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You have come to power by way of election, and we honor you, as the selected master of our people. You are the Vergobret, chief magistrate of the Aedui, and the leader of all fair and just tribes of Gaul. The lesser magistrates, the representative chieftans, and assemblies of the people, have declared you as our leader in this time. As such, you have been found to be the most wise, most skilled, and most forethinking of all of our aristocracy. Let us hope that is true, because we need you. We are threatened. The Arverni, with their heathenous god-king, wish to incorporate all of Gaul under his rule, and claim we are weak. The free tribes are ever looking to expand their lands, and have turned away from us after the disasterous events of war with the Arverni. The Germanic tribes are expanding rapidly and overrunning the edges of the lands, and the Romans, still angered by the sack of Rome, wish to exact revenge upon all Gauls, regardless of their loyalties. We must be prepared to fight, and we will need a cunning leader. We are the rightful heirs of the Bituriges, Gaul passed to us. The rebellious criminals of the Arverni have beset us; they plague our merchants in clear defiance of all laws. They are little more than thieves, but they are thieves with an army. The wars with them have drained us; our armies are weakened, morale is low, and more tribes abandon us or flock to the cause of the wretched Arverni. This has been our fault, in many ways, but we have chosen you, Vergobret, to remedy this.
Our immediate concern should be the nature of Gaul itself. While the Arverni are sometimes open to reason, they are power hungry. The free tribes we can buy or conquer, and incorporate them into our greater whole; with a display of strength, they should return to us without great issue or dispute. I'm sure many will prefer the path of joining us, and will see it as their greatest option, once we reassert ourselves as the masters of Gaul. However, open war with the Arverni again is inevitable, and will almost surely be devestating, even in victory. If we can postpone it and build our army, perhaps we can reconquer Gaul while at great advantage. We have a fair mix of soldiers at our option. They are brave; good infantry and quality cavalry, capable of defeating many foes when properly led. A problem of expense must be expressed, however. Gaul is rich, but we control too little for it to be of great good to us. Our client tribes in the south are endangered. Cut off from our bulwark, they cannot defend themselves long, and reinforcing them will require either long roads through rebellious or indepedent tribes, or trying to pass directly through Arverni territory. We should be forethinking, of course, and see beyond the immediate conflict as well. With the Arverni subdued or conquered, our most immediate concern may then turn to the Germanic tribes. They are good for trade and business, but they are viciously expansionist, and wouldn't have need of trade with us if they conquer Gaul; and they know this. If we do not conquer them outright, we should at least enforce our borders. The Belgae, the Sequanes, the Bononae; they all report the brutal raids and invasions of the Germans. Taking the Belgae and using them to strengthen our borders against invasion may be a path to explore. The eastern tribes aside, the Romans may be a threat. They may not seem a huge issue at the time, but they yet harbor resentment against Gaul. Perhaps we could take advantage of their current situation; they may have a number of potential enemies. We could ally with them long enough to destroy the Romans, but in doing so we risk strengthening a potentially unforeseen enemy. Alternatively, we could seek to ally with the Romans and use them against the Arverni, but opinions of that matter are quite split. In the north, the Britons do not seem much of a problem, but sometimes they get ambitious. The British isles are rich, and northward expansion is not ill-advised; an island fortress against the expansions of enemies will at least provide us with a final redoubt if our plans fail.
There was a time when Keltoi controlled great amounts of land. They were confederated, allies. But that fell apart, and all we are doing now is holding onto the last strains of a great history. That can be changed, though. We still have life in us, and great smiths, warriors, and a glorious culture. We deserve the glory that was robbed from us by centuries of collapse and infighting. Uniting Gaul is only the first step in forging a grand empire. Our people have a great system of leadership. We elect great leaders, we select our own kings and judges and chiefs. We allow people their own lives. Our gods demand it. And that is good. They also demand the utter destruction of our enemies. And that is also good. Those who oppose us, who try to destroy us, are evil. There can be no argument of this. We act in accordance of the divine laws of the gods. Those who act against them must be destroyed. Those who offend the gods, must be eliminated. We must crush them, and do so devoid of mercy for them. Such enemies are below swine, and should be slaughtered in the manner befitting them. And our enemies are numerous, and your warriors' thirst for the blood can be sated a thousand times over. However, their impetousness can be a threat. While your eldest and best trained warriors are disciplined, the younger have the tendency to dash headlong into the path of the enemy, and replacing the dead can be difficult; it is expensive, and only so much of the population is available to fight. To truly forge an empire, you will have to press every advantage as far as you can. You will have little opportunity to relax until you can establish a united, strong, country with strong defenses. It seems almost impossible, but all great undertakings should be. The impossibility of this situation is what makes it glorious, and will ensure our dominance for centuries to come.
In wake of the collapse of the Cubi-Biturge confederation, many of the Celtic tribes fell into near total anarchy. Some, like the Aedui and Arverni took this to advantage. They allied, conquered, or absorbed nearby tribes, forming powerful confederacies and kingdoms. These kingdoms and alliances often came into conflict over lands, rights to resources, etc. They had varied governments, but based along a similar model; an elected leader, over other elected leaders and representatives. The kingdoms were based on a kind of republican-monarchy with amounts of anarcho-capitalism. However, the exact powers of those officials varied. The Aedui and Arverni were capable expansionists with comparatively large dominions in contrast to many of their contemporaries, and was heavily affected (and had a heavy affect upon) mediterranean cultures, and were in great contestation to one another, both feeling they possessed rightful rule of all of Gaul. In 272 BC, the war had been winding down, but constant attacks on Aedui supply lines and merchants by the Arverni kept a kind of underlying war still going. The true 'inheritors' of Gaul would have been the Aedui, who held the rightful descent of power from the Biturges, but the Arverni felt they had the strength and wealth to rule Gaul. Many of their actions they justified through religion, as law and religion were closely tied in Celtic society; they were flagrantly disregarding the law, and needed to ensure their people they were not doing anything evil. The Aedui had controlled substantially more of Gaul at one time, but attacks from the Belgae (beaten back by the Carnutes), and some poor performance against the Arverni, and losses to the Germans, had led to a lack of confidence in the Aedui. At this point, the war could have gone in either's favor, but for the most part, they fought blow for blow, and stalemated repeatedly, leading to intermittent periods of uneasy peace.
Culturally, the Gauls, both the Aedui and Arverni were fond of poetry, metalwork, linens, stonework, music, sports, philosophy, and warfare. Warfare, they favored to such an extent, that most other hobbies centered around it. Poetry and stories often described heroes in vivid detail, works depict soldiers, both their own and foreign enemies, and sports often exemplify skills necessary to combat. Their economic model was a type of anarcho-capitalistic lifestyle, with religion encouraging charity, but never enforcing it. Taxes were taken mostly to provide their leader with a home, improve settlement defenses, and pay their warriors and champions. Soldiers were paid based upon experience, and it was not uncommon for a particular warrior to recieve a large gift for performing a heroic action, such as a pile of silver, or a new weapon or a shirt of mail. Feasts were a common event, with all of a tribe being invited to partake in great dinners, with games and music and duels between champions. These feasts served to reinforce family ties in the tribe, and to other tribes in large intertribal feasts. These helped encourage loyalty; Celtic families were extremely tight-knit, and reinforcing family relations encouraged the tribes to offer more soldiers, and inspired young men to become warriors to defend their family. The chiefs and kings would also attend these feasts, which helped remind everyone that the leaders were part of the tribe, and empathized with them. Gallic sports included indigenous Celtic games, and imitations of Greek games. Some games included hurling chariot wheels, foot races, pugilism, wrestling, and non-lethal duelling.
As in any Celtic kingdom, their leader is elected, not hereditary. The tribes elect a chief, chiefs in an area elect a chieftan, chieftans elect kings over a larger area, and the kings elect the high king. The Aedui also elected magistrates, as their actual kingdom is somewhat small. Their sense of a quasi-democratic 'empire' precluded them from introducing too much land into the direct rule of the Aedui tribe themselves. The magistrates were elected from chieftans and kings, or from experienced judges, priests, or other 'higher' professions. Chiefs and chieftans acted as assembled representatives of their respective tribes, and were expected to act and conduct themselves in a manner to the benefit of their tribe. Despite this, the Aedui themselves continuously held substantial amounts of power over their allied tribes; Aedui were often elected to the positions of the three magistrates, called Gobre, or to that of the high magistrate, the Vergobret. The actual kings had little power outside of business and the military. They were military leaders, and part of the reason for their election was because they had a great deal of money, and often controlled businesses, allowing them to reward their soldiers and champions. The powers of the magistrates were similar to those of a king, as they held power over numerous tribes, though mainly as organizers. Since multiple kings and many noble houses had control of the 'Aedui' regions of Gaul, they required a man to organize them; thus, all kings in a region would answer to an appropriate magistrate, with reports of expedentures, soldiers, income, and other information pertinent to the running of a country. The people also elected local judges, called brehon, who elected higher judges, called verehon. They had power over even the kings and magistrates in matters of legality. The brehons could be removed if they were suspected of being unfair, and were punished most harshly if they abused the law. The higher one's station in society, the worse their punishment under the law. The concept of prisons for domestic criminals did not exist; even foreign prisoners were simply sent to slave markets to be held, and if they were not ransomed, were sold. Criminals would be fined, and if the fine could not be paid, they had to act as a servant of the offended family until it was paid, or be outcast. In the case of murder, if he was outcast, he could be legally killed by the offended family. In any case, the judge oversaw these disputes, and listened to arguments and evidence from both sides, and decided what party was in the wrong. If a prosecutor failed in a serious legal case, such as a murder, they would be fined slightly for false accusation, so as to dissuade false accusers. The elected judges also formed a seperate 'senate', through which they passed and modified law. This was a slow process; this model was still in use in post-Christian Celtic countries, such as the Irish and Welsh kingdoms, and it's notable that almost no laws changed over hundreds of years. A change to a law would be proposed, and the judge would take this proposal to his tribe. The tribe would vote for or against it, by majority rule, and the judge would return to the conclave, and give the tribe's results. A majority of votes on part of the judges' tribes was required to pass or veto the proposal.
The Gauls were conquered or absorbed by the Romans. During the Roman conquests, they fought both as defenders, and alongside the invaders. The Gauls had expanded from their home though, and settled the kingdoms of Tylis and Galatia in Asia Minor. Galatia lasted longer than Gaul, in a cultural sense, though it was a puppet of its Roman allies for a long period, and was peacefully absorbed in 25 BC; however, the Galatian version of Gallic persisted longer than the Gallic language of Gaul. The legacy of the Gauls is quite extensive. It was Gallic influence that introduced many elements into the Roman military, and their proliferation as mercenaries led to their usage in almost every major conflict (whether as Gauls or as Galatians) during the period simulated here. So many Galatians found employ with the Ptolemaic Empire, that the Fayuum region of Egypt is still largely populated by tall, blonde hair, blue-eyed people; blood descedants of the Gauls. Gauls formed a great deal of the early Goidilic culture, in concert with Britons, Belgae, Galaecian Iberians, and the natives. The conquest of Gaul is notable for its difficulty, even after the tribes turned on one another, and the death of the professional warriors. The subsequent, short-lived rebellion by the Arverni chief, recalled by his title (not his name), Vercingetorix, was the last breath of the Gallic lands, and though ill-fated, is a sign of the fortitude of the Gallic people, who, even though they never experienced successes on that scale, continually rebelled or otherwise expressed disobedience for a long period. Even after conquest, Gallic soldiers, poetry, wine, and other crafts and arts were highly favored throughout the Roman empire as some of the finest available.[1]
The Aedui, like their sworn enemies the Arverni, rely heavily on shock troops, supported by both medium and heavy cavalry. Many of their shock troops throw javelins before a charge, giving them a stronger punch, but they also sometimes employ shieldwalls and phalanxes.
These Aedui units represent warriors that can be raised from Gaul itself and in addition nearby Belgae regional units. Should the Aedui expand into other lands such as Iberia to the south or Germania to the east, the subject peoples could provide regional troop types in addition.
During periods of strife and war, it is necessary sometimes to call upon ordinary citizens to organize as militia. Militia in Celtic societies, called Lugoae (Lug-oo-ay; "Levy Troops"), are farmers, craftsmen, fishermen, and so on, called to brief military service in periods of crisis. They may train a few times a year to fight, and games and sports encourage a decent level of physicality, but they're still only militia, and can only be trusted to do so much.
Historically, the Celts, being a warrior culture, encouraged their people to engage in sports and games that would increase their physical strength and preparedness for war. This doesn't mean everyone was a warrior though. Those not in the warrior class would be levied into warbands at times, or form their own militias in their towns to defend themselves from outsiders and act as a type of early police force. Their weapons and equipment would be whatever they could afford personally, usually simple hunting implements, such as a hunter's spear, and a shield.
