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As solar panels become less expensive and capable of generating more power, solar energy is becoming a more commercially viable alternative source of electricity. However, the photovoltaic cells now used to turn sunlight into electricity can only absorb and use a small fraction of that light, and that means a significant amount of solar energy goes untapped.
A new technology created by researchers from Caltech, and described in a paper published online in the October 30 issue of Science Express, represents a first step toward harnessing that lost energy.
Sunlight is composed of many wavelengths of light. In a traditional solar panel, silicon atoms are struck by sunlight and the atoms' outermost electrons absorb energy from some of these wavelengths of sunlight, causing the electrons to get excited. Once the excited electrons absorb enough energy to jump free from the silicon atoms, they can flow independently through the material to produce electricity. This is called the photovoltaic effect—a phenomenon that takes place in a solar panel's photovoltaic cells.
Although silicon-based photovoltaic cells can absorb light wavelengths that fall in the visible spectrum—light that is visible to the human eye—longer wavelengths such as infrared light pass through the silicon. These wavelengths of light pass right through the silicon and never get converted to electricity—and in the case of infrared, they are normally lost as unwanted heat.
"The silicon absorbs only a certain fraction of the spectrum, and it's transparent to the rest. If I put a photovoltaic module on my roof, the silicon absorbs that portion of the spectrum, and some of that light gets converted into power. But the rest of it ends up just heating up my roof," says Harry A. Atwater, the Howard Hughes Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science; director, Resnick Sustainability Institute, who led the study.
Now, Atwater and his colleagues have found a way to absorb and make use of these infrared waves with a structure composed not of silicon, but entirely of metal.
The new technique they've developed is based on a phenomenon observed in metallic structures known as plasmon resonance. Plasmons are coordinated waves, or ripples, of electrons that exist on the surfaces of metals at the point where the metal meets the air.
While the plasmon resonances of metals are predetermined in nature, Atwater and his colleagues found that those resonances are capable of being tuned to other wavelengths when the metals are made into tiny nanostructures in the lab.
"Normally in a metal like silver or copper or gold, the density of electrons in that metal is fixed; it's just a property of the material," Atwater says. "But in the lab, I can add electrons to the atoms of metal nanostructures and charge them up. And when I do that, the resonance frequency will change."
"We've demonstrated that these resonantly excited metal surfaces can produce a potential"—an effect very similar to rubbing a glass rod with a piece of fur: you deposit electrons on the glass rod. "You charge it up, or build up an electrostatic charge that can be discharged as a mild shock," he says. "So similarly, exciting these metal nanostructures near their resonance charges up those metal structures, producing an electrostatic potential that you can measure."
This electrostatic potential is a first step in the creation of electricity, Atwater says. "If we can develop a way to produce a steady-state current, this could potentially be a power source. He envisions a solar cell using the plasmoelectric effect someday being used in tandem with photovoltaic cells to harness both visible and infrared light for the creation of electricity.
Although such solar cells are still on the horizon, the new technique could even now be incorporated into new types of sensors that detect light based on the electrostatic potential.
"Like all such inventions or discoveries, the path of this technology is unpredictable," Atwater says. "But any time you can demonstrate a new effect to create a sensor for light, that finding has almost always yielded some kind of new product."
This work was published in a paper titled, "Plasmoelectric Potentials in Metal Nanostructures." Other coauthors include first author Matthew T. Sheldon, a former postdoctoral scholar at Caltech; Ana M. Brown, an applied physics graduate student at Caltech; and Jorik van de Groep and Albert Polman from the FOM Institute AMOLF in Amsterdam. The study was funded by the Department of Energy, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship.
Two and a half billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria harnessed sunlight to split water molecules, producing energy to power their cells and releasing oxygen into an atmosphere that had previously had none. These early environmental engineers are responsible for the life we see around us today, and much more besides.
At 8:00 p.m. on Wednesday, November 19, in Caltech's Beckman Auditorium, Professor of Geobiology Woodward "Woody" Fischer will describe how they transformed the planet. Admission is free.
Q: What do you do?
A: I'm a geobiologist of the historical variety. I'm trying to understand both how the earth works, and why it works that way. The whys are hard, because you can't redo this planetary experiment. You have to create clever ways to work backward from what you can observe to answer the question you've posed.
When you boil down the earth's history, there are maybe a half-dozen singularities—fundamental changes in how our planet and the life on it interact. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria reengineered the planet. Photosynthesis led to two more singularities—plants and animals appeared. The remaining singularities are mass extinctions as a result of something happening to the global environment, and photosynthesis likely caused one of those as well. Oxygen can be highly toxic because it's so reactive. It chews up your DNA, and it binds to the metal compounds that cells use to shuttle electrons around. Any microbes that couldn't cope with this new pollutant died off, or were forced to hide in oxygen-depleted environments.
Atmospheric oxygen resulted from a change to a microbe's metabolism that evolved once, at a specific time in the earth's history. We want to know why that happened. What were those bacteria doing beforehand? What forced them to develop this radically new way of making a living?
Bacteria don't leave fossils, per se, but they can leave behind metabolic signatures that sedimentary rocks preserve. They impact the rock's elemental composition, and they alter the ratios between heavier and lighter isotopes of certain elements as well. We can work backward from that information to deduce what the bacteria were doing on the ocean floor and in the seawater above it as those sediments were being laid down.
Q: If the earth has had breathable oxygen for billions of years, why should we care where it came from?
A: There are two really good reasons.
One has to do with meeting society's energy demands. There's a tremendous effort at Caltech and elsewhere to develop "solar fuels." Can we do better than green plants? If cyanobacteria did the best they could under tight constraints, maybe not. But if there are a variety of ways to do that chemistry, maybe we can clear the slate and do something entirely different.
The deeper reason is that atmospheric oxygen rewrote life's recipe book. Oxygen-based metabolism provides extra energy that can be invested in cellular specialization. A group of specialized cells can become a tissue, and eventually you have complex creatures with limbs. It's like agriculture—when you start growing crops, you have surplus food. Villages spring up. Craftsmen appear.
It gets to the Big Question—how rare are we? The earth is 4.5 billion years old, and the oldest evidence for life is about 3.5 billion years old. It took another billion years until photosynthesis, and two billion more for animals to develop. Is it possible to evolve advanced creatures under a different set of constraints leading to completely different metabolisms? If we're looking for life on worlds that play by different rules, will we recognize it?
Q: How did you get into this line of work?
A: As a small kid, I always loved science. That disappeared somewhere in middle school, so I went to Colorado College in Colorado Springs—a small, liberal-arts school with a really intense curriculum called the block plan. You take one class at a time for a month. You're completely immersed—lecture from nine to twelve, break for lunch, afternoon labs, evening homework. Lather, rinse, repeat. I took a geology class on a whim, because my grandfather had once taught paleontology there. The class vanished into the mountains for a month, and I was hooked.
In graduate school at Harvard, I worked with Andy Knoll, a Precambrian paleontologist who's trying to understand what the world looked like before animals. Andy's primary appointment is actually in the biology department, and I built on my sedimentary-geology background with a lot of biology classes—molecular biology, biochemistry, genomics, comparative biology, evolutionary biology. And then I came here as an Agouron Postdoctoral Scholar in Geobiology in 2007. I was fortunate that they invited me to stay.
Methane-breathing microbes that inhabit rocky mounds on the seafloor could be preventing large volumes of the potent greenhouse gas from entering the oceans and reaching the atmosphere, according to a new study by Caltech researchers.
The rock-dwelling microbes, which are detailed in the Oct. 14 issue of Nature Communications, represent a previously unrecognized biological sink for methane and as a result could reshape scientists' understanding of where this greenhouse gas is being consumed in subseafloor habitats, says Professor of Geobiology Victoria Orphan, who led the study.
"Methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, so tracing its flow through the environment is really a priority for climate models and for understanding the carbon cycle," Orphan says.
Orphan's team has been studying methane-breathing marine microorganisms for nearly 20 years. The microbes they focus on survive without oxygen, relying instead on sulfate ions present in seawater for their energy needs. Previous work by Orphan's team helped show that the methane-breathing system is actually made up of two different kinds of microorganisms that work closely with one another. One of the partners, dubbed "ANME" for "ANaerobic MEthanotrophs," belongs to a type of ancient single-celled creatures called the archaea.
Through a mechanism that is still unclear, ANME work closely with bacteria to consume methane using sulfate from seawater. "Without this biological process, much of that methane would enter the water column, and the escape rates into the atmosphere would probably be quite a bit higher," says study first author Jeffrey Marlow, a geobiology graduate student in Orphan's lab.
Until now, however, the activity of ANME and their bacterial partners had been primarily studied in sediments located in cold seeps, areas on the ocean bottom where methane is escaping from subseafloor sources into the water above. The new study marks the first time they have been observed to oxidize methane inside carbonate mounds, huge rocky outcroppings of calcium carbonate that can rise hundreds of feet above the seafloor.
If the microbes are living inside the mounds themselves, then the distribution of methane consumption is significantly different from what was previously thought. "Methane-derived carbonates represent a large volume within many seep systems, and finding active methane-consuming archaea and bacteria in the interior of these carbonate rocks extends the known habitat for methane-consuming microorganisms beyond the relatively thin layer of sediment that may overlay a carbonate mound," Marlow says.
Orphan and her team detected evidence of methane-breathing microbes in carbonate rocks collected from three cold seeps around the world: one at a tectonic plate boundary near Costa Rica; another in the Eel River basin off the coast of northwestern California; and at Hydrate Ridge, off the Oregon coast. The team used manned and robotic submersibles to collect the rock samples from depths ranging from 2,000 feet to nearly half a mile below the surface.
Marlow has vivid memories of being a passenger in the submersible Alvin during one of those rock-retrieval missions. "As you sink down, the water outside your window goes from bright blue surface water to darker turquoise and navy blue and all these shades of blue that you didn't know existed until it gets completely dark," Marlow recalls. "And then you start seeing flashes of light because the vehicle is perturbing the water column and exciting florescent organisms. When you finally get to the seafloor, Alvin's exterior lights turn on, and this crazy alien world is illuminated in front of you."
The carbonate mounds that the subs visited often serve as foundations for coral and sponges, and are home to rockfishes, clams, crabs, and other aquatic life. For their study, the team members gathered rock samples not only from carbonate mounds located within active cold seeps, where methane could be seen escaping from the seafloor into the water, but also from mounds that appeared to be dormant.
Once the carbonate rocks were collected, they were transported back to the surface and rushed into a cold room aboard a research ship. In the cold room, which was maintained at the temperature of the deep sea, the team cracked open the carbonates in order to gather material from their interiors. "We wanted to make sure we weren't just sampling material from the surface of the rocks," Marlow says.
Using a microscope, the team confirmed that ANME and sulfate-reducing bacterial cells were indeed present inside the carbonate rocks, and genetic analysis of their DNA showed that they were related to methanotrophs that had previously been characterized in seafloor sediment. The scientists also used a technique that involved radiolabeled 14C-methane tracer gas to quantify the rates of methane consumption in the carbonate rocks and sediments from both the actively seeping sites and the areas appearing to be inactive. They found that the rock-dwelling methanotrophs consumed methane at a slower rate than their sediment-dwelling cousins.
