text:
- Aveng Limited
- Basil Read (Pty) Ltd.
- Motheo Construction Group
Group Five Limited (GRF) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides you an in-depth strategic SWOT analysis of the company's businesses and operations. The profile has been compiled by the publisher to bring to you a clear and an unbiased view of the company's key strengths and weaknesses and the potential opportunities and threats. The profile helps you formulate strategies that augment your business by enabling you to understand your partners, customers and competitors better.
The profile contains critical company information including:
- Business description – A detailed description of the company's operations and business divisions.
- Corporate strategy – Analyst's summarization of the company's business strategy.
- SWOT Analysis – A detailed analysis of the company's strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.
- Company history – Progression of key events associated with the company.
- Major products and services – A list of major products, services and brands of the company.
- Key competitors – A list of key competitors to the company.
- Key employees – A list of the key executives of the company.
- Executive biographies – A brief summary of the executives' employment history.
- Key operational heads – A list of personnel heading key departments/functions.
- Important locations and subsidiaries – A list and contact details of key locations and subsidiaries of the company.
- Detailed financial ratios for the past five years – The latest financial ratios derived from the annual financial statements published by the company with 5 years history.
- Interim ratios for the last five interim periods – The latest financial ratios derived from the quarterly/semi-annual financial statements published by the company for 5 interims history.
Group Five Limited (Group Five) is an integrated construction services, materials and infrastructure investment company. It operates full concessions and transport public–private partnership (PPPs) and develops, acquires and manages selected A-grade property assets in South Africa. The company offers engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) services and operation and maintenance services. It manufactures a range of fiber cement and steel products. Group Five also conducts various construction activities including building and housing, civil engineering, and engineering projects. The company caters to seven sectors: mining, industrial, power, oil and gas, water, real estate and transport. It operates in Southern Africa, Western Africa, Eastern Africa, Central Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Group Five is headquartered in Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.
Group Five Limited Key Recent Developments
Nov 17, 2015: South Africa's KwaDukuza and Group Five resume construction works at Avon Peaking power plant
Sep 30, 2015: Tullow Oil: First Lady Names Ghana's Second FPSO
Key benefits of buying this profile include:
You get detailed information about the company and its operations to identify potential customers and suppliers.
- The profile analyzes the company's business structure, operations, major products and services, prospects, locations and subsidiaries, key executives and their biographies and key competitors.
Understand and respond to your competitors' business structure and strategies, and capitalize on their weaknesses. Stay up to date on the major developments affecting the company.
- The company's core strengths and weaknesses and areas of development or decline are analyzed and presented in the profile objectively. Recent developments in the company covered in the profile help you track important events.
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Scout for potential investments and acquisition targets, with detailed insight into the companies' strategic, financial and operational performance.
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Gain key insights into the company for academic or business research.
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Note: Some sections may be missing if data is unavailable for the company SHOW LESS READ MORE >
- Aveng Limited
- Basil Read (Pty) Ltd.
- Motheo Construction Group
List of Tables
List of Figures
Section 1 - About the Company
Group Five Limited - Key Facts
Group Five Limited - Key Employees
Group Five Limited - Key Employee Biographies
Group Five Limited - Key Operational Employees
Group Five Limited - Major Products and Services
Group Five Limited - History
Group Five Limited - Company Statement
Group Five Limited - Locations And Subsidiaries
Head Office
Other Locations & Subsidiaries
Section 2 – Company Analysis
Group Five Limited - Business Description
Group Five Limited - Corporate Strategy
Group Five Limited - SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis - Overview
Group Five Limited - Strengths
Strength - Strong Order Book
Strength - Strong Presence: Domestic Engineering & Construction Market
Strength - Focus on Safety
Group Five Limited - Weaknesses
Weakness - Declining Profitability
Group Five Limited - Opportunities
Opportunity - Government Infrastructure Spending: South Africa
Opportunity - Overseas Markets
Opportunity - Increasing Demand for Energy
Group Five Limited - Threats
Threat - Foreign Exchange Volatility
Threat - Cost Overruns
Threat - Increasing Competition for Infrastructure Projects
Group Five Limited - Key Competitors
Section 3 – Company Financial Ratios
Financial Ratios - Capital Market Ratios
Financial Ratios - Annual Ratios
Performance Chart
Financial Performance
Financial Ratios - Interim Ratios
Financial Ratios - Ratio Charts
Section 4 – Company's Power Financial Deals and Alliances
Group Five Limited, Power, Deals By Year, 2010 to YTD 2016
Group Five Limited, Power, Deals By Type, 2010 to YTD 2016
Group Five Limited, Recent Deals Summary
Section 5 – Company's Recent Developments
Nov 17, 2015: South Africa's KwaDukuza and Group Five resume construction works at Avon Peaking power plant
Sep 30, 2015: Tullow Oil: First Lady Names Ghana's Second FPSO
Section 6 – Appendix
Ratio Definitions
About us
Contact Us
List of Tables
Group Five Limited, Key Facts
Group Five Limited, Key Employees
Group Five Limited, Key Employee Biographies
Group Five Limited, Key Operational Employees
Group Five Limited, Major Products and Services
Group Five Limited, History
Group Five Limited, Other Locations
Group Five Limited, Key Competitors
Group Five Limited, Ratios based on current share price
Group Five Limited, Annual Ratios
Group Five Limited, Interim Ratios
Group Five Limited, Power, Deals By Year, 2010 to YTD 2016
Group Five Limited, Power, Deals By Type, 2010 to YTD 2016
Group Five Limited, Recent Deals Summary
Currency Codes
Capital Market Ratios
Equity Ratios
Profitability Ratios
Cost Ratios
Liquidity Ratios
Leverage Ratios
Efficiency Ratios
List of Figures
Group Five Limited, Performance Chart (2011 - 2015)
Group Five Limited, Ratio Charts
Group Five Limited, Power, Deals By Year, 2010 to YTD 2016
Group Five Limited, Power, Deals by Type, 2010 to YTD 2016
Murray & Roberts Holdings Limited
Trencon Construction (Pty) Ltd
Stefanutti Stocks (Pty) Ltd
Motheo Construction Group
Basil Read (Pty) Ltd.
Aveng Limited


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Browsing Geography Theses and Dissertations by Title
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Landers, Matthew Worth, 1984- (University of Oregon, March , 2010)[more][less]Landers, Matthew Worth, 1984- 2010-06-18T23:47:33Z 2010-06-18T23:47:33Z 2010-03 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10474 xi, 114 p. : ill., maps (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Since 1975, the Spanish autonomous region of Catalonia has been renegotiating its political and cultural place within Spain. The designation and promotion of places within Catalonia as World Heritage Sites-a matter over which regional authorities have competency-provides insights into the national and territorial ideas that have emerged in recent decades. This study of the selection and portrayal of World Heritage sites by Turisme de Cata1unya shows that the sites reflect a view of the region as 1) home to a distinct cultural group, 2) a place with an ancient past, and 3) a place with a history of territorial autonomy. These characteristics suggest that even though many Catalan regionalists seek a novel territorial status that is neither independent of nor subservient to the Spanish state, the dominant territorial norms of the modem state system continue to be at the heart of the Catalan nation-building project. Committee in Charge: Dr. Alexander B. Murphy, Chair; Dr. Xiaobo Su en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2010; World Heritage areas -- Spain -- Catalonia Catalonia (Spain) Catalonia Is a Country: World Heritage and Regional Nationalism World Heritage and Regional Nationalism Thesis
Ginsburg, Alexander David (University of Oregon, December , 2011)[more][less]Ginsburg, Alexander David 2012-04-19T00:34:03Z 2012-04-19T00:34:03Z 2011-12 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12166 xiv, 143 p. The amplified effects of climate change in the Arctic are well known and, according to many commentators, endanger Inuit cultural integrity. However, the specific connections between climate change and cultural change are understudied. This thesis explores the relationship between climatic shifts and culture in the Inuit community of Salluit, Quebec, Canada. Although residents of Salluit are acutely aware of climate change in their region and have developed causal explanations for the phenomenon, most Salluit residents do not characterize climate change as a threat to Inuit culture. Instead, they highlight the damaging impacts of globalization and internal colonialism as a more serious problem. This counter-narrative suggests that focusing narrowly on climate change can obscure the broader and more immediate challenges facing Inuit communities. Such a realization demonstrates the need for researchers to locate climate change within a matrix of non-climatic challenges in order to mitigate threats to indigenous cultures. Committee in charge: Susan W. Hardwick, Chairperson; Alexander B. Murphy, Chairperson; Michael Hibbard, Member en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2011; rights_reserved Geography Canadian studies Climate change Social sciences Earth sciences Canada Culture change Inuit Nunavik Salluit (Quebec) Climatic changes -- Quebec (Province) -- Salluit Climate Change and Culture Change in Salluit, Quebec, Canada Thesis
The Columbia River's region: Politics, place and environment in the Pacific Northwest, 1933--presentVogel, Eve, 1964- (University of Oregon, December , 2007)[more][less]Vogel, Eve, 1964- 2008-05-16T18:40:06Z 2008-05-16T18:40:06Z 2007-12 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/6280 xiv, 296 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: KNIGHT F853 .V64 2007 This dissertation argues that Columbia River management and politics have been shaped ever since the New Deal by a conception of the Columbia River as the defining feature of the Pacific Northwest region. The study examines how that conception was developed, how it became institutionalized within and by a government agency, the Bonneville Power Administration, and what its impacts have been. Drawing on a mix of archival materials, published and unpublished secondary accounts, interviews, and the author's experience working on Columbia River policy, the dissertation shows that the definition of a Columbia River-centered Pacific Northwest was laid out in 1935 by the four-state Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commission, influenced in part by a "regionalist" ideal of shared social and environmental well-being. It was institutionalized but narrowed into the federal BPA in 1937. Soon, a three-and-a-half-state Pacific Northwest consisting of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and western Montana was being knit together by shared transmission lines and uniformly inexpensive power rates, and by a federal power agency that positioned itself as a regional Chamber of Commerce. Since the Second World War, the Columbia River-centered Pacific Northwest has shaped its collective economic fortunes around exclusive regional access to BPA-provided Columbia River hydropower. But geographically distributed wealth did not end political conflict; private power companies, state governors, Native American tribes, and fish and wildlife agencies have had to be accommodated with distributions of BPA power and money. BPA-centered Columbia River management has through political conflict gradually expanded to serve wider interests, moving closer to the New Deal regionalist ideal. Yet in controversial decisions since 2000, Columbia River managers have chosen to risk wild salmon rather than breach federal Columbia River hydropower dams or allow Pacific Northwest power costs to escalate. They have done this because they have prioritized the most fundamental, and the most regional, Columbia River benefit of all: broadly shared inexpensive power. Understanding the opportunities and constraints of BPA-centered regional Columbia River management is essential in order to meet upcoming Columbia River policy challenges. Adviser: Alexander B. Murphy 13258322 bytes 60016 bytes application/pdf application/pdf en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, Ph. D., 2007 Hydropower Montana Environment and development Columbia River Place Northwest, Pacific Washington (State) Environmental history Political economy Regional planning Idaho Pacific Northwest Oregon The Columbia River's region: Politics, place and environment in the Pacific Northwest, 1933--present Thesis
