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By Ann Gibbons Nearly 42,000 years ago, ancient humans began wielding a new kind of Stone Age toolkit in southern Europe—one that included perforated shell ornaments and long, pointed stone bladelets that were thrown long distances atop spears. Now, after decades of speculation about who made the tools, scientists have finally shown that they were crafted by modern humans, rather than Neandertals. The technological breakthrough may have helped our species outcompete Neandertals, who went extinct shortly after the new tools appeared in Europe. The proof comes from a new state-of-the-art analysis of two baby teeth found in 1976 and 1992 at separate archaeological sites in northern Italy. At the time, researchers were unable to tell whether they belonged to modern humans or Neandertals. But in the new study, an international team of researchers led by Stefano Benazzi of the University of Bologna in Italy used three-dimensional digital imaging methods, including computerized tomography scans, to measure the thickness of the enamel of one of the teeth, found at the collapsed rock shelter of Riparo Bombrini in the western Ligurian Alps. The enamel was thick, as in modern humans, rather than relatively thin, as in Neandertals, the authors report online today in Science. And new radiocarbon dates on animal bones and charcoal from the site suggest this modern child lived there approximately 40,710 to 35,640 years ago. The researchers were also able to extract maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the other child's tooth from Grotta di Fumane, a cave in the western Lessini mountains, which dated between 41,110 and 38,500 years ago. When researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, sequenced the mtDNA and compared it with that of 10 ancient modern humans and 10 Neandertals, they found it belonged to a known lineage of mtDNA, called haplogroup R, which has also been found in a 45,000-year-old modern human bone found in a riverbank near Ust'-Ishim, Siberia. © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20843 - Posted: 04.25.2015
By JAMES GORMAN Studies of hunters and gatherers — and of chimpanzees, which are often used as stand-ins for human ancestors — have cast bigger, faster and more powerful males in the hunter role. Now, a 10-year study of chimpanzees in Senegal shows females playing an unexpectedly big role in hunting and males, surprisingly, letting smaller and weaker hunters keep their prey. The results do not overturn the idea of dominant male hunters, said Jill D. Pruetz of Iowa State University, who led the study. But they may offer a new frame of reference on hunting, tools and human evolution. "We need to broaden our perspective," she said. Among the 30 or so chimps Dr. Pruetz and her colleagues observed, called the Fongoli band, males caught 70 percent of the prey, mostly by chasing and running it down. But these chimps are very unusual in one respect. They are the only apes that regularly hunt other animals with tools — broken tree branches. And females do the majority of that hunting for small primates called bush babies. Craig Stanford, an anthropologist at the University of Southern California who has written extensively on chimp hunting and human evolution, said the research was "really important" because it solidified the evidence for chimps hunting with tools, which Dr. Pruetz had reported in earlier papers. It also clearly shows "the females are more involved than in other places," he said, adding that it provides new evidence to already documented observations that female chimps are "much more avid tool users than males are." All chimpanzees eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including insects like termites. And all chimpanzees eat some other animals. The most familiar examples of chimpanzee hunting are bands of the apes chasing red colobus monkeys through the trees in the rain forests of East Africa. © 2015 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 12: Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 8: Hormones and Sex
Link ID: 20800 - Posted: 04.15.2015
by Catherine Brahic TRANSLUCENT comb jellies are some of the most primitive animals on Earth, yet they have remarkable nervous systems. Controversial data discussed at a meeting in London last month proposes that their neurons are unlike any others on Earth. This could be evidence that neurons evolved more than once in the history of animal life. The suggestion that neurons evolved in parallel multiple times has divided biologists for over a century. Ultimately, Erich Jarvis of Duke University in North Carolina told a Royal Society conference in March, the question relates to how special we are. If neurons evolved several times on our planet, then it becomes more likely that they could evolve elsewhere in the universe. Until recently, the consensus has leaned towards a very Darwinian story. In this scenario, sometime around 600 million years ago, the common ancestor to all animals gave rise to some organisms with simple neural networks. Central nervous systems arose later, allowing for greater coordination and more complex behaviours. These perhaps started out as tight balls of neurons, but eventually gave rise to the magnificently complex primate brain. This single origin scenario offers a tidy explanation for why some animals, like sponges and flat, simple placozoans, still don't have neurons: they must have branched off before these evolved and are relics of ancestral animals (see diagram). The story was somewhat turned on its head by the recent whole genome sequence of comb jellies. These small marine animals look like jellyfish but in fact seem to be only distantly related. They use a neural network just beneath their skin and a brain-like knot of neurons at one end to catch food, respond to light, sense gravity and escape predators. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20786 - Posted: 04.11.2015
By Jonathan Webb Science reporter, BBC News Living in total darkness, the animals' eyes have disappeared over millions of years A study of blind crustaceans living in deep, dark caves has revealed that evolution is rapidly withering the visual parts of their brain. The findings catch evolution in the act of making this adjustment - as none of the critters have eyes, but some of them still have stumpy eye-stalks. Three different species were studied, each representing a different subgroup within the same class of crustaceans. The research is published in the journal BMC Neuroscience. The class of "malocostracans" also includes much better-known animals like lobsters, shrimps and wood lice, but this study focussed on three tiny and obscure examples that were only discovered in the 20th Century. It is the first investigation of these mysterious animals' brains. "We studied three species. All of them live in caves, and all of them are very rare or hardly accessible," said lead author Dr Martin Stegner, from the University of Rostock in Germany. Specifically, his colleagues retrieved the specimens from the coast of Bermuda, from Table Mountain in South Africa, and from Monte Argentario in Italy. One of the species was retrieved from caves on the coast of Bermuda The animals were preserved rather than living, so the team could not observe their tiny brains in action. But by looking at the physical shape of the brain, and making comparisons with what we know about how the brain works in their evolutionary relatives, the researchers were able to assign jobs to the various lobes, lumps and spindly structures they could see under the microscope. © 2015 BBC.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 10: Vision: From Eye to Brain
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 7: Vision: From Eye to Brain
Link ID: 20769 - Posted: 04.08.2015
by Jan Piotrowski It's not the most charismatic fossil ever found, but it may reveal secrets of our earliest evolution. Unearthed in Ethiopia, the broken jaw with greying teeth suggests that the Homo lineage – of which modern humans are the only surviving member – existed up to 400,000 years earlier than previously thought. The fragment dates from around 2.8 million years ago, and is by far the most ancient specimen to bear the Homo signature. The earliest such fossil was one thought to be up to 2.4 million years ages old. Showing a mixture of traits, the new find pinpoints the time when humans began their transition from primitive, apelike Australopithecus to the big-brained conquerer of the world, says Brian Villmoare from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, whose student made the find. Geological evidence from the same area, also reported this week in a study led by Erin DiMaggio from Pennsylvania State University, shows that the jaw's owner lived just after a major climate shift in the region: forests and waterways rapidly gave way to arid savannah, leaving only the occasional crocodile-filled lake. Except for the sabre-toothed big cat that once roamed these parts, the environment ended up looking much like it does today. It was probably the pressure to adapt to this new world that jump-started our evolution into what we see looking back at us in the mirror today, according to Villmoare. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20654 - Posted: 03.05.2015
by Catherine Brahic Move over Homo habilis, you're being dethroned. A growing body of evidence – the latest published this week – suggests that our "handy" ancestor was not the first to use stone tools. In fact, the ape-like Australopithecus may have figured out how to be clever with stones before modern humans even evolved. Humans have a way with flint. Sure, other animals use tools. Chimps smash nuts and dip sticks into ant nests to pull out prey. But humans are unique in their ability to apply both precision and strength to their tools. It all began hundreds of thousands of years ago when a distant ancestor began using sharp stone flakes to scrape meat off skin and bones. So who were those first toolmakers? In 2010, German researchers working in Ethiopia discovered markings on two animal bones that were about 3.4 million years old. The cut marks had clearly been made using a sharp stone, and they were at a site that was used by Lucy's species, Australopithecus afarensis. The study, led by Shannon McPherron of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, was controversial. The bones were 800,000 years older than the oldest uncontested stone tools, and at the time few seriously thought that australopithecines had been tool users. Plus, McPherron hadn't found the tool itself. The problem, says McPherron, is that if we just go on tools that have been found, we must conclude that one day somebody made a beautifully flaked Oldowan hand axe, completely out of the blue. That seems unlikely. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20512 - Posted: 01.23.2015
