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Comprehensive Description
A medium-sized Phrynobatrachus with a pointed, but rounded snout and a warty skin. Males reach 25-30 mm, females 26-31 mm (SVL). The index head width/SVL is 0.24-0.29. Four warts forming two longitudinal groups of two are found at shoulder level, converging slightly towards the head. A feebly developed supratympanal fold is present. The tympanum is barely visible. Males have a single subgular vocal sac. Inactive it forms numerous folds on the throat, running either irregularly or parallel to the jaw. This feature is probably visible only during the breeding season. Feet with a small inner metatarsal tubercle. An outer metatarsal tubercle at the base of the fifth toe. Tarsal tubercle present. Webbing formula: 1 (0); 2 i/e (1-0) or (1-0.5); 3 i/e (1); 4 i/e (2); 5 (0.5) or (1). Tips of toes and fingers not enlarged. Hands not webbed; those of males bear a thenar tubercle which is enlarged at least during the breeding season.
Voucher specimens: SMNS 8960 1-9; SMF 78634, 78636.
The very uniform color of the dorsum is light to dark brown. Only the areas around the warts, the latter and the transversal bands on the extremities may be somewhat darker. No lateral lines. At night, some breeding males occasionally show green dorsal patches and interorbital lines. The longitudinal line on the posterior parts of the thighs is either feebly defined or absent. The vocal sac of the male is black with numerous prominent white spots. The color of female throats varies from white to white with black spots or even black. The edge of the lower jaw is spotted black. A narrow black line occasionally runs from the feebly spotted flanks to the center of the pectoral region. The rest of the venter is white.
Lambiris (1989) and Passmore & Carruthers (1995) show animals with broad vertebral bands. Lamotte & Xavier (1966a) report on vaguely marbled mottled posterior parts of the thighs (sometimes irregular bordered longitudinal lines), a light interorbital line and large black dorsal blotches. In alcohol, the dorsum is uniform drab brown, and just the patches on the extremities are feebly discernible. The ventral color does not change.
The voice is an amplitude modulated, very loud "craa" resembles the call of a toad. A call sequence consists of 4-230 calls and lasts about 4.6-147 sec. 1-2 calls per second are uttered. Frequency ranges from 1.2-2.3 kHz. Schiøtz (1963) describes the call as a buzzing hum which is uttered in the daytime. This observation however, rather applies to P. francisci and the sonagram he published shows a call which resembles that of P. francisci. It lasts 0.3 sec, and the dominant frequency is 1.5 kHz (Schiøtz 1964c). Van den Elzen & Kreulen (1979) give a call duration of 0.62 sec. The pauses between these calls last 0.69 sec. The dominant frequency ranges from 1.1-1.5 kHz. The sonic pressure has been measured by Passmore (1981). At a distance of 50 cm, it amounts to 104 dB. DuPreez (1996) describes the call as a vibrant ghrr-uu-ghrr-uu.
A female laid 1652 eggs forming a single floating film. They were brown-white and measured 0.8-1.0 mm (egg diameter incl. jelly: 1.8-2.0 mm). The tadpoles hatched within half a day. According to Passmore & Carruthers (1995), the clutch has a diameter of 8 cm. Wager (1986) describes an egg film of 10 cm diameter, consisting of 500-800 eggs. The eggs measure 1 mm (2 mm incl. jelly). The tadpoles hatch 3-4 days later. Lambiris (1989) reports on a compact mass of 400 eggs laid in the midst of vegetation at the surface of the water. He gives the egg diameter with 1 mm (1.8 mm incl. jelly). They are light brown, with a somewhat lighter ventral side. His tadpoles hatched two days later. According to Balinsky (1969), each egg film consists of several hundred eggs. It floats at the surface, or below, the latter if the eggs stick to vegetation, and if the level of the water rises after spawning. Rose (1959) reports on 200-400 reddish-brown eggs per clutch. The eggs float on the surface. According to DuPreez (1996) a clutch comprises approx. 500 eggs. Fischer & Hinkel (1992) report on small clumps of eggs attached to aquatic plants, immediately beneath the surface.
The keratodont formula of tadpoles from Comoé National Park is 1 // 1+1 / 1. The oral disc is surrounded by one lateral, and two caudal rows of papillae. The caudal one consists of very long, filiform papillae. The horny teeth are short, compact and have six tips. The larvae are nearly indistinguishable from Phrynobatrachus latifrons tadpoles.
According to Lambiris (1988), tadpoles reach up to 35 mm (TL). The fin is feebly spotted, and the oral disc is surrounded lateral and caudal by papillae rows of equal length. Wager (1986) figures a larva whose body is more elongate than that of typical Phrynobatrachus tadpoles. The lateral papilla row is simple before the corners of the mouth, and double caudad of this area. All papillae are of equal length. The keratodont formula of the tadpoles is 1 / 1+1 // 2. They reach a TL of 35 mm (BL: 12 mm) and metamorphose at the age of four to five weeks (Wager 1986, DuPreez 1996). The tadpole described by Lambiris (1989), whose back, tail base and caudal bear black spots, grows as fast as the former and reaches the same length, but its keratodont formula is 1 / 2+2 // 1+1 / 2. According to Balinsky (1969), tadpoles metamorphose at the age of 27-40 days. Their development is normal at water temperatures of 21.5 to 34 °C but stagnates at lower temperatures, and the tadpoles will die when the above-mentioned level is surpassed. SVL after metamorphosis is 12.5 mm (Patterson & McLachlan 1989).
This account was taken from Rödel, M.-O. (2000), Herpetofauna of West Africa vol. I. Amphibians of the West African Savanna, with kind permission from Edition Chimaira publishers, Frankfurt am Main.
For references in the text, see here
- Rödel, M. O. (2000). Herpetofauna of West Africa, Vol. I. Amphibians of the West African Savanna. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, Germany.
Taxonomic Notes
Phrynobatrachus natalensis most likely represents a complex of cryptic species due to its widespread distribution, and morphological diversity of eggs, larvae, and adults (Rödel, 2000; Channing, 2001; Largen, 2001; Channing and Howell, 2006; Pickersgill, 2007; Zimkus et al., 2010).
Rödel (2000) reported the variation in clutch size, tadpole morphology, size of the adult frog and period of activity, suggests that this taxon may comprise more than one species (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
This species is likely a complex of multiple cryptic species. Members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. P. natalensis is a medium to large sized puddle frog (SVL < 40 mm) with variable dorsal coloration and patterns, but most often brown with a light vertebral stripe. Finger tips lack disks or distinct swelling. The tympanum is visible and larger than ½ the diameter of the eye. Webbing is not consistent, possibly because of taxonomic confusion.
Range Description
Distribution and Habitat
This species is very widespread in African savannas south of the Sahara (Frost 1985). Records are available for the following countries: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, R.D. Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Angola (Günther 1864b, Peters 1867, 1875, 1878, 1882c, Boulenger 1910, Lönnberg 1910, Nieden 1915, Chabanaud 1919b, 1921, Noble 1924, Loveridge 1929, 1930, 1933, 1936, 1941, 1942, 1957, Parker 1930, Witte 1934, 1941, Mertens ?1938a, 1940, 1955, 1971, Laurent 1952e, 1956b, 1972c, 1979a, Perret & Mertens 1957b, Inger & Marx 1961, Schiøtz 1964a, b, 1967, Poynton 1964a, c, 1966, 1991, Lamotte & Xavier 1966a, Perret 1966, Stewart 1967, ?Walker 1968, Balinsky 1969, Broadley 1971, 1991, Lamotte 1971, Amiet 1973a, Stevens 1974, Böhme ?1975, 1994d, Bowker & Bowker 1979, Van den Elzen & Kreulen 1979, Joger 1981, 1982, 1990, Poynton & Broadley 1985b, Schätti 1986, Wager 1986, Böhme & Schneider 1987, Lambert 1987, Branch 1988, Lambiris 1988, 1989, Channing 1989, Patterson & McLachlan 1989, Fischer & Hinkel 1992, Channing & Griffin 1993, Poynton & Haake 1993, Simbotwe & Mubemba 1993, Bates 1995, DuPreez 1995, 1996, Passmore & Carruthers 1995, Rödel 1996, Joger & Lambert 1997, Largen 1998)
At Comoé National Park, this species is found both in larger savanna ponds harboring an abundant vegetation and in car tracks on the edges of forests which lack any trace of vegetation. This species apparently avoids closed rainforests (Noble 1924, Guibé & Lamotte 1963). Almost any type of habitat is quoted in the literature (Böhme 1994d); however, arid savannas with or without scattered trees are preferred (Mertens 1940, Perret & Mertens 1957b, Schiøtz 1964c, 1967, Broadley 1971, Lambiris 1988, Patterson & McLachlan 1989). Laurent (1979a) quotes both lowland and montane savannas. According to Lambiris (1988b) in Natal P. natalensis inhabits regions of up to 1500 m a.s.l. In South Africa, swamps and smaller temporary water bodies are colonized (Balinsky 1969, Passmore & Carruthers 1995). Smaller water bodies are also quoted by Loveridge (1933) and Fischer & Hinkel (1992). Poynton & Broadley (1985b) and Lambiris (1988) give contrary data. These authors report on permanent or semi-permanent waters. However, in the same publication they underline that these frogs prefer shallow water. Mertens (1955b) reports on animals found in a bat cave.
- Rödel, M. O. (2000). Herpetofauna of West Africa, Vol. I. Amphibians of the West African Savanna. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, Germany.
This species ranges very widely in the savannah zone of Africa, from Senegal and Gambia, east to Ethiopia and Eritrea, south to Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa and occurs on the island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. It presumably occurs in Burkina Faso, Chad and Lesotho (Rödel et al., 2004).
P. natalensis is widely distributed in the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal in the west to Somalia in the east and southward through East Africa. To the south, it ranges as far as northeastern Namibia, northern Botswana, and Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
Physical Description
Stewart (1974) suggests that the polymorphic colour pattern may be a means of protection against predators, and specific patterns have been correlated with particular habitats (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
Diagnostic Description
Most individuals are dark brown with variable dorsal patterns, including light vertebral stripes and bands. Finger tips lack disks or distinct swelling. The tympanum is visible and larger than ½ the diameter of the eye. Webbing is not consistent, possibly because of taxonomic confusion (Harper et al., 2010).
Southern Africa Bushveld
Garman's toad (Amietophrynus garmani) is found in the Southern African bushveld, among other ecoregions. The Southern Africa bushveld is an element of the vast savannas that cover much of southern Africa. There is low endemism in this ecoregion for both flora or fauna, but the charismatic large mammals and rich birdlife characteristic of African savannas are in evidence. The rugged Waterberg Mountains contain the highest levels of species richness and endemism in the region, and are noted for their reptilian endemism. The ecoregion occurs on an extensive, undulating interior plateau, which lies at an elevation between 700 metres (m) to 1100 m. The soils of this plateau are chiefly coarse, sandy and shallow, overlying granite, quartzite, sandstone or shale. The most distinctive topographical feature of the ecoregion is the rugged and rocky Waterberg Mountains, which rise up from the plateau to an elevation of between 1200 m to 1500 m.http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/51cbeeed7896bb431f69b38d/554565bb0cf24df5070a17ee/?topic=51cbfc79f702fc2ba8129ee0
The ecoregion amphibian associates of the Southern African bushveld are: Savanna ridged frog (Ptychadena anchietae); Angola frog (Rana angolensis); African gray treefrog (Chiromantis xerampelina); Senegal running frog (Kassina senegalensis); Striped stream frog (Strongylopus fasciatus); African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis); African split-skin toad (Schismaderma carens); Uzungwe grassland frog (Ptychadena uzungwensis); African ornate frog (Hildebrandtia ornata); Mababe river frog (Phrynobatrachus mababiensis); Marbled sand frog (Tomopterna marmorata); Marbled snout burrower (Hemisus marmoratus); Knocking sand frog (Tomopterna krugerensis), which is found broadly in southern Africa; and the Transvaal short-headed frog (Breviceps adspersus); Mozambique ridged frog (Ptychadena mossambica); Lukula grassland frog (Ptychadena taenioscelis); Horseshoe forest treefrog (Leptopelis bocagii); South African snake-necked frog (Phrynomantis bifasciatus); Boettger's dainty frog (Cacosternum boettgeri); Natal ghost frog (Heleophryne natalensis); Cryptic sandfrog (Tomopterna cryptotis); Mozambique rain frog (Breviceps mossambicus); Long reed frog (Hyperolius nasutus); Muller's clawed frog (Xenopus muelleri); Common reed frog (Hyperolius viridiflavus); Gray's stream frog (Strongylopus grayii); Natal puddle frog (Phrynobatrachus natalensis); Painted reed frog (Hyperolius marmoratus); Garman's toad (Amietophrynus garmani); Gutteral toad (Amietophrynus gutturalis); Transvaal dwarf toad (Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti); and the Flat-back toad (Amietophrynus maculatus).
Example reptilian associates within this ecoregion are: Bibron's worm snake (Typhlops bibronii); Vine snake (Thelotornis capensis); Black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis); Angola garter snake (Elapsoidea semiannulata); Annobon lidless skink (Panaspis annobonensis); Bark snake (Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia); Bell's hingeback tortoise (Kinixys belliana); Blue throated agama (Acanthocercus atricollis); Blunt-tailed worm lizard (Dalophia pistillum); Bradfield's dwarf gecko (Lygodactylus bradfieldi); the endemic gecko Broadley's rock gecko (Afroedura broadleyi); and the endemic lizards Platysaurus minor and Platysaurus monotropis.
Some of the many mammalian taxa found within the Southern African bushveld are: Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchelli); Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), a herbivore classified as Vulnerable; Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), a carnivore classified as Vulnerable; the Near Threatened White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum); Commerson's roundleaf bat (Tomopterna cryptotis), classified as Near Threatened; Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta); and the Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus).
