text:
Ready to watch this entire course?
Become a member and get unlimited access to the entire skills library of over 4,900 courses, including more Business and personalized recommendations.Start Your Free Trial Now
- Overview
- Transcript
- View Offline
- Exploring the user interface
- Creating and saving publications
- Adjusting page and print setup options
- Working with bulleted and numbered lists
- Changing the appearance of typography
- Translating text into other languages
- Aligning, layering, and formatting objects
- Inserting pictures and graphics
- Working with tables
- Creating master pages
- Using Design Checker to fix design issues
- Preparing publications for the web
- Performing mail merges
- Preparing publications for commercial print
- Previewing and printing publications
- Sharing publications with Pack and Go
Skill Level Beginner
When working with multiple objects that are combined to create the look of a single object, it may be helpful if you can take those multiple objects and combine them into one, so you can work with it, like a single object. Here is what I mean. We are going to continue to work with our catalogue here, and we are going to focus on page 1 in the top-left corner. As we hover over the graphic, you can see there is a character in the middle, the letter M, and down below, as we move around, you see the border around the outside of the graphic. Let's zoom into that. We'll just quick either one of those objects, and use our Zoom slider Plus sign to zoom right in, where we can get a good look.
I am going to go all the way up to 200%. Now when we click just behind the M, you can see that's a separate object that can be manipulated. So, for example, if we accidentally clicked and drag, you can see now the M is not centered anymore. Ctrl+Z will get us back. So to avoid moving a part of this object, it really should be combined into one, and that's called grouping. And all we have to do is make sure that both those items are selected. So we'll click the M first. Now hold down your Shift key. When you see the border around the graphic in behind, hold down your Shift key and click, and now you've got both of them selected.
You will see handles around each of the objects. Now we are going to go to the Arrange group, right here on the Home tab. You don't have to go into formatting your Picture tools or Drawing tools. It's available here in the Arrange group you'll see it right at the top right, Group. Ctrl+Shift+G is the keyboard shortcut to group these objects together. When you click Group, it's now as if the two objects are combined into one. So, for example, if we go to the M and click, we can still make changes to it - we can change the text, and so on, but look what happens when we click and drag.
The objects moved together because they're grouped together, and you're going to see these little Xs around the outside. It's is a little hint that there is more than one object that's combined or grouped into one. If at anytime you need to manipulate one of the objects separate from the others, you can ungroup them. So just clicking once selects all of the objects. Click Ungroup in the Arrange Group, and now you will see those Xs disappear, and you've got access to any of the individual objects that might need editing. When you're ready to group them back together, simply click the Group button or use the keyboard shortcut.
So that's all there is to grouping objects. It can save you a number of headaches, if you're working with multiple objects that are combined into one, and you need to move those combined objects as a single object.


text:
Wine to Water
This year, the IU East community is reading Wine to Water for the One Book, Many Voices program (we have several copies at the library available for checkout – ask at the front desk). It is the story of Doc Hendley, a North Carolina bartender who decided to go to Darfur to help the people get access to clean water. There, he repaired broken wells, had water trucked to refugee camps, distributed chlorine tablets for purifying contaminated water, and more, all while navigating the war and ethnic cleansing between the Janjaweed and the Sudanese Liberation Army in one of the most dangerous places in the world. Millions of people die each year because they don't have access to clean water … Continued

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Check out these 5 tips from the trenches on writing a great data management plan (DMP) for your next research grant proposal. These tips are based on feedback given about real-life data mangement plans! Find out more about data management plans from our web site.
The University Archives is pleased to announce that videotaped lectures from Don Knuth's computer science course Mathematical Writing (CS209), given in the fall of 1987, are now available online. The course focused on issues of technical writing and the effective presentation of mathematics and computer science. Guest lectures included Herb Wilf (University of Pennsylvania), Jeff Ullman (Stanford), Leslie Lamport (Digital Equipment Corporation) , Nils Nilsson (Stanford), Mary-Claire van Leunen (Digital Equipment Corporation) , Rosalie Stemer (San Francisco Chronicle), and Paul Halmos (University of Santa Clara). The class notes are available as a Stanford report, Mathematical Writing, and a published book.
Earlier this year, I reported on recent work the Archive of Recorded Sound (ARS) had undertaken to preserve video footage of Leon Theremin's visit to Stanford in 1991. In addition to participating in a symposium during his visit, hosted by the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), Theremin was also the guest of honor at a concert held in Frost Amphitheater on September 27, 1991 during the Stanford Centennial Finale Weekend. The video footage preserved by the ARS earlier in the year unfortunately only included part of this notable concert. It was found to be missing some key performances, including an arrangement of Rachmaninov's Vocalise, featuring Theremin's daughter Natasha Theremin playing the vocal parts on her father's instrument, accompanied by Max Mathews conducting the orchestral parts with his radio batons. This footage was presumed lost...until now.
Three new digital collections were added to SearchWorks during the month of July. This brings the total number of digital collections available in SearchWorks to 93. The collections recently added are:
Title: A tide prediction and tide height control system for laboratory mesocosms
Abstract: Software code to accompany the manuscript "A tide prediction and tide height control system for laboratory aquaria" by L.P. Miller and J. D. Long
Collection contact: Amy Hodge
Two new digital collections were added to SearchWorks during the month of June. This brings the total number of digital collections available in SearchWorks to 90. The collections recently added are:
A novel computational method of metabolic network analysis for genetic discovery
Abstract: Java scripts for re-production of the computational method being published in Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2012, 22:877–886
Collection contact: Amy Hodge
Undergraduate Theses, Department of Biology, 2014-2015
Abstract: Honors theses written by undergraduates in the Stanford University Department of Biology, 2014-2015.
Collection contact: Michael Newman
The integration of digital collections into SearchWorks means that items from collections containing digital material can be discovered in the course of searching and browsing through the totality of Stanford's vast library catalog.
For more information on depositing materials into the Stanford Digital Repository, visit our website. For questions or additional information about the Stanford Digital Repository service, please email us at email@example.com.
The Archive of Recorded Sound (ARS) recently deposited two significant collections into the Stanford Digital Repository (SDR), the Terry Smythe AMICA Collection and the Stanford Soundtrack Collection.
Researchers at Stanford are doing a lot of innovative and intriguing work. Their efforts are often highlighted in the Stanford Report, which provides readers with a brief compilation of the latest Stanford News via email each weekday. When those of us at Stanford Libraries who work on digital preservation read these articles, we immediately wonder what these researchers are doing to preserve all that wonderful research data.
Never ones to rest on our laurels, Stanford Libraries staff have been reaching out to these researchers and recommending that they preserve the data generated from these studies -- and sometimes submitted to journals as supplementary data files -- in the Stanford Digital Repository. We would hate to see all that innovative and intriguing work lost to the ravages of time!
Three new digital collections are now available in SearchWorks. These collections take advantage of SearchWorks' ability to provide users with rich discovery and access capabilities for finding and working with digital collection content.
Stanford Geospatial Center Teaching Data
Abstract: These items are intended for use in Stanford Geospatial Center teaching materials.
Collection contact: Amy Hodge


text:
4.6 out of 5
Assistant Professor, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Department: 336-716-4171
Email: email@example.com
Insurance Accepted »
Assistant Professor, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Academic: 336-713-0200 | Department: 336-716-4171
For a listing of recent publications, refer to PubMed, a service provided by the National Library of Medicine.
For a list of earlier publications, visit the Carpenter Library Publication Search.
Assistant Professor, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
Assistant Professor, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
4.6 out of 5
The overall Patient Rating score is the average of responses to the nine questions listed below. The questions are from the Press Ganey Patient Satisfaction Survey. Responses are measured on a 1 to 5 scale, where 1 represents "very poor" and 5 represents "very good."
Comments are taken from the Care Provider section of the Press Ganey Patient Satisfaction Survey. Comments are posted exactly as they are written. Comments are added weekly. To protect patient privacy and confidentiality, patient names are not included.
I had complete confidence in *Dr. Sanger.
*Dr. Sanger is fantastic!
I love this doctor's office there were all so kind to me and my family , I thank God for them
Very professional & knowledgeable! The best!
We felt rushed through and were unsure of any treatment or follow-up when we left.
dr Sabger is an excellent physician. love seeing her react with all as it's just a feel good thing. Professional, sweet, efficient and all good things. particularly now with the red bull out if the house and all related problems ( they were obvious) give! at least , this is what I observed!
Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


text:
Sieze The Day
- Height: 28m
- Ascents: 4
- Description:
Rap off carrots, clipping some bolts on way down otherwise your stranded in space. Belay off double rings at small stance..Climbs switches on at halfway mark, if you don't like mono's you won't like this
- Ethic: inherited from Point Perpendicular
Point Perp is predominantly a trad crag. There has been more bolting recently but this is a particularly contentious topic. A lot of the bolts are the traditional Aussie carrot and it would be a good idea to have at least half a dozen keyhole hangers before going to the Point for the first time.
- Tags:
Route History:
First Ascent: Rick Phillips & Paul Devine, 2012
Located in Red Riding Hood Area approx:
Long/Lat: 150.804075,-35.094188
Route Grade Citations
|Community registered grade
|Rick Phillips
Route quality
Overall quality score: 54%
Lead Styles
Comments keywords
Learn about creating circuits.
Activity Configure
Check out what is happening on Sieze The Day (note there is an unresolved system issue where ascents logged before 2010 are not displayed in the stream below). If you just want to see beta then click on view ascents with beta.


text:
Firstly this is a great little plugin and is working greatly, so many thanks for that. I am however wondering how to add extra fields to the post form? I've had a quick scan of the forum but couldn't find anything. I also checked the USP website and found the custom posts articles but this seemed to be talking about an older WordPress Version.
Now I understand that all these fields are submitted as custom fields so is it a case of hacking the user-submitted-posts.php file and adding extra fields that way or is there an easier method?
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Thank you.


