text:
I've searched and searched and searched for a way to fix this, but nothing I've tried has worked.
I've tried:
- Disabling all possibly conflicting plugins
- Reinstalling the gallery
- Fiddling with the settings in case something got hung up somwhere
Every once in a while, I got an edited thumbnail to actually take (did nothing different to make that happen), but I have never once got the image rotation or the effect setting to take. In the page refresh generated after hitting "save", the options show as they should. But moving away from that page and coming back shows that they've reverted. Or rather, that they never took at all. If I clear my cache and reload my gallery page it shows the old settings.
As far as I know, only the three mentioned settings are not working. I've created an album and changed the thumbnail size settings with no problems.
I am totally stuck now. Any ideas?


text:
Refugees' humanitarian needs have generated toxic politics in the EU, with yesterday's uncertain summit the most recent evidence of that, and a response that is widely deemed inadequate. But the critics have not been able to offer a better alternative. Continue reading
Tags 'n' topicsadaptation Afghanistan Andrew Mitchell Ashton Assad Ban Ki-moon banking reform Brown Bush Cameron carbon emissions carbon trading chemical weapons China Climate change Conservatives Copenhagen David Cameron DFID Egypt EU EU External Action service European politics finance sector food prices food security fragile states G-20 Gaza gender Geneva II Gordon Brown green economy humanitarian assistance human security IMF India inequality International Alert International development international politics Investments Iran Iraq ISIS Israel Jordan Labour Libya MDGs Middle East natural resources Nepal Nobel Peace Prize nuclear weapons Obama Palestine peace agreements peacebuilding peacekeeping population poverty public service Putin Qaddafi resilience Russia Rwanda Syria Tony Blair trade UK UN US Yemen

subset: commoncrawl


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No, it's not one of those home make over shows, but that's what it looks like.
Kaitlin Pillars from Fowlerville suffers from a brain disorder that causes many physical and mental problems including daily seizures. This weekend she's going to come home to a bit of a surprise, a brand new bedroom.
"A lot of people have given their free time to do this for us we really appreciate it," said Dorris Pillars, Kaitlin's mother. She said no one else in the family is allowed to see the room until it is finished.
The makeover is part of the Suite Dreams Project, a Michigan-based charity that redesigns bedrooms for chronically and terminally ill children.
Kaitlin's project was chosen out of several by Meijer, which is donating six thousand dollars to the new bedroom. Students from Michigan State University's interior design program are responsible for the project.


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Do index funds put us on the road to communism?
The function of the capital markets is to allocate capital. Good companies' stock prices should go up, so they can raise money and expand.
Gujarat roads blocked after attack on dalits
Marking the end of the Dalit Asmita Yatra, Gujarat's Dalits vowed not to remove cow carcasses an...
Centre to provide medical insurance to road accident victims
The provision gains importance considering the fact that at least five lakh peop...
On cam: Hit by tempo, man dies on Delhi road
A 40-year-old e-rickshaw driver was killed after being hit by a speeding tempo in west Delhi's Subhash Nagar. Police said the victim, identified as Matibool, a resident of West Bengal, lay bleeding on the road for close to 90 minutes before they reached the spot. No one had come to his aid in the meantime.
Government may bundle road projects to boost minimum investment size
Nitin Gadkari said monetisation of public-funded highway projects could result in funds in the range of Rs 80,000- 1 lakh crore initially.
Bihar: Union minister Rajiv Pratap Rudy injured in a road accident
Union Minister of State for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Rajiv Pratap Rudy met with an accident in Patna. Sources said, he sustained minor injuries and rushed to a hospital in Patna.
Bumpy road to recovery for Indian economy: Citigroup
The report said after four years of slowing investment largely owing to policy paralysis and adverse macros, a nascent recovery was seen in FY2014-15, as the new government was formed.
The road ahead for management of bad loans
Watch the video as 'Macros with Mythili' discuss the NPA's and its management. Also the road ahead for banks to recover from growing bad loans.
Road ministry will tell states to make licensing of e-rickshaws easier
The basic guidelines for e-rickshaws, including speed limit, carrying capacity and body specifications, have already been issued.
Silk Road project ready to give 'sense of gain' to others: Xi Jinping
The project is touted as China's biggest strategic initiative to move out its manufacturing and construction prowess backed by over $3.20 trillion foreign reserves.
BRO to build tunnels on Bomdila-Tawang road
Two tunnels that are proposed would bypass Sela Pass by nearly 10 km, which is expected to curtail travel time to Tawang by one hour.
Tata Realty in talks for buying SBI-Macquarie's road assets
The fund holds 74% each in both. In Farukhnagar-Jadcherla highway, bought from GMR Infrastructure in 2013, the Bangalore-based developer owns the rest of the stake.
Construction of rural roads got new momentum: PM Narendra Modi
Modi said his government had brought a new momentum to the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana to help accomplish the dream of villagers who want good roads.
Soon, real driving emission tests to check actual performance on road
Procedure for off-cycle emissions are being worked out by the ministry of road transport & highways (MoRTH) and the ministry of heavy industries.
Monsoon fury: House collapses, bridge and roads damaged in Shimla
Heavy rains lashed several parts of Himachal Pradesh triggering landslides and damaging houses and roads in Taradevi and Krishananagar areas in Shimla.
NHAI identifies 15,000 km of roads for four-laning
NHAI will work with states and ministries to identify problems at various check posts where multiple agencies connect tolls, state excise tolls and forest tolls.
China legalises ridesharing apps to ply on roads
The new regulations govern their operations and define the scope of competition, outlawing the ploy of charging less than the cost of a trip to win market share.
Border Road Organisation to pump in more resources for infrastructure work near Sino-India border
Accompanied by chief engineer of Shivalik project Brigadier Gurgopal Singh, the BRO DG visited Rimkhim and Mausapani areas of Joshimath sector near India-China border.
Amit Shah asks BJP West Bengal unit to prepare road map for 2019 Lok Sabha polls
A senior BJP leader said the party has reached the "saturation" point in various parts of the country by winning the maximum number of seats in the 2014 general elections.
Upasi pitches for roads laid with rubber bitumen
According to Upasi, there is huge potential for use of rubberised bitumen in road laying and the attempts made in the past on this has shown very encouraging results.
Reforming India's 'babudom': Mighty road ahead
Very often decisive bureaucrats, who are the epitome of diligence and honesty, are subject to malicious inquiries to teach them a lesson.
How Axio Biosolutions' product is helping to save road accident victims
It raised seed capital in 2010 from Ahmedabad-based venture capital firm GVFL and Series A funding last year from Accel Partners and IDG Ventures.
Over 4 lakh km roads constructed under PMGSY
Rural roads is a state subject and PMGSY is a one-time special intervention of the government to provide rural connectivity.
Congress places 'crocodile' inside potholes to symbolise dangerous roads
The Congress workers in the national capital staged a protest against the deteriorating condition of city roads by displaying a fake crocodile at a pothole in Munirka on the Outer Ring Road.
Watch: Rhino wanders on road as Kaziranga National Park gets flooded
In a shocking video, a rhino was seen running on a stretch of highway in Assam's Golaghat as Kaziranga National Park battles flood.
Dilip Buildcon bags Rs 2,016 crore road project in UP
"The National Highways Authority of India has declared the company as the selected bidder for four laning of Lucknow-Sultanpur section of NH-56," Dilip Buildcon said.
More 'green' roads across the country soon
Prime Minister Narendra Modi had recently appreciated the cold mix technology by the firm during an innovation exhibit in Africa.
How to make Bengaluru's Bannerghatta road travel-friendly
Designated as a state highway, Bannerghatta Road will be covered under phase two of metro. Experts do not believe widening is an option.
CBEC sets up panel to smooth road to GST, to review excise duty exemptions enjoyed by FMCG, auto firms
A detailed set of guidelines would be put in place ensure that entities enjoying tax holidays during the grandfathering period do not suffer.
Government initiates move to fix black spots on highways; target to halve road deaths in 4 years
India has the highest number of road fatalities in the world with road accidents claiming more than 1.4 lakh lives every year, according to a government report.
Honking and using pressure horns is a big menace on our roads: Nitin Gadkari
"Only rules and regulations can't address this problem. What we need is a change in behaviour and mindset of drivers," the minister said.
PM asks NITI to prepare visionary road map for India's growth
Stating that time for incremental change is long over, Modi called for a roadmap to lay the foundation for the country's growth over the 21st century.
Why China's plan to build a new Silk Road runs through Singapore
The managing director of the Pacific International Lines Group is seeking to benefit as China rejuvenates its Silk Road routes to the Middle East and Europe.
Govt to take up Rs 2 lakh cr road projects in UP: Gadkari
The Minister said Rs 868 crore would be spent on Varanasi-Gazipur stretch. These highway stretches are scheduled to be completed by June 2018.
Government to undertake Rs 2 lakh crore road projects in UP: Nitin Gadakri
The Minister said Rs 868 crore would be spent on Varanasi-Gazipur stretch. These highway stretches are scheduled to be completed by June 2018.
