text:
Author Affiliations: Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (Drs Huang, Kielhofner, and Taylor); and Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Children's Memorial Hospital (Drs Katz and Mears), Chicago, Illinois.
To compare adolescents who do and do not recover from acute infectious mononucleosis in terms of fatigue severity and activity levels before, during, and in the 2 years following infection.
Prospective case-control study.
The baseline and 12- and 24-month evaluations occurred in the subjects' homes. The 6-month outpatient visit occurred at Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.
Three hundred one adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with acute infectious mononucleosis.
Main Exposures
All participants were evaluated at baseline (during active infection). Six months following infection, 39 of them met criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. These subjects were matched by sex and Tanner stage to 39 randomly selected screened-negative subjects. Both groups were reevaluated at 12- and 24-month follow-ups.
Outcome Measures
Scores from the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire.
For both groups, physical activity levels declined and sleep increased as a result of having mononucleosis. Compared with their matched controls, adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome reported significantly higher levels of fatigue at all points and spent significantly more time sleeping during the day 6 and 12 months following infection. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in terms of physical activity levels before, during, or after infection. There was a consistent trend for decreased physical activity in the chronic fatigue syndrome group.
Adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome appear to be pushing themselves in an attempt to maintain similar activity levels as their peers, but paying for it in terms of fatigue severity and an increased need for sleep, particularly during the day.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) represents a significant public health concern, possibly affecting as many as 800 000 individuals (primarily adolescents and adults) within the United States.1,2 It is a debilitating disorder, characterized by persistent fatigue that lasts for more than 6 months. The symptoms are not improved by bed rest and are typically exacerbated by physical and mental activity.3,4
In adolescents, CFS accounts for marked functional impairment and educational disruption.5 Research suggests that infectious mononucleosis may be 1 disease process that leads to symptom complexes involving severe fatigue and associated physical and cognitive symptoms.6- 8 In some cases, these symptom complexes endure for 6 or more months and cohere with international case criteria for CFS.4,7,8
Studies indicate that many individuals with CFS recall a sudden, infectious onset characterized by fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy.9- 13 This observation appears particularly frequent in adolescent samples.14,15 In retrospective studies, rates of acute, mononucleosis-like illness preceding chronic fatigue have been documented in 73% to 78% of adolescents, with 46.7% recalling an active mononucleosis infection at onset.12,13,16 A recent, prospective investigation by our team found that 13% of adolescents presenting with acute mononucleosis infection failed to recover and met criteria for CFS 6 months later.17 Seven percent continued to meet CFS criteria 12 months later and 4% still met criteria 24 months later. Most individuals recovered with time, but those whose symptoms were consistent with CFS remained quite disabled. Questions remain as to what, in addition to the original mononucleosis infection, led to recovery failure in this subgroup of adolescents.
In addition to the role of infectious disease, evidence also points to the role of activity levels18 as risk or perpetuating factors of CFS. Some studies suggest that high action proneness or overactivity prior to CFS onset may serve as a risk factor for CFS.18- 21 MacDonald and associates18 found that a great number of individuals with CFS exercised more regularly and for a longer period in the year before illness onset compared with controls.
On the other hand, underactivity, deconditioning, activity avoidance, and poor physical fitness have all been cited as potential perpetuating factors once a patient is ill with CFS.22,23 Bed rest has also been implicated once a patient has contracted mononucleosis and has subsequently developed CFS.24 van der Werf and associates22 measured and classified the actual physical activity levels during a 12-day period and found that the CFS sample had less intense and shorter activity peaks, while the average rest periods that followed these peaks were longer than those of the control group.
White and associates25 found that number of days in bed and low physical fitness predicted CFS 6 months after mononucleosis onset. They argued that characteristics of the infection and its consequent immune reaction may play a more significant role earlier in the postinfectious process, but physical deconditioning may lead to delayed recovery over time. Meanwhile, Fulcher and White23 reported that patients with CFS were physically weaker, had a significantly reduced exercise capacity, and perceived greater effort during exercise compared with sedentary controls. Low exercise capacity in patients with CFS that was related to quadriceps muscle weakness, low physical fitness, and a high body mass index implied that physical deconditioning helped to maintain physical disability in CFS.
Similarly, Bazelmans et al26 did not find any significant differences in physical fitness between CFS patients and controls, but found that more CFS patients failed to achieve a physiological limitation at maximal exercise. Physical fitness levels were highly correlated with participants' reports of daily physical activity.
With few exceptions, findings from adult studies are largely retrospective and mixed regarding the role of physical activity in the development and perpetuation of CFS.25 Moreover, little is known about the role of physical activity in the development of CFS in an adolescent sample. This study focused on a narrowly defined subgroup of adolescents with CFS and a group of matched controls, all of whom shared a common infectious onset. We tracked physical activity levels before, during, and after infection to shed more light on the role of activity in the onset and course of CFS over time. Our central objective was to compare adolescents who did and did not recover from acute infectious mononucleosis in terms of fatigue severity and activity levels before, during, and in the 2 years following infection. We therefore sought to determine whether:
Adolescents with CFS would report greater fatigue severity compared with controls at all points.
In the year before mononucleosis onset, adolescents who later developed CFS would have been more physically active than controls who experienced a normal recovery from infection.
During mononucleosis, adolescents who later developed CFS would have been less physically active than controls who experienced a normal recovery from infection.
Adolescents with CFS would demonstrate decreased activity levels and increased sleep compared with controls at all follow-up points (6, 12, and 24 months after infection).
This was a prospective case-control cohort study that involved retrospective measurement of activity in the year before mononucleosis and prospective measurement of activity and fatigue at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months following infection. The study was approved by the institutional review boards of Children's Memorial Hospital and the University of Illinois at Chicago. Additional methodological information about the larger study from which this article was derived may be found in an earlier publication by Katz et al.17
A total of 301 adolescents diagnosed with acute infectious mononucleosis were enrolled. The adolescents were referred to the study by school nurses, emergency departments, the virology laboratory of Children's Memorial Hospital, and through pediatric and family practices, including the Pediatric Practice Research Group, a referral network of Children's Memorial Hospital. Six months following their initial diagnosis, all participants underwent a telephone screening interview to determine their recovery status. Following complete physical and psychiatric examinations with laboratory work, intensive medical history interviewing, and a review of medical records of the past year, 39 participants met international case criteria for CFS.4,27 Thirty-nine controls who were screened negative and who had fully recovered from mononucleosis at 6 months were randomly selected from the remaining pool of subjects and matched 1:1 with the CFS subjects in terms of sex and Tanner stage. Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample at 6 months are presented in Table 1.
The original diagnosis of mononucleosis was confirmed by a review of laboratory records (positive monospot test result for acute infectious mononucleosis) and clinical records (ie, signs and symptoms of fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy). In cases in which a diagnosis was unclear or when we could not retrieve the original records, we performed additional laboratory testing for active Epstein-Barr virus infection within our facility, as documented by a positive IgM antiviral capsid antigen and low avidity IgG antiviral capsid antigen in the baseline sample. On enrollment and during active infection, all subjects participated in an extensive in-person interview and assessment battery, which included measures of fatigue severity and physical activity at baseline. Classification as being either recovered or not recovered from mononucleosis was based on results from a telephone screening interview, which occurred 6 months after the initial infection.
Subjects who screened positive for CFS and a group of screened-negative controls were invited to Children's Memorial Hospital for a more comprehensive evaluation that included complete physical and psychiatric examinations and additional laboratory work. These examinations were conducted to rule out exclusionary conditions and other alternative explanations for the subjects' enduring symptoms and disability. At the 6-month follow-up appointment, subjects were also administered the same in-person interview and assessment battery that they received at baseline. A provisional diagnosis of CFS was made by the examining physician. Final classification as having CFS was determined through a blind panel of independent medical record reviewers following the clinical evaluations. This classification was made according to Jason and colleagues'27 revision of the criteria originally described by Fukuda et al.4
The 39 participants with CFS and 39 matched controls were invited for reevaluation at the 12- and 24-month follow-ups. Both reevaluations involved the same assessment battery, laboratory work, and medical record review procedures that were administered at the other times. Thirty-six of the 39 diagnosed as having CFS underwent a reevaluation at 12 months (3 were lost to attrition), 11 had recovered, and 3 were reclassified as having an alternative explanation for their symptoms (CF-explained), leaving 22 subjects classified as having CFS (7% of the original sample, all female) and their 22 matched controls.
