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Weight Training for Triathlon: The Ultimate Guide
by Ben Greenfield
- #18 in Nonfiction, Sports, Triathlon
- #84 in Nonfiction, Sports, Bodybuilding & Weight Training
- #67 in Nonfiction, Sports, Individual Sports, Training
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Weight Training for Triathlon is the most comprehensive and up-to-date triathlon-specific training guide in the world today. It contains descriptions and photographs of the most effective weight training, flexibility, and abdominal exercises used by top triathletes worldwide. This book features year-round triathlon-specific weight-training programs guaranteed to improve your performance and get you results.
No other triathlon book to date has been so well designed, so easy to use, and so committed to weight training. This book was designed specifically for triathletes to increase strength, speed, endurance, and stamina. This guide will have you shaving off time in all three events by using the most advanced and efficient exercises available. It will have you recording new personal records and reaching all of your goals. By following the year-round programs in the book, you will be able to finish meets with the same energy you exerted when you began.
About the Author
Ben Greenfield, Voted #1 Personal Trainer in the Nation in 2008, is a prominent expert voice in the burgeoning triathlon industry. Known as "The Brain" of triathlon, he holds a Master's degree in exercise science and biomechanics, an ISSN Sports Nutrition Certification, a Serotta Bike Fit Certification, and the highest attainable certification as a Strength & Conditioning Coach by the NSCA.
Each week his blog at BenGreenfieldFitness.com receives tens of thousands of unique visitors who download his weekly nutrition and training articles and audios. He is the voice and author for "Get-Fit Guy" the #1 fitness podcast in iTunes, owner of "Endurance Planet" an endurance sports media website and a regular contributor to triathlon publications such as LAVA magazine, Everymantri, OnTri, TriFuel, Xtri, and Firstoffthebike. Ben has competed in the Triathlon World Championships of Olympic, Half and Full Ironman distances, and is the #1 ranked triathlete for Triathlon Northwest.
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eBook Details
- Price World Publishing, November 2011
- 9781936910656
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Watch stocks you care about
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Chesapeake Energy (NYSE: CHK ) has reported its fiscal Q4 and 2012 results. For the quarter, revenue grew by 30% on a year-over-year basis, to $3.5 billion, while adjusted net income available to common shareholders declined 61%, to $153 million ($0.26 per diluted share).
On average, analysts had expected $2.9 billion for top line, and an EPS of $0.14.
For the full year, revenue was $12.3 billion, or 6% higher than 2011's figure. Adjusted net income came in at $285 million ($0.61 diluted EPS), down from the previous year's $1.9 billion ($2.80).
Chesapeake spent much of 2012 divesting itself of property, an activity it plans to continue at least into the immediate future. The company quoted its CFO Domenic Dell'Osso as saying that "we are reaffirming the commitment of management and the Board of Directors to reducing financial leverage of the company through asset sales."

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Quilting Quickly: Patterns, Techniques & Tips taught by Jenny Doan
Learn how to make quilts in a fraction of the time. This class is perfect for beginners and quilters who want to pick up the pace of piecing.
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I love the soft, yet bright fabrics you chose for this quilt. So pretty!
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So fresh & happy!! Love all of the colors together & they really pop on the white! Congrats!
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This is a beautiful quilt, so happy like a warm hug.
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absolutely beautiful
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Love this quilt, inspires me to make one for my grandaughter due to be born early Feb. Thanks for posting the picture
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We are in the midst of determining whether WooCommerce is a viable option for our main site so we are doing some testing and have not yet been able to recreate our custom combo packs-
The Product works like this: A customer clicks a dropdown and selects one of 50 options, then does it again 5 more times, hence building a custom 6 pack. The 6 pack has a set price. Here is our current product page (not on WP or Woocommerce) http://www.shawntrautman.com/build-your-own6dvdmulti-packspecialoffer.aspx.
If anyone can give us some direction on how to put this together on Woo that would be greatly appreciated.
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My partner and I are planning to arranged to do the first 5 days of Alta Via 2 in the Dolomites. We hike quite a bit but is always just for 1 or 2 days at a time. We are trying to get a better idea of the trail to make sure it is not beyond our capabilities. Our days, along the AV2, are listed below:
1. Can someone comment on what kind of equipment we need and what kind of equiptment is helpful (hiking poles vs. ferratas kits)l. We want to avoid via ferratas.
2. On day 5/6 is there a good place to finish the hike and get back into town. We want to make our way back to Milan .
Day 1 Bressanone to Rifugio Ditta di Bressanone Cicerone book difficulty rating: 2
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Hello all! I have a client who wants to have two sites and two different themes but with the same content. It may sound weird, but he has a good reason for it which I won't get in to for time's sake... I love WP and I would love to offer it as a solution but I can't find anyone else who's tried this - or maybe someone here can link me to it (pretty please! i found a bunch of "multisite" stuff with a bunch of broken links) - or just tell me if it can be done, what needs to happen?
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- Report: #1043400
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Complaint Review: Eastern Savings Bank
Eastern Savings Bank11350 McCormick Rd #200 Hunt Valley, Maryland United States of America
Eastern Savings Bank SCAM Hunt Valley, Maryland
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This Bank is a predatory lender. They charge in access of 12% APR which is illegal in the state of Massachusetts. When I fell on hard times after paying their ridiculous rates for 10 years I asked them to modify my 12% mortgage. They put me in four forbearance and refused to modify my loan. I requested several times with a lawyer that they help mediate my issues, always getting the same response, "NO." I tried to find out what I could do about this legally and was told because they did not take federal funding, they were not bound to federal rules and regulations. I tried to sell the house before the auction and actually received an offer for 53,000 more than was owed on the original loan and the bank denied it. They are scam artists and predatory lenders who take advantage of Americans in need. They deserve to have a federal investigation or a class action law suit
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 04/15/2013 11:25 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Eastern-Savings-Bank/Hunt-Valley-Maryland-/Eastern-Savings-Bank-SCAM-Hunt-Valley-Maryland-1043400. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Martin, Browne, Hull & Harper PLL is one of Ohio's most highly regarded, general practice law firms. From its offices located in Springfield, Ohio the firm continues to provide exceptional counsel and expert, in-depth legal services to its wide-ranging clientele as it has done for nearly 140 years.
Serving clients with integrity and dedication since 1872
The law is a living, constantly evolving framework that shapes the world around us. It is a necessary presence to ensure that the rights and interests of individuals, businesses, governmental, educational, and other institutions are protected and equitably treated. It is also largely based on precedent—present and future interpretations building upon what came before.
Martin, Browne, Hull & Harper PLL (Martin Browne) is like the law itself—a vibrant, contemporary entity created from a rich history of legal experience.
We are proud of our reputation as a trusted and knowledgeable, client-friendly law firm, but also understand that to maintain our standing we cannot take any client or case for granted. This is why we are committed to practicing innovative law that delivers positive results to our clients in a way that keeps them fully informed—in terms that they understand—every step of the way.
