using AASHTO T 166, dimensional analysis, and the vacuum sealing method. Field produced Superpave mixtures were collected and compacted in an SGC using between 75 and 129 gyrations according to the mix designs for the field projects. Statistical analyses found significant differences in Gmb results from AASHTO T 166 and the vacuum sealing method. The authors noted that substituting the Gmb results from the vacuum sealing method in place of the results from AASHTO T 166 would increase the calculated air voids from 0.36 to 0.9 percent, and increase VMA from 0.31 to 0.79 percent for the mixtures in the study. Multi-operator variability was also examined. Compared to AASHTO T 166, the vacuum sealing method was found to be less variable for 82 percent of the specimens. Hall et al. concluded that the vacuum sealing method was a viable alternative for determining Gmb. However, agencies were cautioned to consider the shift in Gmb results on calculated mix properties.
Malpass and Khosla (15) evaluated a prototype gamma ray device for determining Gmb and compared the results from this method to those obtained using T 166, the parafilm method, and dimensional analysis. An analysis of variance showed that statistically different Gmb results were obtained among the four methods. It was observed that for mixtures with larger maximum aggregate size and higher air voids contents, the differences between results from the gamma ray device and AASHTO T 166 were greater. Conversely, for specimens with low air voids and smoother surface textures, the Gmb results from these two methods were similar. The authors explained that the Gmb results from AASHTO T 166 were erroneous for coarser, high void specimens due to inaccurate sample volumes caused by the SSD determination. Analysis also showed that the gamma ray method was the least repeatable, followed by AASHTO T 166, parafilm, and dimensional analysis.
Cooley, et al. (16) conducted an interlaboratory study to compare test method precision (single operator and multi-lab) of AASHTO T 166 with the vacuum sealing method. Eighteen laboratories participated in the study. Laboratory molded SGC specimens were made at the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) and sent to the participating labs. Sample variables were gradation (three levels) and compactive effort (three levels, which yielded essentially three levels of relative density). Results clearly showed that average Gmb results from the two methods were similar for fine-graded specimens, but that AASHTO T 166 yielded significantly higher results for coarse-graded and SMA specimens. The initial analysis showed that a small number of data points were questionable and the investigation found that some problems could be traced back to the specimen fabrication process and discrepancies of sample masses for a few labs. With the explained outliers removed, the statistical analysis indicated that the vacuum sealing method was less precise than AASHTO T166 in most cases. The higher within lab and multilaboratory variability for the vacuum sealing method were attributed to operator inexperience with this method and leaks in the bags (Note that the current vacuum sealing method uses a tougher, better sealing bag). The report discusses at length the precision information provided in AASHTO T 166 and ASTM D 2726 and how they compared with their results. The authors found that their precision results closely matched those from ASTM D 2726 and indicated that the AASHTO precision limits may not be valid. The findings suggest that the vacuum sealing method be used for coarse-graded mixtures when the sample has more than 0.4 percent water absorption. However, for practical purposes, they recommended the vacuum sealing method be used for determining Gmb of all coarse-graded mixtures, including all laboratory molded and field compacted (cored) specimens.
Brown et al. (17) also examined four methods of determining Gmb as part of a larger study. They compared AASHTO T 166, the vacuum sealing method, the gamma ray method, and dimensional analysis. In addition to the four test methods, other experimental variables included field cores, lab molded specimens compacted to three levels of gyration, four gradations, three NMAS, and two aggregate types. Differences among Gmb results with the four methods were found to be statistically significant. Differences between AASHTO T 166 and the vacuum sealing method were small for fine-graded, small NMAS (9.5-mm) mixtures and other mixtures with very low water absorption values. The authors recommended that the water absorption limit for AASHTO T 166 be reduced from two percent to one percent. Although the results suggest that this limit be set even lower, they reasoned that doing so would essentially preclude the use of AASHTO T 166 for most roadway cores. The authors also recommended the vacuum sealing method add a step to reweigh the sample after determining the submerged weight to check for bag leaks. They also advocated a small correction factor of -0.2 percent air voids when using the vacuum sealing method.
Williams (18) evaluated four methods for measuring Gmb, including the T 166, vacuum sealing, dimensional, and gamma ray method using coarse-graded 25.0- and 37.5-mm mixtures compacted to approximately 2, 4, and 7 percent air voids. The results indicated that four methods produced statistically different Gmb results. In addition, T166 had the lowest levels of variability, followed by the vacuum sealing method.
In recently completed NCHRP Project 9-26 (11), a significant part of the study evaluated the precision estimates for Gmb using ASTM D 6752 (the vacuum sealing method). The findings of this study were those mixtures with different NMAS and those containing high and low absorptive aggregate yielded similar precision estimates for Gmb. This study recommended the precision estimates shown in Table 16 for ASTM D 6752. These are greater than the recommended precision estimates for AASHTO T 166 (see Table 14).
|Standard Deviation (1s)
|Acceptable Range of Two Results (d2s)
|Single Operator Precision
|Multilaboratory Precision:
In summary, it has been reported in the existing literature that significant differences in measured Gmb using different test methods exist. These differences are more pronounced for coarse-graded HMA mixtures. AASHTO T 166 exhibited the smallest level of variability, followed by the CoreLok, then dimensional method, and finally the gamma ray device.


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Warren Nelson and Friends
Warren Nelson is the Father of Lake Superior Big Top Chautauqua and the writer or co-writer of some of our most beloved original productions and compositions. He stood as the ringmaster of the canvas tent show for nearly 25 years. Warren returns to the Big Top stage for a grand night of music and memories by the self-proclaimed "Song and Chance Man." His original songs still resonate from the tent at the hands of the BCO including "Autumn Fancy," "Riding the Wind." "Keeper of the Light" and "Over to Old LaPointe." Warren released a memoir in 2012 entitled "Ballyhoo! Back Stage Big Top" and his latest album "Song in My Hat" was also released in 2012. His latest production "Take Me To The Islands" hits the stage this summer.
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Dr. Minix does not listen to his patients and he talks over them. During the examination he used a bright light in my eyes. Then he turned on the overhead lights and started explaining the model of an eye to me. I told him several times that I could not see the model bc my eyes could not focus bc of the light and he would have to let my eyes adjust before I could see the model. I told him I had many allergies and he said he wanted to see my list. I told him that I did not have the list but if he told me what he was going to use in my eyes I could tell him if I was allergic to the medicine. He just continued to say that he needed to see the list, he needed to see the list. He was yelling so loudly that staff walked into the room to ask if everything was alright. I told staff it was not and she walked out of the room. He was extremely rude to me. I do not think that it is very professional or respectful to yell at a patient. I would never recommend anyone to go to him. No wonder he is accepting new patients. One visit with him and you will not return.


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Body Follows Eyes
You're speeding towards an obstacle while skiing or perhaps riding a bike. You have to react quickly to avoid it.
You feel comfortable with your equipment. You may be taking greater risks than before. There are rocks, trees, people and other things that you don't want to run into or over.
It's exciting to go fast.
It's dangerous to go fast.
Don't look directly at the obstacle. Focus on the path around the obstacle. Focus on the solution, not on the problem.
You are more able to avoid crashing.
Moving your eyes to look away from an obstacle triggers a subconscious reflex which causes your whole body to adjust. (I can't prove this, it just feels right).
This was explained to
by an expert rider during Motocross practice.