At the 24-month follow-up, 3 more subjects with CFS were lost to attrition. Six had recovered and 2 were reclassified as CF-explained. One subject who did not meet severity criteria for CFS at 12 months developed more severe symptoms again at 24 months and was reclassified as having CFS at that time. Additionally, 1 subject who was originally classified as having CFS at 6 months but had an explanation for her enduring symptoms at the 12-month point (pregnancy and miscarriage) no longer had this explanation at 24 months and was again classified as having CFS. This left 13 subjects (all female, 4% of the original sample) with CFS and their 13 matched controls 24 months after initial infection. More information about this sample may be found in the study by Katz et al.17
The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Screening Questionnaire28 was used to assess sociodemographic characteristics and to evaluate the presence vs absence of CFS symptoms. The questionnaire assessed interviewees' sociodemographic characteristics and supported preliminary classification into screened-positive (nonrecovered/possible CFS) vs screened-negative (recovered/control) groups. Basic demographic data included age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, marital status, and sex. The revised scoring rules for the Hollingshead scale, developed and validated by Wasser,29 were used to classify socioeconomic status. This screening scale has demonstrated high discriminant validity and excellent test-retest and interrater reliability.28
The Fatigue Severity Scale30 is a valid fatigue/function measure composed of 9 items that are rated according to a Likert-type rating scale from 1 to 7, where 1 indicates no impairment and 7 indicates severe impairment. The items were initially selected to identify common features of fatigue in both multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In the initial validation study,29 individuals with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus were compared with nondisabled, healthy adults. Internal consistency for the Fatigue Severity Scale was high for both illness groups. The scale clearly distinguished between patients and controls and was moderately correlated with a single-item visual analog scale of fatigue intensity (r = 0.68) and with depression scores in the multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and control groups.
The Modifiable Activity Questionnaire was designed for easy modification to maximize the ability to assess physical activity in a variety of populations. It assessed current (past year and past week) occupational and leisure activities as well as extreme levels of inactivity due to disability.31 The interview was found to be reliable and valid with 8th- and 11th-graders and across sex and ethnicity.32
Using the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire, we collected information on time spent on physical activity, sedentary activity, napping, and sleep. Two Modifiable Activity Questionnaire questions scaled from 1 (none) to 5 (≥9 days) measured the degree to which participants engaged in hard and light exercise within the past 14 days. A third question, also scaled from 1 (none) to 5 (≥6 hours), measured the degree to which participants engaged in sedentary activities having to do with television and computer devices. Three additional, open-ended questions asked participants to report the number of hours spent in a typical day sleeping, napping, and doing other sedentary activities, such as reading, writing, and studying.
χ2 Tests and paired sample t tests were used to compare the CFS subjects with their matched controls in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. Comparisons of fatigue severity and activity levels were made using t tests. Means and SDs were provided for all continuous variables, and frequencies and percentage values were provided for all categorical variables. To reduce the risk of type I error emanating from multiple comparisons, statistical significance was set conservatively at P ≤ .01.
There were no significant differences in sex, family socioeconomic status, body mass index, age, and work and/or school status between the CFS subjects and 1:1 matched controls.
We hypothesized that adolescents with CFS would report higher fatigue severity compared with controls during mononucleosis and at all follow-ups. Results of a series of t tests supported this hypothesis (Table 2).
We hypothesized that, in the year before mononucleosis onset, adolescents who later developed CFS would have been more physically active than controls who experience a normal recovery from infection. This hypothesis was not supported. Findings from t tests revealed that adolescents who later developed CFS did not differ significantly from controls in their physical activity levels at 12 months before mononucleosis onset (Table 3).
Alternatively, we hypothesized that, during active infection with mononucleosis, adolescents who later developed CFS would have been less physically active than controls who experience a normal recovery from infection. Findings from t tests did not support this hypothesis. Adolescents who later developed CFS did not differ from controls in their activity levels during the time of mononucleosis infection (Table 3).
We hypothesized that adolescents with CFS would demonstrate decreased activity levels and increased sleep compared with controls at all follow-ups. This hypothesis was only partially supported. At the 6-month point, the only significant differences between the adolescents with CFS and the controls involved napping during the day (Table 4). Adolescents with CFS spent significantly more time napping during the day than controls. This finding was replicated at the 12-month point. At the 24-month point, there were no significant differences in sleep or activity between the adolescents with CFS and their matched controls (Table 4). Although no other activity-related findings were significant, the descriptive data in Table 4 suggest there were subtle trends for reduced activity in the CFS group, particularly with regard to light and hard exercise at the 12-month follow-up.
Historically, findings regarding the role of activity in chronic fatigue syndrome have been mixed and somewhat discordant. Some studies point to the role of overactivity as a risk or perpetuating factor, while other studies point to the roles of underactivity and deconditiong.19,21,23,26 Findings from this study show no differences in activity levels between adolescents with and without postinfectious fatigue. Although there were trends for reduced activity in the CFS group, the differences did not reach statistical significance and were not sustained at the 24-month follow-up. Despite nonsignificance, however, these trends, coupled by findings for increased daytime napping within the CFS group, may support the possibility that adolescents in the CFS group were struggling to keep up with their peers to maintain their usual activity levels. This possibility would have to be investigated in future studies.
One potential explanation for our lack of significant differences between the 2 groups may, in part, involve the way in which activity was conceptualized and measured in this study. For example, Van Houdenhove and colleagues21 found that action proneness and an associated overactive lifestyle played predisposing, initiating, and perpetuating roles in CFS. They used a validated Dutch questionnaire33 that defined action proneness and overactivity as involving psychological as well as physiological aspects. The questionnaire mainly assessed attitudes toward everyday activities, rather than engagement in actual physical activity. For example, the questionnaire included items such as, "I do not like to postpone things," and "I love making a supreme effort," which were answered with "correct" or "incorrect." Instead, we measured time spent and intensity of very specific sedentary and nonsedentary activities, with most of our emphasis on physical exercise and sports.
de Rijk and colleagues19 sought to clarify the relationship between external stimulation and fatigue and described 2 clear dimensions: experienced overload and attractiveness of external stimulation. Both of these aspects of external stimulation contributed significantly to the prediction of fatigue: experienced overload consistently predicted increased fatigue, while attractiveness of external stimulation consistently predicted decreased fatigue. Similar to the study by Van Houdenhove and colleagues, this study appeared to be measuring attitudes toward different life activities and events, rather than engagement in actual physical activity.
Another explanation for our unique findings may involve the age and duration of illness of the subjects with CFS in this study. Comorbid and secondary medical and psychiatric conditions, such as obesity and orthopedic problems, tend to be more prevalent with increasing age and sustained disability. We studied adolescents newly diagnosed with CFS who had endured the syndrome for anywhere between 6 months and 2 years. Population-based studies of adults point to an average duration of CFS of 5 years,34 with the upper limit reaching decades in some cases. One could argue that the longer an individual is disabled by CFS, the more likely it is that his or her physical activity levels will be affected. Additionally, adolescents in this study were diagnosed as having CFS only if they did not have any other medical or psychiatric conditions that would explain their fatigue and symptoms. Compared with adults, it is possible that youth, combined with an absence of other nonexclusionary but comorbid conditions, may have served as a resiliency factor for sustained activity.
Other psychosocial variables, including social and environmental demands for adolescents to continue performing their daily activities, may also serve to explain why we did not find more significant activity reductions. The adolescents may have felt some pressure within themselves or from parents, peers, educators, or even their physicians to continue attending school and participating in sports and other activities to the best of their ability. The fact that we found significant differences in fatigue severity between the 2 groups suggests that the adolescents with CFS were feeling the effects of their lifestyles but may have been pushing themselves to sustain activity. It is possible that the sustained activity led not only to increased fatigue severity but also to an increased need for sleep, particularly during the day.
Our study, like all studies, has certain limitations. First, we did not corroborate subjects' self-reported activity levels and sleep behavior with physiological measures of physical fitness and sleep. Therefore, it is possible that, despite no significant differences in body mass index between the 2 groups, undetected differences in physical fitness levels between the 2 groups could have played a role in extinguishing any differences that could have been observed. Second, there is the risk of type II error. Our sample size was reduced at the 12- and 24-month points owing to a combination of adolescents recovering from CFS, changing diagnostic categories, and some minimal attrition. Some of the statistical trends toward physical activity reduction in the CFS group, particularly at the 12-month point, may have been statistically significant had we tested a larger sample.
Findings from this study suggest that the onset or perpetuation of CFS was not linked to differences in the levels of physical activity. Before, during, and following infection, adolescents with CFS appear to be engaging in similar levels of activity as their recovered peers, but they seem to be paying for it in terms of increased fatigue severity and an increased need for sleep, particularly during the day. The consistent yet nonsignificant trend for slightly reduced activity in the CFS group may further support the possibility that adolescents in the CFS group were struggling to maintain their activity levels. One might imagine that whatever the controls were doing during the time that the adolescents with CFS were napping would have to be more active (mentally, physically, or both) than napping. Further investigation of the role of sleep dysfunction in the development and perpetuation of CFS following mononucleosis in adolescents will be necessary to shed light on these important findings.