By Christie Aschwanden Maybe it's their famously protruding brow ridge or perhaps it's the now-discredited notion that they were primitive scavengers too dumb to use language or symbolism, but somehow Neanderthals picked up a reputation as brutish, dim and mannerless cretins. Yet the latest research on the history and habits of Neanderthals suggests that such portrayals of them are entirely undeserved. It turns out that Neanderthals were capable hunters who used tools and probably had some semblance of culture, and the DNA record shows that if you trace your ancestry to Europe or Asia, chances are very good that you have some Neanderthal DNA in your own genome. The bad rap began when the first Neanderthal skull was discovered around 1850 in Germany, says Paola Villa, an archaeologist at the University of Colorado. "The morphological features of these skulls — big eyebrows, no chin — led to the idea that they were very different from us, and therefore inferior," she says. While the majority of archaeologists no longer believe this, she says, the idea that Neanderthals were inferior, brutish or stupid remains in popular culture. Neanderthals first appeared in Europe and western Asia between 300,000 and 400,000 years ago. They are our closest (extinct) relative, and their species survived until 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, when they vanish from the fossil record, says Svante Paabo, director of the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and author of "Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes." Why these relatives of ours thrived for so long and then ended their long, successful run about the same time that modern humans began to spread remains a point of debate and speculation.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20498 - Posted: 01.20.2015
by Clare Wilson Could a lopsided gap help set us apart from our primate cousins? Our brains and chimps' are built differently in the areas that give us our social skills and language. The human brain has a 4.5-centimetre-long groove running deeper along the right side than the left. Chimp brains lack this asymmetry, as François Leroy of the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research in Saclay, and colleagues, have discovered. The groove's function is unknown, but its location suggests it played a role in the evolution of our communication abilities. "One day this will help us understand what makes us tick," says Colin Renfrew of the University of Cambridge, who was not involved in the study. Although our brain is about three times the size of a chimp's, anatomical features that only the human brain possesses are surprisingly hard to find. One known difference is in a region called Broca's area, which is also involved in speech and is larger in humans than chimps. The asymmetrical groove in humans was also known, but the new study, in which 177 people and 73 chimps had brain scans, revealed it is almost completely absent in the other primates. In humans, the deeper groove in the right brain lies in the region that controls voice and face recognition and working out what other people are thinking – our so-called theory of mind. The shallower groove on the left is at the heart of the areas associated with language. The lack of symmetry could signify that tissue layers in the right brain have been reorganised, says Leroy. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 19: Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 15: Brain Asymmetry, Spatial Cognition, and Language
Link ID: 20475 - Posted: 01.13.2015
By Virginia Morell Animals that live in larger societies tend to have larger brains. But why? Is it because a larger group size requires members to divide up the labor on tasks, thus causing some individuals to develop specialized brains and neural anatomy? (Compared with most humans, for instance, taxicab drivers have brains that have larger areas that are involved with spatial memory.) Or is it because the challenges of group living—needing to know all the foibles of your neighbors—cause the brains of all members to grow larger? Scientists tested the two hypotheses with wild colonies of acacia ants (Pseudomyrmex spinicola), which make their nests in the hollow spines of acacia trees in Panama. Ant workers at the base of the tree wait to attack intruders, while workers foraging on the leaves (as in the photo above), aren't as aggressive but are faster at managing the colony's brood. This division of labor is most marked in larger colonies (those found on larger trees), while workers in smaller colonies do both jobs. The scientists studied 17 colonies of ants and measured the brain volumes of 29 of the leaf ants and 34 of the trunk ants. As the colony size increased, the leaf ants showed a marked increase in the regions of the brain concerned with learning and memory, the scientists report today in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. But the same neural areas decreased in the trunk ants. Thus, larger societies' need for specialized workers, some strictly for defense, others for foraging and brood tending—rather than for social masters—seems to be the key to the expanding brain, at least in ants.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20457 - Posted: 01.08.2015
Carl Zimmer For thousands of years, fishermen knew that certain fish could deliver a painful shock, even though they had no idea how it happened. Only in the late 1700s did naturalists contemplate a bizarre possibility: These fish might release jolts of electricity — the same mysterious substance as in lightning. That possibility led an Italian physicist named Alessandro Volta in 1800 to build an artificial electric fish. He observed that electric stingrays had dense stacks of muscles, and he wondered if they allowed the animals to store electric charges. To mimic the muscles, he built a stack of metal disks, alternating between copper and zinc. Volta found that his model could store a huge amount of electricity, which he could unleash as shocks and sparks. Today, much of society runs on updated versions of Volta's artificial electric fish. We call them batteries. Now a new study suggests that electric fish have anticipated other kinds of technology. The research, by Kenneth C. Catania, a biologist at Vanderbilt University, reveals a remarkable sophistication in the way electric eels deploy their shocks. Dr. Catania, who published the study on Thursday in the journal Science, found that the eels use short shocks like a remote control on their victims, flushing their prey out of hiding. And then they can deliver longer shocks that paralyze their prey at a distance, in precisely the same way that a Taser stops a person cold. "It shows how finely adapted eels are to attack prey," said Harold H. Zakon, a biologist at the University of Texas at Austin, who was not involved in the study. He considered Dr. Catania's findings especially impressive since scientists have studied electric eels for more than 200 years. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 8: General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain; Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 5: The Sensorimotor System
Link ID: 20400 - Posted: 12.06.2014
Ewen Callaway A shell found on Java in the late 1800s was recently found to bear markings that seem to have been carved intentionally half a million years ago. The photograph is about 15 millimetres wide. Expand A zigzag engraving on a shell from Indonesia is the oldest abstract marking ever found. But what is most surprising about the half-a-million-year-old doodle is its likely creator — the human ancestor Homo erectus. "This is a truly spectacular find and has the potential to overturn the way we look at early Homo," says Nick Barton, an archaeologist at the University of Oxford, UK, who was not involved in the discovery, which is described in a paper published online in Nature on 3 December1. By 40,000 years ago, and probably much earlier, anatomically modern humans — Homo sapiens — were painting on cave walls in places as far apart as Europe2 and Indonesia3. Simpler ochre engravings found in South Africa date to 100,000 years ago4. Earlier this year, researchers reported a 'hashtag' engraving in a Gibraltar cave once inhabited by Neanderthals5. That was the first evidence for drawing in any extinct species. But until the discovery of the shell engraving, nothing approximating art has been ascribed to Homo erectus. The species emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago and trekked as far as the Indonesian island of Java, before going extinct around 140,000 years ago. Most palaeoanthropologists consider the species to be the direct ancestor of both humans and Neanderthals. © 2014 Nature Publishing Group
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20390 - Posted: 12.04.2014
By John Edward Terrell We will certainly hear it said many times between now and the 2016 elections that the country's two main political parties have "fundamental philosophical differences." But what exactly does that mean? At least part of the schism between Republicans and Democrats is based in differing conceptions of the role of the individual. We find these differences expressed in the frequent heated arguments about crucial issues like health care and immigration. In a broad sense, Democrats, particularly the more liberal among them, are more likely to embrace the communal nature of individual lives and to strive for policies that emphasize that understanding. Republicans, especially libertarians and Tea Party members on the ideological fringe, however, often trace their ideas about freedom and liberty back to Enlightenment thinkers of the 17th and 18th centuries, who argued that the individual is the true measure of human value, and each of us is naturally entitled to act in our own best interests free of interference by others. Self-described libertarians generally also pride themselves on their high valuation of logic and reasoning over emotion. The basic unit of human social life is not and never has been the selfish and self-serving individual. Philosophers from Aristotle to Hegel have emphasized that human beings are essentially social creatures, that the idea of an isolated individual is a misleading abstraction. So it is not just ironic but instructive that modern evolutionary research, anthropology, cognitive psychology and neuroscience have come down on the side of the philosophers who have argued that the basic unit of human social life is not and never has been the selfish, self-serving individual. Contrary to libertarian and Tea Party rhetoric, evolution has made us a powerfully social species, so much so that the essential precondition of human survival is and always has been the individual plus his or her relationships with others. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 19: Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 15: Brain Asymmetry, Spatial Cognition, and Language
Link ID: 20371 - Posted: 12.01.2014
Christopher Stringer Indeed, skeletal evidence from every inhabited continent suggests that our brains have become smaller in the past 10,000 to 20,000 years. How can we account for this seemingly scary statistic? Some of the shrinkage is very likely related to the decline in humans' average body size during the past 10,000 years. Brain size is scaled to body size because a larger body requires a larger nervous system to service it. As bodies became smaller, so did brains. A smaller body also suggests a smaller pelvic size in females, so selection would have favored the delivery of smaller-headed babies. What explains our shrinking body size, though? This decline is possibly related to warmer conditions on the earth in the 10,000 years after the last ice age ended. Colder conditions favor bulkier bodies because they conserve heat better. As we have acclimated to warmer temperatures, the way we live has also generally become less physically demanding, which overall serves to drive down body weights. Another likely reason for this decline is that brains are energetically expensive and will not be maintained at larger sizes unless it is necessary. The fact that we increasingly store and process information externally—in books, computers and online—means that many of us can probably get by with smaller brains. Some anthropologists have also proposed that larger brains may be less efficient at certain tasks, such as rapid computation, because of longer connection pathways. © 2014 Scientific American