Comparative Geospatial Analysis of Twitter Sentiment Data during the 2008 and 2012 U.S. Presidential ElectionsGordon, Josef (University of Oregon, October 10, 2013)[more][less]Lobben, Amy Gordon, Josef 2013-10-10T23:19:18Z 2013-10-10T23:19:18Z 2013-10-10 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13424 The goal of this thesis is to assess and characterize the representativeness of sampled data that is voluntarily submitted through social media. The case study vehicle used is Twitter data associated with the 2012 Presidential election, which were in turn compared to similarly collected 2008 Presidential election Twitter data in order to ascertain the representative statewide changes in the pro-Democrat bias of sentiment-derived Twitter data mentioning either of the Republican or Democrat Presidential candidates. The results of the comparative analysis show that the MAE lessened by nearly half - from 13.1% in 2008 to 7.23% in 2012 - which would initially suggest a less biased sample. However, the increase in the strength of the positive correlation between tweets per county and population density actually suggests a much more geographically biased sample. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Big Data Election GIS Social Media Twitter Comparative Geospatial Analysis of Twitter Sentiment Data during the 2008 and 2012 U.S. Presidential Elections Electronic Thesis or Dissertation M.S. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
Jablonski, Jon R. (University of Oregon, June , 2009)[more][less]Jablonski, Jon R. 2009-10-21T01:14:57Z 2009-10-21T01:14:57Z 2009-06 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9873 xii, 158 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. The Internet affects many aspects of daily life and economic activity in globalized economies. The network city thesis posits that the Internet enables disbursed methods of production and new forms of economic activity. Existing economic geography literature concentrates on revenue generating firms. The concept of Cultural Heritage Cyberinfrastructure (CHCi) is developed in order to account for economic activities of nongoverning and nonrevenue generating firms, and is tested against the online activities of libraries. China, with its administratively homogeneous provincial library system and rapidly changing economy, is examined. The central government and provincial libraries are cooperatively building the National Digital Culture Network of China to provide information services to urban migrants and subsidize rural development efforts through CHCi. These projects are found to be more active in less-economically transitioned western provinces. CHCi is found to be a useful construct for studying non-governing, non-market segments of an economy. Committee in Charge: Dr. Alexander B. Murphy, Chair; Dr. Xiaobo Su en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2009; Cyberinfrastructure -- China Provincial libraries State libraries -- China Cultural Heritage Cyberinfrastructure Cultural Heritage Cyberinfrastructure: A Geographic Case Study of China Geographic Case Study of China Thesis
Decolonial Autonomies: Fair Trade, Subsistence and the Everyday Practice of Food Sovereignty in the Highlands of ChiapasNaylor, Lindsay (University of Oregon, October 17, 2014)[more][less]Nelson, Lise Naylor, Lindsay 2014-10-17T16:13:12Z 2014-10-17 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18505 Recognition of the world food crisis has increased popular and scholarly work on alternatives to corporatized agriculture. Among many alternatives, fair trade and food sovereignty are two movements that have received a substantial amount of attention. Scholarly work on these topics, however, has focused on larger-scale issues of policy, access and benefits accrued to producers and consumers within such alternative food systems. Producer-focused studies of fair trade--a broader certification system designed to ameliorate inequalities in the marketplace--have examined access to markets, producer benefits and fairness. Analyses of struggles for food sovereignty in the developing world--which are directed at producer control over agricultural systems--are focused on creating radical alternatives to neoliberal food systems. However, very little is known about the everyday agricultural and food production practices which farmers deploy as part of their involvement with these broader politics. Attempts to create secure livelihoods and food resources do not exist in a vacuum; they take place alongside other strategies for survival. This is a situation that is well illustrated by indigenous farmers living in self-declared autonomous communities in Chenalhó, Chiapas, Mexico, where, cultivating subsistence crops and cash crops represents an effort to advance a political agenda for indigenous autonomy and create secure sources of food and income. Based on research and fieldwork from 2010-2013, in this dissertation I examine how farmers who are linked up with broader networks (such as fair trade certification) understand and practice autonomy. Drawing on a feminist geopolitical approach, this research presents a `scaled-down' analysis of autonomy, fair trade certification and practices of food sovereignty which is focused on the experience of farmers in self-declared autonomous communities. This approach provides critical insight into the daily negotiations of farmers as they interact with a range of networks. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. autonomy decolonial fair trade feminist geopolitics food sovereignty resistance Decolonial Autonomies: Fair Trade, Subsistence and the Everyday Practice of Food Sovereignty in the Highlands of Chiapas Electronic Thesis or Dissertation 2015-10-17 Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Watkins, Derek (University of Oregon, 2012)[more][less]Murphy, Alexander Watkins, Derek Watkins, Derek 2012-10-26T04:05:53Z 2012-10-26T04:05:53Z 2012 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12442 Human social interactions imbue the world with meaning, transforming abstract spaces into lived places. Given the digital conduits of much modern social interaction, online narratives increasingly affect material places. Yet the emerging glut of online information demands new methods of investigating place narratives at multiple scales. Drawing on novel geographic visualizations of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of photographs of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands posted on the website Flickr, this study shows that online portrayals are 1) highly uneven in terms of distribution, visibility, and content, 2) fundamentally influenced by "real-world" geographies, 3) often culturally reductive, and 4) made to appear unduly exhaustive by the naturalizing visual slant of the internet as a medium of communication. These processes stand to influence how places are constructed in the information age, especially given the presence of "digital divides" that work against internet access for much of the world's population. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. borderlands critical cartography geoweb neogeography place volunteered geographic information Digital Facets of Place: Flickr's Mappings of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands Electronic Thesis or Dissertation
The distribution and impact of roads and railroads on the river landscapes of the coterminous United StatesBlanton, Paul, 1968- (University of Oregon, September , 2010)[more][less]Blanton, Paul, 1968- 2011-05-23T22:55:58Z 2011-05-23T22:55:58Z 2010-09 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11186 xvi, 150 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Floodplain roads and railroads are common features in river landscapes, but their distribution and impacts have not been explicitly studied. This dissertation discusses the impacts of floodplain roads and railroads on channel and floodplain processes in river landscapes at the continental, regional, and local scales. At the continental scale, I documented the spatial patterns of roads and railroads in the floodplains of the continental United States and the regional variability of their potential impacts. Based on these results, I developed a conceptual model based on topography and the interaction of transportation and stream networks that suggests that the area of lateral disconnection caused by transportation infrastructure should be most extensive in mid-sized alluvial valleys in relatively rugged settings, such as those located in the western United States. I used pre-existing digital geologic, hydrologic, and transportation data with Geographic Information Systems software to map floodplain areas and lateral disconnection along the floodplains of two river systems in Washington State. I developed methods to quickly and inexpensively delineate potential or historic floodplain surfaces, to analyze lateral floodplain disconnection caused by different types of structure, and to rank floodplain reaches in terms of salmon habitat potential. Although all floodplains exhibited disconnection, the floodplain maps and habitat rankings helped identify opportunities for habitat preservation and restoration. At the local scale, I mapped and measured the impacts of lateral disconnection, showing that channel and riparian habitat was degraded in locations with floodplain transportation infrastructure confining the channel compared with similar nearby sites lacking such confinement. Railroad grades and road beds function as confining structures in the riparian zone, disrupting flood pulses and the exchange of water, sediment, and biota between channels and their floodplains and within the floodplain. Over longer time periods, these structures can also impede the natural meandering and migration of channels across their floodplains, disrupting the erosional and depositional processes that drive the high habitat and biological diversity characteristic of floodplains. My results show that human-caused disconnections need to be further incorporated into river science and management. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material. Committee in charge: W. Andrew Marcus, Chairperson, Geography; Daniel Gavin, Member, Geography; Patricia McDowell, Member, Geography; Joshua Roering, Outside Member, Geological Sciences en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, Ph. D., 2010; Geomorphology Landscape ecology River landscapes Human impacts Roads -- Design and construction -- Environmental aspects Railroads -- Design and construction -- Environmental aspects Geography Transportation planning Floodplain management The distribution and impact of roads and railroads on the river landscapes of the coterminous United States Thesis