"The carbonate-based microbes breathed methane at roughly one-third the rate of those gathered from sediments near active seep sites," Marlow says. "However, because there are likely many more microbes living in carbonate mounds than in sediments, their contributions to methane removal from the environment may be more significant."
The rock samples that were harvested near supposedly dormant cold seeps also harbored microbial communities capable of consuming methane. "We were surprised to find that these marine microorganisms are still viable and, if exposed to methane, can continue to oxidize this greenhouse gas long after surface expressions of seepage have vanished." Orphan says.
Along with Orphan and Marlow, additional coauthors on the paper, "Carbonate-hosted methanotrophy represents an unrecognized methane sink in the deep sea," include former Caltech associate research scientist Joshua Steele, now at the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project; Wiebke Ziebis, an associate professor at the University of Southern California; Andrew Thurber, an assistant professor at Oregon State University; and Lisa Levin, a professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Funding for the study was provided by the National Science Foundation; NASA's Astrobiology Institute; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Marine Microbiology Initiative grant; and the National Research Council of the National Academies.
Written by Ker Than
Brine shrimp, which are sold as pets known as Sea-Monkeys, are tiny—only about half an inch long each. With about 10 small leaf-like fins that flap about, they look as if they could hardly make waves.
But get billions of similarly tiny organisms together and they can move oceans.
It turns out that the collective swimming motion of Sea-Monkeys and other zooplankton—swimming plankton—can generate enough swirling flow to potentially influence the circulation of water in oceans, according to a new study by Caltech researchers.
The effect could be as strong as those due to the wind and tides, the main factors that are known to drive the up-and-down mixing of oceans, says John Dabiri, professor of aeronautics and bioengineering at Caltech. According to the new analysis by Dabiri and mechanical engineering graduate student Monica Wilhelmus, organisms like brine shrimp, despite their diminutive size, may play a significant role in stirring up nutrients, heat, and salt in the sea—major components of the ocean system.
In 2009, Dabiri's research team studied jellyfish to show that small animals can generate flow in the surrounding water. "Now," Dabiri says, "these new lab experiments show that similar effects can occur in organisms that are much smaller but also more numerous—and therefore potentially more impactful in regions of the ocean important for climate."
The researchers describe their findings in the journal Physics of Fluids.
Brine shrimp (specifically Artemia salina) can be found in toy stores, as part of kits that allow you to raise a colony at home. But in nature, they live in bodies of salty water, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Their behavior is cued by light: at night, they swim toward the surface to munch on photosynthesizing algae while avoiding predators. During the day, they sink back into the dark depths of the water.
To study this behavior in the laboratory, Dabiri and Wilhelmus use a combination of blue and green lasers to induce the shrimp to migrate upward inside a big tank of water. The green laser at the top of the tank provides a bright target for the shrimp to swim toward while a blue laser rising along the side of the tank lights up a path to guide them upward.
The tank water is filled with tiny, silver-coated hollow glass spheres 13 microns wide (about one-half of one-thousandth of an inch). By tracking the motion of those spheres with a high-speed camera and a red laser that is invisible to the organisms, the researchers can measure how the shrimp's swimming causes the surrounding water to swirl.
Although researchers had proposed the idea that swimming zooplankton can influence ocean circulation, the effect had never been directly observed, Dabiri says. Past studies could only analyze how individual organisms disturb the water surrounding them.
But thanks to this new laser-guided setup, Dabiri and Wilhelmus have been able to determine that the collective motion of the shrimp creates powerful swirls—stronger than would be produced by simply adding up the effects produced by individual organisms.
Adding up the effect of all of the zooplankton in the ocean—assuming they have a similar influence—could inject as much as a trillion watts of power into the oceans to drive global circulation, Dabiri says. In comparison, the winds and tides contribute a combined two trillion watts.
Using this new experimental setup will enable future studies to better untangle the complex relationships between swimming organisms and ocean currents, Dabiri says. "Coaxing Sea-Monkeys to swim when and where you want them to is even more difficult than it sounds," he adds. "But Monica was undeterred over the course of this project and found a creative solution to a very challenging problem."
The title of the Physics of Fluids paper is "Observations of large-scale fluid transport by laser-guided plankton aggregations." The research was supported by the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and the National Science Foundation.
For the last six years, Caltech Facilities has managed a green revolving fund called the Caltech Energy Conservation Investment Program (CECIP) to finance energy efficiency projects around campus. To date the program has invested $18 million in such projects that can pay back their costs in less than six years. These investments have received $3 million in rebates and have returned more than $4.5 million to the loan fund in avoided utility costs. The program has been recognized with a number of awards, including, most recently, an Innovation Award from the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO).
"This award recognizes CECIP's unique combination of innovation in both facilities and finance," says Dean Currie, vice president for business and finance at Caltech. "CECIP is intensely rigorous in its measurement of actual building performance, both pre- and post-investment, and in its recalculation of savings based on actual energy prices, not just those that prevailed when the project was approved. The Caltech board was so impressed with the CECIP concept, that it authorized the continued investment of millions of dollars in the program right through the 2008-2009 financial crisis."
Launched in 2008, CECIP began as a concept for funding energy efficiency work on campus in a way that would not affect the operating budget. As a green revolving fund, the idea was to borrow an initial allocation from Caltech's endowment in order to finance projects that produce a return on investment of 15 percent or more. "The investments made in energy efficiency reduce campus-wide utility costs," says Matt Berbée, director of maintenance management and energy services at Caltech. "These utility reductions go back into the fund and can then be used to finance additional projects."
CECIP plays a key role in Caltech's Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategy. To date, Caltech has reduced direct emissions by more than 20 percent since 2008, putting the Institute well on its way to achieving its 2020 emissions reduction target.
The first CECIP-funded project was an LED lighting retrofit in the parking structures on Wilson Avenue. The project was completed in 2009 and has returned more in avoided utility costs than it cost to implement. Since that initial pilot, CECIP has funded dozens of projects across campus including full building automation controls and mechanical system upgrades in Broad Center, Moore Lab, and Beckman Institute.
Since CECIP's inception, Caltech's energy density—the Btu used per square foot of space—has dropped by about 10 percent. Another way to look at the impact of the CECIP projects is that, without them, the Institute would consume about 18 more gigawatt-hours of electricity every year (enough to power more than 1,600 homes).
"As energy efficiency projects are completed, the amount of energy supplied by the grid decreases, and this improves Caltech's carbon footprint," says Berbée. "This is not being green just to be green. These investments are about verified financial performance, reducing environmental impact, and keeping the focus on the main thing: efficiently operated and maintained space for research and education."
Currently, more than 30 CECIP projects are paying back into the fund, producing about half a million dollars every quarter in avoided utility costs.
Berbée says documenting and verifying those savings is necessary to CECIP's success. "We have the numbers to prove that this is working."
And those performance numbers have made CECIP a model for other organizations and institutions looking for ways to finance energy efficiency projects. On October 30, Caltech will host its fourth energy efficiency forum, where managers from other higher-education campuses, private research centers, real estate firms, and companies with campus-like facilities will come to learn about Caltech's efforts and to see CECIP projects firsthand.
"The energy efficiency forum is one of the ways we demonstrate our commitment to continuous improvement," says Berbée. "It allows for the exchange of best practices among industry leaders and offers us the ability to highlight the value of integrating energy management throughout all aspects of a building's life cycle."
On July 2, NASA successfully launched its first satellite dedicated to measuring carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission—operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory—will soon provide atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements from thousands of points all over the planet. Last week, the satellite reached its proper orbit—meaning that it is now beginning to return its first data to Earth.
Data from the satellite will be used to help researchers understand the anthropogenic and natural sources of CO2, and how changing levels of the greenhouse gas may affect Earth's climate. But before OCO-2 provides scientists with such a global picture of the carbon cycle—where carbon is being produced and absorbed on Earth—researchers have to convert raw satellite data into a CO2 reading and then, just as importantly, make sure that the reading is accurate. A team of Caltech researchers is playing an instrumental role in this effort.
As it orbits, OCO-2 provides data about levels of atmospheric CO2 by measuring the sunlight that reflects off Earth, below. "OCO-2 measures something that is related to the CO2 measurement we want but it's not directly what we want. So from the reflected light, we have to extract the information about CO2," says Yuk Yung, the Smits Family Professor of Planetary Science.
The process begins with the satellite's instrument, a set of high-resolution spectrometers that measure the intensity of sunlight at different wavelengths, or colors, after it has passed twice through the atmosphere—once from the sun to the surface, and then back from the surface to space. As the satellite orbits, systematically slicing over sections of Earth's atmosphere, it will collect millions of these measurements.
"OCO-2 will provide the measurements of this light at different wavelengths in millions of what we call spectra, but spectra aren't what we really want—what we really want is to know how much carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere," Yung says. "But to get the CO2 information from the spectra, we have to do what's called data retrieval—and that's one of my jobs."
The data retrieval method that Yung and his colleagues designed for OCO-2 compares the light spectra collected by the satellite to a model of how light spectra would look—based on the laws of physics and knowledge of how efficiently CO2 absorbs sunlight. This knowledge, in turn, is derived from laboratory measurements made by Caltech professor of chemical physics Mitchio Okumura and his colleagues at JPL and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
"To make scientifically meaningful measurements, OCO-2 has to detect CO2 with better than 0.3 percent precision, and that has meant going back to the lab and measuring the spectral properties with extraordinarily high precision," Okumura says. From this retrieval, the researchers determine the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere above each of OCO-2's sampling points.
However, when OCO-2 sends its first CO2 measurements back to Earth for analysis, they'll still have to go through one more check, says Paul Wennberg, the R. Stanton Avery Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Science and Engineering.
"Although the OCO-2 retrieval will calculate the amount of carbon dioxide above the point where the spectrometers pointed, we know that these initial numbers will be wrong until the data are calibrated," Wennberg says. Wennberg and his team provide this calibration with their Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), a ground-based network of instruments that measure atmospheric CO2 from approximately 20 locations around the world.
TCCON and OCO-2 provide the same type of CO2 measurement—what is called a column average of CO2. This measurement provides the average abundance of CO2 in a column from the ground all the way up through Earth's atmosphere.
About once per day, the OCO-2 instrument will be commanded to point at one of TCCON's stations continuously as it passes overhead. By comparing the Earth-based and space-based measurements, researchers will evaluate the data that they receive from the satellite and improve the retrieval method.