Government constructing 73 roads along India-China border
Minister of State for Home Kiren Rijiju said the out of these 73 roads, 46 roads are being constructed by Ministry of Defence and 27 roads by Ministry of Home Affairs.
Fund performance: The midcap road top high returns
Midcap funds have given higher returns as compared to large cap funds across 1-year, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year time frames.
Five most dangerous roads in the world
Here are some of the most dangerous roads in the world. They are set in stunning landscapes but are among the most difficult to navigate
No end in sight: Transport strike brings more cars on to roads
Transport minister Ramalinga Reddy reiterated the government's stand that transport unions should first call off the strike before any talks.
The Brexit vote: Road ahead for UK
The country's banking and fund management industries are among those that could lose most from a so-called Brexit, many analysts have said, though much depends on the trading terms Britain would be able to negotiate with the EU.
The Brexit vote: Road ahead for UK
The country's banking and fund management industries are among those that could lose most from a so-called Brexit, many analysts have said, though much depends on the trading terms Britain would be able to negotiate with the EU.
Hopeful of Road Safety Bill passage in Monsoon Session: Nitin Gadkari
The draft bill, as per officials, proposes hefty penalties including Rs 10,000 for drunk driving, Rs 2,000 for speeding and Rs 1,000 for not wearing seat belts etc.
Ashoka Buildcon wins Rs 1,600 crore road project in Punjab from NHAI
The project is part of Rs 2,070-crore highways project in Punjab under hybrid annuity mode to ensure faster movement between Chandigarh and Ludhiana.
25 years in prison, and counting: Devendra Nath Rai's endless road to justice
A lance naik in the Indian Army has been in prison for 25 years, not knowing whether he has been sentenced to live or die.
The Road to Brexit: Britain faces uncharted territory
Potential questions particularly on Article 50 notification as referendum is purely advisory and an expression of political will rather than an act with legal force.
South China Sea: Tribunal & road ahead
China's unilateral territorial claims in SCS, creation of artificial islands and subsequent militarization of the region has terrorized certain SE Asian nations.
South China Sea: Tribunal and the road ahead
China's unilateral territorial claims in SCS, creation of artificial islands and subsequent militarisation of the region has terrorised certain SE Asian nations.
Rs 70,000 crore fell into Central Road Fund kitty in FY'16: Government
The Ministry allocates funds to the states/union territories for development of state roads under the CRF scheme.
We are not consulted in new rural road project selection: MPs
A question on PMGSY this morning virtually turned into a full debate with several members venting their ire on the failure of district administrations.


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Supplies & ServicesThe LRC offers many items and services to help with your academic success. We ask that you please adhere to the following guidelines when utilizing our supplies and services: (To download the full pdf version of the Learning Resource Center Policies and Procedures, click here ) (PDF, 53KB)
- Students must log in and log out upon their arrival and exit, regardless of the purpose of their visit.
- If a student worked with a tutor for more than 5 minutes, they must fill out a survey.
- Students who wish to use a study room will abide by the posted schedule outside the door. Students will not leave their items unattended while using a study room, or their items may be removed and the room given to other students. The LRC is not responsible for items that are lost or left unattended. LRC staff or tutors will NOT watch your items for you.
- Students will respect the materials and environment of the LRC. Students will pick up their trash, treat LRC property with care, and will refrain from theft or vandalism.
- The break room, supply cabinets, and staff offices are off-limits to anyone who is not a current LRC employee.
- The LRC offers laptops, desktops, textbooks, scientific and graphing calculators, office supplies, and whiteboard markers/erasers. Students who wish to borrow any of the supplies should ask for assistance from an LRC employee. Items must remain in the LRC at all times.
Tutoring Rules
As students, your time is limited and valuable! We appreciate this at the LRC and offer the following suggestions to ensure that your tutoring session is as helpful as possible:
- Students are allotted a maximum of 10 minutes with a tutor at one time. The tutor will then move on to help other students and may come back to help the original student only after everyone else has been helped.
- Students will not monopolize a tutor's time, nor will they seek tutoring from a tutor who is off the clock. Tutors who are actively tutoring will be wearing red lanyards. Tutors will stop tutoring promptly at closing time.
- If a student wishes to work with a tutor and all of the tutors are busy, the student will quietly and visibly post their flag on the table stand. The student may gently let a tutor or student assistant know they are waiting, but are not to repetitively or impolitely interrupt a tutor while they are helping other students. Occasionally our center is very busy and we may be short-staffed.
- Tutors are not permitted to help students with take-home quizzes, tests, test corrections, or class projects unless specified by the professor. If the professor has not given permission, the tutors may work with the student on general concepts. Students can request that a tutor stamp and sign their paper to verify they received help.
Behavior in the LRC
In the LRC, students and tutors work together toward student success. In order to ensure that your tutoring session is pleasant and productive, please respect the following procedures and guidelines:
- Students may not disrespect tutors, students, or staff. The below items will not be tolerated at any time:
- Name-calling or gossiping
- Offensive or inappropriate comments, gestures, or attire
- Threatening speech or behavior
- Academic dishonesty, cheating, or plagiarism
- Sexual harassment
- Excessive noise or rowdy behavior is not acceptable in the LRC. This includes (but is not limited to):
- Cell phone conversations
- Raising your voice
- Audible videos or music from personal devices
- Rough housing or actions that could cause physical harm to self or others
- Being under the influence of drugs or alcohol
- Students will listen to and follow the direction from any LRC student assistant, tutor, or staff member.
Students with Disabilities
The mission of CI's Disability Resource Programs (DRP) is to empower and support students with physical, learning or psychological disabilities so that they can participate as fully in and benefit as equitably from University campus life as non-disabled students to realize their academic and personal potential. The Learning Resource center supports the efforts of Disability Resource Programs by offering tutoring accommodations for students with disabilities. For more information, please visit the DRP website.


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Oct. 31, 2011
Houston - The Rice women's cross country team placed third at the Conference USA Cross Country Championship held Monday morning at Wildcat Golf Club.
The Owls tallied 83 points just ahead of fourth place East Carolina's 86 points. The SMU Mustangs won the team title with 57 points, edging out second-place Tulsa (59 points). UTEP was fifth (162 points) and UAB was sixth (167 points).
SMU's Silje Fjortoft won the women's 5K race with a time of 16:06.8. UTEP's Risper Kimaiyo was second at 16:14.7, while Paula Whiting of Tulsa was third (16:43.6). Placing fourth was East Carolina's Brittany Copeland (16:56.7).
Senior Becky Wade led the Rice contingent with a fifth place time of 16:57.1. Just behind Wade was fellow senior Allison Pye in sixth (17:19.9). Wade and Pye earn All-C-USA First Team honors.
"Becky (Wade) is close to being 100 percent back and Allison (Pye) is all the way back and the two of them are a force and will be missed next year as a one-two punch," said Owl head coach Jim Bevan. "They are the best one-two runners we've ever had in the history of the program."
Halsey Fowler was the third Owl to cross the finish line at 17:56.6 to place 17th and earn All-C-USA Second Team accolades, while Lindsay Miller (18:20.4) and Heather Olson (18:20.5) placed 27th and 28th respectively to round Rice's top five runners.
"We got beat by two really good teams in SMU and Tulsa," stated Bevan. "It was the best that SMU has run all year. They someone who had not run earlier and they're a great team and they know what it's like to win and they want to win. Tulsa was the defending champions and they had a good day. We had a good race, but not a great race and, we were beaten by two great teams. We've got another race in 12 days at the regional and just like SMU surprised some everybody today we hope to do the same."
Rice now readies for the NCAA South Central Regional on Nov. 12 in Waco, Texas.
Rice Women's Results
5, Becky Wade, 16:57.1, All-C-USA First Team
6, Allison Pye, 17:19.9, All-C-USA First Team
17, Halsey Fowler, 17:56.6, All-C-USA Third Team
27, Lindsay Miller, 18:20.4
35, Farrah Madanay, 18:33.8
40, Allie Schaich, 18:35.8
66, Laura Michel, 19:36.8
Women's Final Team Results
2, Tulsa, 59
3, Rice, 83
4, East Carolina, 86 5, UTEP, 162
7, Memphis, 208
8, Houston, 219
9, Tulane, 236
11, Southern Miss, 271
12, Marshall, 281
Individual Medalist: Silje Fjortoft, SMU
Outstanding Senior: Silje Fjortoft, SMU
Freshman of the Year: Lauren Collette, Tulsa
Coach of the Year: Cathy Casey, SMU
More Headlines
Roper Prepped for NCAA Championships on Saturday
11/20/2015 - Rice junior Cali Roper will be competing at her second straight NCAA Division I Women's Cross Country Championship, which will be held Saturday at ...
Roper Earns Second Straight Trip to NCAA...
11/13/2015 - Rice junior Cali Roper earned her second consecutive NCAA Championship berth with a third place finish at Friday's NCAA South Central...