There are numerous avian species found in this ecoregion, a few examples being: the Near Threatened Red footed falcon (Falco vespertinus); Kori bustard (Ardeotis kori); Long-crested eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis); Olive bee eater (Merops superciliosus); Marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus); Martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus); and the Pink-backed pelican (Pelecanus rufescens).
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
Habitat and Ecology
It is typically associated with herbaceous vegetation along the margins of shallow marshes, lakes, rivers, streams and pools, both permanent and temporary. It is found in semi-desert scrub, arid and humid savannah, agricultural land, and even at clearings deep within forest. It occurs up to 2200m asl in Ethiopia (Rödel et al., 2004).
P. natalensis inhabits a variety of vegetation types in the Savanna and Grassland biomes where summer rainfall is >500 mm, although some populations along the western edge of the species' range are found in drier areas (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
Food items recorded north of the atlas region include a variety of insects, especially termites during the rainy season, as well as earthworms, snails and frogs (Inger and Marx 1961). Predators of the species include Blacknecked Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis (Channing 2001) and Herald Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
Population Biology
It is a widespread and often abundant species (Rödel et al., 2004).
Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
Rödel (2000) found that this species hatches within 3–4 days and took 4–5 weeks to reach metamorphosis, but other authors report considerable variation in the rate of development (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
Metamorphosis is typically completed within 40 days (Harper et al., 2010).
Advertisement Call
Males can be heard calling during the day as well as at night. Channing and Howell (2006) describe the call as "a slow quiet snore."
Breeding takes place in shallow to fairly deep water in temporary pans and pools, vleis, dams and even small, slow flowing streams. Wager (1986) recorded the species breeding in brackish pools near the high-water mark at the coast. Breeding sites usually have vegetation or other types of cover along their banks. P. natalensis is tolerant of human disturbance and is often found near human habitation (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
Males usually call from concealed sites and may be heard throughout the day and night in wet weather. Aggressive encounters between males are commonplace (Wager 1965).Breeding begins in spring after the first rains and continues to late summer. Mating pairs swim while depositing the small eggs in a single-layered plate that floats at the surface (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
It breeds in temporary ponds and puddles, usually in still water associated with pans, streams or vleis (Rödel et al., 2004; Harper et al., 2010). Small dark brown eggs are laid in clutches of approximately 200 (Harper et al., 2010).
Molecular Biology and Genetics
In analyses by Zimkus et al. (2010), samples assigned to P. natalensis formed a clade but exhibited extraordinary genetic diversity. Pairwise sequence divergences of mtDNA among conspecific populations of P. natalensis varied from 0.2% to 12.2%. Five main clades were identified that had pairwise divergences greater than 4.7% (P. natalensis A–E). This complex was sister to a group containing P. acridoides, P. pakenhami, P. bullans, and P. francisci.
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Phrynobatrachus natalensis
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 9
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
- 2004Least Concern
IUCN Red List Category and Justification of Conservation Status
The IUCN Red List (2010) categorizes this species as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category (Rödel et al., 2004).
It is well established in many national parks and provincial nature reserves and does not need additional conservation action (Text from Minter et al., 2004, © SI/MAB Biodiversity Program).
Population Trend
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
Both sexes migrate to the ponds after rainfall. Males call at night from the grass on the edge of the water, or on bare ground. During the dry season, these frogs possibly live on the edges of puddles near the Kongo, a tributary of the Comoé. In March I once heard the call of this species in the day time at this site but did not succeed in locating the frogs. In the late rainy season P. natalensis starts calling regularly at dusk and continues through the night. Most choruses established along water filled car tracks without any vegetation. Here males call from the bare ground or while sitting in shallow water. Population densities were always much lower than in P. latifrons and P. francisci. P. natalensis was never observed at the respective sites during the day. According Lamotte & Xavier (1966a), just a few individuals of this nocturnal species are usually captured. According to Passmore & Carruthers (1995), P. natalensis begins to call only at 1.00 h a.m. and is heard till dawn. This observation is confirmed by Bowker & Bowker (1979), at least as far as the majority of the frogs is concerned. At the Kenyan pond observed by the latter authors, the frogs thus apparently avoided P. acridoides which called in the early evening hours. At Mporokoso, Zambia, P. natalensis began calling around 1 p.m. after heavy rain (Pickersgill pers. comm.). Perhaps calling is only restricted to certain hours were they live in sympatry with other Phrynobatrachus species. In Namibia P. natalensis calls day and night in wet weather (Channing & Griffin 1993).
According to Lambiris (1988), exposed locations on the edges of the pools or plants growing in shallow water are chosen as calling sites. The frogs are usually met near open water. They are diurnal but will also call at night in periods of rainfall (Lambiris 1988b, 1989). Van den Elzen & Kreulen (1979) quote calling sites on plants, in shallow water zones and even beneath the surface. Probably they refer to a distinct cryptic species which lives in the Tanzanian upland (Pickersgill pers. comm.). In Nigeria, Walker (1968) found this species during the dry season. The frogs were usually encountered on riverbanks, i.e. far away from their savanna ponds. As he mentions neither P. francisci nor P. latifrons or P. accraensis, his statements possibly refer to one of the latter species.
Inger & Marx (1961) found that this species mainly preys on terrestrial organisms. In particular, they quote beetles, termites, bugs, spiders, flies, cockroaches, orthopterans and butterflies. Termites are reported to form the bulk of the diet during the rainy season. Noble (1924) and Loveridge (1936) likewise cite termites and ants as prey.
At Comoé National Park, this species is found both in larger savanna ponds harboring an abundant vegetation and in car tracks on the edges of forests which lack any trace of vegetation. This species apparently avoids closed rainforests (Noble 1924, Guibé & Lamotte 1963). Almost any type of habitat is quoted in the literature (Böhme 1994d); however, arid savannas with or without scattered trees are preferred (Mertens 1940, Perret & Mertens 1957b, Schiøtz 1964c, 1967, Broadley 1971, Lambiris 1988, Patterson & McLachlan 1989). Laurent (1979a) quotes both lowland and montane savannas. According to Lambiris (1988b) in Natal P. natalensis inhabits regions of up to 1500 m a.s.l. In South Africa, swamps and smaller temporary water bodies are colonized (Balinsky 1969, Passmore & Carruthers 1995). Smaller water bodies are also quoted by Loveridge (1933) and Fischer & Hinkel (1992). Poynton & Broadley (1985b) and Lambiris (1988) give contrary data. These authors report on permanent or semi-permanent waters. However, in the same publication they underline that these frogs prefer shallow water. Mertens (1955b) reports on animals found in a bat cave.
- Rödel, M. O. (2000). Herpetofauna of West Africa, Vol. I. Amphibians of the West African Savanna. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, Germany.
Populations of this species are stable (Rödel et al., 2004).
It is an adaptable species that is facing only local threats (Rödel et al., 2004).
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions and Management
It occurs in many protected areas (Rödel et al., 2004).
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
In Burkino Faso, P. natalensis is one of many frog species that are traded or consumed as a source of animal protein. Frogs are an integral part of the economy in areas with large frog populations because villagers are employed to catch and prepare frogs, and because they are an "important international trading item." Aside from their value as an essential food source, frogs and, more commonly, toads may also be used for cultural reasons and as traditional medicine in areas where Western medicine is not available (Mohneke, 2010).
Natal dwarf puddle frog
The Natal dwarf puddle frog (Phrynobatrachus natalensis) is a species of frog in the Phrynobatrachidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burkina Faso, Chad, Lesotho, and Mauritania.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, heavily degraded former forest, ponds, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
The Natal dwarf puddle frog is a small frog with a rounded snout and warty skin, growing to a snout-to-vent length of about 25 to 31 mm (1.0 to 1.2 in). The digits do not have enlarged tips and the fingers are unwebbed. It has a uniformly coloured greenish or brownish dorsal surface, slightly darker around the warts, and a whitish belly. The male has a prominent white-spotted, black vocal sac on the throat during the breeding season.[2]
The Natal dwarf puddle frog feeds on a variety of invertebrates including beetles, termites, bugs, flies, cockroaches, grasshoppers, butterflies and spiders. Termites may be the most-frequently eaten food item.
This frog breeds in the rainy season. At this time, males call and both sexes aggregate at ponds, streams, marshes, puddles, water accumulated in wheel ruts, pools and other wet locations. The eggs float and a clutch of several hundred form a raft on the surface and hatch about four days later. The tadpoles take about four to five weeks to develop to metamorphosis.[2]
The Natal dwarf puddle frog is listed by the IUCN as being of "Least Concern" as it is an adaptable species with a very wide range and its numbers appear to be stable.[1]
- ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2013). "Phrynobatrachus natalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
- ^ a b M.O. Roedel (2002-01-12). "Phrynobatrachus natalensis". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
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- Report: #9528
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: WorldCom Wireless
WorldCom Wireless1940 E Camelback Rd #A Phoenix, Arizona U.S.A.
MCI WorldCom Wireless Incompetent
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I am a WorldCom employee, working with one of the engineering groups in Texas, which makes this situation all the more unbelievable.
I was in the market for a phone for my wife when WCOM started having salesmen in the lobby on a daily basis. In thinking to myself, I had a certain security level buying wireless service from the company from which I was employed.
It was a false sense of security. I had the phone for almost a year before recieving a bill. My wife and I made repeated attempts to rectify the situation with there billing department.
Then in August, I recieved a letter that stated we where going to begin revieving three bills per month until our account was caught up.
I signed up for a monthly plan because I could not afford to pre-pay service or make a large payments once per year.
Now I am being told that I have to pay three times my monthly rate until I catch up. And the kicker is that it was there error.
I have since cancelled service and was told that I have 60 days in which to pay the balance of the account or I would be turned over to a collections agency.
In repeated attempts to speak with someone about the problems, I was on hold no less than 45 minutes for each phone call before actually talking to someone.
Of the 11 times I called, and after waiting sometimes over an hour, 9 times I was told there computers were down and they could not help me for another hour or so.
Then, when I asked to speak to a supervisor or manager on two occassions, I was refused.
Ivan, ID number 1881 refused to let me speak to a manager or supervisor on 11/26.
They were rude and unprofessional in EVERY manner of business. I have used WCOM (formerly MCI) for long distance for some time, and have never had any situation like this.
The two groups, long distance and wireless, are not associated and are as different as night and day. WCOM wireless is a poor excuse for an operation and needs to be exposed. I am visiting the BBB site next.
Please understand that I am not the only one to have this happen. Several other individuals in my department have had the same misfortune and are dealing with the same issues.
I do not have a problem paying for the service that I agreed to, but I also want to pay for it in the time frame that I agreed to. It is amazing to me that the very company that I work for allows this crooked, deceiving and unprofessional organization to continue to give its own employees and our valuable customers the shaft.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 12/18/2001 12:00 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/WorldCom-Wireless/Phoenix-Arizona/MCI-WorldCom-Wireless-Incompetent-9528. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Hi my son and I have been getting eaten alive by mosquitos lately when we play outdoors. I hate the thought of putting bug repellant all over him, does anyone know of any good organic bug repellants?
Also, are there any good sites to look for organic beauty products and home products? Perferably a reputable one!