Effectiveness of Extracting Water Surface Slopes from LiDAR Data within the Active Channel: Sandy River, Oregon, USAEnglish, John Thomas, 1980- (University of Oregon, March , 2009)[more][less]English, John Thomas, 1980- 2009-05-15T23:13:43Z 2009-05-15T23:13:43Z 2009-03 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9168 x, 108 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. This paper examines the capability of LiDAR data to accurately map river water surface slopes in three reaches of the Sandy River, Oregon, USA. LiDAR data were compared with field measurements to evaluate accuracies and determine how water surface roughness and point density affect LiDAR measurements. Results show that LiDAR derived water surface slopes were accurate to within 0.0047,0.0025, and 0.0014 slope, with adjusted R2 values of 0.35, 0.47, and 0.76 for horizontal intervals of 5, 10, and 20m, respectively. Additionally, results show LiDAR provides greater data density where water surfaces are broken. This study provides conclusive evidence supporting use of LiDAR to measure water surface slopes of channels with accuracies similar to field based approaches. Committee in Charge: W. Andrew Marcus, Chair; Patricia F. McDowell en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.S., 2009; Effectiveness of Extracting Water Surface Slopes from LiDAR Data within the Active Channel: Sandy River, Oregon, USA Thesis
Duffin, Jenna (University of Oregon, August 18, 2015)[more][less]McDowell, Patricia Duffin, Jenna 2015-08-18T23:13:06Z 2015-08-18 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19338 Engineered log jams (ELJs) were constructed on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in eastern Oregon as part of a large restoration project. These log structures were designed to address many of the restoration goals including creating scour pools, inhibiting bank erosion, creating and maintaining a sinuous river planform, and increasing complexity of fish habitat. This study uses geomorphic change detection techniques to monitor topographic change under and around the 26 log structures in two different river reaches over a six to seven year period. This study finds that the ELJs are remaining stable within the river and maintaining deep pool habitat. The study provides insight into which log structure variables are most related to the patterns and amounts of aggradation and degradation. Understanding the geomorphic changes to the riverbed in response to the placement of the ELJs can influence the design and future effectiveness of ELJs. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. engineered log jams fluvial river restoration Effects of Engineered Log Jams on Channel Morphology, Middle Fork of the John Day River, Oregon Electronic Thesis or Dissertation 10000-01-01 M.S. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
Millett, Matthew E., 1971- (University of Oregon, September , 2010)[more][less]Millett, Matthew E., 1971- 2010-11-11T00:20:29Z 2010-11-11T00:20:29Z 2010-09 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10832 xii, 80 p. : ill., maps (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Choropleth maps are a popular way of depicting spatial data. The map communication model, which theorizes that geographic information is transmitted from the cartographer to the map user via a map, suggests that cartographers are responsible for clearly conveying spatial data in a way all map users can understand. Map users, however, come from different places and may harbor certain regional biases. This thesis investigates whether map users tend to focus on data patterns within their home regions during the visual-search and decision-making processes when reading classed choropleth maps, thereby exhibiting an egocentric map behavior. Seventy-one subjects took a computer-based test asking them to identify various phenomena on a series of choropleth maps of the lower 48 states. The results show a weak positive effect of egocentric map behavior; subjects who lived in a particular state longer were slightly more likely to choose states nearby their home region. Committee in Charge: Dr. Amy Lobben, Chair; Dr. Dan Gavin en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2010; Choropleth maps Maps The Egocentric Map Perspective in Thematic Choropleth Maps Thesis
Evaluating the Influence of Policy and Technology in Driving Aquaculture Land Use Patterns in Thailand, 1990-2013Mosurinjohn, Nathan (University of Oregon, October 17, 2014)[more][less]Bone, Christopher Mosurinjohn, Nathan 2014-10-17T16:14:48Z 2014-10-17T16:14:48Z 2014-10-17 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18522 Since the 1980's shrimp aquaculture has been one of Thailand's largest industries and has created cultivation ponds as a dominant feature on the landscape. While shrimp farming has been economically successful, it has received criticism for being environmentally harmful, most notably because of farms replacing mangrove forests. Legislation regulating aquaculture development and technological responses to disease outbreak have had a large influence on the land use of the Thai coast. The objective of this research is to provide a systematic examination of how regulation and technology development have influenced land use in this region. To accomplish this, Landsat derived data were analyzed at the national and provincial scale to determine how Thai coastal land use systems change over time. I found that interrelated changes in technology and legislation have had complex influences on the landscape, which encourage both the restriction and expansion of aquaculture growth depending on time and location. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Evaluating the Influence of Policy and Technology in Driving Aquaculture Land Use Patterns in Thailand, 1990-2013 Electronic Thesis or Dissertation M.S. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
An examination of vegetation modeling-related issues and the variation and climate sensitivity of vegetation and hydrology in ChinaTang, Guoping (University of Oregon, September , 2008)[more][less]Tang, Guoping 2009-02-16T22:37:04Z 2009-02-16T22:37:04Z 2008-09 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8543 xvi, 156 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. This dissertation examined a number of general vegetation-modeling issues, and the sensitivity of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP), soil moisture and actual evapotranspiration (ET) to climatic variations in China. The specific issues addressed included: (1) the sensitivity of the performance of an equilibrium vegetation model to the choice of monthly-mean climatologies, observed validation data sets, and three map-comparison approaches; and (2) the limitations of existing map-comparison approaches in vegetation modeling; and the variation and climate sensitivity of (3) terrestrial NPP and (4) soil moisture and actual ET in China. To address the first issue, BIOME4 (Kaplan et al., 2002), a typical example of an equilibrium vegetation model, was used along with a set of 19 different monthly-mean climatologies, three validation data sets, and several map-comparison methods. To address the second issue, the "opposite and identity" (01) index (Tang, 2008) was developed for evaluating the correspondence of two simulation results. To examine the third issue, a set of historical NPP dynamics were derived from normalized-difference vegetation index data by modifying the CASA (Potter et al., 1999) approach and then were linked to the variation of temperature and precipitation to analyze the climatic effects on terrestrial NPP in China. To examine the fourth issue, a stand-alone water balance model, LH (LPJ-hydrology), was developed by modifying the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model (Sitch et al., 2003), and applying it to a China case study. The results of these analyses indicate that (1) the 30-year mean-climatology preceding the observed data produces the most accurate vegetation simulations; (2) the OI index is a useful tool to compare two simulation results or to evaluate simulation results against observed spatiotemporal data; (3) climate and land-use change jointly controlled NPP dynamics in the eastern monsoon zone of China. In contrast, NPP dynamics in the north-west and zone and in the Tibet Plateau frigid zone depended more on climatic variation; and (4) the spatial patterns of soil moisture and ET in China were correlated with the variation of temperature and precipitation. However, the strength of such relationship varies spatially. This dissertation includes my published and coauthored materials. Adviser: Patrick J. Bartlein en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, Ph. D., 2008; Environmental science Biogeochemistry Physical geography Net primary productivity Soil moisture Climate sensitivity Vegetation An examination of vegetation modeling-related issues and the variation and climate sensitivity of vegetation and hydrology in China Thesis
A Feminist Political Ecology of Livelihoods and Intervention in the Miombo Woodlands of Zambézia, MozambiqueNelson, Ingrid (University of Oregon, 2012)[more][less]Nelson, Lise Nelson, Ingrid Nelson, Ingrid 2012-12-07T23:10:47Z 2014-12-29T21:12:31Z 2012 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12509 Three recent global economic trends are shifting forest livelihoods and 'development' intervention in Mozambique. These trends are China's growing influence in Africa, large–scale land grabbing and climate change politics. Based on eighteen months of mixed–methods research between 2009 and 2011, this dissertation examines the interactions of these global trends with day–to–day social, political and ecological processes in two rural communities in Zambézia Province (central Mozambique)—one in the miombo woodlands of Maganja da Costa district and the other near expanding timber plantations in Gurué district. The community in Maganja da Costa is at the center of clashes between conservation groups and illegal loggers selling precious hardwoods to China. The community in Gurué is responding to a Presidential mandate for every local leader to establish 'forests' (predominantly exotic monocultures) that represent a dispersed form of land grabbing. Drawing on recent agendas within the field of feminist political ecology, the author highlights key encounters or 'place–events' (following Doreen Massey) that explain the complex historical, political and ecological dynamics shaping contemporary forest transformation in Zambézia. These place–events can only be understood through attention to bodies and identity performance, key sites where assemblages of power and meaning are enacted and negotiated. This approach provides insight into less visible dimensions of landscape change by moving beyond commodity chain analysis and local/national/global hierarchies of causality. Examples of place–events examined include: girls becoming women through scarification with battery acid in a forest grove; men singing about their boss' wife as they haul timber; NGO staff distributing pesticide spray information pamphlets in an anti–malaria campaign and elite women beating their husbands for planting 'government' trees. Attention to bodily performances that fundamentally constitute these place–events demonstrates how interventions in the name of sustainable development play out and often fail. It also elucidates how some loggers are able to extract valuable timber more than others. In fact, local community members see all of these outsiders—despite their distinct ideologies—as equally foreign based on similar 'outsider' bodily comportment. Such embodied dynamics are political and cultural, and they should be a key concern for anyone involved in shaping the future of Mozambique's forests. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. development forestry gender land grab Mozambique political ecology A Feminist Political Ecology of Livelihoods and Intervention in the Miombo Woodlands of Zambézia, Mozambique Electronic Thesis or Dissertation