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20345 - Posted: 11.24.2014
By Jenna Bilbrey Your starbase is almost complete. All you need is a few more tons of ore. You could take the afternoon to mine it from an asteroid field, but you've heard of a Ska'ari who trades ore for cheap. So you message your alliance, use your connections to set up a meeting, and hop in your spacecraft. It's good to have friends, even if they are virtual. An online science fiction game may not seem like the ideal place to study human behavior, but physicist Stefan Thurner has shown that the way people act in the virtual world isn't so different from how they act in the real one. Thurner studies all sorts of complex systems at the Medical University of Vienna, so when one of his doctoral students just happened to create one of the most popular free browser-based games in Europe, Thurner suggested using the game, called Pardus, to study the spontaneous organization of people in a closed society. For almost three-and-a-half years, they monitored the interactions of roughly 7000 active players at one time within the game's virtual world. Unlike in real life, Pardus players' moves are tracked and their interactions are recorded automatically by the game. "We have information about everything," Thurner says. "We know who is where at what point in time, … who exchanges things or money with whom, who is friends with whom, … who hates someone else, who collaborates with whom in entrepreneurial activities, who is in a criminal gang with whom, etc. Even though the society is artificial, it's a human society." © 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress; Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 11: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Link ID: 20260 - Posted: 11.01.2014
Carl Zimmer Scientists have reconstructed the genome of a man who lived 45,000 years ago, by far the oldest genetic record ever obtained from modern humans. The research, published on Wednesday in the journal Nature, provided new clues to the expansion of modern humans from Africa about 60,000 years ago, when they moved into Europe and Asia. And the genome, extracted from a fossil thighbone found in Siberia, added strong support to a provocative hypothesis: Early humans interbred with Neanderthals. "It's irreplaceable evidence of what once existed that we can't reconstruct from what people are now," said John Hawks, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Wisconsin who was not involved in the study. "It speaks to us with information about a time that's lost to us." The discoveries were made by a team of scientists led by Svante Paabo, a geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Over the past three decades, Dr. Paabo and his colleagues have developed tools for plucking out fragments of DNA from fossils and reading their sequences. Early on, the scientists were able only to retrieve tiny snippets of ancient genes. But gradually, they have invented better methods for joining the overlapping fragments together, assembling larger pieces of ancient genomes that have helped shed light on the evolution of humans and their relatives. In December, they published the entirety of a Neanderthal genome extracted from a single toe bone. Comparing Neanderthal to human genomes, Dr. Paabo and his colleagues found that we share a common ancestor, which they estimated lived about 600,000 years ago. © 2014 The New York Times Company
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20231 - Posted: 10.23.2014
by Michael Marshall When we search for the seat of humanity, are we looking at the wrong part of the brain? Most neuroscientists assume that the neocortex, the brain's distinctive folded outer layer, is the thing that makes us uniquely human. But a new study suggests that another part of the brain, the cerebellum, grew much faster in our ape ancestors. "Contrary to traditional wisdom, in the human lineage the cerebellum was the part of the brain that accelerated its expansion most rapidly, rather than the neocortex," says Rob Barton of Durham University in the UK. With Chris Venditti of the University of Reading in the UK, Barton examined how the relative sizes of different parts of the brain changed as primates evolved. During the evolution of monkeys, the neocortex and cerebellum grew in tandem, a change in one being swiftly followed by a change in the other. But starting with the first apes around 25 million years ago through to chimpanzees and humans, the cerebellum grew much faster. As a result, the cerebellums of apes and humans contain far more neurons than the cerebellum of a monkey, even if that monkey were scaled up to the size of an ape. "The difference in ape cerebellar volume, relative to a scaled monkey brain, is equal to 16 billion extra neurons," says Barton. "That's the number of neurons in the entire human neocortex." © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior; Chapter 7: Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development
Link ID: 20160 - Posted: 10.04.2014
It's not just humans who want the latest gadget. Wild chimpanzees that see a friend making and using a nifty new kind of tool are likely to make one for themselves, scientists report. "Our study adds new evidence supporting the hypothesis that some of the behavioural diversity seen in wild chimpanzees is the result of social transmission and can therefore be interpreted as cultural," an international research team writes today in the journal PLOS ONE. The findings suggest that the ability of individuals to learn from one another originated long ago in a common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans, the researchers add. "This study tells us that chimpanzee culture changes over time, little by little, by building on previous knowledge found within the community," said Thibaud Gruber, a co-author of the study, in a statement. "This is probably how our early ancestors' cultures also changed over time." Scientists already knew that chimpanzees in different groups have certain behaviours unique to their group, such as using a particular kind of tool. They suspected that wild chimpanzees learn those behaviours from other chimpanzees within their group, as scientists have observed in captive chimps. But they could never be sure. The new study documents the spread of two new behaviours among chimpanzees living in Uganda's Budongo Forest. It shows that chimps learned one of them — the making and use of a new tool called a moss sponge — by observing other chimps who had already adopted the behaviour. Chimps dip the tool in water and then put it in their mouth to drink. © CBC 2014
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20141 - Posted: 10.01.2014
by Greg Laden I heard yesterday that my friend and former advisor Irven DeVore died. He was important, amazing, charming, difficult, harsh, brilliant, fun, annoying. My relationship to him as an advisee and a friend was complex, important to me for many years, and formative. For those who don't know he was instrumental in developing several subfields of anthropology, including behavioral biology, primate behavioral studies, hunter-gatherer research, and even ethnoarchaeology. He was a cultural anthropologist who realized during his first field season that a) he was not cut out to be a cultural anthropologist and b) most of the other cultural anthropologists were not either. Soon after he became Washburn's student and independently invented the field study of complex social behavior in primates (though some others were heading in that direction at the same time), producing his famous work on the baboons of Kenya's Nairobi National Park. For many years, what students learned about primate behavior, they learned from that work. Later he and Richard Lee, along with John Yellen, Alison Brooks, Henry Harpending, and others started up the study of Ju/'hoansi Bushmen along the Namibian/Botswana border. One of the outcomes of that work was the famous Werner Gren conference and volume called "Man the Hunter." That volume has two roles in the history of anthropology. First, it launched modern forager studies. Second, it became one of the more maligned books in the field of Anthropology. I have yet to meet a single person who has a strong criticism of that book that is not based on having not read it. For many years, much of what students learned about human foragers, they learned from that work.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20114 - Posted: 09.25.2014
By Virginia Morell Living in a complex social world—one with shifting alliances and competitors—is often cited as the key reason humans, dolphins, and spotted hyenas evolved large brains. Now, researchers say that social complexity also underlies the braininess of parrots, which have big brains relative to their body size. To understand the social lives of these birds, the scientists observed wild populations of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), a small parrot, in Argentina and captive ones in Florida. They recorded how often the birds (pictured) were seen with other individuals and how they interacted—and then analyzed the parakeets' social networks. The birds, the researchers report online today in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, prefer to spend time with one specific individual, usually their mate. In the captive populations, the birds also had strong associations with one or two other individuals, numerous more moderate relationships, and only a few that were weak. The scientists also recorded aggressive interactions among the captive birds, revealing that monk parakeets have a dominance hierarchy based on which birds won or lost confrontations. Thus, the parakeets' society has layers of relationships, similar to those documented in other big-brained animals. Living in such a society requires that the birds recognize and remember others, and whether they are friend or foe—mental tasks that are thought to be linked to the evolution of significant cognitive skills. © 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Related chapters from MM:None
Link ID: 20087 - Posted: 09.18.2014
// by Richard Farrell Conventional thinking has long held that pelvic bones in whales and dolphins, evolutionary throwbacks to ancestors that once walked on land, are vestigial and will disappear millions of years from now. But researchers from University of Southern California and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (NHM) have upended that assumption. The scientists argue in a paper just published in the journal Evolution that cetacean (whale and dolphin) pelvic bones certainly do have a purpose and that they're specifically targeted, by selection, for mating. The muscles that control a cetacean's penis are attached to the creature's pelvic bones. Matthew Dean, assistant professor at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, and Jim Dines, collections manager of mammalogy at NHM, wanted to find out if pelvic bones could be evolutionarily advantageous by impacting the overall amount of control an individual creature has with its penis. The pair spent four years examining whale and dolphin pelvic bones, using a 3D laser scanner to study the shape and size of the samples in extreme detail. Then they gathered as much data as they could find -- reaching back to whaler days -- on whale testis size relative to body mass. The testis data was important because in nature, species in "promiscuous," competitive mating environments (where females mate with multiple males) develop larger testes, relative to their body mass, in order to outdo the competition. © 2014 Discovery Communications, LLC.