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Martin Browne offers an uncommon breadth of legal services with skilled, professional attorneys that practice law in accordance with the highest ethical standards and the full support of the latest in legal information technologies. Learn More
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To keep up with the frequent changes and special issues that are inherent to the law, it's important to have a source of thoughtful, professional analysis and guidance.
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Note this is in Lido de Tarquinia, which is a ghost town out of season, and not Tarquinia itself. We went for a family wedding because it was in the same town as the reception, and we were very pleasantly surprised by the quality of the hotel. The staff speak little English, but why should they? However with my phrasebook... More
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Featuring Chief Xcel and Gift Of The Gab. The group have appeared previously as part of the Quannum collective, a hip-hop dreamteam underpinned by DJ Shadow's nimble vinyl mastery. Sexually compulsive dance rhythms and a ten-billion-watt on-stage presence.
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Quicklet on Capitalism and Freedom by Milton Friedman
by Danny Fenster
- #83 in Nonfiction, Social & Cultural Studies, Political Science, Politics, Economic Policy
- #4991 in Business & Finance
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Quicklets: Learn more. Read Less.About Milton FriedmanMilton Friedman was a Nobel prize-winning American economist and academic from the University of Chicago. He advised president Ronald Reagan, and his theories on limited government and free markets influenced politics well after Reagan. Friedman called himself a classic liberal, and opposed many forms of government regulation in pursuit of the widest feasible realm of freedom for the individual or family unit. He was also know for the book Free To Choose, co-written by his wife Rose.About Capitalism and FreedomThis book formulates markets as chief proponents of personal freedoms and warns against the tyrannical force government can wield by intruding on economics. It describes the rise of capitalism occurring in tandem with the rise of freedom in general, and attempts to fight against what Milton Friedman saw as the expanding role of government in American and Western life after the second World War.BOOK EXCERPTFrom the Overall Summary:Friedman begins the book with a broad philosophical consideration of the relationship between free markets and free society, concluding that the two are inextricably and necessarily linked together. He traces his ideas to the European liberals of the eighteenth century, then describes the assault on these values through the first half of twentieth-century America. The liberal movement sparked a counter-movement among American intellectuals which sought increasing governmental control in the name of protecting the public, culminating in the New Deal.Friedman then goes on to argue that the role of government must be scaled back. Central planning, he says, will inevitably lead to violations of personal freedom. We need to agree on the laws, the rules of the game, and the government must enforce those laws. Beyond that, it must sit back and let us play the game as we choose. Trade restrictions are burdensome, hurtful to the economy and a dangerous overreach of government. The most effective way to turn a market economy into an authoritarian one, says Friedman, is to the impose direct controls on foreign exchange; one step in that direction leads to further controls. A free-floating exchange, based on the market, ought to decide international currency values, not government price settings....To be continued!Quicklets: Learn more. Read less.
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- Hyperink, March 2012
- 9781614644156
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I have the latest WP installed. I have old domain and new domain pointing to the same directory on my server so in effect, both domains are working. Can I not just change the domain name in Settings > WordPress address (URL) and > Blog address (URL)?
If not how do I do this without corrupting everything? I have backed up the database using WordPress Database Backup 2.2.2 by Austin Matzko.
I found a how-to on here but it was so complex I was hoping it was old and that the new WP would have sorted this out.


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April 12, 2014
WASHINGTON – The Georgetown men's tennis team (7-12) lost its Saturday afternoon home match at the McDonough Outdoor Tennis Complex on campus to the Norfolk State Spartans (12-6) by the final of 4-3.
Georgetown senior co-captain Casey Distaso (The Woodlands, Texas/Edmond North ) and junior John Brosens (Bedford, N.Y./Brunswick School) earned the only two singles victories in the 4-3 defeat on Saturday.
Distaso, playing from the No. 5 position, defeated Peter Pello of the Spartans in straight sets, 6-4, 6-3. The senior defeated Pello during the fall at the Georgetown Classic in straight sets, 6-4, 7-5.
Brosens improved to 4-4 at the No. 6 spot for Georgetown with a 7-5, 7-6(9) straight-set victory over Norfolk State's Daniel Grauel.
The Georgetown pairs of juniors Shane Korber (Newport Beach, Calif./Corona Del Mar) and Alex Tropiano (Laurel Hollow, N.Y./Cold Spring Harbor) in addition to freshmen Jack Murphy (Coronado, Calif./La Jolla Country Day) and Jordan Portner (Ellicott, Md./Mount Saint Joseph) helped GU grab the doubles point, 2-1.
The Blue & Gray will conclude its season when they host Villanova in a BIG EAST match on Wed., April 16 with play slated to begin at 1 p.m. ET at Georgetown's McDonough Outdoor Tennis Complex.
Norfolk State 4, Georgetown 3
Washington, D.C. (McDonough Outdoor Tennis Complex)
#1 - Dimitry Zyhmantovic (NS) def. Daniel Khanin (GU); 6-1, 3-6, 6-2
#2 - Pascal Domnik (NSU) def. Shane Korber (GU); 4-6, 6-3, 6-0
#3 - Robin Riethmueller (NSU) def. Alex Tropiano (GU); 6-1, 6-3
#4 - Igor Braga (NSU) def. Jack Murphy (GU); 1-6, 6-3, 6-4
#5 - Casey Distaso (GU) def. Peter Pello (NSU); 6-4, 6-3
#6 - John Brosens (GU) def. Daniel Grauel (NSU); 7-5, 7-6 (9)
#1 - Shane Korber / Alex Tropiano (GU) def. Dimitry Zyhmantovic / Peter Pello (NSU); 8-2
#2 - Igor Braga / Robin Riethmueller (NSU) def. Casey Distaso / Daniel Khanin (GU); 8-5
#3 - Jack Murphy / Jordan Portner (GU) def. Daniel Grauel / Pascal Domnik (NSU); 8-6
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The Georgetown University Men's team fell, 5-1, in a road matchup against the Richmond...
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The Apple Store is located in Eton Chagrin Boulevard shopping center, on the eastern end of the mall.Eton Chagrin Boulevard shopping center is located 1 mile east of I-271, at Route 87/Chagrin Blvd in central Woodmere.Parking:Directly in front of the store.Public Transit:RideRTA bus 5 stops at Chagrin Blvd & Belmont Road.
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Assistant Professor of Clinical Dentistry in the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
The Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center is currently seeking applicants for a position as Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty.
As Banner Health's employed physician group with more than 1,300 physicians and advanced practitioners across more than 65 specialities, BMG, is transforming the delivery of care.
The Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Baylor Scott and White Health, Central Texas Region, is seeking a BC/BE Oral Surgeon to join the Department of Surgery in Temple, TX.


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The 29-year-old will be available for the Bluebirds' trip to Barnsley on Saturday and will stay with the Welsh club until January.
Lappin has only made one appearance for the Canaries this season, scoring their opening goal in a 2-1 Capital One Cup victory in August.
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When good leaders stay on too long.
August 25, 2016
Simple characterizations of campus protests as confrontations between hypersensitive students and fearful campus employees do little to advance the goal of achieving equity in higher education, write Magdalena L. Barrera and Shelley S. Lee.