A friend has been teaching me how to ride an old Honda 480. He's got a whole language that he applies subconsciously while racing, and several of these have parallels to Downhill Skiing patterns I'm familiar with. One of my favorites is TryNotToThinkAboutWhatYouAreDoing
, which is superbly described as
. --
There were several articles about this in Cycle World in the period 1978 through 1982, the only trace I can find of this on the web is at
under the heading
Look where you want to go
From what I dimly remember about the articles there were some interesting accident anecdotes, possibly UrbanLegends
about vehicle hitting the only tree by the side of a long straight road. The explanation was that on a featureless road your eyes get drawn to the only feature and as they say
Also for followers of counter intuitive system actions, the same place has a reference to
A great example is gymnastics. Not only does
, but body often follows other parts of the body as well, depending on the trick. For example, in a back tuck (backwards flip), one of the most important idea is to swing your arms up and back over your head (called "setting") to allow them to help carry you up and backwards The whole point is that there is always some small part of your body that can cause the other parts to follow it. I'm not an expert in martial arts, but I'm sure that we can get some great examples from those as well. -- James Clover
also applies in horse riding. I have been instructed numerous times that the horse will go where I am looking. Therefore, to train myself to look where I want to go, not to look at what I want to avoid (guess where the horse goes?). - -
I'm just out of what for lack of a better translation I will call a workshop (2-day) in 'extreme driving'. This is a safety-oriented workshop for car drivers, with lots of hands-on exercises, the point of which boils down to : if you find yourself in an emergency situation, you've screwed up. The best way is to observe your driving environment at all times and always keep an eye out for difficult situations so you will be able to avoid them. Since
only takes about ten seconds to spell out, the way they hammer it home is by having you drive under (simulated) extreme conditions : emergency stops, loss of control, etc. When you fail for the Nth time to make a 45-meter stop at 70mph, you start to get the point.
But what really drove the lesson home for me was the 'icy road' sim car exercise. (This is a car with the rear wheels mounted on freewheel plates.) You have almost no control. The only way you can get anywhere is by locking your eye on where you want to go; as the car swings this way and that, your hands follow your eyes, the wheel follows your hands, and the car follows the wheel. If you look elsewhere - even for an instant - such as an obstacle in your way, you're done for. You will head straight for the obstacle.
There's of course nothing magical about it - it does take work, and even conscious thought at first, to make your hands 'follow' your eyes. It would just appear that looking one way (at the obstacle) and steering another 4(wherever you want to go) is a contradiction your brain can't resolve under stress.
Here's another direction for this. I'm a dog lover, and so I like walking dogs. When you're walking a dog, if you walk where you want, your dog goes in the same direction, even if he pauses to look at an exceedingly interesting blade of grass. As you're focused on the goal, he'll follow along because he doesn't really have a goal. This implies that you have a goal, and you're ahead of him. If he leads you, you go where the dog goes.
The most interesting thing that I've noticed is this: when you look at the dog while you're walking, he looks at you, and sometimes bumps into you. When you look at him when he wanders, he continues his interest in the absolutely unimportant thing (in your mind) that he is studying.
I think that this has implications for team management, and also hints about why team leaders or coaches have more direct impact on productivity than higher-level managers. Team leaders tend to work by pairing on a rotating basis on harder problems. They focus on the goal and not on the programmer. Higher-level managers tend to feel that their team has to be constantly studied and I think that produces unpredictable results, something similar to the programmer also watching the manager, and the programmer ignoring the manager and studying at the very interesting but completely inappropriate language or runtime environment. --
In most martial arts this effect is seen as dangerous as the reflex gives away too much information. So funnily enough one trains to never explicitly focus the eyes. This forces one to use mechanical "flinch" responses which are significantly faster. Boxers develop the same skills to a very high degree.
In martial arts, I was taughted to not to look where I want to hit. Funny results at the beginning. --
The same principle applies to less-athletic pursuits than those described above. You type faster when you don't look at the keyboard or at the output. You play video games better when you don't think about the controller. You play music better when you don't have to look at the placement of your fingers on the instrument.
Football (American) players are taught to focus on the ball carrier's hips rather than his eyes, because eyes may lie, but hips never will.
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Five reasons to walk more
A year or two ago, everyone was talking about the "10,000 steps a day" target – walking 10,000 steps each day (about five miles) is supposed to be great for your health.
But it's easy to wonder whether walking's really worth it – after all, the latest government exercise guidelines recommend that we do "Thirty minutes of moderate exercise, five days a week". You have to be walking fairly briskly for it to count as "moderate".
Despite this, walking is one of the best exercises for many busy office workers, and here's the five reasons why…
1. Walking has real physical benefits
The Ramblers say that:
Whether you want to walk to improve your general health, to keep fit, to control your weight, or perhaps to recover from a period of ill-health, walking can help.
They list the results from a number of studies which show walking can:
- Reduce your risk of heart disease, stroke and cancer of the colon
- Lower your blood pressure (especially important for those of us in stressful jobs!)
- Reduce body fat and high cholesterol levels
- Increase bone density, to help prevent osteoporosis in later life
… and quite a bit more besides!
If you have a thirty minute walk twice a day, at a moderate pace of 3 mph (perhaps on your way to work and on your way home) you'll be burning up:
- 240 calories if you weigh 150lb (10 stone 10 lbs)
- 304 calories if you weigh 190lbs (13 stone 8 lbs)
- 416 calories if you weigh 260lbs (18 stone 8 lbs)
When you're dieting, and every calorie counts, burning an extra 250+ calories per day means losing an extra half a pound every week: definitely a bonus over the long term.
2. Walking is easy to fit into your day
One of the hardest things for many of us about exercise is simply fitting it in. It's not always convenient to get to the gym, due to the time commitment required (where you'll waste at least 20 minutes getting there and changing, and another 20-30 minutes showering and changing back afterwards) – you usually need at least a couple of hours free to make it worthwhile.
Walking, however, fits in easily. You could get your thirty minutes of walking twice a day by using some of these methods:
- Walking to work instead of getting the bus, if you live nearby … or getting off the tube or tram a couple of stops earlier and walking
- Nipping out of the office for a walk in your lunch-hour – even if it's just around the block a few times
- Going out for a post-dinner stroll with your partner in the evening
- Walking to the grocery store instead of driving (carrying those heavy bags back will help build your arm muscles – and burns a few extra calories!)
3. Walking is sociable
You can walk and talk – far more easily than you can hold a conversation on the treadmill, on the tennis court or in gym class. If you're someone who doesn't enjoy exercise for its own sake, the social aspects of walking make it an ideal activity. How about:
- Encouraging colleagues to join you on a lunch-time stroll around a local park
- Walking to work with an office mate, if anyone lives in the same direction as you
- Meeting a friend after work for a walk instead of a drink!
- Going out with your partner in the evening
- Taking your kids on a long ramble through local woodland at the weekend
- Inviting your mum, dad, aunt (etc…) on a walk instead of letting them ask you round for tea and cake
If you don't have anyone to walk with, you might want to look for local walking or rambling groups (here in London, lots of these meet in local parks). You might find that walking is a great way to meet some new friends.
4. Walking doesn't require any special kit
It's not just the time factor that can put you off going to the gym, but also the need to cart around your kit, trainers, towel and toiletries. One of the biggest advantages of walking, as opposed to other forms of exercise, is that you don't need any special kit.