Atha, Jane (University of Oregon, October 10, 2013)[more][less]Fonstad, Mark Atha, Jane 2013-10-10T23:20:27Z 2013-10-10T23:20:27Z 2013-10-10 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13441 It has long been known that the presence of wood in rivers plays a vital biological and functional role and that a reciprocal relationship exists between woody material and the geomorphology of rivers. Fluvial wood studies, however, are rarely ongoing through time in order to ascertain long-term wood patterns within complete drainage networks. This dissertation addresses the temporal lag in fluvial wood patterns throughout four watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range by recreating a field dataset first collected in 1979 and then again in 1998. Statistical and spatial analysis of stream morphometric data at designated transects throughout the watersheds in addition to analysis of log step and log jam inventories provide insight into significant changes that have occurred over a thirty year interval at a multi-basin scale. These watersheds are located in areas that have been impacted by years of timber harvesting in the mid-twentieth century, however, clearcutting has been on the decline since the early 1980s. This research investigates the impacts that the legacy of clearcutting and subsequent afforestation has had on the abundance and volume of fluvial wood in the stream networks of these four watersheds. I digitized historical aerial imagery to determine the amounts of clearcutting in the basins over time. I integrated this variable with channel morphometric variables to assess predictors of wood abundance and volume through multiple regression analysis. Results show that the stream that has been the most affected by clearcutting has lower volumes of wood than measured in 1979 or 1998. Residence times of wood are short in these watersheds and wood abundance and volume was highly impacted by the debris flows that occurred during the Storm of 1996, prior to the 1998 data collection. There are statistically significant changes that have occurred in the stream morphology among the four watersheds. This dissertation also tests a method of detecting fluvial wood through airborne lidar analysis. This method provides an alternative to field surveys in areas of even the most extreme tree canopy cover. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. fluvial geomorphology hydrology large wood Fluvial Wood Presence and Dynamics over a Thirty Year Interval in Forested Watersheds Electronic Thesis or Dissertation Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Forging the Nation Through Rails: Transportation Infrastructure and the Emergence of Chinese NationalismBrady, Dylan (University of Oregon, June 17, 2014)[more][less]Buck, Daniel Brady, Dylan 2014-06-17T19:41:06Z 2014-06-17T19:41:06Z 2014-06-17 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/17904 While nationalism remains a vital element in the production of the political and economic landscape, it is often treated as a static container for other processes or neglected altogether. Rather, it must itself be treated as a process--a nationalizing project--emerging from a constellation of often contradictory social forces. One such process of nationalization is the development of large-scale transportation infrastructure, such as railroads. These projects produce both new spheres of circulation and new understandings critical to navigating these novel environments, which together radically transform the relation between people, government, and territory. In early twentieth century China, the complicated contest over railroad rights produced and was produced by a fractured political economic geography. Understandings of both identity and space remained fragmented, cohering only partially into a singular entity, thus demonstrating the intimate interrelation between state power, political identity, and territories both real and imagined. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. China nationalism political economy railroad Forging the Nation Through Rails: Transportation Infrastructure and the Emergence of Chinese Nationalism Electronic Thesis or Dissertation M.A. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
Genocide, Territory, and the Geopolitics of International Adjudication: The Judgment of the International Court of Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and MontenegroKhan, Mahmood Nawaz (University of Oregon, September , 2011)[more][less]Khan, Mahmood Nawaz 2012-03-01T23:32:57Z 2012-03-01T23:32:57Z 2011-09 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11991 xi, 189 p. Human rights advocates have championed the establishment of a regime of international legal accountability for grave violations of human rights, including genocide. Despite recent advances in establishing a regime of responsibility for individuals, when the International Court of Justice pronounced its 2007 judgment on the first case of state responsibility for genocide, Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro, it exonerated Serbia of the most serious charges. Key to the Court's judgment was its spatialized definition of genocide as 'destruction in part' and its acceptance of Serbia's calculated strategy of legal immunization of establishing the Bosnian territory it sought to annex as a formally separate political entity. Considering the Court's latitude of interpretation regarding these spatial and territorial factors in light of the law, this thesis argues that geopolitical considerations influenced a judgment that will greatly limit the future possibility of any state or individual being found responsible for genocide. Committee in charge: Shaul Cohen, Co-Chair; Alexander B. Murphy, Co-Chair en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2011; rights_reserved Geography International law International relations Social sciences Bosnia and Hercegovina Genocide International court of justice Parastate Serbia Yugoslavia Genocide, Territory, and the Geopolitics of International Adjudication: The Judgment of the International Court of Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro Judgment of the International Court of Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro Thesis
Goworowska, Justyna, 1981- (University of Oregon, June , 2008)[more][less]Goworowska, Justyna, 1981- 2008-11-11T22:51:05Z 2008-11-11T22:51:05Z 2008-06 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7764 xii, 99 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: KNIGHT HT177.N5 G69 2008 This thesis examines the various forces shaping neighborhood change in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, and concludes that the future of the community's Polish ethnic enclave is in jeopardy. Findings reveal that Greenpoint, a long-standing center of the Polish ethnic community in New York City, is experiencing rapid gentrification resulting in displacement of area residents. Third-wave gentrification in Greenpoint is driven by the changing global economy, lack of national redistribution policies and local tax abatement plans and zoning changes. Combined with Poland's accession to the European Union and the resulting shift in migration patterns, Greenpoint is facing an eradication of its distinctive cultural landscape. Based on an analysis of US Census data and information from survey questionnaires and interviews, it is evident that gentrification-led displacement is now underway. Greenpoint's Polish residents are on the move, creating new ethnic enclaves in other Queens neighborhoods of Ridgewood, Middle Village and Maspeth. Adviser: Susan W. Hardwick en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2008; Gentrification, Displacement and the Ethnic Neighborhood of Greenpoint, Brooklyn Thesis
Geographies of Art and Urban Change: Contesting Gentrification Through Aesthetic Encounters in San Francisco's Mission DistrictDonish, Cassandra (University of Oregon, October 3, 2013)[more][less]Cohen, Shaul Donish, Cassandra 2013-10-03T23:37:07Z 2013-10-03T23:37:07Z 2013-10-03 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13323 While the geographic literature has explored the role of artists as either harbingers or victims of gentrifying processes, this thesis examines the ways in which a particular group of artists contests gentrification. This challenges prevalent narratives in the literature. The Mission Arts & Performance Project (MAPP) is a grassroots, multi-venue neighborhood event featuring art and performance in San Francisco's Mission District. Occurring every other month with no external funding, no formalized organizing committee, and no official leader, it is currently in its tenth year. One of its stated goals is to facilitate community interaction across cultural divides. The purpose of this study was to explore how the individuals and groups involved with the MAPP work to contest gentrification and empower themselves and their multivalent communities through discursive and material practices. Broadly, I aim to interrogate the conditions under which such gatherings take place, the effects, and the implications for understanding how collaborative creative practice can contest gentrification and affect urban change. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. art community culture gentrification geography urban Geographies of Art and Urban Change: Contesting Gentrification Through Aesthetic Encounters in San Francisco's Mission District Electronic Thesis or Dissertation M.A. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
Marlon, Jennifer R. (University of Oregon, September , 2009)[more][less]Marlon, Jennifer R. 2010-04-26T23:20:03Z 2010-04-26T23:20:03Z 2009-09 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10334 xvii, 205 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Fire is a fundamental, transformative, yet poorly understood process in the Earth system; it can radically reorganize ecosystems, alter regional carbon and energy balances, and change global climate. Short-term fire histories can be reconstructed from satellite (seasonal- to interannual-scales), historical (decadal scales), or dendrochronological records (for recent centuries), but only sedimentary charcoal records enable an analysis of the complex interactions between climate, vegetation and people that drive fire activity over longer temporal scales. This dissertation describes the compilation, synthesis and analysis of a global paleofire dataset and its application to understanding past, current, and future changes in fire activity. Specifically, I co-led efforts to compile charcoal records around the world into a single database, and to conduct three meta-analyses to understand the controls on fire at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The first meta-analysis reconstructed global biomass burning since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 21,000 years ago. Results from this study demonstrated that global fire activity is low when conditions are cool and high when conditions are warm. This fundamental relationship between climate and fire is due in large part to associated changes in vegetation productivity. The second meta-analysis examined fire activity in North America during past abrupt climate changes and looked for evidence of continental-scale wildfires associated with a hypothesized comet impact ∼13,000 years ago. This analysis found a correlation between increased fire activity and abrupt climate change, but provided no evidence for continental-scale wildfires. A final meta-analysis disentangled the climate and human influences on global biomass burning during the past 2000 years; it found a close relationship between climate change and biomass burning until ∼1750 A.D., when human activities became a primary driver of global fire activity. Together, these three meta-analyses demonstrate that climate change is the primary control of global fire activity over long time scales. In general, global fire activity increases when the Earth's climate warms and decreases when climate cools. The paleofire data and analyses suggest that the rapid climate changes projected for coming decades will lead to widespread increases in fire frequency and biomass burning. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material. Committee in charge: Patrick Bartlein, Chairperson, Geography; Daniel Gavin, Member, Geography; W. Andrew Marcus, Member, Geography; Cathy Whitlock, Member, Geography; Ronald Mitchell, Outside Member, Political Science en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, Ph. D., 2009; Paleo Climate change Charcoal Vegetation Biomass burning Physical geography Geology Paleontology Climatic changes The geography of fire: A paleo perspective Thesis
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text:
Pregaming: Spurs vs. Nuggets
AT&T Center — The Spurs aim to rebound from the disappointing loss to the New York Knicks on Thursday night. Here are some notes from pregame including some key players' availability:
- Kawhi Leonard is out with quadriceps tendonitis in his left leg and Stephen Jackson will place him in the starting lineup. Leonard is expected to miss 10-14 days. According to Spurs head coach Gregg Popovich, Leonard has been playing through pain all season, so the team decided to sit him out to rest the injury and prevent any worse injuries from developing.
