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SPF 30 Tinted Mineral Moisturizer - BB
This 4-in-1 multitasking BB cream blends zinc broad spectrum SPF 30 mineral coverage, and powerful antioxidant rich apple, grape and aloe botanical juices for a radiant, protected, even toned complexion. Helps prevent premature signs of aging caused by everyday sun exposure. A Daily Essential for all skin types.
Who Should Use It?
Juice Beauty's SPF 30 Tinted Mineral Moisturizers are designed for all skin types and especially beneficial for normal, dry or mature skin.
- BB cream multi-tasker.
- Zinc broad spectrum non-nano SPF 30 sun protection with natural mineral zinc oxide.
- Provides light glowing coverage with mineral pigments.
- Hydrates with organic plant oils of coconut, sunflower & jojoba.
- Replenishes moisture with vegetable hyaluronic acid.
Powerful Action Without
Formulated without parabens, petroleum, propylene or butylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfates, pesticides, phthalates, artificial dyes or synthetic fragrances. Our products are never tested on animals.
|Malic Acid, Apple Juice (Organic) (pyrus malus)
|Rich in vitamins, potent malic alpha-hydroxy acids, phytonutrients, flavonoids, phenols; and provides powerful antioxidant activity to help promote beautiful skin.
|Resveratrol, Grape Juice (Organic) (vitis vinifera)
|Rich in vitamins; potent tartaric alpha-hydroxy acid, rich in resveratrol antioxidants to help promote beautiful skin.
|Aloe Leaf Juice (Organic) (aloe barbadensis)
|Rich in glycoproteins and soothing properties, can help improve hydration and skin's natural moisture content.
|Green Tea Leaf (camellia sinensis)
|Potent antioxidant that can help promote beautiful skin.
|Sunflower Oil (Organic) (helianthus annuus)
|Rich source of Vitamin-E with emollient, softening and moisturizing properties.
Juice Beauty is constantly updating our ingredients to bring you results using the safest, local, organic and natural ingredients possible.
Made with certified organic ingredients.
Current Formula Ingredients:
Shade: Sheer
Active Ingredient: Zinc Oxide 20%
Inactive Ingredients: Organic juices of pyrus malus (organic apple juice)*, vitis vinifera (organic white grape juice)*, aloe barbadensis (organic aloe leaf juice)*, cocos nucifera (organic coconut oil)*, caprylic/capric triglyceride, sorbitan stearate, ricinus communis (castor seed oil), polyglyceryl-10 laurate, magnesium sulfate, helianthus annuus (organic sunflower seed oil)*, simmondsia chinensis (organic jojoba seed oil)*, tocopherol (Vitamin E), sodium hyaluronate (vegetable hyaluronic acid), phenethyl alcohol, ethylhexylglycerin, citrus reticulata (mandarin) & citrus aurantium (petitgrain) pure essential oils.
Shades: Ivory, Sand and Tan
Active Ingredient: Zinc Oxide 20%
Inactive Ingredients: Organic juices of pyrus malus (organic apple juice)*, vitis vinifera (organic white grape juice)*, aloe barbadensis (organic aloe leaf juice)*, cocos nucifera (organic coconut oil)*, caprylic/capric triglyceride, sorbitan stearate, ricinus communis (castor seed oil), polyglyceryl-10 laurate, magnesium sulfate, helianthus annuus (organic sunflower seed oil)*, simmondsia chinensis (organic jojoba seed oil)*, tocopherol (Vitamin E), sodium hyaluronate (vegetable hyaluronic acid), phenethyl alcohol, ethylhexylglycerin, iron oxides, citrus reticulata (mandarin) & citrus aurantium (petitgrain) pure essential oils.
* = Certified organic ingredient
Apply generously to face, neck, décolleté and top of hands before sun exposure and as needed. Follow with Juice Beauty's Refining Finishing Powder.
Add half a pump of PHYTO-PIGMENTS™ Flawless Serum Foundation for more coverage. Use this Mineral Moisturizer alone for a nice glow or lightly dust Juice Beauty's Refining Finishing Powder to give a matte finish.
Additional Information:
|Skin Type:
|Normal, Dry, Sensitive
|Skin Concern:
|Sun Damage, General Health
Customer ReviewsWrite a Review
Review By:Nicole on 7/25/2016
I have only used this a few times so far, but I'm hooked! i am 20 years old with normal skin a little on the dryer side, and don't wear much makeup besides bb cream. i was running out of mine so i bought this in the shade sand, and its perfect. its thick but doesn't feel heavy and gives you a healthy glow like a cute little glazed donut. not much coverage if you have acne prone skin or anything but its great to even out skin tone. love love love
Nice coverage
Review By:Sue on 6/17/2016
I just started using this a couple weeks ago and so far, I really like it. I was using a tinted moisturizer from Eminence with 25 SPF but was finding that it tended to make my face feel dry and tight if used without another moisturizer, and the SPF wasn't enough for me. I'm fair and have rosacea. I have used a few JB products and after seeing this one recommended on EWG for sun protection, I gave it a try. I like the texture, it goes on nicely, great SPF protection and it does moisturize - no tightness at all. And it's organic which makes this a win all the way around!
Review By:Liza Galletti on 5/25/2016
This is wonderful to use everyday. I use this when I run errands and just want to have a little color. Highly recommended for those that don't like to wear makeup. Simple, simple, simple. And SPF coverage to boot, what more can you ask for?
I really like this product
Review By:Zara on 5/4/2016
This isn't oily like I expect most liquid spf products to be. I misplaced my original one during my travels and I ended up repurchasing this product because the ingredients are non toxic and it doesn't make me break out. I definitely recommend this product for people with dry skin like myself.
Review By:Amber on 12/14/2015
First, the color is not nearly as dark as it appears on (my) screen, and I thought I ordered "Sand" after reading a review from another fair-skinned woman, but ended up with "Ivory," which is lighter than I wanted (probably my mistake). The smell is earthen, like clay dirt. Not pleasant, but I don't smell it after application. The feel: not too thick or "rubbery," but creates an oily sheen. In that regard, not what I was hoping for, which was a light tan, matte-like finish to even out skin tone and imperfections while it works over time to correct them.
Great for my Sensitive Skin
Review By:Sandra on 11/30/2015
I've been using this product for about 3 years and it works well for me. Been prone to breakouts and sensitivity the last several years, but this product does not bother my skin and leaves it looking dewy, but not oil. (Age - 58)
Review By:Makenzie S. on 11/10/2015
I have normal to oily skin, but after using this product for a week, my skin broke out in intense shine and oil! I will never use this product again. It also did not provide any coverage. I was hoping to use this as a primer, but it is way too thick and provided no positive benefits for my skin! I definitely don't recommend it for anyone who even has a slight disposition for oily skin.
Not a fan
Review By:Mel on 9/25/2015
The only positive things I will say about this product are that: 1) the ingredients are more natural then most BB creams on the market and 2) it goes on smoothly when applying to the skin, but it goes down hill from there, IMO. I can immediately tell that this product is too greasy for my skin and will leave me with a very shiny face within the hour if I don't blot with oil papers right after applying. While the ingredients are natural, the coconut oil is very problematic for my skin so I will not continue to use it for that reason. But in addition, the color selection did not suit my skin tone, I am between sand is too dark (makes me orange) and ivory seems too light. The product also has a very strange smell to it for being composed of so many fruits. Luckily, I was able to try this as a sample (3 days worth) and I will not be purchasing a full size.
Review By:Lindsay on 9/20/2015
I have been using this product for a couple months now and I love it. I have tried other BB creams out there with all of the harsh chemicals and this one works as well if not better! I love how it gives just enough correction to my face without looking too over done. It is very light so it feels like you are wearing nothing while still giving you the SPF protection (this was especially important because I worked outside all summer and used this product everyday as both a tinted moisturizer and sunscreen). Definitely give this product a try!
Best sunscreen ever
Review By:Leili on 7/8/2015
I have been using this moisturizer for almost 3 years and absolutely love it. I use the tan color and it matches perfectly. I use it as a foundation for my daily use and it's perfect. I have got a lot of compliments on my sun kissed color!! ;) I am so addicted to all their products that it's all I use, from cleaners to shampoos and makeup. My only wish is that they would also make deodorants.
Review By:Teresa on 7/6/2015
Not a review but wondering if there's anyone who suffers from rosacea and have tried any of the products in this regimen and can tell me if they have helped their condition...
any feedback is appreciated, many thanks...
Not pleased
Review By:Polly H on 7/2/2015
The product found me with high expectations. However, those were not met. It is extremely oily and it will clog pores pretty soon after starting to use it. It leaves the face sticky and shiny. Contrary to my expectations for a fruit-based product, it smells unpleasant. I will not order it again.
Not enough colors
Review By:Ki on 6/27/2015
I wanted to like this product but the tan color is nowhere near dark enough for my skin. Please make more shades to include women of all skintones!!
Review By:Jennifer on 6/25/2015
It's called mineral moisturizer but I just think of it as my everyday sunscreen. I use my usual moisturizer followed by this SPF 30 every single day of the year. I used to have a lot of hyperpigmentation and daily use of sunscreen is critical for keeping it at bay. This is the first sunscreen I've found that isn't sticky, goes on smooth, and never causes me to break out. I use both the sheer and tinted versions; they all blend well with my medium/light skin tone. Works alone or with makeup. I love this sunscreen.
Wow, love this so very much!
Review By:Patty on 6/24/2015
I'm 49 and have attempted to use sunscreen on my face for years but it's always been so gross and a pain in the butt to remember!
I LOVE this product and am so happy I went with the Sheer. I had no idea when I bought it that it would provide such nice coverage -- I thought it was just a moisturizer and sunscreen. But the finish is smooth and beautiful and perfect for daytime, for sures. I might add a very light bit of powder over the top for a complete look. I'll have to see what I think about it when I go out on the town -- will I need more coverage? Unsure right now. But it's truly the right coverage for daytime. I am hooked!! :)
Note that the Sheer does actually go on sort of white, but it eventually fades to clear.