Jensen, Roper Selected to C-USA All-Academic Team
11/13/2015 - For a second straight year, Rice juniors Katie Jensen and Cali Roper were each named to the 2015 Conference USA Women's Cross Country All-Aca...
Cross Country Teams to Compete at NCAA South...
11/12/2015 - The Rice Owls cross country teams will begin NCAA Championship competition at the South Central Regional, hosted by Texas A&M, on Friday morning.
Women's Cross Country Wins Third C-USA Title
10/31/2015 - The Rice Owls women's cross country team won their third Conference USA team title in school history behind a strong team effort that included five...
Cross Country Teams Primed for C-USA Championships
10/30/2015 - The Rice men's and women's cross country teams will be vying for a league title this weekend at the 2015 Conference USA Championships, ...
Roper Earns C-USA Athlete of the Week Honors
10/20/2015 - Rice junior Cali Roper was named the Conference USA Cross Country Female Athlete of the Week, the league office announced Tuesday afternoon.
Roper Leads Owls at Pre-Nationals
10/17/2015 - With the Conference USA Championships just two weeks away, the Rice Owls women's cross country team competed and prepared with some of the...
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text: Your Move with Andy Stanley is a selection of broadcast resources originating from North Point Ministries in Alpharetta, Georgia. We provide relevant, helpful, and engaging content from Pastor Andy Stanley. Since its inception in 1995, North Point Ministries has grown from one church to five in the Atlanta area and a global network of more than thirty partner churches. Our desire is that the content you discover here will help you make better decisions and live with fewer regrets.


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OAKLAND – While his players formed a whooping, goggles-wearing mass in the middle of the clubhouse Sunday afternoon, dousing each other with sprays from bottles of champagne and cans of beer, A's manager Bob Melvin stood off to one side, holding a bottle and watching. His jersey had been cast off, traded for a gray T-shirt that featured the A's logo and the words: "We Own the West."
For the second year in a row, they do. The A's clinched the American League West when the Rangers lost to the Kansas City Royals in the early afternoon. The A's then put an emphatic conclusion on the day and division race by beating the Minnesota Twins 11-7 in front of a crowd of 30,589 in the regular-season finale at O.co Coliseum.
It featured neither the improbability nor the last-day drama of last year's clincher, which capped a whirlwind comeback in the second half. This time, the A's seized first place for good on Sept. 6, the start of a 13-3 run that resulted in the franchise's 16th division title and 17th playoff appearance in the Oakland era.
"It's actually probably more meaningful (than 2012) because everybody was looking for us to fail," left fielder Brandon Moss said. "Everybody was trying to discredit what we did last year as we just got hot at the right time and went on that roller coaster. But this year, I don't think there's many teams that have been as consistent as we have.
"This year feels better because we were in control. Last year, we were chasing the whole time and it wasn't our division to lose. This year, it was our division to lose. And we kept it."
As it played out, the A's didn't need to win Sunday to do so. Justin Maxwell's walk-off grand slam for the Royals made the title official when the A's and Twins were in top of the third. As word spread, pockets of fans began to cheer, though the scoreboard waited to update the final until the middle of the inning.
Video monitors then showed Maxwell's homer, and the crowd erupted. Reaction among the A's was more muted, with a few fist pumps and handshakes in the dugout.
"It was a weird feeling because it wasn't a sense of relief, even though you knew you won the division," Melvin said. "We wanted to win this game desperately and do it the right way in front of our fans."
They shed some restraint as soon as Evan Scribner struck out Josmil Pinto for the final out in the ninth, bringing the A's sprinting out of their dugout and into a jumping circle in the infield. It lacked some of the giddy spontaneity of last year's celebration, perhaps fitting for a team that, reliever Sean Doolittle said, realized early on the burden of defending a division title.
"We knew we weren't going to sneak up on any teams, so the margin for error was a little bit less," Doolittle said. "But that was the biggest thing was we came together as a team, kind of found our identity, and then from there we played really, really good baseball."
The A's trailed the Rangers by three games Aug. 29, with another taut finish looking likely.
But while the A's surged, with an 18-5 record since that date, the Rangers faltered, going 6-16. In their sweep of the Twins, the A's tied an Oakland record with 39 runs in a four-game series and hit three more homers Sunday, giving them 68 in 43 games since Aug. 9.
It helped make a winner of Sonny Gray, who started the clincher a little more than two months removed from his major-league debut and called it "one of the most nerve-wracking starts I've had, just knowing what's at stake."
It marked the 74th day the A's spent alone in first this season. Last year, they had one.
"Last year was a storybook ending; it was just really crazy," third baseman Josh Donaldson said. "But this year, we feel that we're better. We feel that we're a little more accomplished. And we feel like we have all the pieces to the puzzle to go out and win it."
The A's now can rest players and set up their playoff rotation but stressed their final two series are not irrelevant.
The A's have the A.L.'s second-best record, two games better than the Detroit Tigers, whom they would face in the ALDS with home-field advantage if the postseason began today. Beyond that, recent history has shown that teams going down to the wire just to make the playoffs have thrived in the postseason.
"We still want to continue to play good baseball going into the playoffs," Donaldson said. "Baseball's not one of those things you can just turn on and off. We want to continue to fine-tune things."
Still, as the celebration went on, and he was asked how long he would allow himself to enjoy it, Melvin answered: "All day. We'll figure out tomorrow, tomorrow."
Call The Bee's Matt Kawahara, (916) 321-1015.


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A Joplin woman has been sentenced to 15 years in prison for her role in the abuse of a young girl who was starved.
Christina Haidle, 28, was sentenced Monday for felony abuse of a child.
Haidle lived with 28-year-old Beth A. Williams, whose 3-year-old daughter weighed just 12 pounds when she was taken to a Joplin hospital last July 1.
The Joplin Globe reported that the child was unconscious, barely breathing and had a blood sugar level of zero.
Williams pleaded guilty in November to felony child abuse. She'll be sentenced Feb. 17.


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text:
Hi there.
When sending email %%INVITERNAME%% does not return the inviter display name, but the place holder: "A friend of you"
Could you tell me where to fix that?
Hi there.
When sending email %%INVITERNAME%% does not return the inviter display name, but the place holder: "A friend of you"
Could you tell me where to fix that?
That happens with all providers? By providers I mean facebook, twitter, etc
Hi Damian
Thanks for your reply.
If that's the case - then what's the point of: %%INVITERNAME%% ?
How then can we show the Inviter's Name?
Invitername shows the inviter name as you think. But that inviter name is retrieved differently depending on what provider the user used. That's why I asked if it was happening with all providers or just with one. That way I will be able to track the issue faster :)
Hi Damian
Yes it's will all provider and email.
Got one "silly" question:
Could we disable the "APP" part and just send invitations (kind of like "Sharing" function)?
...if yes can you tell me....
Hi jfkseo,
I just tried the inviter name and it's working fine for me. Could you explain exactly how you are using it and the steps to reproduce the error?
Regarding your other question, nope, you cannot deactivate the app mode.
Hi Damian.
As far is the %%INVITERNAME%% - it is how is in the default in the plugin. (did not change anything/fields)
- and is just returns: "A friend of you" on all including email.
Regarding the: deactivate app mode -
sorry to hear - too bad.
It's just many people - simple don't feel comfortable giving all that functions access (what the app wants) to their account - just for inviting someone.
To be honest. I agree with those people. I probably would be hesitant to grand access to an app to my account - just so I can invite someone to a website.
So many people, they just wont do it - they just wont invite then... they say / feel too much privacy issue and the app wants too much access to their account.
I understand your point but this plugin is built over the premium one, and the permissions are needed for all the functions to work. So that's not going to change.
Can I see your site, to make some tests about the inviter name?
Has a fix been found for this issue?
I'm receiving the same "A friend of you" when I use the %%INVITERNAME%% shortcode.
I'm using WP 3.8.3 and the latest version of the plug-in.
I deactivated all other plug-ins to check for conflicts and also switched to one of WP's default themes... but I still get the same result.
HI Jason , as far as I know %%INVITERNAME%% was working fine for me. Can I take a look to your site?
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
Cannabinoids: The Reason for Marijuana's Health Benefits
Posted: Dec.09.13 | Author: Dan Kingston | Category: Dan's Stash,Infographics
Cannabibinoids are the reason why marijuana has health benefits for many people. The two most commonly known types of cannabinoids are THC and CBD. Both of which play a vital role in reducing inflammation and pain, as well as inhibiting cancer cell growth.


text:
The E.Y. Berry Library-Learning Center at Black Hills State University will have an open house Friday, Feb. 10 at 2 p.m. The open house will highlight recent renovations and allow the community to learn about new advances in library technology, equipment, and collections.
Read more...
BHSU has earned continuing accreditation for its teacher preparation program by meeting and exceeding the standards during an extensive review by NCATE. A reception celebrating this achievement will be held Wednesday, Dec. 7 from 4 p.m. until 5:30 p.m. in the Student Union Jacket Legacy Room.