Related chapters from BP7e: Chapter 12: Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases; Chapter 6: Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
Link ID: 20046 - Posted: 09.09.2014


text:
Tottenham Hotspur Message Board
A Yahoo! User Jul 7, 2007 07:12 Flag
what is everyone's expectation's for next season?
i think if the left sided problem can be sorted out then we can go onto great things now and in the future, especially with the players we have got already but i think the key thing is to keep this great squad of players together for as long as possible and not let any club whether it be man utd or anyone prise our top players away. I would say our target for next season should be top four(at the expense of the scum), have a good run in all cups and to progress to the champions league, COYS!!!!!!!!!!!!Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
A Yahoo! User Sep 19, 2007 11:44 Flag
- 1 Reply to A Yahoo! User
What are you lot like,
Just admit that you are a top 6 side and be happy with that, leave the top 4 to us big boys!!
Evil Bread Man Evil Bread Man Jul 9, 2007 19:36 Flag
top 6 is mandatory along with a cup run of some sort. It would be nice to see us really challenging for the top four but i cant emphasise enough that a good start is the only way.
We got
Sunderland, a
Everton h
Derby h
then Man u a
fulham a
then the goons at home on 15th sept.
At this stage it would be a dream to be in the top 4 after these games. 3 points off the goons and a point from the old trafford game would send us on our way
- 1 Reply to Evil Bread Man
cool hand joe cool hand joe Sep 19, 2007 20:21 Flag
What a fucking laugh!!!! ha ha ha ha
Top 4.
- 1 Reply to jamin
Pundits and press are talking up our chances of top 4, but i reckon it wont be that easy. Except Chelsea at home last year we rarely take points of the top 4, we need to get over our inferiority complex, and still got areas of the team to sort.
Whatever happens, the last two years we haved moved in the right direction, fair play to Jol and Levy, carry on and it wont be long before we are C.L every year.
Last years UEFA didnt have a team in it who could scare us, so a bit more belief there too.
My expectations are that we win the league (as always)...ok, reality included, I think we're good for 3rd or 4th place this year...but those first 5 games are going to be important. We don't have the "start from Hell" that we had last season, but with, what at least 2 of the 3 'new boys' in our first 5 matches we have to be on our guard, as those teams (especially Roy Keane's Sunderland)will be looking to make their mark...and what better scalp to take than a big spending London team.
The only thing we don't have, that the 4 teams above us do have, and that is respect. Teams play us with the posibility of winning in mind. It'll be a little while yet before we strike fear into the hearts of opposing teams.
However, if we're going great guns through the New Year, some of the weaker teams will falter before the opening whistle.
I'm hoping our defense is truly improved, and not just on paper, because we're going to need to hold off teams that come at us, and come at us they will (the Manures, gooners, chelski and scouse that is).
Come On You Spurs!
Shaun DavidC Shaun DavidC Jul 7, 2007 21:28 Flag
Challenge for a CL spot, to start bottling it against top 4/ decent european sides.
- 1 Reply to Shaun DavidC
Shaun DavidC Shaun DavidC Jul 7, 2007 21:29 Flag
STOP bottling. Bloody typos
I want the Arse out and Spurs at 4th, realistic, unless Liverpool have a crap season.
FA Cup and a Final in Europe, That what I want - just a small ask, and yes COYS.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hello, just to let you all know, i had to do this to get gfs.ko to build:sed -i 's/__grab_cache_page/grab_cache_page/g' gfs-kernel/src/gfs/ops_address.c
I'm in the middle of testing the release with my poor-mans test environment at home consisting of a ggaoed ATA over Ethernet target and 3 x86_32 nodes. I'll report any
problems here when i get bitten by them. Marc


text:
BOSTON — A judge on Tuesday scheduled a tentative May trial date for former New England Patriots player Aaron Hernandez in the 2012 drive-by shootings of two men, and his lawyers asked a judge to issue a gag order because of intense media coverage of the murder case.
Hernandez has pleaded not guilty to killing Daniel de Abreu and Safiro Furtado after a random nightclub encounter in Boston.
During a hearing in Suffolk Superior Court, Hernandez's lawyers asked Judge Jeffrey Locke to issue a gag order prohibiting anyone involved in the case from commenting outside court.
Attorney James Sultan said the defense is concerned that Hernandez can't get a fair trial because of extensive media coverage of his indictment in the double slayings and another murder case against Hernandez in the 2013 death of semi-professional football player Odin Lloyd. Lloyd's body was found in an industrial park near Hernandez's North Attleborough home.
"I think it's incumbent upon all of us ... to do whatever we can to safeguard Mr. Hernandez's constitutional right to a fair trial and a jury that has not been poisoned by unfairly prejudicial pretrial publicity," Sultan said. He argued that a judge in Bristol County, where Hernandez is charged with killing Lloyd, issued a gag order in that case.
Prosecutors opposed the request. Assistant District Attorney Patrick Haggan called a gag order "unreasonable" and "unwarranted," and said it not the usual practice in Suffolk County.
Haggan said Hernandez's lawyers were suggesting that "because of his celebrity and his public figure status that Mr. Hernandez should not be held to the rules of this court."
Location, ST | website.com


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You're challenged to remove the light colored ball from this devious device. Calculate its escape to solve this daring puzzle.
Difficulty Level: Difficult
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Family Games
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Weight: 120 grams
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Seriously, I'm not a prude. I've seen my fair share of penis, but I've never seen one in its natural state.
circumcision question NOT a trigger
Seriously, I'm not a prude. I've seen my fair share of penis, but I've never seen one in its natural state.
LMFAO!! Thats too cute..but no you are not alone I have never seen one either, and I have a seen a few. lol
2 DD's- Dec 97 & Aug 01 (From a previous marriage concieved naturally)
IVF #1 BFP!! EDD- Feb 22 2013!!
We had our perfect baby boy on Feb 19 2013!
I never had either until I met my hubby. He wasn't circumsized until we had been married for almost 3 years, when he started having issues and needed to have it done. May sound silly, but I bet you could go to Google images and find may pix of an uncircumsized one. :)
Chasity - Married Best Friend 09-11-99
Ali - 12-04-02 & Nic - 12-27-05 & Anna 02-16-13
I haven't seen an adult male uncircumcised. but i didn't circumcise my son. If you turn the google filter off you can search for photos and see what it looks like for yourself.
-Viola(27) Kyle (23) married Feb 4th 2011
Edward Francis Walter born 5-12-09 at 6:00pm
Sarah Vivian Dawn went home to heaven on 1/22/2013
I'm no prude and I never saw one until DH google image searched and showed me one, and no he doesn't look at penis all day, we were discussing circs at the time and I said I had never seen one.
Jessie(30)+DH(31) Bailey 9/18/08 Oliver 11/23/09 Evelyn 2/5/13
" Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn"
I've never seen one in person except on boys under 5. Not my cup of tea ;)
A married to J since 12-27-2008
R born 1-9-10! She is my JOY!
Abigail/Gauge born spontaneously at 35 weeks 1-21-13
Carter due 01/19/14
2 mmc 3/12 & 7/12 forever in my heart <3
It's not something I'm into!
DSD13(step daughter/Full custody), DD12, DD9, DS6, DD4, Angel baby 5-25-07
Isabelle (Bella) Rose, Due 2-22-13
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 3 years 5 months : Week 3.