Thanks Juice Beauty. I love everything I have tried so far (Green Apple cleanser, Green Apple peel, Organic Treatment Oil, and Hydrating Mist. :) xo!
Review By:Ann Howell on 6/23/2015
Have read many of the reviews on this product. Not every product works for everyone or every age. And, yes, sometimes we spend money to find out something doesn't work. I, too, hate to spend money and something doesn't work. Samples are good when available. I am in my mid-60's with dry skin but prone to rosacea attacks and the occasional blemish (yes, at my age and with regular checks by my dermatologists). This is the most perfect SPF, daily moisturizer, and "foundation" I've ever tried and have been using it about 3 years in sand. The scent goes away quickly whether you like it or not. It absorbs quickly and goes on easily. For those who complained about it dragging, I suggest you look at your whole skin care routine, but it may not be the best for very oily skin. I heartily endorse this tinted moisturizer but if unsure, see if you can get a sample.
My Skin Loves It!
Review By:Sophia on 6/16/2015
It has been a challenge to find sun screen with the right tint - especially, a tint that blends in well with my skin tone. Sand is a beautiful color and a perfect match for me, it goes on smoothly and hydrates my thirsty skin. All around a Great Sunscreen!
I don't know how I ever lived without it
Review By:kathryn on 6/16/2015
I have very sensitive skin, and have never been able to use chemical sunblocks on my face. They all sting like crazy! I have been using this tinted moisturizer as my everyday sunblock for my face and it is simply perfection. I recommend it to all of my friends. Goes on smooth like a dream, evens out and brightens my skin tone. I cannot tell you how many complements I get when I am wearing this, my skin looks so healthy and dewy. Perhaps the most wonderful thing about this moisturizer is that it doesn't clog my pores. I will be using it daily for as long as they keep making it!
Great product!
Review By:Melissa on 6/15/2015
I had been getting small acne/dry skin patches near my mouth (hormones and previous products loaded with chemicals), but since using this moisturizer, they've nearly disappeared! It smells fresh, feels clean and blends so smoothly with the concealer and powder. Thanks for helping me get closer to a chemical-free and beautiful life!
Love love love it!!
Review By:Ashley on 6/14/2015
I have been using this moisturizer in Sand for about two years now and I absolutely love it!! It provides the perfect amount of coverage and is a great alternative to foundation! I use the Refining finishing powder in sand to follow up and I just love the combo together!
Best BB Cream I've Ever Used
Review By:Jenna on 6/13/2015
I have tried ALOT of BB creams. Alot of them leave my skin feeling greasy or clog my pores, or just really don't give me the coverage that I am looking for. This cream smooths out my complexion to perfection! I apply after washing my face and then top with a little bit of pressed powder & blush and I'm all done! It's so simple & makes me look & feel great. And the bottle lasts forever, so it's totally a good buy as well!
Great Tinted Moisturizer
Review By:Vera on 6/11/2015
I have it in a sand color and I absolutely love it. I like it because it's three in one: moisturizer, sunscreen and foundation.
Have to stock up!
Review By:Ewelina on 6/11/2015
Echoing the sentiments of many before me, I have to admit I will never use another daily moisturizer. SPF 30 makes me feel adequately protected, and the tint is so light that there is no chance of having awkward uncolored or caked patches on my face after the whole day. It also provides the perfect amount of moisture, perhaps glistening a bit just after application, but quickly settling deep into the skin to hydrate and protect! I go for the whole shebang with JB, but this is the one product that I use everyday without fail!
Simply the Best
Review By:Jessica on 6/11/2015
This has got to be one of my favourite beauty products of ALL TIME. I continue to be impressed by the high quality ingredients and extremely effective formulas of most Juice Beauty products, but this one really takes the cake. It leaves my skin moisturized, protected and glowing. I've got my mom using it now too and she really likes it as well. It does sometimes have a tendency to look a little greasy after application (particularly in the summer), but once it has had a bit of time to absorb/settle I have no issues with it (that being said I don't have particularly oily skin- but a little bit of finishing powder really helps to mattify). I have also used the CC cream which is fantastic and might be more suitable to those with more oily skin- I love and recommend them both. I've been using some combination of these moisturizers for almost 5 years and have felt no need to explore other options. Simply amazing- try it, you won't regret it!
Simply the Best
Review By:Jessica on 6/11/2015
This has got to be one of my favourite beauty products of ALL TIME. I continue to be impressed by the high quality ingredients and extremely effective formulas of most Juice Beauty products, but this one really takes the cake. It leaves my skin moisturized, protected and glowing. I've got my mom using it now too and she really likes it as well. It does sometimes have a tendency to look a little greasy after application (particularly in the summer), but once it has had a bit of time to absorb/settle I have no issues with it (that being said I don't have particularly oily skin- but a little bit of finishing powder really helps to mattify). I have also used the CC cream which is fantastic and might be more suitable to those with more oily skin- I love and recommend them both. I've been using some combination of these moisturizers for almost 5 years and have felt no need to explore other options. Simply amazing- try it, you won't regret it!
moisturizing SPF/foundation
Review By:MGAL on 6/11/2015
this is a great moisturizing sunscreen/foundation. as i get older, it keeps my face dewy and fresh. i like to mix it w/ Juice Beauty CC SPF cream for a custom blend. it's a great base. I've been using this for years and will continue to do so.
Sand color was good
Review By:John on 6/11/2015
I am very fair and the sand color worked for me. I also tried the tan shade an unfortunately that came off very orange on my skin. Other than that, I like this product.
Review By:Ela on 4/9/2015
This is the first time a cream makes my skin itch and it feels like it dries my skin instead of moisture... The texture is too pasty as well. I would not recommend this cream at all. The only thing I like about it is the smell
Natural Glow
Review By:Bridget on 3/24/2015
I love this product! I use it in lieu of foundation, applying immediately after my daily moisturizer. A little goes a long way and it glides on, leaving my face soft, giving my complexion an even toned subtle glow. Very natural. Great for those who do not wear much makeup, need a moisture boost and/or help evening out your skin tone. I'm blonde, blue eyed with a fair complexion using Sand.
The BEST
Review By:Katie on 3/12/2015
This is often the only thing I wear on my face. I use it all year round. It gives me a natural glow. I have dry skin and do not find this at all oily. Several friends have commented on how great my skins looks and as soon as I tell them about this cream they are hooked too.
Love the product the smell not so much
Review By:Cathi melendez on 1/28/2015
I really like the coverage but the smell is hard to get used to. I wish you had a few more darker shades as I'm Italian and have an olive complection. All that being said I will buy it again.
Review By:kelsey on 1/27/2015
Does Juice Beauty's SPF 30 Tinted Mineral Moisturizer have any ingredients that can clog pours? or make current acne worse?
I have mild acne, ( not as bad as when i was in high school) Im in my early 20s. I still get acne here and there.
with that said , If i have combination and sensitive skin, Could Juice Beauty's Tinted Mineral Moisturizer make my skin worse? Response from Juice Beauty: Dear Kelsey -- give us a call! 1-877-472-0236 and we can discuss your skin needs!
Holy Grail Sunscreen
Review By:Happy Camper on 12/29/2014
I'm afraid of cursing myself by saying out loud - 'I've found it! My holy grail sunscreen!' I've never reviewed cosmetics online (just restaurants - urp), but I'm so happy with this sunscreen I wanted to add my two cents.
For years I tried 'invisible' mineral sunscreen after 'invisible' sunscreen. Bought every 'blends clear' I could find. Well, I got sick of people asking me what was on my face, looking like I was auditioning for Pierrot or Kabuki theater...They did NOT blend in clear.
So, I switched to tinted. First one I bought (cough, Bare Minerals) had, upon my careful reading of the point 2 font ingredient list contained retinols. Which....cause skin damage with sun exposure!! Um! What? Isn't the point of sunscreen to protect your skin during sun exposure?
On to the next tinted brand. I checked - no retinols - so far so good. Blended on okay. A little powdery feeling, Then, a few hours later my crows feet (which I didn't even know I had!!) and smile lines were visible from across a football field! The formulation was SO drying it made me look 20 years older - the exact opposite effect I'm trying to achieve by wearing sunscreen.
So, I'd been burnt many times (lol - pun intended), and I bought the Juice beauty sunscreen with low expectations....and...I LOVE it! Blends in perfectly - no ghostly sheen (I bought 'sand' - I'm European with S. Italian roots and very olive skin). I think it smells great! No chemically perfumes! Others may disagree on their opinion of the scent - but I think it's moot, b/c it dissipates pretty quickly. It is a bit greasy, but it absorbs pretty quickly. I'm 41. I can see a teen/twenty something preferring something dryer like the nightmare I described above. But, for an old broad like me, especially in winter, it's perfect.
And, this is crazy, but, cashiers have started carding my to buy alcohol again! For real, the past few years when my face was spackled with line enhancing, chalky paste I rarely was carded. Now...all the time! Not that being considered to be young is the goal...there should be more room in society for visibly aged, visibly experienced women...but I'm just observing my experience.
Had to Return It
Review By:Rita on 12/27/2014
Followed instructions but I could not get this product to apply smoothly. It seemed to dry too quickly and it dragged more like a paste. The texture made it difficult to work with, and I spent too much time trying to even it out on my face. Reading other reviews, I was looking forward to the smell. I don't know why it smelled overly bitter. I wanted to like this as I spent 30 dollars on it, but the only way I could have kept using it is if I were in denial.
Not what I wanted
Review By:Lauren on 12/11/2014
I bought this to replace my Bobbi Brown tinted moisturizer, and it's not what I had hoped it would be. I was looking for something that doesn't have the harmful chemicals but was still good. This is very oily, and makes my face itch. Stings your eyes and even though its oily it doesn't feel like its hydrating my skin.