Chris McCart, assistant professor and coordinator of the outdoor education program at Black Hills State University, was awarded the "Young Scholar" award by the Association for Moral Education. The scholarship assists in expenses to travel and present at the 2011 Association for Moral Education International Research Conference in Nanjing, China.
The physical education teacher preparation program at Black Hills State University recently earned national recognition from the specialized professional association in physical education.
Mary Jo May, senior Black Hills State University social science education major from Kyle, will have her research displayed at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Fort Meade Nov. 16 -17 in the Credit Union corridor. She will be at the exhibit Wednesday, Nov. 16 to answer questions and share her experience with visitors.
Black Hills State University elementary education major, Bailee Clarkson, senior from Belle Fourche, discovered some familiar faces while student teaching abroad in Ennis, Ireland.
Black Hills State University was presented with the national Christa McAuliffe Award for Excellence in Teacher Education this week.
Black Hills State University faculty are transforming lives and making headlines.
A cemetery walk at Rose Hill Cemetery, Saturday, Sept. 24, at 2 p.m. will highlight Spearfish and Black Hills State University history.
Evan Brindley, senior human services and sociology major from Belle Fourche, and Rhea Richards, senior human services, sociology, and psychology major from Gregory, were crowned Swarm King and Queen at last night's coronation ceremony held at Black Hills State University.
The past, present, and the future of the Black Hills is what elementary age children were investigating during the Summer Exploration Institute (SEI), presented by Black Hills State University.
Black Hills State University is now accepting students, ages 8-10, for the Summer Exploration Institute (SEI) that will be held on campus July 11-15.
Twenty-one Black Hills State University students presented their research at the 2011 National Conference for Undergraduate Research (NCUR) held at Ithaca College in Ithaca, N.Y.
Black Hills State University is sponsoring a raffle and disc golf tournament in memory of a deceased student, Karilyn "KC" Cottingham, who died in a car accident in January.
Anything is Possible at Black Hills State University! Faculty, staff, and students are making headlines with their achievements. See what BHSU is in the news for lately. Call 605.642.6215 to share your news item.
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Giving Speech a Hand: Gesture Modulates Activity in Auditory Cortex During Speech Perception
Hubbard, Amy L.
Wilson, Stephen M.
Callan, Daniel E.
Dapretto, Mirella
Human brain mapping
Viewing hand gestures during face-to-face communication affects speech perception and comprehension. Despite the visible role played by gesture in social interactions, relatively little is known about how the brain integrates hand gestures with co-occurring speech. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and an ecologically valid paradigm to investigate how beat gesture – a fundamental type of hand gesture that marks speech prosody – might impact speech perception at the neural level. Subjects underwent fMRI while listening to spontaneously-produced speech accompanied by beat gesture, nonsense hand movement, or a still body; as additional control conditions, subjects also viewed beat gesture, nonsense hand movement, or a still body all presented without speech. Validating behavioral evidence that gesture affects speech perception, bilateral nonprimary auditory cortex showed greater activity when speech was accompanied by beat gesture than when speech was presented alone. Further, the left superior temporal gyrus/sulcus showed stronger activity when speech was accompanied by beat gesture than when speech was accompanied by nonsense hand movement. Finally, the right planum temporale was identified as a putative multisensory integration site for beat gesture and speech (i.e., here activity in response to speech accompanied by beat gesture was greater than the summed responses to speech alone and beat gesture alone), indicating that this area may be pivotally involved in synthesizing the rhythmic aspects of both speech and gesture. Taken together, these findings suggest a common neural substrate for processing speech and gesture, likely reflecting their joint communicative role in social interactions.
gestures; speech perception; auditory cortex; magnetic resonance imaging; nonverbal communication
Related Articles
Frontal and temporal contributions to understanding the iconic co-speech gestures that accompany speech
Dick, Anthony Steven
Mok, Eva H.
Beharelle, Anjali Raja
Goldin-Meadow, Susan
Small, Steven L.
Human brain mapping
In everyday conversation, listeners often rely on a speaker's gestures to clarify any ambiguities in the verbal message. Using fMRI during naturalistic story comprehension, we examined which brain regions in the listener are sensitive to speakers' iconic gestures. We focused on iconic gestures that contribute information not found in the speaker's talk, compared to those that convey information redundant with the speaker's talk. We found that three regions—left inferior frontal gyrus triangular (IFGTr) and opercular (IFGOp) portions, and left posterior middle temporal gyrus (MTGp)—responded more strongly when gestures added information to non-specific language, compared to when they conveyed the same information in more specific language; in other words, when gesture disambiguated speech as opposed to reinforced it. An increased BOLD response was not found in these regions when the non-specific language was produced without gesture, suggesting that IFGTr, IFGOp, and MTGp are involved in integrating semantic information across gesture and speech. In addition, we found that activity in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp), previously thought to be involved in gesture-speech integration, was not sensitive to the gesture-speech relation. Together, these findings clarify the neurobiology of gesture-speech integration and contribute to an emerging picture of how listeners glean meaning from gestures that accompany speech.
gestures; semantic; language; inferior frontal gyrus; posterior superior temporal sulcus; posterior middle temporal gyrus
Related Articles
The impact of impaired semantic knowledge on spontaneous iconic gesture production
Cocks, Naomi
Dipper, Lucy
Pritchard, Madeleine
Morgan, Gary
Previous research has found that people with aphasia produce more spontaneous iconic gesture than control participants, especially during word-finding difficulties. There is some evidence that impaired semantic knowledge impacts on the diversity of gestural handshapes, as well as the frequency of gesture production. However, no previous research has explored how impaired semantic knowledge impacts on the frequency and type of iconic gestures produced during fluent speech compared with those produced during word-finding difficulties.
To explore the impact of impaired semantic knowledge on the frequency and type of iconic gestures produced during fluent speech and those produced during word-finding difficulties.
Methods & Procedures
A group of 29 participants with aphasia and 29 control participants were video recorded describing a cartoon they had just watched. All iconic gestures were tagged and coded as either "manner," "path only," "shape outline" or "other". These gestures were then separated into either those occurring during fluent speech or those occurring during a word-finding difficulty. The relationships between semantic knowledge and gesture frequency and form were then investigated in the two different conditions.
Outcomes & Results
As expected, the participants with aphasia produced a higher frequency of iconic gestures than the control participants, but when the iconic gestures produced during word-finding difficulties were removed from the analysis, the frequency of iconic gesture was not significantly different between the groups. While there was not a significant relationship between the frequency of iconic gestures produced during fluent speech and semantic knowledge, there was a significant positive correlation between semantic knowledge and the proportion of word-finding difficulties that contained gesture. There was also a significant positive correlation between the speakers' semantic knowledge and the proportion of gestures that were produced during fluent speech that were classified as "manner". Finally while not significant, there was a positive trend between semantic knowledge of objects and the production of "shape outline" gestures during word-finding difficulties for objects.
The results indicate that impaired semantic knowledge in aphasia impacts on both the iconic gestures produced during fluent speech and those produced during word-finding difficulties but in different ways. These results shed new light on the relationship between impaired language and iconic co-speech gesture production and also suggest that analysis of iconic gesture may be a useful addition to clinical assessment.
Gesture; Aphasia; Semantic knowledge
Related Articles
Co-speech gestures influence neural activity in brain regions associated with processing semantic information
Dick, Anthony Steven
Goldin-Meadow, Susan
Hasson, Uri
Skipper, Jeremy I.
Small, Steven L.
Human brain mapping
Everyday communication is accompanied by visual information from several sources, including co-speech gestures, which provide semantic information listeners use to help disambiguate the speaker's message. Using fMRI, we examined how gestures influence neural activity in brain regions associated with processing semantic information. The BOLD response was recorded while participants listened to stories under three audiovisual conditions and one auditory-only (speech alone) condition. In the first audiovisual condition, the storyteller produced gestures that naturally accompany speech. In the second, she made semantically unrelated hand movements. In the third, she kept her hands still. In addition to inferior parietal and posterior superior and middle temporal regions, bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus and left anterior inferior frontal gyrus responded more strongly to speech when it was further accompanied by gesture, regardless of the semantic relation to speech. However, the right inferior frontal gyrus was sensitive to the semantic import of the hand movements, demonstrating more activity when hand movements were semantically unrelated to the accompanying speech. These findings show that perceiving hand movements during speech modulates the distributed pattern of neural activation involved in both biological motion perception and discourse comprehension, suggesting listeners attempt to find meaning, not only in the words speakers produce, but also in the hand movements that accompany speech.
discourse comprehension; fMRI; gestures; semantic processing; inferior frontal gyrus
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Audiovisual speech integration in autism spectrum disorder: ERP evidence for atypicalities in lexical-semantic processing
Megnin, Odette
Flitton, Atlanta
Jones, Catherine
de Haan, Michelle
Baldeweg, Torsten
Charman, Tony
Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research
Lay Abstract
Language and communicative impairments are among the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Previous studies have examined auditory language processing in ASD. However, during face-to-face conversation, auditory and visual speech inputs provide complementary information, and little is known about audiovisual (AV) speech processing in ASD. It is possible to elucidate the neural correlates of AV integration by examining the effects of seeing the lip movements accompanying the speech (visual speech) on electrophysiological event-related potentials (ERP) to spoken words. Moreover, electrophysiological techniques have a high temporal resolution and thus enable us to track the time-course of spoken word processing in ASD and typical development (TD). The present study examined the ERP correlates of AV effects in three time windows that are indicative of hierarchical stages of word processing. We studied a group of TD adolescent boys (n=14) and a group of high-functioning boys with ASD (n=14). Significant group differences were found in AV integration of spoken words in the 200–300ms time window when spoken words start to be processed for meaning. These results suggest that the neural facilitation by visual speech of spoken word processing is reduced in individuals with ASD.