Of course, comfortable shoes and clothing that you can take a good stride in (skirts can be quite restrictive) are a must – but you don't really need trainers and sports gear if you're only walking at a moderate pace for half an hour.
5. Walking saves you money
In these budget-conscious times, expensive health club memberships, regular personal training sessions and pricy gym classes are often luxuries that we have to cut back on. Walking is absolutely free – you don't need to fork out for kit, or for any fees, in order to walk.
You could even find yourself saving money – when you walk instead of getting the bus or train, or taking your car, you'll not be spending any money for transport.
BONUS reason 6: Walking will make you happier!
All forms of moderate to vigorous exercise make you feel less stressed, more relaxed and calmer – due to the "happy hormones" that flow around your body once you've been active for twenty minutes or so. But walking can have further mental health benefits:
- It's a great way to spend quality time chatting with loved ones. When you're out for a walk, you'll find that you have much more in-depth, meaningful, conversations than when you're both rushing around at home trying to get chores done.
- Walking lets you get away from it all. If you can, escape from your desk when things get stressful and take a ten-minute walk. It's a great way to get perspective and to calm down.
- You can explore the natural world around you whilst walking. It's easy to feel hemmed in by buildings and streets; try walking in the countryside, or around a big park nearby, and enjoy being amongst trees and treading on grass or soil instead of concrete.
Look at your diary for tomorrow – where can you fit in two thirty-minute walks? If you're really struggling to find a gap, why not get up half an hour earlier and go for a dawn walk before the rest of the world is awake? Whatever time of day you walk, make it an enjoyable break and something you'll want to fit into your schedule on a daily basis.
(Image above from Flickr by uhduh.)


text:
None wrote:
> On Thu, 30 Aug 2007 17:29:44 +0000, NoStop wrote:
>> xubunt6 wrote:
>>> NoStop wrote:
>>>> xubunt6 wrote:
>>>>> Hello,
>>>>> Under winxp you can select the keyboard: US-International to "get"
>>>>> accents on characters, by typing `e e.g. Or type codes like alt+xxx
>>>>> (haven't got the table)
>>>>> How do I get those things in linux, since I choose an US keyboard at
>>>>> installation ... ?
>>>> Don't know about KDE but with Gnome desktop, I can get them by using the
>>>> Right ALT key.
>>>> Right ALT ... ' ... e (hitting each key separartely) produces é
>>>> Cheers.
>>> Thanks, but:
+ ` + e or so activates (in mousepad and abiword) the
>>> menubar ...
>> OK, I had a typo above. The word should have been separately. In other
>> words, not your typical + which is a combination of the keys. This doesn't
>> work for you?
> In what program or shell does this work for you? Does not work in Konsole
> for me. Unless I misunderstand your instructions, ... tried several
> combinations ...
> é ü ÿ, and many others are available in GUI Ubuntu 704 with Character Map
> under the 'Latin script choice, Gucharmap 1.10.0. But I would also like to
> enter some non-standard English characters from the keyboard, if you would
> please kindly advise and inform. Thank you.
Thanks all.
Found something on internet, after quite a search:
To change keyboard layout "us" to "us international"
Run in shell: setxkbmap us -variant alt-intl
Run in shell to change back: setxkbmap us -variant ""
Works for me ...
you can change / add it in \x11\xorg.conf too, I suppose ...
"Xubuntu 6 just installed ..."


text:
That's right. Prom season is upon us. It's the time we start to remember our own good ol' days, as we send our kids off in a buttoned-up tux or flowing gown, or as we run into gaggles of fancied up high-schoolers at restaurants.
To get into the prom season spirit, we at PennLive have taken a chance. You may say we're weird. You may laugh at our high-school selves' puffy sleeves, bright tuxedos and big hair, but we're not afraid to put ourselves out there.
Now, here, for your very own enjoyment, we present to you a highly embarrassing photo gallery of PennLive staffers at their high school proms.
The gallery contains only photos from those brave enough to submit them. It spans proms for more than 40 years -- from 1971 to 2008.
So take a break and browse the gallery above. Fun is certainly in store.
Then, if we've got you feeling nostalgic, submit your own. Upload them via the form here, and select Prom 2013 from the gallery list. Please include in the caption the name(s) of the people pictured, the school's prom you were visiting, and the year.
You can also simply email your photos and caption information to me at firstname.lastname@example.com, and I'll get them uploaded for you. Share as many as you like -- the more the merrier!
Don't forget to watch PennLive.com in weeks to come for our coverage of this year's midstate proms. This weekend, we'll be covering proms at Trinity High School, Lower Dauphin High School and Harrisburg Academy. We'll bring you photo galleries from the events throughout the week.
You can always check out our full Prom 2013 coverage at PennLive.com/Prom.


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Cerebellum vital to the control of rapid muscular activities.
ex: speaking, running, typing, dancing.
*does not initiate the movement
Each hemisphere divided in 3 lobes:
Flocculonodular- consists of NODULUs and paired FLOCCULI
Both Direct and Indirect projections that ggo to spinals cord, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia
(Essential for learning skilled movements)
-Connects the Diencephalon to the Spinal Cord
- Control all brain ouptput; cardiac , respiratory,sensorimotor
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
SUPERIOR Structure from Dorsal view
- the CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA(superior &inferior colliculi)
- the floors of the 4TH ventricle
-and 3 cerebellar penducles.
Brainstem: INTERNALLY consists of ...
Cranial Nerve nuclei,
longitudinal fiber tracts, and the
Reticular formation
Modify, facilitate, and regulate all coritcal functions
Regulate swallowing; CN 5,7,9,10,12
actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle
RF involved with...
Cortical arousal, pain perception, regulate toncil modulation and act of spinal and cranial motor functions.
Brainstem- MIDBRAIN
- Link between the cerebral hemispheres and the peripheral and cranial sensory input systems.
-Contains all incoming sensory & outgoing motor fiber + important reticular and cranial nerve nuclei
-Generate neurotransmitters vital to regualte telencephalic, diencephalic, brainstem and spinal cord functions
Corpora Quadrigemina; 4 rounded elevations (tectum)
-2 Superior Colliculi= reflex control of eye movement, visual reflez and coordination of vestibular generated head & eye move(reflex eye control) searching, tracking
- 2 Inferior Colliculi= Mediate the transmission of auditory impluses from the ear to the thalamus and auditory cortex.
- (auditory transmission)
* 3 subdivisions of the midbrain:
1) tectum- orientation map for survival (roof) lens accomodation
2) tegmentum- contains cranial nerve nuclei, red nucleus, and reticular central gray region (central part)
3) basis pedunculi- consists of pes peduncili
Contain SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
the largest nucleus of the midbrain
-degeneration result in Parkinsons disease
Brainstem- PONS (metencephalic)
separated from midbrain by SUPERIOR PONTINE SULCUS.
and from medulla by INFERIOR PONTINE SULCUS .
- contain all DESCENDING (MOTOR) and ASCENDING (SENSORY) fibers
Major surface structures (4)
VENTRAL MEDIAN SULCUS- divides medulla in half!
PYRAMIDAL TRACT- carries motor info from motor cortex to spinal cord for skeletal muscles.
After motor fibers cross (from pyramidal tract) the midline, form..
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT; a motor pathway of the spinal cord
Internally 2 parts:
1) Tegmentum: contains serval nuclei (vital reflexes)
2) PYRAMID: contains descending motor fibers


text:
Editor's note: The Journal's annual Unsung Heroes feature, which runs each Monday from Memorial Day to Veteran's Day, profiles U.S. veterans who served in wars and conflicts from World War II to the present.