text:
Definition of badminton in English:
A game with rackets in which a shuttlecock is played back and forth across a net.
Example sentences
- Norrie is a keen sportswoman who played badminton, soccer, camogie and tennis.
- He is great at almost every sport, right from table tennis and badminton to even cerebral games like chess.
- Games like badminton, table tennis, etc. are available and women have exclusive time too.
Mid 19th century: apparently named after Badminton House in southwest England, country seat of the Duke of Beaufort.
The game gets its name from the place in south west England which was the country seat of the Duke of Beaufort. Forms of the game had long existed, and were generally known as battledore and shuttlecock (the first from the same root at bat, the second, originally 'shuttle-cork' from shuttle and cork). A more competitive version of the old game was brought back by army officers from India in the 19th century and became a popular game in English country houses.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: bad·min·ton
Definition of badminton in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
Username or Email Address
(forgot?) Register
WP-Table Reloaded is outdated! Please install its successor TablePress only. Visit http://tablepress.org/ for more information.
Download Version 1.9.4
No reviews yet! Be the first to review this plugin!
RSS link for this plugin's reviews.
You must log in to submit a review. You can also log in or register using the form near the top of this page.


text:
Carl Frampton-Kiko Martinez II Will Land on BoxNation
BELFAST'S favourite Boxing star Carl Frampton gets his well deserved crack at a World Championship when he challenges former foe Kiko Martinez for the big-punching Spanish boxer's IBF World Super Bantamweight title on Saturday the 6th of September.
The event will be promoted by Cyclone Promotions at a venue in Northern Ireland to be announced shortly and is sure to capture the public's imagination with what will be one of the most intriguing rematches in World Boxing this year.
Both boxers are former European champions and both are in a rich vein of form, having knocked out their last four opponents.
Carl Frampton has been on course for a World title challenge for the past twelve months and has proven that he deserves his shot with convincing wins over the likes of Jeremy Parodi, in a European title defence, and Hugo Cazares, in a World title eliminator.
The man they call 'The Jackal' has quickly become one of the most famous sportsmen in Northern Ireland as well as one of the most feared boxers on the planet with a string of scintillating performances on his home turf.
A jubilant Frampton stated: "I'm over the moon to be fighting for a World title in my hometown, I have to thank my team for making this happen and now it is time for me to deliver. I am fully focused on September the 6th and Kiko Martinez. It's been my dream since I started boxing to become a World champion and I have worked so hard to get this far, now is the time for me to fulfil that dream in front of the best fans in the World."
Cyclone Promotions CEO Barry McGuigan is thrilled to have brought Frampton's World title challenge to Northern Ireland. "It's here! Carl Frampton will be boxing Kiko Martinez at home for the IBF World Super Bantamweight title and we are delighted! Martinez versus Frampton is one of the most exciting fights out there and what a battle it will be on the 6th of September.
Carl has proven time and again that he deserves to be a World champion and now he will get his chance to become one, in the best circumstances possible, without any options on his future and in front of his devoted home fans. Cyclone Promotions have worked tirelessly over the past couple of months to secure this fight and we are overjoyed for Carl. We are in discussions with a number of venues and we will announce the venue of the fight shortly."
I don't know lads, he looked a wee bit worried in his recent interview. Definitely knows he's got a tough task ahead, in fact I think it will be even harder on him this time around. He'll do some things…Comment by BOXEO _ on 06-06-2014
[QUOTE=junior gong;14631673]I think Frampton will make it easier second time round.[/QUOTE] :lol1: Frampton's a beast, that could very well happen.Comment by junior gong on 06-06-2014
I think Frampton will make it easier second time round.Comment by BOXEO _ on 06-06-2014
This rematch is huge, they've both improved since the first fight. Can't freakin wait.Comment by SnakeVen0m on 06-05-2014
[QUOTE=JackTheLad;14628948]Sound! Good luck with that mate, would be great if you could sort it then others in the US could get the PPV fights for next to nothing instead of paying those astronomical prices.[/QUOTE] Got it working! [url]http://www.boxingscene.com/forums/showthread.php?t=642306[/url]Post a Comment - View More User Comments (24)


text:
Skip to comments.Florida GOP excludes Alan Keyes from Orlando debate
Posted on 10/19/2007 3:48:29 PM PDT by CounterCounterCulture
October 19, 2007
Des Moines, IA In what he called "a major abuse of the electoral process," former Reagan administration diplomat and long-time national conservative activist Alan Keyes has been blocked by the Florida GOP from participating in Sunday's Fox News presidential debate in Orlando.
The Florida party used a 1% or better showing in polls from three of six polling firms as their criterion for inclusion in the event, even though none of the selected polling firms included Keyes, the latest entry in the presidential race, in any of their statewide surveys to date.
However, had Keyes been included in these polls, objective observers including staff of some of the polling firms in question agreed, based on past electoral performance in Florida, and on current polling that is taking place in other states, that he would have received a percentage meeting or exceeding the threshold.
In 2000, in the last contested GOP presidential primary, 32,354 or nearly five percent of Florida Republicans, and about one million voters nationwide, cast their vote for Keyes. He was included in the Values Voter Debate in Fort Lauderdale last month, after only three days in the race. In the post-debate straw poll, Keyes surpassed all the other candidates in the GOP field except Mike Huckabee and Ron Paul.
The Des Moines Register's Iowa Poll, the most-recognized media measure in the first-in-the-nation caucus state, was released during the time period in question, showing Keyes at 2% after only two weeks in the race, equaling or surpassing several long-time GOP candidates, all of whom received invitations to the Orlando debate.
When asked about his exclusion from Sunday's debate on the Adam McMannus radio program Wednesday, Ambassador Keyes said, "Rather than thinking about what they should be doing to make sure that voters are informed and able to get a clear idea of the choices available to them, [some party officials] are doing their best, I think, to make sure that articulation of the kind of conservatism that corresponds to what is on the heart and mind of most grassroots Republicans is not there."
In later comments, Keyes asked, "Why such an effort to assure that the so-called top-tier candidates don't have to face me? Do they fear me because they're not good enough for the job that needs to be done, or because they don't represent the conscience and heart of the Republican Party or of the American people?"
To register your opinion concerning Dr. Keyes' exclusion from this debate, call the Florida Republican Party and Chairman Jim Greer at 850-222-7920, send a fax to 850-681-2063, or email the party using the form at www.rpof.org/contact.php
You can learn more about Alan Keyes at www.AlanKeyes.com
those Barry Manilow Donations to Ron Paul really speak for Republican voters.
I would actually watch a debate if Keyes was in it.
Perhaps. He did not do anything in Illinois when he lived here long enough to loose an election ( admittedly an impossible one to win ).
He did though while loosing it destroy the respect I had for him and convince me he is a raving loon.
Thinking like that will only leave us with another "party candidate".
Lets face it, this nation is in the mess it is because of only wanting someone to win a popularity contest and not someone that has a clue.
Democrats think fat Hillary is the savior, but she is only a mouth piece, we are stuck with Bush and probable will get another carbon copy of him for next year.
People are afraid of change and getting one of the others to create the balance we need is the change needed.
Exactly! No conservatives allowed. They muck up the GOP platform.
Sorry, but that's the system the Constitution gave us. It's a popularity contest.
Terrible. I really don't know what to say other than it's an awful decision that will deprive a lot of people from hearing his right on target rhetoric. They chickened out basically.
Hmmm, Alan Keyes is running for president? The guy who GAVE the seat in Illinois to OBAMA?? Mr. Keyes, I used to support you but I can't FORGIVE you for that MORONIC move you did. You made a laughing stock out of the GOP in IL and you DAMAGED the party in the state.
Mr. Keyes, please stop making the GOP look like it is a JOKE! The Republican members of Congress is doing a fine job of it.
IN OTHER WORDS, Mr. Keyes, GET LOST!!!!
Nonsense. The Illinois race was already a disaster before he ever stepped foot there. If Illinois voters rejected Keyes, that's a reflection on the voter's stupidity and immorality.
I'm gonna compare what they SAY tonight with what they actually DID in recent history.
>> Please explain why Paul has won most straw polls and Internet polls but somehow continually places at the bottom in traditional polls?
Because the polling sample in internet polls and straw polls are not randomized or representative. A relatively small number of Paul supporters, who are unquestionably enthusiastic, can flood internet and straw polls and skew the results.
>> Also explain why there is always a large percentage that vote "undecided" in these polls.
Because they answer "undecided". Ron Paul's name was a given choice - and they still answered "undecided".
>> I don't know what polls you're looking at, but Paul's name (and the same for Hunter & Tancredo) isn't even on these polls.
Earlier in this thread I gave Paul's numbers in a half-dozen different scientific polls. His name is on the questionnaire (otherwise they wouldn't have had results to give).
>> The big polling firms such as Gallup & the networks/newspapers only poll registered or likely voters.
They do so, not by only calling those voters, but by polling all people they call as to whether they're likely to vote in the primary. Like I said, my father was polled by Rasmussen a couple of weeks ago ... their first question was "How likely are you to vote in the primary election?" ... "Very Likely, Likely, Not likely, very unlikely". That is how they determine "likely voters". I see no reason to think Paul supporters are answering that they're not likely to vote.
>> Paul's supporters are affluent yuppies and suburban types who only use their cellphones. So the poll results are flawed to the point of inaccuracy.
You've shown no evidence to support either of these sentences. You're making this stuff up in the hopes that you can discredit scientific polling that is showing Ron Paul making little headway in communicating to the public. Most of the Paul supporters I've run into are wacko college kids - not yuppie suburbanites. And, I'm a suburban voter - I know quite a few yuppie suburban people.
>> "About 13 percent of all households in the country have "cut the telephone cord" in favor of cell phones, according to federal figures released last month. That puts this group out of reach of traditional surveys that rely heavily on calls to standard landline phones."
... blah, blah, blah. None of this says anything to support the contention that the inability to reach cellular phones in polling would have a particularly detrimental effect on Ron Paul ... which, incidentally, is the contention that I called a "wild-ass guess". I know polling companies can't call cell phones ... I just don't see where that would hurt Ron Paul any more than any other candidate.
>> Can statisticians determine why one set of polls wrong but the other is right?
>> You would get a more accurate poll if more people participated in an open internet poll rather than a poll that calls people and half the time get hung up on or doesn't get an answer.
>> So that $5.3 million Paul raised last quarter? The volunteers donating their time and money to Paul?
Paul's fundraising was impressive for a bottom-tier candidate ... but lets put this into perspective. Thompson raised more than DOUBLE that ($12.7M), Giuliani doubled that ($11.6M), Romney had almost doubled that ($9.9M). Hell - John McCain ($5.7M) raised more money than Paul ... and nobody in their right mind considers McCain a "frontrunner".
Those are frontrunners. Those are "volunteers donating their time and money". Ron Paul's $5.3M was impressive because it was unexpected ... but he's still trailing the actual frontrunners by a HUGE margin.
>> (The other GOP candidates do not have this type of grassroots support)
Apparently they do. They've outraised Paul. They're outpolling Paul. Their support is dwarfing Paul's.
>> So how is Paul staying in the race then?
He's spending less than he's bringing in. He'll be around for the long haul (possibly to prepare for a 3rd party bid) ... but his support is statistically insignificant for the GOP Primary.
I completely forgot about him and did not even think about him during the debate. That seems wrong somehow. lol.
Yes, it was a disaster, but he didn't help himself in my opinion. He made a terrible situation worse. He didn't need to 'move' to Illinois, and I will never forgive him. Yes, I was a Key supporter for a long time.
You forgot this MASSIVE assumption.
He doesn't need your forgiveness for he has nothing to be ashamed of.
If you are a Christian and you harbor this negative spirit of unforgiveness, you're going to have trouble entering the kingdom of heaven.
Correction noted.
It can be somewhat difficult to catch all of his massive assumptions.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Ramada Vero Beach properties are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Ramada hotel rates in Vero Beach, FL for your business gathering or personal travels. We list the best Ramada Vero Beach venues so you can review the Vero Beach Ramada hotel list below to find the perfect place.
This service will also list Vero Beach, FL hotels & motels that get similar quality scores of a Ramada.Booking a group or meeting? Get bids from hotels in Vero Beach FL
Enter your stay dates and any discounts you qualify for to see Vero Beach, FL rates found only on HotelPlanner!