- Gary Neal, who missed Thursday's game against the Knicks with a cut on his right index finger (his shooting hand), will miss his second straight game against the Nuggets. According to Pop, the cut keeps re-opening when he tries to play with it, so they're just going to shut him down until it closes up properly.
- Wilson Chandler (hip) and Anthony Randolph (ankle) are out for Denver.
- We forgot to ask who will start at power forward tonight, so your guess is as good as mine. Considering Denver can throw out lineups using two centers, Tiago Splitter should figure plenty into tonight's contest even if he doesn't start. Likewise, we might not see a lot of DeJuan Blair against the Nuggets.


text:
Thomas Callister Hales
|Thomas Hales
June 4, 1958
San Antonio, Texas
|United States
|University of Pittsburgh
University of Michigan
|Alma mater
|Princeton University
|Doctoral advisor
|Robert Langlands
|Known for
|Proving Kepler conjecture
|Notable awards
|Chauvenet Prize(2003)
David P. Robbins Prize(2007)
Fulkerson Prize(2009)
Thomas Callister Hales (born June 4, 1958) is an American mathematician working on the Langlands program. He is known in the area for having worked on the fundamental lemma, and proving a special case of it over the group Sp(4). Many of his ideas were incorporated into the final proof, due to Ngô Bảo Châu. He is also known for his 1998 computer-aided proof of the Kepler conjecture, a centuries-old problem in discrete geometry which states that the most space-efficient way to pack spheres is in a pyramid shape. Hales also proved the honeycomb conjecture.
He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1986.
Career in mathematics[edit]
Hales, formerly at the University of Michigan, and now University of Pittsburgh Mellon Professor of mathematics, advocates the formalization of mathematics to ensure rigor in an era where proofs are becoming increasingly complex and computers are becoming necessary to perform verification. Hales's current project, called Flyspeck, seeks to formalize his proof of the Kepler conjecture in the computer theorem prover HOL Light. [1] [2] [3]
Hales won the Chauvenet Prize in 2003[4] and a Lester R. Ford Award in 2008.[5] In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[6]
- ^ Hales's page at the University of Pittsburgh Math Department
- ^ Flyspeck Project
- ^ Hales solves oldest problem in discrete geometry The University Record (University of Michigan), September 16, 1998
- ^ Hales, Thomas C. (2000). "Cannonballs and Honeycombs". Notices of the AMS. 47 (4): 440–449.
- ^ Hales, Thomas C. (2007). "The Jordan Curve Theorem, Formally and Informally". Amer. Math. Monthly. 114: 882–894.
- ^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2013-01-19.


text:
Increased use of computed tomography (CT) in pediatrics raises concerns about cancer risk from exposure to ionizing radiation.
To quantify trends in the use of CT in pediatrics and the associated radiation exposure and cancer risk.
Retrospective observational study.
Seven US health care systems.
The use of CT was evaluated for children younger than 15 years of age from 1996 to 2010, including 4 857 736 child-years of observation. Radiation doses were calculated for 744 CT scans performed between 2001 and 2011.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Rates of CT use, organ and effective doses, and projected lifetime attributable risks of cancer.
The use of CT doubled for children younger than 5 years of age and tripled for children 5 to 14 years of age between 1996 and 2005, remained stable between 2006 and 2007, and then began to decline. Effective doses varied from 0.03 to 69.2 mSv per scan. An effective dose of 20 mSv or higher was delivered by 14% to 25% of abdomen/pelvis scans, 6% to 14% of spine scans, and 3% to 8% of chest scans. Projected lifetime attributable risks of solid cancer were higher for younger patients and girls than for older patients and boys, and they were also higher for patients who underwent CT scans of the abdomen/pelvis or spine than for patients who underwent other types of CT scans. For girls, a radiation-induced solid cancer is projected to result from every 300 to 390 abdomen/pelvis scans, 330 to 480 chest scans, and 270 to 800 spine scans, depending on age. The risk of leukemia was highest from head scans for children younger than 5 years of age at a rate of 1.9 cases per 10 000 CT scans. Nationally, 4 million pediatric CT scans of the head, abdomen/pelvis, chest, or spine performed each year are projected to cause 4870 future cancers. Reducing the highest 25% of doses to the median might prevent 43% of these cancers.
Conclusions and Relevance
The increased use of CT in pediatrics, combined with the wide variability in radiation doses, has resulted in many children receiving a high-dose examination. Dose-reduction strategies targeted to the highest quartile of doses could dramatically reduce the number of radiation-induced cancers.
The use of computed tomography (CT) in pediatrics has increased over the last 2 decades.1- 6 In 2011, 85 million CT scans were performed in the United States,7 with 5% to 11% of these scans being performed on children.3,8,9 Although the use of CT has greatly improved diagnostic capabilities, its use comes with risks. The ionizing radiation doses delivered by CT are 100 to 500 times higher than conventional radiography and are in ranges linked to an increased risk of cancer.10,11 This is especially concerning for children because they are more sensitive to radiation-induced carcinogenesis and have many remaining years of life left for cancer to develop.3,12,13 A recent study14 in the United Kingdom found that children who received an active bone marrow dose from CT of 30 mGy or higher were at 3.2 times greater risk of leukemia and that children who received a brain dose of 50 mGy or higher were at 2.8 times greater risk of brain cancer.
A prior study9 estimated that 4350 future cancers could be induced by 1 year of pediatric CT imaging in the United States; however, the study assumed that pediatric-specific settings were always used and did not model variability in dose. We found that radiation doses from CT for adults are higher and more variable than generally quoted.1,15 Doses received by children have been less well studied,16 and most studies have been in select populations such as trauma17,18 or cancer patients.19,20 Absorbed doses in children may be higher because of lower radiation attenuation in smaller patients21 and may be more variable because CT technologists do not always adjust scanner settings based on a patient's age or size.22- 24 It is unknown whether recent recommendations to lower doses in children25,26 have been widely implemented.
We examined trends in CT imaging among pediatric enrollees of 6 diverse health care systems and calculated radiation exposure and lifetime attributable risks of cancer from a random sample of CT scans. We projected the number of future cancers expected to result from the use of CT in pediatrics if national use reflects our observed patterns and if dose reduction strategies were implemented.
Our retrospective study was conduced within the HMO Research Network (http://www.hmoresearchnetwork.org/). We studied the use of CT for children 15 years of age or younger who were enrolled in any of 6 integrated health care systems: Group Health Cooperative in Washington; Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, and Northwest; and Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin. We determined radiation doses from pediatric CT scans at 4 of these systems (Group Health, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii and Northwest, and Marshfield Clinic) plus the Henry Ford Health System in Michigan. Members reflected the diverse racial/ethnic and socioeconomic statuses of the areas served. Study methods were approved by each site's institutional review board.
We evaluated the use of CT by using standardized data in the HMO Research Network's Virtual Data Warehouse.27 We included 7 to 15 years of data from 1996 to 2010 from each health system. Children were included each year that they were continuously enrolled, plus years of birth or death. The CT scans were mapped to an anatomic target (head, abdomen/pelvis, chest, spine, or other/unknown) using Current Procedural Terminology, Fourth Edition codes; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes; and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes. Examinations with the same code performed on the same patient on the same day were treated as a single examination to avoid overcounting.
We calculated radiation dose from 744 pediatric CT scans of the head, chest, abdomen/pelvis, and spine. Examinations of these regions account for more than 95% of pediatric CT scans. Examinations were randomly selected within age-sex-year strata from 2001 to 2011, with data from a subset of years from some health systems. We abstracted scan parameters and estimated organ and effective doses using a novel dosimetry method28 based on improved sex- and age-specific computational anatomy phantoms.29- 32 Details are provided in the eAppendix in the Supplement.