I did not like this product due to shade and sm...
Review By:Kimberly on 12/11/2014
I had a sample of the oil free moisturizer once before and loved it but it didn't have sunscreen. I chose this tinted moisturizer for my first full size purchase and I do not like it. I have very fair skin and always take the lightest make-up shade for any brand so I chose the lightest one for this product. It is just way too light. It makes my skin look mask-y and pasty and fake. It also has a disagreeable smell and does not feel as moisturizing as the original sample I loved so much. I started mixing it in my palm 1/2 and 1/2 with my old Neutrogena moisturizer and this tones down the whiteness -- so I won't be wasting the product, but I won't buy it again.
Review By:Alexandra on 9/21/2014
I am a very pale teenage ginger, and this is wonderful for my pale skin!:) It gives great coverage, is lightweight, and amazes me with its power to take away any acne i begin to get! After i wash my face, i can feel the hydration this gives my skin without clogging my pores for making me break out. Wonderful product and the best natural SPF I've ever used!
Fan for life!
Review By:april on 9/21/2014
This is the best! It is light and smooth in texture, which makes it a breeze to apply evenly. I love that it gives enough tint to help even out my skin tone without hiding my natural color. Makes my skin glow. Please don't ever stop making this!!!
Amazing Moisturizer!
Review By:Susan Catalan on 9/13/2014
I am able to use this organic product by itself because of the tint and I am able to have the appropriate spf for my face/neck.
Best Sunscreen Lotion
Review By:EP on 9/12/2014
It's light, smooths on perfectly, great color tint - nothing to complain about (and JB is a great great company).
Sun Protection for a Flawless Complexion
Review By:E.L. on 9/11/2014
If you want beautiful skin at 60, wear a sunscreen at 20. All day. Every day. Winter or summer. Cloudy or sunny. Women hear this advice, but few heed it. Chemical sunscreens can be irritating; natural sunscreens are often thick and greasy. If you have given up on sunscreens, you owe it to your skin to try Juice Beauty 30 SPF Tinted Mineral Moisturizer. It provides a light, elegant, protective film of natural zinc oxide, the safest and most effective sunscreen ingredient available anywhere. I use Sheer which is perfect for my fair skin, but I see from other reviews on this site that it works well for all skin tones. This product has a nice, fresh, clean scent, is never greasy, and dries in less than a minute. I follow up with a touch of powder for a beautiful finish that lasts all day.
Tan tinted moisturizer
Review By:Kim on 9/9/2014
I use the tan and I love it. My skin looks naturally younger, vibrant and feels great. I am in my late 50's and strongly recommend this tinted, mineral, SPF, moisturizer.
Smells Incredible!!!
Review By:JM on 9/8/2014
Wow this smells incredible! I love to use it on my neck and décolletage. Incredible quality. Always use on the bridge of my nose, cheeks, and forehead along with my liquid makeup.
Holy Grail!
Review By:Azzie on 9/8/2014
My Holy Grail sunscreen moisturizer!!! If this ever gets discontinued I will cry! The tint is perfect, the moisture level is just right, it's perfect under my make-up...and best of all: it's chemical-sunscreen-free!!! YAY! All this and an SPF30 too!!!! :)
Wonderful Moisture and Sun Protection
Review By:Sandra on 9/8/2014
I'm 57 and over the last several years my skin got extremely sensitive...red...acne!! I tried this tinted moisturizer and my skin just loved it! Gives my skin a nice heathly glow, but not oily and really helps protect from the sun. My skins looks better and better all the time. Can't say enough about it!
Great everyday non-toxic sunscreen
Review By:Betty on 9/8/2014
I'm over 50 and I've been using the Ivory for over 2 years. I have used many toxic spf sunscreens over the years. This product is different but the ingredients are different so that stands to reason. It is thicker than the others but you also use less and the tube last a long time. In the summer I use it by itself or if I'm going somewhere I'll apply makeup over it. In the winter I use a thin moisturizer under it. Sometimes I have to use oil blotters for the excess grease but sometimes I don't. (I found the oil free one much more greasy) What I really like about this product is the sun protection. I'm outside a lot and this sunscreen has kept my face from burning and wrinkling. As for the smell it goes away after a couple of minutes but I don't hate it anyway. So if you're looking for a GREAT sunscreen then I highly recommend this one. If you are looking for a perfect BB cream and you're over 50 I haven't found one that actually provides what it promises.
Can't be without it!
Review By:Rhoda Winer on 9/8/2014
The tinted mineral moisturizer is amazing. I have never had any make-up like it. That and a little blush is all I need to feel my best. It makes my skin feel so soft and look so much better than it ever did. One day I misplaced the tube, and had to travel 45 minutes to my daughter's house to borrow some.(It was my daughter who told me about the product.) Now I order two tubes at a time. I make sure I never run out. I can't live without it!
Love it!
Review By:Jennifer on 9/8/2014
I always come back for more. There is no reason for me to try other tinted moisturizers! It feels amazing on my skin, nourishes, and improves it. The color is seamless and natural. I love it!
Review By:Ashley on 9/8/2014
Yes, this product is a little thick at first but the color and coverage is perfect. I struggle with always finding a foundation match and good for you beauty - Even with my changing skin (color wise) between the seasons I find that this adapts to my skin tone. I'll never use anything else! Thank you juice beauty!
I'm in love!
Review By:Joanna on 9/8/2014
I've been using this porduct for 3 1/2 years and I love everything about it - the tint is just enough to give an even tone over my face, but never looks caked on. It gives a nice dewy appearance, while the moisturizer is perfectly balanced for my normal-dry skin. I've tried other similar products on the market, but nothing beats Juice Beauty!
For organic - its good!
Review By:Daniella on 8/12/2014
This, essentially BB cream, works great and evenly applies to your skin. The coverage is decent as well. It does look oily at first, but once you let it sit for 5 mins it dries well. I had to give it a 3 is for the smell. I would say it smells like wheatgrass or dandelions. The smell dulls after applying the rest of your makeup, but if you are like me and just like to do a quick coat of BB cream before you go out, then you will NOT like this. You can't just wear this without smelling like weeds. I wish it smelt better because I love the product. Also if you are trying to decide between tones… go for the darker one! I am by no means dark-skinned and I got the SAND color and it works well.
Love that it's natural & organic but...
Review By:Lora on 5/17/2014
First off, I love this concept. I truly believe that all those parabens and chemicals are definitely linked to cancer, and other devastating diseases. So I definitely prefer the more natural & organic products! I purchased this item in sand thinking it would work well w/ my Asian skin tone. It was a good shade or two too dark. It had a watery & uneven texture, & the coverage wasn't as good as I hoped it would be. I suppose it I blended the ivory with the sand, I may have been able to accomplish a color closer to my skin tone perhaps, but considering the lack of decent & even coverage, it wouldn't be worth. It until I was sure the other issues were resolved. In all fairness, the product could have been defective, but when you have to toss a product you only tried twice, then removed, only to apply another, the loss, waste, & time drain is terribly frustrating. In fairness, it's possible the product was defective or a possible flaw in formulation. I actually was going to contact customer service, but was too busy at that time, & by the time I had the time to attempt to resolve this issue, it was too late. The return period had expired. I think it could definitely be perfected, or at least improved upon with some tweaking. Perhaps some more color options, a creamier texture, & better coverage options. But until then, I won't be purchasing this particular product.
Pretty Awesome!
Review By:Natasha on 4/24/2014
I have been using the Tinted Moisturizer for about 6 months now. It goes on smooth and does not leave (much) of a greasy feeling. I would definitely recommend the Sheer Tint over the coloured tints. On the plus side, I love that the moisturizer is organic and has such a high SPF!
Pass on this
Review By:Whitney on 3/16/2014
I usually love Juice Beauty products but this tinted moisturizer is downright terrible. This stuff smells like weeds. You know when you pick a dandelion and the milk seeps out the bottoms? That's what this product smells like. It's absolutely foul. The coverage is eh. I am a light medium complexion and bought the Sand and it provides absolutely NO coverage. It's basically just stinky spf 30 moisturizer. Don't bother with this product.
Tan or Sand colour?
Review By:Svetlana on 2/22/2014
Hi. I have a light medium colour skin with soft peach/bronze tone. I have your powder in color Sand and it is a bit lighter for my skin, it would be nice if it was a bit darker, but still lighter than Tan colour. Could you please advise if Tan colour of this moisturizer is good for me?
This used to be so great!
Review By:Jessica on 2/11/2014
I'm very disappointed in Juice Beauty's new formula. This use to contain great anti-aging ingredients like green tea extract, pomegranate juice, vitamin B5, and vitamin C! This new formula is so... basic. I get that they want their CC cream to be the anti-aging all star, but they didn't even include those ingredients in that formula either. (These are the ingredients that have a lot of research behind them stating that they are the best of the best for skin health... why leave them out?)
Great Sunscreen
Review By:Tye on 1/31/2014
I recommend using this product on damp skin or with the hydrating mist so its not so heavy. It has a nice natural citrus fragrance and does not irritate my skin like other sunscreens do. Makes my face so soft and smooth I love it!
Not impressed.
Review By:MeganG on 1/30/2014
Bought this moisturizer (first time) to take to Mexico. I wanted and needed something that would wear well for days spent at the pool and on the beach, something to lightly cover my sensitive skin's ruddiness. Opening the tube, I was surprised Sand had a grayish tinge, but put it on. Easy to apply, but very oily. I found myself with an unflattering shiny face with no discernible color coverage at all and had to apply mineral foundation to mattify, gunking up my kabuki brush. I used it for the 3 weeks anyway, for the SPF protection. So one star for the effective sunscreen, and one star for not irritating my sensitive skin. For me, this turned out to be an expensive sunscreen and nothing more.
Best Foundation Ever!