MARTINSBURG - For some, D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge are events that are only read about in history books.
For Ernest DeMasi, they were part of his life.
Article Photos
World War II Veteran Ernest DeMasi poses recently in his Martinsburg home with his family's two dogs. (Journal photo by Naomi Smoot)
DeMasi was working in West Virginia's coal mines when he was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1943. He recalled that he was given the option of deferring his enlistment for up to six months because of his job.
"Coal was pretty king at that time," he explained recently as he sat in his Martinsburg home.
DeMasi opted not to wait. He said it was mainly because two of his four brothers were already serving in the military. He gave up his post with the coal mine and headed from his home in Morgantown to Fort Meade, Md., where he received 13 weeks of basic training.
Soon he was in England, where he and his unit trained daily. DeMasi said he and his fellow soldiers took note of the fact that while they were working, other units seemed to spend their days playing sports. When one of his comrades asked why they weren't being permitted to do the same, they were informed that where they were going, there wasn't going to be any playing.
Where DeMasi was going, it turned out, was to some of the fiercest battles of World War II.
DeMasi said he was on a ship not far from England when a friend and fellow Morgantown native suggested that they head to the top of the vessel to see what was going on. When they got there, men were being ordered onto smaller craft. DeMasi and his friend ended up being among them.
"I asked if he was satisfied now that he got to see, and my buddy just laughed," DeMasi said with a chuckle.
They were headed for the beaches of Normandy. Of those who joined him in the U.S. invasion known as Operation Overlord, nearly 29,000 would die before it was over, and another 106,000 would be declared either wounded or missing.
Three thousand of those deaths would come within the first three hours of the invasion, he said.
"Some of them never even got out of their landing craft," he said.
The fire that they came under was intense, despite the fact that planes had bombed the area in preparation for the invasion.
"It was well-fortified, the hillside," he said. "None of 'em bombed on the beaches. They bombed ahead (of the site of the invasion)."
DeMasi himself was only 20 years old at the time, just having celebrated a birthday the month before. Though that fateful June day is now decades behind him, he remembers vividly the moment he landed and headed for the beach.
"When I got off, the water was up to my waist," he said.
Troops on the beach continued to fight their hardest against their German opposition. DeMasi said their break didn't come until those in charge decided to provide additional firepower by moving in larger military ships that had been positioned farther out to sea.
Even then the fighting wasn't over.
In all, the staff sergeant participated in campaigns in Normandy, Northern France, the Rhine, Ardennes and Central Europe, he said.
DeMasi joined the 2nd Armored Division as a gunner for a light tank. The unit, he said, was known as "Hell on Wheels." They earned their name.
The division was part of the Battle of the Bulge, pushing forward at such a fast pace that DeMasi said they surprised even Adolf Hitler. DeMasi was shocked as well.
"We got there so fast, I didn't know we were in Belgium," he said. "We went 100 miles in that snow and ice."
The battle raged on for days, starting on Dec. 23, 1944, and continuing through Dec. 28.
"They stopped us for one day. We got our Christmas meal, then we were back at it," he said.
The division proved successful as the battle raged on, eventually making its way to a city called Magdeburg, just six miles from the German capitol.
"Next stop would have been Berlin," he said. "Ike stopped us."
They stayed in their position for several months, he said. Finally, they were given the order to move forward, heading into Berlin and serving as guards as leaders from Russia, England and the United States hashed out the Potsdam Agreement.
The document was drafted following Germany's surrender to help divide Berlin's ownership among the three nations that were involved in the talks.
While in Berlin, DeMasi said others informed him that he could be among the first to leave once troops started heading home.
He explained that soldiers were sent back to the states on a point system. There was a point given for every month someone had been in the Army, and even more given for every month they had been overseas. DeMasi had been in the Army for nearly two years, and had been overseas for 19 months, he said.
Plus, he got points for the new baby that was waiting for him back home.
"I got 12 points because my wife had a son," he said.
He had yet to see or hold Ernest Jr.
His son wasn't the only treat that awaited him when he arrived back in the states though, he said.
DeMasi said that when he and his fellow soldiers got back on U.S. soil, they stayed briefly at a base in New York. While there, he said, they were given a buffet of all the steak they could eat. German prisoners fed them, he said.
Shortly thereafter, on Oct. 30, 1945, DeMasi was released from the Army. He headed home to Morgantown, where his family was living at the time.
"I just showed up at night. I didn't even tell 'em I was back in the States," he said.
It was after 10:30 p.m. when he arrived, and he said he could see his sister standing with her back to him in the window.
In an attempt to keep his homecoming a secret for as long as possible, DeMasi said he checked over the top of his parents' door, where his mother had once kept a spare key for him so he could get in the house when he came home late at night after working in the coal mines.
"Do you know that key was still there?" he said with a smile.
It wasn't long before the whole family had been awakened by his surprised sister, and they all knew that DeMasi had returned safely from some of the most intense battles of the war.
It was a day he sometimes thought he wouldn't see. Like many other soldiers, he said he had written letters telling his family what to do in the event that he died in combat.
For DeMasi, the letter's requests didn't need to be fulfilled.
"I told my dad, 'It's been a long time.' I said there were days I thought I'd never see this again," he said.
- Staff writer Naomi Smoot can be reached at (304) 725-6581, or email@example.com


text:
Click the link for daily surf reports presented by Nichols Surf Shop, 411 Flagler Ave., New Smyrna Beach
NEW SMYRNA BEACH – Four of the city's most established overnight accommodations were decked out in their finest holiday attire earlier this month for a bed and breakfast "Tour and Taste" as part of Historic Canal Street's wrap-up of Christmas on Canal. They included Night Swan B&B on South Riverside Drive, Kelsey's Riverview Inn on Flagler Avenue and The Longboard Inn and Nuns & Roses B& B, both on Washington Street.
Please click attachment to read NSB police patrols report:
(Sept. 5, 1929 - April 11, 2010)
Kenneth "Joe" Hill, age 80, of New Smyrna Beach, died from cancer Sunday, April 11, 2010 at Hospice of Volusia/Flagler, Edgewater. Funeral service will be 11:00 a.m. Friday, April 16, at Settle-Wilder Chapel, New Smyrna Beach, with Chaplain Mark Spivey, Hospice of Volusia/Flagler, officiating.


text:
Photos: High school football in Plano, Wylie, Murphy
Photo: Contributor photo by MAKENZIE BAKER
Wylie East sophomore Coy Tutt pushes his opponent back to protect senior quarterback Garrett McCain against Denison on Sept. 27. Wylie East lost 47-46. The team will faceoff against Wylie at 7:30 p.m. Friday.
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text:
5 Jobs That Only Exist to Make the Modern World Look Dumber
mu_mu_/iStock/Getty Images
In fairness, I am willing to presume the makers of the hamuketsu books are able to photograph other things and could therefore be considered simply "photographers." A photographer is a real job that I am OK with. In fact, there's a photographer out there named Felix Clay who must be a real wonderful and handsome fellow. Good for him! But that's not our concern for today because, arguably, the makers of the hamuketsu books could have retired right after making them, meaning their job was, specifically, hamster ass photographer, and that is something I cannot abide.