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Martinsburg's 11th Annual Cruise night and Car Show will be April 25th from 5-8pm in Downtown Martinsburg. There will be concessions available and music & sound by Music Express. For registration information call Charlie or Cathy at 573-492-6488.
Granger Smith & Chris Janson
Music on Main
Drew Baldridge
Orschelns Remote
Sydenstricker Remote
Auffenberg Easter EGGS-travaganza
Christmas Party 2015
©2010 KWWR-FM | Triton Digital Media | Terms of Use | EEO Public File


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Welcome to Crosby School. We hope your child will have a happy and successful experience at our school.
Crosby Primary School is a family, made up of myself, the teachers here at Crosby as well as the non-teaching staff and, of course, you and your children. Every member of the family is vital in ensuring that this is a happy, caring and successful school; a positive learning environment.
Crosby is a maintained Primary School for boys and girls between the ages of three and eleven. The Nursery is situated at the Chatterton Crescent site but is part of the Primary School. There are approximately four hundred and seventy children in the main school, situated in Frodingham Road, and a further fifty two children at the Nursery.
Our school is an aspirational community where everyone is inspired, motivated and challenged to be the best that they can be.
Working with parents and carers we are committed to:
Mrs Heather Reid - Headteacher
Crosby Primary | Hosted by New Era Education | DB Primary | DB Learning Library