Gaeroas (Guy-rows; "Spear Soldiers") are the file warriors of the tribes of Gaul and Britain. The Gaeroas all utilize well-made long spears, and a few decent javelins, making them both fair melee warriors and impromptu skirmishers. Their versatility, and low relative expense, mean they are a fine warrior band for enterprising warlords looking to expand their lands. They have some experience with combat, but are not yet hardened to battle. However, they are trained well enough to march in a good formation, something actually lost on greater warriors for the Britons. Their longspears may seem a bit unwieldy, but this is likely to help them in combating cavalry and chariot horses as a unit. While unarmored, they have large oval shields, which provides them a good amount of protection. They are fairly well trained with these shields, and they provide a fair amount of protection from ranged attacks, but the lack of armor makes them quite vulnerable to flanking.
Historically, spearmen in Britain and Gaul would have been the young to middle-age warriors, who had not risen greatly in prestige, or who had chosen to continue to fight as a lower warrior. They would use well-made, but not truly exceptional spears, and javelins for skirmishing. This allowed their most basic warriors to perform two duties, and allocate other soldiers to more specialized positions. Their equipment would be self maintained, and they would be expected to keep their weapons and shield in good condition. They likely paid for their own equipment, but spears and javelins are relatively cheap, the most expensive part of their equipment was likely the shield. These warriors represent the most basic professional warriors of almost all of the aforementioned tribes. They would be highly viable for the warchief who couldn't afford to bring in many swords or other weapons for his tribe.
Celtic warbands have always largely relied on spears. The Gaelaiche (Guy-latch; "Spear-Warriors") are the lightest members of the Celtic warrior class. They carry cheap equipment; Celtic longspears, javelins, and a shield. However, they have their uses. Their spears are good against horsemen, and can be used to good affect against infantry as well, and their javelins can be used as a fine method to disorient a foe. Experienced spearmen are a great asset to a campaigning Celtic army, and even inexperienced spearmen are generally superior to any early levies that can be produced. The many transalpine Gallic tribes arm themselves in this manner, but also a handful of tribes in southwest Britain also use such armaments and fighting style.
Historically, Celts always favored spears; they were easy to produce and didn't require much steel. Celtic longspears were of fair quality, with broad, sharp heads that would cause deep, terrible gashes, and could be used as well to bring down horses. They would accompany these weapons with javelins thrown into an enemy position to disorient and kill a few foes. They would probably be mostly the youngest Celtlic warriors, but there wasn't shame in an older, experienced warrior fighting with a spear as well; the spear was a respected weapon in Celtic society.
The Botroas (Boat-rows, "Sword Soldiers") are the basic medium infantry of southern Briton and Cisalpine Gaul. They are well trained, with a fair amount of experience, and good quality swords, with javelins to soften an enemy before a charge. Like near all Celtic warriors, they are loyal to a tribal head, who is himself loyal to numerous mounting tiers of nobles, leading to the king. These form the core of the southern armies. Like most Celtic shock infantry, the brunt of their attack is in the charge.
Historically, the Botroas were the younger professional warriors of southern Briton and Cisalpine Gallic tribes. Their lack of armor would leave them vulnerable, but they had great mobility, and their youthfulness included a desire to prove themselves to their people, making them somewhat lacking in fear, or, perhaps, simply more afraid of disgrace than they are of death. The southern Briton warriors looked a great deal like the Cisalpine Gallic swordsmen, and fought in much the same manner.
Iaosatae (Yo-sah-tie; "Slingmen") are a varied lot, some young and some old, who've been educated in the art of sling combat. They're quite skilled with their slings, which are truly a deceptively simple weapon. A sling bullet, when slung by a skilled man, will bury itself inside of its target, or break bones. Either way, the one hit is incapacitated or dead. Impressive for what amounts to a leather strip and a rock. The sling is also inexpensive, and with an impressive range. This allows Iaosatae to be both effective and affordable. However, when the distance between them and the enemy is closed, their low expense is quickly made up for in the ease of their breaking and fleeing, as, armed with only light weapons, they are not intended to fight hand-to-hand.
Historically, the Iaosatae would have been a variety of warriors, mostly young men though with little experience in close combat. Few older men continued to use the sling, it would generally be replaced by a spear or sword, but it never fell out of favor with younger men, who could use it for war, games, and hunting. However, their youthfulness, and lack of experience with the grimmer face of combat, makes them prone to run, because, after all, a man fifty meters away with a sword looks a lot different two meters away. Making matters worse for them, their inexperience in close combat means they probably aren't as hardy as other warriors, with more experience fighting in long engagements. Slings were popular with levy warriors in all of Celtic culture, as it didn't take long to train one in the basics, and skilled slingers who went on to become somewhat elite professionals were often well-versed in both sling and short spear combat, meaning an experienced group of Iaosatae would double as impromptu light infantry.
Celtic archers, Sotaroas (Sow-tah-rows, "Bow Soldiers"), while not great or exceptional, are good. They are well trained, disciplined, and can put a fair deal of range behind their attacks. While their arrows aren't too notable, their ability to swiftly pepper an enemy with arrows is always of use. They are not really meant to defeat an enemy force, or even truly damage one, so much as they are meant to irritate and draw attention away from a main force, so it can position itself for flanking. As such, they are good runners, who fire a few volleys as a distraction, and then withdraw to a safe position to hide. If caught in a melee, they would be slaughtered for sure.
Historically, archers in Celtic culture had little variety, with only a few truly notable types of archers. They were irritative forces, and intended to soften large enemy forces, but rarely meant to be truly effective in the manner of eastern archers. However, if positioned properly, or experienced enough, they could be truly devastating. Their skill was good, they could fire many volleys swiftly. The Celtic concept of archery was more often to simply blacken the sky with arrows, than it was to fire few, effective volleys. However, their arrows were well made, though not great, and would be capable of puncturing lighter armors, and were quite deadly in their own right. All the same, these men were better off as hunters than field warriors.
Bagaudas ("Guerilla Fighters") are shortswordsmen from the tribe of the Venetii. The shortsword is a common weapon, essentially a very long knife or dagger, and used by hunters, and carried by many as a form of self defense. Warriors using shortswords are not generally very well trained, if at all. However, they are readily available, cheap, and have a good charge. They lack javelins or other ranged weapons and are extremely vulnerable at range.
Historically, the Celts generally favored spears and shortswords for young or inexperienced soldiers. These warriors, with shortswords, were not necessarily that high up in society; the swords were of debatable quality. Many may not even have fought in battle before, just being hunters or young boys called in to fight, or have chosen to go and fight. Light swordsmen in Celtic society were fairly common, and necessary, often, as a bridge between light and medium infantry, when medium infantry was unavailable. They were increasingly more common during the Roman conquests, as the professional armies with longswordsmen had either been bought by the Romans, or turned on one another, leaving the only defense to these young warriors.
The Bataroas hail from a region the Romans call Transalpine Gaul (Gaul the other side of the Alps). Raised from the Celtic Warrior Class, these Gauls are proud and experienced fighters who often value feats of impetuous valour over acts of more prudent common sense.
Despite a Celtic propensity to become easily discouraged when faced with determined opposition and to suffer under a hot sun, an unwary foe will soon be parted with their head. The Celts are large men and the Bataroas use their strength to hurl their spears at great distances before closing with their long swords.
Uirodusios (Celtic Naked Spearmen)
The Uirodusios (Oo-row-doo-see-os; 'Man-Demons') fight in the ancient Celtic style, stripped nude but for his torc, anklets, and bangles, and sometimes a cloak. Though poorly defended, and not nearly as skilled as the Gaesatae mercenaries of Gaul, nor on drugs, they are still formidable and present a frightening visage that unnerves enemies. These are not so much an elite as they are often only somewhat experienced warriors who wish to increase their fame by daring acts of bravery.
Historically, some Celtic warriors fought stripped nude. This had a few effects; it was unnerving to enemies, inspiring to friends, and also helped increase one's fame; an important matter in Celtic warrior society. The skill of such men would vary depending, logically, on how long they'd been fighting in such a way, but it would likely offer superior mobility compared to alternative methods of combat, allowing them to manuever more swiftly in a melee. Such warriors would stand out in the front of a line to encourage other soldiers and to be the first to engage the enemy.
Teceitos (Celtic Axemen)
The Teceitos (Tek-ee-tos; Axe Soldiers) are a facet of a Celtic army that is not written about as much as their swords and spears, but many Celtic warriors were buried with axes, particularly in Britain and eastern Europe. The axe is a fine weapon, able to do great damage, even through armor. One can actually strike a man in a mail shirt, not damage the mail itself, but kill the wearer by the sheer amount of blunt trauma dealt to the foe's internal organs. As such, armor stands little chance against these men. They wear leather or padded vests and bronze or iron helmets to help protect themselves. They are light enough to move swiftly over the battlefield, allowing them to flank heavy infantry, and strike them from the sides or flanks. Coupled with their axes and javelins, they are especially valuable at breaking up heavy infantry; they make a great asset to chariots particularly, following the chariots into breaches in the enemy heavy infantry, and cutting open the gaps wider.
Historically, Celts were, by the late La Tene, mostly recorded using spears and swords. However, in some regions, Britain and Ireland particularly, the axe was still used, and has been found in numerous burials and hordes, and axes are depicted on Caesar's coins of weapons and armor of defeated Gauls. This should not come as a surprise. The axe is easy to make, cost effective, and can be used to defeat armor or shieldwalls. The Celtic axe is not necessarily the largest of axes, but Celtic metalwork is skilled, so their heads are most likely of good quality, and upkeep would be easy for a Celtic warrior, by himself or with attendants. The head would surely keep a good edge, and even without one, a blunt edged axe can still be used to savagely hack a foe apart without the fear of it breaking like a blunted sword.
The Gaesatae (Guy-sah-tay; "Spearmen") are easily one of the most fearsome groups of warriors in the known world. They fight stripped bare but for neck torcs and sometimes their shoes or boots. They fight with longswords, but are named for their incredible skill with javelins; they can hurl them unnaturally long distances and deal great damage with them. Their charge is most ferocious though, causing many lines to simply fold and flee. This is not all solely due to skill and strength, though they are experienced and huge, muscular men. They imbibe a chemical before battle making them seemingly impervious to pain. They will fight to the very end, and are very destructive when employed properly.
Historically, the Gaesatae were Gallic naked religious fanatics. Their skill was a source of terror, and their frightful appearance shook many. Most horrifying, even beyond their size and skill and terrifying cries, was their seeming invincibility. A chemical they used allowed them to brush off and ignore any pain. They were remarked to do things such as rip javelins that had struck them free from their bodies, and hurl them back, and continue to fight with gashes and wounds that would have surely fell a normal man. They were Hannibal's favored Gallic mercenaries, and were used as his personal guards, as they were so devoted and trustworthy, as well as brave and skilled.
The Solduros (Sul-dur-ohs; "Devoted Ones") are remarkably skilled, fearless elite guards of Celtic nobles. They pledge themselves to eachother and their charge, and fight to the very end. Small in number, they are a remarkable elite, best used to combat an enemy's opposing elite soldiers or heavy troops. They are very well armored and armed, and can surely break many enemies, but they are rare, very expensive, and while their armor and shields are of good quality, they have no form of retaliation at range, and would be too slow to chase off skirmishers or missile troops, and so would need ranged or cavalry support to be used to best effect.
Historically, Celtic nobles surrounded themselves with elite bodyguards of kings, magistrates, and other important nobles and officials, such as high ranking druids. Among them were the "Soldurii", the greatest warriors of the Aquitanni. Each man pledged his life to a fellow of this brotherhood, and the man pledged to would return this pledge; if the one of these two died, and the other did not, the remaining man would take his own life after the battle, for having failed defend him. Julius Caesar noted that no man ever backed down from this duty, and did so fearlessly. Their skill was tremendous; they fought against great odds and could defeat many times their own number. So great and legendary was their name even to their enemies that it can be found having influenced words such as 'soldier' and 'solidarity'.
Golberi Curoas
The La Tene Celts were used as mercenaries all over Europe and Africa by the Romans, Carthaginians, other Celts, and various peoples. These men often form the core of a mercenary army, and are usually tough veterans who have seen many different campaigns and have taken pay from many different masters. They are an excellent heavy infantry, well able to deal with most opponents. They are armed with javelins and spears and use these javelins to break up an enemy formation before the charge. As with most Celts, the charge can become disorderly, but it often succeeds in breaking through the enemy line none-the-less. Their name, Curoas (Koo-roo-as) means "Paid Soldiers".