Scientific Abstract
In typically developing (TD) individuals, behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) studies suggest that audiovisual (AV) integration enables faster and more efficient processing of speech. However, little is known about AV speech processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study examined ERP responses to spoken words to elucidate the effects of visual speech (the lip movements accompanying a spoken word) on the range of auditory speech processing stages from sound onset detection to semantic integration. The study also included an AV condition which paired spoken words with a dynamic scrambled face in order to highlight AV effects specific to visual speech. Fourteen adolescent boys with ASD (15–17 years old) and 14 age- and verbal IQ-matched TD boys participated. The ERP of the TD group showed a pattern and topography of AV interaction effects consistent with activity within the superior temporal plane, with two dissociable effects over fronto-central and centro-parietal regions. The posterior effect (200–300ms interval) was specifically sensitive to lip movements in TD boys, and no AV modulation was observed in this region for the ASD group. Moreover, the magnitude of the posterior AV effect to visual speech correlated inversely with ASD symptomatology. In addition, the ASD boys showed an unexpected effect (P2 time window) over the frontal-central region (pooled electrodes F3, Fz, F4, FC1, FC2, FC3, FC4) which was sensitive to scrambled face stimuli. These results suggest that the neural networks facilitating processing of spoken words by visual speech are altered in individuals with ASD.
Auditory; ASD; ERP; Language; Multisensory; Visual
Related Articles
Distinguishing the Processing of Gestures from Signs in Deaf Individuals: An fMRI Study
Husain, Fatima T.
Patkin, Debra J.
Thai-Van, Hung
Braun, Allen R.
Horwitz, Barry
Brain research
Manual gestures occur on a continuum from co-speech gesticulations to conventionalized emblems to language signs. Our goal in the present study was to understand the neural bases of the processing of gestures along such a continuum. We studied four types of gestures, varying along linguistic and semantic dimensions: linguistic and meaningful American Sign Language (ASL), non-meaningful pseudo-ASL, meaningful emblematic, and nonlinguistic, non-meaningful made-up gestures. Pre-lingually deaf, native signers of ASL participated in the fMRI study and performed two tasks while viewing videos of the gestures: a visuo-spatial (identity) discrimination task and a category discrimination task. We found that the categorization task activated left ventral middle and inferior frontal gyrus, among other regions, to a greater extent compared to the visual discrimination task, supporting the idea of semantic-level processing of the gestures. The reverse contrast resulted in enhanced activity of bilateral intraparietal sulcus, supporting the idea of featural-level processing (analogous to phonological-level processing of speech sounds) of the gestures. Regardless of the task, we found that brain activation patterns for the nonlinguistic, non-meaningful gestures were the most different compared to the ASL gestures. The activation patterns for the emblems were most similar to those of the ASL gestures and those of the pseudo-ASL were most similar to the nonlinguistic, non-meaningful gestures. The fMRI results provide partial support for the conceptualization of different gestures as belonging to a continuum and the variance in the fMRI results was best explained by differences in the processing of gestures along the semantic dimension.
American Sign Language; gestures; Deaf; visual processing; categorization; linguistic; brain; fMRI
Related Articles
Gesture in the developing brain
Dick, Anthony Steven
Goldin-Meadow, Susan
Solodkin, Ana
Small, Steven L.
Developmental science
Speakers convey meaning not only through words, but also through gestures. Although children are exposed to co-speech gestures from birth, we do not know how the developing brain comes to connect meaning conveyed in gesture with speech. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to address this question and scanned 8- to 11-year-old children and adults listening to stories accompanied by hand movements, either meaningful co-speech gestures or meaningless self-adaptors. When listening to stories accompanied by both types of hand movements, both children and adults recruited inferior frontal, inferior parietal, and posterior temporal brain regions known to be involved in processing language not accompanied by hand movements. There were, however, age-related differences in activity in posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp), inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis (IFGTr), and posterior middle temporal gyrus (MTGp) regions previously implicated in processing gesture. Both children and adults showed sensitivity to the meaning of hand movements in IFGTr and MTGp, but in different ways. Finally, we found that hand movement meaning modulates interactions between STSp and other posterior temporal and inferior parietal regions for adults, but not for children. These results shed light on the developing neural substrate for understanding meaning contributed by co-speech gesture.
Related Articles
Gesture Facilitates the Syntactic Analysis of Speech
Holle, Henning
Obermeier, Christian
Schmidt-Kassow, Maren
Friederici, Angela D.
Ward, Jamie
Gunter, Thomas C.
Frontiers in Psychology
Recent research suggests that the brain routinely binds together information from gesture and speech. However, most of this research focused on the integration of representational gestures with the semantic content of speech. Much less is known about how other aspects of gesture, such as emphasis, influence the interpretation of the syntactic relations in a spoken message. Here, we investigated whether beat gestures alter which syntactic structure is assigned to ambiguous spoken German sentences. The P600 component of the Event Related Brain Potential indicated that the more complex syntactic structure is easier to process when the speaker emphasizes the subject of a sentence with a beat. Thus, a simple flick of the hand can change our interpretation of who has been doing what to whom in a spoken sentence. We conclude that gestures and speech are integrated systems. Unlike previous studies, which have shown that the brain effortlessly integrates semantic information from gesture and speech, our study is the first to demonstrate that this integration also occurs for syntactic information. Moreover, the effect appears to be gesture-specific and was not found for other stimuli that draw attention to certain parts of speech, including prosodic emphasis, or a moving visual stimulus with the same trajectory as the gesture. This suggests that only visual emphasis produced with a communicative intention in mind (that is, beat gestures) influences language comprehension, but not a simple visual movement lacking such an intention.
language; syntax; audiovisual; P600; ambiguity
Related Articles
A Cross-Species Study of Gesture and Its Role in Symbolic Development: Implications for the Gestural Theory of Language Evolution
Gillespie-Lynch, K.
Greenfield, P. M.
Feng, Y.
Savage-Rumbaugh, S.
Lyn, H.
Frontiers in Psychology
Using a naturalistic video database, we examined whether gestures scaffold the symbolic development of a language-enculturated chimpanzee, a language-enculturated bonobo, and a human child during the second year of life. These three species constitute a complete clade: species possessing a common immediate ancestor. A basic finding was the functional and formal similarity of many gestures between chimpanzee, bonobo, and human child. The child's symbols were spoken words; the apes' symbols were lexigrams – non-iconic visual signifiers. A developmental pattern in which gestural representation of a referent preceded symbolic representation of the same referent appeared in all three species (but was statistically significant only for the child). Nonetheless, across species, the ratio of symbol to gesture increased significantly with age. But even though their symbol production increased, the apes continued to communicate more frequently by gesture than by symbol. In contrast, by 15–18 months of age, the child used symbols more frequently than gestures. This ontogenetic sequence from gesture to symbol, present across the clade but more pronounced in child than ape, provides support for the role of gesture in language evolution. In all three species, the overwhelming majority of gestures were communicative (i.e., paired with eye contact, vocalization, and/or persistence). However, vocalization was rare for the apes, but accompanied the majority of the child's communicative gestures. This species difference suggests the co-evolution of speech and gesture after the evolutionary divergence of the hominid line. Multimodal expressions of communicative intent (e.g., vocalization plus persistence) were normative for the child, but less common for the apes. This species difference suggests that multimodal expression of communicative intent was also strengthened after hominids diverged from apes.
gestural theory of language evolution; language-enculturated apes; symbolic development; cross-species comparisons; gesture; communication development; language development
Related Articles
Talking hands: tongue motor excitability during observation of hand gestures associated with words
Komeilipoor, Naeem
Vicario, Carmelo Mario
Daffertshofer, Andreas
Cesari, Paola
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Perception of speech and gestures engage common brain areas. Neural regions involved in speech perception overlap with those involved in speech production in an articulator-specific manner. Yet, it is unclear whether motor cortex also has a role in processing communicative actions like gesture and sign language. We asked whether the mere observation of hand gestures, paired and not paired with words, may result in changes in the excitability of the hand and tongue areas of motor cortex. Using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we measured the motor excitability in tongue and hand areas of left primary motor cortex, while participants viewed video sequences of bimanual hand movements associated or not-associated with nouns. We found higher motor excitability in the tongue area during the presentation of meaningful gestures (noun-associated) as opposed to meaningless ones, while the excitability of hand motor area was not differentially affected by gesture observation. Our results let us argue that the observation of gestures associated with a word results in activation of articulatory motor network accompanying speech production.