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In this week's editorial, KOCO 5 General Manager Bret Hensley talks about how it is too early to tell what cuts may be necessary during the next fiscal year to spend Oklahoma City's $140 million shortfall.
In this week's editorial, KOCO 5 General Manager Bret Hensley talks about a important state questions that Oklahomans should pay attention to, specifically a penny-sales tax.
In this week's editorial, KOCO General Manager Brent Hensley says it is unacceptable in these times that our law enforcement does not have the proper equipment to save their lives.
In this week's editorial, we discuss how the state needs to think about the potential consequences of opening Oklahoma gun laws.
In this week's editorial, we discuss how we have the opportunity help students in the largest district in Oklahoma.
In this week's editorial, we discuss bills that were passed that would bring much-needed reform.
In this week's editorial, we discuss some of the right actions by local lawmakers that are noteworthy.
In this week's editorial, KOCO General Manager Brent Hensley says that the state needs a fallback plan if the legislature does not pass the cigarette tax increase proposed by the governor.
In this week's editorial, we discuss school vouchers and how they will cut an already strapped educational system in Oklahoma.
In this week's editorial, KOCO General Manager Brent Hensley says the annual Red Tie Night event is bringing the discussion of HIV/AIDS to the forefront in Oklahoma at a time when it was perceived by many as taboo.
In this week's editorial, we are proud of the work the Oklahoma City Public School foundation is doing to help bring more teachers to the district who can teach bilingual students.
In our editorial this week, we advocate not only for increased teacher pay, but increased resources and retention for teachers.
We want to congratulate the newest members of the Oklahoma City Public Schools Wall of Fame. Here's how you can help Oklahoma City's public school students: http://www.okckids.com
On Halloween, KOCO joined hundreds of people participating in the Making Strides Against Breast Cancer walk in Oklahoma City. Here's how you can help in the fight against breast cancer in our state.
As we reflect on the events of last Saturday, we know words cannot explain what happened, but there are words that emerged from the tragedy.
In this week's editorial, we applaud the Oklahoma City Public Schools on their increases in testing scores, specifically in math testing.
We believe James Harrison was onto something this week when he said his kids would not receive trophies just for participating in sports. We think it waters down the competitive culture that comes with life. If kids don't learn that it takes hard work to win at all aspects of life, they will not be able to handle the hard work it takes to achieve greatness in school and in their careers.
In this week's editorial, we ask politicians to spare us the antics we continually see and give us substance and answers to move our state and country forward.
In this week's editorial, we discuss a new policy that states teachers will now be responsible for disciplining unruly kids in the classroom, which we expect to make a hard job even harder.
In this week's editorial, we wrap up the legislative session and discuss the successes of the session and the issues left undone.
Multiple news organizations have moved to sever or suspend their ties with Anthony Weiner on Monday after new reports that the former congressman was involved in another sexting scandal.
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In a headline and story Aug. 12 about WellPoint Inc., The Associated Press erroneously reported the total amount of senior notes sold by the health insurer. WellPoint's senior notes totaled $1 billion, not $100 million.
Go here to read the rest:
Correction: WellPoint notes story
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Sunday, 1:30 pm. I walk up the dirt track that leads to Moorea's answer to Old Trafford: Maharepa's Orova'u stadium, aka the Theatre of Mango Trees.
This is my first assignment as Pseuds' Corner's South Pacific correspondent and the three lovely local girls selling tickets at the top of the lane will be the first real test of my brand new accreditation.
"600 francs, please." (ED: That's around £4.29)
"Ia ora na (hello), journalists get in for free, right?"
She shakes her head.
"But I work for an international sports web site with a global readership."
She holds out her hand expectantly. I turn on the charm.
"I'm writing a report on today's game, it'll be great for the promotion of Tahitian football."
"600 francs, please."
Maybe we should print official cards or plastic badges, that always impresses the girls. I hand over my six pieces, she gives me a ticket, a cold can of soda, and a pearly-white smile. When I emerge on the plateau, I am suddenly breathless.
Nothing to do with the steepness of the slope, it's the sheer magnificence of the landscape that takes my breath away. Every time.
Moorea's volcanic cliffs tower above the stadium's single stand. Thin wisps of white cloud cling on lazily to the dark pillars of basalt. Everywhere, the lush vegetation sparkles with a fresh polish, bestowed by last night's heavy tropical rain. The pitch also has several shades of green, but in sharp contrast with its surroundings, it is nearly flat and does not have any trees growing on it.
The stand can hold a couple of hundred people and is fairly packed. Other spectators are scattered along the touchlines, sitting in the shade of mango trees, or watching from the back of pick-up trucks parked behind the goals.
No flags or flares, but plenty of flip-flops and flora, as Tahitian ladies love to wear a crown of flowers on Sundays. If the atmosphere was any more relaxed, we'd all be sound asleep.
Maharepa are hosting Pihaena in a League of Moorea play-off clash. The real match won't start for a while, but the reserves game is on. The second half is just getting underway as I walk around the pitch, saying my hellos to the spectators and substitutes that I know.
Pihaena Va'a is my new rowing club, and I have enjoyed a few kickabout sessions with some of the players here, until I realised chasing 17-year-old lads down the wing was absolutely pointless and I decided to switch to rowing for good. I am not much better at it, but at least I get to do it sitting down.
And speaking of sitting down, I join my friend Metua behind the goal.
"Ia ora na, Olivier, you've come to see Saint Etienne play Toulouse?"
He is referring to the team jerseys: the purple of Pihaena and Maharepa's green. Tahitian people love their football. Recently, satellite dishes have brought the international game into many a home and local connoisseurs will eloquently discuss Lyon's lack of an efficient striker or Chelsea's famous midfield diamond formation.
Metua informs me that we are up 1-0, but he has barely finished his sentence when Pihaena's goalkeeper does a superb Paul-Robinson-against-Croatia impression to a chorus of laughter from both sets of supporters. All square. As I said, the pitch is nearly flat.
Metua's 17-year-old son, Heiva (yes, the one who is too fast for me), plays centre forward for Pihaena. A sizable section of his dad's fisherman income has gone into a flashy pair of bright-red boots. Heiva repays him by firing a stinging 20-yard free-kick towards the bottom corner. The keeper saves but Bill scores from the rebound.
2-1 to Pihaena and Metua's smile is well worth the price of those boots. The rest of the second half is lost on me as we immerse ourselves in a conversation that meanders in and out of vital topics such as fishing, the weather, and the upcoming canoe race next weekend. Maharepa eventually equalise from a corner kick and the game ends with a logical 2-2 scoreline.
During the interval between the two games, kids invade the pitch and start kicking a ball around like they do all over the world. I make my way to the dugout to say hello to Richard, the Pihaena reserves coach. I ask him for his analysis of the game.
"I switched them from 4-3-3 to 4-4-2 when we got the lead, but we couldn't hold on. We're not very good at defending set pieces. We'll have to work on that in training."
He doesn't care much about the result, since the reserves follow the first team around and play the same fixtures, play-off or play-down, regardless of how well they do themselves. Their league table is fairly meaningless and their position won't get them promoted nor relegated as Moorea only has one level of football.
Richard is more concerned about instilling a little discipline in the young lads and getting them to show up for training regularly, and on time, a concept that can be difficult to grasp for some of the local boys. He proudly tells me about how he's dealt with the more troublesome elements in his squad.
"At least now they don't smoke pakalolo (a local marijuana) during training and I also make sure they don't have a joint before a game. Otherwise, they spend the second half gazing at the landscape. Not much I can do once the game is over, but that's a start."
As the real game gets underway, I sit with Richard and Mario, old wise head and midfield anchor of the reserves team. I ask them to explain to me how Tahitian football is organised.
The league of Moorea has eight teams, who play each other home and away. After that, the top four go into a play-off (another set of home and away games), the bottom four into a 'play-down'.
The champions get to play the following season in the league of Tahiti, the bottom team gets to play the following season with the shame.
There are also two cup competitions. La Coupe de Polynésie is contested by all Polynesian clubs, from 118 islands scattered over a maritime area roughly the size of Western Europe. A logistical nightmare, the winner of which gets into the Oceania Champions League.
Then, there is la Coupe de Tahiti, whose winner qualifies for an early round of la Coupe de France and gets to travel to France to be knocked out by a fourth division side.
Meanwhile, as we chat, we're missing a good game. Plenty at stake here: if Maharepa win, they could clinch the title with three games to spare. Pihaena must win to they keep their title hopes alive but will still have to rely on kind results elsewhere. Consequently, tackles are flying thick and fast.
The technical level isn't great but both teams are producing commendable efforts to keep the ball on the deck, and the fact that the centre circle is waterlogged from last night's rain forces some intriguing wing play.
There is some gambeta going on but the high grass and uneven surface are not helping. A couple of Zidane roulettes nearly come off and a lovely attempt at a Cruyff turn ends up with both players tangled up on all fours by the corner flag. So, 0-0 at half-time, and we can resume our conversation.
I ask Richard where the next Tahitian football star is to be found. He grimaces and tells me he doesn't see it happening any time soon. Only a couple of local players have ever made it to the top flight in France.
One being Marama Vahirua, aka the Tahitian Maradona, an attacking midfielder who was scouted by Nantes and is currently playing for Nancy.
He is famous in France for celebrating every one of his goals by going down on one knee and miming a paddle stroke in tribute to his oceanic homeland.
Richard bemoans the lack of infrastructure, discipline and proper coaching holding back Tahitian football. But above all, he cites the lack of mental toughness as the main reason why so few young players break through.
They have it too easy, here. Vahirua left Tahiti and his family for Nantes when he was 13. Can you imagine what it's like for a kid from the islands to have to get up at six to attend training in Brittany in the heart of winter? And being pitted against kids from the rough suburbs of French cities for whom a successful football career is a ticket out of hell? It takes a special kind of mindset.
Richard goes on to tell me about this young lad from Bora Bora who was scouted by French Top 14 rugby outfit Toulon. He was offered a contract on a plate but turned it down, and shunned the opportunity because he couldn't bring himself to leave his island paradise. Richard shakes his head.
"He has amazing potential but he doesn't even know it."
Back on the pitch, the second half starts with a bang. Actually, make that two bangs.
Pihaena open the scoring after an intricate move down the right wing is crisply converted by a low drive from the edge of the area. Maharepa immediately equalise through a superb, 25-yard dipping free-kick that leaves the Pihaena goalkeeper motionless. 1-1, and that's the way it finished.
Maharepa are now in a great position to win the title. Pihaena have lost all hope for this season but will take some pride from having held the future champions to a draw on their home patch.
I suppose I could have told you more about the details of the game if I hadn't so unprofessionally been side-tracked into idle conversation and gobsmacked contemplation of the landscape. I also realise that this is a very inadequate attempt at evaluating the state of Tahitian football at grassroots level.
But I will tell you one thing. From the time I got there until the end of the second match, the grass on the pitch had easily grown half an inch.
Olivier Roth
- Sports & Recreation
- Soccer
- Moorea


