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Panama Al Brown vs. Vidal Gregorio
1929-06-18 : Panama Al Brown 117½ lbs beat Gregorio Vidal 116¾ lbs by UD in round 15 of 15
- Location: Queensboro Stadium, Long Island City, Queens, New York, USA
- Referee: Lou Magnolia
- Judge: Harold Barnes
- Judge: George Patrick
Vacant NYSAC World Bantamweight Title
- Brown becomes Latin America's first Boxing World Champion
"In as masterful an exhibition of boxing as he ever furnished, Brown won the decision over Gregorio and established himself beyond peradventure as a man worthy the mantle of champion of his class. Referee Lou Magnolia and Judges Harold Barnes and George Patrick collaborated in the award. The decision was unanimous.... Brown was the master and saw to it that the action was maintained at long range. A tantalizing, snappy left jab accomplished this objective with surprising ease for with his left jabs Brown beat an annoying, discouraging tattoo against the face of Gregorio and with left hooks and right crosses Brown annoyed Vidal no little...." New York Times
History of the Vacant Bantamweight Title
This bout was often incorrectly recorded as being for the undisputed, unified World Bantamweight Title. Some sources, including the 1980 Ring Record Book, even assert that this fight was the culmination of an official bantamweight elimination tournament, when there is no mention in the contemporary papers to support that claim either.
Not since 23-year-old Charley Phil Rosenberg forfeited his Bantamweight World Championship on the scales February 4, 1927, had anyone been acknowledged the true world champion. For days preceding his world title fight at Madison Square Garden with Bushy Graham of Utica, Rosenberg and his manager claimed he was within a couple of pounds of the 118 pound bantam weight limit. On the eve of the fight his manager Harry (Champ) Segal assured the public that Rosenberg weighed only 118¾ pounds, and that he would lose the extra fat in time for the title fight. At the weigh-in, however, it turned out Rosenberg was actually 122 pounds. The fight had to go on, although the bantam world title was no longer in the offering. When the crowd learned they had paid good money for a fight that would not produce a world champion, they booed and jeered when the fighters entered the ring; but they later cheered Rosenberg as he left the ring, after he had decisively clobbered the hapless 117-pound Graham throughout the 15 rounds.
The New York State Athletic Commission, however, wasn't as forgiving. It withheld the purse and suspended both fighters, their managers, promoter Jess McMahon and Madison Square Garden for this fiasco. It also took the unusual step of issuing subpoenas to eight participants to appear at a hearing to answer questions. The boxers and managers would remain suspended until early April after it had been discovered that the two managers had come to a secret agreement well before the fight. Rosenberg was ultimately suspended for over a year; his next fight wasn't until March 1928. By February 10, some disgruntled fans formed an organization they called the "Sport Followers of Fair Play" league and filed law-suits against every one connected with the bout for $3.00 in damages for each fan, claiming the bout was advertised as a bantamweight championship contest when in fact no title was at stake. (The NYSAC, by rule, limited the cost of fight tickets to $7.00, but tickets to championship contests could be sold for $10.00.) (One report says, however, that if Graham had beaten Rosenberg, he could have rightly claimed the bantam crown.)
Yet Rosenberg wasn't too concerned about forfeiting his world title. He had found it too hard to get down to 118 pounds anyway. So he went after the heavier featherweight crown instead.
Then Tony Canzoneri challenged Charles (Bud) Taylor of Terre Haute, Indiana, for the National Boxing Association's bantam crown. Brooklyn's Archie Bell wanted in on the action, too. So did Filipino Frisco Grande of Bridgeport, Connecticut, and another Brooklyn lad, Benny Tell.
Taylor and Canzoneri got their chance at the NBA crown on March 27, 1927, in Chicago. Their fight ended in an inconclusive draw, leaving promoter Jim Mullen holding the $4,000 diamond-studded bantamweight championship belt.