Correspondence: Renée Taylor, PhD, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Applied Health Sciences, 1919 W Taylor St, MC811, 3rd Floor, Chicago, IL 60612 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Accepted for Publication: April 14, 2010.
Author Contributions:Study concept and design: Taylor. Acquisition of data: Katz, Mears, and Taylor. Analysis and interpretation of data: Huang, Kielhofner, and Taylor. Drafting of the manuscript: Huang and Taylor. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Huang, Katz, Mears, Kielhofner, and Taylor. Statistical analysis: Huang and Taylor. Obtained funding: Taylor. Administrative, technical, and material support: Katz, Mears, and Taylor. Study supervision: Katz, Mears, Kielhofner, and Taylor.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: Funding was provided by grant R01HD4330101A1 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and grant M01 RR-00048 from the National Center for Research Resources.
Additional Contributions: We thank the following referral sources: Pediatric Practice Research Group of Children's Memorial Hospital, and all participating laboratories, school nurses, and physicians.
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5 Bad Ideas for Dealing With Bullies You Learned in Movies
Recently, I've had several people ask if I could talk about bullying. I'll be perfectly honest here, I had no idea what I could possibly say about the subject. When I was in school, we just kind of had to deal with it as best we could, any advice coming from sitcoms and movies about nerds overcoming jocks by recording their girlfriends naked in the bathroom. Unfortunately, I never found a magical, cure-all solution that made it go away, and I didn't realize until I was all grown up that the sitcom words of wisdom weren't all that reliable. Advice like...
#5. Tell an Adult -- They'll Teach You to Fight
This is the very first thing they suggest when you find yourself discovering that putting makeup on a black eye just makes you look like David Bowie. And it makes sense. If you're pulling shoes out of your ass every day after school, you turn to the people who are bigger, smarter, and have the authority to do something about it. Diff'rent Strokes tackled that one back in 1980.
How they handled it:
Arnold tells his family that he's being picked on by a bully named "The Gooch." Mr. Drummond (his foster father) immediately signs Arnold up for a Taekwondo class and then leaves him to his own devices. At one point, Willis (Arnold's brother) convinces him that he has a "killer foot," which causes Arnold to challenge The Gooch to a fight. In the end, he finds out that he doesn't actually have a killer foot, but the bully is scared away because he believes it's true.
So keep that in mind, kids. If you have a bully up your ass, just convince him that you can kill him -- problem solved.
But in reality:
Arnold is slightly larger than a toddler. When he went down to confront the bully, had that kid not believed in magic feet, there's a pretty good chance that Arnold would be shitting out his own intestines after The Gooch beat them loose.
See, most sane adults will go straight to the school. Barring that, they'll go directly to the kid's parents. What they usually try to avoid is cramming the kid into a financially draining martial arts class and hope they master it in the next 24 hours. Remember that Mr. Drummond spent the majority of that show reporting to the Adoption Agency to show that he was providing a safe environment for the kids. I'm pretty sure they would have frowned upon the solution, "Here's an Asian guy. Learn."
"You do know it's school policy to torture you with acid, right?"
It's bullshit like this that kept my brother quiet during his own bully fiasco. What good would telling an adult do? They'll just make you learn martial arts -- he just wanted to play like a normal kid after school.
When my brother was in elementary school, he had a couple of kids who would regularly push him around at recess. It got to the point where he would eat his lunch slowly and then attempt to stay in the cafeteria while the other kids played outside. It wasn't until he was cornered by a teacher that he finally came clean about what was happening, and the school officials took action.
Parents were called in, and the bullies disappeared into the Principal's office. Now, neither me nor my brother can tell you what took place behind those closed doors, but I like to think that it involved a flaming chainsaw and a nine-iron. Regardless of what happened, the kids took extra care in avoiding my brother at all costs from that point on. As an adult looking back, I'm sure it wasn't so much what the Principal said, but the severe beatdown they got from their parents when they got home.
We heard they sold tickets.
#4. Just Ignore Them -- Unless You Can Verbally Slay Them
"Just ignore them" is more for the verbally abusive situations. Let's be honest, it's pretty hard to ignore a rage-fueled sociopath throwing elbows into your kidneys. And even if you did, you're just making it easier for him to achieve his goal of making you piss blood. But there are plenty of other types of bullies out there, and the name-callers are some of the most common. Just One of the Guys is one of many, many movies that couldn't resist having a main character put the bully in his place.
How they handled it:
That guy from The Karate Kid is bullying some kids in a lunchroom. He's been doing it for a while, and up until that point, the lead male character has been doing his best to ignore him. But he finally reaches a breaking point, and decides to lay a verbal smackdown that the bully will never forget.
Not only does he start loudly belting out insults to a guy who is known school-wide for beating the shit out of people, but he does it from the top of a cafeteria table, perched tall so that everyone can see who is delivering the burns. The bully gets shut down so badly that his girlfriend dumps him and even the nerds rub it in.
But in reality:
That would have lasted about six seconds with an actual bully before he jumped up onto that table and fed him the rest of his lunch through his ass. You have to remember that these people thrive on ego, and the character in the movie was getting his stroked by fucking with weaker kids and ruining their lunch. He didn't beat them up because he didn't have to. But when that guy took away the one true power he had over them, the bully resorted to, "I'm gonna beat the shit out of you!"
In my experience, I've found that if you can manage to pull it off, ignoring works in most cases. Since the asshole is looking for attention fuel, if you're not providing that, they'll simply get bored and find someone else to pick on. It really is just that simple. At least it was in my case.
"You know, it's strange, but that guy we call 'fag'? I desperately want to have sex with him."
Most of my school life, I was called a "fag." I was a tall, skinny kid who was timid around girls and hung out with all guys. I detested assholes talking about which "bitch I fucked last weekend," and it was pretty obvious when I checked out of those conversations. So when the bigger, more aggressive kids came around, I got tormented to no end.
But to my surprise, I found that when I kept walking and just didn't give them any response whatsoever -- not even eye contact -- the comments just sort of faded a little each day until they finally realized that they were wasting their breath. Again, it's hard to do that. Every part of your brain will be screaming at you to yell something smartass back. You'll think of a hundred brilliant things that will put them all in their place. But you can't win that battle, no matter how original or witty you come off. All that can happen there is for them to up the stakes and get physical. That's the thing with bullies: they only pick fights they can win. And if they can't win a verbal battle, they'll try the next thing on the list... your ass.
Some of the less dangerous ones have to go pretty far down the list to find their niche.
#3. Run! You'll Have Your Victory Soon Enough
I grew up in a criminally poor section of an already financially repressed town. Fights were a weekly occurrence, and you either learned how to do it or became an expert in first aid. The problem with most bully characters in Hollywood is that they're depicted as comical obstacles that the main character has to put in his place. Someone has to gain victory over him in order for the bullying to stop. But when shit gets physical, there's most definitely a time to run.
A Christmas Story has a pretty famous example of that.
How they handled it:
We all know the scene. The kids are scared shitless. They try to run a couple of times and get blocked on each attempt. One of them is caught by the bully and gets his arm wrenched behind his back until he screams. When he breaks free, the kids get their opening and they run like hell.
Later in the movie, Ralphie (the main character) finally snaps and beats the living shit out of the bully. And the last we see of him, he's broken and humiliated, crying in front of a group of onlookers. Ralphie's hell is finally over.
But in reality:
In the real world situations like that don't end there. They get worse. Kids like the bully in A Christmas Story are so desperate for power, they couldn't let it lie without a few years of dedicated counseling under their belts. He's proven time and time again that his only joy in life comes from physically hurting weaker kids, and now he's got revenge as a motivation. Ralphie's going to need both eyes, and a real goddamn rifle when school starts up again.
Through most of middle school, my brother and I were terrorized by two brothers who lived down the block. They had pretty severe emotional problems. They came from a family of career criminals who were openly abusive to them, and in turn, they took out their anger on anyone they considered weak.
We regularly woke up to find our mom's car vandalized. Tires slashed on one occasion, and windows busted out on another. But the whole thing came to a head one afternoon when one of them caught us outside of the community pool and threatened us with a knife. We ran until we were sure we'd lost him and then continued to run until we were safe inside of our own living room, a mile and a half away.
"I know not of the John in which you speak. I am just some blankets."
Running is usually a method that leads to other solutions -- ones that don't require fighting -- because once you've run, you just let them know that anytime they need a power fix, their drug of choice can be beat out of you like a pinata. But if you're being threatened to the point of knowing you're going to be hurt, you have to run. In our case, it was what finally caused our mother to say, "Enough is enough" and we got the fuck out of there. We not only moved out of that neighborhood, but we changed towns and school systems.
That obviously isn't an option for everyone, but that's not the point. The point is that when we were forced to run, we were then forced to confront the problem with our parents and the police. It let the adults know that this was no longer a sitcom type situation where "boys will be boys," but had instead escalated to the point of "legitimate fear for our lives."
Your life should never flash in front of your eyes before you've lost your virginity.
Once we ran, we never looked back. There was no final showdown where the bully got his comeuppance, and even if there was, they sure as hell weren't going to stop after the fight. But we'll get to that shortly.