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- AZGreen MagazineCreative Director/Co-Publisher
Celebrate Green: Ideas for Earth-friendly and Health Conscious Celebrations
Ideas for earth-friendly and health conscious celebrations year round. Christmas gift giving to finding conflict-free diamonds for a marriag
Top News. What is the Definition of Good Green Design? Floating Pool Filters Polluted Rivers · Heroes of the Era of Antarctic Exploration ·
Scottsdale vet's dog shelter in Kosovo helps troops cope
Scottsdale vet's dog shelter in Kosovo helps troops cope, A Scottsdale man manages a dog shelter to rescue strays while providing friends fo
2 Aussies Inventors Create A Free Energy Home Generator | Wake Up World
2 Aussie inventors have created a zero point magnetic power generator using magnetic force to induce perpetual motion.It produces five times
Arizona Humane Society wants their animals "Home for the Holidays"
This holiday season, you can help save the life of a homeless animal by participating in AHS "Home for the Holidays: Give the Gift of Hope D
Legislature must get back to the work of the people
Legislature must get back to the work of the people, Chad Campbell: During our centennial year, the state Legislature has a chance to get th
Buffett investment in California solar farm could boost industry
The agreement by investor Warren Buffett 's MidAmerican Energy Holdings to buy a $2-billion photovoltaic farm in San Luis Obispo County c
Strawberries can counter the negative effects of alcohol
Strawberries can counter the negative effects of alcohol
The Fish Files: Lake Sammamish Kokanee Return in Large Numbers
Like an early holiday gift, kokanee salmon have been observed by the hundreds spawning in tributaries to Lake Sammamish during the month of
Steam Ovens: Cooking Healthy and Eco-Friendly this Thanksgiving
Steam has been around for centuries- dated all the way back to ancient China. There are many benefits; faster cooking times, retention of vi
Seeds of Salvation: A Journey to the Svalbard Seed Vault
More than half million seed samples are now stored in the Svalbard Seed Vault to provide a safety net against accidental loss of diversity.


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Download the latest version of Panasonic KX-P1694 drivers according to your computer's operating system. All downloads available on this website have been scanned by the latest anti-virus software and are guaranteed to be virus and malware-free.
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text:
1471 N Arizona Ave
Chandler, AZ 85225
Is this your business? Claim it now!
Great prices and service
by Chandler Rock , 09/15/2011
I went to Chandler Rock after trying a couple other rock places. Chandler Rock was considerably lower in price ($8 a ton) on the rock I needed and they delivered it the same day. The other stores I went to said it would be 1-2 days to have my material delivered. The driver arrived on schedule and I received my materials within 2 hours of when I purchased them. I would recommend Chandler Rock to anyone.
Samples are not accurate.
by Dennis S. , 05/04/2011
I wanted to match some existing yard granite. I was told to compare my sample with their samples that were displayed just outside their sales office. I picked a color that appeared close to my sample and discussed my choice with their sales clerk about how there was enough color variation in their sample that it should work. I received 2 ½ tons that afternoon but the rock they delivered was lighter and very uniform in color.Returning to their sample, I was told that other rock had been mixed with their sample. My sales receipt said âAll Sales Finalâ. I offered to return the rock at my expense, but was told they will not take anything back. I consider this very poor customer service. Beware of their displayed samples, they are not accurate with the material you will be delivered. Beware of their âNo Return Policyâ. Somehow customers are supposed to figure out their samples are not accurate and you should know that Chandler Rock makes no effort to satisfy customer problems.


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Mobile applications are becoming increasingly popular and relevant to work in the health sciences. This guide highlights a number of mobile applications that might be of interest to health sciences students, faculty, researchers and clinicians.
Remember: while many mobile apps are incredibly helpful, they should be used in context with your knowledge of evidence-based practice. Some of the apps in this guide will connect you with official sources of health sciences-related literature made available through UW Libraries. If you have questions, don't hesitate to contact the Reference Desk at Coe Library.
This guide was originally created by Nicole Capdarest-Arest, MA (LIS) at the Arizona Health Sciences Library, University of Arizona, who gave permission to use the guide and change it to meet the needs of the faculty and students at University of Wyoming. To view the original guide, click here.
For information about iPads available for check out at Coe Library, see the iPad Quick Guide. This guide has information about checking out iPads at the Circulation Desk, an introduction to using iPads, basic iPad functions, and basic informaton on iPad apps pre-loaded on UW iPads.