text:
- Report: #388158
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Empire Today
Empire Todaywww.empiretoday.com Nationwide U.S.A.
Empire Today Awful installers and terrible customer service Union City Nationwide
Ripoff Report
About you?
Ripoff Report
A business' first
line of defense
on the Internet.
If your business is
willing to make a
commitment to
customer satisfaction
Click here now..
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
The second installer seemed very knowlegeable and tried to fix the mess that the first one created. Problem is, he isn't finished with the job yet. He measured the windows and came back 3 times because everytime the blinds weren't cut correctly. He also ripped the paint off my bedroom walls when removing the blinds to install them correctly, so now I have 4 large holes and white paint spots where the blinds used to be.
Whatever you do, DO NOT use Empire. They lie when they say they have great customer service and knowlegable installers. They will send you someone who has no clue what they are doing and tell you that they are great. Don't belive there lies!!! I spent more than $1,300 on blinds and they act like they are doing me a favor by installing them correctly.
union city, New Jersey
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 11/05/2008 10:08 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Empire-Today/nationwide/Empire-Today-Awful-installers-and-terrible-customer-service-Union-City-Nationwide-388158. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report.
Click Here to read other Ripoff Reports on Empire Today
If you would like to see more Rip-off Reports on this company/individual, search here:Search Tips
In order to assure the best results in your search:
- Keep the name short & simple, and try different variations of the name.
- Do not include ".com", "S", "Inc.", "Corp", or "LLC" at the end of the Company name.
- Use only the first/main part of a name to get best results.
- Only search one name at a time if Company has many AKA's.
Advertisers above have met our
strict standards for business conduct.


text:
Randy Roten can't wait to go to work every morning.
It's not that he has a high-profile job. He's a maintenance man for a pallet company. He doesn't make a lot of money, and most of it goes to child-support payments. But the half hour he gets to walk to work is time he isn't in jail.
Roten, 40, spends his nights at the Potter County Detention Center after receiving a 60-day sentence Feb. 19 for failure to pay child support. Roten has completed his sentence, but still has not saved up the $3,000 the court set for him to be released.
"When the morning rolls around, I'm glad to go to work. It's tremendous," Roten said. "The only thing you see outside from here is on TV."
Work release and weekend sentences allow inmates to maintain employment and also help deal with crowding issues at the jail. In 2006, Potter County sentenced 68 people to work release and 206 to weekend sentence. Currently, 18 Potter County inmates have a weekend sentence and five are on work release.
Potter County Court at Law 2 Judge Pamela Sirmon said she relies on prosecutors to determine who should receive a work release or weekend sentence. Factors such as the severity of the crime, impact to the victim and employment are all considered, Sirmon said.
"(Prosecutors) know what the criminal history is. They've talked to the assault victim. I rely 90 percent on them," Sirmon said. "If it's a guy who ran over two people drunk - no. It's a guy who shoved his wife down versus one who beat the heck out of them."
A variety of crimes - all of which are misdemeanors - are eligible for alternative sentencing. Theft, possession of marijuana, shoplifting and unlawfully carrying a weapon are all considered, she said. Driving while intoxicated and domestic assaults are two examples in which Sirmon said she carefully reviews the case before offering an alternative sentence.
"Those are the two we really watch more so than the others," she said. "You really have to worry about reoffending DWI and domestic assaults and how it might affect the public."
Capt. Debbie Unruh, who is in charge of the Randall County Jail, said the program benefits the public.
"When they are in jail 24 hours a day it costs the public in tax dollars for them to be here," Unruh said. "They also pay a fee to be in this program. The time they spend in jail is partially covered by the fee they pay to be on it."
Randall County currently has six inmates on weekend jail and averages between five and 10 on work release.
But just because they get out during the day or during the week doesn't mean they aren't punished. Unruh said they are treated like every other inmate. They have a half-hour to get to work, and they get periodic, random checkups, she said. They are not allowed personal items at the jail.
"They can't go to bars. They can't do drugs. They can't break the law. They can't come in drunk," Unruh said. "It's not any different than if they were here the whole time, (except) the sentence can be spread out longer."
Sirmon said some of the public might want everybody locked up for the full time, but in reality it doesn't work.
"We can fill it up with people that smoke dope, but where are we going to put the guys that manufacture methamphetamine and the ones that have sex with kids?" Sirmon said. "There's not room for everybody."
Roten is just glad there was room for him.
"It's helped me get back on track again," Roten said. "Some people stumble out there and it's hard to pick yourself back up. At least they are giving me a chance to work. I'm grateful for what I do get."
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


text:
We just came back from her 18-month well child check-up.
Soleil is 21 lbs (8%); 32" Tall (60%) and 18" Head Circh (27%)
We just came back from her 18-month well child check-up.
Soleil is 21 lbs (8%); 32" Tall (60%) and 18" Head Circh (27%)
Soleil Rose born�01/13/2010; Max �16w2d� (3/2011)
��http://hammondfamlife.blogspot.com/�(Max's blog)
sounds just like super.
height = (32.2") 66%
weight = (21lb 12oz) 15%
head = (47cm) 63%
i wouldn't worry too much, except that at her 15-month-checkup (which was actually when she was almost 16 months), here were her stats:
height = (31.3") 67%
weight = (21lb 6oz) 23%
head = (46.2cm) 55%
i don't put my stock in the height or weight since these little squirmers can alter the results, but the weight thing bugs me. at her 9-month-checkup, her weight was 59% and that's the most she ever was. we've slipped at every appointment since then. yes, that's right when she started crawling and then walking, but i'm still waiting for the plateau.
super: 1.1.10!
duper: 1.26.11!
trooper: 11.28.12!
back to back to back babies, baby!
Even though they say not to worry...it's really weird to see her also not gaining much weight. She weighed 18 lbs before 12mo, she started gaining less weight after 6 months...So in 6 months or more she only gained barely 2 pounds :(
is your LO picky?
Soleil Rose born�01/13/2010; Max �16w2d� (3/2011)
��http://hammondfamlife.blogspot.com/�(Max's blog)
Don't feel bad. Celina is only 19.6 lbs and 30 inches tall. I am not worried since my ODD is 18 and only weighs 84 lbs and is 5 ft 2 in. Celina loves to eat and is meeting all her milestones. Don't worry too much, you just have a little LO.
brazilian, yes, she's extremely picky right now. i'm hoping it's just a phase. and yeah, we're not too worried just yet, but 6 ounces in just over 2 months is hardly a weight gain. that could have been breakfast! LOL!
super: 1.1.10!
duper: 1.26.11!
trooper: 11.28.12!
back to back to back babies, baby!
Our LO is 22lbs and only put on some ounces since her 15 month checkup. Her dr wasn't concerned at all. She's become the picky eater so we'll dealing that the best we can right now. I wouldn't worry too much.
Loving my munchkin as she grows into her own person.
We have our check up this week, but I'm guessing our weight and measurement will be pretty much the same as your DD's. At her 15 mo check she had only gained 2 lbs. She was 20 lbs and 30 inches. My dr. isn't at all worried as she is continuing on a consistent growing curve.
Kristen:�mom to Jeff 1/96, Cooper 8/05,�Kendall 1/10.�DW to�DH Derrick.
I Believe Ellianna and Zachary�can fly!
Thinking of Eliza Rae.
My LO is "tiny but mighty"!! 3-10% across the board since birth, so no concerns from us or pedi.
18 month visit: 19.11, 30in! She eats and plays hard all day long- probably burning those calories faster than she consumes them!
I love my tiny girl
DD Ashley Mae, 1/7/10, 5lbs 14oz 18 3/4 long
Reitred gold ( . )( . )...soon to be brought out of hibernation!
Our LO is being evaluated for weight. She has dropped multiple percentiles since her 12 month. She is now in the 3rd percentile for weight :( We are hoping she breaks the 20lb mark on her 18th month.
She also eats like a champ and is always full of energy. Except for weight everythnig else is on schedule. My husband is half korean and his family member are super petite, my mom's side is petite as well so we are hoping it just falls back to genetics as well.
DD #1 05/2007, DD #2 01/2010, #3 Expected 08/2012