The complete, high-quality information OCO-2 provides about global CO2 levels will be important for researchers and policymakers to determine how human activity influences the carbon cycle—and how these activities contribute to our changing planet.
"A lot of the very first satellites were developed to study astronomy and planets far away. But there has been a shift. Our changing climate means that we now have a big need to study Earth," and the information OCO-2 provides about our atmosphere will be an important part of filling that need, says Yung.
Just as growth rings can offer insight into climate changes occurring during the lifespan of a tree, corals have much to tell about changes in the ocean. At Caltech, climate scientists Jess F. Adkins and Nivedita Thiagarajan use manned submersibles, like Alvin operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, to dive thousands of meters below the surface to collect these specimens—and to shed new light on the connection between variance in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the deep ocean and historical glacial cycles.
A paper describing the research appears in the July 3 issue of Nature.
It has long been known that ice sheets wax and wane as the concentration of CO2 decreases and increases in the atmosphere. Adkins and his team believe that the deep ocean—which stores 60 times more inorganic sources of carbon than is found in the atmosphere—must play a vital role in this variance.
To investigate this, the researchers analyzed the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals collected from deep in the North Atlantic Ocean. The corals were built up from 11,000–18,000 years ago out of CO2 dissolved in the ocean.
"We used a new technique that has been developed at Caltech, called clumped isotope thermometry, to determine what the temperature of the ocean was in the location where the coral grew," says Thiagarajan, the Dreyfus Postdoctoral Scholar in Geochemistry at Caltech and lead author of the paper. "We also used radiocarbon dating and uranium-series dating to estimate the deep-ocean ventilation rate during this time period."
The researchers found that the deep ocean started warming before the start of a rapid climate change event about 14,600 years ago in which the last glacial period—or most recent time period when ice sheets covered a large portion of Earth—was in the final stages of transitioning to the current interglacial period.
"We found that a warm-water-under-cold-water scenario developed around 800 years before the largest signal of warming in the Greenland ice cores, called the 'Bølling–Allerød,'" explains Adkins. "CO2 had already been rising in the atmosphere by this time, but we see the deep-ocean reorganization brought on by the potential energy release to be the pivot point for the system to switch from a glacial state, where the deep ocean can hold onto CO2, and an interglacial state, where it lets out CO2."
"Studying Earth's climate in the past helps us understand how different parts of the climate system interact with each other," says Thiagarajan. "Figuring out these underlying mechanisms will help us predict how climate will change in the future."
Additional authors on the Nature paper, "Abrupt pre-Bølling–Allerød warming and circulation changes in the deep ocean," are geochemist John M. Eiler and graduate student Adam V. Subhas from Caltech, and John R. Southon from UC Irvine.
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) announced on Wednesday that it will be awarding $15.2 million to Caltech's Light-Material Interactions in Energy Conversion (LMI) program, one of 32 Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs) nationwide that will receive a combined $100 million over the next four years to pursue innovative energy research.
The LMI-EFRC is directed by Harry Atwater, the Howard Hughes Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science, and is a collaborative partnership of researchers in photonics (the generation, manipulation, and detection of light) at Caltech, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Stanford University, and Harvard University.
The DOE received more than 200 proposals for EFRCs. Caltech is among 22 centers whose initial funding, granted in 2009, is being extended for another four years. During its first funding period, among other accomplishments, LMI-EFRC fabricated complex three-dimensional photonic nanostructure and light absorbers; created a solar cell with world-record-breaking efficiency; and developed the printing-based mechanical assembly of microscale solar cells.
"In recent years the solar energy landscape has been fundamentally altered with the recent growth of a large worldwide photovoltaics industry," says Atwater. "The most important area for basic research advances is now in enumerating the scientific principles and methods for achieving the highest conversion efficiencies. There is a new era emerging in which the science of nanoscale light management plays a critical role in enabling energy conversion to surpass traditional limits. This is where the Light-Material Interactions EFRC has focused its effort and is making advances."
LMI-EFRC will be using its new DOE award to address opportunities for high-efficiency solar energy conversion, with a goal of making scientific discoveries that will enable utilization of the entire visible and infrared solar resource.
"We are proud of the accomplishments of Professor Atwater, his colleagues, postdocs, and students in the Light-Material Interactions effort and are gratified that this effort will go beyond its great accomplishments to date through the renewed funding from the DOE," says Peter Schröder, deputy chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science and the Shaler Arthur Hanisch Professor of Computer Science and Applied and Computational Mathematics. "Harry exemplifies the best tradition of engineering at Caltech, creating the interface between fundamental science advances and their realization through engineering for the benefit of society at large."
According to the United States Department of Energy, "transforming the way we generate, supply, transmit, store, and use energy will be one of the defining challenges for America and the globe in the 21st century. At its heart, the challenge is a scientific one. Important as they are, incremental advances in current energy technologies will not be sufficient. History has demonstrated that radically new technologies arise from disruptive advances at the science frontiers. The Energy Frontier Research Centers program aims to accelerate such transformative discovery."
Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz, in announcing the awards, said, "Today, we are mobilizing some of our most talented scientists to join forces and pursue the discoveries and breakthroughs that will lay the foundation for our nation's energy future."
This year's commencement speaker, Pulitzer Prize-winning energy expert Daniel Yergin, came to campus a day early to get better acquainted with Caltech's faculty and students, and in particular to learn more about Caltech's energy initiatives.
Yergin spent the morning touring JPL. "I was especially excited to see the Curiosity Rover," says Yergin. "Also, it was remarkable to actually be in the space flight operations center, having seen it in the news so often before."
In the afternoon at Caltech, Yergin specifically asked to spend most of his time meeting with people to learn more about their work. "Caltech is such a preeminent institution," says Yergin, "and I thought that coming for commencement provided a wonderful opportunity to get a sense of the culture here. Caltech has such a large impact for such a small place, and I wanted to experience more of it."
Of course, high on Yergin's agenda was the opportunity to meet with those engaged in research on sustainable energy. A mid-afternoon meeting at the Resnick Sustainability Institute yielded a lively exchange between Yergin, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows about the future of energy research and the geopolitics of energy policy. Asked what he had learned from writing The Prize and The Quest, his two bestselling volumes on the history of oil, gas, and energy policy, Yergin replied that the main takeaway was that throughout the history of the industry, "everybody will feel they know where everything related to energy is going to go, and then in four or five years, something comes along to completely change it."
Stressing the increasingly important role of innovation in energy technology and geopolitics, especially as global markets continue to grow, Yergin says, "The challenge is that energy is a long-range investment and a long-range research project. It's very hard to say what is actually going to make a difference, but the cumulative impact of what you and people like you are doing is absolutely necessary. It's these kind of centers that will map the future of energy policy. The innovation is not going to come from big companies; it's going to come from universities and research institutes. So keep doing what you're doing."
Researchers around the world are trying to develop solar-driven generators that can split water, yielding hydrogen gas that could be used as clean fuel. Such a device requires efficient light-absorbing materials that attract and hold sunlight to drive the chemical reactions involved in water splitting. Semiconductors like silicon and gallium arsenide are excellent light absorbers—as is clear from their widespread use in solar panels. However, these materials rust when submerged in the type of water solutions found in such systems.
Now Caltech researchers at the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP) have devised a method for protecting these common semiconductors from corrosion even as the materials continue to absorb light efficiently. The finding paves the way for the use of these materials in solar-fuel generators.
"For the better part of a half century, these materials have been considered off the table for this kind of use," says Nate Lewis, the George L. Argyros Professor and professor of chemistry at Caltech, and the principal investigator on the paper. "But we didn't give up on developing schemes by which we could protect them, and now these technologically important semiconductors are back on the table."
The research, led by Shu Hu, a postdoctoral scholar in chemistry at Caltech, appears in the May 30 issue of the journal Science.
In the type of integrated solar-fuel generator that JCAP is striving to produce, two half-reactions must take place—one involving the oxidation of water to produce oxygen gas; the other involving the reduction of water, yielding hydrogen gas. Each half-reaction requires both a light-absorbing material to serve as the photoelectrode and a catalyst to drive the chemistry. In addition, the two reactions must be physically separated by a barrier to avoid producing an explosive mixture of their products.
Historically, it has been particularly difficult to come up with a light-absorbing material that will robustly carry out the oxidation half-reaction. Researchers have tried, without much success, a variety of materials and numerous techniques for coating the common light-absorbing semiconductors. The problem has been that if the protective layer is too thin, the aqueous solution penetrates through and corrodes the semiconductor. If, on the other hand, the layer is too thick, it prevents corrosion but also blocks the semiconductor from absorbing light and keeps electrons from passing through to reach the catalyst that drives the reaction.
At Caltech, the researchers used a process called atomic layer deposition to form a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2)—a material found in white paint and many toothpastes and sunscreens—on single crystals of silicon, gallium arsenide, or gallium phosphide. The key was that they used a form of TiO2 known as "leaky TiO2"—because it leaks electricity. First made in the 1990s as a material that might be useful for building computer chips, leaky oxides were rejected as undesirable because of their charge-leaking behavior. However, leaky TiO2 seems to be just what was needed for this solar-fuel generator application. Deposited as a film, ranging in thickness between 4 and 143 nanometers, the TiO2 remained optically transparent on the semiconductor crystals—allowing them to absorb light—and protected them from corrosion but allowed electrons to pass through with minimal resistance.
On top of the TiO2, the researchers deposited 100-nanometer-thick "islands" of an abundant, inexpensive nickel oxide material that successfully catalyzed the oxidation of water to form molecular oxygen.
The work appears to now make a slew of choices available as possible light-absorbing materials for the oxidation side of the water-splitting equation. However, the researchers emphasize, it is not yet known whether the protective coating would work as well if applied using an inexpensive, less-controlled application technique, such as painting or spraying the TiO2 onto a semiconductor. Also, thus far, the Caltech team has only tested the coated semiconductors for a few hundred hours of continuous illumination."This is already a record in terms of both efficiency and stability for this field, but we don't yet know whether the system fails over the long term and are trying to ensure that we make something that will last for years over large areas, as opposed to weeks," says Lewis. "That's the next step."
The work, titled "Amorphous TiO2 Coatings Stabilize Si, GaAs, and GaP Photoanodes for Efficient Water Oxidation," was supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy through an award to JCAP, a DOE Energy Innovation Hub. Some of the work was also supported by the Resnick Sustainability Institute and the Beckman Institute at Caltech. Additional coauthors on the paper are graduate students Matthew Shaner, Joseph Beardslee, and Michael Lichterman, as well as Bruce S. Brunschwig, director of the Molecular Materials Resource Center at Caltech.


