text:
2016 – A Year of Exciting Changes
Ying TRSEF was launched to serve the many "orphaned" counties in NYS without direct affiliation with the Intel ISEF. Since 2006 every student has proven those counties rich with talented youth eager for actual scientific research and engineering design experiences. In 2016, our sister regional fairs are accepting those students. Ying TRSEF has successfully worked itself out of a job!
Your 2016 affiliations:
Broome, Chenango, Jefferson, St. Lawrence, Tioga, Tompkins: CNYSEF (Syracuse)
Herkimer, Lewis, Otsego: UCRSF (Utica)
Delaware, Sullivan: WESEF (Westchester)
Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Clinton, Erie, Essex, Franklin, Genesee, Niagara, Orleans, Schuyler, Steuben, Wyoming: CWSSC Central Western STANYS Science Congress (Rochester) These 14 NE, W and SW counties will register for the CWSSC using a Ying TRSEF portal to facilitate review of their safety paperwork and processing of their registrations. Your deadline for registration is February 6th.
Check out the Time Warner Connect a Million Minds Vimeo with Buffalo City Honors student Sydney Johnson representing us!
Congratulations to our 2015 students.
What a grand finale for the Ying TRSEF!
2015 Highlights:
- NASA Guest Appearances – NASA Solar Ambassador Dr. Damian Allis; Dr. Gary Scott, Chair of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering at SUNY ESF; Roots and Shoots Board member Alexandra Sheridan
- Live Skype Visits – Tony Jimenez (CEO of MicroTech); Walter O'Brien (inspiration for CBS show Scorpion); Dr. Lynn Pasquarella (President of Mount Holyoke); Dr. J. Craig Venter (founder of the Institute for Genomic Research); Dr. Richard Zare (world-reknowned laser chemist)
- Live Conference Call following the fair – Dr. Mark Clampin (NASA Project Scientist for James Webb Space Telescope)
2015 Awardees:
- Ying Scholars – $1000 scholarship recipients Scott Bollt (Potsdam High School) and Tyler Mucci (Windsor Central High)
- Intel ISEF Finalists – Scott Bollt (Potsdam High School – Third Place in Mechanical Engineering at Intel ISEF), Hakeem Salem (Buffalo City Honors), Ramzi Talhouk (Buffalo City Honors)
- National Science Foundation STEM Scholars – $20,000 OCC scholarship recipient STEM Scholar Mariah Bloise and Scholar Alternate Darienne Slocum, both Portville Central High School 11th graders
- Genius Olympiads – All three projects advanced to SUNY Oswego's international competition received honors: Sydney Johnson and Hannah Slabodkin (Buffalo City Honors) Gold Awards; Tyler Mucci (Windsor Central High) Bronze and advancement to further competition in Turkey; Truth Muller (homeschooled) Honors
- Broadcom Masters – Advanced to national competition: Adam Bollt (Potsdam Middle School), Miranda Collette (Salmon River Middle School), Aurora Golden (Ithaca City School District), Sara Sienko (Seton Catholic Central High), Meadow Tarbell (Salmon River Middle School), Danielle Testani (Seton Catholic Central High), Michael Voorhis (Windsor Central High)
Ying TRSEF RESOURCES
Fact Sheet PDF
Ying TRSEF Timeline PDF
Don't miss this Ying TRSEF video!


text:
|Sign inNews
|Make money Link codes Earnings
Questions and answers:
How to start earning? First, register for a free Basic account. If you have one already, sign in. When done, get your unique link codes and start sending traffic, or upload as much files as you can and let others download them. We don't pay for downloads, but there is a chance some users will prefer to download files in high speed thus they will purchase Premium account and you get paid for that.
How does SpeedyShare know that the subscriber belongs to you? It's simple. When people come to SpeedyShare through your link codes or when you share files uploaded within your account, a hidden tracking code (cookie) is stored in each visitor's browser. If the same browser is used to purchase Premium from us, we pay you your percentage. The tracking code is valid for 365 days, so you can make money even a year after the visitor's first visit.
How are the payments sent? Is there any minimum limit? Payments are sent upon your request. It can be monthly, weekly, or even daily, it's up to you. There is no minimum limit; you may request any amount you like, at any time you wish. We will also pay all the fees for incoming payments, so you receive exactly what you earned. Note that all earnings are held for 30 days before they can be withdrawn, to avoid fraud.
Note that all earnings are rounded up, to simplify the math. That means, if the transaction amount of a sale was $9.95, then 50% of that amount is $4.975, but we pay you $5.
Also note that if the payment includes VAT (value added tax) or high processing fees, then VAT or the fee is not included in affiliate commission. For example, if the price for Premium account is 9.95 and VAT is 21%, the user will pay 12.04 but your affiliate commission is 50% out of 9.95 rounded up, thus still 5, even if the user paid 12.04, because we have to transfer 2 to the government.
How much can you make?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Spot It! Numbers & Shapes is like Blue Orange Games' original Spot It! game only designed to introduce preschoolers to math. There are three ways to play, but the object is always the same: find two matching cards. The game includes 31 cards decorated with the numbers one through nine and an assortment of colorful shapes. There is always only one match between any two cards. Players try to be the first to find the match. Depending on the game variation you're playing, finding a match means you either get to keep the cards or discard a card. The player with the most matching cards or no cards wins. The cards and instructions come packaged in a tin canister. The game is for two to six players.
This is an easy-to-learn but challenging game because sometimes the matches are not instantly visible. Little kids especially will like the basic challenge of this game, and the excitement and learning comes from kids suddenly perceiving a match that they had not seen initially. As kids search for matches in this game, they learn to recognize single digit numbers and geometric shapes. Color recognition is also reinforced. Parents can play with the included advanced tips to explore simple arithmetic and the properties of shapes with their child.
Spot It! Numbers & Shapes is for ages 3 and up.
Blue Orange Games also makes a Spot It! Alphabet game, which is sold separately.
Shark Tank the Game
from Cardinal Games
Yahtzee: Ghostbusters Slimer Collector's Edition
from USAopoly
This That & Everything Game
from Outset Media
5 Second Rule Uncensored
from PlayMonster
Obama Llama
from Big Potato
Jack in the Box Colour Match Me
from Chalk and Chuckles
See-It? Slam-It! Game
from Logan + Lenora
Think & Learn Smart Scan Word Dash
from Fisher-Price
Scrawl Card Game
from Big Potato
Stick Stack Game
from Wonder Forge


text:
Reviewed By Jimmy T (Huntsville, AL) Reviewed for a 2012 Toyota Tundra —8/22/2016 5:08 PM
I needed an affordable (less than $300) bed cover and Tonno Pro is it. The installation was easy, about 30 minutes. The cover looks great and keeps my cargo dry. The only things I can say negative are the tie down clamps are plastic instead of metal. Also, when going over 50 mph there is a flapping noise coming from the wind pushing the vinyl covering onto the metal frame. Would buy again.


text:
- Report: #1018108
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: wayne cater
wayne cater3400 holyoke rd philadeliphia PA. philiadeliphia, Pennsylvania United States of America
wayne cater How are you doing today?Am sorry for my late reply,I told you have been very sick for a while now in my last email and recently busy traveling around Asia to get some Art Materials,so i really app wants me to cash fraudelent checks and wire western union transfers to Turkey philiadeliphia, Pennsylvania
Ripoff Report
About you?
Ripoff Report
A business' first
line of defense
on the Internet.
If your business is
willing to make a
commitment to
customer satisfaction
Click here now..
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
How are you doing today?Am sorry for my late reply,I told you have been very sick for a while now in my last email and recently busy traveling around Asia to get some Art Materials,so i really appreciate your patience.First assignment payment has been mailed out through USPS courier service and it was scheduled to deliver to you today at 1:00PM/3:00PM.Here is the USPS tracking number (9471 0036 9930 0001 1012
22).As soon as the payment (Cashier check) is delivered, you can proceed with the below INSTRUCTIONS.
Here is how to go about the transaction, the financial officer has given strict instructions that as soon as you get this payment, take the payment to your bank and deposit it.Payment will take 24hrs to clear and once the payment has cleared, have your weekly payment deducted $400 plus $50 Bonus while you have what is left over withdrawn out in cash,then take the rest of the money to a Western Union Money Transfer
office and send it to my supplier.
Below is the suppliers information where you will wire the rest of the funds to after making your deduction:
There is always a WesternUnion charge associated to this wire Service (money in minutes),have the charges deducted from the Supplier (left over) and have what is left over wired to the Supplier information and as soon as that is done, get back to me with the WesternUnion transaction details as listed below : REQUESTED DETAILS AFTER MAKING THE FUND TRANSFER.
Sender Name and Address:MTCN (Money Transfer Control Number 10 digits) :Amount Sent:Western Union Charges:
First week Salary --- $400.00Bonus --- $50.00WesternUnion transfer charges -- $50.00Supplier's Fund --- $1,950:00
I will be waiting to read back from you Asap today and i also have some other assignment for you to be done this week. I want you to be rest assured that I'll never stress you at all in any assignment given to you and i promise to pay your fee weekly as we both agreed.
Email me the details of the transfer as soon as the money is sent. I will need the MTCN number with the total amount sent to my supplier after the transfer fees is deducted from the money. When the supplier gets the money, they will ship the products (Art materials) to you. I will pick the materials up from you when I return back to the states. I want to meet up with you and talk about this job in person. How do you feel
about meeting? What is the closest coffee shop to you?
Please go ahead and get the check deposited asap today. Email me the details of the transfer as soon as the assignment is completed . I will be on the lookout for your email to confirm that the money has been sent to my supplier.
Take good care of yourself.
Kindly get back to me Asap. Best Regards WAYNE CATERText (323) 929-4091
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 02/21/2013 02:09 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/wayne-cater/philiadeliphia-Pennsylvania-19114/wayne-cater-How-are-you-doing-todayAm-sorry-for-my-late-replyI-told-you-have-been-ve-1018108. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report.
Click Here to read other Ripoff Reports on wayne cater
If you would like to see more Rip-off Reports on this company/individual, search here:Search Tips
In order to assure the best results in your search:
- Keep the name short & simple, and try different variations of the name.
- Do not include ".com", "S", "Inc.", "Corp", or "LLC" at the end of the Company name.
- Use only the first/main part of a name to get best results.
- Only search one name at a time if Company has many AKA's.
Advertisers above have met our
strict standards for business conduct.