subset: commoncrawl


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Play 1.b3
The Nimzo-Larsen Attack - A Friend for LifeProduct Code: B0001NIC
Publisher: New in Chess
Author: Ilya Odeskky
Year of Publication: 2008
Pages: 255
Notation Type: Figurine (FAN)
Book DescriptionThe popularity of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack is largely based on its surprise value, but in fact 1.b3 is one of White's more logical first moves, since by immediately developing his queen's bishop, White aims at undermining the black centre. Odessky, an International Master from Russia, a well-known chess coach and an outstanding chess writer, will amuse and surprise you, but also teach you all the ins and outs of this off-beat system, which has been used by top players like Bobby Fischer and Bent Larsen. A good choice for players who want to avoid the many theoretical landmines of mainline openings and prefer to steer towards an open battle, right from the start.
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Institutional Ownership and Conservatism
Santhosh Ramalingegowda
University of Georgia - Terry College of Business
Yong Yu
University of Texas at Austin
June 27, 2011
Journal of Accounting & Economics (JAE), Forthcoming
Recent research suggesting that shareholders demand conservative financial reporting raises the question: Which shareholders demand conservatism? We find that higher ownership by institutions that are likely to monitor managers is associated with more conservative financial reporting. This positive association is more pronounced among firms with more growth options and higher information asymmetry, where direct monitoring is more difficult and the potential governance benefits of conservatism are greater. Further, lead-lag tests of the direction of causality suggest that ownership by monitoring institutions leads to more conservative reporting, rather than the reverse. Collectively, these results are consistent with monitoring institutions demanding conservatism.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 47
Keywords: Accounting Conservatism, Institutional Investors, Monitoring Incentives
JEL Classification: M41, G2, G34
Date posted: June 28, 2011 ; Last revised: June 29, 2011
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It wasn't as easy as 1-2-3, but with those three numbers, a Walnut Creek man is $33 million richer.
The winner of the California Lottery came forward Friday to claim his multimillion dollar prize after matching the numbers 1, 2, 3, 22, 34 and 8 for the jackpot.
A large check was written out to Massoud Ardal for the amount of $33 million.
A news conference was scheduled for Friday morning in Sacramento to announce the details Ardal's winnings.
Ardal purchased the SuperLotto Plus ticket at a Shell in Contra Costa County.
The store is located on Ygnacio Valley Road in Walnut Creek. The store will get a 1 percent bonus for selling the winning ticket.


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HARPERS FERRY - Each year, the Harpers Ferry National Park Service chooses two jazz musicians to honor with the Don Redman Heritage Award. This year's recipients are Eddie Gomez and Buster Cooper.
Redman was a 1920 graduate of Storer College where he studied music and became proficient in all wind instruments. Redman composed music for such jazz greats as Louis Armstrong, Bing Crozby, Count Basie and Jimmy Dorsey. Through his hard work and gift of talent, Redman went on to be known as the "little giant of jazz."
The musicians chosen to receive the esteemed honor of the Don Redman Heritage Award are picked based on their merit as musicians, humanity, dignity and music and education that continues the spirit of Redman.
Article Photos
Eddie Gomez
Gomez is a legendary double bassist that has been in the musical spotlight for over four decades. He is a two-time Grammy award winner and has traveled the all over the world entertaining audiences and educating other musicians. His impressive resume includes time playing with Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, Bill Evans, Gerry Mulligan and Benny Goodman.
Gomez's unique style can be heard on jazz, classical, Latin jazz, rhythm and blues, and pop and contemporary albums. His unique artistic approach to jazz and his avant-garde style sets him apart from most bassists.
Gomez is currently the artistic director at the Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico, where he has been a professor and artist-in-residence since 2005. Although he is an active performer, recording artist and composer, Gomez continues to travel throughout the United States, Europe, Japan and South America visiting major universities and conservatories teaching his love of music and educating students.
Fact Box
If You Go
What: 12th annual Don Redman
Heritage Awards and Concert
When: 6 p.m. Saturday
Where: Clarion Hotel and Conference
Center Ballroom, Shepherdstown
Cost: Free
For more information, contact the park's
information center at 304-535-6029
Iconic trombonist Cooper is the other recipient of this year's award. Not many trombonists step out of the shadows in to the middle of the stage, but Cooper is no stranger to being in the spotlight. Even though jazz has been around since the early 1900s, his palpable approach to swing jazz makes listening to what some might consider dated, intoxicating and fresh.
Cooper is best known for his time spent performing with Duke Ellington's Orchestra from 1962 to 1969, but he's also played with Nat Towles' territory band, Lionel Hampton and Benny Goodman, was in the Apollo Theater's house band, and formed the Cooper Brothers Band with is brother Steve on bass. He also spent time playing with many local jazz orchestras, such as the Juggernauts and Bill Berry's L.A. Band. Cooper continues to entertain audiences today with his style of swing jazz illuminating the stage.
After receiving their award, both artists will be joined on stage by the Howard Burns Quartet to perform.