We estimated lifetime attributable risks of cancers from the observed organ doses using age- and sex-specific cancer risk models in the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations (BEIR) VII report (breast, colon, liver, lung, ovarian, prostate, stomach, thyroid, bladder, uterus, and leukemia)10 and Berrington de González et al9 (oral, esophagus, rectum, pancreas, kidney, and brain). These cancers account for 70% to 85% of incident cancers in the United States. Solid cancer risks were estimated from organ doses using a linear no-threshold dose-response model, but with a reduction in the resulting risk estimates by a dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor of 1.5.10 Leukemia risk was estimated from red bone marrow doses using a linear-quadratic model.10
We calculated annual rates of CT use by age group, anatomic region imaged, and health system and estimated average rates using marginal standardization. We calculated descriptive statistics of radiation doses and cancer risks. We assume that 4.25 million pediatric CT scans are performed in the United States each year based on an estimated 85 million overall CT scans performed in the United States in 2011,7 and we estimate that 5% of these CT scans are performed on children, which is the lower end of the range of 5% to 11% reported in the literature.3,8,9 We estimated the number of head, abdomen/pelvis, chest, and spine scans by age from our population's distribution. We projected the number of radiation-induced cancers from these pediatric CT scans using the lifetime attributable risks corresponding to the observed organ doses. We also projected the number of radiation-induced cancers under 2 scenarios: (1) if the number of CT scans of each type were reduced by one-third (estimated number of unnecessary scans3,33) and (2) if doses above the 75th percentile were lowered to the median observed dose (within age group and anatomic region). We estimated 95% uncertainty limits for the number of solid cancers and leukemia cases using the coefficients of variation reported in the BEIR-VII report.10
Between 152 419 and 371 095 children were included each year for a total of 4 857 736 child-years of observation. Half were girls, and 29% were younger than 5 years of age. The use of CT increased between 1996 and 2005, remained stable between 2005 and 2007, and then began to decline (Figure 1). Rates were similar for children younger than 5 years of age and children 5 to 14 year of age from 1996 to 2003, and then they diverged, with a greater increase in the number of scans among older children (Figure 1). Among children younger than 5 years of age, the use of CT doubled from 11 scans per 1000 children in 1996 to 20 scans per 1000 children between 2005 and 2007, and then it decreased to 15.8 scans per 1000 children in 2010. For children 5 to 14 years of age, the use of CT almost tripled from 10.5 scans per 1000 children in 1996 to 27.0 scans per 1000 children between 2005 and 2007, before decreasing to 23.9 scans per 1000 children in 2010. Trends were similar across health care systems, with greater variability in rates of CT use for younger children in earlier years and for older children in recent years (Figure 1).
The solid lines show rates for children younger than 5 years of age; the dashed lines show rates for children 5 to 14 years of age. The gray lines show rates at each health system, and the red lines show the average rates across health systems.
The use of CT increased through 2005 for each anatomic area studied; however, the increase was greatest for abdomen/pelvis scans for children 5 to 14 years of age (Figure 2), increasing from 2.0 scans per 1000 children in 1996 to a peak of 10.8 scans per 1000 children in 2007, then decreasing to 9.1 scans per 1000 children in 2010. The increase in the number of abdomen/pelvis scans was much lower for children younger than 5 years of age, increasing from 2.1 scans per 1000 children in 1996 to a peak of 3.9 scans per 1000 children in 2007, then decreasing to 2.9 scans per 1000 children in 2010. The head was the most commonly scanned region for both age groups, increasing by approximately 50% from 1996 to 2010. From 1996 to 2010, the number of chest scans also increased by 50%, while the number of spine scans increased 4- to 9-fold.
Effective doses were highest for abdomen/pelvis scans, with the mean dose increasing from 10.6 mSv among children younger than 5 years of age to 14.8 mSv among children 10 to 14 years of age (Table 1). Effective doses also tended to increase with advancing age for chest and spine scans but decreased with age for head scans (Table 1). An effective dose of 20 mSv or higher was delivered by 14% to 25% of abdomen/pelvis scans, 3% to 8% of chest scans, and 6% to 14% of spine scans, depending on age.
Mean organ doses show an expected pattern of exposure (eg, brain doses are highest for head scans; breast, lung, and esophagus doses are highest for chest scans; Table 1). Distributions for doses to the brain, red bone marrow, thyroid, breast, lung, and colon wall by age group and anatomic region imaged are shown in eFigure 1 in the Supplement. For head scans, 7% of the scans for children younger than 5 years of age, 8% of the scans for children 5 to 9 years of age, and 14% of the scans for children 10 to 14 years of age gave a brain dose of 50 mGy or higher (eFigure 1 [Supplement]). Among girls, breast doses are highest for chest, abdomen/pelvis, and spine scans. Abdomen/pelvis scans delivered relatively high doses for many radiosensitive organs such as the breast and colon. Active bone marrow doses are highest for head scans for children younger than 10 years of age and abdomen/pelvis scans for children 10 to 14 years of age.
The projected lifetime attributable risk of solid cancer decreased with advancing age for head and spine scans, with a less consistent relationship for abdomen/pelvis and chest scans (Table 2). Solid cancer risks were higher for girls than boys and tended to be highest for abdomen/pelvis scans, with 25.8 to 33.9 projected cases per 10 000 CT scans for girls vs 13.1 to 14.8 cases per 10 000 CT scans for boys (Table 2). A radiation-induced solid cancer is projected to result from every 300 to 390 abdomen/pelvis scans for girls and from every 670 to 760 abdomen/pelvis scans for boys. Solid cancer risk was also high for chest and spine scans for girls, with 1 case projected to result from every 330 to 480 chest scans and from every 270 to 800 spine scans, depending on age. Solid cancer risk was lowest for head scans for children 5 years of age and older, at 1.1 to 2.4 cases per 10 000 CT scans.
The projected lifetime attributable risk of leukemia was highest for head scans among children younger than 10 years of age and decreased with age from 1.9 cases per 10 000 scans for children younger than 5 years of age to 0.5 cases per 10 000 scans for children 10 to 14 years of age. For children 10 to 14 years of age, the risk of leukemia was highest for abdomen/pelvis scans at 1.0 cases per 10 000 scans. A case of leukemia was projected to result from 1 in 5250 head scans performed for children younger than 5 years of age and from 1 in 21 160 scans for children 10 to 14 years of age. The risk of leukemia was 0.8 to 1.0 cases per 10 000 abdomen/pelvis scans and 0.4 to 0.7 cases per 10 000 chest and spine scans (Table 2).
Conservatively assuming that 4.25 million pediatric CT scans are performed each year in the United States, 4.0 million CT scans would be of the head, abdomen/pelvis, chest, or spine based on our observed distribution. If radiation doses from those CT scans parallel our observed dose distributions, approximately 4870 future cancers (95% uncertainty limit, 2640-9080 future cancers) could be induced by pediatric CT scans each year (Table 3). Cases of breast, thyroid, and lung cancers and cases of leukemia account for 68% of projected cancers in exposed girls (eFigure 2 [Supplement]), whereas cases of brain, lung, and colon cancers and cases of leukemia account for 51% of future cancers in boys (eFigure 2 [Supplement]). Reducing the highest 25% of doses within age groups and anatomic regions to the median dose could prevent 2090 (43%) of these cancers, compared with a 33% reduction in future cancers if a third fewer CT scans were performed (Table 3). Combining these 2 strategies could prevent 3020 (62%) of these cancers.
Among several diverse integrated health care systems, and using an improved dosimetry method that accounts for children's smaller body size, we found that many children received high radiation doses from CT associated with a small but significant increase in future cancer risk. This is due to both the greater use of higher-dose CT types, such as abdomen and pelvis scans, and the wide variability in radiation doses delivered for each examination. Up to a quarter of children with a single abdomen/pelvis scan received a dose of 20 mSv or higher. We project that a radiation-induced cancer could result from every 300 to 390 abdomen/pelvis scans performed for girls. Brenner and colleagues12 estimated 1 in 550 abdomen and pelvis scans might result in a future cancer death based on pediatric organ doses approximated from published doses for adults.
We projected the risk of radiation-induced cancers from the organ doses that we observed and from the BEIR-VII10 and Berrington de González et al9 risk models. These risk projections are only estimates based on the best available evidence and are in no way definitive. These models rely on analysis of data from the Life Span Study of Japanese atomic bomb survivors. The application of increased risks observed in the Life Span Study to radiation from CT scanners has been criticized by some owing to differences in the source of radiation, the population exposed, and the assumption of a linear–no-threshold association. However, a recent study14 found a direct association between pediatric CT and increased risk of both leukemia and brain cancer of similar magnitude as the Life Span Study, providing additional evidence of the validity of applying these cancer risk projections to doses from CT imaging. Specifically, Pearce and colleagues14 found that children who received a cumulative brain dose of at least 50 mGy were at 2.8 times greater risk of brain cancer. In our study, 7% to 14% of head scans had brain doses in this range from a single examination. And many children who undergo CT receive multiple scans.34
Nationally, if radiation doses from CT reflect the wide distribution that we observed, then 1 year of CT imaging for children younger than 15 years of age might induce 4870 future cancers. This number is slightly higher than the number estimated for children younger than 18 years of age in a prior study,9 which assumed that pediatric-specific settings were used for all CT scans and did not account for variability in dose (which we found was substantial). The number of radiation-induced cancers could be greatly decreased if dose-reduction strategies were implemented. Diagnostic reference levels are traditionally set at the 75th percentile of the dose distribution; doses above that level need to be justified or reduced.35,36 The use of diagnostic reference levels has successfully lowered doses from CT in the United Kingdom.37 We estimated the potential impact of lowering the top 25% of doses to the median, which could be achieved by implementing standardized pediatric CT protocols, such as those found on the Image Gently website,38 and other guidelines for ensuring that doses are "as low as reasonably achievable."39,40 We found that 43% of the projected future cancers associated with pediatric CT might be prevented. We estimate that reducing the highest 50% of doses to the median would only prevent another 8% of cancers; thus, the biggest potential gains come from focusing on the highest 25% of doses.