Review By:Melonie McCoy on 1/28/2014
This moisturizing tint foundation is FINALLY the answer to my prayers for something all natural, with coverage that makes my skin look radiant on its own, not covered in something foreign. It evens out my skin tone which is reddish and blotchy and it also smells like a dream! Thank you so much Juice Beauty for your stellar achievement! :).
Incredible nontoxic sunscreen
Review By:Lesley on 1/28/2014
I use this in ivory and love it. It's gluten free, it doesn't have a bunch of toxic sunscreen chemicals in it and it makes your skin glow. On lazy days I just wear this and a little loose powder. It's not quite enough coverage for a normal day, but I just wear the foundation on top of it and they work well together. The product does seem a little oily and thick at first, but if you give it a few minutes it soaks in nicely. The Juice Beauty products have really eliminated the problems I had with major oily skin, and I'm sure this product is a big part of that.
Not chalky
Review By:Kelley on 1/28/2014
After trying and failing (miserably) at finding a 'clean' and safe facial SPF, I have finally stopped looking because I have found JB's tinted moisturizers. It applies easily and does not get chalky like some other natural SPFs tend to do. It offers great protection and moisturizing power that keeps me happy all day. The only draw back is the shine I tend to get on my face while wearing it. However, this is easily remedied by blotting with a paper towel or tissue.
A Healthy Glow!!
Review By:Catherine on 1/22/2014
I just received my SPF 30 Tinted Mineral Moisturizer in Sand, and I'm impressed!! It goes on easily and smoothly, and the skin seems to drink it in. It's nice to know that it provides SPF 30 while giving a healthy glow with a hint of color. A perfect all-in-one product!! Juice Beauty won a Courage in Commerce Award by PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) for NOT selling in China, where it's a law to test on animals!! They are also a Champion company of The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics and recommended by Teens Turning Green. Sold online, plus at ULTA Beauty and Whole Foods Market.
Review By:Nicole on 1/21/2014
This tinted moisturizer is very oily, so you have to use powder over it. It also doesn't cover as much as I hoped it would. But it's very light and smells like oranges. I use the ivory and it's almost too light, but it's not bad at all. I might try a darker color next time.
Best Organic BB Cream/Tinted Moisturizer
Review By:Glenna on 1/21/2014
I love this BB Cream. I have light olive skin (tans easily but is currently not tan), and I find the Sand color matches perfectly. When I am tan, I use Tan color. I used to use Naked tinted moisturizer, but I wanted something that didn't have bad-for-me and my skin ingredients, so I tried this cream, multiple tinted moisturizers from Tarte, and from Juice Beauty. This was my favorite by far. It goes on light, but does give enough coverage. I sometimes use it with translucent powder if I think it looks a bit shiny, but if you just use a small amount, it is excellent on it's own. I highly recommend this, and if you need a bit more coverage, also buy the concealer.
Review By:Marie on 1/20/2014
I've gone through so many facial sunscreens. Either they have nasty chemicals, they make me break out, or they irritate my eyes mid-day. Not this one! I use the sheer with leaves a bit of a glossy residue making my face look more vibrant. The only thing I don't like is that it is a bit on the thick so I it takes me a while to work it into my skin properly. A minor problem.
The Best Tinted Moisturizer Ever!
Review By:Annie on 1/18/2014
I really love this product. It leaves my skin looking natural and moisturized. The tint covers your minor complexion imperfections and you can expose your "bare" skin to the world confidently. One morning, I was wearing this moisturizer and not any other make up on my face and a person told me: "you have such a beautiful skin, you look great without make up!" I am glad that I have found this product.
Subtle Glow
Review By:Joanie on 1/18/2014
I am 62 years old, and I have always taken my clear skin for granted. Honestly, I have never wanted to cover it up, which means I have also neglected to use sunscreen. My wake-up call was a basal cell carcinoma on the side of my face that required Mohs surgery and 12 stitches. Fortunately, all of the cancer cells were removed and the scar is barely visible, but my dermatologist was very clear that I must wear a SPF 30 sunscreen every day!
I wanted to use a chemical free formula, and I tried several products before finding Juice Beauty SPF 30 Tinted Mineral Moisturizer. My skin is light-medium with pink undertones, and Sand is the perfect color. It blends in easily, moisturizing, protecting, and leaving my skin with a subtle glow that earns many compliments. When the product first comes out of the tube, there is a slight fruity-earthy fragrance, but it quickly dissipates. I have never noticed any fragrance once it is on my face. I should add that my daughters, both in their thirties, tried this product when visiting at Christmas, and both fell in love with it.
The only negative thing I can say is that the product will separate, but it's stated on the packaging that this may happen. It's easy enough to shake and/or knead the tube a little before applying. If you want to protect and subtly enhance your skin, this is the perfect product.
I love it
Review By:Nancy on 1/14/2014
This is the first moisturizer I have found in years that doesn't break out my skin. I am so glad to have found it and very glad that it does not contain shea butter, which bothers my skin.
I do wish there were more shades, and I agree with Katie that warm tones would be welcome. I wear the ivory, then add a little deeper, warmer foundation as needed to get the color right. I love this line and am happy to have found this site.
Best for cold
Review By:Yovina on 1/13/2014
This is the best tinted moisturizer!
Love the smell and the fact that it doesn't have chemicals that I avoid.
I use it in sand and it matches my skin color perfectly. Pair it with sand finishing powder, it's perfect on my skin.
I have to use a different tinted moisturizer when it's humid in summer because it tends to be oily during that time.
A little goes a long way
Review By:Rachel on 1/13/2014
I have the sheer moisturizer and I love it. It is thick and creamy and a little glob covers a large area. I usually find organic SPF products to have an offensive smell but this one doesn't bother me at all. I will be buying this again.
A little goes a long way
Review By:Rachel on 1/13/2014
I have the untinted moisturizer and love it. It is thick and creamy when you put it on and a small blob covers a large area. I have always found organic SPF products to have an offensive smell but this one doesn't bother me at all. I would buy this again.
The Beauty trick that is quick and looks super ...
Review By:Anya on 1/12/2014
I am in love with this moisturizer. My skin is very far from perfection but I get complimented all the time. I can say that my favorite tinted moisturizer helps my skin to look nice, refreshed, and young.
Love this!
Review By:Soriah on 1/12/2014
After years searching for a natural tinted moisturizer with SPF, I finally found it! It goes on smoothly and works perfectly for my skin. Thank you for such a great product!
Great Product!
Review By:Eden on 1/11/2014
This is a great moisturizer for every day use. Sometimes I will even add this on after I have put on their other moisturizers as its light and helps in evening out skin tone. Its perfect for people who only have a minute in the morning to themselves!! I have this product in the sheer, ivory and sand. I use the sheer when i am just home for the day but still want the moisturizer and protection and use the ivory and sand based upon my skin tone when I leave the house. Just wash your face, use this product, the Black lash mascara from Juice Beauty and you're all set :) ITs a great product. I will continue to use this product.
Great product
Review By:Victoria on 1/10/2014
I love this makeup. It feels light on the skin and stays put all day!
Pretty okay tinted moisturizer...
Review By:Morgan on 1/10/2014
I wanted to try something a bit more sheer for when I just do small errands. I bought the shade Tan which matched the best for me in store. When on the face, it oxides to a deep orange shade on me that I didn't really like. I usually get Sand, but for some reason Sand was way too light for me when I swatched it even though I usually get Sand in the concealer and the foundation and they match perfectly, which was strange. Maybe I should have gone with Sand anyway if it was going to oxidize, but all other products all have more 'integrity' so I didn't plan on that. It didn't tend to really do anything for my face at all, except make it considerably darker than it is. It has pretty sheer coverage as expected, though after about an hour just looks like I didn't do anything in the first place AND look dark orange, and doesn't do too well in pictures with it's SPF content. It is pretty oily, so I do shake it up. Now I only use it on my legs during the summer months to give my legs some SPF protection and give a somewhat flawless, tanner look. The fact that it is organic is a plus, but I don't tend to reach for this often, at all. It just doesn't do anything for my face, and it's pretty costly for just using on my legs. It's just a 'meh' product.
Daily routine staple.
Review By:Monica D. on 1/10/2014
I'm a new mom working full time. Even if I had the time I would rather spend my precious morning time on other things than getting ready. The SPF tinted moisturizer in sand protects my skin from the sun and leaves my skin naturally looking even-toned. And the tint is a beautiful color--I apply it in seconds, dust on some blush, lipstick, mascara and I'm done in a minute and a half.
Been searching for a product like this and I ha...
Review By:Kathryn on 1/10/2014
I love this tinted moisturizer with sunscreen! I love all the natural ingredients. The cream blends and becomes invisible in seconds. I am on my 2nd tube and my husband has a tube, also. We are both in our early 60's and have fair skin. We don't leave the house without this moisturizer/sunscreen on our face! Highly recommend. We use the sheer tint and there is no color so it's perfect for both of us.
Love this product
Review By:Jojo on 1/10/2014
I have been searching for a product for a while that doesn't contain all the chemicals and junk. I found it from the cosmetic database on Ewg.org. It's one of the safest SPF face lotions out there. This is a great daily SPF face lotion. I have cool toned, fair skin and use the ivory tint. I usually use another face cream first so I don't have to use as much of this one. When you first apply it, it might seem a little oily, I use a powder with it. I highly recommend it.
Overall great product
Review By:Honoree on 1/10/2014
I really like everything about this product except for how shiny it makes my skin look after application. I combat this issue with a translucent mineral booster over top but it would be great to just put on the moisturizer and go. I understand that this is the nature of mineral SPFs so I just accept it.
I have a light to medium skin tone and fine that the sand color works perfectly for me. I do however think that there should be darker colors available. Just because someone has dark skin does not mean that they are immune from skin cancer and the damaging effects of the sun. They may have more natural protection built in to their skin but they really still should be wearing sun protection.