Your growing child
Your 3 1/2-year-old: Facing fears
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Showing 1-24 of 135 items found in Outdoors & Play
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A fun and exciting play land offering 10 inflatable play structures, four party rooms and two age-appropriate play areas.
All Spoked Up has the best variety of kids, cruisers, road, mountain, fixed gear and BMX bicycles, along with the highest quality and best price service/rep. Ask them about renting a bike for a day and take a self-guided tour or hit the trails.
Let Aurora Skate Center share the joy of roller skating in a family-friendly environment. They pride themselves with offering something for everyone, from the little ones to adults who have been skating for years. Home of the Aurora 88s, Aurora Skate Center takes pride in their professional-quality hardwood maple "floating" floor. On Mondays they host a live organ-music dance session with Frank Pellico, organist for the Chicago Blackhawks, playing the only triple-deck Hammond X-66 Pipe Organ (w/ 26-ranks of pipes) in the country. See Friday and Saturday night on the "Daily Calendar" for "Fresh Fridays" and "Old vs. New School Saturdays!" See their web site for more events and details.
Aurora's Zagster Bike-Share Program
The City of Aurora and Zagster, Inc. launched a new bike-share program that will provide Aurora visitors with a convenient, affordable and healthy way to get around town. 18 cruiser bikes are available at three downtown stations for riders to use for on-demand, local trips. Stations are located at RiverEdge Park - 360 Broadway Ave., Aurora City Hall - 44 E. Downer Place and Santori Public Library of Aurora - 101 S. River Street. This initiative creates new opportunities for visitors to experience the Aurora Area from a different vantage point and see it in a whole new light.
Azoosment Park at Santa's Village
Azoosment Park at Santa's Village is an amusement park/petting zoo. Unlimited pony rides and amusement rides with one paid admission.
CITY:East Dundee
A 32-acre park built in cooperation with Batavia Park District, the city of Batavia and the Batavia Riverwalk Committee. Park your bikes by the Depot Museum and stroll the boardwalks through the wildflower garden.
As the centerpiece of downtown Batavia, the Riverwalk extends along the Depot Pond and Fox River to a north point pavilion, where grand views of the Fox River are available.
Bicentennial Riverfront Park is a five-acre community park on the south bank of the Fox River. Bicentennial Riverfront Park makes optimum use of the river, with abundant fishing, plus canoe and kayak access to the white water chute. There is also a beautiful view of the Glenn Palmer Dam as you follow the trail along the river and the picnic area, playground and river-side pavilion are popular community gathering spots in the summertime.
More than 35 miles of trails, from Aurora to Crystal Lake, pass through scenic landscapes. Routes include the Fox River, Virgil Gilman and Red Oak Trails, and the Illinois Prairie Path.
This forest preserve has miles of wooded trails and a quarry lake suitable for hiking and horseback. Fishing, canoeing and kayaking permitted in season.
CITY:Big Rock
Go on a one of a kind country adventure you'll never forget! Become pioneers for a day on a real 1800s farm and village. Miniature train rides, pony rides, petting zoo, pioneer craft demonstrations, and special events. In the Discovery Barn see chickens, sheep, piglets, baby goats and more.
Welcome to the online home for Blackberry Oaks Golf Course. Named as one of the best golf courses in the Chicagoland area by Chicagoland Golf Magazine, Blackberry Oaks is a public, 18-hole championship golf course. Located in Bristol, Illinois, the course was built to blend and enhance the natural assets of the property, such as Blackberry Creek, the wetlands, the prairie lands, and mature oak groves; Blackberry Oaks is a true "Link with Nature."
Golfers will enjoy all that Bliss Creek has to offer, from the casual atmosphere of the bar and grill, to cocktails on the deck overlooking the first hole. With the addition of the Pine Room, a dedicated building designed specifically for golf outings, it is the perfect course for any size outing or fundraiser. Open to the public daily, it offers beautiful, tree-lined fairways, well-placed water hazards and a challenging 18 holes of golf that can most often be played in less than four hours. Truly one of the best golf values in the Chicagoland area.
CITY:Sugar Grove
The Bliss House Museum is operated by the Sugar Grove Historical Society and houses historical exhibits about the village of Sugar Grove and surrounding area. Anyone interested in researching their heritage, may contact the museum for access to probate and civil records dating 1839 - 1955. Hours: Open every Tuesday 1-4 pm or by appointment.
CITY:Sugar Grove
Bowes Creek delivers a private club experience to the public golfer! It offers annual memberships for a day, or just enjoy Porter's Pub - an English inspired eatery.
Enjoy bowling as well as karaoke every Friday and Saturday.
Buena Vista is a par 32, nine-hole golf course with a driving range, pro shop and snack bar. Open seven days a week during the season, weather permitting.
Burnidge/ Paul Wolff Campground
Playground and fishing. 9 miles of hiking trails.
Canoe & Pedal Boat Rentals: Pottawatomie Park
Enjoy the scenery from the waters of the Fox River! Rentals Mid-May through Mid-August. All rentals launch from the River View Miniature Golf Complex within Pottawatomie Park. Deposit required. Children age 15 and younger must be accompanied by an adult (age 18+). All rentals are subject to safe river & weather conditions. Sorry, no boat rentals on July 4th.
CITY:St. Charles
Chicago Golf and Tiki Tees course commands some of the finest views of Dekalb open space and trails. The facility features a challenging 9-hole championship golf course. Its beautiful, mature and lush foliage and trees complement the manicured greens, tees and fairways. Combined with its exceptional course design, golfers of all skill levels return time and again to play. There is also a Club House, Tiki Bar for outdoor events, and indoor banquet hall for up to 160 guests.
Chicago Northwest KOA Campground
Tent, vehicle, and cabin sites. Game room, pavilion, playground, and laundry facilities.
Jump with the best skydiving school in the United States - Chicagoland Skydiving Center now located at Koritz Field in Rochelle! Come see why more people from the Chicago area choose tandem skydiving at CSC. We service more first-time skydivers than any other skydiving center in Chicago and the Midwest. At CSC, our priority is on safety and customer service. Check out our skydive center and book your tandem parachute jump online. Chicagoland Skydiving Center in Rochelle, Illinois (formerly in Hinckley, IL) is your safest source for skydiving - period! Check out our brand new skydive aircraft and see how we maintain our safety record and reputation as the BEST!
Coral Woods - McHenry County Conservation District
This sugar maple forest provides the sweet sap necessary for annual maple sugar programs, and is also known for its magnificent display of spring wildflowers. Activities include hiking, x-country skiing, picnic shelters and scenic views.
Good old-fashioned family fun.


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Salute Visa I am actually shocked I just found out this company has been on my credit since 2010 and I have never even heard of them! Las vegas nevada
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So I am shocked I just did a free credit report and saw this has been on my credit since 2010? I have never even heard of them and i plan on taking action. They are saying i owe them 767.61? And this is on my credit now I am recieving a bill from Frist National Collection Bureau, Inc located in sparks, nv trying to collect money.
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4575 North Chestnut StreetColorado Springs, CO 80907Monday - Friday: 7AM - 6PMSat: 7AM - 2PM, Sun: 9AM - 12PM
Click here to schedulean appointment today!
Click here toread our rave reviews!
We'll keep you informed.
Northwest Animal Hospital
Home | About Us | Services | New Clients | Boarding | Video Tour | Contact Us
© 2015. Northwest Animal Hospital. All rights Reserved.
Veterinary Website by DVM Multimedia


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Our Vendor News offers news and announcements about vendors in the Chemical Processing industry.