If the previous paragraph didn't give it away, hamuketsu is a Japanese term for hamster asses, and it exists because people have been making books filled with pictures of hamster asses. Do you know what people do with books filled with hamster asses? Nothing good, I'll tell you that. What could you possibly do with them? Look at them? Jack it? I have no idea, but there's no sane option.
How popular are hamster asses in Japan, you may ask? The answer is "for fuck's sake." Translated into non-exasperated English, over 40,000 copies have already been sold. Forty thousand Japanese people. That's like the entire city of Salem, Massachusetts, every man, woman, and child, owning a copy of a book that features nothing but photographs of hamster asses. And if you want to really have your mind blown, ask yourself if anyone wanted a book of hamster asses before it existed, or if this trailblazing hamster ass photographer start the trend on his own, simply by taking a picture one day of some hamster's ass, looking at it, and thinking, "Yeah ... yeah, this is it."
#1. Social Media Expert
Robert Churchill/iStock/Getty Images
I work for a company that has a social media expert, and I almost feel bad for him. Almost. Like the way you'd feel bad for someone who tried to dive off a cliff into the ocean but hit the rocks on the way down. It's unfortunate, but also, couldn't you see those rocks there, dumbass? Likewise, the social media expert chose to do this to himself. He chose to pretend he knows how to assist your business through the use of things like Facebook and Twitter. Fun fact: No one's business has ever been improved by Twitter. You hear me? No one. One person in a million found a way to make money off of Twitter, and that includes the people who invented Twitter.
And Facebook? No social media expert knows how to parlay Facebook into anything, because there's no such thing as a social media expert. You don't know what I want to see on Facebook, and do you know why? Because fuck you and fuck Facebook. I don't even have Facebook. And people who do have Facebook want to see hilarious cat pictures, or dumb criminals, or stories about Justin Bieber getting punched, or stories about orangutans, or memes, or recipes for maple fudge, or literally everything else on earth, because literally everyone else on earth, except me, is on Facebook, and no one has a goddamn clue what all of them want to see.
This is what a social media expert does -- they put a post on your Facebook page and see how many people interacted with it. Then they make another post. If more people interact with one post than the other, they try to replicate the more popular one. Was it a picture? We'll post more pictures. Was it a helpful story? We'll post more helpful stories. A marmot could do what a social media expert does, and they all know it. No one must live in as much fear as a social media expert because no one has done so little to get the word "expert" included in their title, all tenuously balanced on a stunning pile of virtual bullshit and a vague understanding of Pinterest.
Social media is a buzz term; you can tell because of how often the rest of the media use it. People and businesses have been convinced for the last few years that social media is of vital importance to their business and they have no idea why. And this in turn bred a whole league of people who are more than happy to get paid to assure you it will help your business and it will help even more if you hire them. And now look how you have 100,000 new Facebook friends. Isn't that great? I mean, they don't go to your store or order shit from you, but they like your page, so that's somehow not completely and utterly useless, right? No. No sir.
For more on employment options, check out 5 Jobs Everyone in the World Should Have at Some Point and The 6 Worst Jobs Ever (Were Done by Children).
The people who work these jobs need to know they're useless. Spread the word by clicking the Facebook 'share' button below.


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- MEDIA and COMMUNICATIONS: We are looking for persons interested in serving in video and audio production and operations. Media experience is desired, but not required. Training will be provided. Call 658.0459 or send email to email@example.com.
- GIVE EASY - GIVE ONLINE: Out of Town? Tired of writing checks? Want to make a special contribution? Making a donation (tithes or offering) online to Resurrection Ministries is secure and easy! Click here on (Online Giving) for more details.
- CAREER DEVELOPMENT MINISTRY: Want to improve your job search techniques, resume writing, interviewing skills, and more? Join the Career Development Adult Career Strategies Classes. For more information or to register click here on "CAREER STRATEGIES".
- YOUTH SPORTS: Interested in participating in an RBC Youth Sports activity? Please click here on RBC YOUTH SPORTS to register or contact Charles Gilmore at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- LEGAL REFERRAL: Legal referral services are available to Resurrection members on first Wednesday of each month at 6:30 pm. For more information email email@example.com or call church office at 658.0459.
- PRAYER & PENNIES: Need answers to financial questions, challenges, or just want to confirm that your finances are okay? Email: email@example.com or call church office for an appointment.
- GREETERS: Volunteers needed that are enthusiastic, positive, friendly, and have a passion to serve! Resurrection needs your help welcoming visitors and members. For more information, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com or call the church office.
At Resurrection Baptist Church, there are five areas that drive what we do. They are: "Connecting, Growing, Serving, Sharing, and Worshiping". By balancing our participation in these areas, we improve and expand our relationship with God. We deliberately employ these five areas as we live out God's plan for our lives. Want to know more about Resurrection Baptist Church, it's ministries, and what we do? Click any of the adjoining tabs or contact us (see contact info at bottom of this page). Click on "CONNECT" to see our ministry categories.
Connecting at Resurrection is about nurturing personal relationships. We believe that establishing a personal relationship with Christ is essential to growing a healthy relationship with each other. God created us to be social beings and to value the body of Christ. A few of our Connect-related ministries are listed below:
- Deacons
- Hospitality
- Decision Counselors
- Prayer
- more…….
Our Membership Champion is Deacon Robert Newsome, if you would like more information, please contact him at email@example.com.
Growing our relationship with God and with each other means employing innovative and engaging techniques. We help new believers quickly grasp biblical truths and encourage maturing believers to expand their spiritual growth. Teaching materials are informational, inspirational, age-appropriate, and transformational. Growth opportunities are available in the classes listed below:
- Leadership Training
- Evangelism
- Family Church School
- Next Step (formerly New Member Orientation)
- more…….
Our Maturity Champion is Deacon T. G. Snead. If you would like more information regarding classes/courses offered, please send an email to email@example.com.
At Resurrection, we "move people forward in faith", by serving the body of Christ. We do this by, helping you identify your calling for service and then matching your giftedness to operate in that service. We don't just assign people to where they desire to serve; we ensure they are prepared to serve by providing the proper training and resources. The following is a brief listing of areas available for you to Serve:
- Intimate Life (Couples)
- SALT (Seniors)
- Single Life (Singles)
- Women
- Men
- many more……
Our Ministry Champion is Min. Russell Freeman. If you would like more information regarding serving opportunities at Resurrection, please send an email to email@example.com.
Sharing at Resurrection starts with our friends and family, but ultimately extends outside our local walls. We are committed to demonstrating the love of Christ through strategic mission giving, hands-on mission teams, and mission ministry partnerships. We desire to be on the front edge of finishing the "Great Commission". The following are a few of our Share ministries:
- Feed the Homeless
- Habitat for Humanity
- Various Worldwide Missions
- Disaster Relief
- more….
Our Missions Champion is Min. Don Jeffreys. If you would like more information regarding Resurrection Missions, please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Worshiping God is central at Resurrection. More than just music, worship is the act of inviting the Holy Spirit into our midst and presenting God to the congregation in an enlarged way so that people may focus on Him. Resurrection encourages all members to use their talents, gifts, and abilities to enhance the Worship experience and to praise God in a variety of formats.