text:
Zimmerman attorneys want Martin's online, cellphone infoUPDATED 4:47 PM EDT Oct 08, 2012
Attorneys for George Zimmerman file a new motion in the death of Trayvon Martin.
More Video
CommentsThe views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Miguel Vazquez: I Want Gamboa, I'm Better Than Him!
By Ryan Burton
IBF lightweight champion Miguel "El Titere" Vazquez hasn't had a chance to watch Yuriorkis Gamboa's victory Saturday night over Darleys Perez yet but says that he is very interested in facing the former featherweight champion who picked up a WBA interim lightweight title on Saturday.
"I didn't get a chance to see the fight but I knew that Perez would come with everything he had. I read that it was a difficult fight for Gamboa but that he won. I would love to face him in a unification fight," Vazquez stated.
Gamboa was an explosive fighter at featherweight but has received criticism for his performances in his past two fights which took place at 130 and 135 pounds. Vazquez is no stranger to criticism himself as he has been criticized for his elusive defense first style. He said that he doesn't pay attention to the criticism and that the art of Cuban boxing is one of the best in the world.
"I don't really pay attention to the critics. People can criticize Gamboa but all I know is that I would love to fight him. I have a lot of respect for Cuban boxing. They have a great program and produce great fighters," said Vazquez.
The 31-year-old Gamboa is promoted by 50 Cent's SMS Promotions who has worked with Vazquez's co-promoter Top Rank in the past. A fight between the two would seem to have a good possibility of coming to fruition. Gamboa has been outspoken about wanting a big fight and Vazquez said he is ready to challenge the Cuban.
"Honestly I think I am a better fighter than him. I think I am a more complete fighter than Gamboa. He always is saying that nobody wants to face him but I want to fight him and it is a fight that could be made," Vazquez told BoxingScene.com
Send questions or comments to [email protected] Follow Ryan on Twitter @ringsidewriter and tune in to BoxingScene Radio, BoxingScene's official audio on Tuesdays from 6-8PM PST. The show is hosted by Ernie Gabion, Luis Sandoval and Ryan Burton
Miguel Vasquez was in fact contacted by the Gamboa camp but they were offering peanuts and they know this is what kill it. They decided to go for an easier fight with Perez, who Gamboa was afraid to take any…Comment by MJ223 on 06-14-2013
[B]Vazquez UD..... Make it happen[/B]Comment by DannYankee on 06-14-2013
As Rigo was his daddy in the amateurs in Cuban national championships and as you all saw him against Perez the cat is out of the bag now, that he can be neutralized by defensive minded fighters because he comes…Comment by CubanGuyNYC on 06-13-2013
[QUOTE=mrpain81;13469532][IMG]http://103.imagebam.com/download/0gmL-hmuzg1tglKDG6BfUA/26020/260196867/gamboa.gif[/IMG][/QUOTE] lmao :lol1:Comment by CubanGuyNYC on 06-13-2013
[QUOTE=Heru;13469495]Gamboa is not moving back to 130 until he loses and, even then, his pride is strong enough to make him move up instead of moving down. The state that lightweight is at is that the top of the division…Post a Comment - View More User Comments (29)


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Welcome to the American Pheasant and Waterfowl Society
We are an international association of men and women who have an interest in pursuing and promoting the avocation of keeping and raising pheasants, peafowl, quail, partridge, grouse, and other upland game birds as well as, cranes, junglefowl, curassows, and wild waterfowl which includes ducks, geese, and swans.
The goal of APWS is to disseminate information, guidance, assistance, and promotion of the avocation of raising wild species of birds through our official publication, the APWS magazine and at our annual convention.
2016 Scholarship Drawing Printable Forms HERE
Click here to become a member today!
2015 APWS Photo Contest Winner


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home | about us | vision | ministries | Children's Ministry | multimedia | calendar | tithe | contact | FaceBook Page | mywcmail
Service Location Change
  Our Services location has changed due
  to safety issues with our Washougal
  Grange building. Further information
  on the status of the Washougal building
  will be available as progress develops.
Join us Sundays and Wednesdays
  in our new location for worship and
  prayer at the Fern Prarie Grange (Map it)
  1814 NE 267th Ave Camas Wa 98607


text:
A elderly Stroud Township man was killed when his John Deere tractor rolled onto him sometime Thursday, according to authorities.
The 84-year-old man, who has not been identified, was found dead in the garage of his home on Learn Road early Thursday afternoon, according to Monoe County Coroner Bob Allen.
It is believed that the man was parking the tractor in the garage, when it struck an obstruction, causing it to tip backwards.
The overturned tractor apparently trapped the man underneath.
A delivery worker noticed the scene and called 911. The man was pronounced dead at 1:47 p.m.
Location, ST | website.com


text:
Students Club
American Indian Business Association (AIBA)
President (CEO):
Alan Ashley email@example.com
April Coonsis (Staff) firstname.lastname@example.com
Al Henderson (Faculty) firstname.lastname@example.com
Club Purpose: To stimulate and produce tribal economic development. The goal of AIBA is to recruit, retain, and increase graduation rates of American Indian Students. AIBA produces tomorrow's leaders, prepares our future American Indian managers through association Activities which create experiences, insights and contacts that will give you a substantial edge over the competition.
American Indian Science & Engineering Society (AISES)
President: Jonathan Crank
Club Advisor: Chris Platero
Club Purpose:The mission of the American Indian Science and Engineering Society (AISES) is to substantially increase the representation of American Indians and Alaskan Natives in engineering, science, and other related technology disciplines.
Ancient Ceramics Club (ACC)
President: Amanda Martza
Club Advisor: John Zimmerman
Club Purpose: to provide a better understanding of different cultures and their views based on how the constructed and interpreted their cultural values and philosophies. To also help and promote awareness and participation in the Ceramic Arts as well as all Art Based Media.
Architecture Club (ARC)
President: Aften De La Cruz
Club Advisor: Samir Wahid
Club Purpose: The primary purpose of the Architecture Club is to expand the learning experiences of the students enrolled in the Pre-Architecture, Drafting/CAD program or individuals who are interested at the University of New Mexico Gallup Campus. Our Mission as a club will be attained through the following means:
- Providing an opportunity for members to meet professional architects, to visit four-year colleges offering Architecture Programs, and to attend various architecture firms, presentations and lecture series.
- Providing direct support and assistance to others who need help with Architecture, Drafting and/or CAD Program in the classroom.
- Developing and giving presentations about career field of Architecture on campus, surrounding areas if necessary, and general meetings.
- Providing a venue for interaction and networking with other Architecture Students and professionals both one-on-one and via Internet.
Asian Club (AC)
President: Gailbert Mediavillo
Club Advisor: Yi-Wen Huang
Club Purpose: To promote Asian Culture, represent a minority group on campus, represent a minority group in the city, state, and region by:
- Providing a social environment for students for students of Asian ethnicity or those interested in Asia or Asian culture.
- Promoting Asian cultures by presenting cultural events.
- Providing opportunities to students of Asian ethnicity or those interested In Asia or Asian culture to volunteer or take part in community service.
Beta Tau Psi Chapter (Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society)
President: Marcus A. Yazzie
Club Advisor: Dougherty Tsalabutie
Club Purpose: The purpose of Beta Tau Psi Chapter of Phi Theta Kappa at the University of New Mexico-Gallup campus shall be the promotion of Scholarship, the development of leadership and service and the cultivation of fellowship among qualifies students of this college.
Cosmetology and Barbering Club
President: Ivene Bahe
Club Advisor: Lorraine Marie Aguyo
Club Purpose: To provide extended education to all cosmetology student members. To also provide and enhance our endeavors as members in cosmetology, we participate Hair Shows to advance our creative and artistic skills to the Cosmetology/Barbering Program. Spa Days are also one of achievements we constantly put in hours and money to donate to Cancer Patients.
Graphic Arts Group (GAG)
President: Michelle Eriacho
Club Advisor: Artremis Yazzie
Club Purpose: The primary purpose of the AIGA Organization is to expand the knowledge of the Design and Digital Media Students. This Organization will benefit the campus as well as the local community. The AIGA will also help educate graphic artists of the ethics and practices when doing design work. GAG gives Gallup, UNM and other members of the community and gives students a chance to work with professionals.
Unidad de Estudiantes Hispanos - Hispanic Student Union (HSU)
President: Mike Madrid
Club Advisor: Nick Brokeshoulder
Club Purpose: To promote academic achievement in the Hispanic Student Community, also to promote awareness of Hispanic Scholarships that are available to our Hispanic Community of students.
Intervarsity Christian Fellowship
President: Lystra John
Club Advisor: Susan D. Gay
Club Purpose: The Purpose of IVCF/USA is to establish and advance at colleges and Universities witnessing communities of students and faculty who follows Jesus as savior and Lord: growing in love for God, Gods word, Gods people of every ethnicity and culture and Gods purposes in the world.
Journalism Club:
President: Jennifer Jones
Club Advisor: Pamela Stovall
Club Purpose: To Give Students at UNM-G a voice. To Shine light on all the roles a journalist can take, to also assist in finding writers, Photographers and various artists to work with the Campus Voice Newspaper.
Native American Student Club (NASC)
President: Darlyn Owens
Club Advisor: Nick Brokeshoulder
Club Purpose: To Support Native American Students attending UNM-Gallup through specific American Indian cultural events related to academic support. To promote cultural diversity and contributions of Native Students for this University as a whole.
Student Nurses Association:
President: Latasha Long
Club Advisor: Karessa BItsoie
Club Purpose: To promote health within our community. Raising awareness about nursing degree programs as well as UNM-Gallup. To assist with mentoring Pre-Nursing and current Nursing Students.