Historically, Celtic mercenaries were used all over the ancient world. Graves and artifacts have been found even into Asia. Celts were rightly famed for their ferocity in battle, as well as a number of innovations in arms and armor development. There were many Celts willing to leave their tribes and serve other masters in exchange for wealth. This made them somewhat untrustworthy, willing to flee if a battle went poorly, as they didn't fight for honor or glory, but money, and money was useless if one was dead. The La Tene Celts actually encompassed a number of sub-cultures, most notably Gaul, but also the Lugians, Belgae, most Britons, and others. This meant that in much of Europe, Celtic warriors were never far away, and so, for the wealthy general, he could have always had at least some heavy infantry on hand.
Enoci Curoas
The La Tene Celts were used as mercenaries all over Europe and Africa by the Romans, Carthaginians, other Celts, and various peoples. These men often form the core of a mercenary army, and are usually tough veterans who have seen many different campaigns and have taken pay from many different masters. They are an excellent heavy infantry, well able to deal with most opponents. They are armed with javelins and spears and use these javelins to break up an enemy formation before the charge. As with most Celts, the charge can become disorderly, but it often succeeds in breaking through the enemy line none-the-less. Their name, Curoas (koo-roo-as) means "Paid Soldiers".
Historically, Celtic mercenaries were used all over the ancient world. Graves and artifacts have been found even into Asia. Celts were rightly famed for their ferocity in battle, as well as a number of innovations in arms and armor development. There were many Celts willing to leave their tribes and serve other masters in exchange for wealth. This made them somewhat untrustworthy, willing to flee if a battle went poorly, as they didn't fight for honor or glory, but money, and money was useless if one was dead. The La Tene Celts actually encompassed a number of sub-cultures, most notably Gaul, but also the Lugians, Belgae, most Britons, and others. This meant that in much of Europe, Celtic warriors were never far away, and so, for the wealthy general, he could have always had at least some heavy infantry on hand.
Gallic armies of the late period relied upon the same shock tactics they had employed during earlier times, but the need to combat increasingly better armoured and trained enemies led to the formation of a professional force. Well armored in quality chain, with sturdy shields, and good longswords, the Neitos (Nee-yet-os; "Soldiers") are professional soldiers, and excellently skilled and disciplined when compared to the bulk of light Gallic soldiers. Their charge has great strength, and their skill in close is frightening; they would be capable of fighting hardest where needed.
Carnute Cingetos
The Carnute Cingetos (Kin-jet-os; "Marching Ones") are the warriors of the Carnutes, 'druidic' warriors from Aulercia. Their skill is tremendous, as is their bravery. They are not plentiful, they are expensive, and of small number. However, their inspiring appearance, a product of their fine armor, with horned helmets, urges on their fellows, and their skill in combat makes them useful against other heavy infantry. They are disciplined, and useful for numerous battlefield roles; able to fill in for a few times their own number if needed, making them a fine reserve as well as exemplerary shock troops.
Historically, the Carnutes were devoted followers of the horned god, Cernunnos. Their bravery would be unquestionable, and skill at arms most surely superb. They would be armed and outfitted in the best equipment available. They were also charged with defending the "Great Gallic Council" where Celts tried to solve their internal grievances diplomatically; a job they likely took with great severity and pride. They defend the 'legal' rulers of Gaul, the Aedui, and were sworn enemies of their opposition; as such, in no case would they have been employed by the most dissident enemies of the Aedui, the Arverni alliance.
Leuce Epos
Leuce Epos (Luk Eep-os; "Light Horse") constitute the bulk of Gallic cavalry. Comparatively well-trained to many of their enemies' cavalry, they are invaluable to a Gallic army. They throw javelins at a distance, depleting an enemy before charging with their main spears. They are trained to throw javelins, charge, and withdraw repeatedly, and they do it well. They are so named for their speed, rather than equipment. A bronze helmet, shield, and their weapons may not seem the equipment of any partiuclarly great cavalry, but they are a solid medium cavalry force, capable of running down routers, defeating light cavalry, and skirmishing if necessary.
Historically, Gauls were rather fond of cavalry in their later years. While Celts were originally more based upon infantry and chariots, and still were built around varying degrees of infantry, the value of extremely mobile cavalry was constantly more apparent. With that in mind, they developed good quality cavalry that could be used as both shock cavalry and ambushers. These cavalry were a large basis of what the Romans employed as their Gallic cavalry auxilia, though a bit heavier than the Gallic originals.
Gallic Brihentin (Bree-hen-ten; Knights) are heavy cavalry. They are used as shock cavalry to break an enemy position and destroy flanks, as well as overrun heavy infantry and slaughter lighter cavalry. Their spears, swords, and chain armor is all of finest quality, and their skill is great, though they are, as any cavalry, vulnerable to long spears and pikes. They can be used to best effect for riding down enemy heavy infantry and defeating light cavalry. Their armor can absorb many blows, and that should allow them to keep fighting.
Historically, the Gauls employed heavy cavalry as a method of breaking dense enemy formations, and were sometimes employed by Carthage, in addtion to various Gallic chiefs and kings. They were apparently of great enough skill to impress their employers; Hannibal grouped his Gallic heavy cavalry with his Iberian heavy cavalry during his campaign in the Italic peninsula. Such warriors would cost much to outfit, but they would surely be worth everything spent to ensure they had the best possible equipment.
Curepos are mercenary Gallic light cavalry. Comparatively well-trained to many of their enemies' cavalry, they are invaluable to a Gallic army. They throw javelins at a distance, depleting an enemy before charging with their main spears. They are trained to throw javelins, charge, and withdraw repeatedly, and they do it well. They are so named for their speed, rather than equipment. A bronze helmet, shield, and their weapons may not seem the equipment of any partiuclarly great cavalry, but they are a solid medium cavalry force, capable of running down routers, defeating light cavalry, and skirmishing if necessary.
Historically, Gauls were rather fond of cavalry in their later years. While Celts were originally more based upon infantry and chariots, and still were built around varying degrees of infantry, the value of extremely mobile cavalry was constantly more apparent. With that in mind, they developed good quality cavalry that could be used as both shock cavalry and ambushers. These cavalry were a large basis of what the Romans employed as their Gallic cavalry auxilia, though a bit heavier than the Gallic originals.
Noricene Gaecori
Noricene Gaecorii (Guy-kur-ee-eye; "Spear Troop") are a product of Celtic, Italic, and Hellenistic influences present in Noricum. They are essentially a Celtic warband, but their oval shield is reinforced. These men are semi-professional soldiers, not levies, despite their simple armaments. They are from the mountains, and, as such, are more resilient to the natural elements than most, and are quite hardy. Their throwing spears aren't of the greatest quality, but they can soften an enemy before they charge.
Historically, Noricum was the product of a Celtic culture absorbing many Hellenic and Italic influences. They were very much Celtic, but the clear Hellenic and Italic influences evidenced themselves in the use of various phalanx tactics they used, and linothorax armor, as well as other developments. These warriors were 'basic' soldiers, but comparatively well trained compared to other Celtic warbands. They would be well trained and somewhat disciplined, and capable of softening foes before the actual soldiers engaged them, or engaging lighter enemies by themselves.
Batacorii are the file warriors of the Belgae, a group of extremely fierce tribes that were highly independent, well trained and experienced in war. Shunning the 'comforts' often afforded the members of the 'civilised' states, they pride themselves on their rugged way of life, their toughness of mind and body and their skill at arms.
The Belgae Batacorii utilize well-made spears and a few decent javelins. Extremely fit and experienced in warfare, they make good melee warriors and impromptu skirmishers. Their versatility, and eagerness for battle / low relative expense, mean they are a fine warrior band for enterprising warlords looking to expand their lands. While unarmoured, they have good quality shields and are well trained in using them to fend of attack.
The Milnaht (Mel-not; "Great Men") are a very fierce group of warriors. With lands in the north of Gaul, south of Britain, and middle of Hibernia, the Belgae have spread themselves over a fairly wide area. They are a fair mix of Britons and Gauls, with portions of the more civilized Gallic culture mixed into the more tribal and fierce culture of the Britons. They still wear bronze helmets and sometimes employ bronze weapons as back ups. However, they use a great deal of iron in swords, spear, javelin and arrow heads, and chain shirts worn by their nobles. The professional warriors of the Belgae are bare chested warriors with a long, bronze rimmed shield, and bronze helmet, and sometimes painted with the elaborate designs popular to the Britons. Their ferocity and skill with their swords and shields make them capable of standing against slightly heavier warriors. They are also capable of sapping, and have a penchant for undermining walls, making them valuable to any army of Britons marching into Europe, where they are bound to encounter stone fortifications. If the Gauls or a tribe of Britons ever managed to incorporate Belgae regions into their lands, they would undoubtedly try and use them in battle. Aside from their charge, they form an impressive, tight 'shieldwall' type of formation, to resist opposing charges.
Historically, the Belgae were a number of extremely fierce tribes that were highly indepedent. However, they were fairly well trained, their violent behavior toward most outsiders forced them to learn tactics and the finer points of warfare to defend themselves from their many, many enemies. The lower warriors would fight bare chested almost always, even in winter, though they actually wore cloaks to the point of the battle, then would toss them aside to fight. Among the Belgic tribes were the Nervii, easily among the most fierce of all the Celtic peoples, and many of the first Celtic invaders into Ireland. The Belgae fought using three main manners, their fierce forward charge, their skilled and methodic ambushes, and their hit-and-run skirmish tactics. They were also skilled sappers and tacticians, but above all remembered is the charge and shieldwall. The Belgae could break near any enemy with a fierce charge, and if they could not, their good skill with their weapons and shields allowed them the power to stand and fight, and their wall could absorb most infantry charges with ease.
The Taramonnos (Tar-ay-mon-os; "Thunderers") were the light cavalry of the Belgae. Devoted to the thunder god, Tarannis, they were said to replicate the sound of thunder in their attacks; a somewhat disturbing trait at least. They are lighter than the horsemen of the Gauls, but fight in a similar manner. They throw javelins and use charge and retreat tactics to weaken and eventually break an enemy, in concert with infantry charges, and harrying tactics to weaken marching foes. Depicted on their shields are symbols of their chosen patron, Tarannis, the symbol of thunder and lightning.
Historically, the Belgae were a number of extremely fierce tribes that were highly indepedent. However, they were fairly well trained, their violent behavior toward most outsiders forced them to learn tactics and the finer points of warfare to defend themselves from their many, many enemies. The lower warriors would fight bare chested almost always, even in winter, though they actually wore cloaks to the point of the battle, then would toss them aside to fight. Among the Belgic tribes were the Nervii, easily among the most fierce of all the Celtic peoples, and many of the first Celtic invaders into Ireland. The Belgae fought using three main manners, their fierce forward charge, their skilled and methodic ambushes, and their hit-and-run skirmish tactics. They were also skilled sappers and tacticians, but above all remembered is the charge and shieldwall. The Belgae could break near any enemy with a fierce charge, and if they could not, their good skill with their weapons and shields allowed them the power to stand and fight, and their wall could absorb most infantry charges with ease.
Remi Mairepos
The Remi were famed horsemen. Brave, unrelenting, and powerful, their cavalry could ride over opposition, and rout numerically superior enemies; their Mairepos (Mar-ep-os; "Great Horses") were able to smash infantry and their armor, shields, and weapons were of good quality, and their skill was unquestionable. They were superior to other Gallic heavy cavalry, but they hailed only from one tribe, and like any cavalry would be vulnerable to longspears and pikes. All the same, properly employed, they could turn a losing situation into a victory.
Historically, the Remi were a feared Belgae tribe. Their cavalry was of great skill compared to that of the Gauls, and they made good account of themselves in all battles where they were present, regardless of the outcome. They acted bravely, and performed many actions that would have been suicidal if not for their training and skill, and probably also their fearsome reputation that would weaken the resolve of their foes.
Mori Gaesum
The Mori Gaesum ("Sea Of Spears") is an elite mercenary unit of Helvetii origin. The Helvetii tribes are more known for their fierceness than their unity. As such, much of the great warriors of each tribe sell their services to the highest bidders. Some of these men are used to face Hellenic armies and, consequently, have incorporated some of their enemy's tactics in to their own.
They use the familiar phalanx tactic to engage and tire the enemies before switching to their sword and shield to finish them off. This method, together with their well known fierceness and skill, make them a frightening opponent for any enemy army.
Though not the equal of the Greeks or Macedonians in phalanx warfare, the Mori Gaesum can compensate that with superior swordsmanship, aggressiveness and experience.
Gaisolitho Aljod
On the borders between Celtic and Germanic territories, the cultures overlap and give rise to troops that are a mesh of both cultures. These spearmen, the Gaizoz Alje ("Foreign Spears") are capable warriors who fight with long shields, javelins, and Celtic longspears that are excellent for killing horses. They throw javelins before charging, and can use their spears to absorb the shock of a cavalry rush. Their skills are a mix of Celtic and Germanic warfare and are a good addition to any army.
Historically, as Celtic and Germanic cultures fought, traded, and intermarried, their cultures melded, creating unique sub-cultures and mixed tribes, with melds of tactics, weapons, and military philosophies. Such warriors were generally very fierce, and their armies built around infantry. The employ of lengthy spears was common to defeat enemy cavalry, though they could be used to effect against infantry as well. Warriors of this type actually persisted for quite a long time; even up to the fall of Rome, less-Romanized Britons under Anglo-Saxon rule or culture would have been fairly similar troops.[2]
- ↑ Europa Barbarorum Aedui History
- ↑ Europa Barbarorum Aedui Units