text:
Sweet Krissy Tights
It's warm enough now for hot girls to wear those black tights. Sweet Krissy goes above and beyond that, she not only wears them but takes them off. This is why she is one of the best girls ever.
Click here to see more Sweet Krissy
Hey everyone, welcome to my site. My name is Krissy, I'm 18 years old and living in beautiful BC, Canada. I started this website because I saw how much fun my friend Kate was having, and I love teasing guys with my big natural breasts. I already have over 14 THOUSAND pictures, over 3300 webcam pictures and over 70 videos of me and my girlfriends, I add more every week. I host weekly webcam chats and talk to everyone on my message board, I can't wait to talk to you there.
More Sexy Galleries
Click here to see more Hottystop
18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement
Sexy Webcam Girls:
Click here to meet a fresh live camgirl
More Hottystop Girls:
Erotic Beauties
Candy List
Eros Berry
Milkman Book
Novo Erotica
Discover our amazing collection of +1000 stripping beauties, including famous Viola Bailey, Lucy Li, Nekane, Sharon Lee, Valentina Nappi, Marina Visconti, and many other beauties!


text:
Surfrider Foundation: Island
Busted! Help us to sue the polluters. Donate.
Advertising Agency: Y&R, France
Creative Directors: Jorge Carreno, Robin De Lestrade
Art Director: Guillaume Auboyneau
Copywriter: Eric Lavenac
Retoucher: Sparklink
Photographer: Corbis
9 comments
The problem with this ad is that its leaves too much to be assumed / imagine.
The biggest polluters in the world are the ones who claim to be the most eco friendly. Maybe that was the thought when they came up with the concept.
like the art on this one though. nice and simple.
ideas....30 minutes nahi toh free.
Too bad! Did not like the campaign at all!
And then GOD said...
Let there be creativity!!!
Funny concept for a strong and serious problem. Can we laugh with pollution, that's the question. It makes me laugh when I saw this campaign, so it's a good campaign for me and a fucking good art. Well done art director ! You desserve your lion this year !
Sadly Ha Long Bay has soooo much rubbish in it. :(
The Jobless Writer
Will Think for Salary


text:
- Report: #677382
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: David manna photography
David manna photography1196 s main street Lombard, Illinois United States of America
David manna photography David manna Ripped me off and it seems like he did to alot of other people. Should be put in jail!!! Lombard, Illinois
Ripoff Report
About you?
Ripoff Report
A business' first
line of defense
on the Internet.
If your business is
willing to make a
commitment to
customer satisfaction
Click here now..
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 12/31/2010 09:30 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/David-manna-photography/Lombard-Illinois-60148/David-manna-photography-David-manna-Ripped-me-off-and-it-seems-like-he-did-to-alot-of-othe-677382. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report.
Click Here to read other Ripoff Reports on David manna photography
If you would like to see more Rip-off Reports on this company/individual, search here:Search Tips
In order to assure the best results in your search:
- Keep the name short & simple, and try different variations of the name.
- Do not include ".com", "S", "Inc.", "Corp", or "LLC" at the end of the Company name.
- Use only the first/main part of a name to get best results.
- Only search one name at a time if Company has many AKA's.
Advertisers above have met our
strict standards for business conduct.


text:
I am facing strange problem, I have installed wordpress and added some contents and it all worked very fine. But yesterday, I am not sure that I installed plugin or what, my admin page got blank moreover my main index page's links got corrupt.
I don't want to install again, need some smart solution.