text:
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After i looked into it more by calling PP&L they said they have no record of such a bill and they never sold anything to NCO or JBC.. HUGE SCAM.. Do not pay them a dime, call them and tell them that. Also follow-up with your state rep abd demand action.. the more of us the do it the faster we could stop this...
Berwick, Pennsylvania
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 08/07/2004 06:37 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/JBC-Legal-Group/New-York-Pennsylvania-10001/JBC-Legal-Group-Collection-Ripoff-Scam-New-York-Pennsylvania-102607. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Opened 5 years ago
Closed 3 years ago
#15812 closed New feature (wontfix)
SortedDict.update() should accept tuples or generators
|Reported by:
|Owned by:
|Triage Stage:
|Has patch:
|Needs documentation:
|Needs tests:
|Patch needs improvement:
|Easy pickings:
dict.update() accepts dictionaries, tuples of pairs, lists of pairs, or any generator of pairs.
But SortedDict.update() only accepts dicts.
This patch fixes that. With test.
Attachments (1)
Change History (13)
Changed 5 years ago by slinkp
comment:1 Changed 5 years ago by julien
- Needs documentation set
- Needs tests unset
- Patch needs improvement unset
- Triage Stage changed from Unreviewed to Accepted
I think that makes sense. Perhaps the docs could be improved too, giving more examples about the various possibilities: http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/utils/#django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict
comment:2 Changed 5 years ago by lrekucki
Sorry for the noise, but:
getattr(dict_, 'iteritems', None) is not None
strikes me as far less readable then:
hasattr(dict_, 'iteritems')
comment:3 Changed 5 years ago by aaugustin
- UI/UX unset
Change UI/UX from NULL to False.
comment:4 Changed 5 years ago by aaugustin
- Easy pickings unset
Change Easy pickings from NULL to False.
comment:5 Changed 3 years ago by aaugustin
- Component changed from Core (Other) to Utilities
comment:6 Changed 3 years ago by ryankask
- Owner changed from nobody to ryankask
- Status changed from new to assigned
comment:7 Changed 3 years ago by ryankask
I've taken a slightly different approach here and have followed Python's OrderedDict by using MutableMapping.update (http://hg.python.org/releasing/2.7.3/file/7bb96963d067/Lib/_abcoll.py#l483).
While Python's dict does indeed take any iterable of 2-item pairs, it also takes extra keyword arguments.
I didn't document those here since it doesn't preserve ordering but I did link to Python's dict.update documentation.
SortedDict.update now behaves just like dict.update and OrderedDict.update.
Pull request here: https://github.com/django/django/pull/1158
comment:8 Changed 3 years ago by ryankask
- Triage Stage changed from Accepted to Ready for checkin
comment:9 Changed 3 years ago by aaugustin
- Needs documentation unset
- Triage Stage changed from Ready for checkin to Accepted
Please do not mark your own patches as RFC; have them reviewed by another contributor. Thank you!
comment:10 Changed 3 years ago by ryankask
This may become irrelevant if Django 1.7 switches to OrderedDict.
Is there a ticket tracking the update of that data structure or the removal of Py2.6 related code in general?
comment:11 Changed 3 years ago by aaugustin
No, there isn't, we're doing it piecemeal.
comment:12 Changed 3 years ago by timo
- Resolution set to wontfix
- Status changed from assigned to closed
SortedDict has been deprecated in 07876cf02b6db453ca0397c29c225668872fa96d


text:
I came off a course of accutane one month ago (my skin is now really oily again) I've just noticed on my left cheekbone and the side of my jaw I have loads of tiny (only visible when very close and in the right light, hence why I can't take a photo) pearly white bumps. (They aren't milia) Are these the start of whiteheads again? Also I've just noticed I have a collection of flat marks around my armpit (see photo) that literally just popped up. Worried it could be keratosis pilaris in both cases
Went Off Accutane 1 Month Ago, and Have White Bumps On My Left Cheekbone? (photo)
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Maui Banyan Condos
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This lush green property offers one and two bedroom condos with all the comforts of home. The convenient location makes it easy to walk across the street to the popular Kamaole Beach II. You will also find, within walking distance, Kamaole Beaches I and III, as well as shopping and dining options.


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Answers to your questions about gardening, energy, homesteading and other sustainable living topics.
By Vicki Mattern
beginner beekeeping, keeping bees, beekeeping, Vicki Mattern
What are some good beekeeping resources for new beekeepers?
Two books we like are Keeping Bees and Making Honey by Alison Benjamin and Brian McCallum, and The Backyard Beekeeper by Kim Flottum. (Flottum also blogs about his beekeeping; search for his name on our website to find his posts.)
Both books are good, basic how-to references — they each provide information on raising bees sustainably anywhere, and explain how to use honey and wax to make candles, beauty products and tasty treats.
Nebraska beekeeper Michael Bush has a terrific, in-depth website that includes expert advice for beginners on raising bees, as well as information on sustainable beekeeping practices, at Bush Bees Home.
Another helpful website is www.BeeSource.com, where you can find links to other beekeeping resources and organizations.
— Vicki Mattern, Contributing Editor
Above: After you have the background knowledge, beekeeping offers sweet rewards.
Photo By Janet Horton
Vicki Mattern is a contributing editor for MOTHER EARTH NEWS magazine, book editor and freelance magazine writer. She has edited or co-authored seven books on gardening, and lives and works from her home in northwestern Montana. You can find Vicki on Google+.
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United States in a Global Context
This course will situate thhe United States in a global context by considering US and non-US perspectives on key events of the twentieth century. Special focus: Public, media/arts as well as government perspectives. AMST 440L and HIST 440L are the same course.


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Social Media Strategy Cone published in the International Journal of Information Management
Our recent article about social media strategy got published in the first edition of the International Journal of Information Management of 2016. Together with Ton Spil we developed the social media strategy cone as a framework to evaluate social media strategies. Here you can read the abstract, find a link to the official publication and download the article. Read the rest of this entry »


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Definition of Bridges, Robert in English:
Bridges, Robert
(1844–1930), English poet and literary critic; full name Robert Seymour Bridges. His long philosophical poem The Testament of Beauty (1929), written in the Victorian tradition, was instantly popular. He was Poet Laureate 1913–30.
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Shuttle SB77G5 XPC - Socket 775 through Intel Canterwood
It's been a while since we have had a look at anything from Shuttle and with word just let out of their new XPC unit designed for home theater systems it looks like we can start to see some new and exciting products coming from Shuttle in the near future.
Today however we will be looking at one of their most recent XPC's which takes advantage of the latest Socket 775 processor from Intel yet is still able to run with normal DDR memory and an AGP graphics card.
We will also be seeing if we have any luck with overclocking the SB77G5 XPC here today as it is quite a common fact that the new Prescott processors are hindered with terrible heat issues which have prevented overclocking and while Shuttle have always done an excellent job with their cooling technology in XPC units, it will be interesting to see just how it holds up against the latest processor and if they do anything to compensate for the excess heat bought on by the new generation processor.
Let's begin and take a look at one of the latest XPC small form factor units to come from Shuttle.
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Doniphan's Danielle Lemek became the first four-time winner of the Nebraska Girls' Match Play Championship Wednesday defeating Hannah Thiele of Wahoo 8 and 7 in the tournament's 18-hole final. Lemek topped Thiele's older sister Haley in a morning semifinal 3 and 1.
After trading the first two holes in her final against the younger Thiele (14), Lemek won hole 3, halved hole 4 and then won holes 5-11 to close out the match. Thiele had defeated Abbie Hunke of Snyder 2 and 1 in her morning semifinal to advance.
Lemek played in five girls' match play championships, the first and fifth here at the York Country Club. Since a first round loss in 2008 she's rattled off 16 straight victories and four state titles. Fitting for her to end it at the York Country Club where it all began, with birdie none the less.