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Prowl the Sproul set for last weekend of July
July 17, 2016 RENOVO — Sproul State Forest has some of the state's most rugged forestland not easily accessible to many novice hikers. more »»
July 17, 2016 Try your hand at photography in caverns HUNTINGDON — Lincoln Caverns will hold photography tours from 6:30 to 9 p.m. on Wednesday and Aug. 3. A fee is required. more »»
July 17, 2016 (EDITOR'S NOTE: The Sun-Gazette reserves the right to edit items submitted for the "Shooting Sports" section. To submit an event, call 570-326-1551, ext. 3116. more »»
July 17, 2016 Bald Eagle State Park, Howard Office: 814-625-2775 July 22-23 — Youth Kayak Camp. Registration is necessary prior to the start of camp. more »»
Agency cuts timber rattlesnake from 'caution' list
July 17, 2016 HARRISBURG — Last week, the state Fish and Boat Commission decided that the timber rattlesnake no longer needs to be on its "Candidate Species" list of creatures whose populations require... more »»
Reflections in Nature:
July 17, 2016 Our son emailed us on June 5 that we might be able to see the northern lights that night. more »»
US wildlife workers plead guilty to elk poaching-related charges
July 17, 2016 DENVER — Two U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service employees pleaded guilty to poaching-related charges in the killing of a trophy-class bull elk in western Colorado, state officials said Tuesday. more »»
New waterways conservation officers graduate, begin duties
July 17, 2016 HARRISBURG — Eighteen waterways conservation officers from the state Fish and Boat Commission have graduated from the agency's H.. more »»
Mich. man continues lifelong interest in taxidermy in 'retirement'
July 17, 2016 TRAVERSE CITY, Mich. (AP) — Jim Haveman developed an interest in taxidermy as a child. An unused storage space in the basement of his parents' Grand Rapids house became his workshop. more »»
Vibrant city center
July 17, 2016 CLEVELAND — Growing up in the 1980s, Sam McNulty often visited the food vendors at the West Side Market, located in Cleveland's Ohio City neighborhood. more »»
'I fell in love with it'
July 10, 2016 ERIE (AP) — Tom and Nancy Bloom don't like to travel. The retired Erie couple — both are 76 — say they don't crave the Florida warmth like many of their friends. more »»
July 10, 2016 Paddle the North Branch Canal Canoe Susquehanna will hold a guided kayak trip of the North Branch Canal from 1 to 5 p.m. today. more »»
Park holds 'Fly a Kite' days
July 10, 2016 GALETON — Over the July 4 holiday weekend, the Friends of Lyman Run State Park held another "Let's Go Fly A Kite" day at the crest of the dam on Sunday, an event that will be repeated in August and... more »»
July 10, 2016 (EDITOR'S NOTE: The Sun-Gazette reserves the right to edit items submitted for the "Shooting Sports" section. To submit an event, call 570-326-1551, ext. 3116. more »»
Reflections in Nature:
July 10, 2016 Trees offer mankind many gifts — shelter from cold and heat; a host of nutritious fruits, nuts and sap; leaves, flowers and roots used for food and in medicines. more »»
Reflections in Nature:
July 10, 2016 Trees offer mankind many gifts — shelter from cold and heat; a host of nutritious fruits, nuts and sap; leaves, flowers and roots used for food and in medicines. more »»
Catching more than fish, 1 lure at a time
July 10, 2016 STATE COLLEGE (AP) — On a cloudy day in January, one lucky fisherman snared his first walleye and then posted a picture of his catch to Facebook. more »»
Should you learn the names of all the species in nature?
July 10, 2016 I never was taught about local birds in school. I also never was taught to identify local trees, flowers or butterflies. more »»
2016-17 antlerless deer licensing begins July 11
July 10, 2016 The issuing of antlerless deer licenses will begin on Monday. Antlerless deer license applications must be mailed directly to the county treasurer's office, not the state Game Commission. more »»