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Nowadays it is considered being a common issue for many individuals to use credits to maintain a business or make a huge purchase. According to the statistics, more than 70% of people have borrowed money from the bank at least once. Also, 30% of American (and other families according to the global tendency) families consider money loans as the only format of getting a new house or apartment. There are numerous forms of borrowing money from local commercial banks, financial institutions as well as using untraditional ways of credits. Today we are going to talk about the peer to peer lending, its advantages, and unique requirements.
There are situations when your local bank cannot offer you an efficient deal on money borrowing because of the different reasons. In this particular case, you are striving to find the better option with good requirements and benefits as well. Peer to peer or P2P lending is considered being a particular type of borrowing money to individuals without using financial organizations and traditional methods. Usually peer to peer lending is working online for fastest cash within 24 hours on particular platforms, where people can conduct the deal as well as read more information and recommendations to make it successful.
It is important to admit that most peer-to-peer lending is providing personal loans without security. Nevertheless, there are secured loans in P2P method, which can be offered regarding different luxury goods such as expensive automobiles or watches, arts, etc. In this particular situation, loans need to have a certain collateral.
Who is the client of P2P lending?
In most of the cases, peer-to-peer loans are given to individuals. Whether you need cash to purchase a house or vehicle as well as grow your small or medium business – you can quickly conduct a short application for the P2P loan. There are several other types of P2P loans, which are useful for students (student loans), business increasing (business loans), leasing and loans for the real estate purchases.
There are many financial experts and professionals, who have concrete advice for those planning to get a peer-to-peer loan. First of all, it is important to admit that the most common issue about the borrowers experimenting with P2P loans is an opportunity to diversify the lending. For instance, whether you need a specific sum of money for an individual reason, you should think about the allocation of your borrowing to several loans. This particular strategy will help you to avoid many risks and conduct a right planning of the personal finances and monthly budgets. P2P lending is flexible enough to maintain your diversification in different prospects. For example, you can easily diversify the overall amount of loans as well as their durations and types.
Where to get a P2P loan?
There are numerous agencies and companies, which provide different services regarding peer-to-peer and other types of loans. Before conducting a contract, you should carefully analyze an overall situation on the market of credits and loans in your country and specify TOP players. Usually, there are from five to ten most reliable companies that are providing convenient services and conditions for its clients. There are many online platforms, which are created to put together lenders and those who need money and help them to communicate. All the transactions are usually conducted online with the history available. As we are talking about the top-rated platforms, you have to understand that the lenders there have several candidacies to invest in, so they are usually choosing among them.
Online programs provide a possibility to maintain a personal profile and include personal information for lenders and borrowers. Top-rated websites have a high level of security and safety by the necessary process of verification of income rates, bank account as well as other information, which proves your identity. When there are unsafe transactions, these platforms conduct several issues to avoid the risks and give an opportunity to arrange reliable business relationships. You should remember that the TOP platforms of crediting and money lending do not only provide loans, but also give an opportunity to use the additional services. For instance, in most of the cases, you can get a comprehensive analytics, several competitive investment tools or many other reliable instruments to make the process of loan repayment comfortable for both lender and you.
One of the most important steps for those seeking a good lender is the process of paying it back. Before signing a contract, you should be confident in concrete terms and requirements for the regular payments for the certain loan. You should have a simple plan for your financial situation for the particular period (several months or years) as well as a possibility to analyze your incomes and expenses. Whether you cannot be sure about the payment period, you might arrange a plan with two main scenarios: "the best situation" and "the worst situation." This particular point will help you to learn how accurately to maintain a process of personal finance planning and participate in the careful planning of your monthly payments.
Signing a certain contract within the P2P lending is possible. For instance, you can consider inviting a lawyer to conduct a simple agreement about the sum of money, conditions and deadlines as well as other important issues. This contract should explain the comprehensive information about the loan and its terms to the lender and borrower. In this particular case, you should also think carefully about the most appropriate terms and conditions for you personally. Also, besides an official agreement, you can think about conducting a simple unofficial (or friendly) letter to your lender with the list of terms, type of loan, amount of money and any other important points within the P2P lending.
Today's opportunities of the Internet help many individuals and business owners to borrow money easily and according to the suitable conditions. A careful process of research and contract signing will provide you a successful P2P lending to follow your personal or business needs.


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Glasgow Film is an operating name of Glasgow Film Theatre (GFT).
GFT is company limited by guarantee, registered in Scotland No. SC097369 with its registered office at 12 Rose Street, Glasgow, G3 6RB.
GFT is registered as a charity (No SC005932) with the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator.
© 2016 Glasgow Film


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on January 16, 2013 - 2:08 AM
, updated January 16, 2013 at 12:25 PM
The Martin Luther King Jr. holiday on Monday will be marked by a variety of observances throughout Western New York over the next few days, including an annual celebration in Kleinhans Music Hall hosted by the Concerned Citizens Following the Dream committee.
"Fulfilling the Dream Moving FORWARD" will be held from 7 to 9 p.m. Sunday in Kleinhans. Gospel music, speakers and performing artists will be featured, including dancers from the African-American Cultural Center, the Buffalo Philharmonic Chorus and the Hutchinson-Central Technical High School Band, said committee Chairwoman Bessie Patterson.
Award recipients at the event include: Theodore Kirkland, community activist; Maria Rivera, Hispanic community service; Lana Benatovich, community leadership; the Rev. William A. Bunton, interfaith; Bishop Michael A. Badger, interfaith; Christine Demetria Wing, education; Mary H. Gresham, education; and Carl Scanlon and Candice Titus-Fuller, community service.
Also, 17 local high school students will be presented certificates encouraging them to pursue higher education. They are Checolathiwot Teraga, Nataija Lewis, Adra Tigg, Carlos Siragusa, Jasheka Carson, Le'Andrea Beecher, Brandi Kriegeaum, Mark Oliver, Diamond Hayes and Quamaine Austin, all from McKinley High School; Winnie Prude of Emerson High School; Rita Prude, of International Prep; Deja and Dzare Triplette and Leah Harris of Charter School for Applied Technologies; and Anyurisa Soto and Serena Rodriguez, both of Riverside High School.
The keynote speaker will be Da'Lonce Blackman, a senior at Buffalo Academy for Visual and Performing Arts.
Mayor Byron W. Brown and Buffalo School Superintendent Pamela Brown are scheduled to offer remarks.
Other MLK programs in the area include:
• "Better Health Care for All: The Third Annual Community Gathering to Celebrate the Life & Times of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr." The program is hosted by the African-American Roswell Employee Network at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. It begins at noon Thursday in the Dr. David C. Hohn Lecture Hall at Carlton and Elm streets. The Rev. Kinzer Pointer, pastor of Agape Fellowship Baptist Church, will recite excerpts from King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
The Futures Academy School 37 Chorus and the Martin Luther King Multicultural Institute School 39 Drum Quartet will perform. Remarks will be given by Brian C. Springer, executive vice president at Roswell Park. Also, two Roswell Park employees will receive the "Capturing the Dream" recognition awards. Keynote addresses will be given by the Rev. James Lewis III, pastor of Miracle Missions Full Gospel Church and director of pastoral care at Erie County Medical Center. A reception will follow the celebration.
• The 35th annual celebration of King's life at noon Thursday in the Central Library auditorium. Music, poetry and dance will be featured. Scheduled participants include Betty Jean Grant, majority leader of the Erie County Legislature; former Buffalo Common Council Member Clifford Bell; Eva Doyle, columnist, historian and retired Buffalo Public Schools teacher; Library Director Mary Jean Jakubowski; Ellen E. Grant, Buffalo deputy mayor; storytellers Sharon Holley and Yvonne Harris; members of the Colored Musicians Club; and dancer Aminata Mitchell.
• A ceremony hosted by the Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System at noon Friday in Freedom Hall at the hospital, 3495 Bailey Ave. The Rev. Benita Keith of Greater Refuge Temple of Christ will provide the keynote address. Violinist Jalilyah Linton and singer Jacob Fabry will perform.
• "Seize the Opportunity: Strategies for Small Business Start-Ups" from 8:30 to 11 a.m. Saturday at Diefendorf Hall, University at Buffalo South Campus on Main Street. Hosted by Alpha Kappa Apha Sorority, Gamma Phi Omega and Gamma Iota chapters, the seminar will feature information on turning hobbies, talents and interests into small-business opportunities.
Each event is free and open to the public.
email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Take a look at this chart. It shows the monthly flows to bond mutual funds over the last two years. See if you can spot the outlier:
Suddenly, nobody wants bonds.
That's understandable. Interest rates are rising, and for the first time in years, bonds are losing money. The PIMCO Total Return Fund is down 5.6% since April. The Vanguard Long Term Corporate Bond ETF (NASDAQ: VCLT ) is off nearly 10% in the last three months. The popular iShares Barclays 20 Year Treasury Bond ETF has lost more than 11% in the last 90 days.
But what's interesting -- maybe scary -- to think about is that the rise in interest rates over the last month isn't that large, historically. Interest rates on 10-year Treasury bonds have increased by about 60 basis points in the last month, according to data from the Federal Reserve. In percentage terms, that's a lot. But interest rates are so low right now that percentage gains can be deceptive -- a doubling of interest rates from last summer's lows would mean a gain of only a little more than one percentage point.
In absolute terms, the rise in interest rates over the last month isn't that impressive:
If bond investors have panicked at what has been a pretty mild rise in interest rates, what will they do when rates really start to rise?
It won't be pretty. My guess is there will be a few more outliers on that first chart.
More from the Motley Fool
Interested in more on debt and the economy? My new free report, "Everything You Need to Know About the National Debt," walks you through with step-by-step explanations about how the government spends your money, where it gets tax revenue from, the future of spending, and what a $16 trillion debt means for our future. Click here to read it.