text:
Cooking Tips & Techniques
more in Cooking Tips & Techniques
You're Invited: Celebrate Julia Child's 104th Birthday with the Time Inc. Lifestyle Brands
"This is my invariable advice to people: Learn how to cook–try new recipes, learn from your mistakes, be fearless, and above all have fun!" –Julia Child
The Difference Between Whole Wheat, Whole Grain, and Multigrain Bread
The healthiest pick might surprise you.
How to Prepare Leeks
Whether you're adding the veggie to soups, quiche, or pasta, this technique is sure to come in handy.
What You Need to Know About the Charcoal Food Trend
We asked health experts to weigh in on the craze.
10 Cooking Tricks Only a Diner Can Teach You
Steal these secrets for your own kitchen.
3 Fruit Cutting Hacks That Will Help Make Everything More Delicious
Learn how to slice and dice like a professional with these quick and easy tricks.
Everything You Need to Know About the Recent Flour Recall
Including how to stay safe when handling raw dough.


text:
Share Photo
In this Sunday, Nov. 20, 2011 photo, Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler, left, shakes hands with San Diego Chargers quarterback Phillip Rivers after an NFL football game in Chicago. Bears coach Lovie Smith says Cutler suffered a broken thumb on his right throwing hand during their 31-20 win against the Chargers. He says it happened when Cutler helped tackle Antoine Cason on an interception return in the fourth quarter. (AP Photo/Charles Rex Arbogast)


text:
Here at AV Dance Studio '81 we have top notch staff and instructors. View their profiles below:
Latest News
Winter Recital Tickets On SALEGet your "Sounds Of The Season" show tickets now at: tututix.com/AVDancestudio81 or call (855) 222-2TIX (2849) Please remember which sh...
Celebrate AmericaCelebrate America Saturday Sept 12th on Lancaster Blvd Stage on Fern we dance at 6:50pm, I will be at the stage at 6:30pm The following classes ar...
Class SchedulsThe new season will start Tuesday, Sept. 8th.
Your class scheduls are on there way to you as of Saturday Aug 29th.
See you soon!


text:
wow, check out those drawings. beautiful.
^They are indeed, thanks for sharing Pamina. They remind me of some illustrations in my fairy tale books when I was child. Yuzuru is indeed lucky to have such talented fans.
I wish I could have an iphone case like that!!!
In R&J 2.0 costume!
^As I have noted Yuzuru has very talented and creative fans . That could give Mama Hanyu's water bottle cozies a run for their money. Thanks skatefan22 for the link!
(and... his PCS from GPF onwards. )
it's been a while since my last random picture post
(what was it, like 5 days? XD ...just ignore me, I can't help it)
this is my new favorite parade picture
(I can actually hear the "I know, I don't quite get it yet either")
frowny face | seriously? | autumn leaves | casual
... (I got nothing) | ...(still nothing)
Yes, I am that cool. I really am. Always have been.
being adorable | so adorable | so very adorable
more adorable | keeps doing it
I love that scene look how her little face lights up
hahaha, thanks I'll start working on that application portfolio right away
Hello Everyone! I've been lurking around this thread long enough I think that I feel should be involve more. Yoroshiku ne!
Welcome ranran...the more people contribute here the more fun it becomes!
I think this song could bring out Hanyu playfulness and joy for a sp, maybe too young for him, but so much energy and fun like him i would love to see what he could give to this music
and Pamina, we all love your pictures posts, they always make me smile
I agree, cruzceleste It's a beautiful movie...also, if you are familiar with the movie, the scene that goes with this song in particular, I think of Hanyu; he will be doing really well and steady, and then suddenly suffers from injury or illness and everything is so uncertain and he has to fight so hard to overcome everything and find his balance again...but he always does!! (sorry I hope that made some sense, I don't think it translated very well from my mind xD)


text:
Alfonzo Rachel explains how the right-wing blew it when it comes to the Kermit Gosnell case. (Yes, you do need to watch the whole video, take notes, and get out there to do what he says we should have done!) (H/T ConservativeVideos.com and Alfonzo Rachel)Read More »
Tag Archives: Pro life
I'm a millionaire because I had an abortion
YouTube Description: This video needs no description. The title says it all. I have to concur! The only words I have are emotions… angry, and sad! This is truly what our nation has become! '…never sacrifice your son or daughter as a burnt offering." Deuteronomy 18:10Read More »
Jesus, Another Innocent Man Wrongly Convicted
Few pastimes are more entertaining than witnessing a smug, non–orthodox Jew giving instruction on New Testament theology to Christians. Last Saturday the most reverend Lisa Miller in her Washington Post 'Belief Watch' column asked readers, "Is gun ownership Christian? This puts believers at an immediate disadvantage because Christ did not spend much of his ministry discussing consumer goods. He mentions ...Read More »
All Life is Not Equal
First, on a personal note: Thank you, thank you and thank you, Mary Elizabeth Williams! What a glorious service you've done the pro-life cause. I know, that's not what you intended. But that's precisely what you've accomplished. Did I say thank you? In her jaw-dropping article, "So what if abortion ends life?" Williams – a mainstream, though uncharacteristically honest pro-abort ...Read More »
Roe at 40: A Discussion with Live Action's Lila Rose
On January 22, the United States celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case, which legalized abortion in all fifty states. In doing so, the Court usurped a developing consensus amongst the state legislatures on the issue, and violated the principle of federalism that should guide how we enact policy in this country. Nevertheless, Roe, in ...Read More »
The Miracle of Life
One amazing moment was caught by camera in Phoenix recently. Tiny and yet unborn Naveah Atkins reached out of her mother's womb and held the finger of the doctor performing her C-section delivery. The story has gone viral as people across the world ponder and admire the miracle of life. KSLA News 12 Shreveport, Louisiana News WeatherRead More »
Do Parents who Choose Life over Abortion Deserve Tax Break For Unborn Child
As the year 2012 closes, there are millions of parents across the nation who should be realizing a tax break for their unborn child. If their state follows Michigan's lead which is considering granting parents that chose preserving a child's life in the womb deserves a financial break. For several weeks Michigan GOP legislators have been seriously contemplating granting a ...Read More »
Dear Left: Conservatives Will Discuss Gun Control When the Left Agrees to Discuss Abortion Control
How many anti-gun leftists screaming for gun control would have supported the abortions of the 20 Newtown, Connecticut children had their parents chose abortion when those children were in the womb? Millions of leftists, including many screaming for gun bans. Yet, when children are murdered by-way-of guns, leftists whore out every media camera, grabbing front and center attention ...Read More »
After The Election, Pro-life Americans Find Themselves in the Minority
On May 23, 2012, Gallup released a poll that showed that people who identify themselves as 'pro-choice' was at a record low of 41%. Additionally, Americans who described themselves as pro-life, at the time, constituted 50% of the population. That nine point margin in America's ongoing culture war has flipped. Pro-choice Americans are now 54% of the population, compared to ...Read More »
USCCB Responds to Inaccurate Statement of Fact on HHS Mandate Made During Vice Presidential Debate
WASHINGTON, Oct. 15, 2012 /Christian Newswire/ — The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) issued the following statement, October 12. Full text follows: Last night, the following statement was made during the Vice Presidential debate regarding the decision of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to force virtually all employers to include sterilization and contraception, including drugs ...Read More »
Freedom of choice is a basic right, as long as you accept the consequences
I believe in Freedom of Choice as a basic Right in all personal matters, as long as you accept the consequences of your actions. Whether to engage in the act of sex is a perfect example: sex is a personal choice that can be enjoyed with whomever you please. If the choice is removed, a crime has been committed. As ...Read More »
Finally a Democrat on the Right Side of Taxes
Tim Kaine — known here as Gov. Flowmax after closing Virginia's interstate rest stops — occasionally comes down on the right side of an issue. During the Fairfax Chamber of Commerce debate between Senate candidates Kaine and former Sen. George Allen, Kaine observed that he would be "open" to the idea of everyone paying some level of federal income tax. ...Read More »
Dang! I Missed Todd Akin's Keynote Address
Life for a Comcast customer can be so frustrating. I've just gone 10 rounds with my DVR and the cable guide's "search" malfunction. And I sit here in abject defeat. My goal was to program it so I wouldn't miss Missouri Senate candidate Todd Akin's keynote speech at the Republican Convention. After all, this man has skyrocketed to the top ...Read More »
Will GOP National Convention pro-life support energize conservative voters
The country is now in the third quarter of a presidential election year that may very well determine the direction of the nation for the next quarter century in the battle to establish whether the right to life for the unborn will thrive or wither on the vine. It is clear that historic battle lines are now being drawn, and ...Read More »
Twins Born at 23 Weeks Home as AZ Defends Prohibiting 20 Week Abortion
After an unexpected critical health issue Arizona twins were born by cesarean section at only 23 weeks. The twin boys, called miracle babies, by staff at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center survived difficult challenges, including surgeries, blood transfusions and months in the Nursery Intensive Care Unit. The boys, now three months old, are home with their parents, and weigh ...Read More »


text:
Skip to: Main Content / Navigation
You are here:
New Search
Web: http://vaultconsulting.com/primary-market-research/
Company Address:
11710 Plaza America Drive
Suite 350
Reston, VA 20190
View Map
Phone: 703-652-0205
or 877-399-4004
Fax: 703-796-1200
Send E-mail: E-mail this company
Jeff Adler, Primary Mkt Res. Practice Lead
Centrac – A Division of Veris Consulting is now Vault Consulting. We offer full-service custom primary market research to strengthen decision-making for our clients working in health care/medical, B2B, industrial, consumer, intellectual property, associations and other categories. Using a consultative approach, we design and execute innovative quant/qual research in the U.S. and globally. Balancing traditional and new MR, we're a leader in deploying emerging techniques for custom solutions including: B2B mock committees (recreate interdisciplinary decision-making process and learn how to positively impact outcomes by observing key decision makers in action); virtual concept validation – simulate real-life scenarios (online or in-person) for hands-on interaction involving customer early and often to reduce risk; agile research – quick without cutting corners; video capture - an opportunity to get more out of open-ended questions. We specialize in difficult-to-reach targets, innovative and fresh methodologies and transferring best practices across industries. Vault also provides custom solutions in the areas of outsourced accounting, industry market reports and benchmarking studies.
Maureen Austen
Include this firm in my Request For Proposal (bid request).
These companies, organizations and individuals have opted to be listed in this Directory. Quirk's does not endorse these companies, organizations and individuals and makes no representations, warranties or guarantees as to, and assumes no responsibility for, the products or services provided by them. Quirk's expressly disclaims all liability for damages of any kind arising out of the use or performance of the products or services provided by those listed.
New Search
4662 Slater Road, Eagan, MN 55122 651-379-6200
Copyright 1986-2016 Quirk Enterprises, Inc.