subset: commoncrawl


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Model: 10168 Item: SFS10168
Just one small, easy-to-swallow Mega-D3 softgel provides 5000 IU of Vitamin D3, Resveratrol and Red Wine Complex – three key nutrients that support areas of health. Extensive research has found that high amounts of Vitamin D help maintain cognitive function, improve bone and muscle strength, promote cardiovascular health, support breast and colon health, and boost immunity as you age. Vitamin D3 is the natural form of Vitamin D and is more powerful than Vitamin D2. Contains: Vitamin D3 5000 IU; Red Wine Complex Blend 200 mg; Description: 90 Softgels.
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text:
The Purple Raiders were led by Yasuhiro Anno (Fukucka,Japan) who
recorded a 6-0,6-0 win at sixth singles and a 8-1 win at third
doubles with partner Brian Widdoes (Reynoldsburg/Reynoldsburg)
Widdoes and Zach Perry (Hudson/Hudson) also picked up 6-0,6-0 wins in singles play for Mount Union.
The Purple Raiders conclude their regular season when they travel to Ada,OH to take on Ohio Northern for the regular season OAC crown.
Tennis Match Results
Mount Union vs Marietta College
Apr 25, 2010 at Marietta, Ohio
Mount Union 9, Marietta College 0
Singles competition
1. Zach Perry (MTU) def. Josh Patterson (MAR) 6-0, 6-0
2. Brian Mogus (MTU) def. David Koscielny (MAR) 6-2, 6-0
3. Brian Widdoes (MTU) def. Ryan Wong (MAR) 6-0, 6-0
4. Travis Papay (MTU) def. Mike Carpenter (MAR) 6-0, 6-2
5. Nate Fockler (MTU) def. Andrew Bolton (MAR) 6-2, 6-0
6. Yasuhiro Anno (MTU) def. Taimur Ahmed (MAR) 6-0, 6-0
Doubles competition
1. Brian Mogus/Nate Fockler (MTU) def. Josh Patterson/Andrew Bolton (MAR) 8-1
2. Travis Papay/Zach Perry (MTU) def. Ryan Wong/Mike Carpenter (MAR) 8-1
3. Brian Widdoes/Yasuhiro Anno (MTU) def. Taimur Ahmed/Will Jaques (MAR) 8-1
Match Notes:
Mount Union 16-1, 8-0 OAC
Marietta College 6-8, 1-8 OAC


text:
In the beautiful Kalahari town, Upington, situated in the Northern Cape Province, Oasis Skills Development Centre stands proudly. Oasis Centre in Upington is a haven for children and older persons with physical and mental disabilities (some may call them disabled).
At Oasis disabled learners acquire valuable life skills, literacy and numeracy skills for those still of school-going age. Older persons can learn practical skills to assist them in every day life and, hopefully equip them with skills from which they can perhaps one day provide an income for themselves.
Although there always exists a need for funding to continue the work we have been doing since 1999, we consider ourselves as a success story in responding to the diverse needs of a most vulnerable group within our community and the surrounding area.
Have a look at our site and decide for yourself if you would like to come and visit us when you are in the area. We welcome any assistance and/ donations towards helping these children and older persons to find acceptance in the broader community and their special place in the sun!


text:
Illinois Public Media
All articles tagged Piano
Edwin Fischer
Yefim Bronfman plays Brahms' 1st Piano Concerto with the Los Angeles Philharmonic
Inon Barnatan plays Schuumann's "Piano Concerto" with the Milwaukee SO
Martha Argerich plays Schumann's 'Piano Concerto' with the Los Angeles Philharmonic
Esa-Pekka Salonen conducts the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in Messiaen's "Turangalila Symphony"
Richard Goode plays Mozart's 18th Piano Concerto with the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra
Emanuel Ax plays Mozart's 25th Piano Concerto with the New York Philharmonic
Mendelssohn "Songs Without Words" (excerpts) and Songs from the post-Wagner generation
Ludovic Morlot conducts the CSO in Gershwin's "An American in Paris": tonight's Evening Concert
Clementi and Hummel, in the Shadow of Beethoven!
An all-Mozart program from the New York Philharmonic on tonight's "Evening Concert"
Beethoven's (H)eroic 3rd Symphony from the Los Angeles Philharmonic on tonight's "Evening Concert"
Sakari Oramo conducts the CSO in Nielsen's 5th Symphony on the "Evening Concert"
Muti conduct's Mozart's "Requiem" on the "Evening Concert"
Dvorak's 7th Symphony and Prokofiev's 3rd Piano Concerto on the "Evening Concert"
Mitsuko Uchida plays and conducts Mozart: Piano Concerto 9 and 21 with the Cleveland Orchestra
Dvorak's :New World" Symphony and Piano Concerto on "The New York Philharmonic This Week"
Mitsuko Uchida plays and conducts Mozart: Piano Concerto 18 and 19 with the Cleveland Orchestra
Beethoven's 1st and 5th ("Emperor") Piano Concertos from Beethovenfest in Bonn
Page 1 of 6 pages 1 2 3 > Last ›
WILL Highlights
ART/BTS wins 2 Tellys
For the second year in a row, the web series brought home both a Silver and Bronze Telly award.
The 21st
21st century radio for the 21st state. Weekdays at 11 am on WILL-AM 580.
2015 Illinois Public Media Annual Report
Our 12-page Annual Report with highlights of Illinois Public Media's activities in 2015.


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- Report: #173090
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Etourandtravel
Etourandtraveletourandtravel.com Orlando, Florida U.S.A.
Etourandtravel ripoff, deceptive advertising, SCAM Orlando Florida
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I completed the survey and a screen came up that I would recieve an email containing the tickets.
I opened the email from etourandtravel.com only to find that it said that I would recieve yet another email containing a voucher to get the tickets. At this time I looked up the company's website. Lo and behold, I could find no information regarding my situation. I looked up the company's contact information and called them.
It turns out that the 1 hour plus survey is only the first step. You also have to deal with a sales person who tries to sell you an overpriced vacation package, and take a timeshare sales tour after you arrive in Orlando to get the tickets. This is a far cry from just take this "simple survey" and get your free tickets.
All this is, is a scam intended to get you to listen to a sales pitch so they can sell you on a package to get you to sit through an even longer sales pitch.
Frankly, I did all they said was necessary and I want my tickets.
Immediately after hanging up the phone with the extrememly unhelpful and quite rude high pressure sales people (I attempted to get a supervisor on the phone and was told that they were in the office but too busy to deal with me.), I contacted the Florida Attorney General's office and filed a complaint for Deceptive Business Practices. I doubt I will ever see anything for my time and irritation, but hopefully the company will at least see a fine or two. It appears on here that I am not the only one to realize the con that these people are trying to pass off.
I have no problem with taking a timeshare tour. I actually do that every time I go on vacation. It gives me great savings. What I will not tolerate is being lied to, in order to try to make a sale. In order to get 2 adult tickets to Universal Studios, I would have had to end up purchacing a package costing nearly $300.00 that consisted of a bunch of stuff I did not need.
If you see the website or any emails from them, do not waste your time.
Peoria, Illinois
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 01/24/2006 02:46 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Etourandtravel/Orlando-Florida/Etourandtravel-ripoff-deceptive-advertising-SCAM-Orlando-Florida-173090. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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by Suzanne Collins
Mockingjay Chapter 23 Summary
How It All Goes Down
- Gale and Katniss confer. They have limited time before they get tracked down again. They check with Cressida and realize they've surfaced in a building that is downtown, full of civilians and distractions.
- As you probably expect, the team is emotionally and physically wounded. They're running on fumes.
- They disguise themselves in the clothes they find in the apartment and prepare to enter the streets. They have to keep from showing their faces just in case they are recognized.
- In the nick of time, Cressida leads them to a small store where furs are sold and introduces them to a woman named Tigris.
- Tigris has a grotesque face like a cat's and is a plastic surgery veteran. Katniss thinks she recognizes Tigris from a Hunger Games, as a stylist long ago.
- Tigris is unwilling to help them, even after Cressida mentions Plutarch, until Katniss shows herself – bold move. But it works – Tigris leads the remaining team into the underground hideout within her shop.
- Katniss tells Tigris she's planning to murder Snow as a means of gaining her confidence.
- The hideout is tiny and basic.
- Gale is suffering and Katniss has to stitch him up.
- Afterwards, she tries to heal Peeta too. They have another moment of closeness, where it seems like the hijacking is fading even more. He makes her restrain him before falling asleep, though.
- They're too tired to stand watch, so they all go to sleep. Katniss has a dull dream about Effie Trinket. It's not restful at all.
- The next day, Katniss obsesses over the deaths she's caused on this trip so far. Nine people have died so far, and most of them because of her.
- Finally she tells the others she made up the assignment to kill Snow. To her surprise, they all knew and went along with her anyway.
- This is supposed to make Katniss feel better but it doesn't. Finally Peeta tells her that she does still have power and can still succeed.
- So, Katniss pulls it together. She and the others start trying to figure out a way to complete that task anyway. This means getting to Snow's home from the little shop.
- Katniss suggests another plan – that they use her as bait to get Snow out. The others convince her that should be a last resort.
- Then, Tigris has them come out of the hideout temporarily to have a little snack.
- She also shows them the latest Capitol TV program featuring them. Now the Capitol's identifying Katniss and the team, and trying to get civilians to turn them in. It's only a matter of time before they get caught.
- Then they go hide again for the night.
- Katniss listens to Gale and Peeta talk about being in love with her. They disagree about whom she loves more, and both seem jealous of the other. Gale says that Katniss will make her choice based on "whoever she thinks she can't survive without" (23.90).