- Drama
- Fine Arts
- Music
If you would like more information regarding the Magnification ministry, please send an email to: firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: WSBT-TV: Organizing Your Kids' School Papers This is the segment from last week on how to organize your children's school papers. Hope you guys enjoy it! Published August 20, 2007 by: Amy Allen Clark is the founder of MomAdvice.com. You can read all about her here. Product Review: Silly Billyz Bibs Parenting Magazine Editors Share the Baby Must-Haves


text:
CERN Courier
Feb 24, 2014
LBNE prototype cryostat exceeds goals
Scientists and engineers working on the design of the particle detector for the Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) celebrated a major success in January. They showed that very large cryostats for liquid-argon-based neutrino detectors can be built using industry-standard technology normally employed for the storage of liquefied natural gas. The 35-tonne prototype system satisfies LBNE's stringent purity requirement on oxygen contamination in argon of less than 200 parts per trillion (ppt) – a level that the team could maintain stably.
The purity of liquid argon is crucial for the proposed LBNE time-projection chamber (TPC), which will feature wire planes that collect electrons from an approximately 3.5 m drift region. Oxygen and other electronegative impurities in the liquid can absorb ionization electrons created by charged particles emerging from neutrino interactions and prevent them from reaching the TPC's signal wires.
The test results were the outcome of the first phase of operating the LBNE prototype cryostat, which was built at Fermilab and features a membrane designed and supplied by the IHI Corporation of Japan. As part of the test, engineers cooled the system and filled the cryostat with liquid argon without prior evacuation. On 20 December, during a marathon 36 hour session, they cooled the membrane cryostat slowly and smoothly to 110 K, at which point they commenced the transfer of some 20,000 litres of liquid argon, maintained at about 89 K, from Fermilab's Liquid-Argon Purity Demonstrator to the 35 tonne cryostat. By the end of the session, the team was able to verify that the systems for purifying, recirculating and recondensing the argon were working properly.
The LBNE team then topped off the tank with an additional 6000 litres of liquid argon and began to determine the argon's purity by measuring the lifetime of ionization electrons travelling through the liquid, accelerated by an electric field of 60 V/cm. The measured electron lifetimes were between 2.5 and 3 ms – corresponding to an oxygen contamination approaching 100 ppt and nearly two times better than LBNE's minimum requirement of 1.5 ms.
The Phase II testing programme, scheduled to begin at the end of 2014, will focus on the performance of active TPC detector elements submerged in liquid argon. Construction of the LBNE experiment, which will look for CP violation in neutrino oscillations by examining a neutrino beam travelling 1300 km from Fermilab to the Sanford Underground Research Facility, could begin in 2016. More than 450 scientists from 85 institutions collaborate on LBNE.


text:
Most Viewed Celebs
Hottest Nude Celebs
Our poll
are the celebrities who will portray BELLA and EDWARD (kristen and robert) suit you?
Found us with
Twitter or RSS
Alex Andrea (4)Everson Griffen (4)Courtney Brown (4)Robaire Smith (2)Jahvid Best (4)Fred Robbins (0)Robert Meachem (2)Brandon Graham (4)Kyle Williams (1)Logan Mankins (2)Linda Ronstadt (0)Thad Luckinbill (2)Jerry Seinfeld (0)Nate Allen (0)Chris Reis (0)Anthony Armstrong (0)Glenn Dorsey (0)Jeremy Navarre (1)Kevin Alejandro (0)Ben Feldman (0)Trey Lewis (0)Jim Sorgi (1)Todd McClure (0)Alge Crumpler (0)William James (0)Brandon Marshall (0)Kamerion Wimbley (0)Stephen Williams (0)Jeron Mastrud (0)Shawn Lauvao (0)
Nude celebrities scenes Nomination
(CNN) -- The sea of signs and flags held with defiant pride may have said "31" -- but the history books will note that Juventus clinched a record-extending 29th Italian league title Sunday, with three matches to spare.
The "Calciopoli" match-fixing scandal which saw the club stripped of its 2005 and 2006 scudettos and relegated to Serie B still lo
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Los Angeles (CNN) -- Legendary pop singer Whitney Houston was found dead Saturday at a Beverly Hills, California, hotel, officials said. She was 48.
The entertainer, whose incredible talent was discovered at an early age, was pronounced dead at 3:55 p.m. (6:55 p.m. ET) at the Beverly Hilton hotel despite resuscitation efforts, a police spokesman s
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(CNN) -- A group of hackers in Germany says it has found a way to bypass the fingerprint-sensor security system on the new iPhone 5S.
The hackers claim they fooled the Touch ID biometric security of the iPhone 5S by photographing a fingerprint left on a glass surface and using the resulting image to create a fake "finger" which unlocked the phone.
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(CNN) -- Here's a look at what you need to know about rampage killings that have occurred in the U.S since the 1940s.
U.S. Timeline (selected only)
includes incidents on college and university campuses as well as places of worship and offices.
September 16, 2013 - Twelve people are killed inside the U.S. Navy Yard in Washington, DC. The
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(CNN) -- This year's summer movie season is all about asking "What if?"
As in, what if you had super powers and came from another planet? ("Man of Steel") What if the world came to an end and you were stuck at James Franco's house? ("This Is the End") Or what if you were pub-hopping during the end of days? ("The World's End")
How about if mankind
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text:
Medical Emergency Assistance that goes beyond travel insurance for all Members
Americans took 2.2 billion trips* for business and leisure in 2015. When traveling, it's critical to set up a solid back-up plan... to help you handle almost any crisis, particularly when you're away from home.
Emergency Assistance Plus (EA+) is a crucial safety net that helps you pay for emergencies your health and travel insurance generally will NOT cover. This includes:
Medical Evacuation
Medical Assistance
Travel Assistance
Assistance for Companions
*Trip is defined as one person on a trip away from home overnight in paid accomodations or on a day or overnight trip to places 50 miles or more (one-way) away from home. Data source = https://www.ustravel.org/answersheet. Accessed May 11, 2016.
What would you do if you or your family needed emergency medical transportation due to a heart attack, stroke or allergic reaction, or if you just lost a prescription? Whether you are at home, traveling across the street, across the state, across the country, or across the world and have a medical emergency, Emergency Assistance Plus allows you to travel confidently with 24-hour emergency assistance.
You'll feel confident knowing that if you're alone and are hospitalized, Emergency Assistance Plus will bring a loved one straight to your bedside. Emergency Assistance Plus also covers return home expenses for your unattended dependent children or grandchildren.
Emergency Assistance Plus offers over 20 travel benefits that are invaluable during a medical emergency:
Emergency medical evacuation to get you to the facility you need if you are traveling and your current facility is unable to provide adequate care.
Vehicle return home after you have been hospitalized and are unable to drive.
No-limit emergency cash transfers for unexpected medical bills, against your valid credit card.
Telephone assistance for lost or stolen travel documents
Our no-obligation money-back guarantee allows you a full 30 day examination period. Wherever you go, Emergency Assistance Plus goes with you. Enroll Now and protect your loved ones today!
* Terms and Conditions apply
EA+ Helps Summer Vacationer
Durham, NC
Why face an emergency alone or waste time searching through the Yellow Pages late at night?
EA+ automatically steps in to help you with more than 20 emergency and medical services... to help you focus on your recovery and NOT on the costs (or even details like lining up second opinions or flying a loved one home). Take a look at everything EA+ does for you:
- Air Ambulance or Emergency Medical Evacuation to get you to a more appropriate medical facility quickly, when your current facility can't properly treat you.
- Medical Specialist Sent To You if your condition can't be evaluated by phone or if you cannot be moved and local treatment is unavailable.
- Transportation Home after hospitalization to help you recuperate in the privacy of your own home or in a health care facility near your home, when medically necessary.