August 25, 2016
It depends on whom you ask, write David L. Brunsma, David G. Embrick and James M. Thomas, who contend that institutional leaders often try to deny racial tensions on their own campuses.
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A book that says nothing about the winner-take-all postsecondary labor market - but might have.
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We are all laborers. Things will be better when we embrace this fact.
July 14, 2008
Colleges and government officials need to stop ignoring the consequences of the growth in student borrowing, writes Kevin Carey.
July 11, 2008
Providing better educational benefits for veterans is a wonderful start -- but colleges must do much more to make former military men and women feel at home, writes Molly Corbett Broad.
July 11, 2008
Three weeks ago, a student, a veteran of two tours in Iraq, a sniper who had already dropped out once a year ago when three of his buddies in Iraq died in one week, handed in an essay that terrified me. "Suicide Prevention," I discovered right away, is one of the top information requests from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs home page. Before thinking about writing a column about military veterans at community colleges, I made sure the student, whom I'll call The Student, is OK. He is.
July 10, 2008
Paula Treichler, who recently resigned from the university's board, offers an inside look at the turmoil of the last year as trustees moved to close a beloved college.
July 9, 2008
Was the new Pixar film "WALL-E" inspired by an American cultural theorist? Scott McLemee goes over the moon to find out.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 28, 1999
|Filing date
|Dec 21, 1998
|Priority date
|Nov 16, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John McEleney, Wende Reenstra, Curtis A. Vock
|Original Assignee
|Ipa, L.L.C.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (36), Classifications (32), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuing application of commonly-owned and copending patent application Ser. No. 09/024,458, filed on Feb. 17, 1998, which is a continuing application of prior application Ser. No. 08/895,962, filed on Jul. 17, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,210, issued on May 19, 1998), of Ser. No. 08/688,694, filed on Jul. 25, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,680,962, issued on Oct. 28, 1997), and of Ser. No. 08/340,540, filed on Nov. 16, 1994 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,420, issued Oct. 22, 1996), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Darker skin pigmentation is considered desirable by many persons, socially and aesthetically. At present, the most common method for darkening the skin is through sun-tanning, using either natural sunlight or specially designed ultraviolet (UV) light sources, e.g., tanning lamps.
However, extended exposure of human skin to ultraviolet light is known to have adverse consequences, both in the short term and in the long term. Specifically, in the short term, individuals exposed to UV risk a painful sunburn and keratitis. In the long term, extended exposure to ultraviolet radiation can result in photo-aging and "leathery" skin, and can further result in various forms of skin cancer and ultimately death.
Fair-skinned individuals are particularly susceptible to sun-induced skin disorders and cancers. For example, they face a higher risk of melanoma (skin cancer), and often incur photo-aging or dermatoheliosis, a condition characterized by wrinkling, irregular pigmentation, and surface roughness. However, even darker skinned individuals exposed to prolonged sunlight incur a high risk of skin cancer and exacerbated aging.
These risks, together with the continued desirability of the suntan look, have resulted in a wide range of UV protection suncreen agents. Such sunscreen agents are typically suspended in a cream, lotion, gel, mousses, waxed based sticks, aerosols, and alcohol sticks for topical application to the skin. For example, the Coppertone™ Company makes a large assortment of popular sunscreen lotions with varying degrees of sun block which extend the body's normal resistance to UV radiation.
One important step in the proper application of an UV protective suncreen lotion on the body is the even and complete coverage of all bodily areas which are exposed to the sun. Typical suncreen lotions and the like are applied as clear or white creams that are difficult to see upon application. It is thus difficult for a user of these typical suncreen lotions to assure even and complete coverage on the body. Consequently, it is common to miss spots, resulting in an uneven tan or burn, and the increased susceptibility to the several risks discussed above.
It is, accordingly, an object of the invention to provide a sunscreen agent which increases the likelihood of even and complete coverage when applied to the body.
Another object of the invention is to provide a UV protective sunscreen lotion which reduces the risks associated with improper application to the body.
Still another object of the invention is to provide improvements to lotions, gels, mousses and creams that are applied topically to the human skin.
These and other objects of the invention will become apparent in the description which follows.
As used herein, "color indicator," "indicator," or "CI," includes the naturally occurring and synthetic derivatives of pH indicators. A "pH indicator" is a compound that changes its visible color upon a change in pH (hydrogen ion concentrations). Suitable pH indicators according to the invention include those indicators which are clear or colorless in the pH range of approximately 6.5-8.0, and which are colored or visible above or below that pH range.
The present invention includes a method for applying and distributing sunscreens and lotions evenly. In one aspect of the invention, a color indicator is added to such sunscreens or lotions for visual detection by a user of the sunscreen or lotion. The CI in the sunscreen or lotion composition initially has a visible color upon application to the skin, and changes or becomes clear (colorless) after a short time period (i.e., between about 0.5 and 10 minutes), thereby permitting the normal or unimpeded use of the product for its intended function (i.e., after the short time period, the user is not colored by the CI but rather has a skin color appearance that normally results from application of an uncolored lotion or sunscreen). The presence of the visible color on the epidermis is indicative of the location and amount of composition thereon, thereby enabling total coverage with, and even distribution of, the composition. In one aspect of the invention, such an even distribution of sunscreen ointment results in uniform protection from exposure to UV radiation.
The invention is next described further in connection with preferred embodiments, and it will be apparent that various additions, subtractions, and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention
The present invention may be more easily and completely understood when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical use of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating certain effects of indicator concentrations on the time course of CI change from visible to clear;
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating certain effects of concentrations on CI change from visible to clear when dissolved in a common sunscreen in ten volunteers;
FIG. 4 shows a cap constructed according to the invention for adding a CI selectively to a lotion suitable for application on the body;
FIG. 4A illustrated further features of the cap of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 4B illustrates flow rate overlapping holes which are suitable for use with the cap of FIG. 4 to control flow and color rate.
The present invention provides compositions for application to the skin, including a pH indicator and methods of their preparation, as well as apparatus for temporarily colorizing the epidermis.
The CI suitable for use in the invention are those Cls which are physiologically compatible with the skin, and which readily dissolve in creams and lotions. The CIs may be used individually or in combination. Suitable Cls are also those physiologically acceptable substances which appear clear at a pH of between approximately 6.5 and 8.0, and which appear colored at a pH outside this range. Suitable CIs also include those substances listed in Table 1 hereto.
The invention utilizes the fact that the pH of normal human skin is between approximately 7.0 and 7.5 at any given time. Therefore, one CI according to the invention has (i) clear appearance at a pH in the normal skin range of 7.0 to 7.5 and (ii) a colored appearance at a pH outside this range. Typical sunscreen creams and sun lotions have a pH of 7.5 or above. Thus, if a CI is chosen which is red at pH 8.0, and that CI is added to a lotion with a pH of 8.0, then the lotion will appear red. When applied to the skin, however, the skin's pH will shift the overall lotion pH from 8.0 to 7.0-7.2, and will thus change the CI from red to colorless.