text:
Harald Welte Exposes Netgear Open Source Router ShamOct 09, 2009
With his GPL-Violations.org initiative, Harald Welte has often interceded on the behalf of GPL licensing. His current bone of contention is NetGear's WNR3500L "open source" router.more »
Nvidia Presents First OpenCL Driver for LinuxOct 05, 2009
Nvidia has announced its first OpenCL-capable driver. Not only that: Linux users will get it at the same time as the Windows package, which complies with OpenCL's platform-independent concept.more »
Via's Netnotes to Operate with LinuxSep 18, 2009
The chip manufacturer Via Technologies has introduced a new notebook class intended to run via Linux OS. The Via chips-equipped Netnotes will initially only be available in China.more »
Android Internet Tablet from ArchosSep 17, 2009
Electronics manufacturer Archos has introduced its new ARM-based multimedia player including Linux platform Android in collaboration with Google. An additional DVR docking station allows the device to morph into a video recorder.more »
LG Tries Android Smartphone in European MarketSep 16, 2009
The previously Windows-dedicated Korean company has ventured this fall into its first Android smartphone for the European market.more »
ARM Joins the Linux FoundationSep 16, 2009
The Linux Foundation has reinforcements from the hardware camp. CPU manufacturer ARM joined the Foundation on Monday.more »
Open PC: KDE Nettop with Amarok and FirefoxSep 15, 2009
The Open PC Project wants to construct a fair priced PC for Linux users. The results of a first survey have now been published.more »
Oracle-Sun Plans Missing MySQLSep 11, 2009
Oracle's takeover of Sun Microsystems hasn't been fully sanctioned by anti-trust entities and Oracle already has a message for customers: we'll continue to care intensively about SPARC and Solaris. Something's missing here: MySQL.more »
Issue 190/2016
Buy this issue as a PDF
LinuxCon North America Convenes in Toronto, Canada
Linux Foundation's big event celebrates the 25th anniversary of Linux
Linux Turns 25
Linux has evolved from a "won't be a professional" project to one of the most professional software projects in the history of computers.
Mirantis Joins Hands with SUSE To Offer RHEL Support; Red Hat Not Happy
Competitors get in the game with RHEL without Red Hat
Linux on Windows 10 Poses a Security Risk
Security researchers have already notified Microsoft; some fixes are available
Mirantis to Refactor OpenStack Fuel for Kubernetes
The company is collaborating with Google and Intel to use Kubernetes as an engine for Fuel
Canonical Joins Document Foundation Advisory Board
The upcoming release of LibreOffice will be available as a snap package
SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.


text:
Chris John vs. Chonlatarn Piriyapinyo in Play For 11/9
WBA world featherweight champion Chris John will fight Chonlatarn Piriyapinyo in his 17th title defense in Singapore on Nov. 9.
Toni Priatna, an assistant at Harry's Gym where Chris trains, says that the Thai boxer has been undefeated in 44 matches.
People should look at the boxers the Thai fought against to measure his strength, Toni cautioned.
"He [Piriyapinyo] might have never fought a world [class] boxer," Toni said on Monday as quoted by Antara news agency.
Piriyapinyo's last match was against Richard Olisa of the Philippines in Thailand on June 1, while Chris' last battle was against Japan's Shoji Kimor on May 5 in Singapore, where the Indonesian pugilist won on decision, 118-109, 117-110 and 118-109).
Chris, who has been nicknamed The Dragon, is 47-2-0, including 22 KOs, while Piriyapinyo is 44-0-0, including 27 KOs.
[QUOTE=-Kev-;12572957] You actually got in to the line to get into the line for tickets? You must know somebody. Bro, I had to make an appointment, just to make an appointment, to get in line to get into the line…Comment by PACnPBFsuck on 10-03-2012
[QUOTE=robert53;12573675]Why would John fight in the U.S. He was robbed in the 1st fight with Juarez. He beat Yordan who Guerrero punked out against. He gave JMM a boxing lesson. [B]He is working on his legacy now,like Floyd[/B].[/QUOTE] [IMG]http://img838.imageshack.us/img838/3557/fullretards.gif[/IMG]Comment by -PBP- on 10-03-2012
Wow. A mega-fight between two all time greats with a combined record of 91-0-2. 93 have tried and 93 have failed.Comment by robert53 on 10-03-2012
Why would John fight in the U.S. He was robbed in the 1st fight with Juarez. He beat Yordan who Guerrero punked out against. He gave JMM a boxing lesson. He is working on his legacy now,like Floyd.Comment by forget on 10-03-2012
[QUOTE=Light_Speed;12573420]Well he did beat Marquez.[/QUOTE] That was debatable.Post a Comment - View More User Comments (18)


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Most Liked Positive Review
worked fine for me
I have had mine for several years, and have had no problems with it. I have worn it down to where it needs new flints, or replaced. I'm not sure if HF carries...Read complete review
I have had mine for several years, and have had no problems with it. I have worn it down to where it needs new flints, or replaced. I'm not sure if HF carries replacement flints, but they appear to likely be standard size. I do think the file component inside the cup is much rougher than necessary, and probably explains the problems experienced by other users. It might help to peen the "teeth" on that to reduce the grabbing effect.
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Broke on first strike
The flint broke at the base on the first strike. I tried to remove the broken piece to insert the part that remained but didn't succeed. Maybe drilling it or punching it out would...Read complete review
The flint broke at the base on the first strike. I tried to remove the broken piece to insert the part that remained but didn't succeed. Maybe drilling it or punching it out would have worked but seems such poor quality why bother, just bringing it back.
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Works Great
By Philip
from Adrian Mich fg
About Me Avid Do-It-Yourselfer
Comments about Chicago Welding Flint Striker:
This striker work very well as good a one that was twice the price
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
Comment on this review
works great and only cost $3!!!!!
By Sean
from Portland, OR
About Me Casual Do-It-Yourselfer
The striker worked great only only cost $3!!! It doesn't really get better than that, in my opinion.
Basic item - Good Price
By Nhogan
from Denver, CO
This is a basic item that is nice to get at a good price. Works well.
Good value!
By BeezzzzRFun
from Canal Fulton,Ohio
About Me Professional
Watch the screw that holds the flint.. It will back off and you'll lose it making the striker worthless...Overall good values!!!
works great
By cowboyfos
from elk grove
So easy to use.
By John Doe
from Fort Myers, FL
great for the price
By tntitanfan
from tn.
use for lighting torches
By Welder
from El Dorado Hills, CA
Works but real cheap.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
By Micah
from Undisclosed
Spend a dollar more and get something a little better. But it is just a striker...
Flint Striker
By Country Logic
from Florida
Trash. Complete garbage. Look elsewhere or you will be completely dissapointed.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
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This filly has a quite disposition& has been on a few times. Goes back to Poco Bueno 7 times.$1,750
Look at this guy, a red dun roan, out of a very well bred mare CSR Stormy Pepto$3,200
2 in 1 package $2000. 3 in 1 package $3000. Picture at one day old. This is a very well bred mare top & bottom. Gentle mare quite disposition, may…$2,400
Her foal will be Grulla, Red Dun or Dun. Will be bred back to same stallion in not sold. $3000 for 3 in 1 package. This is a very well bred mare$2,200
This mare has had beautiful Buckskin Dun foals by the Grulla stallion.$2,200
A beautiful rare grulla paint colt , with 4 full matching stockings.$2,500
Tonka is an exceptional horse. He is sired by a Homozygous Pinto Stallion, World Champion Registered National Show Horse, and Pinto Sweepstakes Nominated…$7,000
A nice cremello mare, gentle quite disposition. Will have a Grulla, Palomino Dun or Buckskin Dun foal. She has been checked in foal for 2017. Her foals…$2,500
Pincher Creek, AB