text:
Berkeley, CAUSA
February 26, 2010
No introduction yet
Help support your Meetup
Are you looking to help out locally with good causes? Has your spiritual counselor advised you to rack up more Karma points? Or have you simply spent too much time on Twitter and need to get out more?
Whatever your reasons may be, it's time to get out and do some good! We will have volunteer activities all over the Bay Area, with a varying list of topics from helping the homeless to helping the animals.
4,530 Adventure Buddies
3,488 Givers
9,370 Freeschoolers
12,559 Friends
4,552 Writers
4,509 Volunteers
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
Club Description
To build a dialogue with public officials in order advocate on behalf of all LGBTQ citizens in the United States, to educate the Brandeis community about the fight for LGBTQ rights on a national and global scale, and to provide local outreach to the Waltham community.
General InformationWebsite: https://sites.google.com/a/brandeis.edu/brandeis-queer-policy-alliance/
Contact: Nicholas Love, Zirui Fu, Felix Tunador
Mailing List: https://lists.brandeis.edu/wws/info/qpa
Office Location: Gender and Sexuality Center
Club Status: This is a chartered club. That means that it can use University resources and can request funding from the Finance Board.
Club Administrators
Yangzirui Fu and Nick Love- Co-presidents
Laura Tretiakova and Max Close- Co-vice presidents
Brennan Hicks- Secretary
Erik Howden- Public Relations


text:
Share Photo
In this Jan. 29, 2009 file photo, an Early County, Ga. Sheriff's car sits parked in front of the the Peanut Corporation of America processing plant in Blakely, Ga., The Senate is scheduled to hold the first congressional hearing on the national salmonella outbreak Thursday as lawmakers are vowing to press for stronger food safety laws and more money for inspections. The Georgia peanut-processing plant that produces just 1 percent of U.S. peanut products is being blamed for the salmonella outbreak that has sickened at least 550 people, eight of whom have died. (AP Photo/Ric Feld, File)


text:
Skip to comments.Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for Syrian rebels
Posted on 08/01/2012 4:20:00 PM PDT by Perdogg
President Barack Obama has signed a secret order authorizing U.S. support for rebels seeking to depose Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and his government, U.S. sources familiar with the matter said.
(Excerpt) Read more at reuters.com ...
How "secret" is it if it is being splashed all over the internet. You have to wonder about the IQ of journalists. Then again...no you don't.
What a secret, huh?
How nice.
Leaking from behind!
Obama has a choice between the bad, the worse and staying out and picks the side that will be a threat to the US. Obama is expanding the drive for the Greater Caliphate and will get a lot of Christians killed in Syria and Egypt, and then the transnational Islamists will move against Europe and the US.
Shhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!!!! it's a secret.
"He is the one we have been waiting for" - Louis Farrakhan, Nation of Islam
The "October surprise" is most likely an Islamist attack on US soil sponsored by Obama's Al Queda soldiers.
Remember the "truthers"? Then remember how liberals love to project their intentions. This is just the kind of crap he would use to retain power - killing Americans means NOTHING to him.
One wonders if he will renounce his citizenship and move there. After all, if he loses, Moochele won't be proud of her country any more.
I guess it's not a secret anymore.
It would be a secret if the fraudster in chief didn't use it to try to bolster his tough guy image on foreign policy. Everything is about him and his reelection.
US has a very bad track record of supporting one type of terrorists over another type. Is anyone expecting any different this time around?
The best thing to do is wait it out and arm Israel.
If youd like to be on or off, please FR mail me.
Secretly? Seriously? This is secretly?
This Resident is such a glory hound.
Hey Mr. Resident, secretly means it takes place and we don't know about it. You know, like all the private info about the Osama Bin Laden hit. That stuff is supposed to be top security, eyes only. Only a nine year old child would let that out. And sure enough, you did.
"I just made another gutsy call,
but you didn't hear it from me!"
If the world isn't careful, this could happen when its least expected,
Isaiah 27:13
"And it shall come to pass in that day, that the great trumpet shall be blown, and they shall come which were ready to perish in the land of Assyria, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt, and shall worship the Lord in the holy mount at Jerusalem."
This is garbage. This damned idiot is getting us into a war where we have no interest in helping EITHER side. And does anyone ever stop and think? As we depose and kill leaders across the middle east, that someone might want some revenge?
Obama is of course, endangering himself, but typical for this SOB, he is endangering the people in our government who are far less protected than he.
We are way out on thin ice here, november cannot come fast enough.
It'a a double secrat authorization!
And it's your fault for trusting him, anyway!
300 word edit from my soon-to-be-nuked/frozen thread:
President Barack Obama has signed a secret order authorizing U.S. support for rebels seeking to depose Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and his government, U.S. sources familiar with the matter said.
...officials have said that there have been noticeable improvements in the coherence and effectiveness of Syrian rebel groups in the past few weeks ... previously characterized Assad's opponents as a disorganized, almost chaotic, rabble.
...[A]long with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, Turkey had established a secret base ... in Adana, a city in southern Turkey about 60 miles from the Syrian border, which is also home to Incirlik, a U.S. air base where U.S. military and intelligence agencies maintain a substantial presence.
NBC News reported that the Free Syrian Army had obtained nearly two dozen surface-to-air missiles, weapons that could be used against Assad's ... aircraft. Syrian ... forces have employed such air power more extensively in recent days.
U.S. government sources said they could not confirm the MANPADs deliveries, but could not rule them out either.
... memoranda would have to be signed by Obama to authorize other specific clandestine operations to support Syrian rebels.
The State Department said ... the U.S. government had set aside a total of $25 million for "non-lethal" assistance to the Syrian opposition. A U.S. official said that was mostly for communications equipment, including encrypted radios.
Some U.S. lawmakers, such as Republican Senators John McCain and Lindsey Graham, have criticized Obama for moving too slowly to assist the rebels and have suggested the U.S. government become directly involved in arming Assad's opponents.
While U.S. and allied government experts believe that the Syrian rebels have been making some progress against Assad's forces lately, most believe the conflict ... could go on for years.
This should piss off Obama's Chinese and Russian masters.
Obviously the joint chiefs don't mean squat, that or they're in the tank with brother zero. Where's Congress?
President Barack Obama has signed a secret order authorizing U.S. support for rebels...Zero's going to help 'em? Those poor rebel bastards.
Has any one noticed we have been supporting the enemy?
Why is that in the best interests of our sovereign nation?
Is "The One" bucking for another cold war with the Russians?
wake up Congress...because we voters will replace ALL of you next...
Exactly. Obama has the blood of a lot of Christians on his hands already and it's only going to get worse.
At least he's consistent.
What do they plan to do with Saddam Hussein's WMDs?
Barack Obama's entire foreign policy for the last 3.5 years has been pro-Communist imperialist, pro-Islamic imperialist.
He has sh!t on our allies countless times.
He's a bigger crapweasel than Jimmuh Carter was.
This is just a CIA op right now. They dont get an opinion until Barry wanna use the SEALs.
Sshhh ! Its a secret!
And apparently the only reason he failed to support the Iranian uprising, is because their were not enough Christians for his Islamic brothers to kill in Iran.
With regards to Syria, it was fairly evident that the rebel uprising in Damascus was an orchestrated Tet Offensive type of campaign. Its climax was the terrorist bombing of the Syrian leadership. Assad was not killed and the Damascus uprising was squashed.
Now the Globalist Caliphate Media are crying about a possible massacre in Aleppo.
He had a different way to get the Iranian Christians/dissidents. They fled to an Iraqi town just across the border (cant' remember the name off-hand), where they gave up their weapons in return for a promise that they would be protected by coalition and Iraqi forces from Iranian retaliation. When the US pulled out of Iraq the Iraqi forces abandoned those unarmed people. I didn't hear whether the Iranians came in and slaughtered them, but it was the perfect setup for that very thing.
At this point any non-terrorist in these Muslim countries who actually trusts the US is nuts. We have a foreign enemy combatant in our White House and he would betray everybody he knows in order to advance his communist-Islamist agenda of destroying the US and Israel and instituting worldwide sharia.
We're asking Afghanistanis to report their terrorist neighbors, when they've seen in broad daylight how the US told the terrorists when we were going to leave Iraq and then left the terrorists to take vengeance on anybody who had trusted the government of George W Bush - not knowing the US public was evil and stupid enough to betray them by putting into our own White House a puppet of the same Soros who says he wants the US to lose the war on terror.
I have always been proud of my country, but since about this time four years ago I don't even recognize her any more. I hope and pray that Israel knows that the Lord is the only one fighting on her side at this point, and that Christians in Muslim countries know that America under Obama is no friend of freedom AT ALL.
Beware of Hosenball. He was DGI agent-of-influence Phil Agee's co-worker before they were thrown out of England as security risks.
No way to know if he left the Left but he has access to a lot of classified information. Perhaps he is one of Obama's propaganda conduits.
I think he still writes for Time Magazine, or was it Newsweek?
The following is my understanding. If I'm mistaken I hope somebody will correct me.
The insurgency in Iran was genuine. But Iran is already under sharia so Obama had no need or desire to change anything there.
In Syria the people rebelling are the die-hard Islamists who seek sharia. Hence, Obama's support.
That pretty much sums it up. Another freeper on the other thread had an excellent point : that on the same day that the WH leaked that they were supplying the insurgents in Syria with missle launchers, Panetta was giving a public statement that the Syrian military needed to stay in control to secure the WMDS.
Whiskey Tango Foxtrot?
Wonderful. And if Assad is overthrown, the rebels will turn on us. But what the hell,,,as long as King Barack looks "tough."
US: Syria military must remain intact
Washington - Government forces in Syria should be held together when President Bashar Assad is forced from power, the US defence secretary said on Monday, warning that the mistakes of the Iraq war must not be repeated.
This is one of the major problems when you try to remove someone through a third party surrogate force. You really have no control of the situation on the ground. It will be far worse then Iraq. Sure, we disbanded Saddam's forces, but we replaced them with a stronger US force. In Syria, we will replace a strong force with a weak terrorist force. So Obama/Hillary's genius plan is to keep the Syrian forces together, the same forces who had their commander killed in a terrorist bombing. Another one of the brilliant DINO plans. Expect the RINO's under Romney and his right hand man McCain, to ride to the rescue and send thousands of US troops into the breach.
Thank you for the link. It is so unbelievble and disconcerting on so many levels. It's like one hand doesn't know what the other hand is doing in this administration.
Billions more taxpayer dollars wasted arming the enemy?
And on the same day as this.....
We are giving these more weapons to kill Christians with as could be predicted. Another upcoming victory for "democracy" should really help our efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Al Queda really should be armed by us, what a great idea.
It is the same as Egypt. Replace the government in Syria with an extreme Islamic one. Obama has it all planned. After Syria then it will someone else.
If The Disaster showed up dressed and armed like Rambo he still wouldn't look "tough."
He, at best, could look like a female weightlifter.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Jury selection for the retrial in Alabama's gambling corruption case starts Monday after a one-week delay caused by the death of one of the defendants.
Former Legislative Bill writer Ray Crosby was found dead in his Montgomery home on January 29. Jury selection was supposed to start the next morning, but U.S. District Judge Myron Thompson delayed it because of the death.
An autopsy report listed Crosby's death as natural from hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
Six defendants are scheduled for retrial on bribery and conspiracy charges.