The use of CT on older children nearly tripled from 1996 to 2005 to a peak of 27 CT scans per 1000 children. This relative increase is similar to that observed among enrollees of all ages in the same population.1 The increase in use was lower among younger children, with a doubling of use during the same time period to 20 CT scans per 1000 children. The use of CT in our study population has stabilized and slightly declined since 2007, particularly among younger children. This decline may be the result of increased awareness about the cancer risks from pediatric imaging,12,22,23,25,41,42 in part due to the "Image Gently" campaign started in 2007.26 Notably, the rates of CT use in this population of HMO enrollees are lower than the rates of 27 to 29 CT scans per 1000 children among children younger than 5 years of age and the rates of 32 to 57 CT scans per 1000 children among children 5 to 14 years of age reported for 5 large regional markets of UnitedHealthcare during a similar time period,34 which suggests that CT may be more frequently used in the fee-for-service environment.
From a patient's perspective, the benefits of a medically necessary CT scan far exceed the small increase in radiation-induced cancer risk. However, some studies3,33 suggest that a third of pediatric CT scans are unnecessary and that eliminating them could potentially reduce the number of CT-attributable cancers by a third. Combining the 2 strategies of reducing unnecessary scans and reducing the highest 25% of doses could potentially prevent 62% of the projected radiation-related cancers. Thus, more research is urgently needed to determine when CT in pediatrics can lead to improved health outcomes and whether other imaging methods (or no imaging) could be as effective. For now, it is important for both the referring physician and the radiologist to consider whether the risks of CT exceed the diagnostic value it provides over other tests, based on current evidence.43
The risk of radiation-induced solid cancer is highest for the abdomen/pelvis scan, which has seen the most dramatic increase in use, especially among older children. Among the abdomen/pelvis scans included in our dose calculations, most were for pain (40%), possible appendicitis (11%), or infection (6%) (eTable 1 [Supplement]). Ultrasonography is a reasonable alternative for assessing appendicitis because its accuracy is high and it does not use ionizing radiation. Evidence supports limiting pediatric CT use in this setting to patients with equivocal or negative findings on ultrasonography.44- 47 The risks of radiation-induced leukemia and brain cancer are highest for head scans, which are the most commonly performed CT scans in pediatrics. Although the effective dose for a head scan is relatively low, the brain and red bone marrow doses are relatively high, especially for young children, resulting in the highest risks of brain cancer and leukemia. Among the head scans included in our dose estimation, most were to evaluate trauma (23%), upper respiratory issues (22%), or headache (17%) (eTable 2 [Supplement]). Recent guidelines suggest that the use of head scans for trauma can be reduced when highly sensitive prediction rules are used to determine which patients truly need imaging.48 The effectiveness of head scans for headache or sinusitis in pediatrics has not been sufficiently studied to know its value.
A strength of our study is that we collected technical parameters used in examinations from diverse facilities and CT machines to estimate the distribution of radiation doses. Our dose calculations accounted for patient size and sex using an improved dosimetry method. Because of the HMO Research Network infrastructure, we had complete capture of health care utilization from diverse sites across the United States.
Our primary study limitations are that we could not evaluate the appropriateness of imaging or examine changes in radiation doses over time (because of differences in study years across sites). For inpatient procedures, only the admission date was available; thus, collapsing multiple procedures performed on the same day could undercount the number of scans. Our risk projections are likely conservative because they only include cancers with published models,9,10 which excludes 15% to 30% of incident cancers, depending on age and sex. In addition, our projections are lower than those recently made available via an online tool,49 which uses a slightly different method than that of the BEIR-VII report. The challenge of projecting cancer risk is quantifying the uncertainty due to statistical variation in the model parameter estimates, the method used to transport risk estimates from the Japanese to the US population and the choice of dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor used to adjust downward the risk estimates from the linear no-threshold model. Our 95% uncertainty limits around the projected numbers of cancers are based on the coefficients of variation given in the BEIR-VII report,10 which provides a gross variability estimate from these 3 sources of uncertainty.
In conclusion, the use of CT in pediatrics has increased sharply since 1996, especially for older children, but has started to decrease in the past few years. The limited evidence about the appropriateness of most CT procedures, particularly for children, makes it difficult to know how much further the rates should be reduced. Perhaps more importantly, we found that radiation doses from pediatric CT vary widely in clinical practice, suggesting an opportunity to reduce doses through standardized protocols and other published methods.26,39,40 Implementation of these readily available dose-reduction strategies, combined with the elimination of unnecessary imaging, could dramatically reduce future radiation-induced cancers from CT use in pediatrics.
Corresponding Author: Diana L. Miglioretti, PhD, Department of Public Health Sciences, University California, Davis, School of Medicine, 1 Shields Ave, Medical Science 1C, Room 144, Davis, CA 95616 (email@example.com).
Published Online: June 10, 2013. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.311.
Author Contributions:Study concept and design: Miglioretti, Greenlee, Smith-Bindman.
Acquisition of data: Miglioretti, Johnson, Williams, Greenlee, Weinmann, Solberg, Feigelson, Roblin, Flynn, Vanneman.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Miglioretti, Johnson, Williams, Greenlee, Weinmann, Solberg, Roblin, Smith-Bindman.
Drafting of the manuscript: Miglioretti, Johnson, Vanneman.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Miglioretti, Williams, Greenlee, Weinmann, Solberg, Feigelson, Roblin, Flynn, Smith-Bindman.
Statistical analysis: Miglioretti, Johnson.
Obtained funding: Miglioretti, Feigelson.
Administrative, technical, and material support: Greenlee, Weinmann, Solberg, Feigelson, Roblin, Flynn, Vanneman.
Study supervision: Miglioretti, Weinmann.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by the National Cancer Institute–funded Cancer Research Network Across Health Care Systems (grant U19CA79689) and the National Cancer Institute–funded grants R21CA131698 and K24CA125036.
Additional Contributions: We thank the following individuals for their valuable assistance in gathering radiology data for this study: Julianne Endres and Deborah Seger with the Group Health Research Institute; Brenda Rush, RN, and Donna Gleason with Kaiser Permanente Northwest; Randell Kruger, PhD, and Paul Hitz with the Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation (Paul Hitz is now with the Essentia Institute of Rural Health); Kimberly Bischoff, MSHA, with Kaiser Permanente Colorado; Ann Hanson with the HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research; Peter Joski with Kaiser Permanente Georgia (now with Emory University); and Aileen Uchida and Mark Schmidt with Kaiser Permanente Hawaii. Chris Tachibana with the Group Health Research Institute provided scientific editing.
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eAppendix. Methods for estimating radiation dose from CT.
eTable 1. Reason for pediatric abdomen/pelvis computed tomography exams, among those with available information (N=149).
eTable 2. Reason for pediatric head computed tomography exams, among those with available information (N=149).
eFigure 1. Distribution of radiation doses to the (A) brain, (B) red bone marrow, (C) thyroid, (D) breast, (E) lungs, and (F) colon wall by age at exam and anatomic area imaged by computed tomography (CT).
eFigure 2. Projected number of future radiation-induced cancers that could be related to one year of imaging with the most commonly performed pediatric computed tomography (CT) exams in the US, assuming doses parallel those we observed in clinical practice.
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text: Alaska season is underway, and we've received our first Video Expedition Report back from the crew of National Geographic Sea Lion. Our guests visited Sitka a couple days ago taking in the sites at the Sitka National Historical Park. A couple guests from Alaska talk about exploring their home state with Lindblad Expeditions-National Geographic.


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SEATTLE — It's hard to miss the enormous 20-foot-wide American flag on the side of Richard Ormbrek's home. Comprised of around 180 tiles painted with scenes of Americana against a background of red and white stripes, the flag pops from the orange cedar shingles with traffic-stopping audacity.
This is actually the second major art project that Ormbrek has put on the house he shares with brother-in-law Bruce Edenso. The first, a traditional Haida Indian totem house design that covered the entire side of the home, was painted in 1975 and made the house something of a local landmark.
Many people know of one: that neighborhood house that's quirky or dramatic or a bona fide art project.
But few have the inclination, or the guts, to turn their own home into "that house," to view their property as a giant canvas waiting to be explored.
"We needed to paint our house anyway," says Ormbrek. "And while we were mulling over the color, we decided to make our home look like a longhouse."