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Kalco 4849AC/G2663
Grande 1 Light ADA Wall Sconce
- Item # bci2595747
- Model # 4849AC/G2663
- Grande Collection
$492.00, You Save 33%
Choose Finish
Leaves the Warehouse in 2 to 4 business days
Lamping Technology:
- Bulb Base - Medium (E26): The E26 (Edison 26mm), Medium Edison Screw, is the standard bulb used in 120-Volt applications in North America. E26 is the most common bulb type and is generally interchangeable with E27 bulbs.
- Compatible Bulb Types: Nearly all bulb types can be found for the E26 Medium Base, options include Incandescent, Fluorescent, LED, Halogen, and Xenon / Krypton.
- Height: 7"
- Width: 15" (measured from furthest point left to furthest point right on fixture)
- Extension: 4" (measured from mounting surface to furthest protruding point on fixture)
- Backplate Height: 4.88"
- Backplate Width: 7"
- Shade Material: Glass
- Product Weight: 3 lbs
Electrical Specifications:
- Bulb Base: Medium (E26)
- Bulb Type: Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent
- Number of Bulbs: 1
- Bulb Included: No
- Watts Per Bulb: 100
- Wattage: 100
- Voltage: 120v
- Voltage Type: Line Voltage
- Wire Length: 6"
- UL Listed, Dry Location - Indicates whether a product meets standards and compliance guidelines set by Underwriters Laboratories. This listing determines what types of rooms or environments a product can be used in safely.
- ADA Compliance - The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Fixtures hung between 27" and 80" above the floor must have an extension of 4" or less; this applies to wall lights in walkways or halls. Ceiling Fixtures must be hung no lower than 80".
The Grande Collection is a fully customizable collection that is enhanced by Art Deco suspension showcasing the exclusive bowl shades hand-crafted exclusively by Kalco. From the modernity of the Iridescent Shell bowl shade to the glowing elegance of our exclusive Buddha Leaf and Penshell shades, this collection elegant yet flexible enough to coordinate with any space.
Additional Kalco Links
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Kalco 4849AC/G2663 Antique Copper / Creamy Ecru Half Bowl Glass G2663
- Kalco 4849VI/G2663 Vintage Iron / Creamy Ecru Half Bowl Glass G2663
- Kalco 4849VI/PS06 Vintage Iron / Penshell Half Round Sconce PS06
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued.
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The Meta widget has appeared on the home page and I do not know how to remove it.
The Meta widget has appeared on the home page and I do not know how to remove it.
It's been awhile since I've used Graphene, but I have an idea for you.
Take a look at your Widget settings. Have you added any? If not, many themes have default stuff they stick in the sidebar if you select nothing. If this is true, stick a non-Meta widget into the sidebar, and see if Meta goes away. If so, you're all set, and just add other widgets you want.
And no, if you're just changing to Graphene, WP will not remember which widgets your last theme had. Word on the street is that they may be building that for later though.
Thanks for the help. I do already have widgets that are showing up. I think I have to remove the html but am a little leary of doing that since I am not familiar with it.
This topic has been closed to new replies.


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- Report: #1010142
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Player Auctions
Player AuctionsInternet United States of America
Player Auctions playerauctions.com I sold a game account and wasn't paid by Player Auctions. The funds are still pending one week after the sale. Internet
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On 1.22.2013 the buyer then notified me that he had received the correct info through e-mail and I asked him to update the dispute on the website to reflect that everything was now in order and to cancel the dispute in progress. He then proceeded to renege the dispute and Player Auctions was e-mailed by both of us regarding this update.
On 1.28.2013 I checked my disbursement status and it was still pending so I contacted them through Live Chat and they said something about the dispute case still being open. [continued below]....
On Friday, 2.1.2013 I contacted them through Live Chat once again and the customer support representative, Rowell, whom I had spoken to before told me that the mediation team was off for the weekend. Monday, 2.4.2013 I contacted Rowell through Live Chat once again and he said that my case was on priority for the mediation team. But I have yet to receive an e-mail response from them regarding my case. It is now 2.6.2013 and I have been using Live Chat daily to speak with a cusotmer service representative so that I can stay up to date on my case. I keep getting the same replies that the mediation team has already been contacted and should get back to me soon. They also tell me that my case is a priority, but it obviously isn't.
Below is transcript evidence regarding my claim against Player Auctions:
Player Auctions Onsite Conversation between me and the buyer
G-mail Conversation between me and the buyer
Skype Conversation between me and the buyer
Chat transcript from my Live Chats with the Customer Service Representative, Rowell
I am still awaiting my payment from Player Auctions. Please do NOT use their service, they are obviously stealing money from some of their sellers and it is not safe to do transactions on their website. I have read multiple reports of the same scenario from other buyers and sellers on ripoffreport.com and am here to warn anyone who dare spend money on PlayerAuctions.com.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 02/06/2013 10:03 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Player-Auctions/internet/Player-Auctions-playerauctionscom-I-sold-a-game-account-and-wasnt-paid-by-Player-Auction-1010142. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Skip to comments.Feds Look For Child Porn On Lawmakers Computers
Posted on 03/23/2014 8:56:09 AM PDT by markomalley
Federal agents were searching for child pornography when they seized computers from former state Rep. Keith Farnhams home and offices this month, according to a search warrant released to The Associated Press on Saturday.
The search warrant released by the Illinois House shows authorities were seeking any evidence of the possession, receipt, or distribution of child pornography and documents in any format and medium concerning minors visually depicted while engaged in sexually explicit conduct from computers in Farnhams Elgin home and office as well as his Springfield office.
They also sought other computer equipment and cellphones, information about anyone contacted through the computers, passwords, accounts with any Internet companies, indications of file-sharing technology and software designed to eliminate data.
Farnham, a Democrat first elected in 2008, resigned last Wednesday but said he had to attend to battling serious health issues. He did not mention what the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the U.S. attorneys office describe as an ongoing investigation.
(Excerpt) Read more at chicago.cbslocal.com ...
First the Democrat Leader of Rhode Island and now this...
Does Eric Holder know?
RI's D was exposed in third paragraph This guys D doesn't appear until fourth. Must be series!
Farnham, a Democrat first elected in 2008, resigned last Wednesday...I have that "wait for the other shoe to drop" feeling about this.
We're losing all of our freedoms because people even those in high places don't seem to understand that if you want something to be private keep it private.
Very easy way to tell the party affiliation of any scandal tainted politician from AP articles: If the affiliation is mentioned in the first or second line of the article, its a republican. If not, you can be sure it's a democrat.
Once a person is accused of having child porn on their computer they're done. Finished.
"Excuse me Mr. Congressman, if you don't go along with us on XYZ bill you'll be sorry". Farfetched?
Try "first or second word of the headline."
At least in this case it looks like they bothered to get a warrant first.
And if they have the ability to reach in and find stuff ..,
they can also ' PLANT ' stuff , to be found later, especially when you are no longer 'useful' ! It's called "entrapment"
Just because I have a pair of noids , it doesn't make me paranoid !
Everyone has child pornography on their computer. EVERYONE!
At my workplace they've installed a new keyless system for building entry. With sensors at every entryway they are literally able to track your every step. I have nothing to hide, but the fact I can be traced minute by minute is unnerving. I told the IT guys who installed it that it was the mark of the beast.
When I mentioned this fact to other coworkers they simply said "are you doing anything illegal".
Privacy, what an obsolete concept. (sarc)
If Republican it would be in the headline!
And you know this how?
In that case, I recommend a search of Harry Reid's computers. Because he is a Democrat, there s a good chance child porn will be found on them. Or as liberals call it, an "alternative lifestyle." Just sayin'.
My hope is that Reid happens to be in a meeting with one of his mobster sponsors when a rival gang hits them all.
And you know this how?...Cripes! I spent all kinds of money to stop crap on my computer. And an IT guy I had here to fix what turned out to be a minor problem, said "You got more safeguards on this thing than 3 Mile Island!!" Now I find I got child porn on my computer. Who'd a thunk?
I certainly do NOT!!!
That is like saying that 'everyone who is in or from California uses drugs!!!'
Along with the potential of the setup from the NSA placing these files or even the accusation for political enemies what will the HHS do now that our medical records are REQUIRED to be given to the feds?
You should quote this guy the famous line by Lavrenti Beria, the head of Joseph Stalins KGB...
Show me the man and I will find the crime.
If he'd been a Republican the headline would have begun "Republican Lawmaker...".
"And if they have the ability to reach in and find stuff ..,
they can also ' PLANT ' stuff , to be found later, especially when you are no longer 'useful' ! It's called "entrapment"
Never, ever, trust the government. They have long since compromised any trust they may have had with the public and they have NO integrity.
Not trying to be antagonistic here but you are obviously going to the wrong sites. Downloading "free" music is famous for planting porn under the radar. When my daughter's laptop crashed my IT buddy told for her not to go to those sites as they inbed these background programs in the system.
Seriously, unless it is youtube I don't look at any music or movie sites.
I can assure you that your IT team has much better and more important things to do than to track your movements around the building.
Watching your online habits, reading your instant messages and chats, that's a different story. You have no expectation of privacy on a network you don't own. You also have no expectation of privacy in a building you don't own working at a company you don't command. You don't get to walk into my house or use my network or computers and demand privacy. For better or for worse, that is how it works.
It doesn't work that way. Investigators have to find and prove an intent to download and distribute child porn. Someone can hack your system and put a few images in it but prosecution has to prove it was you and has to prove you were intentionally searching for and saving it. People that get busted for this stuff are almost always members of news groups and have an extensive collection of images as well as clear evidence they were engaged in distribution.
Another note, police cannot simply take your hard drive and put things in it. That is impossible when using a write blocker which prevents investigators from altering the hard drive. Without that device, the moment that drive is plugged in, the drive has been written to and the evidence has been tainted. CP cases are very tricky and often involve months of online surveillance. They can be very difficult to prove and when charges are filed, there is typically a smoking gun.
If it had been a Republican the 'R" would have been in the headline..
Absolutely right.
Yep R in first paragraph. Tea Party in headline! Rules for journal Lists
Absolutely wrong, please see my above post.
CP cases are some of the most difficult to prove. If someone is being charged, it is likely done so because of overwhelming evidence. The first thing you learn in computer forensics is how much of an uphill battle these cases are from start to finish. It takes much more than an accusation and a few pics. There are plenty of ways to launch a defense against such charges, one of which is "how do you know it was me online and not a hacker or someone else." This is why there are so many agencies involved and usually months or longer of surveillance. Every base must be covered and they have to have a smoking gun or the case will be thrown out.
The NSA could put pics on your computer and report you, but it takes way more than that to prove a CP case. They were likely watching this guy for awhile and I highly doubt he will be the only one to go down. These freaks never act alone and are almost always parts of sicko CP groups. I was involved in a CP case early in my IT career. Myself and our main sys admin were cleaning out network storage folders for our users. I opened a folder in thumbnail view and found thousands of horrible images. We contacted the FBI immediately and they began their work. They needed tons of info from both our sys admin and our network engineers and basically sat back and watched this guy for a month before the hammer came down and they arrested him at work. It was crazy. I never would have found out had I not opened that folder in thumbnail view.
I would hate to be a republican having his computer "checked" by a democrat.
That's just it, it doesn't have to be proved....just the charges alone will destroy the political career. "Where there's smoke" and all.
LOL- you're right. We've got their number...
While I appreciate your insight, you have no view to my work environment. Myself and my fellow employees are being tracked via video and now this new system.
Bottom line point being none of us has ANY expectancy of privacy nowadays.
By the by, our IT guys maintane the system, they do not watch us. The administrators are the ones doing the spying.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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This is a reference book written to complement other works on orthopedic surgery. In it are found descriptions of various appliances that the author has tested. Nangle feels the ultimate aim of splinting is to preserve and restore function; hence, he uses an anatomic and functional classification in presenting his material. The first chapter considers the basic principles of splinting, and a short chapter is devoted to the principles of splinting in poliomyelitis. The ideas expressed are in line with the present trend away from the excessive splinting that has been used in the past; however, exception may be taken to some of the principles that the author advocates regarding splinting in the early convalescent stage of poliomyelitis. Those portions of the book that consider plaster of paris technique, casts applied to specific parts of the body, and metal and leather braces contain no particularly new ideas. The book provides
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Hotel - Sofitel Legend the Grand Amsterdam access map
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No, Seriously. Sneakers Are Back
And not in that Melanie Griffith "Working Girl" sneakers-to-heels-at-the-office way. See how celebs, designers and fashion A-listers are styling comfy kicks now
Golden Touch Of course Beyoncé can work sneakers practically any day of the year and somehow manage to exemplify style. These gilded Nike sneakers are the perfect addition to her crop top and high-waist shorts look worn in South Beach last month.
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GRAND JUNCTION, Colo. (KKCO)-- Sean Rubalcaba had many colleges lined up to give the Junction star a shot at college ball. Rubalcaba decided to stay close to home and sign with the UNC Bears.
The news was broke on Rubalcaba's facebook page, and then confirmed by GJHS head coach Robbie Owens.
Signing day is on Feb. 1.