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Here are five things to know about the trio – Wesley Schultz (lead vocals, guitar), 30; Jeremiah Fraites (drums), 27; and Neyla Pekarek (cello, piano), 26 – who are up for two Grammys (best new artist and best Americana album) and are also performing on Saturday Night Live this week alongside host Jennifer Lawrence.
1. Most people think that 'Ho Hey' – which reached No. 1 on three different charts – is about a romantic relationship, but that's not the whole story.
"The essence of the song was that I was really struggling to make ends meet in the big city when I was living in Brooklyn and working in New York. It was a myth, this idea that you'd go there and get discovered and it would be this great place for music," explains Schultz, who, like Fraites, hails from New Jersey and moved to Denver in recent years, where they met Pekarek.
"It's about a lost love in some ways, but it's also a lost dream. It's funny that a lot of people play it at their weddings because it was written from a different place. But it's kind of a beautiful thing, actually, that people can take something I was feeling really, really down about and turn it into a message of hope."
2. They've only recently been able to quit their day jobs.
"I was working as a busser, a bartender, a barista, a guitar teacher, caterer – a lot of service industry jobs, because it allows you to get away and tour if you need to or take a night off to play," explains Schultz.
"Jer was bussing tables right along beside me. And Neyla was a hostess and a substitute teacher. She'd been offered a full-time teaching position while we were in the midst of touring – and losing a lot of money – and she still stuck with it. Somehow she chose this over that, which is absurd, but we're glad she did!"
3. They named their hit song carefully.
Were they ever concerned people might call it "Hey Ho" in a derogatory way? "Yeah, at some point we laughed about it," says Schultz. "We specifically named it 'Ho Hey' instead of 'Hey Ho' [for that reason]. If people searched for it online, we'd rather it not be something that takes you in that direction."
Do they mind when people get the title wrong? "Oh no, that would be a little pretentious!" says Schultz with a chuckle. "It's kind of a silly name to begin with."
"It's my mom, Judy, as a child, and her mother," he explains. "I'd asked my mom if she had any old photos that I could look through a while back, and I fell in love with it. You know if you set up a child for a picture then can't get out of the frame in time? My mom had a funny take on it: It's our first album, kind of our baby, like this child."
Schultz thanked his mom for all her years of emotional support with some heavy metal when their album went gold. "I had the plaque sent to my mom, because she'd been really supportive of us and believed in us when a lot of people were pretty concerned. And now she's got a platinum one!"
5. Their band name has more than one meaning.
While Schultz and Fraites have been playing music together for more than eight years (previous band names include Free Beer, 6Cheek, and Wesley Jeremiah), they've only been known as The Lumineers for the last four thanks to a mistake.
"We were playing a small club in Jersey City, N.J.," explains Schultz, "and there was a band out there at the time called Lumineers who were slotted for the same time, same day, the next week. The person running the show that night [mistakenly] announced us as The Lumineers."
The name stuck. "It doesn't mean anything literally. It's a made-up word," says Schultz. Another strange coincidence they learned? "It's also the name of a dental veneer company," he adds.
So how are Schultz's teeth? "I have a pretty good smile," he says with a big laugh. "I won 'Best Smile' in high school. It's a pretty big deal."


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XSLT Profiler Add-in for Visual Studio Team System
- Posted: Feb 22, 2008 at 12:52PM
- 2 comments
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XML Tools team has released the XSLT Profiler Addin for VS 2008 - a quick and reliable performance analysis profiler tool that assists in the development and debugging of XSLT documents. The XSLT Profiler Addin for VS 2008 allows developers to measure, evaluate, and target performance-related problems in XSLT code by creating detailed XSLT performance reports. The XSLT Profiler includes a wealth of useful hints for XSL and XSLT style sheet optimizations, which are essential for XSLT-based applications that demand maximum performance.
If you need to develop reliable and robust software, the XSLT Profiler is capable of detecting the performance errors and defects in coding so that they are corrected at an early stage in the development. This is essential in reducing the overall cost of developing software applications. The XSLT Profiler tool is fully integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 to provide a seamless and approachable user experience, combining several Microsoft technologies, including Microsoft XML Editor and XSLT Debugger, Visual Studio Team System, F1 (Performance Suites), and more.
For more information and download check out
Microsoft Downloads site.
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Cheers on the info! If you're looking for more about VS 2008, be sure to check out the Heroes Happen Here launch events. You can pose questions to experts and get a free version of Visual Studio 2008.
Fred Reckling
Microsoft 2008 Joint Launch Team
I am trying to profile my xslt, and I don't use an xml file as input. I use extension objects to pass all the data into the xslt file.
i use the transform function from the XslCompiledTransform type. Is there any way to run the profiler without an input file, just from my code that calls transform.
Comments have been closed since this content was published more than 30 days ago, but if you'd like to continue the conversation, please create a new thread in our Forums, or Contact Us and let us know.