That same evening, on the same fight card, Archie Bell defeated Boston's Johnny Vacca. When he returned to New York, Bell deposited $2,500 in forfeit money with the NYSAC, challenging both Taylor and Canzoneri for the title. He then headed off to do battle May 5 with Britain's Teddy Baldock in London for the vacant British World Bantamweight Title. Bell's manager suggested a May 13th title shot in Madison Square Garden with Canzoneri, but Tony's manager Sam Goldman preferred another bout with Bud Taylor. The Commission eventually returned Bell's money because of the lack of a recognized champion.
Bell lost to Baldock after 15 rounds of hard fighting, but it was described as one of the cleanest and finest contests ever seen at the Royal Albert Hall. All were impressed with Bell's sportsmanship. Archie Bell would later defeat Kid Pattenden June 30 in London. (Four years later he would be offered a bantam world title fight in Montreal.) After defeating Bell, Teddy Baldock was the first to be crowned the World Bantamweight Champion since Rosenberg had forfeited the title. He would lose that title to South Africa's Willie Smith five months later.
On Saturday, June 25, 1927, Bud Taylor and Tony Canzoneri met on Wrigley Field in Chicago to determine for a second time the better man for the Bantam Title. Apparently Taylor was. He won the verdict after 10 rounds but suffered a split bone over his left optic nerve, requiring surgery in early July. Canzoneri soon found the bantam weight limit too hard to reach so he, too, decided to pursue the vacant featherweight title instead. He would win that title in February 1928. By December 1927 Bud Taylor had also out-grown the bantam weight limit and gave up his claim to the NBA world crown. The field then became wide-open for all contenders.
Kid Chocolate vs. Fidel LaBarba
The Bantamweight World Title was still vacant by the Spring of 1929, when the New York State Athletic Commission decided that the winner of the May 22 Fidel LaBarba-Kid Chocolate bout would be the logical successor to the bantam crown. According to contemporary newspaper accounts, the bout was "for what is unofficially considered the world's bantamweight championship. Though the New York boxing commission has not officially designated the bout a title affair, it has 'strongly advised' the pair to weigh in at 118 pounds, the bantam limit." The bout was scheduled for 15 rounds, but both fighters entered the ring over 118 pounds. So it was reduced to 10 rounds.
"Fidel LaBarba and Kid Chocolate having failed to heed the suggestion of the Boxing Commission and make the bantamweight limit for their fight in the New York Coliseum last Wednesday night, the Solons [slang for "boxing commissioners"] decided to give ear to the plea of Al Brown that he be given an opportunity to prove he is the best 118-pound fighter here, there and everywhere. Hence they announced they would start the ball a-rolling by matching him with Vidal Gregorio, Pete Sanstol or Kid Chocolate, the fight to be held in the Queensboro Stadium on June 11. On that night the Blowdeo will be for the benefit of the National Sports Alliance Relief Fund.
It will have to be either Gregorio or Sanstol for Brown. Al is definitely off the Havana Kid's list of eligibles." New York World, May 25, 1929, p. 11.
Then both Brown and Gregorio offered to fight for no compensation whatsoever, which "staggered" the NYSAC. "The Boxing Commissioners couldn't believe their ears. When they recovered they announced that the winner would be recognized by them as the 'defending' bantam champion." The World, May 29, p. 13.
Panama Al Brown vs. Vidal Gregorio
Three days before the June 18 Al Brown-Vidal Gregorio fight the New York Times reported: "At its [New York State Athletic Commission] meeting yesterday... [d]ecision was reserved on the question of designating a main bout Tuesday night at the National Sports Alliance Relief Fund benefit show. Al Brown is to battle Vidal Gregorio virtually for the bantamweight title."
The New York Times then reported on the day of the fight:
"A battle which is expected to have its sequel in the production of a world's bantamweight champion... is... scheduled for tonight. It is this contest which is expected to end with an acceptable claimant of the vacated bantamweight title established. Brown has earned recognition by the National Boxing Association and through ring conquests here and in Europe has mowed down all opposition.
The Brown-Gregorio bout lacks the Boxing Board's official backing as a title match, but it is indicated that the winner may be looked upon with favor. Kid Chocolate is to engage Terry Roth, and still another ten is to be between Peter Meyers and Tony Vaccarelli."