text:
5 Nara Avenue Airlie Beach Qld 4802
- Sold for
$755,000Need a home loan? Just crunching the numbers for you...
- 4
- 3
- 6
Mark Beale
- 0404 498 790
- 0404 498 790
- View profile
Ray White - Whitsunday
Shop 5, 2b Reef Plaza 14/16 Paluma RoadCannonvale, Qld 4802
5 Nara Avenue Airlie Beach
It's time to sell!
Our sellers have made the decision to sell and won't wait any longer. The house itself is a one of a kind design with many architectural facets including adding another level to the top.
Built over 3 levels and the ability to live in one and rent the others the property would suit an owner wishing to use the home as a holiday home, an investor that could rent all three levels out and use as an investment property or a buyer wanting different living areas for teenagers or guests when they come to stay.
A short walk to main street shops, restaurants and lagoon, and with 4 bedrooms and potential for more, excellent ocean views and parking for 6 cars the home is worthy of your inspection and offers.
Property No. 112249959
Page Visits: 810
- General Features
- Property Type:House
- Bedrooms:4
- Bathrooms:3
- Indoor Features
- Air Conditioning
- Outdoor Features
- Carport Spaces:6
- Other Features
- Built-In Wardrobes,Close to Shops,Close to Transport,Terrace/Balcony
Floorplans & Interactive Tours
Details not provided
Thinking of living in airlie beach?
Explore the prices, people and lifestyle that's on offer.
Are you considering investing in airlie beach?
Explore growth, yield, demand and other historical insights.
The price of a property that falls in the middle of a total number of s sold over a period of time, based on listings over the preceding 12 months.
Data supplied by RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic
This information has been obtained by RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic and is subject to the following copyright:
RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic Notice/Disclaimer
© 2016 Copyright RP Data Pty Ltd trading as CoreLogic (CoreLogic), Local, State, and Commonwealth Governments. All rights reserved. No reproduction, publication, adaption, modification, public communication, distribution or transmission of the copyrighted materials in this publication is permitted whether in whole or in part. The copyrighted materials in this publication are provided for personal or internal business purposes only unless otherwise agreed in writing.
The information provided in this publication is current as at the publication date only. CoreLogic does not warrant accuracy or completeness in the information it supplies and to the full extent allowed by law excludes any liability for any loss or damage arising from or in connection with the supply or use of the whole or any part of the information in this publication through any cause whatsoever and limits any liability it may have to the amount paid to CoreLogic for the supply of such information.
Queensland Data
Based on or contains data provided by the State of Queensland (Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 2014. In consideration of the State permitting use of this data you acknowledge and agree that the State gives no warranty in relation to the data (including accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or suitability) and accepts no liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for any loss, damage or costs (including consequential damage) relating to any use of the data. Data must not be used for direct marketing or be used in breach of the privacy laws.


text:
Slow pitch very much alive
I spent last Saturday at my second of several slow pitch tournaments taking place this fall. Roughly 22 teams from North Mississippi, including New Albany and all of the Union County schools, traveled to BNA Bank Park for the annual Robertson's Sportswear Tournament. For a sport that's "dying," that's not too bad.
Despite rain throughout the day, the competition never slowed down, and there were several great games, including Baldwyn's win over Nettleton, snapping the Lady Tigers' 35-game win streak.
Several schools are making the same move as New Albany, adding volleyball and phasing out slow pitch. This makes sense seeing as there are no scholarship opportunities for slow pitch athletes unless they also play fast pitch in the spring, and there are opportunities in volleyball.
While no junior college in Mississippi plays volleyball, and the closest schools playing the sport are division one schools, the opportunity is still there, and if you haven't watched the Lady Bulldogs yet this year, you're missing a treat, as the matches are pretty exciting.
Needless to say, I support the decision made by these schools to add volleyball and phase out slow pitch, but in instances like last weekend, you can see the presence of slow pitch is still very strong. In fact, three schools in North Mississippi have added the sport this year.
I'm all for there being as many opportunities for the kids as possible, and if that means keeping slow pitch, then so be it. And it doesn't hurt that Union County is consistently in competition for state titles in the sport.
Maybe I'm contradicting myself a little bit, but last weekend opened my eyes to how much slow pitch is still alive, and as long as that's the case and I have games to go to, I'll be there.
The next big slow pitch event to look forward to this year: next weekend's Union County Tournament.
About Chris Elkins
- Urchins host Hamilton in Thursday's home opener August 25, 2016
- Macedonia news August 30, 2016
- Hurricane news August 30, 2016
- Center Hill Baptist Church news August 30, 2016
- IRS warns of back-to-school scams; encourages students, parents, schools to stay alert August 30, 2016
- Local schools do well in ACT test results August 30, 2016
- County sets public hearing for coming year's budget August 30, 2016
- Union County Health and Rehab receives top rating from CMS August 30, 2016
- American Legion to sponsor Patriot Day program Sept. 9 August 30, 2016
- Labor Day holiday to affect community services August 30, 2016
- Seth Vincent Flake: New Albany and the people behind the scenes are do...
- Jeremy Cable: They also need to allow for a more eclectic musica...
- Darren Byles: Better yet, why aren't they punished for not foll...
- Darren Byles: "According to Strawn, Union County schools receiv...
- Lego MiniFaulkner: Also worth a look: http://www.knightsgambitvineyar...
Subscribe to Blog via Email
Recent Posts
Recent Comments
- Seth Vincent Flake on RiverFest was just fine the way it was for years
- Jeremy Cable on RiverFest was just fine the way it was for years
- Darren Byles on County schools ask for 4 percent tax hike
- Darren Byles on County schools ask for 4 percent tax hike
- Lego MiniFaulkner on Internationally-known wine journalist to present program on William Faulkner and his wines