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Wednesday, June 16, 2010
Ironic Malaysia : No More PSD Scholarship But Spending Millions on New Buildings
He was quoted as admitting that the government does not have the "capacity" to finance the studies of the growing pool of bright students.
Although it is an unpopular move, the public will have to accept the reality of the government's situation, he had added.
Both MCA and MIC are against the move. What else can they do?
Ironically, this government is willing to spend another RM800 million to build a new parliament building in Putrajaya.
More than RM810 million has been budgeted for the still under construction new palace at Jalan Duta. I am sure the the royal highness would rather see the money being used to send our brightest to acquire skills and knowledge from some of the best universities in the world since ours can't even break into the top 500 league.
With such contradictions, how can the government help to move our workforce up the value chain and help to enable them to earn higher salary?
This is the second flip-flop after the finance minister said that no sports gambling license was ever issued to Ascot Sdn Bhd.
Who is telling the truth? Vincent Tan or Finance Minister?
Welcome to Boleh Land!
17 comments:
Minorities always want more and more of everything. So let us stop development, just build more mosques, period
We, the Malaysian govt has all the money to buy anything known as extravagance whilst taxing the lay Malaysian left, right & center.
As the saying goes, "A beggar has no options", there should not be any compromise as far as exercising our rights as tax payer. We have a right to tell the govt off on what is wrong, whether perceived or otherwise. No two ways about it. How is Malaysia going to survive in this competitive world? We had lost too much along the last 52 years of BN administration....too much that if any law maker in Malaysia (irrespective of which side of the political divide) were to stand before God, he/she shall not pass the test of "obedience" & shall be doomed to Hell. He/she shall be held accountable & answerable to our future generation.
Do you know why so many Malaysians are leaving the country or staying put overseas after graduating? There is indeed no future here, so they realized that is the only option left for them to ensure their next generation continues. Just see how many Malaysian Malays are living overseas? You think they are stupid? They are indeed fed-up with the politicians who are only looking after their own pockets, not for the welfare of the rakyat in general.
Malaysia will be better off without such extravagance!!!
BUT overseas-scholarships through mara with our hard-earned blooded duits still boleh what !!
People cannot see the millions spent on scholarships mah!Also, these $$ will benefit students and not masok pockets.We are talking about 5% (RM40mil) at stake!
You want the truth? The whole truth? And nothing but the truth?
tan koo koo!!!
That is Umno or the Ketunan Melayu for you !
Only a change in name but it is still the same style some more borrowing and just live beyond their means. Besides how to become rich without the 'big' projects !
As I said before the shenanigan Mahathir will not object to sports betting because it is his proxy who is involved. In other words he is too and he is not about to say 'no' to money for himself !
Don't put your hopes too high, Malaysia is hopeless.As for those money, tak cukup ' makan' la untuk setiap orang.U tau inflation sudah naik.
Perhaps, MYR800m on a project yields a healthy kickback which the Govt needs to start amassing prior to the next GE.
Sending kids off to college....well, not much kickback in that, is there ?
I maybe wrong but that's history appears to be repeating itself , over and over.
The rakyat have been sidelined by the very people they voted in, and they are paying the price right now ! The situation begs saying "TOLD YOU SO" but that doesn't help and educating them is the most plausible way of getting these "pie in the sky" Govt to realise this.
Your articles are helping raise this awareness to the voting public right. Well done and keep it up.
Last time the govt just simply send the students(mostly or if not all from one particular race)overseas on scholarship.After they graduated,the govt cannot get them a job and release them.
So is this what the govt is doing just want to fulfil quotas by just simply sending them overseas and now telling the rakyat that this is too much of a burden?
What the fuck is this govt doing? Just see no logic in denying bright students of quality education for the future betterment of the nation.And yet they want to spend huge sum to built a new parliament bldg,new istana in Putrajaya.What kind of brain do the present minister possess? Pariah! I can only say.
well, giving scholarships to bright students is so unlucrative to the some people. u can't inflate or hike up the amount. what's offered to the students is what they get but it's a different venture altogether if more institutions of higher learning are established. we need more buildings, hence more projects and more contracts. add these up and u'll get.......... well it doesn't take a genius to figure that out.
Cancerous Disease getting worse, they have got money to pay compensation for Sime Darby's Losses by paying RM700 Million, the contractor for the collapsed stadium in Terengganu is the Contractor for the King's Palace with costing double inflated and for new parliament house in Putra Jaya in order to line some pockets full but no money to pay for Scholarships for the bright students of this boleh Nation so now becomes tak boleh after Felda's funds of RM4.3 Billion has had been Syphoned into someone's Swiss Bank Account simialr to the kickbacks for the Scopene submarine's purchase.
Kill the cancerous disease and the patient will survive, likewise get rid of the root cause and the Nation will survive and thrive.
It does not matter what they do because whatever they do will be to no avail. Like RPK said in London, it is no good attempting to treat the symptoms because it just simply will not work. It is the cancerous disease that should be treated. So therefore as long as UMNO is in the driver seat then absolutely nothing could be done. Before anything else, UMNO will first have to line their pockets, then their families pockets, then their cronies pockets and then whatever morsels left to the selected segment of the rakyat. So how much is enough? It does not matter how much natural resources Malaysia possess for come one day these resources will eventually be exhausted. Then what?
Be like Singapore one might suggest. But do our leaders have that mentality and maturity to do so? With the present government – not by an extra mile mate!
Now the UMNO BN Rogues will bankrupt the Nation's Coffer and cut subsidies to rob the poor and to subsidize their rich crony Tycoons so that the benefits can go back to them on demand. All the poor rakyats were having a bad deal since 53 years ago with them in power not once did they not squeeze the Rakyats with taxes after taxes now they will try to impose GST 4% on all levels that will resulted in more 16% taxes imposed on all ordinary basics consumers' goods from materials Suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers to retailers. Now they are trying to cut subsidies but they are not cutting back taxes but instead increased the taxes.
Also it was discovered that they have their cronies increased the prices of foods such as vegetables and fruits included, also they have allowed their cronies to increase the prices of all basic construction materials including cement and steel to further squeeze the Rakyats' well being of a reasonable survival in these bad times.
So what can we the rakyat do? Well we can change all these just by a stroke of the pen. Quoting RPK, 'We the rakyat is the boss'. So come GE13 with the stroke of the pen, we could effectively change the government and consign UMNO/BN to the gutter. Well not totally to the gutter but enough to effect them to be the opposition as at the end of the day checks and balances are still needed irregardless of who is forming the government on that day.
Gomen thinks giving scholarship is leakage bcause they dun come back esp chinese. Give us big salary lar then we surely come back!
The rich and the well connected to UMNOPUTRAS and MCA/MIC/PPP/GERAKAN only will get the scholarship. The poor have to bet and bet. The rakyat in general are like chickens waiting for their super duper rich masters in BN/UMNO to throw them some scrubs.
This is Bolehland.
Nazri is right when viewed from a different point. For example, Malaysians graduate if the London School of Economics are Imperial collge or MIT are snapped up before they have a chance to come home. So sending our top talents outside the country is a guaranteed brain drain.
So why bother to send them out.
PSD scholarships are for non-bumi students. What a clever way to kill 2 birds with 1 stone !
(1)Reduce spending to ungrateful non-bumis who are not voting BN
(2)Let bumis become masters over the non-bumis by way of better quality education
As usual, the present bunch of UMNO/BN polticians have the same attitude and huge ego like that now half dead mamak kutty ex PM. Biggest, highest, longest etc.... are all they care. Rakyat is least on their minds.These politicians have only $$$$$$$$$ in their eyes and mind and worst is they never ever learn.
- Pranay said...
Many students that study abroad approach the agent or consultant for admission assistance. Even though the Internet has made direct admissions possible students often prefer to deal face to face with a representative who speaks their native language.
How to get commissions when you award scholarships. But there are plenty of $$$$$$$$$$ when you build super duper building projects.
This what our corrupted and greedy politicians in Bolehland good at.


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quote: Unlike Intel or Microsoft Apple knows how to make the best product in the world. It doesn't have disasters like Windows 8.
quote: Meanwhile, Apple loses more ground.
quote: Dont put words in my mouth spin boy. I didnt say they were doomed. Apple could release nothing new for 3 years and they would still be in the market selling the iPhone
quote: What I am saying is as a consumer, there are better options out there with more phone and more features for your $. People are catching on to that fact.
quote: you still can't beat decades of solid teams making the fastest processors on earth.


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5 Stupid Travel Myths Everyone Believes
So I was gone for a couple weeks there, and after returning to find my inbox overflowing in typical post-vacation fashion ...
Not spam, actually. These are all friends of mine.
... I realized I had a column to write. And because nothing happens to me that isn't hilarious and insightful and life-affirming, I thought I might rub one out about my recent trip. After all, I'm sure you're all very interested in what a Cracked writer does on vacation, away from the poop joke yoke. (We think up poop jokes, but don't write them down, mainly.)
Polka Dot/Getty Images
(thinking) "I swear, if this clown doesn't stop giggling and whispering words that rhyme with 'turd' to himself ..."
As a fairly experienced spoiler of great world cities, I've absorbed more than a bit of traveling wisdom, and one of the things that still surprises me most is how many people do it wrong. There's a huge number of misconceptions people have about the simple act of visiting a place and drinking all its beer. So then, as a public service to you, prospective world-beer drinkers, I present a list of five traveling tips that are completely bullshit.
#5. Public Transit Is the Best Way to Get Around
Every city in the world has certain sights that must be seen. If you're in New York for the first time, you really do have to see the Empire State Building or Central Park or that one place that was in that movie that was filmed there.
Comstock/Getty Images
I think it was The Fugitive.
And because these sights are scattered around the city, the fastest way to see them is almost always by public transit, whether it's by bus or subway or rickshaw.
Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images
Rickshaw drivers in New York are famously surly, and will get pretty angry at you when you climb aboard.
It's all part of the game, though. Just be firm with them.
Why It's Bullshit:
By spending your time on buses or trains, you're missing out on all the texture a city has. By simply walking around, you'll be able to see how a city actually lives and breathes. You'll see the way they drive (manically), the way they urinate in the street (freely), and the way they urinate while they drive (frothily).
On my recent trip to Europe City, I walked everywhere: the Louvre, Big Ben, the beer gardens, Little Ben, the Puppet Sex Museum, everywhere. And although those sights were themselves fantastic, in between I saw how Europeans actually live. It's mainly sneering at foreigners, but still.
Digital Vision/Getty Images
(thinking) "Who is zeees eediot toorist making jokes de la merde and laughing to heemself?"
#4. You Should Speak at Least Some of the Language
I'm just going to assume that if you're seeing this you can speak English.
Creatas/Getty Images
Or are an archaeologist from the future, in which case, we're super sorry about all the weird sex stuff we've left everywhere.
Almost every travel guide I've read recommends that you learn at least some of the local language. It's considered polite, and will of course help you out if you ever need to communicate simple ideas like:
"I would enjoying your beer."
"I would enjoying your toilet."
"I have liked making some disaster in your toilet. Please make me a doctor."
Why It's Bullshit:
First, there's no need to be polite because everyone you're dealing with hates you already (see below). And honestly, I've traveled a ton; my language skills consist of some barely remembered high school French and "cerveza," and I have never had any issue traveling in any country in the world. Because of things like the Internet and good old imperialism, basically everyone in the world knows at least some of our baffling, mongrel tongue. And failing that, they'll usually be able to figure out what you want with hand gestures or simply shouting "cerveza" at them in increasing volume.
Digital Vision/Getty Images
"Excuse moi, sir. Uh. How much for this ... cerveza?"
#3. Buy Local Handcrafts
I'm always a little reluctant to buy souvenirs, mindful of the fact that they just mean more to carry around with me. But I do understand why some people see value in them, if only to serve as reminders of your adventure. After all, memories do fade, especially if you're traveling properly.
Polka Dot/Getty Images
Which is to say, with the throttle pinned.
The conventional wisdom, then, if you are looking for a souvenir, is that you should gravitate toward local crafts from the region's artisans, something that is more authentic than the mass-produced crap you find in museum gift shops.
Although I would pay quite a sum of money for a Van Gogh bobblehead.
Why It's Bullshit:
First, the best souvenirs are rarely bought; they're found. Objects that come with stories attached to them, like "This is one of the rocks the villagers threw at me" or "This is one of the rocks I threw back."
"And here's their Rock God I stole, which set the whole thing off."
And secondly, and I want to be fair here, local handmade products are often massive sucking piles of crap. Remember that one kid in school who showed up in homemade clothes and everyone threw rocks at her? That's what you'll look like when you show up at home with your sad little handmade purse from the bazaars of Southleft Europe. And when you consider that you won't be able to walk 20 steps without someone offering you counterfeit designer goods at rock-bottom prices ...
China Photos/Getty Images News
It's the prices that are rock bottom, not the bags. If you put rocks in these bags, the bottoms will fall out.
... you'd be crazy not to come home with about 30 Prada bags.