Beautiful Glow
Review By:Cilla on 12/31/2013
I have normal skin and the glow that comes from this product is perfect. The Sand tint provides just a bit of smooth color that I find to be very natural looking. (Note: I have cool undertones.) It does a nice job caring for my sensitive skin. I feel like my skin can breathe. I believe it promotes younger looking skin. (Note: I am mid-40s.)
Best Tinted Moisturizer
Review By:Ylla on 12/27/2013
I love this product (I have it in sheer and in tan) I am very fair skinned with a yellow(warm) tint. Unfortunately all of juice beauty's make up is cool toned, it would be wonderful if there was a warm toned line ion the future, until then I will have to use the "tan" color very sparingly because it is far too dark (the ivory is simply pure pink) but better than the "ivory" . If you can get your hands on a natural Yellow color corrector this will even out the pink in all their make up. (I ended up purchasing yellow iron oxide and making my own blends!) Besides the color issue the product is fabulous it really shields against the sun and if you set it with their powder it is not oily. I personally am glad they formulated it so thick and moisturizing because this way many people can use and adjust it themselves by utilizing powders. Also I am acne prone and use their full acne line and this does not break me out however in the summer I think I will need to purchase the oil free version or sport version.
Too Pink :(
Review By:Katie on 12/18/2013
I wanted to love this so so badly, but all the colors are far too cool toned. Ivory is so cool and light that it makes my skin look grey and zombie-like. The sand color is a dark tan pink, so I end up lookling like I just finished running. Please, Juice Beauty, make make up for those with warm skin too.
This product did make my skin noticably better after a few uses. I still use it, but not if I'm going out.
Very oily
Review By:Lela on 11/26/2013
This tinted moisturizer is extremely oily and feels greasy on the skin. It makes our complexion shiny, and it smells like fruit loops. This may work for you if you have very dry skin.
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Why Juice?
The difference? Instead of conventional beauty formulations that dilute with added water or use petroleum derivatives such as butylene or propylene glycols that can be laced with potentially harmful chemicals, Juice Beauty's chemists start with an organic botanical juice base and then add powerful skin care and makeup ingredients. Formulations packed with nutrients so every antioxidant-rich drop can feed your skin.
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D.C. staff sees light at end of 2012 Farm Bill tunnel
D.C. staff sees light at end of 2012 Farm Bill tunnel
The 11th annual Animal Agriculture Alliance Stakeholders Summit is today and tomorrow. The session opened with a look into the 2012 Farm Bill.
by Hoard's Dairyman staff
It's going to happen! That was the attitude of senior staff from the House and Senate Agriculture at the Animal Agriculture Alliance's Stakeholders Summit in Arlington, Va. Anne Hazlett, chief counsel from the Senate Agriculture Committee, first explained the reason we need a Farm Bill.
Hazlett explained that although agriculture laws can be found in many places, we need a new over-arching Farm Bill every five to seven years. The Senate Agriculture Committee marked-up their version of the draft last Thursday. Hazlett ran through highlights of some changes that livestock producers should take note of.
First, she admitted there was no doubt there were reductions in funding. The questions surround what the cuts will amount to and where they will come from. The Senate's markup reduced spending by $23 billion over the course of the Farm Bill. Hazlett noted some changes that livestock producers should look for:
1. Title I creates a new margin insurance program (the Dairy Security Act) for dairy, and also puts money into a livestock disaster program.
2. Title II (the conservation title) was worked to streamline many programs. Many producers have commented that EQIP (Enivornmental Quality Incentives Program) is working well already. They expect few changes, and continued the 60 percent allocation for livestock in the current Senate draft. Also, CSP (conservation security program) and CRP (conservation reserve program) remain intact. CRP also adds more flexibility for livestock producers during disaster times. It will also allow beginning farmers to graze land with no rental reduction.
3. In Title VII (the research title), the Senate markup looks to create a nonprofit 501C3 organization to raise money for food and agricultural research. This is already being done by the Food and Drug Administration and other government entities with great success. At formation, the foundation becomes totally private with no government ownership.
Hazlett also noted that there is no livestock title in the Senate's mark-up, and they don't anticipate it being added to the bill.
Hazlett asked the audience to watch for animal welfare issues from the greater house floor, on the heels of the Humane Society of the United States and United Egg Producers partnership. Amendments on antibiotics and checkoffs may also be in play. Hazlett asked the producers of our country to call their legislators if they would like to also be heard. The D.C. staff and elected officials need to hear both sides of the story.
Pete Thompson, senior staff with the House Agriculture Committee, couldn't comment as the House version of the Farm Bill is yet to be marked-up. But he noted although it doesn't look like there's a clear path, D.C. is unpredictable. For example, when he agreed to speak at the Animal Agriculture Alliance's Summit, he had no clue that lean finely textured beef (classified as "pink slime" in the media) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy would be on the docket. Thompson explained that for this reason, planning in D.C. is sometimes not worth the effort, as public events often lead the debate.
The Animal Agriculture Alliance Stakeholders Summit continues today and tomorrow morning. You can follow our tweets at www.twitter.com/HoardsDairyman.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Zoonoses are infectious diseases that are transmissible from animals (i.e. non-humans) to man. Humans may acquire zoonotic infections through a number of routes, including food, water, direct contact and insect vectors. Transmission of certain diseases through food remains an important cause of illness in both developing and developed countries [1].
The recent Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Food and Mouth Disease (FMD) crises in Europe and the Avian Influenza crisis in Asia have heightened public concerns over the safety of foods of animal origin. In some cases, the mere presence of disease in herds or flocks of food-producing animals is perceived by consumers as a risk that undermines their confidence in derived food products. However, the risks for human health associated with some of these diseases may be negligible or non-existent, as will be explained in this review.
In industrialized countries, potential risks associated with foodborne pathogens are minimised through stringent animal health control measures. Diseased animals cannot be used to produce human food. For instance, milk from cows with an udder infection cannot be sold or delivered to the dairy plant. Animals arriving at the abattoir to be slaughtered are first inspected for signs of clinical illness before they enter the premises. Throughout the slaughter process, meat inspection procedures are carried out by trained personnel to identify signs of disease in the carcass. Needless to say, any deviation from normality leads to rejection of the carcass for further use.
Some zoonotic pathogens may, however, cause little or no disease in their animal hosts and, unfortunately, these unapparent infections (carrier states) are more difficult to detect, either on farm or at slaughterhouse level. Many of these pathogens reside in the intestinal tract of healthy animals and may spread through faecal contamination of the environment and products such as meat, milk or eggs. Small amounts of intestinal contents may contaminate milk during milking, the carcass at slaughter and the egg during laying. The risk associated with this type of contamination is minimised where proper food hygiene is applied throughout the entire food chain from production, through processing to preparation at home.
This review discusses some of the main animal diseases of importance that may affect man and the risks of contracting the disease via the food chain.
Salmonellosis is the disease caused by one of the many serotypes of the bacterium, Salmonella enterica. It is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide, second only to campylobacteriosis [2,3,4]. All species, including humans, may be infected by Salmonella bacteria, which live in the intestine and may be shed in faeces. However, Salmonella can survive and multiply very well outside the intestinal tract, which makes eradication impossible. Moreover, faecal contamination of carcasses, milk and eggs cannot be completely prevented.
In animals, the disease may manifest as one or more of three major syndromes: septicaemia, acute enteritis and chronic enteritis. Some serotypes of Salmonella, such as S. Choleraesuis in pigs, S. Dublin in cattle and S. Pullorum in poultry, can cause severe disease in animals, but livestock can also be carriers without showing clinical signs of infection. The most common serotypes involved in human foodborne illness are S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, but these often cause only mild, if any, disease in livestock.
In humans, salmonellosis causes fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhoea. Symptoms usually develop within 12-72 hours after ingestion, and last for 4-7 days. Most cases are self-limiting, but severe cases require hospitalisation, and may be fatal. The more severe cases are associated with septicaemia, when the organism spreads, via the blood stream, to other body sites. Particularly vulnerable groups include the elderly, infants and people with impaired immune systems. Some people may become carriers following infection and in some cases, there may be long term complications, such as reactive arthritis. 'Typhoid fever' is caused by S. Typhi, which only infects humans and is not spread by animals.
Food sources of animal origin include poultry and other meats, eggs and raw milk. However, infection may also be acquired from vegetables that have been irrigated with, or washed in, contaminated water. Although the organism can survive at refrigeration temperatures, it is destroyed by proper cooking and pasteurisation. Cooked foods may, however, be cross-contaminated by raw foods or other unhygienic practices.
Poultry and eggs are particularly high risk foods. Egg-associated salmonellosis is usually transmitted through faecal contamination of the shell, but S. Enteritidis may, rarely, also infect the ovaries of apparently healthy chickens and contaminate their eggs before the shells are formed.
Control measures and voluntary codes of practice for the control of Salmonella are implemented at national and European levels. Compulsory measures are currently in place through EU regulations to control S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in breeding poultry flocks, and these are due to be extended to other groups of poultry and other species [5].
Humans that are carriers may inadvertently spread infection if they handle food without washing their hands after using the toilet. Direct contact with infected animals, including pets, can also be a source of infection. Reptiles are particularly likely to harbour Salmonella and hands should always be washed after handling pets e.g. reptiles.
Campylobacter jejuni was identified in the early 1980's as an important enteric pathogen in humans [2]. Prior to this, the organism was thought to be a minor animal pathogen, causing abortion and enteritis in cattle and sheep. Other Campylobacter species are occasionally involved in human disease, including Campylobacter coli. The organism is widespread in the intestines of most warm blooded animals, including cattle, sheep and poultry, and survives particularly well in birds. It rarely causes disease in livestock, although a significant number may be asymptomatic carriers.