text:
Articles on this page are available in 1 other language: Spanish (22) (learn more)
Brief Summary
Mammal Species of the World
Click here for The American Society of Mammalogists species account
Range Description
Ocelots are most populous in Central America but can be found in all countries between southeastern United States (Texas, Arizona) and northern Argentina. They are found in higher density clusters in northern Central America, northwestern South America, northeastern South America, and central southern South America.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
- 2004. Cats (Felidae). Pp. 369-383 in M Hutchins, D Kleiman, V Geist, eds. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. Vol. 14, Third Ed. Edition. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
- 2008. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Leopardus pardalis. Accessed April 11, 2009 at http://www.iucnredlist.org.
- The World Conservation Union. 1996. "IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group" (On-line). Cat Species Information - Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). Accessed April 08, 2009 at http://www.catsg.org.
- Wozencraft, W. 2005. Order Carnivora. Pp. 532-539 in D Wilson, D Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World, Vol. Vol. 1, Third Ed. Edition. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations
National Distribution
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
Global Range: (20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)) Historical range: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Arizona south through Mexico, Central America, and South America to eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. Occurs in the mountains of Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru, but not on the high plateaus of southern Peru and Bolivia (Kitchener 1991); recently recorded in Uruguay (see Kitchener 1991); to elevations of 1000 m. In the U.S., currently found regularly only in southern Texas (e.g., Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, site of a recent radiotelemetry study). Occurrence in Arizona is based only on a few old records from the vicinity of Fort Verde and Patagonia (Hoffmeister 1986); documentation for these records is less than ideal.
U.S.A. (AZ, TX) to Central and South America
Physical Description
Ocelots are the largest member of the genus Leopardus. They weigh between 8.5 and 16 kg, are between 65 and 97 cm long, and males are considerably larger than females. Their pelage is shorter and less soft and thick than their close relative, the margay (Leopardus wiedii). Their ventral pelage is white and their dorsal pelage ranges from off-white to tawny-yellow to reddish-gray. Pelage coloration varies with habitat, as ocelots from arid scrub regions have grayer coats than those found in tropical forests. Entirely black individuals have been seen but are rare. Usually, ocelots have dark streaks, blotches, or rosettes arranged in small clusters around dark-colored areas that tend to run in parallel, horizontal chains. Rosettes and blotches are bordered with black and have a lighter-colored center. Ocelots have two black stripes on their cheeks, black ears with a central yellow spot, and one or two black transverse bars on the insides of the legs. Facial patterns are very distinct, permitting easy recognition of individuals. Their long tail is typically ringed, but may only be marked with dark bars on the dorsal surface. Relative to body-size, they have large paws, which is why their Spanish name is "manigordo", meaning big feet. Additionally, their fore paws are broader than their hind paws. Like other members of the suborder Feliformia, ocelots lack a third molar, have an absent or reduced postglenoid foramen at the base of the skulls, and an anterior palatine canal that passes through the maxilla. They have a concave muzzle and the dental formula is 3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1 for a total of 30 teeth. Their basal metabolic rate is approximately 0.298 cm^3 oxygen/hour.
Range mass: 8.5 to 16 kg.
Range length: 65 to 97 cm.
Average basal metabolic rate: .298 cm3.O2/g/hr.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Average basal metabolic rate: 17.368 W.
- Kitchener, A. 1991. The Natural History of the Wild Cats. Ithaca, New Yor: Cornell University Press.
- McNab, B. 2000. The standard energetics of mammalian carnivores: Felidae and Hyaenidae. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63(1): 25-54.
Length: 125 cm
Weight: 14000 grams
Size in North America
Average: 1,078 mm males; 1,022 mm females
Range: 950-1,367 mm males; 920-1,209 mm females
Average: 10 kg males; 8.8 kg females
Range: 7-14.5 kg males; 7-10.8 kg females
Diagnostic Description
Differs from the jaguar in much smaller size (jaguar is 157-242 cm in total length) and pelage spots not forming distinct rosettes. Differs from FELIS WIEDII and F. TIGRINA in being larger (hind foot longer than 145 mm vs. shorter, greatest length of skull more than 120 mm vs. shorter, length of P4 more than 12.7 mm vs. shorter) (Hall 1981). Differs from young mountain lion in having spots arranged in rows or in a chainlike pattern.
Chocó-Darién Moist Forests Habitat
This taxon can be found in the Chocó-Darién moist forests ecoregion, one of the most species rich lowland areas on Earth, with exceptional abundance and endemism over a broad range of taxa including plants, birds, amphibians and arthropods. The biological distinctiveness is exceptional, with considerable biodiversity.
There are three principal geomorphologic types in the ecoregion: alluvial plains of recent origin, low mountains formed by the relatively recent dissection of sediments from the Tertiary and Pleistocene periods, and the complexes in mountain areas consisting of mesozoic rocks. The high precipitation and the topography mean that the ecoregion includes a complex of great hydrographic basins, the most important being those of the Atrato, Baudó, and San Juan Rivers and the Micay and Patía Rivers in the south. The force of the water in many of these rivers form deep gorges cutting through the mountains, creating spectacular rapids and waterfalls in the mountains. At lower elevations, large rivers become very wide and with many meanders. Given the high precipitation in the region, it is not surprising that the soils are severely leached and poor in nutrients. Most of the ecoregion has typical laterite soils with reddish clay, although the soils are younger and less leached in some areas, especially close to the base of the Andes and in the floodplains of the major rivers. Of particular botanical interest are the white clay soils in the region of Bajo Calima in Colombia, which are associated with the gigantic sclerophyllous leafed and unusually large fruited vegetation.
Depending on the altitudinal gradient, soil water content and the effect of the sea, there are various types of vegetation that make up the ecoregion. In broad terms, in the northern part of the ecoregion, the lowland rainforests correlate to the Brosimun utilis alliance, including communities dominated by the deciduous Cuipo tree (Cavanillesia platanifolia), the Espavé wild cashew (Anacardium excelsum), the Panamanian rubber tree (Castilla elastica), Brosimum guianense, Bombacopsis spp., Ceiba pentandra, Dipteryx panamensis, and others. In the undergrowth Mabea occidentalis, Clidemia spp., Conostegia spp. and Miconia spp. are abundant. In zones that are occasionally flooded, the Cativo (Prioria copaifera) flourishes as well. In the southern part of the ecoregion, these rainforests have multiple strata, with two layers of trees, lianas, and epiphytes with vigorous growth rates. The number of deciduous plants increases in the north and south, where there is a dry season, particularly near the coast. The forests at higher altitudes, starting at 600 meters, have communities with the following species: Guamos (Inga spp.), Billia columbiana, Brosimum sp., Sorocea spp., Jacaranda hesperia, Pourouma chocoana, Guatteria ferruginea, Cecropia spp., Elaegia utilis, and Brunellia spp.
There are at least 127 species of amphibians in the Choco-Darien, including the following endemic anuran species: Isla Bonita robber frog (Craugastor crassidigitus); Kokoe poison frog (Phyllobates aurotaenia NT), found on western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental , along the Rao San Juan drainage south to the Rao Raposo; Golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis EN); La Brea poison frog (Oophaga occultator); Andagoya robber frog (Pristimantis roseus); Antioquia beaked toad (Rhinella tenrec); Atrato glass frog (Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum); Blue-bellied poison arrow frog (Ranitomeya minuta); Colombian egg frog (Ctenophryne minor), known only to the in the upper Rao Saija drainage; Condoto stubfoot toad (Atelopus spurrelli VU); Flecked leaf frog (Phyllomedusa psilopygion); LeDanubio robber frog (Strabomantis zygodactylus). An endemic salamander present in the Choco-Darien is the Finca Chibigui salamander (Bolitoglossa medemi VU).
Some other non-endemic anurans found here are: Anatipes robber frog (Strabomantis anatipes); Banded horned treefrog (Hemiphractus fasciatus); Black-legged poison frog (Phyllobates bicolor NT); Horned marsupial frog (Gastrotheca cornuta EN), known for having the largest amphibian eggs in the world; El Tambo stubfoot toad (Atelopus longibrachius EN); Elegant stubfoot toad (Atelopus elegans CR). Endemic caecilians in the ecoregion include the Andagoya caecilian (Caecilia perdita).
There are a number of reptilian taxa within the ecoregion, including: Adorned graceful brown snake (Rhadinaea decorata); the endemic Black centipede snake (Tantilla nigra); Boulenger's least gecko (Sphaerodactylus scapularis VU); the endemic Iridescent ground snake (Atractus iridescens); the endemic Cauca coral snake (Micrurus multiscutatus); the endemic Colombian coral snake (Micrurus spurelli); the endemic Dark ground snake (Atractus melas); the endemic Colombian mud turtle (Atractus melas VU); and the endemic Echternacht's ameiva (Ameiva anomala).
There are 577 species of birds recorded; Tyrannidae is listed as the most diverse avian family, presenting 28 genera and 60 species within the ecoregion. The Choco-Daroemis is a center of avian endemism of the Neotropics; moreover, according to Stattersfield, this ecoregion spans two Endemic Bird Areas, one in Central America and one in South America.
Between these two Endemic Bird Areas there are over sixty restricted range species, including the Chocó tinamou (Crypturellus kerriae VU), Chestnut-mantled Oropendola (Psarocolius cassini EN), Viridian dacnis (Dacnis viguieri), Crested ant-tanager (Habia cristata), Lita woodpecker (Piculus litea), and Plumbeous forest-falcon (Micrastur plumbeus EN). Also to be noted is the presence of the Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), the Black and white crowned eagle (Spizastur melanoleucus), taxa increasingly rare in many areas of the Neotropics, and possibly the Speckled antshrike (Xenornis setifrons EN) although one has not been recorded in Colombia since the 1940s.
The region is rich in mammalian taxa, but the larger animals have received inadequate research. These include the Bush dog (Speothos venaticus NT); Chocó tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi EN), the Baird's Tapir (Tapirus bairdii EN), the Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla VU), the Brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fuscipens CR), the Puma (Puma concolor VU), the Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis LC), and the jaguar (Panthera onca NT).
Marismas Nacionales-San Blas Mangroves Habitat
This taxon is found in the Marismas Nacionales-San Blas mangroves ecoregion contains the most extensive block of mangrove ecosystem along the Pacific coastal zone of Mexico, comprising around 2000 square kilometres. Mangroves in Nayarit are among the most productive systems of northwest Mexico. These mangroves and their associated wetlands also serve as one of the most important winter habitat for birds in the Pacific coastal zone, by serving about eighty percent of the Pacific migratory shore bird populations.
Although the mangroves grow on flat terrain, the seven rivers that feed the mangroves descend from mountains, which belong to the physiographic province of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The climate varies from temperate-dry to sub-humid in the summer, when the region receives most of its rainfall (more than 1000 millimetres /year).
Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans), Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus) and White Mangrove trees (Laguncularia racemosa) occur in this ecoregion. In the northern part of the ecoregion near Teacapán the Black Mangrove tree is dominant; however, in the southern part nearer Agua Brava, White Mangrove dominates. Herbaceous vegetation is rare, but other species that can be found in association with mangrove trees are: Ciruelillo (Phyllanthus elsiae), Guiana-chestnut (Pachira aquatica), and Pond Apple (Annona glabra).
There are are a number of reptiles present, which including a important population of Morelet's Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) and American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in the freshwater marshes associated with tropical Cohune Palm (Attalea cohune) forest. Also present in this ecoregion are reptiles such as the Green Iguana (Iguana iguana), Mexican Beaded Lizard (Heloderma horridum) and Yellow Bellied Slider (Trachemys scripta). Four species of endangered sea turtle use the coast of Nayarit for nesting sites including Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas).
A number of mammals are found in the ecoregion, including the Puma (Puma concolor), Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), Jaguar (Panthera onca), Southern Pygmy Mouse (Baiomys musculus), Saussure's Shrew (Sorex saussurei). In addition many bat taxa are found in the ecoregion, including fruit eating species such as the Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus phaeotis); Aztec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aztecus) and Toltec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus toltecus); there are also bat representatives from the genus myotis, such as the Long-legged Myotis (Myotis volans) and the Cinnamon Myotis (M. fortidens).
There are more than 252 species of birds, 40 percent of which are migratory, including 12 migratory ducks and approximately 36 endemic birds, including the Bumblebee Hummingbird, (Atthis heloisa) and the Mexican Woodnymph (Thalurania ridgwayi). Bojórquez considers the mangroves of Nayarit and Sinaloa among the areas of highest concentration of migratory birds. This ecoregion also serves as wintering habitat and as refuge from surrounding habitats during harsh climatic conditions for many species, especially birds; this sheltering effect further elevates the conservation value of this habitat.
Some of the many representative avifauna are Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja), Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), sanderling (Calidris alba), American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors), Mexican Jacana (Jacana spinosa), Elegant Trogan (Trogan elegans), Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicaudatus), Merlin (Falco columbarius), Plain-capped Starthroat (Heliomaster constantii), Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris) and Wood Stork (Mycteria americana).
Belizean Pine Forests Habitat
This species is found in the Belizean pine forests along the Central America's northwestern Caribbean Sea coast; the ecoregion exhibits relatively well preserved fragments of vegetation as well as a considerable abundance of fauna. This ecoregion comprises a geographically small portion of the total land area of the ecoregions of Belize. There is relatively low endemism in the Belizean pine forests, and only a moderate species richness here; for example, only 447 vertebrate taxa have been recorded in the ecoregion. The ecoregion represents one of the few examples of lowland and premontane pine forests in the Neotropics, where the dominant tree species is Honduran Pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis), which requires periodic low intensity burns for its regeneration. The vegetation is adapted to the xeric, acidic and nutrient-poor conditions that occur primarily in the dry season.
In the forest of the Maya Mountains, vegetation reaches higher altitudes, the topography is more rugged and crossed by various rivers, and nighttime temperatures are lower. The pine trees are larger and numerous, and the pine forest intersects other formations of interest such as rainforest, Cohune Palm (corozal), cactus associations, and others. About eleven percent of Belize is covered by natural pine vegetation. Only two percent represents totally closed forests; three percent semi-closed forests; and the remaining six percent pine savannas, that occupy coastal areas and contain isolated pine trees or stands of pine trees separated by extensive pastures. In addition to human activity, edaphic factors are a determining matter in this distribution, since the forests on the northern plain and southern coastal zone are on sandy soils or sandy-clay soils and usually have less drainage than the more fertile soils in the center of the country.
At elevations of 650 to 700 metres, the forests transition to premontane in terms of vegetation. At these higher levels, representative tree species are Egg-cone Pine (Pinus oocarpa), which crosses with Honduras Pine (P. hondurensis), where distributions overlap, although belonging to subsections of different genera; British Honduras Yellowwood (Podocarpus guatemalensis) and Quercus spp.; moreover, and in even more moist areas there is a predominance of Jelecote Pine (Pinus patula), together with the palm Euterpe precatoria var. longivaginata and the arboreal ferns Cyathea myosuroides and Hemitelia multiflora.
A number of reptilian species are found in the Belizean pine forests, including: Guatemala Neckband Snake (Scaphiodontophis annulatus); Indigo Snake (Drymarchon corais); On the coasts, interior lakes and rivers of Belize and by extension in this ecoregion there are two species of threatened crocodiles: American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and Morelet's Crocodile (C. moreletii), while observation of the Central American River Turtle (Dermatemys mawii CR) is not uncommon in this ecoregion.
Also to be noted is the use of this habitat by the Mexican Black Howler (Alouatta pigra), which can be considered the most endangered howler monkey of the genus, and the Central American spider monkey (Atteles geoffroyi). Both species experienced a decline due to the epidemic yellow fever that swept the country in the 1950s. The five feline species that exist in Belize: Jaguar (Panthera onca), Puma (F. concolor), Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), Margay (Leopardus wiedii) and Jaguarundí (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) are in appendix I of CITES, as well as the Central American tapir (Tapirus bairdii) can been seen with relative frequency. Belize has the highest density of felines in Central America. The tapir is abundant around rivers. The White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) is also present in the ecoregion.
Although most of the amphibians and reptiles are found in humid premontane and lowland forests, the only endemic frog in this ecoregion, Maya Mountains Frog (Lithobates juliani), is restricted to the Mountain Pine Ridge in the Maya Mountains. Salamanders in the ecoregion are represented by the Alta Verapaz Salamander (Bolitoglossa dofleini NT), whose males are arboreal, while females live under logs. Anuran taxa found in the ecoregion include: Rio Grande Frog (Lithobates berlandieri); Sabinal Frog (Leptodactylus melanonotus); Northern Sheep Frog (Hypopachus variolosus); Stauffer's Long-nosed Treefrog (Scinax staufferi); and Tungara Treefrog (Engystomops pustulosus).
Present in the ecoregion are a number of avian species, including the endangered Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot (Amazona oratrix EN), although this bird is adversely affected by ongoing habitat destruction. Of particular interest is the presence in this ecoregion of Central America's highest procreative colony of Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria), a large migratory bird, particularly in the Crooked Tree sanctuary, on the country's northern plains.
Rio Negro-Rio San Sun Mangroves Habitat
This taxon occurs in the Rio Negro-Rio San Sun mangroves, which consists of a disjunctive coastal ecoregion in parts of Costa Rica, extending to the north slightly into Nicaragua and south marginally into Panama. Furthermore, this species is not necessarily restricted to this ecoregion. Mangroves are sparse in this ecoregion, and are chiefly found in estuarine lagoons and small patches at river mouths growing in association with certain freshwater palm species such as the Yolillo Palm (Raphia taedigera), which taxon has some saline soil tolerance, and is deemed a basic element of the mangrove forest here. These mangrove communities are also part of a mosaic of several habitats that include mixed rainforest, wooded swamps, coastal wetlands, estuarine lagoons, sand backshores and beaches, sea-grasses, and coral reefs.
The paucity of mangroves here is a result of the robust influx of freshwater to the coastline ocean zone of this ecoregion. Among the highest rates of rainfall in the world, this ecoregion receives over six metres (m) a year at the Nicaragua/ Costa Rica national border. Peak rainfall occurs in the warmest months, usually between May and September. A relatively dry season occurs from January to April, which months coincides with stronger tradewinds. Tides are semi-diurnal and have a range of less than one half metre.
Mangroves play an important role in trapping sediments from land that are detrimental to the development of both coral reefs and sea grasses that are associated with them. Mangrove species including Rhizopora mangle, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, Conocarpus erecta and R. harrisonii grow alone the salinity gradient in appropriate areas. Uncommon occurrences of Pelliciera rhizophorae and other plant species associated with mangroves include Leather ferns Acrostichum spp., which also invade cut-over mangrove stands and provide some protection against erosion. In this particular ecoregion, the mangroves are associated with the indicator species, freshwater palm, Raphia taedigera. Other mangrove associated species are Guiana-chestnut ( Pachira aquatica) and Dragonsblood Tree (Pterocarpus officinalis).
Reptiles include the Basilisk Lizard (Basiliscus basiliscus), Caiman (Caiman crocodilus), Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) and Green Iguana (Iguana iguana). The beaches along the coast within this ecoregion near Tortuguero are some of the most important for nesting green turtles. The offshore seagrass beds, which are among the most extensive in the world, are a source of food and refuge for the endangered Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Several species of frogs of the family Dendrobatidae are found in this mangrove ecoregion as well other anuran species and some endemic salamander taxa.
Mammal species found in this highly diverse ecoregion include: Lowland Paca (Agouti paca), primates such as Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata), Geoffrey's Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), White-faced Capuchin (Cebus capucinus), Brown-throated Sloth (Bradypus variegatus), Silky Anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) and Nine-banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcintus). Also found in this ecoregion are carnivores such as Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), Central American Otter (Lutra annectens), Jaguar (Panthera onca), Northern Racooon (Procyoon lotor), and Crab-eating Racoon (P. cancrivorus).
Ocelots are found in a variety of habitats, including tropical forests, savannah grasslands, mangrove forests and marshes, and thorn scrub regions. They generally live at elevations below 1,200 m, but have been sighted at 3,800 m as well. Their primary habitat requirement is dense vegetative cover. Ocelots are found in open areas only when it's cloudy or at night when there is a new moon.
Range elevation: <1200 to 3800 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Wetlands: marsh
- 1999. Carnivora: Felidae. Pp. 816-817 in R Nowak, ed. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. Vol. 1, Sixth Ed. Edition. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
- Flynn, J., G. Wesley-Hunt. 2005. Carnivora. Pp. 175-179 in K Rose, J Archibald, eds. The Rise of Placental Mammals. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
Habitat and Ecology
The ocelot is a medium sized felid (11 kg), with a litter size of 1.4 kittens (1–4), and typically nocturno-crepuscular activity, but that could also be active during daytime (Oliveira and Cassaro 2005, Oliveira 1994). Throughout much of its range (including Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica and Belize) this tends to be the most abundant cat species. The ocelot also reaches higher density estimates than its sympatric smaller species, usually >>0.15/km², and also negatively impact its small guild members. Its diet includes small mammals, birds and reptiles, but larger sized prey (>800 g), such as agoutis, armadillos, pacas, etc. are vital for the species persistence in an area. Average mean weight of mammalian prey is 1.4 kg (Oliveira et al. in press).