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Not everything an individual receives is considered to be income. Generally, if the item received cannot be used as, or to obtain, food or shelter, it will not be considered as income. For example, if someone pays an individual's medical bills, or offers free medical care, or if the individual receives money from a social services agency that is a repayment of an amount he/she previously spent, that value is not considered income to the individual. In addition, some items that are considered to be income are excluded when determining the amount of an individual's benefit.
Principal earned income exclusions
Principal unearned income exclusions
General earned income exclusion
For 2016, if an individual has only earnings income, then he or she could earn up to $1,551 per month and still be eligible for an SSI benefit. However, if an individual has monthly earnings of $1130 or more in 2016, then the person would be considered to be engaging in substantial gainful activity and would probably not meet initial eligibility requirements for SSI disability benefits (unless he or she is blind).


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Tuskegee University is known as one of the nation's most outstanding institutions of higher learning.
It was founded in 1881 by a former slave - a man who went on to become the most influential American educator of his time.
That man was Booker T. Washington.
He was born on April 5, 1856, in the hills of Virginia. His family was so poor that he had to work in salt mines by the time he was nine.
"One of the things Washington learned early in life was that if he was going to become anybody at anytime, he was going to have to overcome a lot of obstacles," said Robert Watson, an associate professor at Hampton University.
Always an intelligent child, Washington yearned for an education, and so at 16 his parents allowed him to quit work to go to school.
Determined, he walked 200 miles to attend a school called Hampton Institute in Hampton, Virginia.
Upon graduating from Hampton in 1875, Washington embraced the idea of economic independence for blacks through self-help, hard work, and a practical education.
In his book, Up from Slavery, Washington wrote:
"During the whole of the Reconstruction period our people throughout the South looked to the federal government for everything, very much as a child looks to its mother. This was not unnatural. The central government gave them freedom, and the whole nation had been enriched for more than two centuries by the labor of the Negro."
But Washington went on to say that the government had failed to assure the opportunity for education that would prepare former slaves for the full benefits of their freedom.
So providing that became the driving force of his life - a vision that led him to start Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, a trade school for blacks in Alabama.
It's doors opened July 4, 1881.
"He wanted it to be independence day for blacks," said Tuskegee University's Frank J. Toland.
The school's beginnings were humble, with classes being held in a dilapidated church and shanty.
As the presiding principal, Washington outlined several objectives for the new school.
He urged students to return to the plantation districts and show the people there how to put new energy and new ideas into farming.
He also insisted on high moral character for both students and faculty.
"Just as Dr. Washington did, we open faculty meetings with prayer," said Toland.
Christian faith was something Washington learned as a child in Sunday school and it helped shape his ideals and a character that just wouldn't give up.
As head of Tuskegee, Washington tirelessly traveled the country raising funds from both blacks and whites, and he soon he became a well-known speaker.
His famous Atlanta Compromise speech explained his major thesis that blacks could secure their constitutional rights through their own economic and moral advancement rather than through legal and political changes.
His conciliatory stand angered some blacks like W.E.B. Dubois. But many sympathetic whites approved of his views and helped in his cause.
"Washington was a Republican and was able to get a lot of support from Republican presidents and people who were Republicans who supported black advancement," said Watson.
But perhaps Washington's greatest accomplishment is summed up in the inscription found on this monument erected his honor in the center of Tuskegee's campus.
It reads, "He lifted the veil of ignorance from his people and pointed the way to progress through education and industry."
Tuskegee University
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CRYSTAL BAY, Nev. - Before going into the same profession as the Rolling Stones, Paul Thorn shared the spotlight with the man known as "Hands of Stone," Roberto Duran.
Thorn, who brings his band to the Crystal Bay Casino for a Jan. 31 Crown Room show, in 1988 fought Duran, who won four world championships in four weight divisions. Thorn was stopped after the sixth round because of a cut, giving Duran the 83rd win of his career. Panama's "Manos de Piedra" went on to win 20 more fights.
But Thorn fought just three more times, winning them all, then leaving the sport with a 14-4 record.
"I had the physical tools," Thorn said. "I was in good shape. I had a good punch, but I did not have the mental confidence that it takes.
"Those guys can go in there and completely relax in the ring under this high-stress situation, those are the ones who become champions. It's not so much physical as it's being able to mentally relax and focus on your game plan, and that was the one thing I thing I lacked."
Thorn said he knew he would never become a world champion, but he has plenty of other things to say. He has released six studio albums and is generally considered a singer-songwriter. However, if genres were a boxing ring, Thorn could have camps in all four corners: Americana, blues, country and southern rock.
A native of Tupelo, Miss., Thorn said his greatest influence is that town's most famous singer, Elvis Presley.
And like music's undisputed "King," Thorn on a stage is just as much an entertainer as he is a musician. He may not be known as being the best "pound for pound," but note for note, Thorn is indeed a champion.
"The biggest difference is that when I was in the ring, every time I felt fear but every time I get on stage I don't feel fear," he said. "I feel that gives me an edge in my music. That mental ability to relax is needed in equal measure on stage."


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A Las Vegas man was sentenced to more than five years in federal prison Friday for allegedly defrauding a South Lake Tahoe investor out of $2.9 million, according to a statement from prosecutors.
U.S. District Judge Garland Burrell Jr. sentenced Jed Baron, 55, of Las Vegas, to five years and three months for wire fraud related to an investment scheme, U.S. Attorney Benjamin Wagner announced in the statement.
"According to court documents, Baron made a series of false business proposals to a victim in the Lake Tahoe area," according to the statement. "Baron proposed that the victim invest in a venture to sell Irish seafood to restaurants in Las Vegas. Rather than using the victim's money for the intended purpose, Baron diverted funds to his own personal use and to pay other investors from previous deals. Baron forged a series of invoices and other documents to persuade the victim that the investment was legitimate. Baron also convinced the victim to invest in other false ventures, including investments in motion pictures and luxury automobiles. The victim did not know that Baron had a prior felony conviction for fraud."


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Top Definition
a pooh tash is where one pokes his corn hole with ones finger n speads his pooh on another persons top lip! they will be smellin the fruits of your bottom for hours on end! with love scott derby!!
dude did u just wipe your finger across my face with shit! yes mate thats called a pooh tash!!!
dr paul skin bak aka s winter tərəfindən 21 Sentyabr 2010
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