Alternatively, a sunscreen or lotion according to the invention is one which (i) has a pH of approximately 6.5 (or less) and (ii) utilizes a CI which is colored at pH 6.5 (or less) and colorless at pH 7.0 to 7.5. Consequently, upon application to human skin, the initially colored sunscreen or lotion pH will shift upwards, due to the skin's pH, to approximately pH 7.0 to 7.5, and will thus become colorless at that time.
Indicators according to the invention can be added during the manufacture or the formulation of the lotion, such as described below. Alternatively, by controlling the pH of the lotion, the CIs can also be added after formulation.
As described above, suitable indicators according to the invention are those which undergo a color change from colored to clear (i.e., substantially colorless) at a pH range of 6.5-8.0, and which are suitable for application to the human skin. Suitable indicators, for example, include phenolphthalein, σ-cresolphthalein, thymolphthalein, quinazolinedione, and ethyl-bis ethanoate. A color indicator such as phenolpthalein, for example, changes color from visible to clear when its pH changes from a pH that is higher or lower than 7.0-7.4 to a pH of 7.0-7.4. Other indicators according to the invention, such as Coumarin, and dioxyxanthone, respond to pH changes by changing from a fluorescent color to clear. A more comprehensive description of the indicators according to the invention is provided below in Table 1.
In accord with one embodiment of the invention, CIs are employed topically. For topcial use, it is desirable that a CI is dispersed in an emulsion of sunscreen or lotion and applied to the skin. For this purpose, the CIs are intended to be admixed in a pharmacologically acceptable topical carrier such as a gel, an ointment, a lotion, or a cream. Such carriers include, but are not limited to, water, glycerol, alcohol, propylene glycol, fatty alcohols, triglycerides, fatty acid esters, and mineral oils
Sunscreening agents according to the invention include the UVA-type (typical UVA-type sunscreening agents include certain benzophenones and dibenzoyl methanes), the UVB type (typical UVB type sunscreening agents include substituted para-aminobenzoates, alkyl esters of para-methoxycinnamate and certain esters of salicylic acid), or a combination of the two. Generally, the sunscreening agents are used in amounts effective to provide the desired level of protection against UVA and/or UVB radiation. For example, the sunscreening agents are generally used in the amounts of about 2% to about 20% by weight of the total composition, with about 5% to about 18% being preferred, and about 2% to about 15% being most preferred.
Representative UVB-type sunscreening agents suitable for use with the invention include, without limitation, the following:
(A) DEA methoxyinnamate (diethanolamine salt of p-methoxy hydro cinnamate), e.g., tradename BERNEL HYDRO from Bernel Chemical Co., Inc.
(B) ethyl dihydroxypropl PABA (ethyl dihydroxypropyl p-aminobenzoate), e.g., tradename AMERSCREEN R from Amerchol Corp.;
(C) glycerol PABA (glyceryl-p-aminobenzoate), e.g., tradename NIPA G.M.P.A from NIPA Laboratories Inc.;
(D) homosalate (Homomenthyl salicylate), e.g., tradename KEMESTER HMS from Humko Chemical;
(E) octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate), e.g., tradename UVINUL N-539 from BASF Chemical Co.;
(F) octyl dimethyl PABA (OCtyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoate,2-ethylhexyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate, Padimate O), e.g., tradenames AMERSCOL, ARLATONE UVB, and ESCALOL 507 from Amerchol Corp., ICI Americas, Inc., and Van Dyk, respectively;
(G) octyl methoxycinnamate (2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate), e.g., tradename PARSO-- MCX from Bernel Chemical Co., Inc., or Givauden Corp.;
(H) octyl salicylate (2-ethylhexy salicylate), e.g., tradename SUNAROME WMO from Felton Worldwide, Inc.;
(I) PABA (p-amino benzoic acid), e.g., tradename PABA from EM Industries, Inc. and National Starch & Chemical Corp., and tradename NIPA PABA from NIPA Laboratories Inc.;
(J) 2-phenyl-benzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid (Novantisol), e.g., tradename EUSOLEX 232 and NEO-HELIOPAN HYDRO from EM Industries, Inc. and Haarmann & Reimer Corp., respectively;
(K) TEA salicylate (triethanolamine salicylate), e.g., tradenames SUNADROME W and SUNDROME G from Felton Worldwide, Inc.;
(L) 3-(4-methylbenzlidene)camphor or 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)boran -2-one, e.g., tradename EUSOLEX 6300 from EM Industries, Inc.; and
(M) etocrylene (2-ethyl-2-cyano-3,3"-diphenylacrylate), e.g., tradename UVINUL N-35 from BASF Chemical Co.
Representative UVA type suncreening agents suitable for use with the invention include, without limitation, the following:
(A) benzophenone-3(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone), e.g., tradename SPECTRA-SORB UV-9 and UVINUL M-40 from American Cyanamid Co. and BASF Chemical Co.,respectively;
(B) benzophenone-4(sulisobenzone), e.g., tradename UVINUL MS-40 from BASF Chemical Co.;
(C) benzophenone-8(dioybenzone), e.g., tradename SPECTRA-SORB UV-24 from American Cyanamid Co.;
(D) methyl anthranilate (methyl-O-aminobenzoate), e.g., tradename SUNAROME UVA from Felton Worldwide, Inc.;
(E) benzophenone-1(2,4,-dihydroxybenzophenone), e.g., tradename UVINUL 400 and UVASORB 2OH from BASF Chemical Co. and TRI-K Industries, Inc., respectively;
(F) benzophenone-2(2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxy-benzohpenone), e.g., tradename UVINUL D-50 from BASF Chemical Co.;
(G) benzophenone-6(2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-benzophenoneO, e.g., tradename UVINUL D-49 from BASF Chemical Co.;
(H) benzophenone-12(octabenzone), e.g., tradename UVINOL 408 from BASF Chemical Co.;
(I) 4-isopropyl dibenzoyl methane (1-p-cumenyl-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione), e.g. tradename EUSOLEX 8020 from EM Industries Inc.; and
(J) butyl methyl dibenzoyl methane (4-t-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoyl methane), e.g. tradename PARSOL 1789 from Givaudan Corporation.
Physical sunscreening agents may also be added to the composition according to the invention. For example, red petrolatum in amounts of about 30% to about 99% by weight of the total composition, or titanium dioxide in amounts of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the total composition can be used. Talc, kaolin, chalk, and precipitated silica can also be used in effective amounts, e.g., about 1% to about 10% by weight of the total composition.
Additional sunscreening agents according to the invention include lawsone hydroxynaphthoquinone, C10 H6 O3 (the coloring matter of henna leaves) with dihydroxy acetone.
In accord with preferred embodiments of the invention, at least one UVA-type or UVB-type sunscreening agent is preferably used in compositions designed to inhibit UV radiation. For example, the following UVB-type sunscreening agents can be used according to the invention: from about 1.5% to about 8.0% by weight of the total composition of octyl dimethyl PABA; octyl para-methoxycinnamate in amounts of about 1.5% to about 7.5% by weight of the total composition; homomethyl salicylate in amounts of about 4.0% to about 15% by weight of the total composition; and octyl salicylate in amounts of about 3% to about 5% by weight of the total composition.