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ACC Reports Stable Specialty Chemicals Market
The ACC's Specialty Chemicals Market Volume Index began the third quarter on a stable note.08/25/2015
ASU Receives Second NSF Engineering Research Center
Arizona State University is awarded its second Engineering Research Center from the National Science Foundation.08/20/2015
Blast Kills 114, Exposes Lapse in Hazmat Regs
Officials looking into hazardous chemical practices at Tianjin Dongjiang Port Rui Hai International Logistics Co.08/19/2015
ABB Introduces Loop Tuning Accelerator Service
The service speeds time to tune automatic control loops.08/19/2015
Mettler Toledo E-Course Promotes Moisture Analysis Accuracy
Mettler Toledo's new online course is entitled, "What Everybody Ought to Know about Moisture Analysis."08/17/2015
ProSoft Adds Legacy DCS Migration Module
ProSoft Technology expands legacy DCS Migration Solutions family with ControlLogix to Moore APACS module.08/10/2015
Russian Refinery Selects HPS Control Technology
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A bust economy, rather than a boom in natural gas use, is the reason CO2 emissions dropped 11% between 2007 and 2013.08/04/2015
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Endress+Hauser Releases Summer 2015 Training Schedule
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HPS And Intel Security Tackle Protection Of IIoT
Intel Security Technologies will be included in Honeywell's industrial cyber security solutions for process control.07/13/2015
U.S. Chem Grads Face Improved Job Prospects
Chemistry graduates in the U.S. should enjoy improved employment prospects as the unemployment rate drops.07/08/2015
Honeywell Design Challenge Rewards Brazilian Students
University of Sao Paulo project demonstrates how to remove toxic compounds from contaminated water.06/29/2015
Omega Debuts Technical Learning Online
Omega will share technical information online through the Technical Learning section at Omega.com.06/24/2015
ABB Analytical Systems Integration Facility Serves Gulf Region
New 40,000-square-foot facility opens in Houston, Texas.06/22/2015
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Researcher wins for developing model for electrolyte-containing solutions06/11/2015
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Contact Us
Hours of Operation - Monday to Friday
9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m & 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m./ 4:30pm (Summer Hours- early June to early September)
Phone:+1 (709) 864-8895
Fax: +1 (709) 864-6102
In case of poweror network outage call: (709) 864-3035
E-Mail Address: firstname.lastname@example.com
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International Student Advising Office
Corte Real, Room 1000A
Burton 's Pond Apartments
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John's , Newfoundland
Canada A1B 3S7
Sonja Knutson - Director
Phone: (709) 864-3288
Fax: (709) 864-4330
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Sonja Knutson is the Director of the Internationalization Office at Memorial University of Newfoundland. She is responsible for leading, partnering and supporting the Internationalization Office to implement the actions of the Strategic Internationalization Plan 2020 at Memorial.
Lynn Walsh - Manager
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Valeri Pilgrim - Housing and Arrivals Program Coordinator
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Housing and Arrivals Program Coordinator helps with settlement programs for new arrivals and off campus housing.
Chris Hibbs - International Programs Coordinator
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The International Programs Coordinator is responsible for supporting inbound and outbound exchange opportunities for students at Memorial, including providing support with nominations, applications, health and safety and arrival / pre-departure information.
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She provides assistance with settling in and counselling to students on a variety of issues. She is the Outreach Co-ordinator: she organizes activities and events such as Coffee Club and Discussion Group.
Natasha Clark - International Student Advisor
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Natasha manages enrollment in the Health insurance plan and provides immigration advising to international students at Memorial University.
Zaren Healey White - Educational Outreach Coordinator and International Families Coordinator
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Zaren coordinators the Culture-to-Community educational outreach program and is an advisor for international student families.
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Ying coordinates the MUN Mentors program and also provide career advising to international students and spouses. To book an appointment with Ying, please follow these steps:
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William James: the Varieties of Religious Experience (Library of America) Paperback – December 31, 2009
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When William James went to the University of Edinburgh in 1901 to deliver a series of lectures on "natural religion," he defined religion as "the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine." Considering religion, then, not as it is defined by--or takes place in--the churches, but as it is felt in everyday life, he undertook a project that, upon completion, stands not only as one of the most important texts on psychology ever written, not only as a vitally serious contemplation of spirituality, but for many critics one of the best works of nonfiction written in the 20th century. Reading The Varieties of Religious Experience, it is easy to see why. Applying his analytic clarity to religious accounts from a variety of sources, James elaborates a pluralistic framework in which "the divine can mean no single quality, it must mean a group of qualities, by being champions of which in alternation, different men may all find worthy missions." It's an intellectual call for serious religious tolerance--indeed, respect--the vitality of which has not diminished through the subsequent decades. --This text refers to the Hardcover edition.
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This book is a microcosm, though. James touches on so many matters of religion and, indeed, life and philosophy overall that the book makes valuable reading for anyone interested in humans generally.
He talks, of necessity, quite a bit about the subconscious, which had just recently been "invented," showing that profound religious experiences comes from there, though that doesn't mean that they're not of divine origin: perhaps it's our subconscious self that connects to God.
James then analyzes these experiences from the pragmatic point of view of, Are these experiences healthy? What are their "fruits"?
But there are no ultimate "Answers" of the kind you find suggested in other works of philosophy or theology. Despite some heady speculation towards the end, James sticks to the facts, and never expects his audience to accept anything unproven.
Especially interesting, I thought, were the descriptions of "conversion," a two-fold experience consisting of spiritual crisis and of release from that crisis and the reaching of a profound state of surety and, usually, happiness.Read more ›
Why such an emphasis upon the individual? Because, as James states, the pivot around which the religious life revolves "is the interest of the individual in his private personal destiny." All proper "religion" by such a definition must consist in an individual experiencing connection with that which he considers to be the higher power(s). In fact, at one point James states that "prayer is real religion." And further, "Wherever this interior prayer is lacking, there is no religion; wherever, on the other hand, this prayer rises and stirs the soul, even in the absence of forms or of doctrines, we have living religion." A thought-provoking principle.
You will never appease your hunger by staring at a menu. You have to actually open your mouth and "experience" the eating of some food. Similarly, we can only learn about religious experience by recounting the experiences of those who've done some profound religious eating (so to say). This is James' method. He renounces the ambition to be coercive in his arguments (this is not an apologetic work) and simply focuses on "rehabilitating the element of feeling in religion and subordinating its intellectual part." He does this by the examination of diverse case histories.Read more ›
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Obviously a classic text. But do not buy this edition. Poorly printed. A large and sloppily crafted edition. But the penguin classics edition or some other one.Published 3 months ago by Amazon Customer
As a sober man coming up on 23 years in AA, it was ABOUT TIME I read this inspirational collection of James' works ... Read morePublished 4 months ago by MonitoringAdvisor
An historical classic in its field. This is my second copy and third reading. A real challenge to anyone from a highly regarded author in American psychology. LeoPublished 7 months ago by Amazon Customer
I majored in philosophy in college and read this 50 years ago. It takes on new meaning 50 years later. Enjoyed it, but I'm still re-reading parts of it too.Published 9 months ago by Professormama


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Ryans Campground – Headstone Rock
We fiddled around a bit trying to figure out where Headstone Rock is and how to climb up to the start of Cryptic (we only had a photoless version of Mountain Project on a phone; no guide-book). Mountain project descriptions continuously speak of "a Half-Dome looking like boulder at the top of the formation". The problem is that the boulder at the of Headstone, to my eyes, fits this description perfectly … so I was confused.
It turns out that Headstone Rock is just 100 meters or so from the East end of Ryans Campground. Look for a formation with a huge single boulder standing vertically at its top. You can get up from the side that faces the campground, but we saw people scrambling from the other side as well.
Cryptic (5.8)
This guys rating: 5/5
Once you've scrambled to the base of the boulder, you'll see a bolted line on the right side and another on the left. Cryptic is the one on the right. It has four bolts bolted which I certainly wouldn't qualify as close, but are nonetheless perfectly placed and where you want them to be.
The climb is unfortunately short (40 feet or so), but the location and great climbing make up for it. Every move on the climb was a pleasure and felt secure. Some have called the top run-out, which is true, but it's on 5.2/3 terrain.
The top has a set of chains from where you can belay and abseil back to your pack. A single 60 meter will bring you back to the base of the boulder (but will not get you back to the ground).
SW Corner (5.6)
This guys rating: 5/5
On the left of the formation is another 4 bolt climb. This one seamed a bit more serious than Cryptic, but just as fun. The first bolt can seem a bit far and a fall might land you in the gully so you might want to secure you belayer if you feel this is a possibility.
The climbing is great with a couple of exposed moves on the arête to get to the 3rd bolt. A lot of friction moves makes this one seems less safe and harder (it's not).
Look Ma, No Bolts (5.7)
This guys rating: 5/5
This climb is on The Sentinel at the Real Hidden Valley and shares a start with Fote Hog. I liked this one a LOT and was surprised to find almost no information about it. I found it to be more fun than Fote Hog and would definitely recommend it to anyone who is a competent Joshua Tree climber; there is a serious runout low on the climb which should turnoff a few.
Some fun runout face climbing, 2 small overhangs and a bit of crack make for a great climb. I stopped to belay 30 feet or so from the top because of rope drag, but with proper runner management it's definitely something than can be done in a single long pitch.