Ormbrek's late wife Judy, a Tlingit-Haida, picked the totem design, which the Ormbreks projected from atop a car across the street while their friend Steve Priestly painted in the lines.
Neighbors gaped as the house was transformed, but only one seemed to mind, fearing it would bring down property values. So far, it seems, the Totem House has neither driven down property values in one of Seattle's hottest neighborhoods, nor affected the resale value of the home itself.
"I get offers every week to buy my home," says Ormbrek. "Of course I'm not planning on selling the house; it's a very special place."
Keith Wong, an agent in San Gabriel, Calif., for the national real-estate brokerage firm Redfin says a home's price and location are more important than aesthetics in tight markets.
"We educate our clients to look past cosmetics," says Wong. "If a house has good bones, it has lots of potential."
Wong recently took clients to see an unusual home in the Highland Park neighborhood of Los Angeles and says the couple were turned off more by the noise from a nearby freeway than by the home's eclectic design, which included a rainbow of exterior colors and a giant statue of an insect in the front yard.
For those considering a creative makeover to their home, remember it's a fine line between special and tacky, Wong advises. And consider how long you'll be staying there.
"If you're planning on selling your home anytime soon, it's best to stick to cosmetics and keep with the characteristics of the neighborhood architecturally," he says.
Jay Pennington of New Orleans put a twist on this suggestion when he offered his yard to host a year-long musical art installation. The double lot he purchased in 2007 came with a dilapidated, roughly 250-year-old Creole cottage on the property, which Pennington wanted to use in a creative way befitting the spirit of New Orleans.
A DJ, performer and artist manager who also goes by the name Rusty Lazer, Pennington is steeped in the art world through his work as co-director of New Orleans Airlift, a not-for-profit organization that provides opportunities for artists. Pennington, along with Brooklyn-based street artist Swoon and New Orleans Airlift Co-director Delaney Martin, came up with the idea of a musical village made from the salvaged remains of the cottage.
After obtaining city permits, Martin and artist Taylor Lee Shepherd paired artists with builders to create a lot-size shantytown with nine shacks that wheezed, thrummed and plinked as fully functioning instruments.
The neighbors were almost universally supportive and took part in the project.
"It's New Orleans. People love music here," says Pennington. He said neighbors appreciated that the cottage wasn't torn down and replaced with a new, out-of-character home.
"The area has a rhythm and spirit to it, and that was something we had to try and preserve," he says.
He did draw the line at friends camping in his yard for Mardi Gras, insisting that they build a privacy fence to show respect for the neighbors. The fence was built in a day, wheat-pasted with a design by Swoon, and now a piece of it is part of the archival collection at the New Orleans Museum of Art.
Performances of "The Music Box," as the project was called, drew 15,000 visitors and a host of performers who played the instrumental buildings. It ended in May 2011 after four months of staggered performances. Most of it was dismantled and the pieces stored to be used in a permanent musical building.
Pennington still shares his property with the project's art director, Eliza Zeitlin, who lives in the permanent structure she built for the project.
"My house will never be just my house again," says Pennington. "But I love that."
In this undated photo provided by courtesy of New Orleans Airlift, an unidentified child plays an instrumental house in The Music Box, a temporary community art project built in the yard of a private homeowner in New Orleans. The Music Box was phase one of the Dithyrambalina project--a permanent musical structure planned for New Orleans. (AP Photo/Courtesy New Orleans Airlift, Morgan Sasser)×
This April, 2013 photo shows a detail of a 20-foot-wide American flag on the side of Richard Ormbrek's home in Seattle. The flag is made up of around 180 individual hand-painted tiles depicting scenes of Americana. Ormbrek periodically rotates the tiles and replaces some with thematic scenes for various holidays. (AP Photo/Cedar Burnett)×
This April 2013 photo shows resident Richard Ormbrek standing beneath the doorway of his house, which was once known as "The Totem House" among local residents, for the enormous Tlingit Haida painting on the side of the home in Seattle. The totem archway is the last remaining vestige of the totem artwork. (AP Photo/Cedar Burnett)×
This undated photo provided by courtesy of New Orleans Airlift shows The Music Box, a temporary community art project built in the yard of a private homeowner in New Orleans. The Music Box was phase one of the Dithyrambalina project--a permanent musical structure planned for New Orleans. (AP Photo/Courtesy New Orleans Airlift, Melissa Stryker)×
Seattle resident Richard Ormbrek stands next to his house, which has been decorated with a 20-foot-wide American flag made up of 180 individually painted tiles.×
This April, 2013 photo shows Richard Ormbrek's house, decorated with a 20-foot wide American flag made up of 180 individually-painted tiles, in Seattle. (AP Photo/Cedar Burnett)×
This undated photo provided by courtesy of New Orleans Airlift, shows a detail of Brooklyn street artist, Swoon's "Thalassa" print wheat-pasted on a section of fence in New Orleans. The fence sits outside the yard of Jay Pennington, the associate curator of The Music Box, a temporary community art project in New Orleans. The Music Box was phase one of the Dithyrambalina project--a permanent musical structure planned for the city. AP Photo/Courtesy New Orleans Airlift, Jay Pennington)×


text:
Top Definition
I Know That Feel - When someone describes a feel that you have experienced for yourself.
Tom - Dude I just walked in on my gf fucking her dog.
Me - iktf bro
Me - iktf bro
ayon kay Crusty Dickwad ika-28 ng Hunyo, 2012
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Can you define these popular missing words?
acronym for I Know That Feel(ing).
>i've never had a gf :(
ayon kay spiegalr ika-28 ng Mayo, 2012


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Karl Lagerfeld Now Designs Shrubbery Too
For the Hotel Métropole Monte-Carlo.By Charlotte Cowles
For the Hotel Métropole Monte-Carlo.By Charlotte Cowles
He's still mad about that Robin Givhan story, evidently.By Charlotte Cowles
"It's the kind of beauty you get from junk food."By Charlotte Cowles
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Don't worry, "collection" still gets to keep its "C."
It'll hit Net-a-Porter on January 25.By Charlotte Cowles
He just can't help himself when it comes to Florence Welch.By Charlotte Cowles
He's doing a lower-priced masstige line and a higher-priced premium collection.By Charlotte Cowles


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Fifty local middle school youth are experiencing a different kind of vacation that includes not only summer fun, but an opportunity to get ahead in school and a chance to experience college life during the ExxonMobil Bernard Harris Summer Science Camp at The University of Texas-Pan American.
The two-week residential camp gives students first-hand experience with experiments, role models and innovative programs to encourage their continued participation in math and sciences courses in school.
The camp kicked off July 19 at the University and campers and their parents were invited to the celebration where Dr. Bernard Harris Jr. shared his story of how he overcame his meager beginnings to become the first African American to walk in space.
"I'm a believer in education and particularly in this day and age, a believer in math and science education. This camp is trying to get the community engaged in the notion of education and make sure that our young people have the opportunity to do whatever it is they want to do and to follow their dreams," Harris said. "Dreams are powerful. Any goal or great accomplishment that you are going to achieve in your life starts with a dream. After you have that dream in place, you have to be willing to work hard to make it happen."
Harris said as a small boy he dreamed of becoming an astronaut and described what it was like to go to space.
"Every astronaut's dream is to see the earth from space," Harris said. "What I saw was beautiful; this big blue ball, with white swirls of clouds on this backdrop of a sea of stars called the Milky Way."
Students were also able to talk to Harris one-on-one and ask him questions about his space adventures.
During the camp, students will attend daily classes in natural science, engineering, mathematics and technology, taught by UTPA faculty and secondary classroom teachers, who also receive professional development training. Activities include classroom study, experiments, individual, team and group projects, weekly field excursions and guest speakers who will motivate students to fulfill their dreams.
U.S. Congressman Rubén Hinojosa (TX-15) said exposing this type of learning to middle school children is very important because they are searching for what they want to do in life.
"We've found that children at those ages are ripe to learn when they see it for themselves, hear it from role models that look like them, and see that STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) careers are not only challenging, but rewarding and they will enjoy a good quality of life."
Rosendo Cruz, program officer for Education and Diversity at ExxonMobil, also attended the kick-off celebration and said he hoped students would realize the different career opportunities available to them during the camp.
"We hope they come out of this camp excited about math and science and realize that they too can become the next generation of scientists for this country," Cruz said. "We hope that not only for the kids, but for the parents, that they realize that they can help make those dreams come true for them."
UTPA Interim President Dr. Charles A. Sorber said he was excited to add this camp to the growing list of programs in place at the University, like UTPA's annual Hispanic Engineering, Science and Technology (HESTEC) Week, to encourage education in the STEM fields.
"This is part of our broader HESTEC activities where we give people the opportunity to understand technology, and where young people have the opportunity to get involved in mathematics and science and engineering," Sorber said. "And in that process we hope that they will get more involved and take it on as a passion just as some of us have."
The summer science camps are supported by the Harris Foundation and ExxonMobil. UTPA was chosen as one of 30 universities across the nation to host the camp.
"I think that UTPA is the perfect place for the expansion of our camps," Harris said. "We are becoming a country of minorities and we want to ensure that all communities have the same access to education and the same ability to fulfill their dreams."
For more information about the ExxonMobil Bernard Harris Summer Science Camp, visit www.theharrisfoundation.org