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Cue up the stories about the Pro Football HOF selection process
I'm sure this is one of many articles out there criticizing the process for selecting candidates for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Frankly, I understand some of the disappointment as good candidates like Charles Haley need to wait several years before getting in, but it makes a lot of sense to me when mediocre candidates like Art Modell are kept out. Chris Carter complained loudly when he didn't make it the first year, but I never saw him as a first-ballot Hall of Famer.
The Hall of Fame is special because it should be difficult to get in. I actually like the NFL "debate" process over the baseball hall of fame selection process, though both work fine in my opinion.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Today is Wednesday, Jan. 13, the 13th day of 2010. There are 352 days left in the year.
Today's Highlight in History:
On Jan. 13, 1794, President George Washington approved a measure adding two stars and two stripes to the American flag, following the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the union. (The number of stripes was later reduced to the original 13.)
Ten years ago: Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stepped aside as chief executive and promoted company president Steve Ballmer to the position.
Watercooler Talk
MARION, Mass. (AP) - A Massachusetts delivery driver growing his hair out for charity said he has been told by his employer to cut it. Brad Siscoe, a contractor employee who makes deliveries for FedEx Ground, said Monday his employer wants him to cut his "hockey" hair, put it in a ponytail or tuck it under a hat.
But Siscoe said his hair is too short for a ponytail and can't fit in a cap. Siscoe said he's growing out his hair for the charity Locks of Love - a group that provides hairpieces for disadvantaged children undergoing medical treatments.
FedEx spokesman Perry Colosimo said the company has a history of supporting charitable causes and the issue is between an independent contractor and his employee.
Country singer Liz Anderson is 80. Actress Frances Sternhagen is 80. TV personality Nick Clooney is 76. Comedian Rip Taylor is 76. Actor Billy Gray is 72. Actor Richard Moll is 67. Rock musician Trevor Rabin is 56. R&B musician Fred White is 55. Rock musician James Lomenzo (Megadeth) is 51. Actor Kevin Anderson is 50. Actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus is 49. Rock singer Graham "Suggs" McPherson (Madness) is 49. Country singer Trace Adkins is 48. Actress Penelope Ann Miller is 46. Actor Patrick Dempsey is 44. Actress Traci Bingham is 42. Actor Keith Coogan is 40. Actress Nicole Eggert is 38. Actor Orlando Bloom is 33.
Mega Millions
5-9-31-37-56 Mega: 16
Draw date: Tuesday, Jan. 12
Jackpot: $60 million
7-13-29-36-40 Mega: 22
Draw date: Saturday, Jan. 9
Jackpot: $9 million
Fantasy 5
Draw date: Tuesday, Jan. 12
Daily 4
Draw date: Tuesday, Jan. 12
Daily 3
Midday: 4-4-7
Evening: 1-4-7
Draw date: Tuesday, Jan. 12
Daily Derby
1st: 11 Money Bags
2nd: 01 Gold Rush
3rd: 09 Winning Spirit
Race time: 1:46:21
Draw date: Tuesday, Jan. 12