In another embodiment, at least one of the following UVA type sunscreening agents can be added: benzophenone-3 in amounts of about 0.5% to about 6% by weight of the total composition; benzophenone-8 in amounts of about 0.5% to about 3% by weight of the total composition; and menthyl anthanilate in amounts of about 3.5% to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition.
The color indicator compositions according to the invention can be incorporated into formulations such as lotions, creams, gels, mousses, waxed based sticks, aerosols, alcohol sticks and the like. These formulations are well known in the art. For example, information regarding such formulatios may be found in (i) Balsam, M. S., and Sagrin, E. (Editors) Cosmetics Science and Technology, Second Edition, Volumes 1 and 2, Wiley-Interscience, a division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, copyright 1972; and (ii) Flick, E. W., Cosmetic and Toiletry Formulations, Noyes Publications, 1984, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to the UV-blocking additives described above, lotions and/or sunscreens according to the invention can include other compounds, including any of the following: (i) emollients, (ii) emulsifiers, (iii) surfactants, (iv) waxes, (v) thickeners, (vi) film formers, (vii) preservatives, and (viii) perfumes.
Emollients may be used according to the invention in amounts which are effective to prevent or relieve dryness. Useful emollients include, without limitation: hydrocarbon oils and waxes; silicone oils; triglyceride esters; acetoglyceride esters; ethoxylated glyceride; alkyl esters; alkenyl esters; fatty acids; fatty alcohols; fatty alcohol ethers; etheresters; lanolin and derivatives; polyhydric alcohols (polyols) and polyether derivatives; polyhydric alcohol (polyol) esters; wax esters; beeswax derivatives; vegetable waxes; phospholipids; sterols; and amides.
Thus, for example, typical emollients include mineral oil, especially mineral oils having a viscosity in the range of 50 to 500 SUS, lanolin oil, mink oil, coconut oil, cocoa butter, olive oil, almond oil, macadamia nut oil, aloa extract, jojoba oil, safflower oil, corn oil, liquid lanolin, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, purcellin oil, perhydrosqualene (squalene), caster oil, polybutene, odorless mineral spirits, sweet almond oil, avocado oil, calophyllum oil, ricin oil, vitamin E acetate, olive oil, mineral spirits, cetearyl alcohol (mixture of fatty alcohols consisting predominantly of cetyl and stearyl alcohols), linolenic alcohol, oleyl alcohol, octyl dodecanol, the oil of cereal germs such as the oil of wheat germ cetearyl octanoate (ester of cetearyl alcohol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid), cetyl palmitate, diisopropyl adipate, isopropyl palmitate, octyl palmitate, isopropyl myristate, butyl myristate, glyceryl stearate, hexadecyl stearate, isocetyl stearate, octyl stearate, octylhydroxy stearate, propylene glycol stearate, butyl stearate, decyl oleate, glyceryl oleate, acetyl glycerides, the octanoates and benzoates of (C12-C15) alcohols, the octanoates and decanoates of alcohols and polyalcohols such as those of glycol and glycerol, and ricin-oleates of alcohols and poly alcohols such as those of isopropyl adipate, hexyl laurate, octyl dodecanoate, dimethicone copolyol, dimethiconol, lanolin, lanolin alcohol, lanolin wax, hydrogenated lanolin, hydroxylated lanolin, acetylated lanolin, petrolatum, isopropyl lanolate, cetyl myristate, glyceryl myristate, myristyl myristate, myristyl lactate, cetyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol stearyl alcohol, and isocetyl lanolate, and the like.
Emulsifiers (i.e., emulsifying agents) are also used in certain aspects of the invention in amounts effective to provide uniform blending of ingredients of the composition. Useful emulsifiers include (i) anionics such as fatty acid soaps, e.g., potassium stearate, sodium stearate, ammonium stearate, and triethanolamine stearate; polyol fatty acid monoesters containing fatty acid soaps, e.g., glycerol monostearate containing either potassium or sodium salt; sulfuric esters (sodium salts), e.g., sodium lauryl 5 sulfate, and sodium cetyl sulfate; and polyol fatty acid monoesters containig sulfuric esters, e.g., glyceryl monostearate containing sodium lauryl sulfate; (ii) cationics chloride such as N(stearoyl colamino formylmethyl) pyridium; N-soya-N-ethyl morpholinium ethosulfate; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; diisobutylphenoxytheoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; and cetyl pyridium chloride; and (iii) nonionics such as polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, e.g., monostearate; polyoxyethylene lauryl alcohol; polyoxypropylene fatty alcohol ethers, e.g., propoxylated oleyl alcohol; polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate; polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate; sorbitan fatty acid esters, e.g., sorbitan; polyoxyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, e.g., polyoxyethylene glycol monostearate; and polyol fatty acid esters, e.g., glyceryl monostearate and propylene glycol monostearate; and ethoxylated lanolin derivatives, e.g., ethoxylated lanolins, ethoxylated lanolin alcohols and ethoxylated cholesterol.
Surfactants are also used in certain compositions of the invention. Suitable surfactants may include, for example, those surfactants generally grouped as cleansing agents, emulsifying agents, foam boosters, hydrotropes, solubilizing agents, suspending agents and nonsurfactants (facilitates the dispersion of solids in liquids).
The surfactants are usually classified as amphoteric, anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants. Amphoteric surfactants include acylamino acids and derivatives and N-alkylamino acids. Anionic surfactants include: acylamino acids and salts, such as, acylglutamates, acylpeptides, acylsarcosinates, and acyltaurates; carboxylic acids and salts, such as, alkanoic acids, ester carboxylic acids, and ether carboxylic acids; sulfonic acids and salts, such as, acyl isethionates, alkylaryl sulfonates, alkyl sulfonates, and sulfosuccinates; sulfuric acid esters, such as, alkyl ether sulfates and alkyl sulfates. Cationic surfactants include: alkylamines, alkyl imidazolines, ethoxylated amines, and quaternaries (such as, alltylbenzyldimethylammonium salts, alkyl betaines, heterocyclic ammonium salts, and tetra alkylammonium salts). And nonionic surfactants include: alcohols, such as primary alcohols containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms; alkanolamides such as alkanolamine derived amides and ethoxylated amides; amine oxides; esters such as ethoxylated carboxylic acids, ethoxylated glycerides, glycol esters and derivatives, monoglycerides, polyglyceryl, esters, polyhydric alcohol esters and ethers, sorbitan/sorbitol esters, and triesters of phosphoric acid; and ethers such as ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated lanolin, ethoxylated polysiloxanes, and propoxylated polyoxyethylene ethers.
Suitable waxes which are useful in accord with the invention include: animal waxes, such as beeswax, spermaceti, or wool wax (lanolin); plant waxes, such as carnauba or candelilla; mineral waxes, such as montan wax or ozokerite; and petroleum waxes, such as paraffin wax and microcrystalline wax (a high molecular weight petroleum wax). Animal, plant, and some mineral waxes are primarily esters of a high molecular weight fatty alcohol with a high molecular weight fatty acid. For example, the hexadecanoic acid ester of tricontanol is commoniy reported to be a major component of beeswax.