transcranial magnetic stimulation; tongue motor excitability; speech perception; gesture perception; sign language
Related Articles
A Supramodal Neural Network for Speech and Gesture Semantics: An fMRI Study
Straube, Benjamin
Green, Antonia
Weis, Susanne
Kircher, Tilo
PLoS ONE
In a natural setting, speech is often accompanied by gestures. As language, speech-accompanying iconic gestures to some extent convey semantic information. However, if comprehension of the information contained in both the auditory and visual modality depends on same or different brain-networks is quite unknown. In this fMRI study, we aimed at identifying the cortical areas engaged in supramodal processing of semantic information. BOLD changes were recorded in 18 healthy right-handed male subjects watching video clips showing an actor who either performed speech (S, acoustic) or gestures (G, visual) in more (+) or less (−) meaningful varieties. In the experimental conditions familiar speech or isolated iconic gestures were presented; during the visual control condition the volunteers watched meaningless gestures (G−), while during the acoustic control condition a foreign language was presented (S−). The conjunction of the visual and acoustic semantic processing revealed activations extending from the left inferior frontal gyrus to the precentral gyrus, and included bilateral posterior temporal regions. We conclude that proclaiming this frontotemporal network the brain's core language system is to take too narrow a view. Our results rather indicate that these regions constitute a supramodal semantic processing network.
Related Articles
White matter impairment in the speech network of individuals with autism spectrum disorder☆
Peeva, M.G.
Tourville, J.A.
Agam, Y.
Holland, B.
Manoach, D.S.
Guenther, F.H.
NeuroImage : Clinical
Impairments in language and communication are core features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and a substantial percentage of children with ASD do not develop speech. ASD is often characterized as a disorder of brain connectivity, and a number of studies have identified white matter impairments in affected individuals. The current study investigated white matter integrity in the speech network of high-functioning adults with ASD. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans were collected from 18 participants with ASD and 18 neurotypical participants. Probabilistic tractography was used to estimate the connection strength between ventral premotor cortex (vPMC), a cortical region responsible for speech motor planning, and five other cortical regions in the network of areas involved in speech production. We found a weaker connection between the left vPMC and the supplementary motor area in the ASD group. This pathway has been hypothesized to underlie the initiation of speech motor programs. Our results indicate that a key pathway in the speech production network is impaired in ASD, and that this impairment can occur even in the presence of normal language abilities. Therapies that result in normalization of this pathway may hold particular promise for improving speech output in ASD.
•We used diffusion tensor imaging to measure white matter (WM) tracts in autism.•Autistic participants were high-functioning individuals with normal language skills.•WM between left supplementary motor and premotor areas is impaired in autism.•This tract is believed to be involved in the initiation of speech articulation.•Speech production may be impaired in the absence of language deficits in autism.
Autism; ASD; Speech; Diffusion tensor imaging; Tractography; Communication
Related Articles
Supramodal neural processing of abstract information conveyed by speech and gesture
Straube, Benjamin
He, Yifei
Steines, Miriam
Gebhardt, Helge
Kircher, Tilo
Sammer, Gebhard
Nagels, Arne
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
Abstractness and modality of interpersonal communication have a considerable impact on comprehension. They are relevant for determining thoughts and constituting internal models of the environment. Whereas concrete object-related information can be represented in mind irrespective of language, abstract concepts require a representation in speech. Consequently, modality-independent processing of abstract information can be expected. Here we investigated the neural correlates of abstractness (abstract vs. concrete) and modality (speech vs. gestures), to identify an abstractness-specific supramodal neural network. During fMRI data acquisition 20 participants were presented with videos of an actor either speaking sentences with an abstract-social [AS] or concrete-object-related content [CS], or performing meaningful abstract-social emblematic [AG] or concrete-object-related tool-use gestures [CG]. Gestures were accompanied by a foreign language to increase the comparability between conditions and to frame the communication context of the gesture videos. Participants performed a content judgment task referring to the person vs. object-relatedness of the utterances. The behavioral data suggest a comparable comprehension of contents communicated by speech or gesture. Furthermore, we found common neural processing for abstract information independent of modality (AS > CS ∩ AG > CG) in a left hemispheric network including the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), temporal pole, and medial frontal cortex. Modality specific activations were found in bilateral occipital, parietal, and temporal as well as right inferior frontal brain regions for gesture (G > S) and in left anterior temporal regions and the left angular gyrus for the processing of speech semantics (S > G). These data support the idea that abstract concepts are represented in a supramodal manner. Consequently, gestures referring to abstract concepts are processed in a predominantly left hemispheric language related neural network.
gesture; speech; fMRI; abstract semantics; emblematic gestures; tool-use gestures
Related Articles
Gesture's Neural Language
Andric, Michael
Small, Steven L.
Frontiers in Psychology
When people talk to each other, they often make arm and hand movements that accompany what they say. These manual movements, called "co-speech gestures," can convey meaning by way of their interaction with the oral message. Another class of manual gestures, called "emblematic gestures" or "emblems," also conveys meaning, but in contrast to co-speech gestures, they can do so directly and independent of speech. There is currently significant interest in the behavioral and biological relationships between action and language. Since co-speech gestures are actions that rely on spoken language, and emblems convey meaning to the effect that they can sometimes substitute for speech, these actions may be important, and potentially informative, examples of language–motor interactions. Researchers have recently been examining how the brain processes these actions. The current results of this work do not yet give a clear understanding of gesture processing at the neural level. For the most part, however, it seems that two complimentary sets of brain areas respond when people see gestures, reflecting their role in disambiguating meaning. These include areas thought to be important for understanding actions and areas ordinarily related to processing language. The shared and distinct responses across these two sets of areas during communication are just beginning to emerge. In this review, we talk about the ways that the brain responds when people see gestures, how these responses relate to brain activity when people process language, and how these might relate in normal, everyday communication.
gesture; language; brain; meaning; action understanding; fMRI
Related Articles
Iconic gestures prime words: comparison of priming effects when gestures are presented alone and when they are accompanying speech
So, Wing-Chee
Yi-Feng, Alvan Low
Yap, De-Fu
Kheng, Eugene
Yap, Ju-Min Melvin
Frontiers in Psychology
Previous studies have shown that iconic gestures presented in an isolated manner prime visually presented semantically related words. Since gestures and speech are almost always produced together, this study examined whether iconic gestures accompanying speech would prime words and compared the priming effect of iconic gestures with speech to that of iconic gestures presented alone. Adult participants (N = 180) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions in a lexical decision task: Gestures-Only (the primes were iconic gestures presented alone); Speech-Only (the primes were auditory tokens conveying the same meaning as the iconic gestures); Gestures-Accompanying-Speech (the primes were the simultaneous coupling of iconic gestures and their corresponding auditory tokens). Our findings revealed significant priming effects in all three conditions. However, the priming effect in the Gestures-Accompanying-Speech condition was comparable to that in the Speech-Only condition and was significantly weaker than that in the Gestures-Only condition, suggesting that the facilitatory effect of iconic gestures accompanying speech may be constrained by the level of language processing required in the lexical decision task where linguistic processing of words forms is more dominant than semantic processing. Hence, the priming effect afforded by the co-speech iconic gestures was weakened.
co-speech gestures; cross-modal priming; lexical decision; language processing
Related Articles
No Neural Evidence of Statistical Learning During Exposure to Artificial Languages in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Scott-Van Zeeland, Ashley A.
McNealy, Kristin
Wang, A. Ting
Sigman, Marian
Bookheimer, Susan Y.
Dapretto, Mirella
Biological psychiatry
Language delay is a hallmark feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The identification of word boundaries in continuous speech is a critical first step in language acquisition that can be accomplished via statistical learning and reliance on speech cues. Importantly, early word segmentation skills have been shown to predict later language development in typically developing (TD) children.
Here we investigated the neural correlates of online word segmentation in children with and without ASD with a well-established behavioral paradigm previously validated for functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eighteen high-functioning boys with ASD and 18 age- and IQ-matched TD boys underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while listening to two artificial languages (containing statistical or statistical + prosodic cues to word boundaries) and a random speech stream.
Consistent with prior findings, in TD control subjects, activity in fronto-temporal-parietal networks decreased as the number of cues to word boundaries increased. The ASD children, however, did not show this facilitatory effect. Furthermore, statistical contrasts modeling changes in activity over time identified significant learning-related signal increases for both artificial languages in basal ganglia and left temporo-parietal cortex only in TD children. Finally, the level of communicative impairment in ASD children was inversely correlated with signal increases in these same regions during exposure to the artificial languages.
This is the first study to demonstrate significant abnormalities in the neural architecture subserving language-related learning in ASD children and to link the communicative impairments observed in this population to decreased sensitivity to the statistical and speech cues available in the language input.