Campylobacter is now considered the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in humans throughout the world [4]. In humans, infection causes fever, headache and general malaise, followed by abdominal pain and profuse, often bloody, diarrhoea. The incubation period is typically 3-6 days, but may be as long as 10 days, and the illness can last from two days to two weeks. In most patients, the disease is self-limiting and cases recover without specific treatment. In patients with compromised immune systems, however, infection can result in life-threatening septicaemia. Children and elderly patients may also be more severely affected. Complications occur in a small number of cases (2-10%) and include reactive arthritis or a form of paralysis known as 'Guillain-Barré Syndrome'. These complications usually resolve within a few months.
Transmission of Campylobacter to humans can occur via contaminated raw or undercooked poultry and meat, unpasteurised milk and untreated water. The organism is particularly common on poultry carcasses, and poultry meat is thought to be an important vehicle for infection. Contact with infected pets can also be a source of infection.
Relatively small number of bacteria are required to cause illness in humans, which can result from a single drop of juice from raw chicken meat [6]. The bacteria are readily destroyed on cooking and during the pasteurisation process and freezing reduces the numbers on food. The organism does not readily grow in foods and, moreover, needs 'warmer' temperatures for multiplication. Hygiene in food storage and preparation is important for preventing disease, as is thorough cooking of poultry products and pasteurisation of milk, in particular.
Listeriosis is the disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, although other species of Listeria may very rarely be involved. The organism is ubiquitous in the environment and is found throughout the world.
In healthy adult humans, infection does not result in significant disease, but severe illness may occur in the unborn child, infants, the elderly and people with compromised immune systems. The incubation period is variable from 3-21 days depending on the clinical form. Symptoms range from a mild flu-like condition to severe, life-threatening disease characterised by meningitis and septicaemia. Pregnant women are about 20 times more likely than other healthy adults to become infected, with about one third of Listeria cases occurring in pregnant women [7]. Although their own symptoms may be mild, infections can lead to miscarriages, stillbirths, premature delivery or infection of the newborn child.
Of the farm animals, cattle, sheep, goats and, rarely, pigs, are the most commonly affected. In these species, infection causes encephalitis, septicaemia, abortion and kerato-conjunctivitis. L. monocytogenes can also found in healthy animals. In most cases, listeriosis is foodborne but transmission to humans can occasionally occur through direct contact with infected animals.
Because Listeria is widespread in the environment, even in households, it may be transferred to food from a variety of sources. L. monocytogenes is destroyed by cooking and pasteurisation, but contamination of prepared foods can occur after processing and before packaging. Unlike some other foodborne pathogens, the organism grows at low temperatures, and can often be found in refrigerators. Typically, listeriosis in humans is associated with consumption of prepared, ready-to-eat foods that have an extended shelf life and are stored in chilled environment. Soft cheeses, meat pâtés and other delicatessen meat products, in particular, have been sources of infection and should be avoided by pregnant women and other at-risk individuals.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease of humans and many animals (including birds) that is caused by different species of Mycobacterium. Most cases of human TB are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects humans. The disease in cattle is caused by M. bovis, but this organism can also affect other species, including humans. Birds may be affected by M. avium, which can also infect mammalian species. M. avium does not normally cause disease in humans unless the individual is immunocompromised, as in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
The disease is characterised by the formation of caseous 'tubercles' in various organs of the body. In humans, TB most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) causing chronic coughing, spitting of blood, fever, nights sweats and weight loss. In some cases, infection may spread to other organs, including the central nervous system, lymph nodes, bones and joints. Many individuals may be infected without showing signs of disease, but the infection lies dormant and may be activated in later years when the immune system is weakened.
Similarly, in cattle, TB usually affects the lungs but may also spread to other organs, including the udder. In the early stages of disease, affected animals may not show signs of clinical disease.
Transmission of the organism is via exhaled air and in excretions and secretions. Today, the main source of TB in humans is other humans infected with M. tuberculosis [8]. During the 1930's, however, many cattle were infected with M. bovis, and this was a significant cause of TB in humans. The organism spread readily to humans via raw milk, although direct contact with infected animals and person-to-person contact have also been implicated.
The incidence of human M. bovis infections dropped markedly with the introduction of milk pasteurisation and compulsory eradication programmes in cattle. In many European countries these measures have, for 30 years or more, prevented many cases of TB. In the UK, for example, less than 1% of all confirmed tuberculosis cases are due to M. bovis [9]. However, these can usually be attributed to infections acquired abroad, or to reactivation of dormant infections in elderly people who were probably infected before the mandatory pasteurisation of market milk [10].
The organism is destroyed by heat and there is no risk from pasteurised milk. The risk of contracting bovine TB from meat is extremely small, particularly as the organism is killed readily on cooking, and no cases have ever been recorded.
To control TB in cattle, a system of testing and routine meat inspection is undertaken according to EU legislation [8,9]. Infected animals are slaughtered and cattle may not be moved from farms where TB is diagnosed. Austria, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden are currently designated by the EU as being officially free of bovine TB [11].
Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by the various species of the bacterium Brucella. The organism affects cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk, pigs, dogs and many other species, including humans. Brucella organisms persist within the host's own cells, where they are protected from the animal's immune response and can give rise to chronic, recurrent infections.
In animals, brucellosis is primarily a disease of the reproductive tract, causing abortion, retained placenta and impaired fertility. Brucella abortus causes brucellosis in cattle ('Bang's Disease', contagious abortion, infectious abortion) although it may also infect other species including humans. B. melitensis causes brucellosis primarily in sheep and goats.
In humans, B. abortus causes 'undulant fever' whereas B. melitensis causes the slightly more severe 'Malta fever'. Symptoms of acute brucellosis are flu-like, including fever, sweats, headache, back pains and physical weakness. Infections usually become chronic, causing recurrent fever, fatigue and joint pain.
Humans may be infected through eating contaminated food or drink or through close contact with an infected animal when the organism may be inhaled or acquired via skin wounds. Most cases occur following consumption of contaminated raw milk or dairy products.
Areas of Europe that are currently listed as high risk for brucellosis include the 'Mediterranean Basin' (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa) and Eastern Europe [12,13]. It also occurs in South and Central America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Consumption of 'village cheeses' in these areas may pose a risk.
EU legislation provides for continued monitoring of areas designated officially free of B. melitensis through annual testing, and places restrictions on sheep and goats that are moved into the area. Currently, officially free regions include the UK, Ireland, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and parts of France, Italy, Spain and Portugal [12].
Control measures for B. abortus in cattle include eradication schemes in a number of European countries. The UK, for example, is currently brucellosis-free and operates a national surveillance scheme in which bulk milk samples from dairy herds are tested monthly and blood samples from other breeding cattle are tested every two years. In addition, all cases of abortion or premature birth in cattle are tested for brucellosis and checks are carried out on all imported females after they calve for the first time in the UK.
Escherichia coli is a common bacterium that is found as part of the normal flora in the intestines of all warm-blooded animals, including humans. There are many strains of E. coli, and most do not cause disease. However, some strains can result in serious illness in both man and animals. The presence of high numbers of E. coli in raw food or water may be a sign of faecal contamination by humans or animals, but does not cause illness in most cases. E. coli multiplies readily wherever the temperature, humidity and nutrients are favourable.
Pathogenic strains cause gastroenteritis or more serious forms of disease, and are generally grouped according to their mechanism of virulence. Of the five groups, enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli (ETEC) are the major cause of bacterial diarrhoea in developing countries and of 'traveller's diarrhoea' in developed countries [14]. These organisms cause disease by producing toxins that stimulate the lining of the intestines to secrete fluid, resulting in profuse, watery diarrhoea. Most cases recover with fluids alone, particularly oral rehydration solutions, although a number may require antibiotic treatment.
Enterohaemorragic E. coli (EHEC) is a highly pathogenic group of E. coli that has emerged in recent years. The most widely recognised serotype is E. coli O157:H7. This serotype causes symptoms that range from mild diarrhoea to severe abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhoea (haemorrhagic colitis). In some cases, infection can lead to more serious complications including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in which the rapid destruction of red blood cells (causing anaemia and spontaneous bleeding) results in kidney failure and, occasionally, neurological signs. Young children and the elderly are the most vulnerable groups and in these patients, infection has proved fatal in a small percentage of cases.
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli are usually transmitted by contaminated, undercooked minced (ground) beef, but other foods such as sprouts, lettuce and apple juice have also been vectors [15]. Large outbreaks have been caused by contaminated water. If a carcass is contaminated, the organism can be thoroughly mixed in when the meat is minced (ground), resulting in the contamination of a large quantity of meat. Indeed, E. coli O157:H7 was first identified in the USA following an outbreak caused by eating contaminated hamburgers from a fast food outlet [16]. Raw milk has also been a source of infection, resulting from contamination of the milk by faecal material on the udder or on milking equipment. Transmission can also occur through direct contact with infected people or animal carriers, or through contact with contaminated land. It should be reiterated that the animals that carry and excrete EHEC are asymptomatic and are thus not identified on farm or during meat inspection.
The number of organisms required to cause disease is thought to be relatively small [17]. Thorough cooking is required to kill the organism, and minced beef should not be eaten if it is still pink. Beef burgers, for example should be cooked to a minimum internal temperature of 70ºC for two minutes.
Foodborne yersiniosis is usually caused by the bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica, although Yersinia pseudotuberculosis may occasionally be involved [18]. The organism occurs in the digestive tract of animals and in the environment, but not all strains are harmful. Strains of Y. enterocolitica that are most likely to cause illness in humans are found most commonly in pigs but have also been isolated from cattle, sheep and poultry. Although Y. enterocolitica can cause enteritis in piglets and lambs, most infections in animals are clinically silent.
Yersiniosis in humans is most common in young children and is characterised by acute diarrhoea, fever, abdominal pain and vomiting. In older children and adults the disease can mimic appendicitis, with fever and right-sided abdominal pain being the predominant signs. Rarely, infection can lead to complications including reactive arthritis or a skin condition called erythema nodosum, but most cases are self-limiting.