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Added a poll to this thread.
Also, I'm feeling pessimistic, so I'm going to predict a Chelsea win.
The Champions League Thread
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I'm supporting Chelsea but I have no idea who'll actually win.
By all respect, I highly doubt that Chelsea will win it. Yes, everything is possible in this Champions League, but if its about who's more likely to win it's without doubt Bayern. Chelsea for sure have a chance, but I really can't see them beating Bayern in their stadium.
An interesting fact: Bayern lost the CL final in 1999 but won it 2 years later. Similar could happen if they win this year (they lost the final in 2010)
This thread already? Yes, Bayern are favourites but we should give them a good game, one would hope. If we have Luiz and Cahill fit, then our defence isn't too much weakened - we'll just be down to the bare bones with regards to our bench...
I predict 2-0 Bayern, but it's an extremely tentative prediction.
(Original post by Jim_Metrin)
Of all the english teams to go through it had to be the one who played possibly the ****test football for a team they have. sigh could have had the likes of United, Arsenal or City try to play football instead we have the ones who just sit in the box...
since bayern beat real madrid i really really want chelsea to win, plus it would be fun to see torres score again
(Original post by jade74)
since bayern beat real madrid i really really want chelsea to win, plus it would be fun to see torres score again
Chelsea are the only team that truly deserve it and the only team who have been modest to deserve a place in the final on merit, some of the squad have been so near yet so far with this competition (losing that final in Moscow and more than a few semis) and at least actually have a more legitimate claim to actually be in this competition.
If Newcastle come fourth, Bayern FTW! If they don't come fourth, come on Chelsea!
Offline3ReputationRep:(Original post by marcusfox)
2005/2006 season Liverpool were defending Champions but finished outside of top 4.
All top 4 qualified for the Champions League and Liverpool went into a playoff round at the expense of a Welsh qualifier - who agreed to do a playoff because knew they were crap, but could do with the money and publicity that came from being beaten by Liverpool.
Either that, or they fancied making headlines by putting Liverpool out.
(Original post by KingMessi)
If we have Luiz and Cahill fit, then our defence isn't too much weakened - .
Offline0ReputationRep:(Original post by scotttb)
Surely your other defenders Cole Ivanovic Mikel Bosingwa Meireles Mata Ramires Lampard and Drogba will cover for them if they are out.
If Luiz and Cahill recover in time their defense looks okay, but Cahill might not make it and even if both make it, they still won´t have trained properly for a few weeks, there´s a huge difference between a player who´s just got back from an injury and one in great form.
My joke still stands though.
It's difficult to say, but I wish the best of luck for Bayern. I was impressive how Bayern has fought against Madrid to the road of final. No doubt, it would be deserve.
Offline0ReputationRep:(Original post by ChapelTom)
I really want Chelsea to win, Di Matteo has been an inspiration since he came in, a really likeable manager. I've admired Chelsea's guts to come from behind in Napoli in the Round of 16, get past Benfica and then put in a near perfect performance over two legs to stop Barcelona playing. People can say what they like about those two legs but surely the object of the game is to score more goals than the opposition? They did so, they stopped Barca scoring and still scored 3 goals over 2 legs (yes Barca's defence is a major weak point)
I don't want Bayern to win because of their cheat, Arjen Van Robben. I have absolutely no respect whatsoever for him at all. A player who is incapable of using his right foot, moving like a hockey stick in a clockwise motion (yes Hockey sticks go anti-clockwise but you'll what I mean) to try and get the ball away on his left foot.
However I think on home turf Bayern will prevail and win the game 2-0.
If you can't see what Robben has done in the past (as well as part of the cheating Dutch World Cup 2010 side) then I'm afraid you know little about football. Robben is worse than Drogba. Drogba may have dived a bit against Barca but Robben does it every single game, Drogba does not.
I think and hope Bayern absolutely destroy Chelsea, who are not a world class team whatsoever. Even if it is a draw Chelsea are ****ed because Germans never lose on penalties.
Offline2ReputationRep:(Original post by Jordan_1)
I think and hope Bayern absolutely destroy Chelsea, who are not a world class team whatsoever. Even if it is a draw Chelsea are ****ed because Germans never lose on penalties.
I stated a few OPINIONS, this being a forum. Detailed why I wanted Chelsea to win (as a complete neutral), then saying but I think Bayern will win. Can you not honestly see the difference between "who I want to win" and "who I think will win" ?
I actually couldn't get less who wins. I have no affiliation will either side. I support a Championship club, not a glory hunter, so so what if I don't like Robben? I don't like Drogba either if I'm frank but after Robben's WC2010 showing I cannot bring myself to like him at all.
But you have a point, Bayern won't lose on penalties.
For all you haters, I've deleted my post.
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text: Moscow: Pavlyuchenkova vs. Kirilenko Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova takes on Maria Kirilenko in the second round of the Kremlin Cup. Published October 16, 2013 12:03 Embed x Width: px Height: px Embedded code: Topics: 2013, tournaments, singles, photos or videos, anastasia pavlyuchenkova, maria kirilenko, moscow Share this page! Print Email Related videos Moscow: Pavlyuchenkova Interview October 24, 2015 An interview with Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova following her loss in the final of the Kremlin Cup. Moscow: Kuznetsova vs Pavlyuchenkova October 24, 2015 Svetlana Kuznetsova takes on Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the final of the Kremlin Cup Moscow: Friday Highlights October 23, 2015 Highlights from semifinal action at the Kremlin Cup. To The Top 3