- Terrestrial
Comments: Habitats with good cover; when active by day, tends to keep hidden in dense brush (Emmons and Feer 1990). Inhabits dense chaparral thickets in Texas. Elsewhere, occurs in humid tropical forests, mangrove forests, swampy savannas, brushland, and riverine scrub in deserts. Where not hunted, adapts well to disturbed habitats around villages; often uses man-made trails (Emmons and Feer 1990). Mainly terrestrial but climbs, jumps, and swims well (Nowak 1991). Dens are in caves, hollow trees, thickets, or the spaces between the closed buttress roots of large trees; rarely climbs but sometimes may sleep on tree branch.
Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Home range in Texas reportedly is a few square kilometers (Kitchener 1991). In Peru, adult females occupied exclusive home ranges of about 2 sq km; male ranges were several times larger, exclusive of those of other males, and overlapped multiple female ranges; individuals often were solitary but appeared to make contact with others frequently (Emmons 1988).
Trophic Strategy
Ocelots are highly skilled hunters, tracking prey by odor trails, and have an average of 0.9 prey captures per kilometer traveled. Once a prey item is captured, they eat at the kill site and cover the remains when they are finished. Similar to other felids, ocelots are well-adapted to their carnivorous diet, shearing ingested tissue from carcasses with their carnassials, while depending on strong digestive enzymes to help break down ingested proteins.
The diet of ocelots consists of 65 to 66% small rodents, 12 to 18% reptiles, 6 to 10% medium-sized mammals, 4 to 11% birds, and 2 to 7% crustaceans and fish. Their primary prey consists of nocturnal species, including cane mice (Zygodontomys), spiny rats (Echimyidae), common agoutis (Dasyprocta), opossums (Didelphimorphia), and armadillos (Cingulata). Although most prey weighs less than 1 to 3% of their body weight, ocelots also take larger prey, including lesser anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla), red brocket deer Mazama americana, squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and land tortoises (Testudinidae).
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; reptiles; fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)
- Redford, K., J. Eisenberg, F. Reid. 1992. Mammals of the Neotropics: the Southern Core. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Comments: Feeds on various small to moderate-sized vertebrates: rodents, rabbits, and other small mammals; young deer and peccaries; birds (sometimes including domestic poultry); snakes; lizards; fishes; etc. Hunts and captures prey on the ground (Emmons and Feer 1990).
Ocelots significantly impact their environment as predators. Although they feed primarily on terrestrial vertebrates, ocelots are opportunistic hunters and prey upon many types of animals. Occasionally, they serve as prey for larger carnivores (e.g., jaguar, Panthera onca) and are host to numerous parasites.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
- Paragonimus
- Taeniidae
- Strongylida
- Toxocara cati
- Capillaria
- Spiruridae
- Aelurostrongylus
- Oncicola
- Hammondia pardalis
- Isospora
- Patton, S., A. Rabinowitz, S. Johnson. 1986. A coprological study of parasites of wild neotropical felidae.. The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 72, No. 4: 517-520.
Although predators themselves, ocelots occasionally become the prey of harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja), pumas (Puma concolor), jaguars (Panthera onca), and anacondas (Eunectes murinus). Many of the characteristics that make them great predators may be useful as antipredator defense mechanisms (e.g., camouflage, keen senses, etc.).
Known Predators:
- harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja)
- puma (Puma concolor)
- jaguar (Panthera onca)
- anaconda (Eunectes murinus)
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
- Redford, K., J. Eisenberg. 1989. Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy. University of Texas: Sandhill Crane Press.
Known prey organisms
Nasua nasua
Leontopithecus caissara
Brachyteles arachnoides
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 21 - 80
Global Abundance
Comments: Fewer than 1000 individuals of subspecies ALBESCENS (Texas and adjacent northeastern Mexico to southern Tamaulipas) are thought to survive (Nowak 1991); 100-130 individuals in Texas according to Caesar Kleberg Institute, 1983. Unknown numbers elsewhere.
General Ecology
Population density in Costa Rica was estimated at 14-25/100 sq km (Kitchener 1991). In Brazil, Trolle and Kery (2003) used capture-recapture analysis of camera-trapping data to estimate density at 2.82 independent individuals per 5 sq km.
Life History and Behavior
Leopardus pardalis has keen senses of smell and vision. It uses its sense of smell to locate, track, and approach prey as well as to determine territorial boundaries. They have acute binocular vision that is well-developed for hunting at night. Leopardus pardalis communicates with conspecifics using chemical signals to demarcate territorial boundaries and vocalizations (e.g., mews and yowls) to attract and communicate with potential mates.
Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Comments: Nocturnal and diurnal; mainly nocturnal (Emmons and Feer 1990).
Life Expectancy
In the wild, ocelots live between 7 and 10 years. The oldest known captive ocelot lived to be 21.5 years old in the Phoenix Zoo.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 7 to 10 years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 21.5 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 20.3 years.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Ocelots are solitary and polygynous, with a single male home range overlapping those of several females. During estrus, females attract potential mates by making loud yowls, similar to those made by domestic cats (Felis catus). After mating pairs are formed, ocelots copulate between 5 and 10 times daily. The likelihood of conception per estrus, which lasts approximately 5 days, is 0.6.
Mating System: polygynous
Ocelots are year-round breeders in the tropics, but autumn and winter birthing peaks reportedly occur in the northern parts of their range (e.g., Mexico and Texas). Estrus lasts 4.63 days on average, and their estrus cycle lasts 25.11 days on average. Once pregnant, females create a den in thick brush where parturition occurs. Gestation lasts 79 to 85 days, and litter sizes range from 1 to 3 kittens, with an average of 1.63 kittens/litter. Young weigh between 200 and 340 g at birth. Females are thought to have 1 litter every 2 years.
Ocelots are weaned by 6 weeks old and reach adult size at about 8 to 10 months old. Females reach sexual maturity at 18 to 22 months old and may breed until they are 13 years old. Males may become sexually mature as early as 15 months; however, spermatogenesis typically begins around 30 months. Evidence suggests that sexual maturation in males is related to territory acquisition.
Breeding interval: Ocelots typically have one to two young every two years.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 3.
Average number of offspring: 1.63.
Range gestation period: 79 to 85 days.
Average weaning age: 6 weeks.
Average time to independence: 12 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 18 to 22 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 15 (low) months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 30 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 255.5 g.
Average number of offspring: 2.
Females alone provide parental care to their young. Juvenile ocelots are weaned by 6 weeks old and begin to observe their mother during hunts a few months after birth. They are independent at approximately 1 year, but may be tolerated in their mother's home range until about 2 years old. After dispersing, juveniles must find their own territories.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
- 1999. Carnivora: Felidae. Pp. 816-817 in R Nowak, ed. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. Vol. 1, Sixth Ed. Edition. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
- 2004. Cats (Felidae). Pp. 369-383 in M Hutchins, D Kleiman, V Geist, eds. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. Vol. 14, Third Ed. Edition. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
- De la Rosa, C., C. Nocke. 2000. A Guide to the Carnivores of Central America. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Flynn, J., G. Wesley-Hunt. 2005. Carnivora. Pp. 175-179 in K Rose, J Archibald, eds. The Rise of Placental Mammals. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
- Kitchener, A. 1991. The Natural History of the Wild Cats. Ithaca, New Yor: Cornell University Press.
- The World Conservation Union. 1996. "IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group" (On-line). Cat Species Information - Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). Accessed April 08, 2009 at http://www.catsg.org.
Texas: breeds in late summer. Births occur in fall and winter in Texas and Mexico (Leopold 1959). Tropics: breeds year-round. Gestation lasts about 70 days. Litter size is 2-4 (usually 2).
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Leopardus pardalis
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
Due to their abundance and broad distribution, ocelots are list as a species of "least concern" according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Major threats to their persistence include habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade as pets and pelts, and retaliatory killings by poultry farmers. Despite this, ocelots have made a strong recovery and it was estimated that there were between 1.5 and 3 million ocelots living in 1996.
Due to their popularity in Western fur trade, ocelots were nearly extinct by the mid 1980's. Concern over their potential extinction contributed to the formation of the 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The selling of ocelot fur significantly decreased in the 1980's and is no longer considered a threat to their survival.
Once found as far east as Louisiana and Arkansas and now found only in southernmost Texas, Leopardus pardalis albescens is the only subspecies that is classified as endangered. This subspecies' declining numbers are likely the result of habitat loss, which is forcing individuals to have larger home ranges in order to support their daily prey requirements. However, larger home ranges may decrease mating opportunities.
US Federal List: endangered
CITES: appendix i
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
- 2002Least Concern
- 1990Vulnerable(IUCN 1990)
- 1988Vulnerable(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988)
- 1986Vulnerable(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1986)
- 1982Vulnerable(Thornback and Jenkins 1982)
National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N1 - Critically Imperiled
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G4 - Apparently Secure
Reasons: Widely distributed from Texas to South America; populations are reduced and/or declining in many areas, though good data are scant; threatened by continued destruction of suitable habitat, exploitation for fur, and predator control.
Status: Endangered
Date Listed: 03/28/1972
Lead Region: Southwest Region (Region 2)
Where Listed: U.S.A.(AZ, TX) to Central and South America
Population detail:
Population location: U.S.A.(AZ, TX) to Central and South America
Listing status: E
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Leopardus pardalis, see its USFWS Species Profile
Population Trend
Degree of Threat: A : Very threatened throughout its range communities directly exploited or their composition and structure irreversibly threatened by man-made forces, including exotic species
Comments: Clearing of brush for agricultural purposes has been a problem in the northern part of the range. Has declined throughout much of Central and South American range, due to hunting for fur (now curtailed compared to previous large harvests), predator control, and habitat loss.
Conservation Actions
Biological Research Needs: Determine home range area and food habits.
Global Protection: Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed
Needs: Protect suitable habitat from degradation. U.S.: continue, as needed, habitat restoration at Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, Texas.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