text:
Articles on this page are available in 1 other language: Spanish (1) (learn more)
Brief Summary
Ronald P. Overton
Boxelder (Acer negundo) is one of the most widespread and best known of the maples. Its other common names include ashleaf maple, boxelder maple, Manitoba maple, California boxelder, and western boxelder. Best development of the species is in the bottom-land hardwood stands in the lower Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, although it is of limited commercial importance there. Its greatest value may be in shelterbelt and street plantings in the Great Plains and the West, where it is used because of its drought and cold tolerance.
The common name, "boxelder," refers to the resemblance of its leaves to elder (Sambucus) and the use of the soft wood for box making. "Ashleaf maple," refers to the resemblance to ash (Fraxinus).
Boxelder is a small, deciduous, fast-growing, short-lived tree growing to 20 m tall, with a broad rounded crown. It often branches low into multiple trunks, which may grow almost parallel to the ground, and can form dense thickets. The bark is light brown-gray with shallow fissures, becoming deeply furrowed. Twigs are slender, shiny green, usually glabrous (without hairs), and often have a whitish to pink or violet waxy coating (glaucous) when young. The leaves are opposite, pinnately compound with 3 to 9 leaflets, long-pointed, coarsely toothed and often shallowly lobed. The flowers are yellow-green, about 5 mm long; the species is generally dioecious (functional male and female flowers occur on separate trees; Wagner 1975; Fewless 2011). Fruits are long-stalked clusters of winged nutlets (samaras) in a pair, 2.5-4 cm long.
Boxelder is generally a tree of river bottoms and disturbed sites on heavy, wet or seasonally flooded soils, where it usually follows cottonwood and willow species in colonizing alluvial bottoms. Populations in native habitats have decreased because of clearing of bottomland forest for agriculture, but they have greatly increased in urban areas, where it readily colonizes disturbed sites due to its prolific seed production, wide dispersal, ease of germination, tolerance of cold, drought, and low-oxygen conditions, and fast growth on clay or heavy fill. It frequently grows along fencerows, railroad tracks, ditches, and abandoned lots (Michigan Flora Online 2011).
Boxelder was widely planted in the Great Plains as a shelterbelt tree—its shallow, fibrous root system helped reduce wind erosion and dust storms—but shelterbelts have largely been removed. It was also widely planted in the U.S. as a street tree, and ornamental cultivars have been developed (including forms with variegated leaves and without seeds).
It has been planted in Europe, Australia, and South America as a roadside, park, garden, and shelterbelt tree, and has naturalized widely in disturbed areas and along riverbanks. It is considered invasive in Poland, Germany, Austria, Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania (Mędrzycki 2011), as well as Australia, New Zealand, China, and Chile (USFS 2011).
Boxelder is sometimes confused with poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), because its compound leaves often have three leaflets. A key distinction is that boxelder leaves are opposite rather than alternate.
The boxelder bug (Boisea trivittata, family Rhopalidae) commonly associates with boxelder. The insects cause little damage to the trees, but are considered a pest species because they invade human habitation, often in large numbers, with the onset of cold weather (Hahn and Ascerno 2007).
Comprehensive Description
General: Maple Family (Aceraceae): Boxelder is a native tree growing to 20 m tall, with broad rounded crown, usually developing a shallow, fibrous root system; bark light gray-brown with shallow fissures, becoming deeply furrowed; twigs slender, shiny green, usually glabrous but sometimes hairy. The leaves are opposite, 13-20 cm long, pinnately compound with 3(-5 or more) leaflets 5-10 cm long and 3-6 cm wide, long-pointed, coarsely toothed and often shallowly lobed. The flowers are yellow-green, about 5 mm long, the male (staminate) flowers fascicled, the female (pistillate) flowers in drooping racemes; most trees are either male or female (the species is essentially dioecious), but bisexual flowers occur on a few trees (technically polygamo-dioecious). Fruits are winged nutlets (samaras) in a pair, 2.5-4 cm long, clustered on long stalks. The common name refers to the resemblance of leaves to those of ash (Fraxinus). Boxelder, its other often used common name, refers to a resemblance to elder (Sambucus) and the use of the soft wood for box making.
Boxelder is unusual among American maples in having compound leaves. Apart from the opposite leaves, seedlings and young saplings of Boxelder bear a remarkable resemblance to poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and are often mistaken for it by beginning naturalists.
Variation within the species:
Substantial variation occurs over the range of the species; numerous forms and varieties have been described, but only six varieties currently recognized (in some treatments, for example, see McGregor 1986). These are primarily distinguished by coloration of the branches, twig and fruit pubescence, and leaflet number.
Var. arizonicum Sarg. – Arizona and New Mexico
Var. californicum (Torr. & Gray) Sarg. – California
Var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. – midwest US into the western states
Var. negundo – the eastern half of the US, with naturalized western outlyers
Var. texanum Pax – south-central US
Var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger – north-central US and most of Canada
Range and Habitat in Illinois
National Distribution
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
most of the contiguous United States. Its range extends from New Jersey
and central New York west through extreme southern Ontario, central
Michigan, northern Minnesota, central Manitoba, central Saskatchewan,
southern Alberta and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, Utah, and
California; and south to southern Texas and central Florida. It is also
local in New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Idaho, and
Nevada. Boxelder has been naturalized in Maine, southern Quebec, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and in southeastern
Washington and eastern Oregon. Varieties of boxelder occur in the
mountains of Mexico (Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, and south to
Chihuahua) and in Guatemala [32].
General distribution by variety is as follows [25]:
var. negundo -- eastern United States and introduced to eastern
Washington and Oregon
var. interior -- Rocky Mountains to Arizona and Canada
var. violaceum -- northeastern United States and northern Great Plains
var. texanum -- western Missouri, eastern Kansas and throughout the
var. californicum -- California
var. arizonicum -- Arizona and New Mexico
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
3 Southern Pacific Border
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
Occurrence in North America
- Native range of boxelder
Boxelder is natively a tree of river bottoms and disturbed sites on heavy, wet soils, often seasonally flooded (up to 30 days). It is one of the most common bottomland trees throughout its range, usually following the pioneer species of cottonwood and willow in colonizing alluvial bottoms, then growing with silver and red maples, American elm, American sycamore, and sweetgum. Populations in native habitats have decreased because of clearing of bottomland forest for agriculture, but they have greatly increased in urban areas. Success of the species on disturbed urban sites owes to its prolific seed production and wide dispersal, ease of germination, tolerance of low oxygen conditions, and fast growth on clay or heavy fill. Boxelder also is found as a pioneer species on disturbed upland sites where a seed source is nearby.
Flowering: March-May (with or just before the leaves), fruiting: August-October. The flowers are wind pollinated but also visited by bees.
Boxelder is the most widely distributed of all American maples – its native range extends from the east coast of the U.S. to California, and from Alberta to southern Mexico and Guatemala. The range is relatively continuous in the eastern U.S., but broken into small areas in the West and toward Central America. It has become naturalized in areas far outside of its native range, including Europe. It is not known from northern North America. For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.
Physical Description
Boxelder is a native deciduous small to large tree with an irregular
form. The trunk often divides near the ground into a few long,
spreading, rather crooked limbs, which branch irregularly to support a
broad, uneven crown. When growing among other trees, boxelder forms a
high, open crown, with the undivided portion of the trunk much longer
and usually straighter than that of an open-grown tree [27]. This
variable-sized tree may reach 70 feet (21 m) in height and 3 feet (0.92
m) in diameter but is more often medium sized, from 40 to 50 feet (12-15
m) high and from 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) in diameter [27]. Boxelder may
also appear as a large shrub [50], and in upland soil on the Great
Plains this tree is usually only about 25 feet (8 m) high with low,
crooked branches [45].
Boxelder has a fast growth rate [33,41] and a short life span [46]; it
typically lives for 75 years, with 100 years maximum longevity [33].
Growth is rapid when young; long, smooth, green annual shoots extend 2
feet (0.6 m) or more in a year. At maturity growth slows and brittle
trunks and limbs shatter; old trunks frequently put out clusters of
sprouts and sometimes develop large burls [31].
A drought-tolerant tree once established, boxelder's roots are shallow
and spreading, except on deep soils [41,46]. The bark is light grey and
smooth but becomes furrowed into narrow, firm ridges and darkens with
age. Twigs are stout, light green to purplish or brownish with a
polished look or are often covered with a whitish bloom that is easily
rubbed off. The blunt buds are 0.125 to 0.25 inch (2-5 mm) long with
one or two pairs of scales and are coated with fine white hairs [27].
Boxelder is the only maple with divided leaves. The three to seven
leaflets are from 6 to 15 inches (15-38 cm) long, light green above and
greyish green below, usually without hairs. The leaflets are shallowly
lobed or coarsely toothed [27]. This completely dioecious tree has pale
green male and female flowers with a strongly pronounced reduction of
flower parts, and contains no rudimentary parts of the opposite sex.
Male flowers are on slender stalks in loose clusters, and female flowers
are arranged along a separate stem [27,54].
The fruit is composed of two fused, winged samaras which eventually
separate upon shedding. The angle separating the two wings is less than
60 degrees [27]. The samaras, about 1.5 inches (4 cm) long, hang in
long chains on slender stalks, mature in autumn, and remain on the tree
well into the winter [31]. Each contains a single seed without an
endosperm [39]. Seeds are 2 to 3 times as long as they are wide and are
markedly wrinkled.
Many ecotypes of this species occur. Varieties are distinguished by the
morphological characteristics of glaucousness, pubescence, or color of
the branches and/or samaras.
Diagnostic Description
Range and Habitat in Illinois
Key Plant Community Associations
in the Great Plains. It is associated with the following overstory
dominants: green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), narrowleaf cottonwood
(Populus angustifolia), plains cottonwood (P. sargentii), aspen (P.
tremuloides), willow (Salix spp.), and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). In
Arizona and New Mexico, boxelder is the overstory dominant in several
high elevation riparian forests. In much of this species' range there
are no described plant communities.
Published classification schemes listing boxelder as a member of various
community types (cts), habitat types (hts), or dominance types (dts) are
presented below.
Location Classification Authority
AZ, NM riparian cts Szaro 1990
MT riparian dts Hansen & others 1988
MT, se ID riparian cts Padgett & others 1989
sw NM riparian hts Medina 1986
sc OK bottomland cts Petranka & Holland 1980
SD,ND: Custer NF general veg. hts Hansen & Hoffman 1988
Habitat: Plant Associations
This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K025 Alder - ash forest
K033 Chaparral
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
Habitat: Ecosystem
This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
More info for the term: shrub
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
Habitat characteristics
floodplains, and in low-lying wet places where its shallow root system
can find abundant moisture [31]. Hardy to extremes of climate [41],
boxelder is drought tolerant once well established and can also
withstand short periods of flooding [46].
Soils: This species is able to tolerate a wide variety of soils but
shows a strong preference for well-drained soils [35]. Although
boxelder will grow on soils from gravel to clay, it grows best on deep,
sandy loam, loam, or clay loam soils with a medium to rocky texture and
a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 [9].
Associates: Throughout its range, boxelder is most often associated
with various species of cottonwood (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix
spp.). On the northern Great Plains, boxelder will generally outlive
cottonwood and willow to become an associate in American elm (Ulmus
americana), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), mulberry (Morus spp.), and
green ash communities [2]. In the central Great Plains and in the
eastern United States, boxelder occurs with elms (Ulmus spp.), sugar
maple (Acer rubrum), basswood (Tilia spp.), and ashes (Fraxinus spp.),
which eventually replace boxelder in the overstory along with other more
durable and shade-tolerant species [31,51]. At higher elevations on the
Utah plateaus, boxelder occurs in the riparian zone with water birch
(Betula occidentalis), narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia),
willows, and blue spruce (Picea pungens) [31]. In New Mexico and
Arizona, scattered along streambeds in riparian forests at higher
elevations, boxelder is a typical canopy dominant with Arizona alder
(Alnus oblongifolia) and coyote willow (Salix exigua) [35].
Elevation: The elevational ranges for boxelder in several states
are as follows [9,29,31,35,36,46]:
AZ from 4,450 to 8,000 feet (1,356-2,438 m)
CO 4,500 to 7,870 feet (1,372-2,400 m)
MT 2,240 to 4,500 feet (680-1,372 m)
NE 2,600 to 4,500 feet (792-1,372 m)
NM 6,350 to 6,775 feet (1,935-2,065 m)
ND 2,310 to 3,840 feet (704-1,170 m)
SD 3,000 to 3,500 feet (914-1,067 m)
UT 4,000 to 10,000 feet (1,219-3,048 m)
WY 3,500 to 7,700 feet (1,067-2,347 m)
Mexico 4,600 to 5,947 feet (1,400-1,800 m)
Habitat: Cover Types
This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
16 Aspen
42 Bur oak
46 Eastern redcedar
61 River birch - sycamore
62 Silver maple - American elm
63 Cottonwood
87 Sweetgum - yellow poplar
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
95 Black willow
109 Hawthorne
235 Cottonwood - willow
236 Bur oak
Soils and Topography
Habitat & Distribution
Flowering in Boxelder is in early spring and large quantities of seed are produced each year, beginning on trees 8-11 years old. The seeds ripen in autumn, fall continuously from autumn until spring, and are light, large-winged, and widely wind-dispersed. They over-winter and germinate the following spring. Best germination follows stratification for 60-90 days at 33 F.
Boxelder seeds germinate in shade or full sun but seedlings begin to die off after 1-2 years unless openings are formed. Successful seedbeds vary greatly. Trees are fast growing, producing up to 1-inch diameter annual growth for the first 15-20 years. Early growth is best in full sun but tolerant of partial shade. Young trees commonly produce stump and root sprouts. Average longevity is about 60 years; maximum longevity is rarely more than 100.
Flower-Visiting Insects of Box Elder in Illinois
(this small tree is normally wind-pollinated; bees collect pollen, while the beetle feeds on pollen; observations are from Robertson, Krombein et al., and Lisberg & Young)
Bees (long-tongued)
Apidae (Apinae): Apis mellifera cp fq (Rb)
Bees (short-tongued)
Andrenidae (Andreninae): Andrena forbesii cp (Kr), Andrena imitatrix imitatrix cp (Kr)
Mordellidae: Mordellistena cervicalis (LY)
Faunal Associations
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Agrocybe cylindracea parasitises branch of Acer negundo
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, long concealed by epidermis pycnidium of Phomopsis anamorph of Cryptodiaporthe lebiseyi is saprobic on branch of Acer negundo
Remarks: season: 4
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, multilocular, c. 1mm diam. stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Cytospora annulata is saprobic on dead, locally stained branch of Acer negundo
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Rigidoporus ulmarius is saprobic on dead, white-rotted stump of Acer negundo
Foodplant / parasite
Sawadaea bicornis parasitises Acer negundo
Associated Forest Cover
42 Bur Oak
61 River Birch-Sycamore
62 Silver Maple-American Elm
63 Cottonwood
87 Sweetgum-Yellow-poplar
93 Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash
94 Sycamore-Sweetgum-American Elm
95 Black willow
109 Hawthorn
235 Cottonwood-Willow
236 Bur Oak
Other associates in the eastern United States include red maple (Acer rubrum), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), black walnut (Juglans nigra), basswood (Tilia americana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), pecan (Carya illinoensis), Nuttall, water, willow, and overcup oak (Quercus nuttallii, Q. nigra, Q. phellos, and Q. lyrata), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum). In the Plains region, boxelder appears with green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides var. occidentalis), willow (Salix spp.), and hackberry. In the Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau, associates include several species of willow and cottonwood, netleaf hackberry (Celtis reticulata), and Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii).
Diseases and Parasites
Damaging Agents
Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum) is the only notable killing disease of boxelder. The species is also susceptible to a stem canker caused by Eutypella parasitica.
A red stain in the wood of living trees caused by Fusarium reticulatum var. negundinis apparently is specific to boxelder. The stain regularly is associated with Cerambycid beetles and the galleries of other insects, but itself does no damage to the wood (14).
Insect damage to boxelder is relatively unimportant, but a number of leaf-feeding and scale insects and borers attack it (1). The boxelder bug, Leptocoris trivittatus is a common associate of boxelder throughout most of its range. The nymphs feed mainly on pistillate trees in leaves, fruits, and soft seeds. Although the trees are not greatly damaged, the insect's habits of invading houses in large numbers with the onset of cold weather makes it an important pest. The boxelder aphid, Periphyllus negundinis, and the boxelder gall midge, Contarinia negundifolia, are also common. Other leaf feeders include the Asiatic garden beetle, Maladera castanea, the greenstriped mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda, a leaf-roller, Archips negundana, and the boxelder leafroller, Caloptilia negundella. The scale insects include cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis, and terrapin scale, Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum. Borers include the boxelder twig borer, Proteoteras willingana, and the flatheaded apple tree borer, Chrysobothris femorata.
Ice and wind damage is common in older trees (11) and boxelder is quite susceptible to fire and mechanical damage due to its thin bark.
Boxelder is highly sensitive to 2,4-D. In the northern Great Plains, drift from agricultural spraying operations produced distorted, blighted foliage up to 16 km (10 mi) from the source (20).
General Ecology
Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
The Research Project Summary Effects of surface fires in a mixed red and
eastern white pine stand in Michigan provides information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of plant community species, including boxelder,
that was not available when this species review was written.
Plant Response to Fire
Boxelder most likely reestablishes following fire via wind-dispersed
seeds [31,51]. It may also sprout from the roots, the root collar, or
stump if girdled or top-killed by fire.
Post-fire Regeneration
off-site colonizer species;seed transported by wind;postfire years 1&2
off-site colonizer species;seed transported by animals;post-fire years 1&2
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex (possible)
Fire Ecology
Boxelder grows on moist bottomland sites which are seldom subject to
burning. This thin-barked species is injured by fire [50], but how it
regenerates following fire is not known. Boxelder produces large yearly
crops of wind-dispersed seeds which germinate on a wide variety of
soils; this is most likely boxelder's primary fire survival strategy.
This tree also sprouts from the exposed roots, root crown, or stump
following top-killing mechanical damage [1,13,19,38], and it is likely
that boxelder would sprout following fire severe enough to girdle or
top-kill the adult tree.
Successional Status
More info for the terms: climax, codominant
Boxelder occurs in a variety of forest types ranging from early to late
seral, making its successional position difficult to determine. It is
moderately shade tolerant but does not reproduce in its own shade. It
usually establishes under pioneering species such as cottonwood and
willow, particularly in the northern Great Plains [2], and is then
followed by more shade-tolerant, climax species [40]. In Arizona and
New Mexico, boxelder is a dominant or codominant overstory species in
several high-elevation riparian communities [48].
Regeneration Processes
Boxelder reproduces both sexually and asexually [41]. Large seed crops
are produced each year [39]. Seeds persist through the winter; they are
dispersed by wind or by birds and squirrels [31,51]. Wind will carry
these winged seeds up to 100 yards across a snow surface [31].
Boxelder establishes by seed under a wide range of conditions:
immediately after disturbance on moist disturbed soil [40], along
riverbanks [51], and in areas with heavy cover and medium to heavy
competition [28]. In southern Illinois, Hosner and Minckler [28]
reported reproduction of boxelder on areas with light, medium, and heavy
light duff med duff heavy duff
(over 0.5 in) (0.5 to 2 in) (over 2 in)
No. of 1- and
2-yr-old seedlings 121 90 35
Vegetative reproduction is also common on damaged plants of this
species. New shoots will appear on exposed or injured roots [50].
After the extreme drought condition of the 1930's in the Great Plains,
during which nearly all boxelder trees in shelterbelts 30 years or older
died back to the ground, many trees recovered by producing root sprouts,
forming a dense hedge or undergrowth [1]. In shelterbelts of the
northern Great Plains, boxelder has a dense growing habit resulting from
the plant suckering at the root collar [13]. Seven years after timber
harvest in a South Carolina bottomland, sprouts from boxelder stumps
greater than 20 inches (51 cm) in diameter were reported to be dying or
losing vigor [38]. Although this species will produce abundant sprouts
after disturbance, the primary method of reproduction is through seed,