- Rescue Nurse provided if deemed medically necessary to help ensure you get proper medical care during your trip home.
- Emergency Medical Monitoring by an EA+ medical expert to make sure you get the best care in a medical emergency.
- Unlimited Cash Advance for Medical Payments paid directly to the hospital or physician against your valid credit card to keep your medical care going.
- Prescription Replacement Assistance if your medications are lost or stolen.
- Up to $200.00 for Emergency Local Ground Ambulance Transportation if you are transported while away from home.
- 24-Hour Doctor/ER/Dentist/Attorney Locator Service helps you quickly find the professional help you need - across the country or around the world.
- Emergency Medication, Blood and Vaccine Transfers coordinated through EA+ if needed.
- Hotel Room for Recuperation if you need help finding somewhere to stay before or after a hospital stay.
- One Round-Trip Economy Class Airline Ticket to bring a loved one to your bedside if you're traveling alone and must stay in a hospital for more than 7 days.
- Airfare Home for Dependent Children or Grandchildren who are left unattended if you're unable to care for them due to injury or illness during your trip.
- Toll-Free Emergency Message Relay keeps you, your family, and/or your physician "in the loop" on your medical care.
- Pet Care and Return Home Assistance if you're traveling with a pet and cannot care for them due to an accident or illness.
- Ticket Home for a Traveling Companion if you are evacuated or pass away while away from home.
- Return of your Vehicle if you can't drive back home due to illness or injury and your companion can't drive either.
- No Limit Emergency Cash Transfer Assistance (against your valid credit card) if you lose your cash, credit cards or traveler's checks or discover they've been stolen.
- Lost Luggage Assistance gives you knowledgeable experts to help track down lost luggage, personal items or documents.
- Passport, Driver's License, Birth Certificate or Other Document Replacement Assistance if lost or stolen during your trip.
- Help cutting through red tape to get you straight answers on inoculations, visa and other travel requirements.
- Language Interpretation Service if you're traveling in a foreign country and need multi-lingual help in an emergency. Offered through a special "collect" phone number, this valuable service doesn't cost you a cent.
- Return of Deceased Remains Services to bring your body home if you pass away while traveling.
- Real-time Security Intelligence keeps you up-to-speed on political or social unrest. In addition, this extra-mile service gives you the latest details on weather, health or environmental hazards for over 180 countries.
- Security Evacuation Assistance helps get you out of a dangerous situation by assistance with arranging flights, ground transportation, housing and securing visas.
* This is only an outline of the plan's features. Please read your Member Benefit Guide carefully to understand all the services available to you, as well as any terms, conditions, and limitations.
(Non Member price $179.00)
(Non Member price $209.00)
EA+ Guarantees:
Full coverage for yourself - regardless of your health you cannot be turned down
Full coverage for your family - with a Family Membership, spouse and dependent children cannot be turned down
30 Day Risk Free Trial - cancel within 30 days, before making a claim, and your entire payment will be refunded
There are many ways EA+ helps protect you from medical mishaps. But to keep the price reasonable, there are some restrictions you should know about. For example, your trip must be for reasons other than medical. You're not covered if your trip is just for treatment at a distant clinic or hospital. Also, EA+ is not a substitute for your medical insurance. Your regular insurance pays for your medical care. EA+ pays for all the extra services described in these materials. These help ensure you get the best diagnosis and proper ongoing care. Plus, EA+ helps make sure you get home quickly and safely if need be, and at no cost to you.
This information is only an outline of the plan's features. The full terms, benefits and conditions of the plan are shown in your EA+ Member Benefit Guide. You must call EA+ so we can make arrangements for you. Please read your Member Benefit Guide carefully. Availability of this offer may change.
About EA+
EA+ provides medical and travel assistance, by supplying travelers with emergency protection and services when they are away from home. Our global response center is part of a network that offers customized medical, security and travel assistance to more than 10 million travelers 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
Our provider is the US affiliate of the International Assistance Group, the largest network of medical assistance providers world-wide. This collaborative network delivers 60 medical and travel assistance companies with response centers worldwide on 6 continents, and access to over 1,500 air ambulances throughout the world.
The expert staff available to our members is experienced in directing and advising in any given situation. Our in-house medical teams of doctors, nurses and emergency physicians, qualified in an extensive range of specialties, deliver best practice referral, advisory and medical case management services.
This experienced, multi-lingual team will manage more than 7,000 medical cases this year assuring that members receive appropriate medical care, no matter their destination and that they are transported home in a safe and timely manner. With such resources EA+ is able to satisfy today's unique travel demands while delivering remarkable service.
For more than 18 years, EA+ has been endorsed by many nationally recognized organizations. EA+ is offered by Worldwide Rescue & Security, Inc. (WRS). WRS is the leading provider of emergency travel protection and rescue and security products to members of affinity organizations, alumni associations, auto clubs and airline loyalty members. WRS partners with the top medical assistance companies to provide our members emergency services. WRS is part of AGIA Affinity Services, Inc., and together have over 50 years experience providing products and services to our members during times of need. WRS works closely with each of these entities to provide our EA+ members with a positive customer experience, working to successfully fulfill our product promise.
EA+ is committed to getting you the help you need, when you need it and getting you back home.
Our Service
Customized medical, security and travel assistance 24 x 7, 365 days a year
Access to a network of 60 medical assistance companies located over 6 continents
53 response centers throughout the world
Access to over 1500 air ambulances worldwide
Medical teams responsible for continual monitoring of travelers around the world receiving medical attention
Expert staff focused on delivering a quality service
Over 70 languages spoken
In depth knowledge of local cultures and procedures
Effectively respond to over 85,000 calls daily
Endorsed by nationally recognized organizations
- I already have medical insurance. Why should I activate EA+, too?
- What makes Emergency Assistance Plus different from other travel programs?
- Am I still covered if I travel outside the USA?
- How can I be sure that Emergency Assistance Plus will be able to help me no matter where I am in the world?
- How do I use EA+ once I activate full privileges?
- What services does EA+ offer to me when I am planning a trip?
- Who decides if I should be transported?
- In the case of a travel emergency, how long does it take EA+ to move me to another hospital?
- Who is included under the Emergency Assistance Plus family plan?
- If my whole family is caught in a travel emergency, are you able to provide evacuation service for all of us?
- If I am traveling alone will EA+ fly a family member to my bedside?
- What if I have my kids or grandkids traveling with me, will they be cared for?
- What about my vehicle, will it be left stranded if I am flown home?
- I already have medical insurance. Why should I activate EA+, too?
EA+ is NOT medical insurance. It's an important stop-gap between what your medical plan covers... and emergency expenses most health insurance plans NEVER pay. EA+ picks up the tab for emergency helicopter or ambulance evacuation. It steps forward with extra cash to ensure your medical care can continue while the administrators sort out health insurance details. It pays for medical experts to oversee your treatment and even helps your loved ones stay "in the loop" with a 24-hour toll-free emergency message relay service.
- What makes Emergency Assistance Plus different from other travel programs?
We're more than other travel programs! EA+ provides over 20 different types of valuable and affordable travel benefits, including medical evacuation, emergency travel services, emergency medical transportation and return-home services. We also help with pre-trip planning and translation services.
- Am I still covered if I travel outside the USA?
Yes you are! Emergency Assistance Plus benefits travel with you, no matter where you go.