Most cases of yersiniosis occur after eating or handling contaminated meat, particularly raw or undercooked pork products. Unpasteurised milk or untreated water that is contaminated can also pose a risk. Children may be infected through cross contamination of their toys, bottles or pacifiers by carers after handling contaminated food. Prevention is dependent on scrupulous hygiene measures in food preparation and storage, and avoiding consumption of raw meat, unpasteurised milk or untreated water.
Anthrax has been recognised as an infectious disease of people and animals for centuries. In nineteenth century Europe, 20-30% of sheep and cattle died of anthrax each year. Today, anthrax still exists in most countries of sub-Sahelian Africa and Asia, South and Central America, the Caribbean, some Southern and Eastern European countries and the Middle East [19]. In other countries, the disease may occur sporadically.
The anthrax organism is a spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Spores form when the organism is exposed to air and, being very resistant, they can survive for decades in soil. Animals are infected when they are exposed to spores by inhalation, ingestion or via the skin.
Anthrax can affect most species, including humans, but is most commonly seen in cattle and sheep, sometimes, pigs. In cattle and sheep, the disease is usually rapidly fatal and affected animals may be found dead without prior clinical signs. The course of the disease tends to be slightly longer in pigs and horses, which may show swelling of the head and neck, although the disease is usually fatal. Where anthrax is suspected, the carcass is not opened, to prevent the anthrax bacilli forming spores on exposure to air. In cattle, anthrax is always considered a possible cause of unexplained sudden death and a blood smear is always carried out to investigate that possibility. Affected carcasses must be disposed of in an approved manner, usually by incineration.
In humans, there are three forms of the disease: • Cutaneous anthrax when the spore enters the skin via a cut or abrasion. This is the most common form, accounting for 95% of human cases worldwide. Skin infections start as a raised itchy lump and develop into blisters then ulcers with a characteristic black centre. • Pulmonary or inhalation anthrax acquired from breathing in spores. Symptoms are initially flu-like, but progress to severe breathing difficulties and shock after 2-6 days. • Gastrointestinal anthrax when spores are consumed in contaminated food, usually undercooked meat from an infected animal. This form of anthrax is extremely rare but, when it occurs, results in severe acute gastroenteritis.
Cutaneous anthrax is milder than the other two forms of disease and can be treated effectively with antibiotics. If untreated, however, the disease can be fatal in approximately 20% of cases. Although inhalation and intestinal anthrax are often fatal, recovery is possible if antibiotic treatment is initiated prior to or immediately after the onset of symptoms. An effective vaccine is available for both humans and animals in at-risk areas.
Humans usually contract anthrax through occupational exposure to the tissues or products, such as skins or wool, of infected animals. In Europe and North America, cases of human anthrax are rare and usually result from contact with imported animal products from countries where the disease is endemic [20].
Foot and Mouth Disease Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is caused by a virus and is one of the most contagious diseases of animals. It affects mainly cloven-hoofed animals, particularly cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and deer, although other animals including elephants, hedgehogs and rats are also susceptible. Foot and Mouth Disease is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America [21]. In disease-free areas, sporadic outbreaks may occur.
The disease causes the formation of vesicles (blisters), mainly in the mouth and on the feet. Vesicles subsequently rupture leaving painful erosions. The disease is rarely fatal, although it can cause sudden death in very young animals. After infection, there may be a drop in milk yield, which can be permanent and chronic lameness. Economic losses as a result of the disease can be very severe, so disease-free areas employ stringent precautions to prevent import of the virus, and measures to eradicate the disease if it occurs.
Although humans can be affected by FMD, this is extremely rare [22]. When it occurs, the disease in humans is relatively benign. During the large outbreak in the UK in 2001, there were no confirmed cases of transmission of FMD from animals to humans [22,23]. Less than 40 cases of FMD in humans have been confirmed worldwide throughout the last century [22]. Although it is not entirely clear how transmission occurred, these cases are believed to have had close contact with infected animals or to have consumed raw milk. No cases of infection from pasteurised milk or from consuming meat from infected animals have been reported. It is generally agreed that FMD has no implications for the human food chain [22].
Avian influenza is an infectious, viral disease that causes respiratory, digestive and/or neurological disease in many species of birds. Some species, such as migratory wildfowl, can be asymptomatic carriers, and may represent a natural reservoir of virus [24].
Avian influenza is caused by Type A strains of the influenza virus. There are a number of different subtypes of influenza that affect birds, some of which cause relatively mild disease whilst others cause a highly contagious, rapidly fatal form of the disease, resulting in severe epidemics. The latter form of the disease is referred to as 'highly pathogenic avian influenza' (HPAI), with a mortality rate that can approach 100%. Domestic poultry, including chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, occasionally ducks and geese, are particularly susceptible to epidemics of rapidly fatal influenza.
Avian influenza viruses normally only infect birds, but can also infect pigs and other mammals. The first documented cases of avian influenza infecting humans occurred in Hong Kong in 1997 [24]. The HPAI strain (H5N1) that was involved caused severe respiratory disease, resulting in six human fatalities. Further spread of the virus was prevented through the rapid destruction of Hong Kong's entire poultry population. Subsequently, outbreaks in flocks the Netherlands and Hong Kong, involving other avian influenza viruses caused relatively mild disease in humans, although one fatality occurred in the Netherlands. In 2004, cases involving H5N1 strain occurred in humans in Viet Nam and Thailand with more severe consequences and, since then, cases have also been confirmed in Cambodia, Indonesia, China and Turkey [24].
Although trade restrictions have been imposed on some countries to protect animal health, there is no epidemiological evidence that avian influenza can be transmitted to humans via properly cooked food [25,26,27]. The WHO and other expert bodies, therefore, do not currently consider avian influenza a food safety risk for consumers. Humans have acquired avian influenza infections through close contact with live poultry, not through eating poultry meat.
Infected birds generally die or are slaughtered before they can enter the food chain and any remaining potential risk is reduced to insignificant levels when the meat is processed. Although HPAI virus strains can survive for long periods of time at low temperatures, they are inactivated at temperatures above 70ºC. Poultry meat and eggs that are properly cooked do not pose a risk to consumers.
Trichinellosis, or trichinosis, is a parasitic disease of mammals caused by a nematode worm (roundworm) of the Trichinella genus, mainly Trichinella spiralis. The worm gains entry to the body when larval cysts are eaten in infected muscle meat. Gastric juices break down the tough cysts and release infective larvae, which then invade the small intestinal lining and mature to adults. Adult female worms subsequently release larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall and are distributed throughout the body via blood and lymphatic vessels. Only in skeletal muscles, they form cysts, which can remain viable for several years. The life cycle is perpetuated when the infected muscle is eaten by another host.
Although all mammals are probably susceptible, infection is usually confined to carnivorous species, mainly pigs, dogs, cats, carnivorous game, rodents and humans. Horses may occasionally be infected after eating fodder contaminated by decaying rodents. Most infections in domestic and wild animals go undiagnosed, but heavy infestations can give similar signs to those seen in humans.
In humans, trichinellosis is very variable in the symptoms it causes. Light infections may go unnoticed, whilst heavy infestations can cause severe symptoms and may, occasionally, be fatal. The intestinal phase of infection may be associated with diarrhoea and abdominal pain, whilst the period of larval migration may be associated with fever, sweating, chills, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue and swelling and pain around the eyes. Symptoms are directly or indirectly associated with the damage caused by the larvae penetrating the tissues. Symptoms gradually subside but, occasionally, complications develop when heart, brain or lungs are involved. Rarely, death may result from heart failure.
Human infections are traditionally associated with eating raw or undercooked pork (such as ham or sausage) or wild carnivorous game (including wild boar, bear and seal). However, recent outbreaks in Europe have been linked to eating undercooked horse meat [28]. Current EU regulations dictate that all pig, horse and wild boar meat intended for Community trade must be inspected for the presence of Trichinella according to EU standards. There is no evidence to suggest that Trichinella is currently present in UK pigs or horses, and a recent survey found no evidence of infection in the UK fox population [16].
Taeniasis is a parasitic disease of humans caused by the tapeworms Taenia saginata (from cattle) or Taenia solium (from pigs). The adult tapeworms are found only in humans, where they attach to the wall of the small intestine and can grow to several metres in length. Egg-containing segments, which are independently motile, are shed by the tapeworm and passed in faeces or migrate through the anus. Infection is usually asymptomatic, but may be associated with diarrhoea, flatulence, abdominal discomfort and weight loss.
For both tapeworms, the intermediate host is infected when they eat material contaminated by infected human sewage. For T. saginata, the intermediate host is cattle, whereas both pigs and humans can act as intermediate hosts for T. solium. Ingested eggs hatch in the intestine and migrate to other tissues where they form small larva-containing vesicles (cysticerci), which may survive for several years. T. saginata cysticerci form only in muscle tissue whereas T. solium cysticerci can form in muscle, liver, lung, brain and other tissues. The condition in which cysticerci are present in muscle or other organs is known as 'cysticercosis'.
In cattle and pigs, infected individuals may show no obvious clinical signs unless the infestation is severe. In humans with cysticercosis, however, symptoms may be moderate to severe depending on the number and location of the cysticerci. Where cysticerci are present in muscles, patients are frequently asymptomatic although heavy infestations can cause muscle inflammation with swelling and weakness. Severe involvement of heart muscle can lead to heart failure whilst the presence of cysticerci in the brain (neurocysticercosis) can cause seizures and other neurological signs.
EU regulations dictate that carcasses are inspected routinely for the presence of cysticerci [29]. However, light infections may not be detected. Taeniasis (adult tapeworm infection) in humans may thus occur by eating undercooked beef or pig meat that contains viable cysticerci. Tapeworm carriers are the source of infection for human cysticercosis, when poor hygiene measures allow contamination of food, water and other surfaces with T. solium eggs.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible brain disease of cattle, which was first recognised in November 1986 in the UK [30]. In this country, the number of cases grew considerably over the next few years but, following the introduction of protective measures, has been declining steadily since the epidemic peaked in 1993. Since 1989, cases have also been reported in native cattle in a range of other European countries, with most of these occurring in France, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland.