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5 Ways to Find Your Low-Hanging Fruit Growth Opportunities
CEOs are often far removed from the thousands of processes carried out every day across the complex organizations they lead, resulting in easy growth opportunities missed. These opportunities can be uncovered using five key capabilities: problem-solving skills, cross-unit collaboration, fast decision making, strong implementation skills and real accountability. Read More »


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Hi there
How can I change the position order of your plugin, for example before or after other plugin output?
Is there any add_filter that I can call to make the order?
I tried with related_posts() function, but it display twice. The second output display is in the correct place but I can't control the first one.
Best regards


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I have a list which you can find here: http://www.soundtrackgeek.com/v2/soundtrack-geek-index-top-film-scores/
If you sort on the GS column, the it puts the ones with 100 at the bottom of the list when it should be at the top. Is it because my numbers use comma instead of a period? This is the way Excel use it and I have exported a CSV which I have imported for use in Tablepress.


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Please log in or register to manage your account
Model: 280905 Item: DUC280905
It's the perfect power pairing??two versatile heroes who cling to most everything and have off-the-charts strength. Duck® brand tape is excited to partner with Marvel Entertainment, LLC, on its duct tape featuring Spider-Man, the classic crime-fighting and web-slinging Super Hero. Whether it's decorating a room or making a top-notch costume, Spider-Man™ DuckTape® is ready for the job. Tape Type: Duct; Adhesive Material: Rubber; Width: 1.88"; Thickness: 9 mil.
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on November 12, 2013 - 12:22 AM
HOCKEY: A reunion of all former Erie Community College players between 1976-2013 is being planned for the spring of 2014. Contact Mary Jo Rehak Dennee, ECC Alumni Coordinator, at 851-1999 or email: firstname.lastname@example.com. … The Buffalo Stars Sports & Marketing will operate a couple of Spring/Summer teams in 2014. Teams will participate in events such as the Niagara Bauer Challenge and the Chowder Cup and others. Teams will operate with a variety of ages from 1999 through 1995 birth year. Different events involve different ages. These events are for the AAA and high end AA level player. Teams will practice and train at Holiday Rinks. Initial evaluation for these teams will be held at Nichols Rink on Dec. 31 from 9:30-10:45 a.m. for '99, '98 and '97 birth years and 10:45 a.m.-12 p.m. for '96 and '95 birth years. For details visit www.buffalostars.com or contact Pete Preteroti at email@example.com or 685-1122.
The Bulletin Board appears Tuesday and Friday. Information must be submitted by mail (c/o Buffalo News, Sports Dept., One News Plaza, Buffalo, NY 14240), fax (849-4587) or email (firstname.lastname@example.com). There is no charge.


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I hope you're enjoying some fresh fruits and vegetables from our local farm stands. They're simply amazing. It's a good idea to start thinking about freezing some of them. Did you know you can freeze tomatoes off the vine? Simply put them whole into a freezer bag, then during the winter you can have a little taste of summer! READ
Articles by


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On the Corner of Dilworth and Springfield, Saturdays and Wednesdays 8am-1pm!
We are proud and excited to be a vibrant part of the community and culture of Kelowna and to be one of the largest Farmers' Markets in BC! We have 165+ vendors showcasing the bounty of the Okanagan Valley, from locally produced fruits, vegetables, meats and dairy, to homemade foods, artisan baking and handcrafted pottery, jewellery, woodwork, soaps and more! We hope that you will visit us on the corner of Springfield Rd and Dilworth Dr for our Outdoor Market in the summer months from April to October, and in the winter months at the Parkinson Recreation Centre for our Indoor Market from November to March.
Thank you for all of your continued support over the last 21 years!
We no longer host Thursday Markets.
Please note we do not allow dogs or other animals at the market.
ATM is also onsite at the red market info booth along the Dilworth Dr side of the market.
Customer parking is located at the Orchard Park Mall, or at the SPCA lot off Springfield.
Handicap parking is offered in the market lot, accessed by a right hand turn off of Dilworth Dr.