Autism; implicit learning; language; neuroimaging; speech perception
Related Articles
Assessing Gestures in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Ellawadi, Allison Bean
Weismer, Susan Ellis
Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR
To determine whether scoring of the gestures point, give, and show were correlated across measurement tools used to assess gesture production in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Seventy-eight children with an ASD between the ages of 23 to 37 months participated. Correlational analyses were conducted to determine whether performance of three key gestures related to joint attention and behavior regulation (point, give, show) were correlated across three different measurement tools: the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, the Early Social Communication Scale, and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory: Words and Gestures. To establish whether different measures were related at different points in development, children were subdivided into two groups based on their expressive language levels.
The scoring of gesture performance was not entirely consistent across assessment methods. The score that a child received appeared to be influenced by theoretical perspective, gesture definition, and assessment methodology, as well as developmental level.
When assessing the gestures of children with ASD clinicians should determine what aspects of gesture they are interested in profiling, gather data from multiple sources, and consider performance in light of the measurement tool.
Assessment; autism; language; gestures
Related Articles
Communicative Acts of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life
Shumway, Stacy
Wetherby, Amy M.
Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR
This study examined the communicative profiles of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the second year of life.
Communicative acts were examined in 125 children 18 to 24 months of age: 50 later diagnosed with ASD; 25 with developmental delays (DD); and 50 with typical development (TD). Precise measures of rate, functions, and means of communication were obtained through systematic observation of videotaped Behavior Samples from the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (Wetherby & Prizant, 2002).
Children with ASD communicated at a significantly lower rate than children with DD and TD. The ASD group used a significantly lower proportion of acts for joint attention and a significantly lower proportion of deictic gestures with a reliance on more primitive gestures compared to DD and TD. Children with ASD who did communicate for joint attention were as likely as other children to coordinate vocalizations, eye gaze, and gestures. Rate of communicative acts and joint attention were the strongest predictors of verbal outcome at age 3.
By 18 to 24 months of age, children later diagnosed with ASD showed a unique profile of communication, with core deficits in communication rate, joint attention, and communicative gestures.
Related Articles
Specificity of Dyspraxia in Children with Autism
MacNeil, Lindsey K.
Mostofsky, Stewart H.
To explore the specificity of impaired praxis and postural knowledge to autism by examining three samples of children, including those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and typically developing (TD) children.
Twenty-four children with ASD, 24 children with ADHD, and 24 TD children, ages 8–13, completed measures assessing basic motor control (the Physical and Neurological Exam for Subtle Signs; PANESS), praxis (performance of skilled gestures to command, with imitation, and tool use) and the ability to recognize correct hand postures necessary to perform these skilled gestures (the Postural Knowledge Test; PKT).
Children with ASD performed significantly worse than TD children on all three assessments. In contrast, children with ADHD performed significantly worse than TD controls on PANESS but not on the praxis examination or PKT. Furthermore, children with ASD performed significantly worse than children with ADHD on both the praxis examination and PKT, but not on the PANESS.
Whereas both children with ADHD and children with ASD show impairments in basic motor control, impairments in performance and recognition of skilled motor gestures, consistent with dyspraxia, appear to be specific to autism. The findings suggest that impaired formation of perceptual-motor action models necessary to development of skilled gestures and other goal directed behavior is specific to autism; whereas, impaired basic motor control may be a more generalized finding.
imitation; motor learning; procedural learning; premotor cortex; inferior parietal lobe
Related Articles
Playing Charades in the fMRI: Are Mirror and/or Mentalizing Areas Involved in Gestural Communication?
Schippers, Marleen B.
Gazzola, Valeria
Goebel, Rainer
Keysers, Christian
PLoS ONE
Communication is an important aspect of human life, allowing us to powerfully coordinate our behaviour with that of others. Boiled down to its mere essentials, communication entails transferring a mental content from one brain to another. Spoken language obviously plays an important role in communication between human individuals. Manual gestures however often aid the semantic interpretation of the spoken message, and gestures may have played a central role in the earlier evolution of communication. Here we used the social game of charades to investigate the neural basis of gestural communication by having participants produce and interpret meaningful gestures while their brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. While participants decoded observed gestures, the putative mirror neuron system (pMNS: premotor, parietal and posterior mid-temporal cortex), associated with motor simulation, and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), associated with mentalizing and agency attribution, were significantly recruited. Of these areas only the pMNS was recruited during the production of gestures. This suggests that gestural communication relies on a combination of simulation and, during decoding, mentalizing/agency attribution brain areas. Comparing the decoding of gestures with a condition in which participants viewed the same gestures with an instruction not to interpret the gestures showed that although parts of the pMNS responded more strongly during active decoding, most of the pMNS and the TPJ did not show such significant task effects. This suggests that the mere observation of gestures recruits most of the system involved in voluntary interpretation.
Related Articles
Gestures make memories, but what kind? Patients with impaired procedural memory display disruptions in gesture production and comprehension
Klooster, Nathaniel B.
Cook, Susan W.
Uc, Ergun Y.
Duff, Melissa C.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Hand gesture, a ubiquitous feature of human interaction, facilitates communication. Gesture also facilitates new learning, benefiting speakers and listeners alike. Thus, gestures must impact cognition beyond simply supporting the expression of already-formed ideas. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms supporting the effects of gesture on learning and memory are largely unknown. We hypothesized that gesture's ability to drive new learning is supported by procedural memory and that procedural memory deficits will disrupt gesture production and comprehension. We tested this proposal in patients with intact declarative memory, but impaired procedural memory as a consequence of Parkinson's disease (PD), and healthy comparison participants with intact declarative and procedural memory. In separate experiments, we manipulated the gestures participants saw and produced in a Tower of Hanoi (TOH) paradigm. In the first experiment, participants solved the task either on a physical board, requiring high arching movements to manipulate the discs from peg to peg, or on a computer, requiring only flat, sideways movements of the mouse. When explaining the task, healthy participants with intact procedural memory displayed evidence of their previous experience in their gestures, producing higher, more arching hand gestures after solving on a physical board, and smaller, flatter gestures after solving on a computer. In the second experiment, healthy participants who saw high arching hand gestures in an explanation prior to solving the task subsequently moved the mouse with significantly higher curvature than those who saw smaller, flatter gestures prior to solving the task. These patterns were absent in both gesture production and comprehension experiments in patients with procedural memory impairment. These findings suggest that the procedural memory system supports the ability of gesture to drive new learning.
hand gesture; procedural memory; declarative memory; Parkinson's disease; communication; learning; memory systems
Related Articles
Non-Specialist Psychosocial Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability or Lower-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review
Reichow, Brian
Servili, Chiara
Yasamy, M. Taghi
Barbui, Corrado
Saxena, Shekhar
PLoS Medicine
In a systematic review, Brian Reichow and colleagues assess the evidence that non-specialist care providers in community settings can provide effective interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities or lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders.
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
The development of effective treatments for use by non-specialists is listed among the top research priorities for improving the lives of people with mental illness worldwide. The purpose of this review is to appraise which interventions for children with intellectual disabilities or lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders delivered by non-specialist care providers in community settings produce benefits when compared to either a no-treatment control group or treatment-as-usual comparator.
Methods and Findings
We systematically searched electronic databases through 24 June 2013 to locate prospective controlled studies of psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialist providers to children with intellectual disabilities or lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders. We screened 234 full papers, of which 34 articles describing 29 studies involving 1,305 participants were included. A majority of the studies included children exclusively with a diagnosis of lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders (15 of 29, 52%). Fifteen of twenty-nine studies (52%) were randomized controlled trials and just under half of all effect sizes (29 of 59, 49%) were greater than 0.50, of which 18 (62%) were statistically significant. For behavior analytic interventions, the best outcomes were shown for development and daily skills; cognitive rehabilitation, training, and support interventions were found to be most effective for improving developmental outcomes, and parent training interventions to be most effective for improving developmental, behavioral, and family outcomes. We also conducted additional subgroup analyses using harvest plots. Limitations include the studies' potential for performance bias and that few were conducted in lower- and middle-income countries.
The findings of this review support the delivery of psychosocial interventions by non-specialist providers to children who have intellectual disabilities or lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Given the scarcity of specialists in many low-resource settings, including many lower- and middle-income countries, these findings may provide guidance for scale-up efforts for improving outcomes for children with developmental disorders or lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders.
Protocol Registration
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Editors' Summary
Newborn babies are helpless, but over the first few years of life, they acquire motor (movement) skills, language (communication) skills, cognitive (thinking) skills, and social (interpersonal interaction) skills. Individual aspects of these skills are usually acquired at specific ages, but children with a development disorder such as an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or intellectual disability (mental retardation) fail to reach these "milestones" because of impaired or delayed brain maturation. Autism, Asperger syndrome, and other ASDs (also called pervasive developmental disorders) affect about 1% of the UK and US populations and are characterized by abnormalities in interactions and communication with other people (reciprocal socio-communicative interactions; for example, some children with autism reject physical affection and fail to develop useful speech) and a restricted, stereotyped, repetitive repertoire of interests (for example, obsessive accumulation of facts about unusual topics). About half of individuals with an ASD also have an intellectual disability—a reduced overall level of intelligence characterized by impairment of the skills that are normally acquired during early life. Such individuals have what is called lower-functioning ASD.