Other suitable waxes according to the invention include the synthetic waxes including polyethylene polyoxyethylene and hydrocarbon waxes derived from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Representative waxes also include: ceresin; cetyl esters; hydrogenated joioba oil; hydrogenated jojoba wax; hydrogenated rice bran wax; Japan wax; jojoba butter; jojoba oil; jojoba wax; munk wax; montan acid wax; ouricury wax; rice bran wax; shellac wax; sufurized jojoba oil; synthetic beeswax; synthetic jojoba oils; trihydroxystearin; cetyl alcohol; stearyl alcohol; cocoa butter; fatty acids of lanolin; mono-, di- and25 triglycerides which are solid at 25� C., e..g.,glyceyl tribehenate (a triester of behenic acid and glycerine) and C1g-C36 acid triglyceride (a mixture of triesters of C1g-C36 carboxylic acids and glycerine) available from Croda, Inc., New York, N.Y. under the tradenames Syncrowax HRC and Syncrowax HGL-C, respectively; fatty esters which are solid at 25� C.; silicone waxes such as methyloctadecaneoxypolysiloxane and poly (dimethylsiloxy) stearoxysiloxane; stearyl mono- and diethanolamide; rosin and its derivatives such as the abietates of glycol and glycerol; hydrogenated oils solid at 25� C.; and sucroglycerides. Thickeners (viscosity control agents) which may be used in effective amounts in aqueous systems include: algin; carbomers such as carbomer 934, 934P, 940 and 941; cellulose gum; cetearyl alcohol, cocamide DEA, dsxtrin; gelatin; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylcellulose; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; magnesium aluminum silicate; myristyl alcohol; oat flour; oleamide DEA; oleyl alcohol; PEG-7M; PEG-14M; PEG-90M; stearamide DEA; Stearamide MEA; stearyl alcohol; tragacanth gum; wheat starch; xanthan gum; and the like in the above list of thickeners, DEA is diethanolamine, and MEA is monoethanolamine. Thickeners (viscosity control agents) which may be used in effective amounts in nonaqueous systems include, aluminum stearates; beeswax; candelilla wax; carnauba; ceresin; cetearyl alcohol; cetyl alcohol; cholesterol; hydrated silica; hydrogenated castor oil; hydrogenated cottonseed oil; hydrogenated soybean oil; hydrogenated tallow glyceride; hydrogenated vegetable oil; hydroxypropyl cellulose; lanolin alcohol; myristyl alcohol; octytdodecyl stearoyl sulfate; oleyl alcohol; ozokerite; microcystalline wax; paraffin, pentaerythrityl tetraoctanoate; polyacrylamide; polybutene; polyethylene; propylene glycol dicaprylate; propylene glycol dipelargonate; stearalkonium hectorite; stearyl alcohol; stearyl stearate; synthetic beeswax; trihydroxystearin; trilinolein; tristearin; zinc stearate; and the like.
Film Formers
Suitable film formers which are used in accord with the invention keep the composition smooth and even and include, without limitation: acrylamide/sodium acrylate copolymer; ammonium acrylates copolymer; Balsam Peru; cellulose gum; ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylcellulose; polyacrylamide; polyethylene; polyvinyl alcohol; pvm/MA copolymer (polyvinyl methylether/maleic anhydride); PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone); maleic anhydride copolymer such as PA-18 available from Gulf Science and Technology; PVP/hexadecene copolymer such as Ganex V-216 available from GAF Corporation; acryliclacrylate copolymer; and the like.
Generally, film formers can be used in amounts of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the total composition with about 1% to about 8% being preferred and about 0.1�/O to about 5% being most preferred. Humectants can also be used in effective amounts, including: fructose; glucose; glulamic acid; glycerin; honey; maltitol; methyl gluceth-10; methyl gluceth-20; propylene glycol; sodium lactate; sucrose; and the like.
Preservatives according to certain compositions of the invention include, without limitation: butylparaben; ethylparaben; imidazolidinyl urea; methylparaben; O-phenylphenol; propylparaben; quaternium-14; quaternium-15; sodium dehydroacetate; zinc pyrithione; and the like.
The preseratives are used in amounts effective to prevent or retard microbial growth. Generally, the preservatives are used in amounts of about 0.1% to about 1% by weight of the total composition with about 0.1% to about 0.8% being preferred and about 0.1% to about 0.5% being most preferred.
Perfumes (fragrance components) and colorants (coloring agents) well known to those skilled in the art may be used in effective amounts to impart the desired fragrance and color to the compositions of the invention.
Other ingredients which can be added or used in amounts effective for their intended use, including: biological additives to enhance performance or consumer appeal such as amino acids, proteins, vanilla, aloe extract, bioflavinoids, and the like; buffering agents, chelating agents such as EDTA; emulsion stabilizers; pH adjusters; opacifying agents; and propellants such as butane carbon dioxide, ethane, hydrochlorofluorocarbons 22 and 142b, hydrofluorocarbon 152a, isobutane, isopentane, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, pentane, propane, and the like.
The ingredients described above--sunscreening agents, emollients, emulsifiers, surfactants, solvents for sunscreening agents, waxes, thickeners, film formers, humectants, preservatives, surfactants, perfumes, coloring agents, biological additives, buffering agents, chelating agents, emulsion stabilizers, opacifying agents, pH adjusters, and propellants--are well known to those skilled in the art. The determination of which ingredients to use to obtain the intended formulations, and the determination of the amounts whlch may be used to achieve the intended functions and effects of these ingredients are well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art without the need for undue experimentation. Further information may be obtained on these ingredients, for example, by reference to: Cosmetics & Toiletries, Vol. 102, No. 3, March 1987; Balsam, M. S., et al., editors, Cosmetics Science and Technology, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, pp 27-104 and 179-222 Wiley-lnterscience, New York, 1972; Cosmetics & Toiletries, Vol. 104, pp 67-111, February 1989; Cosmetics & Toiletries, Vol. 103, No. 12, pp 100-129, December 1988; Nikitakis, J. M., editor, CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbrook, First Edition, published by The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1988; Mukhtar, H, editor, Pharmacology of the Skin, CRC Press 1992; and Green; F J, The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Stains, Dyes and Indicators, Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee Wis. 1991.
A representative lotion formulation is listed below in Table 1, which is broken into three parts.
TABLE 1______________________________________TYPICAL LOTION FORMULA______________________________________Part 1lanolin 0.2-1%cocoa butter 2.0-5%emocl RHT (glycelyl slearate)1 2.0-4%hystren˜5016 (stearic acid)2 2.0-4%vitamin E acetate 0.1-0.5%aloe vera lipo quinone extract 0.1-1.0%jojoba o 0.1-1.0%mineral oil 1.0-7%propylparaben 0.1-1%medical fluid 360 (dimethicone)3 0.1-1%Part 2water 40-60%carbopol 941 (1%) (polyacrylic acid polymer)4 10-35%propylene glycol 2.0-7%triethanolamine 99% 0.1-3%lanogel 41 (PEG-75 lanolin)5 0.25-1%methylparaben 0.1-0.5%sequestrene Na2 0.01-0.08%Part 3perfume 0.01-.5%______________________________________ Footnotes 1 Witco Corp., Organics Division, NY, NY (also Witconol RHT) 2 Humko Chemcal, Memphis, Tenn. 3 Dow Corning Corp., Midland, Michigan 4 B. F. Goodrich Specially Polymers and Chemical Division, Cleveland Ohio 5 Amerchol Corp., Edison, NJ
To make the formulation listed in Table 1, parts 1 and 2 are heated separately to 180� F. Part 1 is then added to Part 2. The resultant blend is cooled to 120� F. and Part 3 is then added.