You can walk off and find the main trail by hiking climbers left from the top.
Toe Jam (5.7)
This guys rating: 5/5
We finished the VERY short climbing trip with Toe Jam found at the Old Woman formation accessed from to the Hidden Valley Campground day use area.
The climb is visible from the parking area. To get to it, you'll need to plan roughly 30 seconds of hiking followed by 30 seconds of scrambling.
The line if obvious; follow the right leaning arch, step over, climb the vertical finger crack; setup a belay at the top.


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Slug Teacher Resources
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Lions, Tigers, and Slugs? Oh My!
Explore the power of words with your class by analyzing the connotations of fictitious sports team names. Learners discuss team names and the mental images they convey. They create logos to illustrate the meanings and connotations of...
5th - 7th English Language Arts
First Living Things on Land Clarification
Sal clarifies concepts covered in the Kahn Academy video on Biodiversity in the Phanerozoic Eon. He explains the types of animals and plants that were the first life forms on land. Additionally, he describes what these organisms would...
6 mins 10th - 12th Science
Phonics Teachers Resource Book
Looking to improve your classes literacy program? Then look no further. This comprehensive collection of resources includes worksheets and activities covering everything from r-controlled vowels and consonant digraphs, to the different...
1st - 3rd English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Figurative Language and Word Choice: A Closer Look at Bud, Not Buddy
The difference between an average piece of writing and an unforgettable piece of writing can lie in the author's word choice. The figurative language in Chapter 2 of Christopher Paul Curtis's Newbery Medal winner, Bud, Not Buddy, is the...
4th - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
The Motion of the Ocean
What drives the ocean's motion? Get your class moving toward understanding by using this video. Viewers find that thermohaline circulation is caused by the concentration gradients of temperature and salinity. Using adorable animation in...
5 mins 6th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Informative/Explanatory: Informative Article Unit Introduction
Here is everything you need to teach fourth graders to write informative/explanatory articles in one unit plan. This carefully crafted resource packet includes lessons, exercises, and activities based on the writing process, that enable...
4th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Temperate Forest : Pacific Spirit Field Trip
Students examine nurse logs with hand lenses and identify animals. In this ecosystem lesson, students gain understanding of the rainforest by studying nurse logs. Students become familiar with vocabulary through their study of nurse logs.
1st - 2nd Science
Write a Word Beginning with the Letter S
Young writers must write 11 words that begin with the letter S. A picture of a sea slug is present to help them get started. Each of the words are written inside of a geometric shape. There are triangles, circles, octagons, and hexagons....
K - 1st English Language Arts
Blubber Mits - Tundra Adaptions
There are not many plants and animals that can survive the cold, harsh conditions of the tundra. This collection of activities and reading passages helps young scientists understand the unique characteristics that allow these amazing...
K - 5th Science CCSS: Adaptable


text:
Index of content:
Volume 78, Issue 9, September 2007
Originally conceived and developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) as an "area" detector for rapid x-ray imaging studies, the fast readout low noise (FReLoN) detector of the ESRF [J.-C. Labiche, ESRF Newsletter25, 41 (1996)] has been demonstrated to be a highly versatile and unique detector.Charge coupled device(CCD)cameras at present available on the public market offer either a high dynamic range or a high readout speed. A compromise between signal dynamic range and readout speed is always sought. The parameters of the commercial cameras can sometimes be tuned, in order to better fulfill the needs of specific experiments, but in general these cameras have a poor duty cycle (i.e., the signal integration time is much smaller than the readout time). In order to address scientific problems such as time resolved experiments at the ESRF, a FReLoN camera has been developed by the Instrument Support Group at ESRF. This camera is a low noiseCCDcamera that combines high dynamic range, high readout speed, accuracy, and improved duty cycle in a single image. In this paper, we show its application in a quasi-one-dimensional sense to dynamic problems in materials science, catalysis, and chemistry that require data acquisition on a time scale of milliseconds or a few tens of milliseconds. It is demonstrated that in this mode the FReLoN can be applied equally to the investigation of rapid changes in long range order (via diffraction) and local order (via energy dispersive extended x-ray absorption fine structure) and in situations of x-ray hardness and flux beyond the capacity of other detectors.
Continuous measurements of bronchial exposure induced by radon decay products during inhalation78(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2786270View Description Hide Description
The deposition of radon decay products is not equal in each of the respiratory regions and as the presence of radon has been linked with an increase in lungcancer risk, it is important to calculate the deposition of radon decay products in each of the respiratory regions. Recently, many studies on the deposition of radon in respiratory regions have been simulated using wire screens. The systems and equipment used in those studies are not suitable for field measurements as their dimensions are relatively massive, nor can they measure continuously. We developed a continuous bronchial dosimeter (CBD) which is suitable for field measurements. It was designed with specifications that allow it to be remain compact. The CBD simulates the deposition of radon decay products in the different respiratory regions by the use of a combination of wire screens. Deposition in the simulated regions of the lung can be continuously estimated in various environments. The ratio of activities deposited in a simulated nasal cavity (N) and tracheobronchial (TB) regions was calculated from the results of simultaneous measurements using CBD-R (reference), CBD-N (nasal), and CBD-TB (tracheobronchial) measurement units. After aerosols were injected into the radon chamber, the ratio of N and TB depositions decreased. This results indicate that the CBD gave a good response to changes in the environment. It was found that the ratio of N and TB deposition also varied with time in each actual environment.


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MINNEAPOLIS - Even some of the sport's fastest fighters occasionally have a slow start.
After struggling to get an edge on promotional newcomer Jussier Formiga, Dodson ultimately dropped him twice read news >>
A slow first round gave way to an emphatic finish as John Dodson secured his place as the No. 1 contender in the UFC flyweight division. read news >>
When it was announced that Chris Cariaso would be getting the next title shot in the flyweight division, many were surprised—and rightfully so. There were several fighters close to a title shot who w read news >>
Joseph Benavidez stamped his case for a title shot with a first-round finish over Jussier Formiga on the main card at UFC Fight Night 28 in Brazil on Wednesday night. read news >>
MINNEAPOLIS - At least one fighter will walk away from Friday's UFC on FX 5 event with a guaranteed title shot.
The winner of a main-card bout between "The Ultimate Fighter 14" winner John Dodso read news >>
LAS VEGAS – UFC flyweight champion Demetrious Johnson was almost flawless in a rematch with John Dodson, answering questions from their 2013 meeting with a performance that left no doubt of his super read news >>
Jussier Formiga kept his name in the title talk mix, coasting to a victory over Wilson Reis at UFC Fight Night 67 in Goiania, Brazil. read news >>
Jussier Formiga was widely considered the No. 1 flyweight in the world prior to the UFC's introduction of the weight class in late 2012. But a slow start to his octagon career put his UFC title dream read news >>
Donald "Cowboy" Cerrone may have punched his ticket to a title shot by cracking John Makdessi's jaw at UFC 187. read news >>
John Dodson returned from a yearlong layoff to score a unanimous decision over Zach Makovsky and get back into title contention. read news >>
By most counts, John Dodson is the No. 1 contender to UFC flyweight champion Demetrious "Mighty Mouse" Johnson's belt. It appears that it will be a while before he'll have an opportunity to cash in o read news >>
John Dodson's title aspirations are on pause following surgery for a torn ACL and meniscus. Filed under: Featured, MMA Rumors, News, UFC read news >>
Heading into his second fight since a flyweight title shot, John Moraga believes another recent championship challenger is the toughest in the division – not the champ. Filed under: Featured Videos, read news >>
BELO HORIZONTE, Brazil – Demetrious Johnson remains Joseph Benavidez's only setback in the flyweight division. But the way things are going for Benavidez, it looks like a rematch is in store. Jussier read news >>
Alexander Gustafsson has cemented his place as the No. 1 contender for the UFC Light Heavyweight title with an unanimous decision win over Mauricio 'Shogun' Rua at UFC on Fox 5. read news >>


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Gyalwang Karmapa Hosts a Losar Feast for All
The second day of the Tsurluk Losar festival began with the ritual of The Sixteen Arhats in the main shrine room. The Sixteen Arhats [Tib. Neten Chudruk], also known as the Sixteen Elders, were personally chosen by Shakyamuni Buddha from amongst his disciples. He asked them to remain in the world in order to protect the Buddhist Dharma for as long as beings are capable of benefitting from the teachings.