BSE is one of a group of neurological disorders known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE), which affect a variety of animal species and humans. These include scrapie in sheep and goats, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. The TSEs are characterised by degeneration of the central nervous system, giving the brain a spongy appearance on microscopic examination. This results in the development of severe neurological signs and is invariably fatal.
In cattle, BSE has a long incubation period of four to five years but death occurs within weeks to months of the onset of clinical signs. The neurological signs associated with BSE include incoordination and behavioural abnormalities, which give rise to its colloquial name, 'Mad Cow Disease'.
The causal agent of BSE and other TSEs is still a matter of scientific debate, although the weight of evidence points to a protein, named 'prion', rather than a microorganism, such as bacteria or viruses [30,31]. The prion theory hypothesises that the agent responsible for BSE and other TSEs is a 'misfolded' form of a normal host prion protein, which is found mainly on brain cell membranes. The abnormal prion accumulates in the brain by transforming normal prion proteins adjacent to it, and forms amyloid-like deposits, which are insoluble and eventually cause neuronal death and astrogliosis.
Transmission of the acquired form of the disease usually occurs by ingestion of infective material. The main vector of BSE in cattle is meat and bone meal (MBM) which, at the time BSE was first recognised, was commonly fed to cattle as a recycled protein source. This animal feed may have become contaminated through the incorporation of carcasses of TSE-affected animals, such as sheep with scrapie or cattle with BSE. It is thought that changes in the rendering process used to manufacture MBM, particularly changes in the temperature and pressure applied, may have favoured the survival of the infectious agent in the feed [32]. Although the original source of BSE is still not clear, its rapid spread was almost certainly due to the feeding of contaminated MBM to other cattle.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is one of a number of TSEs that affect humans. This is a rare and fatal condition that occurs sporadically in middle aged and older individuals, causing dementia and progressively severe neurological signs. In 1996, a new form of CJD, called variant CJD (vCJD), was described in the UK [33]. This form differed from classic CJD as it affected younger patients and had a longer duration of illness. It has been shown that vCJD was probably linked to potential dietary exposure to beef products contaminated with infected tissues. More recently, it has been shown that the prion protein that accumulates in the brain of patients with vCJD is similar to that found in cattle with BSE.
A range of protective measures have been introduced throughout the EU, and are under constant review, to minimise the risk of BSE spreading amongst cattle and of infective material entering the human food chain. Suspected cases of BSE are slaughtered and their carcasses incinerated. In the UK, a ban on feeding MBM to ruminants was introduced in 1988 and led to a drastic reduction in the incidence of BSE in cattle [32,33]. Current EU regulations prohibit the feeding of any mammalian protein (MBM and, for example, bloodmeal) to ruminants and the feeding of mammalian MBM to all other farm livestock.
The active surveillance of TSEs consists of the removal, at slaughter, of all specified risk materials (SRM) from cattle, sheep and goat carcasses of animals older than one year. SRMs include brain, spinal cord, eyes. The whole intestine in cattle, and the spleen in sheep are removed from all animals regardless of their age. EU regulations also now prohibit the use of mechanically recovered meat from ruminant bones.
In the UK, the risk to consumers has been further reduced by the Over Thirty Month (OTM) rule, in which cattle over thirty months are not permitted to enter the human food chain. No clinical cases have occurred in the UK in cattle under thirty months, and animals below this age are unlikely to contain significant BSE infectivity. This rule is not applicable in other EU countries, where older animals may enter the food chain if a post-mortem test for BSE proves negative.
In January 2006, however, the UK government introduced a replacement of the OTM rule with a system of robust testing for OTM cattle born after July 1996 [34]. This change acknowledges the reduced, very low risk to UK consumers that has been achieved and the effectiveness of other control measures, which will remain in place. The new scheme, known as the Older Cattle Disposal Scheme (OCDS), will bring the UK in line with other EU countries.
Prevention of foodborne infections requires an integrated ('Farm to Fork') approach to food production. This involves measures aimed at eradication of zoonotic diseases within the animal population and prevention of contamination at all stages of the food supply chain.
In developed countries, governments have established food safety and sanitary regulations to control zoonoses, which are under continual reassessment. The EU food safety strategy, for example, provides extensive legislation and outlines the responsibilities of both producers and suppliers in ensuring the safety of the food supply [35]. Specific control measures for a number of zoonotic pathogens are discussed in the relevant sections of this review.
EU regulations are amongst the most stringent in the world and cover: • The rejection of animal feed materials that could pose a risk to animal and human health. • Monitoring of disease within the resident animal population and implementation of eradication and control strategies. • Health requirements for animals and animal products imported into or traded within the EU. • Identification and traceability of individual animals. • Animal welfare standards. • Food hygiene standards at critical points throughout the food production process.
The Food and Veterinary Office (FVO), an arm of the European Commission, plays an important role in verifying whether EU food safety regulations are being enforced [36]. A team of about 80 FVO inspectors carry out spot checks at the premises of producers, slaughterhouses or processing plants, both within and outside the EU, to ensure that adequate control and enforcement mechanisms are in place and are effective in practice.
Food safety has a high priority within the food chain, but consumers must also share the responsibility for ensuring food safety within the home because contamination of certain foods cannot be prevented. A few simple procedures should be employed to minimise the risk of foodborne disease, and these may be summarised in accordance with the WHO's 'Five Keys to Safer Food' strategy [37]:
Why? – While most microorganisms do not cause disease, dangerous microorganisms are found in soil, water, animals and people. These microorganisms are carried on hands, wiping cloths and utensils, especially chopping boards. The slightest contact can transfer them to food and cause foodborne disease. Examples of zoonotic pathogens that may be transmitted in this way include Salmonella, Campylobacter, EHEC and eggs of the tapeworm, Taenia solium.
Why? – Raw food, especially meat, poultry and seafood, and their juices, can contain dangerous microorganisms, such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria and EHEC, which may be transferred onto other foods during food preparation and storage.
Why? – Proper cooking kills almost all dangerous microorganisms. Studies have shown that cooking food to a temperature of 70ºC can help ensure that it is safe for consumption. Foods that require special attention include minced meats, rolled roasts, large joints of meat and whole poultry. Although the BSE causative agent is resistant to normal cooking, all other pathogens discussed in this review are destroyed or inactivated at temperatures above 70ºC.
Why? – Raw materials, including water and ice, may be contaminated with dangerous microorganisms. Toxic chemicals may be formed in damaged and mouldy foods. Care in selection of raw materials and simple measures, such as washing and peeling, may reduce the risk. Contaminated water, for example, has been associated with outbreaks of Salmonella, Campylobacter and EHEC, whilst infections with Salmonella, Campylobacter, Mycobacteria (TB), Brucella and EHEC can be acquired through the consumption of contaminated milk or dairy products that are not pasteurised.


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On Friday, 22-year-old Trey Foster was charged with two felony counts of aggravated assault in the Lone Star College shooting in Houston where three people were shot, including the suspect, and another suffered a heart attack.
One of the injured was 55-year-old maintenance worker Bobby Cliburn, who was reportedly shot in the leg by accident.
According to the Chicago Tribune, Foster's main target was 25-year-old Jody Neal, who was shot in the abdomen and leg after the two had an argument in the school's library.
According to the Houston Chronicle, another young man, 22-year-old Carlton Berry, was arrested Tuesday in connection with the shooting. But CNN reports that arrest may have been a case of mistaken identity.
Berry was said to have been hospitalized due to a self-inflicted injury sustained when he mishandled his gun. He was also accused of opening fire on a fellow student during an altercation in the school's library Tuesday. But now we know he may have been shot by Foster.
Police have not released a definitive reason the argument turned violent, but the Tribune reports it may have been gang-related. (I will bring you a clear sequence of events if they become available.)
Panicked students and faculty had called for help a little before 2 p.m., fearing the worst with the shooting coming on the heels of the horror at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., where 26 were slaughtered in a mass murder/suicide. Fortunately, this was not one of those massacres.
Police and ambulance response to the incident was swift, under three minutes, authorities said during their news conference later in the day.
After the campus, academic home to more than 10,000 students, was placed on lockdown and a heavy police presence scoured the nearby wooded area looking for the gunman, Berry reportedly showed up at the Houston Medical Center around 2 p.m. because he had accidentally shot himself in the hip.
Four other schools in the district were also placed on lockdown as a precaution. A relative of one of the students injured said he was attending college to obtain his GED to go on to art school.
Meanwhile, lawmakers in Texas are pushing concealed-weapons legislation. The bill, which was filed last week ostensibly aimed at increasing campus safety, calls for any gun owner with a permit to be able to carry concealed weapons on all college campuses. They are also looking to introduce a bill which will require trained armed guards in all schools. [Read more here.]
Click here for my earlier report on the shooting.
I'm confused. Texas legislators want to introduce more laws where more folks will be able to carry guns on to campuses, and concealed as well? Isn't that part of the problem to begin with? The shooter pulled a gun out of his pocket or backpack and fired at another student when he couldn't handle an altercation verbally.
Guns can give an otherwise wimpy person a false sense of machismo, so instead of walking away from a confrontation, some get overly aggressive. Thank goodness the end result here wasn't much worse.
Allowing any and everyone to carry a concealed weapon on school campuses may be a recipe for a monumental disaster. If we all strap on our guns, won't our society revert to the wild, wild West?
National Rifle Association leader Wayne LaPierre has said "government policies are getting us killed," and he was the first to call for armed guards in all schools. His "the best way to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun" comment had caused quite a stir, especially after he offered it as a solution to the horrifying mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary.
But the problem with that scenario is—who decides who the good guys are?