Other examples of formulations which are useful according to the invention include oil-in-water creams, oil-in-water lotions, water-in-oil lotions, oil-in-water resistant creams and lotions, sticks, gels, oils and mousses. Such formulations are found, for example, in Cosmetics & Toiletries, Vol. 102, pp 117-130, March 1987, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Still other examples of formulations which are useful according to the invention include hand and body lotions, oil-in-water emollient creams, moisturizing lotions, after sun emollient stick, facial spray mist, skin mousse and moisturizing gel. Such formulations are found, for example, in Cosmetics & Toiletries, Vol. 102, pp 47-160, April 1987, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the formulations described in the above cited Cosmetics & Toiletries references (March and April 1987) represent types of formulations which may be suitably modified to allow for the addition of color indicators, and that such modifications may be accomplished without the need for undue experimentation.
The CIs according to the invention include several distinct compounds, including the following:
______________________________________PHENOLPHTHALEIN3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H0-isobenzofuranone.3.3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalide______________________________________Mol. Form.: C20 H14 O4F.W.: 318.33Appearance: White powderSolubility: H2O 1 mg/ml EGME 100 mg/ml ETOH 30 mg/ml______________________________________
Phenolphthalein, 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H0-isobenzofuranone. 3.3-Bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalide, a preferred acid-base indicator according to the invention, is made by condensing one mole of phthalic anhydride with two moles of phenol. The condensation product is usually isolated as the colorless lactone form. The disodium salt form is red due to the opening of the lactone rine and the concomitant paraquinoid-chromophore formation. However, with the addition of enough sodium hydroxide to form the trisodium carbinol salt, it becomes colorless again due to the elimination of the paraquinoidal structure.
______________________________________σ-CRESOLPHTHALEIN: 3,3-Dimethylphenolphthalein______________________________________Mol. Form.: C22 H18 O4F.W: 346.38Appearance: Beige powderSolubility: H2O 1 mg/ml EGME 90 mg/ml ETOH 50 mg/ml______________________________________
σ-Cresolphthalein: 3,3-Dimethlphenolphthalein, is a member of the phthalein-indicator series and is made by condensing one mole of phthalic anhydride with two moles of s-cresol. This white, crystalline-powder product is soluable in alcohol and aqueous alkali solutions and very slightly soluable in water. An acid-base indicator, it has a visual-transition interval extending from pH 8.2 (colorless) to pH 9.8 (red) and a pK of 9.4.
______________________________________THYMOLPHTHALEIN______________________________________Mol. Formula: C28 H30 O4F.W.: 430.54Appearance: White powderSolubility: H2O 1 mg/ml EGME 100 mg/ml ETOH 70 mg/ml______________________________________
Thymolphthalein is a hydroxytriarylmethane indicator that is made by condensing two moles of thymol with one mole of phthalic anhydride in the presence of heat and a condensing agent, such as stannin chloride. It is soluble in the lower aliphatic alcohols, acetone and dilute alkalies. It has a visual-transition interval of pH 8.8 (colorless) to pH 10.5 (blue)
______________________________________Fluorescent IndicatorCOUMARIN______________________________________Mol. Formula: C9 H6 O2F.W.: 146.15Appearance: White crystalline powderSolubility: H2O <0.1 mg/ml EGME <0.1 mg/ml ETHOL <0.1 mg/ml______________________________________
Coumarin is used as a fluorescent indicator displaying a fluorecent-transition interval of pH 8.0 (colorless) to pH 9.5 (green).
Other fluorescent indicators according to the invention include: (1) 2,3, dioxyxanthone with a transition interval pH 5.4 (colorless) to pH 7.6 blue/violet; and (ii) coumeric acid with a transition interval pH 7.2 (colorless) to pH 7.5 (blue).
Other nonfluorecent indicators according to the invention include: (i) 6.8-dinitro-2,4-(1H) quinazolinedione with a transition interval pH 6.4 (colorless) to pH 8.0 (yellow); and (ii) ethyl-bis (2,4-dimethylphenyl) ethanoate with a transition interval pH 8.4 (colorless) to pH 9.6 (Blue).
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical use of the invention. Specifically, FIG. 1 shows a human arm 10 with a visible and evenly distibuted application of sunscreen lotion 12, constructed according to the invention, applied to a section 14 of the arm 10. The section 14 is visible because of the pH indicator described herein. FIG. 1 also shows the same arm 10' after a short time period--e.g., between about 0.5 and 10 minutes, and preferably about one minute--and wherein the arm 10' is substantially the normal color of human skin.
FIG. 2 shows a graph illustrating the effects of indicator concentration on the time course of CI change from visible to clear. Specifically, a phenolphthalein color indicator was dissolved in phosphate buffered saline at the indicated concentration and applied to a subjects skin. The time from application to the complete change in color was measured and recorded. The bars indicate the mean time of three trials.
FIG. 3 shows a graph illustrating the effect of concentration on a CI change from visible to clear when dissolved in a common sunscreen in ten volunteers. The concentrations were 20 and 50 mg/ml. Specifically, in FIG. 3, the time of color change (on the vertical axis) at two concentrations of phenoithalien dissolved in a common sunscreen was measured on the forearms of ten separate volunteers. Variability was expected and observed. A concentration of 50 mg/ml provided the most consistant results of the indicator changing from visible to colorless in 1-2 minutes.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an apparatus according to the invention. Specifically, FIG. 4 shows a cap 100 constructed according to the invention. The cap 100 contains a color indicator 102 and includes a threading portion 104 (illustrated as an outline because the threads are internal to the illustrated view) which can attach, via a threading or screw action, onto a lotion container 106 (specifically onto the top threads 107). The lotion container 106 is of the prior art type known to the public for containing lotions, creams, gels, mousses, sunscreen agents, and the like (collectively, the "lotion 108"). The invention colors the lotion 108 upon use by a user desirous of applying the lotion 108 to the user's skin by mixing the color indicator 102 with the lotion 108 during application. Accordingly, the lotion 108 appears colored upon application, but typically becomes colorless after a period of time on the user's skin (depending upon the intended color of the lotion 108).
FIG. 4A illustrates further features of the cap 100. Specifically, FIG. 4A shows a cutaway side view of the cap 100 with threading portion 104 used to attach the cap 100 to a container, e.g., the container 106 of FIG. 4. A conduit 110 provides a path for the lotion to pass through the cap 100 to the user's skin, while a top seal 112 selectively seals the cap 100, and hence the lotion, so that the lotion 108 is safely sealed while not in use. Such a cap is known to those skilled in the art.