After Brown had defeated Gregorio, the World reported June 19 that the NYSAC was hesitant to declare him the "bantamweight world champion," but instead gave him "the novel title of 'defending champion.'" In his June 21 column entitled "Pardon My Glove," Ned Brown quoted one Mike Karem as saying, "It was not for the world's title."
National Boxing Association Title
There may have been another reason the NYSAC had decided the winner would be the "defending champion." They may have been led to believe that Brown was recognized by the National Boxing Association as its bantam king. When he and Brown arrived back to New York from Europe in mid-May, Brown's manager Dave Lumiansky informed the press:
"Half-baked titles are important in Europe but they mean little or nothing here," said Lumiansky. "Brown strengthened his N.B.A. championship abroad by defeating Bernasconi, the International Boxing Union champion, in Madrid. That victory gave him two legs on the world's title, and a match with the winner of the La Barba-Chocolate fray should result in a generally recognized 118-pound king. The situation appears to be close to a definite settlement for the first time in three years." The World, May 16, p. 13.
On July 10, three weeks after he had won the so-called "world championship," Brown was suspended by the Illinois Athletic Commission for refusing to fight Knud Larsen in Copenhagen, Denmark. (Brown finally agreed to fight Larsen on August 28.) "The commission also criticized Lumiansky for having spread reports in the United States and abroad that Brown was recognized by the National Boxing Association as bantamweight champion." The World, July 11, 1929, p. 13. The NBA was headquartered in Chicago.
The June 19 Tacoma News Tribune (Tacoma, WA, USA) reported:
"The Panama Negro, one of the cleverest boxers in the business, also lays claim to the National Boxing Association's 118-pound championship. Brown claims he was recognized as champion by Tom Donohue, Connecticut boxing commissioner, when Donohue was president of the N.B.A. Donohue, however, later was deposed and the N.B.A. announced last night that it no longer recognized any one as king of the 188[sic]-pounders."
On June 20, the TNT continued:
Brown "holds no title as far as the National Boxing Association is concerned. Paul Prehn, president of the N.B.A., last night said the organization recognizes no one as champion of the 118-pound division, but plans an elimination contest to select a titleholder."
Joe Morris, manager of British Bantamweight World Champion Teddy Baldock, "declared Baldock had just as much right to consider himself bantamweight champion as Brown." The World, June 28, 1929, p. 9.
When Brown fought Battling Battalino July 26, the papers clarified that he was the champion as recognized by the NYSAC only, and apparently nowhere else. "Bat Battalino of Hartford, New England featherweight champion, won a ten-round decision over Al Brown of Panama, recognized in New York State as world's bantamweight champion, at Bulkley Stadium to-night. The bantam title was not at stake." The World, July 27, 1929, p. 9.
On October 7, then-NBA President Edward Foster announced that, following a telegraphic conference among its members, the National Boxing Association had proclaimed Panama Al Brown its World Bantamweight Champion. (New York Times, Oct. 8, p. 24.) This was the first time that Brown was recognized by the NBA--not earlier, as is sometimes erroneously recorded to this day (2005).
See also, The Golden Bantams


text:
Date: 8/3/2008
Match: Samuel Peter v. Oleg Maskaev
Craziest Line: "I want who necks (next)!"
Well, Vitali Klitschko was "who necks" and homie pummelled Peter for eight rounds to strip him of his WBC heavyweight title. The analysts response after Peter's rant is classic: "I didn't understand the answer, I'm not sure what he said." Ya don't say...
The 10 Funniest Post-Fight Interviews in Boxing History
6. Samuel Peter
Date: 8/3/2008
Watch Now

subset: commoncrawl


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Constipation - Home Remedies and Treatments
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What kinds of treatments such as home remedies, OTC medication, or other therapies have been effective for your constipation?
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Bible Study | Mom2Mom |Mentoring & Discipleship |Community Groups | Culinary Team | Deaconesses
Women's Ministry is designed to cultivate a beloved community of women to fulfill their vision of becoming Christ-followers who are being transformed into His likeness, reflecting God's heart. An array of prayer times, outreach focused special events, Bible studies, workshops and one-on-one mentoring opportunities are the "tools" used to equip gals for life-changing growth and service. Look for information with regard to your unique interests by clicking on the links above or at the Women's Center located in the Commons area of the Community Life Center.