As His Holiness had explained during Kagyu Monlam, the Sixteen Arhats are invoked in order to help the Dharma flourish. "The Dharma teachings are the sole medicine, the sole salve for all sentient beings. It's the only medicine to eliminate the sufferings of sentient beings, "he commented.
In the context of the Arya Kshema Winter Dharma Read the rest of this article


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Largo, FL - Ronald Brown, a 57-year-old Florida man has been jailed after he allegedly conspired to kidnap, rape, kill and then eat a child.
According to police, Brown came to the attention of detectives during a child pornography investigation that originated in Massachusetts and resulted in the arrest and conviction of 48-year-old Robert Diduca.
Investigators say detectives became alarmed when they discovered online chat conversations between Brown and another man that involved raping, murdering and then eating small children.
Brown, according to police, fantasized about strangling, dismembering and then cannibalizing his young victims, describing in graphic detail what he planned to do with their body parts.
Detectives who searched Brown's home found gruesome child pornography images on his computer and a CD that had been stashed in his sock drawer. The images allegedly showed images of dead children and children that had been posed in bondage positions.
Brown told FBI agents that he wanted to eat a little boy that he met at a local church. He also stated that he had discussed his fantasies on a Yahoo message board, but never intended to harm any children.
Attached to the arrest affidavit is an extensive chat log in which Brown lusted about children and discussed how he would capture and then eat a child. In one example, Brown stated that he would like to tie a child up, store him in a closet and then eat him for Easter. In another thread, Brown allegedly remarked how great summer time is because the children in his neighborhood are "almost naked." In another thread, Brown remarked about how his mouth watered while looking at a female toddler.
During yet another chat, Brown reportedly asked a Kansas city man to assist him in abducting and then murdering a child. The man, identified as Michael Arnett, was arrested and charged with producing child pornography.
Brown works as a puppeteer, performing at elementary schools, malls, church groups and private birthday parties. Brown also resides in a neighborhood surrounded by playgrounds, and routinely invited neighborhood children to his residence for pizza, according to an arrest affidavit.
This isn't the first time Brown has fallen under suspicion. He was reportedly investigated back in 1998 when deputies found multiple pairs of boys' underwear between the front seats of his car. Brown claimed that he used the underwear to dress his puppets.
Investigators were also dispatched to Brown's home in 2010 when neighbors became suspicious of his behavior involving young boys who were in his car. The case was dropped when it was determined that Brown was granted permission to take the boys to church.
Brown was booked into the Pinellas County Jail and charged with conspiring to kidnap a child and possession of child pornography.
The pos's web site: http://puppetsplus.com/
By: smyle
In: Regional News
Tags: Ronald Brown, pos, florida, child pornography, Cannibal Puppeteer
Location: Largo, Florida, United States (load item map)
Views: 4847 | Comments: 45 | Votes: 0 | Favorites: 0 | Shared: 297 | Updates: 2 | Times used in channels: 2
Comment of user 'TB-303' has been deleted by author (after account deletion)!
Comment of user 'boofhead' has been deleted by author (after account deletion)!
"Investigators say detectives became alarmed when they discovered online chat conversations..."
That's all you need to know folks.
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(3) | Report
I dont want to say that you can judge a book by it's cover...but you can tell something isnt right just by looking at him. I apologize to all innocent people that look like him.
Unlike the pope - this minister will fire him and NOT pay to cover it up.
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(2) | Report
hang him from a big oak tree with wires and fishhooks all in his body like a puppet. sick bastard!
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(2) | Report
Video shows Ronald Brown, puppeteer accused of planning to kidnap and eat children, talking with puppet about 'dirty pictures'
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(1) | Report
He looks like he could use some "of those french fried taters mmm,hmm...
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(1) | Report
good god there just out there every where , should have kept him locked up
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(1) | Report
Comment of user 'Bthor420' has been deleted by author (after account deletion)!
Comment of user 'Deeki' has been deleted by author (after account deletion)!
Comment of user 'brokenrob' has been deleted by author (after account deletion)!
Comment of user 'Moore Slayer' has been deleted by author (after account deletion)!
Comment of user 'cswartz' has been deleted by author (after account deletion)!
If the face fits, even whispering pines worked that one out
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(0) | Report
this guy needs to die, but as horrible as this was at least he didnt say he was gonna use a dead child as a puppet......think about it.............
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(0) | Report
Let he who is without sin cast the first stone. Who hasn't thought about eating a child? Just kidding, fry the fucker.
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(0) | Report
Thats the worst lazy eye I've ever seen
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(0) | Report
Pastor Randy Kiddy Fiddle
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(0) | Report
It's the fucking boogeyman our parents scared us with... some fucked up shit
Posted Jul-25-2012 By
(0) | Report
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Chad Parmenter
Chad Parmenter's poems poems have won contests in Hotel Amerika and The Black Warrior Review, have appeared in The Best American Poetry, The Harvard Review, and The Kenyon Review, and are forthcoming in The Laurel Review. His chapbook, Weston's Unsent Letters to Modotti, won the 2013 Snowbound Chapbook Contest and is forthcoming from Tupelo Press. His article on T. S. Eliot has appeared in The Yeats-Eliot Review, and a paper based on the article has received the Fathman Award from the T. S. Eliot Society. He received his PhD from the University of Missouri. (updated 9/2014)
AGNI has published the following work by Chad Parmenter:
|•from Vivienne's Recovery
|•"You loved the tragedy factory of me . . ."


text:
Hello all,
Contact Form 7 with WP 3.1 breaks the Visual Editor on my site. I have all other plug-ins turned off and deleted. The same in Safari and Firefox. If I turn it off, VE is back, turn Contact Forms back on, and it's gone. Not sure what is going on.


text:
Penn State just landed a commitment from Michael O'Conner, a 4 star QB from Canada by way of Florida. This, a year after they landed 5 star Christian Hackenberg. I continue to be very impressed by Bill O'brien as a recruiter. These kids continue to sign up to play for him despite the sanctions. And these aren't just kids who don't have better options The jury is still out on his coaching, but it seems that if Penn State can hold onto him until the sanctions end, they could have a good coach. I, for one, are hoping they do. A strong Penn State is good for the Big Ten. Especially considering Michigan's historic dominance against them.
this may be of some local interest


text:
Homeless shipping container scheme an 'overwhelming success'
Published by Anonymous for 24dash.com in Housing and also in Communities
Homeless shipping container scheme an 'overwhelming success'
A project to house homeless people in reconditioned shipping containers has been deemed an "overwhelming success".
An independent report on the Brighton scheme, which opened six months ago, has revealed that 94% of its tenants believe it is an improvement on where they lived before.
The 36 units, installed on the site of former scrapyard, were originally shipped over from Holland, where they were designed and built.
Charity the Brighton Housing Trust, which manages the project, has permission to keep the units on the site for five years.
Despite the high levels of customer satisfaction, some tenants have complained about the projects rent levels.
BHT chief executive Andy Winter said: "Our rents are within the cheapest 30% of rents for a one-bed flat in the city and within the maximum range for housing benefit payments."
The unique homes provide temporary accommodation for Brighton's homeless. BHT believes that up to a 100 people sleep rough on the city's streets every night.
Scammers squeezing council on overcrowding
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Governor will visit Bibb County today
Published: Tuesday, August 27, 2013 at 3:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Monday, August 26, 2013 at 11:50 p.m.
Gov. Robert Bentley will visit Bibb County today as part of his "Road to Economic Recovery" tour.
The governor will meet with local residents and business owners to discuss economic conditions and state-level efforts to attract more jobs to the state, according to a news release from the governor's office.
Bentley is scheduled to visit the Bibb County Chamber of Commerce, 835 Walnut St., for a roundtable discussion around 11 a.m. After lunch at Twix 'n' Tween, Bentley will tour the Bibb County Courthouse and Bibb Hardwood Lumber.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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Product Summary
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Right Web Monitor 3.0.512
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- Report: #355832
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Cebu Air
Cebu Air14 F Robinons Summill Center Ayla Avenue Maxati Metro Manila, Other Philippines
Cebu Air , cebu pacific air has charge my credit card for amount and a total of 140 euro Manila Other
*UPDATE Employee: WE ARE NOT THIS COMPANY!
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 07/26/2008 05:35 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Cebu-Air/Manila-Other-1226/Cebu-Air-cebu-pacific-air-has-charge-my-credit-card-for-amount-and-a-total-of-140-euro-M-355832. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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