due to the quantity produced each year and the facility of its
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
More info for the term: phanerophyte
Life Form
Immediate Effect of Fire
Rooting Habit
Reaction to Competition- In the area of its best development, the lower Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, boxelder usually follows the pioneer species of cottonwood and willow in colonizing new ground in alluvial bottoms. In some instances it is a pioneer species in the invasion of old fields (16). Boxelder may persist into the oak-hickory type but then begins to be eliminated, probably due to shading (18). The species is generally classed as tolerant of shade, although less so than the other soft maples (13).
Life History and Behavior
Boxelder flowers from March through May with or before the appearance of
the leaves. The fruit, a winged samara, ripens from September through
October and is dispersed from September through March [39,50,53].
Boxelder's leaves turn a dull yellow color in the autumn and drop
throughout the fall and winter [40].
Vegetative Reproduction
Seed Production and Dissemination
Seedling Development- Boxelder is capable of establishing itself on a variety of seedbeds. On southern Illinois bottom lands, it is among the most abundant species seeding in under cottonwood-willow and "soft" hardwood stands and invading old fields. On these sites, overstory density is apparently not a factor in early germination and survival, but seedlings begin to die off after 1 or 2 years unless openings are provided. The 1- and 2-year-old boxelder seedlings are also abundant in areas of ground vegetation ranging from light to heavy and in hardwood litter as much as 5 cm (2 in) deep (16).
Methods of collecting, handling, storing, and testing boxelder seeds have been described (3,4,26). Germination is epigeal.
Flowering and Fruiting
Growth and Yield
Because boxelder usually appears in mixed stands and has limited commercial value, no information is available about its potential yield. Equations are available, however, to predict volume of boxelder stems, and green and dry weights of stems, limbs, and leaves (24). After trees reach 15 cm (5.9 in) in d.b.h., the proportion of aboveground green components is relatively constant, with bole wood, 63 percent; bole bark, 8 percent; limbs, 22 percent; and leaves, 7 percent.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Some 8 to 14 varieties and forms have been described for boxelder, several relating to variegated patterns of the foliage or some other morphological character (2,17,21,23,28). At least two varieties appear to be confined to a definite geographic range: var. arizonicum Sarg. to central and southern Arizona and New Mexico and var. californicum (Torr. and Gray) Sarg. to the Central Valley, Coast Range, and San Bernardino Mountains of California (23).
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Acer negundo
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Acer negundo
Public Records: 12
Specimens with Barcodes: 18
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant's current status, such as, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values.
Management considerations
Boxelder is susceptible to mechanical damage by livestock in northern
Great Plains wooded draws [4]. This tree is also easily storm damaged;
its weak branches often break off in the wind, but the trunk is wind
firm [47].
Boxelder is easily injured by heart rot, fire, and insects. It is often
infested with boxelder bugs which feed on the tree but rarely kill it
Cultivars, improved and selected materials (and area of origin)
Boxelder is available at most nurseries within it distribution.
Boxelder is tolerant to stressful sites and requires little special care, but it is relatively short-lived and the branches of older trees are susceptible to ice and wind damage. Boxelder is highly sensitive to 2,4-D and also is susceptible to fire and mechanical damage because of its thin bark.
The boxelder bug is a common associate of boxelder
throughout most of its range. The nymphs feed mainly on female (pistillate) trees in leaves, fruits, and soft seeds. The trees are not greatly damaged but the insects sometimes invade human habitation in large numbers with the onset of cold weather.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Economic Uses
Uses: Cultivated ornamental
Other uses and values
Boxelder, first cultivated in 1688 [39], is often held in low regard as
an ornamental tree in cities. Its limbs are brittle and break easily;
its trunk is susceptible to rot and infested with boxelder bugs, which
make their way into houses with the arrival of cold weather. The leaves
turn a dull yellow and fall untidily over a long period, as do the
winged seeds, giving this species the reputation of being a "dirty tree"
[27,31,52]. However, because of its fast growth and drought and cold
hardiness, boxelder is popular in rural communities for street and
ornamental plantings; and for shelterbelts.
Boxelder's abundant sap contains a large proportion of sugar as well as
mucilaginous and demulcent properties, and can be made into a pleasant
beverage [22]. The Plains Indians used the sap as a source of syrup,
and it is still used today, but the product is not as sweet as sugar
maple syrup [31].
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
acidic soils; it is not recommended for use in rehabilitation of
disturbed sites. This tree's potential for erosion control and for
long-term revegetation is low to medium [9].
In California, Arizona, and parts of Nevada and New Mexico, boxelder is
one of many native species used for revegetating flood control basins to
provide quality wildlife habitat [13]. In the southeastern United
States where soil moisture (or inundation) is likely to be excessive for
several weeks at a time, boxelder is one of the favored flood-tolerant
species recommended for recreation plantings.
Boxelder is propagated by seed. Guides for seed collection, treatment,
and cultivation are available [7,39,44,53].
Cover Value
Boxelder provides valuable cover for wildlife and livestock, especially
in the Great Plains region where quality cover is often lacking. The
degree to which this species provides environmental protection during
one or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows [9]:
Elk ---- poor ---- poor ----
Mule deer fair ---- good good fair
White-tailed deer ---- ---- good good good
Pronghorn poor ---- poor ---- poor
Upland game birds fair ---- good good ----
Waterfowl poor ---- poor ---- ----
Small nongame birds good good good good ----
Small mammals fair good fair fair ----
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
wildlife species and protect livestock from temperature extremes in
summer and winter. Many species of birds and squirrels feed on the
seeds of boxelder [23,40,46]. Mule deer and white-tailed deer use it in
the fall as a browse species of secondary importance [37]. This tree
may be poisonous to livestock [9].
Wood Products Value
Boxelder is not a desired timber species because its wood is light,
soft, close grained, and low in strength [27,41,45]. The wood is used
locally for boxes and rough construction [27], and is used occasionally
for cheap furniture and woodenware. Boxelder was once used for posts,
fencing, and fuel but the soft, spongy wood generally makes poor
firewood [40].
Nutritional Value
value, poor protein value, and suspected toxicity [9].
Cattle poor poor poor poor
Sheep poor poor poor poor
Horses poor poor poor poor
Elk poor fair ---- ----
Mule deer poor good poor poor
White-tailed deer ---- fair poor poor
Pronghorn poor poor ---- poor
Upland game birds fair fair ---- ----
Waterfowl poor fair ---- ----
Small nongame birds fair fair fair ----
Small mammals fair fair ---- ----
Special Uses
Seeds and other portions of boxelder are utilized by many species of birds and mammals as food (19). Because of the species delayed seeding habit, some seeds are available throughout most of the winter. The sap of boxelder has been used to a limited extent for syrup (9).
The wood of Boxelder is light, soft and weak, and of low commercial value. It is used for pulp and rough lumber, usually mixed with other bottomland species, and has been used for boxes and crates, low-quality furniture, and interior finishing.
Boxelder produces sap high in sugar content and can be used to produce syrup sometimes called "mountain molasses." Native Americans used the cambium for food, boiled down the sap for syrup and candy, and made a tea from the inner bark to induce vomiting. The new branches were used to make charcoal for ceremonial painting.
The trees are useful for quick growth in naturalized riparian plantings, but they are short-lived and disease-prone. The species was once planted in the U.S. as a street tree and ornamental cultivars have been developed (including forms with red fall color, variously variegated leaves, and without seeds). It is not now commonly planted in the U.S., where its removal is sometimes more of a challenge. The quick growth of this species, however, and its tolerance to urban conditions, allows it to contribute to shade and rapid re-greening in disturbed city sites, particularly in the Great Plains and the West, because of its drought and cold tolerance. Boxelder can be used temporarily until replaced by slower growing but longer lasting trees.
Boxelder was once widely planted in shelterbelts in the Great Plains to reduce wind erosion and dust storms, but these shelterbelts have largely been removed. Its fibrous root system and prolific seeding habit make it valuable for erosion control in some parts of the world. The seeds are important winter food for birds and small mammals, deer browse young plants.
Acer negundo
Acer negundo is a species of maple native to North America. Box elder, boxelder maple, ash-leaved Maple, and maple ash are its most common names in the United States; in Britain and Ireland it is also known as ashleaf maple.[4]
Common names[edit]
Other variant names, some of which are regional, include: In Canada it is commonly known as Manitoba Maple and occasionally as Elf Maple.[5] Other names include Ash Maple, Ash-leaf Maple, Black Ash, California Boxelder, Cutleaf Maple, Cut-leaved Maple, Negundo Maple, Red River Maple, Stinking Ash, Sugar Ash, Three-leaved Maple, and Western Boxelder. In Russia it is called American Maple (Russian: американский клён) as well as Ash-leaf Maple (Russian: клён ясенелистный).
Acer negundo is a small, usually fast-growing and fairly short-lived tree that grows up to 10–25 metres (33–82 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of 30–50 centimetres (12–20 in), rarely up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) diameter. It often has several trunks and can form impenetrable thickets.[6]
The shoots are green, often with a whitish to pink or violet waxy coating when young. Branches are smooth, somewhat brittle, and tend to retain a fresh green colour rather than forming a bark of dead, protective tissue. The bark on its trunks is pale gray or light brown, deeply cleft into broad ridges, and scaly.[7]
Unlike most other maples (which usually have simple, palmately lobed leaves), Acer negundo has pinnately compound leaves that usually have three to seven leaflets. Simple leaves are also occasionally present; technically, these are single-leaflet compound leaves. Although some other maples (such as Acer griseum, Acer mandshuricum and the closely related A. cissifolium) have trifoliate leaves, only A. negundo regularly displays more than three leaflets.
The leaflets are about 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) long and 3–7 centimetres (1.2–2.8 in) wide with slightly serrate margins. Leaves have a translucent light green colour and turn yellow in the fall.
The flowers are small and appear in early spring on drooping racemes 10–20 centimetres (3.9–7.9 in) long. The fruits are paired samaras, each seed slender, 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long, with a 2–3 centimetres (0.79–1.18 in) incurved wing; they drop in autumn or they may persist through winter. Seeds are usually both prolific and fertile.
Unlike most other maples, A. negundo is fully dioecious and both a "male" and "female" tree are needed for either to reproduce.
- Winter buds: Terminal buds acute, an eighth of an inch long. Lateral buds obtuse. The inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins and often become an inch long before they fall.
- Flowers: April, before the leaves, yellow green; staminate flowers in clusters on slender hairy pedicels one and a half to two inches long. Pistillate flowers in narrow drooping racemes.
- Calyx: Yellow green; staminate flowers campanulate, five-lobed, hairy. Pistillate flowers smaller, five-parted; disk rudimentary.
- Corolla: Wanting.
- Stamens: Four to six, exserted; filaments slender, hairy; anthers linear, connective pointed.
- Pistil: Ovary hairy, borne on disk, partly enclosed by calyx, two-celled, wing-margined. Styles separate at base into two stigmatic lobes.
- Fruit: Maple keys, full size in early summer. Borne in drooping racemes, pedicels one to two inches long. Key an inch and a half to two inches long, nutlets diverging, wings straight or incurved. September. Seed half an inch long. Cotyledons, thin, narrow.[7]
Indicative of its familiarity to many people over a large geographic range, A. negundo has numerous common names.
The names "Box Elder" and "Boxelder Maple" are based upon the similarity of its whitish wood to that of boxwood and the similarity of its pinnately compound leaves with those of some species of elder.[8] This is the only North American maple with compound leaves.[7]
Other common names are based upon this maple's similarity to ash, its preferred environment, its sugary sap, a description of its leaves, its binomial name, and so on. These names include (but are not limited to) Ash-, Cut-, or Three-leaf (or -leaved) Maple; Ash Maple; Sugar Ash; Negundo Maple; and River Maple.[9]
Common names may also designate a particular subspecies. For example, a common name for A. negundo subsp. interius may be preceded by "Inland" (as in "Inland Boxelder Maple"). A common name for A. negundo subsp. californicum may be preceded by "California" or "Western".
Acer negundo is often discussed as comprising three subspecies, each of which was originally described as a separate species. These are:
- A. negundo subsp. negundo is the main variety and the type to which characteristics described in the article most universally apply. Its natural range is from the Atlantic Coast to the Rocky Mountains.[6]
- A. negundo subsp. interius has more leaf serration than the main species and a more matte leaf surface. As the name interus indicates, its natural range of Saskatchewan to New Mexico is sandwiched between that of the other two subspecies.[6]
- A. negundo subsp. californicum has larger leaves than the main species. Leaves also have a velvety texture which is essential to distinguish it from A. negundo subsp. negundo. It is found in parts of California and Arizona.[6]
Some authors further subdivide subsp. negundo into a number of regional varieties but these intergrade and their maintenance as distinct taxa is disputed by many. Even the differences between recognized subspecies are probably a matter of gradient speciation
Finally, note that a few botanists treat Boxelder Maple as its own distinct genus (Negundo aceroides) but this is not widely accepted.
As noted, varieties thrive across the United States and Canada. It may also be found as far south as Guatemala.
Although native to North America, it is considered an invasive species in some areas of that continent. It can quickly colonize both cultivated and uncultivated areas and the range is therefore expanding both in North America and elsewhere. In Europe where it was introduced in 1688 as a park tree it is able to spread quickly in places and is considered an invasive species in parts of Central Europe (Germany and the Czech Republic, middle Danube, Vistula river valley in Poland) where it can form mass growth in lowlands, disturbed areas and riparian biomes on calcareous soils. It has also become naturalized in eastern China[6] and can be found in some of the cooler areas of the Australian continent where it is listed as a pest invasive species.
This species prefers bright sunlight. It often grows on flood plains and other disturbed areas with ample water supply, such as riparian habitats. Human influence has greatly favoured this species; it grows around houses and in hedges, as well as on disturbed ground and vacant lots.
Several birds and some squirrels feed on the seeds. The evening grosbeak uses them extensively. The Maple Bug (also known as the Boxelder Bug) lays its eggs on all maples, but prefers this species.
Although its weak wood, irregular form, and prolific seeding might make it seem like a poor choice for a landscape tree, A. negundo is one of the most common maples in cultivation and many interesting cultivars have been developed, including:[6]
- 'Auratum' - yellowish leaves with smooth undersides
- 'Aureomarginatum' - creamy yellow leaf margins
- 'Baron' - Hardier & seedless variety
- 'Elegans' - distinctively convex leaves
- 'Flamingo' - pink and white variegation (very popular)
- 'Pendulum' - with weeping branches.
- 'Variegatum' - creamy white leaf margins
- 'Violaceum' - younger shoots and branches have bluish colour
Although its light, close-grained, soft wood is considered undesirable for most uses, this tree has been considered as a commercial source of wood fiber, for use in fiberboard.
There is some commercial use of the tree for various decorative applications, such as turned items (bowls, stem-ware, pens). Primarily burl wood and injured wood, where the primary reason is this wood's reaction to injury, where the injured wood develops a red stain.
Use by Native Americans[edit]
The Navajo use the wood to make tubes for bellows.[10] The Cheyenne burn the wood as incense for making spiritual medicines,[11] and during Sun Dance ceremonies.[11] They also mix the boiled sap with shavings from the inner sides of animal hides and eat them as candy.[11][12]
The Meskwaki use a decoction of the inner bark as an emetic[13] and the Ojibwa use an infusion of the inner bark for the same purpose.[14] The Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache dry scrapings of the inner bark and keep it as winter food, and they also boil the inner bark until sugar crystallizes out of it.[15] The Dakota also use the sap to make sugar,[16] as do the Omaha,[17][18] the Pawnee,[18] the Ponca,[18] the Winnebago[18] and the indigenous people of Montana, who also freeze the sap and use it as a syrup[11] The Ojibwa mix the sap with that of the sugar maple and drink it as a beverage.[19]
The Cheyenne also use the wood to make bowls[20] and to cook meat.[11][12] The Keres make the twigs into prayer sticks.[21] The native peoples of Montana also use large trunk burls or knots to make bowls, dishes, drums, and pipe stems.[11]
The Dakota people and the Omaha people[18][22] make the wood into charcoal, which is used in ceremonial painting and tattooing.[16][18]
The Kiowa burn the wood from the negundo subspecies in the altar fire during the peyote ceremony,[23] and the Sioux boil the sap of this variety in the spring to make sugar.[24]
The interius subspecies is used by Cree to make sugar from the sap,[25] and the Tewa use the twigs as pipe stems.[26]
Archaeological artifacts[edit]
Acer negundo was identified in 1959 as the material used in the oldest extant flutes from the Americas that were made of wood. These early artifacts, excavated by Earl H. Morris in 1931 in the Prayer Rock district of present-day Northeastern Arizona, have been dated to 620-670 CE.[27]
The style of these flutes, now known as Anasazi flutes, uses an open tube and a splitting edge at one end. This design pre-dates the earliest extant Native American Flute (which use a two-chambered design) by approximately 1,200 years.
- ^ "Acer negundo L.". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
- ^ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since]. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/.
- ^ The Plant List
- ^ "BSBI List 2007" (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ Community trees of the Prairie provinces - Canadian Forest Service
- ^ a b c d e f van Gelderen, C.J. & van Gelderen, D.M. (1999). Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b c Keeler, H. L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 85–87.
- ^ DePauw University
- ^ Acer spp. Aceraceae Note that some of the common names given in this reference are questionable. "Stinking Ash" and "Black Ash" typically refer to Ptelea trifoliata and Fraxinus nigra, respectively. This reference is retained as an example of the confusion which arises when plants such as A. negundo are discussed by other than their scientific names.
- ^ Elmore, Francis H. 1944 Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research (p. 62)
- ^ a b c d e f Hart, Jeff 1992 Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press (p. 4)
- ^ a b Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 13)
- ^ Smith, Huron H. 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326 (p. 200)
- ^ Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 353)
- ^ Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63 (p. 44)
- ^ a b Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota. Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70 (p. 366)
- ^ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians. Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57. (p. 329)
- ^ a b c d e f Gilmore, Melvin R. 1919 Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. SI-BAE Annual Report #33 (p. 101)
- ^ Smith, Huron H. 1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525 (p. 394)
- ^ Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981 The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55 (p. 46)
- ^ Swank, George R. 1932 The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis (p. 24)
- ^ Gilmore, Melvin R. 1913 A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians. Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57. (p. 336)
- ^ Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes 1939 The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians. Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 40)
- ^ Blankinship, J. W. 1905 Native Economic Plants of Montana. Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56 (p. 16)
- ^ Johnston, Alex 1987 Plants and the Blackfoot. Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society (p. 44)
- ^ Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco 1916 Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. SI-BAE Bulletin #55 (p. 38)
- ^ Clint Goss (2011). "Anasazi Flutes from the Broken Flute Cave". Retrieved 2011-10-18.
- Philips, Roger. Trees of North America and Europe, Random House, Inc., New York ISBN 0-394-50259-0, 1979.
- Maeglin, Robert R.; Lewis F. Ohmann (1973). "Boxelder (Acer negundo): A Review and Commentary". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100 (6): 357–363. doi:10.2307/2484104. JSTOR 2484104.
Names and Taxonomy
Common Names
inland boxelder
California boxelder
western boxelder
ashleaf maple
ash-leaved maple
Manitoba maple
fresno de Guajuco (Spanish)
arce (Spanish)
Numerous varieties of this widely distributed species have been
designated [16,25,26,41]:
Acer negundo var. negundo L.
Acer negundo var. interior (Britt.)Sarg.
Acer negundo var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeg.
Acer negundo var. texanum Pax.
Acer negundo var. californicum Sarg.
Acer negundo var. arizonicum Sarg.
These varieties appear to represent fairly distinct geographic races.
Intergradation occurs between varieties and has been considerable
between var. violaceum and var. negundo [16].
EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing.
To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!