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St Bride Library, London
Friday 6 May 2011
The history of graphic design, a fairly young discipline, is slowly being written. How do topics emerge, what are the research methods and how do we make sure that knowledge is shared? Can we make design history a more active part of everyday graphic design practice? How can we question the existing biases of available histories? Does the field's obsession with celebrity designers lead us to over-emphasise biographical narratives, to the detriment of collective or object-based histories? What are new forms of writing design history ?
Speakers include practicing graphic designers as well as design historians, and will review the state of affairs; looking at where we are, and questioning where we could go next.
With Christopher Burke, David Crowley, Rick Poynor, Sonia de Puineuf, Alston W. Purvis, David Reinfurt, Catherine de Smet and Teal Triggs
Organised by Sara De Bondt and Catherine de Smet


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We had another lucky Golden Ticket winner over the holidays, a gift within a gift would you believe! Meet Matthew who was the latest to come away with a $300.00 gift certificate to Timbuk2.com and a tour to our factory.
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• Anything else you'd like to share with the Timbuk2 community
I may have a bag addiction. I've not mentioned the *other* brands of bags I have stowed about. It's really not a problem though.


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The Mccarran-Ferguson Exemption from the United Stated Antitrust Laws: Recent Developments
Susan Beth Farmer
Pennsylvania State University, Penn State Law
November 7, 2008
This paper was presented at a conference sponsored by the Korean Competition Law Association on the subject of antitrust exemptions and the insurance industry. It analyzes recent developments in four areas: theoretical critiques of McCarran-Ferguson immunity, legislative developments, recent judicial interpretations and international approaches to antitrust exemptions. It argues that the allocation of power and deference is at the heart of the American doctrine and issues of federalism predominate. To the extent that McCarran-Ferguson was designed to clarify the balance of state and federal power to regulate and to set a clear substantive standard, the project has failed. Though the exemption has been criticized from all directions since adoption, legislative reform has been unavailing, demonstrating that a "one way rachet" is at work: once embedded in the law, exemptions are difficult to remove despite criticism, confusion among the courts, and proffers of compromise.
A version of the American immunity covering information exchanges among firms in the insurance industry, currently the subject of a block exemption of the European Commission, is due to sunset in 2010 unless extended. As part of its oversight responsibilities, DG Comp conducted a sector inquiry and opened a public consultation into the need for the block exemption, concluding, as a preliminary matter, that claims for the exemption are unpersuasive, and is inclined to allow the block exemption to expire and rely on the general competition rules to protect necessary and pro-competitive activities in the business of insurance.
At the end of the day, however, some consensus can be observed. There is wide agreement that antitrust laws are a consumer welfare prescription, exemptions should be adopted only when necessary to remedy market failures and then construed narrowly, and data dissemination and other agreements in the business of insurance are likely pro-competitive when analyzed under the rule of reason.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 22
Keywords: antitrust, competition, immunity, exemption, insurance
JEL Classification: L40, L43, K23, K21, K10
Date posted: December 18, 2008
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SOUTH Africa could join countries hauled before the World Trade Organisation for violating international trade agreements if it follows Australia and introduces laws for cigarettes to be sold in plain packaging, a Johannesburg lawyer said on Wednesday.
Legislation that came into force in Australia on December 1, requires that cigarettes be sold in plain olive-green packaging featuring graphic images of smoking's health consequences. This has precipitated a WTO dispute.
Draft tobacco-related regulations released by Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi in March did not touch on packaging, but the Department of Health wants to strengthen antismoking regulations and controls on packaging are one way, department spokesman Joe Maila said on Wednesday.
Australia, Norway, New Zealand and Uruguay are in a standoff with Honduras, Nicaragua, Zimbabwe, the Dominican Republic and Ukraine, which claim the regulations violate international intellectual property rights rules, said Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs' associate Rachel Sikwane.
The Dominican Republic has requested that the WTO establish a panel to rule on the dispute. The trade body has yet to give such a panel the go-ahead.
Ms Sikwane said it was "likely" that the argument from South Africa, if the country introduced similar regulations, would be along the same lines as Australia's.
"The tobacco companies are likely to argue that a law requiring them to use unbranded packs contravenes the constitution, which says that no one should be deprived of property, and that in the case of an expropriation, compensation must be paid."
The tobacco companies would argue such legislation was tantamount to expropriation because it prevented them from using their trademarks, and the law said if a registered trademark was not used for five years, it was vulnerable to cancellation, she said.
The Department of Health, however, is likely to argue that the right to health must supercede intellectual property rights.
Two international tobacco companies, JT International and British American Tobacco lost their legal challenge to the Australian legislation when the country's high court ruled it was origin-neutral, nondiscriminatory and was in line with the World Health Organisation's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
British American Tobacco South Africa spokeswoman Itumeleng Langeni said the company was "strongly opposed" to plain packaging because there was no proof it would discourage people from smoking, and because it would worsen an "already significant illicit tobacco trafficking problem".
British American Tobacco South Africa buys more than 60% of all locally grown tobacco and accounts for around 65% of the country's market share, according to ISI Emerging Markets.
The Australian rules allow no branding and require that all tobacco products be sold in identical packets, with health warnings covering 75% of the front and 90% of the back. New Zealand has indicated it will follow suit.
Meanwhile, British American Tobacco said it had acquired Manchester-based CN Creative, which makes an "electronic" cigarette that helps smokers to quit.
It said its core business would remain in tobacco, but the deal would provide its customers with a "safer alternative".


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V is a fun series. The new unfortuantely got canceled after the second season. Damn commies at ABC.
Are you being cereal?
Starting Date: Dec 18, 2010
Starting Weight: 294 pounds
Current Weight: 235 pounds
Goal Weight: 195 pounds
Cap'n Crunch on ice cream.
You lousy kids! Get off my savannah!
Anyone else think that kenn must look like Barney Fife?
You lousy kids! Get off my savannah!
I wish I looked like Barney Fife.


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S.C. State women's basketball coach Doug Robertson is excited about the players on his roster; he just wishes he had a few more as the season gets underway.
The Bulldogs will begin the season with only nine players but expect to add more at the end of the semester.
"We return five players from last year's team that went 20-9, and we have two who were starters. That's a plus," Robertson said.
But there were some glitches in recruiting, he said, so the team will be shorthanded as the season gets underway.
The returning starters are Cabriel Duren (5.7 ppg, 2.55 apg) and Kourtney Williams (7.5 ppg). Center Ci Ci Goodwin (2.0 ppg, 3.8 rpg) also is back along with guard Mykala Jones (4.1 ppg). Recruits include junior college transfers Brittany Andersen and Chelsea White.
"For our scoring load, we're going to rely on Kourtney Williams and Mykala Jones. Those kids are extremely talented," Robertson said.
"If we can get through some of the growing pains, we should be ready to play our style of basketball by the second week of December. We have to hold on until then."
Robertson said the team will have to be road warriors. Eight of the Bulldogs' first nine games are on the road, including trips to Georgia, College of Charleston, Clemson and South Carolina.
"I hope our Bulldogs will be ready to play," Robertson said. "We have to play like warriors. We have to fight for everything. Our expectations are to compete and play with a lot of effort and energy."
Nov. 4 Claflin 5:30 p.m.
Nov. 15 at UNC Greensboro 2 p.m.
Nov. 19 at USC Upstate 7 p.m.
Nov. 21 Presbyterian 6 p.m.
Nov. 26 at Georgia 7 p.m.
Nov. 30 at College of Charleston 2 p.m.
Dec. 14 at Clemson 2 p.m.
Dec. 17 at Alabama A&M 5:30 p.m.
Dec. 19 at Jacksonville State 6 p.m.
Dec. 22 at South Carolina Noon
Dec. 30 Maryland-Eastern Shore 5:30 p.m.
Jan. 6 Southern Wesleyan 6 p.m.
Jan. 11 at Morgan State 2 p.m.
Jan. 13 at Coppin State 5:30 p.m.
Jan. 18 Florida A&M 4 p.m.
Jan. 20 Bethune-Cookman 5:30 p.m.
Jan. 25 Norfolk State 4 p.m.
Jan. 27 Hampton 5:30 p.m.
Feb. 1 at Florida A&M 2 p.m.
Feb. 3 at Bethune-Cookman 5:30 p.m.
Feb. 8 at Delaware State 2 p.m.
Feb. 15 N.C. Central 4 p.m.
Feb. 17 N.C. A&T 5:30 p.m.
Feb. 22 Savannah State 4 p.m.
March 1 at N.C. Central 2 p.m.
March 3 at N.C. A&T 6 p.m.
March 6 at Savannah State 5:30 p.m.
March 10-15 MEAC Tournament, Norfolk, Va. TBA


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500 attend funeral of backpacker
More than 500 people attended the funeral of Sarah Bond, the 23-year-old Essex woman who was killed in a quad-bike accident in New Zealand.
In an emotional tribute to Miss Bond, her father, Jack, 55, described his daughter as an eshet chayil - a woman of worth - and praised her determination and love of life.
Miss Bond died when her bike plunged 150ft down a steep incline near the Waitomo Caves on the county's North Island. She was 10 days into a 10-month backpacking trip.
Speaking after the funeral at Rainham Cemetery in Essex, Mr Bond also praised all those who had offered support on both sides of the world: "We have been truly touched by a huge wave of sympathy and support. We don't know what we would have done without the help of the Jewish communities in New Zealand."
The service was led by Rabbi Mendel Lew of Stanmore synagogue. A simultaneous vigil was held in Auckland.