FIG. 4A also illustrates a twist portion 114 which provides a user with a mechanism to control the flow of color indicator to the conduit 110. A user selectively twists the top portion 114 while keeping the lower portion 116 still to adjust the overlapping flow holes 118. These flow holes 118, shown in FIG. 4B, provide varying flow diameters between the cavity 120, containing the color indicator 102, and the conduit 110. Accordingly, a user can adjust the amount of color added to the lotion upon application, from No Flow (i.e., no color), to Small Flow (i.e, some color), to Large Flow (i.e., maximum color), such as illustrated in FIG. 4B.
It is accordingly intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative rather than in a limiting sense.
It is also intended that the following claims cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention as described herein, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 11, 1969
|Aug 7, 1973
|Union Carbide Corp
|Sunscreens preparations
|Jun 19, 1975
|Apr 18, 1978
|Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung
|Dyed lustrous pigments
|Jul 17, 1997
|May 19, 1998
|Lotion which is temporarily colored upon application
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 15, 1999
|Jul 11, 2000
|Ipa, Llc
|Colored formulations for application to human skin
|Apr 30, 2001
|Sep 10, 2002
|Playtex Products, Inc.
|Sunless tanning compositions
|Jul 6, 2000
|Apr 18, 2006
|Fragrance Resources, Inc.
|Fragrance composition exhibiting varying olfactive characteristics when applied on different persons
|Feb 6, 2008
|Jun 9, 2009
|Milliken & Company
|Unsubstituted and polymeric lactone colorants for coloring consumer products
|Feb 6, 2008
|Oct 6, 2009
|Milliken & Company
|Unsubstituted and polymeric triphenymethane colorants for coloring consumer products
|Feb 6, 2008
|Dec 29, 2009
|Milliken & Company
|Unsubstituted and polymeric fluoran colorants for coloring consumer products
|Jan 26, 2010
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Single phase color change agents
|Jan 22, 2010
|Dec 28, 2010
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Single phase color change agents
|Jun 13, 2005
|Mar 22, 2011
|C2C Technologies Llc
|Composition and method for producing colored bubbles
|Apr 27, 2007
|Nov 29, 2011
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Color changing cleansing composition
|Dec 14, 2006
|Feb 28, 2012
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Antimicrobial coating system
|Dec 14, 2006
|Feb 2, 2016
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Antimicrobial adhesive films
|Sep 30, 2005
|Mar 30, 2006
|Robin Schaffer
|Composition of sunscreen and color-changing markers
|Feb 16, 2006
|Aug 16, 2007
|Cantwell Maggie Y
|Cosmetic compositions and methods of making and using the compositions
|Feb 15, 2007
|Aug 23, 2007
|Cantwell Maggie Y
|Cosmetic compositions and methods of making and using the compositions
|Dec 19, 2006
|Mar 13, 2008
|Macdonald Gavin
|Color changing skin sealant with co-acid trigger
|Oct 31, 2006
|Mar 13, 2008
|Macdonald John Gavin
|Color changing skin sealant
|Dec 14, 2006
|Jun 19, 2008
|Macdonald John Gavin
|Skin coating with microbial indicator
|Feb 6, 2008
|Aug 21, 2008
|Moore Patrick D
|Unsubstituted and polymeric triphenymethane colorants for coloring consumer products
|Nov 8, 2007
|May 14, 2009
|Macdonald John Gavin
|Coverage indicating technology for skin sealants using tannates
|Dec 14, 2007
|Jun 18, 2009
|Smith Molly K
|Goniochromic indicator for skin sealant
|Jun 15, 2007
|Dec 10, 2009
|University Of Medicine And Dentistry Of New Jersey
|Selective inhibitors for transferases
|Jan 22, 2010
|May 13, 2010
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Single Phase Color Change Agents
|Dec 23, 2009
|Nov 10, 2011
|Beiersdorf Ag
|Cosmetic preparation in the form of an emulsion, useful for stabilization of the dye in the cosmetic emulsion, comprises a dye, an emulsifier and their lipid phase
|May 3, 2001
|Nov 15, 2001
|Playtex Products, Inc.
|Sunless tanning compositions
|Nov 23, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Beiersdorf Ag
|Visualization of sun protection agents on the skin
|Nov 23, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Beiersdorf Ag
|Visualization of sun protection agents on the skin
|Nov 29, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Beiersdorf Ag
|Visualization of sun protection agents on the skin
|Sep 30, 2005
|Apr 13, 2006
|Robin Schaffer
|Composition of sunscreen and color-changing markers
|Sep 30, 2005
|May 24, 2007
|Robin Schaffer
|Composition of sunscreen and color-changing markers
|Jun 15, 2007
|Dec 27, 2007
|University Of Medicine And Dentistry Of New Jersey
|Selective inhibitors for transferases
|Aug 16, 2007
|Sep 18, 2008
|Kimberly Clark Co
|Color changing skin sealant with co-acid trigger
|Oct 4, 2007
|Jun 19, 2008
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Skin coating with microbial indicator
|Oct 4, 2007
|Feb 19, 2009
|Kimberly Clark Co
|Skin coating with microbial indicator
|Oct 3, 2008
|May 14, 2009
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Coverage indicating technology for skin sealants using tannates
|Dec 2, 2008
|Jun 25, 2009
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Goniochromic indicator for skin sealant
|U.S. Classification
|424/59, 514/946, 514/847, 424/78.03, 514/844, 424/78.07, 514/846, 424/60, 514/938, 424/401, 514/939, 424/400, 514/947, 514/937
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 20, 2001
Owner name: PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC., CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:IPA, LLC;REEL/FRAME:011541/0828
Effective date: 20010108
|May 30, 2001
Owner name: CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGEN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:011837/0393
Effective date: 20010522
|Feb 24, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 26, 2004
Owner name: PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC., CONNECTICUT
Free format text: RELEASE OF PATENT SECURITY INTERESTS;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON, ACTING THROUGH ITS CAYMANISLANDS BRANCH, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT;REEL/FRAME:014373/0009
Effective date: 20040219
|Feb 27, 2004
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC CAPITAL CORPORATION, AS AGENT, CO
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014394/0685
Effective date: 20040219
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC CAPITAL CORPORATION, AS AGENT,CON
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014394/0685
Effective date: 20040219
|Mar 3, 2004
Owner name: WELLS FARGO BANK MINNESOTA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014990/0309
Effective date: 20040219
Owner name: WELLS FARGO BANK MINNESOTA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,C
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014990/0309
Effective date: 20040219
|Sep 30, 2004
Owner name: SUN PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION, DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:015829/0848
Effective date: 20040908
|Dec 7, 2005
Owner name: GE CANADA FINANCE HOLDING COMPANY, CANADA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:016862/0334
Effective date: 20051128
Owner name: GE CANADA FINANCE HOLDING COMPANY,CANADA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PLAYTEX PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:016862/0334
Effective date: 20051128
|Mar 2, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 28, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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