text:
The Chronicle Review
Oxygenating Academe: The Unpublic Intellectual
Louis Menand—Luke to those who know him—has all the credentials of a public intellectual. A professor with a chair in English and American literature at Harvard University, he is also a staff writer for The New Yorker. He's taught at Princeton...
This content is available exclusively to Chronicle subscribers
Already a subscriber?
Log in now
Not a subscriber yet?
Subscribe now for instant access to this article and thousands of others, data tables, and interactive charts — all available exclusively for Chronicle subscribers. Plus your subscription includes weekly print or digital delivery of The Chronicle and The Review and the Chronicle iPad® Edition.Subscribe Today


text:
Quinta Do Noval Late Bottled Vintage 75Cl
Sorry, this product is currently not available.
Product information
Late bottled vintage port.
The vineyards that produce the grapes for port wine cling to the steep hillsides in the winding valleys of the Douro river in Northern Portugal. In the heart of this beautiful region lie the vineyards of Quinta do Noval, where great Port has been produced since 1715. Noval's 2005 LBV is an intense, rich, dark, red port with ripe aromas of cherries and blackberries, opening in the glass to reveal vibrant concentrated fruit backed up by fine silky tannins. The complex structure will repay years of bottle ageing, but its luscious ripe fruit can be enjoyed today.
Fine Ports Since 1715
Pack Size: 75cl
19.5% Vol.
- Wine of Portugal
Allergy Information:
- Contains: Sulphur Dioxide/Sulphites
Tasting Notes:
Intense, rich, dark, red port with ripe aromas of cherries and blackberries, opening in the glass to reveal vibrant concentrated fruit backed up by fine silky tannins.
|Wine Colour
|Alcohol Units
|19.5% vol.
|Current Vintage
|Quinta do Noval
|Type of Closure
|Natural Cork
|Wine Maker
|Antonio Agrellos
|Pack Quantity
|Pack Measure
|Alcohol Type
Grape Variety:
Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca , Tinto Cão, Tempranillo
Vinification Details:
The grapes are trodden by foot and fermented in the traditional lagares of the Quinta, where a disciplined and intense treading is fundamental for a good final result.
Quinta do Noval lies in the Douro valley in Northern Portugal where great Port has been produced since 1715.
Regional Information:
Noval is unique among the great traditional Port houses in its emphasis on the importance of the vineyard. It is significant that the company is named after its vineyard, that it is entirely based in the Douro valley, that its principal Vintage Ports, Quinta do Noval Nacional and Quinta do Noval are both single vineyard wines. The aim is to produce great classic Vintage Ports which are harmonious and elegant expressions of the terroir of Quinta do Noval.
Storage Type:
Storage Instructions:
This wine is ideal for drinking now but can be kept for up to 3 years
Country of Origin:
Recycling Info:
- Glass Pack
Name and Address:
Bottled by:
Quinta do Noval Vinhos S.A.,
Return To:
Gonzalez Byass UK Ltd.,
The Hyde,
Woodcock Hill,
Coopers Green Lane,
St Albans,
Lower Age Limit:
Statutory Years : 18
Net Contents:
75 Centilitres
Using product information
While every care has been taken to ensure product information is correct, food products are constantly being reformulated, so ingredients, nutrition content, dietary and allergens may change. You should always read the product label and not rely solely on the information provided on the website.
If you have any queries, or you'd like advice on any Tesco brand products, please contact Tesco Customer Services, or the product manufacturer if not a Tesco brand product.
Although product information is regularly updated, Tesco is unable to accept liability for any incorrect information. This does not affect your statutory rights.
This information is supplied for personal use only, and may not be reproduced in any way without the prior consent of Tesco Stores Limited nor without due acknowledgement.
Tesco © Copyright 2013