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Have you ever hear of the spinal column shrinking?
After having an MRI, my doctor told me that my spinal column is shrinking. My symptoms are: a burning and tingling sensation in my collar and down my right arm,severe muscle wasting in both of these areas, sometimes when I turn my head I capture a sharp pain surrounded by my neck, I can hear a grinding nouns in my d¨¦colletage when I move it, my right arm will go numb during the daylight and sometimes when I wake up contained by the morning my entire scalp and both of my arms are completely numb from my shoulders to my hands. I'm forty two years outmoded and was wanting to know if you hold ever heard of this or anything close to it ? Thanks.
what are the side effects of the drug tributolene?Yes
Its called spondalolisis (*sp) of the spine. Numbness tingling headache are all symptoms. You want to go to a neurologist and see if they can stop it near surgery, by placing rods. I know that sounds awful but I have have 4 surgeries so far. I'm still hanging contained by here!
How and why does a headache occur?I own the same article. Mine is caused by injuries that I own had to the spine.
The doctor's own been trying to win me to be operated on for it several times. I enjoy other friends and associates that I have met through the years that hold had surgery. I am doing as powerfully as they are, so until I can no longer stand the pain or no longer saunter, I will wait.
My Left Foot Is Swollen How Do I Reduce The Swelling/Fever?Yes. As you age it does shrink. That's adjectives knowledge.
Heavy sleeper cannot rouse up.?get a 2nd opinion yes it can for different reasons
I've have trouble with Achilles tendinitis for a few months in a minute , any ideas how i can construct it better, thanksI have hear of a compressed spine and of the cartridge between the spinal bones attrition but not of spinal shrinkage as implied in general. I am also 42.
My Seven-Year-old brother get bit by his hamster what should i do plz quick?No I hold not its not astral perosis or whatever that bone decaying disease is? What else did the doctor influence. I would amain he said a lot and at lowest possible told you what to do and what not to do?
I hope it goes okay.
2fnbad <--- The doctor did not say anything going on for fixing it. If its not you who has the problem after I understand but I find it concrete to believe any doctor would send you away in need talking over treatment , cures , and other things along that string. Or give you a website or a book and or info something.
If thats the suitcase then thats some doctor. "It seem your spine is shrinking. Ok have a correct day cart care bye bye."
can masurbating make happen acne and weakness surrounded by tne body and premature dicharge of semen is this healthy?im 21 yrs outdated i have ( dont know how to spell it right ) skoliosis and the doc told me that when i be young my body grew efficient and my spine didnt catch up, i also when im sleeping my arms budge numb, never touched my scalp, but not both of them go numb its any one of the other and it scares me cuase i cogitate im having a stroke or somthing, but yea next to my desiese i have outstandingly sharp neck and pay for pains too but not everyday, only similar to once in a while, ive lived next to it since i was 14, i would suggest to move about to another doc and get re-evaluated... hopes this help!
My knee have a stiffness after being still for a while. What do I do?Yes, I hold heard of this, and I am wondering what else the doctor told you. It sounds resembling to me that you are having a bulging disc that is to say hitting a neve that is cause these pain symptoms, I would also be curious as to what the doctor suggested for this problem.
While it is true that as we age our spinal colum looses minerals, and the discs start to loose moisture, the symptoms you are describing are much more serious that simple aging.
I have back sugery several years ago, and while my functioning is much better the backache is still there, but I hold a good spasm management specialist. I also suffered a work related injury where my level of functioning have further decreased, but it is separate from my origional injury say the doctor, which is a good point as they are ways to slow down the natural progression of the discs degenerate.
I am not a physician, so I am not qualified to give medical counsel, but when I mentioned the numbing, burning and tingling in my leg an foot, the doctors got right on it and i have the mri, which showed a disc hurniation (sp?) large bone fragments floating around, and surgery be scheuled the next week. Now that be for my lower back, not the d¨¦colletage, and the neck is within a whole different ballgame.
Be severely cautious in the region of what ever suggestions the docs might give you near regard to sugery option, such a fusion or inserting pins to the affected discs. There are upright sources of information available on all sorts of medical issues on WebMD. I used this site to attain a lot of information prior to the surgery, and go to an online support group there after the surgery.
Good luck, and be easy-going with your movements until your situation is more stabalized. My thoughts are next to you.
Is it mundane to go to bed for 11 hours?I bet you are conversation about spinal stenosis. It is a shrinking of the spine and I enjoy it along with several other spinal diseases. It is certainly a narrowing of the spine. It can squeeze your spinal cord and nerves. Of course it will affect your neck and arm. Mine is in the lower spine and I am lastingly disabled because of severe stenosis. I have be ruled out as a surgical candidate and will finish off up in a stool at some point.I have several herniated discs as powerfully as degenerative joint and disc disease. I am 47 and hold had this since 19. It is awful and I preference you good luck. You enjoy this other pain because the nerves to these other parts adjectives come from the spine. Everything starts in the spine.


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Man hit, killed by train in ShepherdsvilleUPDATED 6:03 PM EDT Jul 09, 2014
A man is dead after he was hit by a train in Shepherdsville on Wednesday.Video Transcript
BULLITT COUNTY. A MAN WAS KILLED WHILE WALKING ALONG TRAIN TRACKS. WLKY'S ANNA LYSA GAYLE IS LIVE IN SHEPHERDSVILLE WITH WHAT SHE'S LEARNED ABOUT THE INVESTIGATION. POLICE SAY THE INCIDENT HAPPENED AROUND 12-30 WHEN A TRAIN GOING NORTHBOUND NEAR THE 1000 BLOCK OF SOUTH PRESTON HIGHWAY STRUCK A 39-YEAR-OLD MALE WALKING IN THE AREA. PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY SAY THE MAN WAS WEARING HEADPHONES. 16:55:55 John Moon, Heard Train honking Clip #3005 "We heard the horn blowing and I was sitting inside the apartment here and when we came out my little girl said look, the train stopped. 16:16:02 WHEN WE GOT ON THE SCENE C-S-X RAILROAD POLICE WAS MONITORING THE AREA TO MAKE SURE THAT NO ONE ELSE WALKED NEAR THE RAILROAD TRACKS. POLICE SAY THE TRACK DOES NOT HAVE A CROSSING. PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY WHO FREQUENT THIS NEARBY CONVENIENCE STORE SAY THE RAIL ROAD TRACK IS A POPULAR PLACE TO WALK SINCE THERE ARE LIMITED OPTIONS. 15:51:40 Owen Jackson, Says Railroad tracks aren't safe Clip #2996 "You never know when trains are coming and you can't always step off on the side, so it would be nice if we had sidewalks or something.15:51:45 15:51:52 Owen Jackson, Says Railroad tracks aren't safe Clip #2996 "You got five or six neighborhoods back here down Beecher Grove and there's several down 61. People need a way to get around especially on foot"5:52:00 SHEPHERDSVILLE POLICE DEPARTMENT IS LEADING THE INVESTIGATION. SERGEANT O'DONNELL SAYS THE INVESTIGATION IS IN THE EARLY STAGES. LIVE IN SHEPHERDSVILLE, ANNA-LYSA GAYLE W-L-K-Y NEWS.
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"From the very first half hour, after I was able to pull myself together, I knew that this too shall pass," Winfrey told PEOPLE at the premiere of The Great Debaters, a film she produced starring Denzel Washington. "Just work on it, focus on the girls, focus on the girls, focus on the girls. And the girls are now fine."
In September, a student went public with claims of abuse at the hands of school officials. In the subsequent investigation, a dorm matron was suspended and arrested. Winfrey, meanwhile, issued a public apology to the families of the students, saying, "I've disappointed you. I'm so sorry."
"I think that all crisis is there to teach you about your life," Winfrey said at the Tuesday night event in Los Angeles. The biggest lesson learned: "You have to be far more careful in choosing people to stand in the gap for you. You have to stay on it."
'I'm 53 ... not 23'Now the students are off on summer break, but the talk-show host is already looking forward to the start of another academic year. "The school is going to be better because that happened," she said. "We're going to come back and have best year ever!"
Still, in the wake of the controversy, some chose to question Winfrey's credibility. Did the criticism sting? "Oh, my goodness. ... I'm 53, years old, not 23," she said. "By the time you're 53 years old, if you don't know who you are, if you're not grounded in your own truth, if you're not able to brush off what other people think or say about you, then you've had a pretty pathetic life."


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Trey Wright
Trey Wright began playing guitar at age 15. Initially inspired by the blues, Trey was exposed to jazz early in his development through private instruction. At the University of Georgia, Trey studied jazz improvisation with pianist and composer Steve Dancz.
In 1994, Trey co-founded Athens/Atlanta based jazz band Squat. The award winning group has been a featured artist at the Atlanta Jazz Festival, The Twilight Athens Jazz Festival and Harvest Midtown. Trey produced six independent releases from Squat and the band has shared a stage with Medeski, Martin & Wood; Maceo Parker; Maynard Ferguson; The Charlie Hunter Trio and The B52's among others.Read more
Take Five With...
CD/LP/Track Review
- Where I'm Calling From by Budd Kopman
September 02, 2009
Primary Instrument
Willing to teach
Advanced students only.
Teaches at Kennesaw State University in Kennesaw, GA


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Top Definition
something meant to obfuscate or conceal the truth
This is the most half-baked cover up I've ever seen.
by The Return of Light Joker September 08, 2009
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
When a male uses a shirt that is 1 to 3 sizes too big for the purpose of covering up his boxer shorts and/or the fact that he is sagging.
If you use the cover-up, you won't get yelled at by a teacher for sagging.
by southparkrox September 18, 2009
Oral sex in the postion to where if the testicles were to meet the face they would be meeting the nose and not the chin.
"Dude, last night I gave Brandee a cover up and she choked for like 10 seonds before I realized it."
by Danny August 05, 2004


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Former Governor Mitt Romney (R-MA), is in trouble with Hispanic voters in his bid for Barack Obama's White House.
Romney's verbal gymnastics when questioned by reporters about his position on immigration has him confirming criticism that he is an empty vessel with no belief in anything but his own money.
"I don't want to play football with a political matter," Romney said on MSNBC on Monday.
Immigration is indeed a 'political matter' and a crucial issue in the 2012 elections.
Romney's remarks came after Obama shored up support among Hispanic voters with last week's Executive Order that allows children of illegal immigrants to remain in the US for 2 years without fear of deportation.
Republicans generally to not do well with Hispanic voters, due to their anti-immigration policy.
Mitt Romney has repeated on the campaign trail that he would veto the Dream Act, if it came to his desk as president.
While Democrats do not yet appear to smell blood in the water with Romney, members of his own party may be picking up the scent. In a surprise announcement on Tuesday, Florida Senator Marco Rubio, took himself off the short list for the Romney Vice Presidency slot, distancing himself from Romney.
If Rubio's move was not sheer coincidence, it is not a good sign. When members of the Republican Party start running away from their own presidential candidate, it can spread like political wildfire.