In regions where natural prey abundances have been significantly reduced, ocelots may kill and eat domestic fowl.
From the early 1960's to the mid 1980's, there was high demand for spotted-cat furs in Western society. During this time, a coat made of ocelot fur could sell for $40,000 (U.S.) in western Germany. Ocelots were also popular as exotic pets, costing as much as $800 per individual. After the 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the international trade of ocelots and their by-products (e.g., fur) became illegal in most countries. However, one can still buy such items at the Managua International Airport in Nicaragua or illegally on the black market.
Ocelots may be beneficial to humans by controlling rodent populations that could be considered agricultural pests.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; body parts are source of valuable material; controls pest population
Economic Uses
Comments: Formerly intensively hunted for the skin trade, prior to recent restrictions on trade and changes in socially acceptable clothing styles. Reported to be much in demand for use as a pet, a live animal selling for $800 (Nowak 1991).
The ocelot (/ˈɒsəlɒt/; Leopardus pardalis), also known as the dwarf leopard, is a wild cat distributed extensively over South America including the islands of Trinidad and Margarita, Central America, and Mexico. It has been reported as far north as Texas.[1][3] North of Mexico, it is found regularly only in the extreme southern part of Texas,[4] although there are rare sightings in southern Arizona.[5]
The ocelot is similar in appearance to a domestic cat. Its fur resembles that of a clouded leopard or jaguar and was once regarded as particularly valuable. As a result, hundreds of thousands of ocelots were once killed for their fur. The feline was classified a "vulnerable" endangered species from 1972 until 1996, and is now rated "least concern" by the 2008 IUCN Red List.
The name ocelot comes from the Nahuatl word ōcēlōtl (pronounced /oːˈseːloːt͡ɬ/), which usually refers to the jaguar (Panthera onca) rather than the ocelot.[6][7][8]
The ocelot's genus Leopardus consists of nine species similar to the ocelot, such as Geoffroy's cat and the margay, which are also endemic to South and Central America. All of the cats in Leopardus are spotted, lithe, and small, with the ocelot being the biggest.
The following are the currently recognized subspecies of ocelot:[1]
- Leopardus pardalis pardalis, Amazon Rainforest
- Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis, northern Andes and Central America
- Leopardus pardalis albescens, eastern Mexico, southern Texas
- Leopardus pardalis melanurus, Venezuela, Guyana, Trinidad
- Leopardus pardalis mitis, Argentina, Paraguay
- Leopardus pardalis nelsoni, southwestern Mexico
- Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis, Colombia
- Leopardus pardalis puseaus, Ecuador
- Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis, northwestern Mexico, southern Arizona
- Leopardus pardalis steinbachi, Bolivia
Certain ocelot subspecies are officially endangered, although the species as a whole is not.[citation needed]
The ocelot ranges from 68 to 100 centimetres (27 to 39 in) in length, plus 26 to 45 centimeters (10 to 18 in) in tail length, and typically weighs 8 to 18 kilograms (18 to 40 lb), although much larger individuals have occasionally been recorded,[9][10][11] making it the largest of the Leopardus genus. It has sleek, smooth fur, rounded ears and relatively large front paws. While similar in appearance to the oncilla and margay, which inhabit the same region, the ocelot is larger.
The coat pattern of ocelots can vary, being anything from cream to reddish-brown in color, or sometimes grayish, and marked with black rosettes. In many individuals, some of the spots, especially on the back, blend together to form irregular curved stripes or bands. The fur is short, and paler than the rest of the coat beneath. There are also single white spots, called ocelli, on the backs of the ears. Two black stripes line both sides of the face, and the long tail is banded by black.
Ecology and behavior[edit]
The ocelot is mostly nocturnal and territorial. It will fight fiercely, sometimes to the death, in territorial disputes. In addition, the cat marks its territory with urine. Like most felines, it is solitary, usually meeting only to mate. However, during the day it rests in trees or other dense foliage, and occasionally shares its spot with another ocelot of the same sex. Males occupy territories of 3.5 to 46 square kilometers (1.4 to 17.8 sq mi), while females occupy smaller, non-overlapping territories of 0.8 to 15 square kilometers (0.31 to 5.79 sq mi). Territories are marked by urine spraying and by leaving feces in prominent locations, sometimes favoring particular latrine sites.[10]
Barro Colorado Island holds the highest ocelot density recorded: between 1.59-1.74 ocelots per km2 (0.62 mi2), probably due to high number of prey, artificial lake, increased protection from poaching, and lack of large predators, such as cougars and jaguars, though they temporarily visit the island.[12][13]
Ocelots hunt over a range of 18 km2 (6.9 sq mi), taking mostly small animals, including mammals, lizards, turtles, and frogs, crabs, birds, and fish.[14] Almost all of the prey that the ocelot hunts is far smaller than itself, with rodents, rabbits, and opossums forming the largest part of the diet.[10] Results of studies suggest that it follows and finds prey via odor trails, but the ocelot also has very good vision, including night vision.
Reproduction and life cycle[edit]
Ocelots mate at any time of year, but have litters only once every other year. The female may mate again shortly after losing a litter. When in estrus, she is sexually receptive for between seven to 10 days. After mating, she looks for a den in a cave in a rocky bluff, hollow tree, or a dense, preferably thorny, thicket. Gestation lasts 79 to 82 days, and usually results in the birth of a single kitten with closed eyes and a thin covering of hair. Litters of two or three kittens also occur, but are less common. The small litter size and relative infrequency of breeding make the ocelot particularly vulnerable to population loss.[10]
Compared with other small cats, ocelot kittens grow quite slowly. They weigh around 250 grams (8.8 oz) at birth, and do not open their eyes for 15 to 18 days. They begin to leave the den at three months, but remain with their mother for up to two years, before dispersing to establish their own territory. Ocelots live for up to 20 years in captivity.[10]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The ocelot is distributed extensively over South America (including the islands of Margarita and Trinidad), Central America, and Mexico with a small population in southern Texas.[1][3][15][16] Countries in this range are: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States and Venezuela. The cat is likely extinct in Uruguay.[2]
Ocelots only inhabit areas with relatively dense vegetation cover, although they may occasionally hunt in more open areas at night. They are found in tropical forest, thorn forest, mangrove swamps and savanna, at elevations ranging up to 1,200 meters (3,900 ft).[10]
The ocelot once inhabited chaparral thickets of the Gulf Coast of south and eastern Texas, and could be found in Arizona, Louisiana, and Arkansas.[17] In the United States, it now ranges only in several small areas of dense thicket in South Texas and is rarely sighted in Arizona. On November 7, 2009, an ocelot was photographed in the mountains of Cochise County, Arizona. This was the first such verifiable evidence of the feline's presence in the state.[18] In February 2011, the Arizona Game and Fish Department confirmed the sighting of another ocelot in the Huachuca Mountains of southern Arizona.[19] Most surviving Texas ocelots are in the shrublands remaining at or near the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge near Brownsville, where only 30-35 animals remain.[20]
The remnant U.S. ocelot population in south Texas has declined from 80-120 individuals in 1995 to less than 50 in recent years, with about half of ocelot deaths resulting from automobile accidents.[21][22]
In Trinidad, habitat fragmentation, as well as direct exploitation via illegal poaching are major threats to the survival of the remnant populations of ocelots on the island. No empirical studies have been conducted to reliably estimate population status on the island. Historical records indicate that the species once existed on the island of Tobago, but it has long been extirpated there.[citation needed]
As pets[edit]
Like many wild cats, ocelots are occasionally kept as pets. Salvador Dalí frequently traveled with his pet ocelot Babou,[23] even bringing it aboard the luxury ocean liner SS France.[24]
Musician Gram Parsons kept an ocelot as a pet in the back yard swimming pool area of his family's Winter Haven, Florida, home, during his teens, in the mid-1960s.[25]
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted the ocelot in their art.[26]
- ^ a b c d Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M. & Valderrama, C. (2008). Leopardus pardalis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 22 March 2009. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- ^ a b Ocelot. The Animal Files. Retrieved on 2012-04-10.
- ^ "The Nature Conservancy in Texas – Mammals – Ocelot". nature.org.
- ^ "North American Mammals – Carnivora – Felidae – Leopardus pardalis". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
- ^ "ocelot, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. 2004.
- ^ Karttunen, Frances (1983). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 176.
- ^ Lockhart, James (2001). Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 228.
- ^ Burnie, D.; D. E. Wilson (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. New York City: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 120–129. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
- ^ Moreno, R. S.; Kays, R. W.; Samudio, R. (2006). "Competitive release in diets of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and puma (Puma concolor) after jaguar (Panthera onca) decline". Journal of Mammalogy 87 (4): 808–816. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-360R2.1.
- ^ "Comparison of noninvasive genetics and camera trapping for estimating population density of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama". Tropical Conservation Science 7(4): 690–705. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Hance, Jeremy (December 18, 2014). "Ocelots live in super densities on Barro Colorado Island". Retrieved March 2015.
- ^ Briggs, M.; P. Briggs (2006). The Encyclopedia of World Wildlife. Parragon Books. ISBN 978-1-4054-3679-3.
- ^ Trinidad. Paria Springs. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.
- ^ "News Release, March 2014 - Laguna Atascosa - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service". Fws.gov. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ^ Mammals: Ocelot The San Diego Zoo
- ^ "Rare ocelot photographed in southern Arizona". Associated Press. 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Rare ocelot observed in southern Arizona". Arizona Game and Fish Department. 9 February 2011.
- ^ "Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ Ocelot (Report). Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ Steve Sinclair (2013-10-10). "Current Sightings: Plight of the ocelot: Endangered cat's future uncertain". The Coastal Current. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ Dali with Capitain Moore and Ocelot – Vintage photo. Ecademy.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.
- ^ Huggler, Justin. "Chic ship too toxic for scrapping". ssMaritime.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-21.
- ^ "Return of the grievous angel: New bio of Gram Parsons offers tragic insights". Austin American Statesman. Retrieved 2009-11-02.[dead link]
- ^ Museo Arqueologico Rafael Larco Herrera (1997). Katherine Berrin, ed. The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueologico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York City: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01802-6.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopardus pardalis.
|Wikispecies has information related to: Leopardus pardalis
|Look up ocelot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- IUCN / SCC Cat Specialist Group: Ocelot
- National Geographic Society: Ocelot
- Ocelot Behavior & Care, by Mindy Stinner
- Ecology of the Ocelot and Margay
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: Formerly included in the genus FELIS. Included in the genus LEOPARDUS by Wozencraft (in Wilson and Reeder 1993), Murray and Gardner (1997), and Jones et al. (1997).