One of the ways to stay "in the know" about what is happening with Women's Ministries is to read the newsletter. It has tons of information about upcoming events, stories of how God has been working through the women of SFB, and all the information you need about the myriad of great ministries that are offered to help you grow in your relationship with Christ.
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Member Milestone: This is post number 800 for thuglife619.
nobody went out of their way and insulted anybody. I never crossed the line with hollywood and neither did he its just good ol plain rival talk but nobody insulted anybody i would think. whatever i guess and please no smartass remarks.


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- Report: #672466
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Southern California Edison
Southern California Edison244 Walnut Grove Ave Rosemead, California United States of America
Southern California Edison SCE Another Viictim of the SCE Monopoly Rosemead, California
*Consumer Comment: sce
*Author of original report: Southern California Edison Monopoly
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We paid our bill, but Southern California Edison ( SCE ) didn't agree. So they sent someone to 1) turn off our power and then 2) knock on our door (in that order).
"Well", I thought, "mistakes happen, so I'll just pay what they want, plus the $250 Reconnection fee, then sort it out later and get my money back.
However, they refused to refund the penaly, even after I recorded an SCE service rep stating that it was an error on their part. That is the first half of my victimization by SCE. But wait ... it gets much better (or much worse).
The following month my electricity was shut off again, using the same monopolistically evil method ... 1) SCE person disables my power 2) Then knocks on my door.
It mysteriously turns out that there was an additional penalty - one listed under a separate account number. Basically, they created a new account record for me, listed a penalty fee under that record, and then "expected" I was aware of it.
Though of course, because SEC / Southern California Edison is a monopoly, ( meaning that I have no other way to get electricity other than through them), I paid the $250 reconnection fee ... a second time.
So .. how ya like them apples?
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 12/16/2010 07:41 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Southern-California-Edison/Rosemead-California-91770/Southern-California-Edison-SCE-Another-Viictim-of-the-SCE-Monopoly-Rosemead-California-672466. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 Consumer Comment
AUTHOR: lid - (United States of America)
SUBMITTED: Tuesday, January 25, 2011POSTED: Tuesday, January 25, 2011
we not only pay sce a heafty fee but also must pay the fee sce charges our water company to pump the water to the tanks that deliver water to hundreds of residences here it is added to our water bill. sce put in our new smart meter, our bill went up $100 due to the new increased usage, yet we have not added anything to warrent the increase. when will the puc step in and start looking into this? if everyone would add up all their sce charges they'd be outraged at how much they've paid for the last 20 years, it's unbelievable, absolutly unbelievable!
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More Information
Payton: Bush healthier than ever
Published: Monday, January 18, 2010 at 7:33 a.m.
Last Modified: Monday, January 18, 2010 at 7:33 a.m.
Saints head coach Sean Payton said running back Reggie Bush is healthier than he's been in a long time.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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Milwaukee County has paid pension adviser almost $1 million
A financial consulting firm whose president has a murky CIA past has earned more than $900,000 in consulting fees through Milwaukee County, records show.
Cambridge Advisory Group was paid at least $214,000 through the county's law firm as an expert witness in the county's federal malpractice case against its former pension adviser, Mercer Inc., court records show. But after more than 2 1/2 years of work on the case, the firm's president, Stuart S. Piltch, dropped out last month as one of the county's key witnesses. Health problems were stated as the reason.
Another $688,000 has been paid to Piltch's company since early 2006 for advice on county health benefits and other topics, according to county records. Piltch's county consulting work on benefits came as a result of his work on the court case, Piltch said in sworn statement filed in federal court.
He was first hired in late 2005 by Susman Godfrey, the county's law firm for the Mercer case, as an expert. Piltch's job was to analyze records on the 2000 pension deal that resulted in large "backdrop" payouts, angry citizens and the resignation of former County Executive F. Thomas Ament. The county claims that Mercer failed to properly warn officials about the backdrop's high cost before it was approved.