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CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK; Matchmaking, or How Conductors and Orchestras Get Together
By BERNARD HOLLAND
Published: March 5, 1998
Symphonic matrimony is rarely for life and not always for love. Odd couples abound in the relationships between conductors and the orchestras they direct. Some are marriages of convenience. Others involve a dowry of sorts. For every good coupling there are others one can't quite understand.
Christoph von Dohnanyi and the Cleveland Orchestra show us that one plus one can equal four or five: a good conductor and a fine orchestra reacting chemically into music-making higher than the sum of its parts. Esa-Pekka Salonen energizes the Los Angeles Philharmonic with his youth and progressive ways. Moving in the opposite direction, Kurt Masur's sterner tenure has put a brake on the New York Philharmonic's tendencies toward excess.
Like Mr. Dohnanyi, Mr. Masur will apparently leave his orchestra in four years. If this divorce is not quite free of dispute, his colleague's in Cleveland appears to be amicable.
But how are we to explain long-term unions like Seiji Ozawa and the Boston Symphony? The rumbles of unrest between Mr. Ozawa and his players have been heard for years, but he is celebrating his 25th season at the orchestra and doesn't seem to be going anywhere. Wolfgang Sawallisch seemed a perfect balancing weight in Philadelphia, tempering the orchestra's opulence with his sober, no-nonsense sense of style. And yet he is on his way out, perhaps voluntarily but without any undue protestation from management.
I am delighted to hear of recent successes by Riccardo Chailly and the Concertgebouw Orchestra. Yet it remains an unlikely pair: an Italian of almost flaky personality and tastes conducting a Dutch orchestra of historic conservatism? If they have over 10 seasons come to coalesce happily in some of the standard repertory, the players can sound distinctly uneasy in less standard pieces, almost to the point of unwillingness.
Why, indeed, do orchestras and their boards hire the conductors they do? The correct reason will be that players want them (although musicians often like conductors for the wrong reasons) and that enlightened management has decided that the leader and the led will be a good musical fit. Fit also applies to music directors and their local public. For the job, at least in this country, includes serious gladhanding, schmoozing and all the strategies of good public relations and salesmanship.
Some orchestras need help from within. James Levine goes to the Munich Philharmonic, inheriting a second-rate orchestra long conditioned by the dubious ministrations of the late Sergiu Celibidache. He also comes into a relatively new concert hall troubled by acoustical problems since its opening.
Mr. Levine, year by year and section by section, has built the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra into one of the best and most contented groups of musicians in the world. At the Met, his control over artistic decisions has been near total. In Munich, as an American, a Jew and the locus of rumors about his private life, he is already facing unpleasantness from the German press and public.
But up to now Mr. Levine has been primarily an opera conductor. Munich gives him an orchestra of his own and with it the opportunity to transform a bad ensemble into a good one. Reportedly, Mr. Levine could have had the Philadelphia job but refused it. Success in Germany will mean quite a triumph for all parties. I admire his courage.
Some orchestras hire conductors for what they bring with them to the marriage, either a fat personal recording contract in which the new orchestra will share, or a certain glamour that can be exploited by marketing departments. When Andre Previn came to the Pittsburgh Symphony years ago, a regular presence on public television with his new orchestra created publicity that could scarcely be bought.
There is a lot of money and the recording clout of London/Decca behind Mr. Chailly. Without them, he is still an undeniably talented man. But he is also a musician whose repertory and inclinations run against the grain of his orchestra. The Concertgebouw is probably glad to have Mr. Chailly, however. Proud but sagging in both visibility and resources, it used his dowry wisely.
Never forget as well that Mr. Ozawa is a national hero in Japan and that corporations like Sony and NEC contribute heavily to the Boston Symphony. There are gray areas of cause and effect in these matters, but it would be naive to imagine that no cause and effect exists.
Hiring a name often backfires. Philippe Entremont's engagement at the New Orleans Symphony some years ago had certainly as much to do with his nationality in a French-influenced city as it did with Mr. Entremont's zeal as an orchestra builder. When the New Orleans's fragile financial problems intensified, Mr. Entremont simply left, only to be hired by the Denver Symphony, which offered him an attractive contract and limited obligations. When that orchestra developed economic troubles, Mr. Entremont left again. The rubble in both cities has yet to be cleared.
Mstislav Rostropovich enjoyed a long and visible relationship with the National Symphony in Washington, one propelled equally by bearish personal charm and cold war politics. Taking a charismatic Russian cellist and conductor, also an eloquent rebel against Soviet Russia, and depositing him in the capital of the free world was an image too succulent to be denied.


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Intellectual Property and Open Source
A Practical Guide to Protecting Code
by Van Lindberg
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"Clear, correct, and deep, this is a welcome addition to discussions of law and computing for anyone -- even lawyers!"-- Lawrence Lessig, Professor of Law at Stanford Law School and founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society
If you work in information technology, intellectual property is central to your job -- but dealing with the complexities of the legal system can be mind-boggling. This book is for anyone who wants to understand how the legal system deals with intellectual property rights for code and other content. You'll get a clear look at intellectual property issues from a developer's point of view, including practical advice about situations you're likely to encounter.
Written by an intellectual property attorney who is also a programmer, Intellectual Property and Open Source helps you understand patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and licenses, with special focus on the issues surrounding open source development and the GPL. This book answers questions such as:
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Reviewed By Chris B (CAPE CORAL, FL) Reviewed for a 2001 Ford F-150 —5/14/2014 7:40 AM
I must confess I used the internet to see how my door panels came off but once I did the rest was very easy to swap out, These mirroes really look great!
Reviewed By Alex U (Hampstead, MD) Reviewed for a 2001 Ford F-150 —7/14/2009 8:08 PM
This roll pan was for my lightning. Looks amazing. I had my boddy shop put it on beacuse i didnt want to mess any thing up. My only dislikes about the pan is theres no pre drilled holes for a licesens plate or for tag lights. I had to custom do both of those jobs. but other wise its a really nice part for any pickup truck. 5 stars!


text:
NORTHLAKE, Ill. -- Directors of Shurfine International here will hold a special meeting Nov. 8 to discuss the cooperative's response to a lawsuit filed against the company and several individual directors by Richfood Holdings, Richmond, Va., Jerry W. Davis, chairman of the board of Shurfine, told SN last week. As reported earlier, Richfood's suit charges Shurfine and its directors with breaches of fiduciary responsibilities in a series of acts that resulted in "an inexcusable waste of ...
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The referee blows for the end of the match.
Liam Tomsett gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Jamie Menagh. Booking for Liam Tomsett for unsporting behaviour. Free kick taken by Jason Jarrett.90
John Rooney gives away a free kick for an unfair challenge on Connor Hughes. John Rooney receives a yellow card. Alex McQuade restarts play with the free kick.88
(Hyde) makes a substitution, with Rhys Day coming on for Adam Thurston.87
Michael Kay challenges Regan Walker unfairly and gives away a free kick. Josh Brizell takes the free kick. Craig Hobson goes off and Jamie Menagh comes on.84
Short corner taken by Jordan Clark. Paul Linwood comes on in place of Craig Mahon.78
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The FSU Graduate Program in Interior Design offers the Master of Science, the Master of Arts and the Master of Fine Arts degrees.
Download a copy of the FSU Interior Design Graduate Brochure.
DesignIntelligence, a yearly publication of the Design Futures Council, has ranked the Graduate Program in Interior Design at Florida State University the #1 Most Admired in a national survey of deans and chairs in the discipline. DesignIntelligence cited the FSU Graduate Program for its strong overall reputation, research and preparation of design educators. This is the third consecutive year the program has been acknowledged as the most admired in the country.
What is it like to be an interior design graduate student at FSU? Recent students offer their point of view in this video produced by Mehdi Shayan and Elisha Vincent, MS Advanced Professional interior design graduate students, and supervised by Assistant Professor Amy Huber.
The Master of Science First Professional degree is for you if you already have an undergraduate degree in a field other than architecture or interior design. This degree is a three-year program that provides all of the knowledge and skills to prepare you to practice interior design. The MA degree can be achieved by meeting the additional university language and humanities requirements.
Learn more about the First Professional Master's Degree
The Master of Science Advance Professional degree is for you if you possess an undergraduate degree in Interior Design or Architecture. There are two tracks in this MS degree:
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