- How can I be sure that Emergency Assistance Plus will be able to help me no matter where I am in the world?
EA+ is part of the largest network of medical assistance providers in the world, with response centers in 53 locations on 5 continents, and access to over 1,500 air ambulances throughout the world. EA+ is committed to getting you the help you need, when you need it and then getting you safely back home!
- How do I use EA+ once I activate full privileges?
Your official EA+ Identification Card will be mailed to you in your Welcome Packet as soon as you complete your enrollment. This customized I.D. lists the toll-free hotline. (You'll want to keep this I.D. in your wallet. Most people tuck it right next to their medical plan I.D. card.)
Then if you're suddenly faced with an emergency, just call the toll-free hotline which is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. EA+ will immediately jump in from there. It's very important to make sure that all family members are aware that you have EA+ in the event that you are unable to communicate with medical personnel.
- What services does EA+ offer to me when I am planning a trip?
If you want help before your trip, EA+ will get you the latest details on consular services, inoculations, visas and travel advisories. Then, anytime during your trip, you can call EA+ for up-to-date Security Intelligence - vital if you feel threatened by political or social unrest, bad weather, or any environmental hazards.
- Who decides if I should be transported?
EA+'s medical director will make the determination after reviewing medical records and possible consultation with the treating physician.
- In the case of a travel emergency, how long does it take EA+ to move me to another hospital?
This is determined on a case by case basis, depending on the location and the patient's specific condition. The member will only be moved to another hospital when care at the first hospital is not adequate or following this initial evacuation, when the patient is stable enough for transportation home. EA+'s medical director will make the determination after reviewing medical reports and possible consultation with the treating physician.
- Who is included under the Emergency Assistance Plus family plan?
As long as the member signs up for the family plan, he/she may enroll all family members who meet the definition of dependent: the member's spouse (to include legally recognized domestic partner); the Member's unmarried children from birth and under age 19; or under age 23, if enrolled as a full-time student in an accredited college, university, vocational, or technical school; and children whose support is required by a court decree. Children must be primarily dependent on the member for support and maintenance and must live in a parent-child relationship with the member.
- If my whole family is caught in a travel emergency, are you able to provide evacuation service for all of us?
If a family membership was purchased and if the whole family medically requires transportation from an inadequate to an adequate facility, this service will be covered.
- If I am traveling alone will EA+ fly a family member to my bedside?
Yes, EA+ will pay for one round trip ticket for anyone you choose to come to your bedside, even if you are on the other side of the world.
- What if I have my kids or grandkids traveling with me, will they be cared for?
Yes, if you are traveling with your kids or grandkids and you can't continue the trip, and the kids would be left alone, EA+ will pay to send them home. If need be, EA+ will also provide a qualified escort to see they get home safely.
- What about my vehicle, will it be left stranded if I am flown home?
No, if your medical emergency stops you from driving your car (or other vehicle, including an RV) back home and your companion can't drive it either, EA+ will drive it home for you, no matter how far away.
Contact EA+
Sales inquiries
1-603-328-1752 (collect)
Billing inquiries
PO Box 47150
Phoenix, AZ 85068
An Example of How EA+ Works
Donald and his wife Sharon were off to see their grandkids. Like most grandparents, they were thrilled to see their grandkids grow up. To see them develop their personalities, and interests. To listen to their stories. And, in turn, to see them listen, wide-eyed, to stories the "grown-ups" had to tell.
But alas, like for many grandparents today, the kids weren't close by. For Donald and Sharon it was a drive of 850 miles from their home in Sarasota, Florida. So, it was a couple of days on the road, there and back. But they didn't mind. The journey was pleasant enough. They took their time. And the prize at the end of it - time with the grandkids - made it all worthwhile.
They stopped for their first night at their favorite inn in Kennesaw, Georgia. At breakfast the next morning, Donald was feeling a little light-headed. He figured it was due to the upcoming excitement of seeing the grandkids. But then he began to feel some pain in his left arm. And then more pain in the center of his chest.
Sharon realized at once what was happening. Donald was having a heart attack! Sharon called 9-1-1. Within 15 minutes Donald was in an ambulance racing to the local hospital. Donald made it okay and was placed in Intensive Care. And then Sharon sat down in the Waiting Room... and thought, "Now what?"
But, luckily, Sharon didn't have to think too long. She and Donald had recently, signed up for "Emergency Assistance Plus" (EA+). And this proved to be their savior this day!
You'll understand what EA+ does when you see what happened next.
Sharon called EA+ toll-free to explain the emergency. EA+ immediately took over on Donald and Sharon's behalf. EA+'s medical experts spoke with the heart specialist at the hospital. They discussed Donald's condition and treatment and acted as a "second opinion" just to be sure Donald was getting proper care. By now Donald was stabilized and out of danger. But the trip was over. It was agreed that Donald still needed specialized care which the hospital in Kennesaw couldn't provide. So it would be best for him to return home to Florida as soon as possible. But how?
It wasn't safe to let Donald drive; and Sharon wasn't able to. So EA+ promptly arranged a flight home for both Donald and Sharon. EA+ helped Donald get from the hospital to the plane; and from the plane to Donald's local hospital in Sarasota.
EA+ took care of everything - even the stranded car. EA+ sent an experienced driver to pick it up at the inn in Kennesaw, then drive it (carefully!) the 533 miles back to Donald and Sharon's home in Sarasota.
All this was done at NO CHARGE to Donald and Sharon. EA+ paid for everything - the medical supervision by EA+'s medical experts, Donald and Sharon's tickets home and the return of the car.
What could have been a nightmare for Donald and Sharon turned, instead, into just an inconvenience. With EA+'s help, Donald and Sharon were free to focus on Donald's recovery and NOT on the costs, or even the phone calls and planning, to pull this off.
EA+ did it all.
*This is only an outline of the plan's features. Please read your Member Benefit Guide carefully to understand all the services available to you, as well as any terms, conditions, and limitations.
30-Day Risk Free Trial
Register for Emergency Assistance Plus (EA+) today and your permanent EA+ Identification Cards will arrive with your plan information packet in the mail. Take 30 days to review the EA+ program at your convenience. If you're not fully satisfied for any reason just call us at 1-888-310-2640 and you will receive a full refund as long as you have not used the services.


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Eckankar is a spiritual path for the individual. The one-star review gives incorrect information, as plenty of materials and programs are free. The website has a lot of information and there's a free online quarterly journal, there are free classes, they will send you free books and also many libraries have Eck books, and membership is by donation.
Eckankar offers exercises that teach us how to have our own spiritual experiences, and show you how to live a spiritual life every day, learning to have more love, compassion, gratitude, fulfillment, and clarity, and to give service to life.
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Individuals hear constant reminders to know their blood pressure and cholesterol levels and to seek treatment when the numbers suggest increased risk for cardiovascular problems. Some experts say that both patients and their physicians should pay the same attention to heart rate.
A rapid resting heart rate, but one considered to be within the normal range (generally 60-100 beats/min), is frequently dismissed during a routine annual checkup, with the high beat count attributed to white-coat syndrome. Also, a high but normal heart rate may not garner much concern from an examining physician if it is associated with confounding factors such as being overweight or being unfit, as getting a patient to lose weight or exercise will reduce cardiovascular disease risk and lower the heart rate as a bonus.
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While considered to be in the normal range, a resting heart rate above 80 beats per minute significantly increases an individual's risk for coronary heart disease and total mortality.
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