text:
myDFA Login
I am a...Close
John grew up on a farm near Ash Grove, Mo. He joined Mid-America Dairymen, Inc. in 1983 as a field representative and held various positions within the Cooperative, primarily in the area of fluid milk marketing. After Mid-Am merged into DFA, he assumed the position of corporate vice president, marketing/economic analysis. In 2006, John became senior vice president of marketing and industry affairs and in 2010, assumed the role of senior vice president and chief fluid marketing officer. In this position, he oversees DFA's governmental affairs, regulatory initiatives, economic analysis, trade policy and customer relations. In addition, he maintains material involvement and coordination in fluid milk marketing activities within each of DFA's seven Areas. In 2015, John was appointed by U.S. Department of Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman to serve on the Agricultural Trade Advisory Committee for Trade in Animals and Animal Products.
Experience the value of DFA membership.Join Now
© 2016 Dairy Farmers of America


text:
Browser does not support script.
Library staff are happy to help with all of your enquiries. Look out for members of staff wearing green lanyards.
Watch our library induction video
Email us Follow us on Twitter Manuscripts and Special Collections
Student essentials - hints and tips for new starters.
Glossary- a guide to frequently used words in libraries that you may not know
Your University Journey online course
Help with wireless, passwords, printing and more.
Log an IT support call More Information Services support
Copyright law affects both staff and students.
Find out how copyright laws affect you
Contact Estates Office to request a replacement card.
University Card FAQs
King's Meadow CampusLenton Lane
Nottingham, NG7 2NR
Please see our Help and support page for
telephone and email
contact points
Our site makes use of cookies. See Cookies for details.
Connect with The University of Nottingham through social media and our blogs.
Campus maps | More contact information | Jobs