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R T Motors - Atlantic, IA - Phone: (712) 243-1222
Templeman Used Cars & Cycles - Atlantic, IA - Phone: (712) 243-3784
Truck dealers in Atlantic deal in quality used trucks, medium-duty vehicles and trucks with vocational specifications. Trucking professionals count on Freightliner truck dealers for reliable product information, truck parts and customer support. These truck dealers are available 24 hours in the day, seven days a week.
NYS Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli Addresses Clean Energy Leadership Task Force
Audits Confirm Savings from Energy Efficiency Improvements at Long Island School Districts (Long Island, NY) On Friday, February 19th, New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli spoke before the Clean Energy Leadership Task Force which is a project directed by the Sustainability Institute at Molloy College located at Republic Airport in Farmingdale NY. Mr. DiNapoli discussed the results of audits..


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Here's a Flint Journal letter to the editor for Sunday, Dec. 14, 2008: (Give your view on this letter in the comments area below)
As someone who grew up in the Flint area during better times (1982 graduate of Swartz Creek High School, 1987 graduate of GMI/Kettering University) I can certainly understand the economic frustrations felt by many people in Flint today, and especially the frustration they must have felt as Congress moved toward passing the so-called Wall Street bailout.
What many people do not know is that the financial crisis wasn't a failure of the Bush administration.
The root cause of this crisis was the lower credit standards for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac loans put in place during the 1990s. As someone with a finance degree who has extensive contacts in the mortgage industry -- including relatives who lost their jobs as the sub-prime mortgage industry crashed -- I can say this with absolute certainty. And, there is an airtight paper trail to document it.
For those who want to understand this, start with a New York Times article published Sept. 30, 1999. The headline "Fannie Mae eases credit" can be easily located on the Internet. This article predicted -- more than a year before Bush was even elected -- that these lower standards would lead to a huge bailout similar to that used for the savings and loan industry. That is exactly what has happened.
Jim Kocsis
Keller, Texas
See more Flint Journal letters to the editor. | Give your view on this letter in the comments area below.


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This winter it's getting too warm and the ice falls are not safe to climb, or at least not as fun. But apparently it's warm only on this side of the Alps: last weekend I went cross-country skiing in Engadine and here is what I saw on my car thermometer as soon as I entered the valley:
I think it's the lowest temperature I ever experienced while not doing iceclimbing or mountaineering.
PS: Pardon the blurriness of the picture, but the display is in the middle of the dashboard, right in the middle of the steering wheel, and I took it with my cellphone camera while driving on a windy road.
Is it indoor temperature? Did you have your car condition on?
No, that was the outside temperature
It was -38C in Edmonton two weeks ago. -46C if you include the wind chill factor.Props to the talented group at the Edmonton .NET User Group for putting up with the frozen north. I guess that's why Donald Belcham calls himself the igloo coder.
Wow, that's very cold, especially if you think that Edmonton is a "normal" city, not a mountain/ski village. In Milano we rarely go behind -5°C (and never happened this winter)
This is the blog of Simone Chiaretta, an Italian .NET developer, architect, Microsoft MVP, ASPInsider, Subtext core member, ASP.NET MVC lover with a passion for mountain climbing.
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13 Spring Crafts: Easter Craft Ideas, Spring DIY Home Dcor, and More
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A Sandy Vase
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Embellish a vase by covering it in sand! This fun spring craft from The New Image Group will bring a bit of the beach to into your home while you wait for the weather to get warmer.
- Craft Glue
- Plastic Cup
- Paintbrush
- Clean Bottle or Jar
- Assorted Sand
- Create glue mixture by adding 1/4 cup of craft glue and 1 teaspoon water into a plastic cup. Mix with paintbrush.
- Using the paintbrush, coat the outside of the jar/bottle with your glue mixture. Sprinkle sand over glued areas.
TIP: Rotate the bottle as you pour to make sure sand is distributing evenly.
- Let dry.
Optional Steps: As you get more comfortable with the process, try new designs with multiple colors.
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Yauk's Specialty Meats in Windsor has expanded its recall for a third time to include additional products produced under unsanitary conditions.
The products recalled Monday are in addition to the more than 90,000 pounds of various meat and poultry products recalled Dec. 9 and Dec. 12, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service.
The products subject to Monday's expansion of the recall can be identified by the establishment number "Est. 20309" inside the USDA Mark of Inspection and include:
» "Corner Post Meats" brand hams and bacon.
» "Old Style Sausage" brand Smoked Andouille Sausage.
» "Old Style Sausage" brand Smoked Kielbasa Sausage.
Products previously included in the recall expansion Dec. 12 can be identified by the following brand names and bear the establishment number "Est. 20309" or "P-20309" inside the USDA Mark of Inspection.
Brands affected by the Dec. 12 recall expansion include:
» Four Sisters Farm
» Heart Rock Bison
» High Point Bison
» Luc's Pizza
» Mountain States Poultry & Meats
» Open A Bar 2
» Rocky Plains Quality Meats
» Schmidt's Bakery & Deli
» Wag's Livestock
» Wayne's Specialty Meats
» Windsor Dairy
» Wyoming Pure Beef
» Yauk's Specialty Meats
The following products are subject to the recall announced Dec. 9:
» "Colorado's Best Beef" brand various fresh, smoked and shelf-stable meat products.
» "James Ranch" brand jerky and summer sausage.
» "Rocky Plains Meats" brand hams, bacon, raw and smoked sausage, jerky and raw poultry.
» "Long Family Farms" brand smoked pork products.
» "Horned Beef" brand jerky.
» "Mile High Hungarian Sausage" brand fresh and smoked bacon and sausage.
Yauk's, 208 Main St., is not open for business.


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Northwest NEWS
anuary 28, 2002
Bothell plans meetings for future Thrasher's Corner Park
Bothell invites citizens to attend public meetings to help plan for the future 54-acre Thrasher's Corner Regional Park, located along 208th and 9th Avenue Southeast in the northern part of the city. Meetings are scheduled for Tuesday, Jan. 29, at the Bothell Municipal Court, 10116 NE 183rd St., and Tuesday, Feb. 26, at the Bothell Police Department community room, 18410 101st Ave. Northeast. Both meetings begin at 7 p.m.
The master planning process is designed to allow and encourage community input as to what elements are desired in the park development. Public comment is an essential part of the process used by both city staff and the Parks and Recreation Board in developing recommendations on a draft plan for ultimate consideration by the Bothell City Council in April. There are no immediate plans or funding to develop this park, yet the master planning process will result in a phased approach and will allow the city to apply for development grant funds.
"The City of Bothell does its best to encourage citizens to participate in local government," said Bothell Public Works Director Dave Zabell. "These meetings are a tremendous opportunity for the community to share their ideas and really influence the park's future."
In 1997, the city received grants from the Snohomish County Conservation Futures Grant Program for the full $2.9 million purchase price. Under terms of the grants, the park may not be developed for "active" uses such as ball fields or sport courts. Only "passive" uses are allowed, such as walking trails and nature interpretive facilities.


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Labin – Ignore the rather ugly modern outskirts of Labin, which were built for the 20th century mining community, and you'll be rewarded by the old town. Set on a rocky knoll, with far-reaching views around upper Istria, it has been fortified since Illyrian times and was an important outpost for the Roman and the Venetians.
Labin is a meeting place for sculptors and artists.


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Chicken Cacciatore
|Prep time
|15 minutes
|Cook time
|50 minutes
RECIPE CREATED BY EXECUTIVE CHEF DANA REINHARDT | © 2008 Windset Farms™. All rights reserved.
This zesty and full-bodied sauce is great to cook either halibut or snapper in. It is also great on its own on pasta.
- 4 Windset Farms™ Maestro™ Sweet Bell Peppers, roasted, seeded and peeled
- 1 (6 – 8 lb.) whole chicken, cut into 8 pieces
- ¼ cup olive oil
- 2 Tbsp. butter
- 2 cups tomato sauce
- 1 lemon, zested and sectioned
- 2 – 3 anchovy fillets, chopped very finely
- 1½ Tbsp. capers, drained
- ½ tsp. chili flakes
- ¼ cup fresh basil, chopped
- 1 tsp. kosher salt
- Heat oven to 450°F.
- Place the whole Maestro™ peppers on a baking sheet and roast in oven until charred (about 20 minutes). Place Maestro™ peppers in a bowl and cover with plastic wrap. Let sit until cool. Remove seeds from peppers; peel and chop.
- Heat a large skillet on medium/high, add olive oil and butter. Season chicken pieces with salt and pepper and brown in the skillet. Remove from skillet, set aside the pan and chicken.
- Zest lemon and remove lemon sections. In a food processor, add lemon zest, lemon sections, chopped anchovies, roasted Maestro™ peppers, capers and chili flakes. Purée. Add tomato sauce, kosher salt and purée to blend.
- Place skillet back on the stove at medium/low heat and add cacciatore sauce and chicken. Simmer until chicken is cooked through (approximately 15 minutes).
- Add chopped basil and serve over noodles or rice.


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You can make two types of reservations through this website:
You'll receive an instant confirmation of your booking we make about a third of our beds available to be immediately booked online. You'll need a valid credit card to pay the booking fee of 1Euro (about AU$1.50).
The full accommodation amount will be payable upon your arrival to the hostel. There is no need to reconfirm these bookings, but in case of cancellation or not showing up, your credit card will be charged for the first night of your stay.
For any special request, please send it through the "anything you would like to tell us" box in the third page of the Instant Online Booking System
If the room of your choice is not available on-line, please book it through our Standard Reservation Request as a room is often available off-line.


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|You americans with your 500,000 orders in vietnam!
Massey has a news of bombing with company of profit through step man and tree of corn calendar.
Secret service was shut in 1865 with what the record in case?
This is what a water celebrity loves like.
In the various matthews learnt she did a nice general and was familiar at the 50 safety explosion.