Why Was This Study Done?
Most of the children affected by developmental disorders live in low- and middle-income countries where there are few services available to help them achieve their full potential and where little research has been done to identify the most effective treatments. The development of effective treatments for use by non-specialists (for example, teachers and parents) is necessary to improve the lives of people with mental illnesses worldwide, but particularly in resource-limited settings where psychiatrists, psychologists, and other specialists are scarce. In this systematic review, the researchers investigated which psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities or lower-functioning ASDs delivered by non-specialist providers in community settings produce improvements in development, daily skills, school performance, behavior, or family outcomes when compared to usual care (the control condition). A systematic review identifies all the research on a given topic using predefined criteria; psychosocial interventions are defined as therapy, education, training, or support aimed at improving behavior, overall development, or specific life skills without the use of drugs.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
The researchers identified 29 controlled studies (investigations with an intervention group and a control group) that examined the effects of various psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialist providers to children (under 18 years old) who had a lower-functioning ASD or intellectual disability. The researchers retrieved information on the participants, design and methods, findings, and intervention characteristics for each study, and calculated effect sizes—a measure of the effectiveness of a test intervention relative to a control intervention—for several outcomes for each intervention. Across the studies, three-quarters of the effect size estimates were positive, and nearly half were greater than 0.50; effect sizes of less than 0.2, 0.2–0.5, and greater than 0.5 indicate that an intervention has no, a small, or a medium-to-large effect, respectively. For behavior analytic interventions (which aim to improve socially significant behavior by systematically analyzing behavior), the largest effect sizes were seen for development and daily skills. Cognitive rehabilitation, training, and support (interventions that facilitates the relearning of lost or altered cognitive skills) produced good improvements in developmental outcomes such as standardized IQ tests in children aged 6–11 years old. Finally, parental training interventions (which teach parents how to provide therapy services for their child) had strong effects on developmental, behavioral, and family outcomes.
What Do These Findings Mean?
Because few of the studies included in this systematic review were undertaken in low- and middle-income countries, the review's findings may not be generalizable to children living in resource-limited settings. Moreover, other characteristics of the included studies may limit the accuracy of these findings. Nevertheless, these findings support the delivery of psychosocial interventions by non-specialist providers to children who have intellectual disabilities or a lower-functioning ASD, and indicate which interventions are likely to produce the largest improvements in developmental, behavioral, and family outcomes. Further studies are needed, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, to confirm these findings, but given that specialists are scarce in many resource-limited settings, these findings may help to inform the implementation of programs to improve outcomes for children with intellectual disabilities or lower-functioning ASDs in low- and middle-income countries.
Additional Information
Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001572.
This study is further discussed in a PLOS Medicine Perspective by Bello-Mojeed and Bakare
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides information (in English and Spanish) on developmental disabilities, including autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability
The US National Institute of Mental Health also provides detailed information about autism spectrum disorders, including the publication "A Parent's Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorder"
Autism Speaks, a US non-profit organization, provides information about all aspects of autism spectrum disorders and includes information on the Autism Speaks Global Autism Public Health Initiative
The National Autistic Society, a UK charity, provides information about all aspects of autism spectrum disorders and includes personal stories about living with these conditions
The UK National Health Service Choices website has an interactive guide to child development and information about autism and Asperger syndrome, including personal stories, and about learning disabilities
The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence provides clinical guidelines for the management and support of children with autism spectrum disorders
The World Health Organization provides information on its Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), which includes recommendations on the management of developmental disorders by non-specialist providers; the mhGAP Evidence Resource Center provides evidence reviews for parent skills training for management of children with intellectual disabilities and pervasive developmental disorders and interventions for management of children with intellectual disabilities
PROSPERO, an international prospective register of systematic reviews, provides more information about this systematic review
Related Articles
Hippocampal temporal-parietal junction interaction in the production of psychotic symptoms: a framework for understanding the schizophrenic syndrome
Wible, Cynthia G.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
A framework is described for understanding the schizophrenic syndrome at the brain systems level. It is hypothesized that over-activation of dynamic gesture and social perceptual processes in the temporal-parietal occipital junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (PSTS) and surrounding regions produce the syndrome (including positive and negative symptoms, their prevalence, prodromal signs, and cognitive deficits). Hippocampal system hyper-activity and atrophy have been consistently found in schizophrenia. Hippocampal activity is highly correlated with activity in the TPJ and may be a source of over-excitation of the TPJ and surrounding regions. Strong evidence for this comes from in-vivo recordings in humans during psychotic episodes. Many positive symptoms of schizophrenia can be reframed as the erroneous sense of a presence or other who is observing, acting, speaking, or controlling; these qualia are similar to those evoked during abnormal activation of the TPJ. The TPJ and PSTS play a key role in the perception (and production) of dynamic social, emotional, and attentional gestures for the self and others (e.g., body/face/eye gestures, audiovisual speech and prosody, and social attentional gestures such as eye gaze). The single cell representation of dynamic gestures is multimodal (auditory, visual, tactile), matching the predominant hallucinatory categories in schizophrenia. Inherent in the single cell perceptual signal of dynamic gesture representations is a computation of intention, agency, and anticipation or expectancy (for the self and others). Stimulation of the TPJ resulting in activation of the self representation has been shown to result a feeling of a presence or multiple presences (due to heautoscopy) and also bizarre tactile experiences. Neurons in the TPJ are also tuned, or biased to detect threat related emotions. Abnormal over-activation in this system could produce the conscious hallucination of a voice (audiovisual speech), a person or a touch. Over-activation could interfere with attentional/emotional gesture perception and production (negative symptoms). It could produce the unconscious feeling of being watched, followed, or of a social situation unfolding along with accompanying abnormal perception of intent and agency (delusions). Abnormal activity in the TPJ would also be predicted to create several cognitive disturbances that are characteristic of schizophrenia, including abnormalities in attention, predictive social processing, working memory, and a bias to erroneously perceive threat.
hippocampus; schizophrenia; parietal; biological motion; superior temporal sulcus; intraparietal sulcus; autism; social cognition
Related Articles
Preserved Imitation of Known Gestures in Children with High-Functioning Autism
Carmo, Joana C.
Rumiati, Raffaella I.
Siugzdaite, Roma
Brambilla, Paolo
ISRN Neurology
It has been suggested that children with autism are particularly deficient at imitating novel gestures or gestures without goals. In the present study, we asked high-functioning autistic children and age-matched typically developing children to imitate several types of gestures that could be either already known or novel to them. Known gestures either conveyed a communicative meaning (i.e., intransitive) or involved the use of objects (i.e., transitive). We observed a significant interaction between gesture type and group of participants, with children with autism performing known gestures better than novel gestures. However, imitation of intransitive and transitive gestures did not differ across groups. These findings are discussed in light of a dual-route model for action imitation.
Related Articles
Do You Know What I Mean? Brain Oscillations and the Understanding of Communicative Intentions
Brunetti, Marcella
Zappasodi, Filippo
Marzetti, Laura
Perrucci, Mauro Gianni
Cirillo, Simona
Romani, Gian Luca
Pizzella, Vittorio
Aureli, Tiziana
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Pointing gesture allows children to communicate their intentions before the acquisition of language. In particular, two main purposes seem to underlie the gesture: to request a desired object (imperative pointing) or to share attention on that object (declarative pointing). Since the imperative pointing has an instrumental goal and the declarative has an interpersonal one, only the latter gesture is thought to signal the infant's awareness of the communicative partner as a mental agent. The present study examined the neural responses of adult subjects with the aim to test the hypothesis that declarative rather than imperative pointing reflects mentalizing skills. Fourteen subjects were measured in a magnetoencephalographic environment including four conditions, based on the goal of the pointing – imperative or declarative – and the role of the subject – sender or receiver of pointing. Time–frequency modulations of brain activity in each condition (declarative production and comprehension, imperative production and comprehension) were analyzed. Both low beta and high beta power were stronger during declarative than imperative condition in anterior cingulated cortex and right posterior superior temporal sulcus, respectively. Furthermore, high gamma activity was higher in right temporo-parietal junction during the sender than receiving condition. This suggests that communicative pointing modulated brain regions previously described in neuroimaging research as linked to social cognitive skills and that declarative pointing is more capable of eliciting that activation than imperative. Our results contribute to the understanding of the roles of brain rhythm dynamics in social cognition, thus supporting neural research on that topic during developmental both in typical and atypical conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder. In particular, the identification of relevant regions in a mature brain may stimulate a future work on the developmental changes of neural activation in the same regions.
declarative pointing; theory of mind; social cognition; beta rhythm; gamma rhythm
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Simply the Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
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Published Dec 10. 2012 - 3 years ago
Prince Nymph
The Prince Nymph is one of the most successful underwater patterns that we can use. The white wing represents the earliest stage of the mayfly emergerence. When the mayfly lets go of the bottom and the wing breaks the wing pads open. Use this fly when nothing seems to be happening at the surface.
Originator's web site:
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