More than $137 million has been paid out in backdrop payments since the benefit took effect in 2001. The county is seeking at least $100 million in damages and has prepared estimates listing costs linked to the 2000 pension and benefits deal at as much as $900 million.
Piltch's departure also follows an intense pretrial skirmish in which Mercer challenged his qualifications and accused Piltch of perjury over claims about training he'd received while with the CIA in the 1980s. His résumé lists CIA stints in 1980 and 1983-'85 as a risk management analyst and expert in game theory.
In opposing efforts by Mercer to explore his record at the CIA, Piltch stated in a court document that he couldn't agree to waiving confidentiality on his CIA records because he needs to preserve a trust relationship with the agency.
"I continue to perform work for the CIA and other pieces of the U.S. intelligence apparatus and I am concerned about protecting those relationships," said Piltch, 49. Just asking for a confidentiality waiver from the CIA would be viewed as a breach of trust by the spy agency, Piltch said.
He didn't respond to several phone messages and e-mails seeking comment.
Connection disputed
Mercer has been ratcheting up demands for details on Piltch's actuarial training, efforts the county and Piltch have resisted. Though he's not a licensed actuary, Piltch told county lawyers he received advanced training while working for the CIA and passed tests equivalent to those required for a professional license.
Actuaries analyze financial risk for insurers, other firms and government.
Mercer suggested Piltch lied about having worked for the CIA because of a response to Mercer from the CIA saying it didn't find any record of Piltch. But Piltch said that's just the way the CIA operates.
"The information requested by Mercer is not the type the agency will provide," Piltch said. A letter from a CIA lawyer said the type of detailed information the county wanted about Piltch may be classified, without confirming anything about Piltch.
In attacking Piltch's credentials, Mercer appears to be aiming to discredit the county's entire malpractice case. In one filing in the federal lawsuit, Mercer argues that a bogus expert could spoil the county's case.
The county's lawyers referred to Mercer's claims about Piltch as "a sideshow attack." Losing Piltch won't harm the county's case, according to the county's lawyers.
William Domina, Milwaukee County's corporation counsel, declined to comment on Piltch's role in the Mercer case.
Piltch's "honest and refreshing advice" on health care helped the county save millions of dollars, Domina said. Piltch said in an Oct. 8 sworn statement that Domina was involved heavily in the consulting work Piltch received separate from the court case.
County Auditor Jerome Heer said some $34.5 million in health care savings could be attributed largely to Piltch's expertise in helping the county negotiate health insurance contract revisions.
"If Stuart hadn't been there, I don't think we'd have had the chops to get it done," Heer said. Piltch also worked on setting up a new county employee benefits department, spun off from the county's personnel branch.


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text:
Coffee pot beer.
Probably a good thing we didn't have this recipe "back in the day".
S679 Ammedents go 0-7
3 years ago
Well, hell. I've got some yeast and a half a box of Special K. I wonder how much trouble I'm about to get into? ;)
Only your coffee pot knows for sure...
Thanks for dropping by Robert!


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Space Bunnies Must Die demoFree
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Have a net zero experience at #BlackRockCity. Offset your carbon w/TerraPass "2016 Ideate Climate Offset Package" https://t.co/rtJYJyAP0H
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I am trying to log into my dashboard but for some reason, every time I open the page, I am presented with a blank page.
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text: Lucius Performs at SXSW Party Home / 2012 / March / 28 / Lucius Performs at SXSW Party Lucius Performs at SXSW Party Mar 28, 2012 admin News No comments yet Ex-Heavy Rotation member Jess Wolfe performs in the band Lucius at SXSW party. Digg Digg About the author: admin Related Posts Berklee String Metal Ensemble Mar 08, 2012 admin David Pramik Mar 08, 2012 admin Under the Influence now available on iTunes! Feb 26, 2012 admin Next Show: Feb 25, 2012 admin Submissions for Dorm Session 8 Available!! Feb 22, 2012 admin Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Watch this video Behind the Scenes of Under the InfluenceJuly 25th '12: Heavy Rotation Records Showcase


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R. Mylne, preface, in Reports of the late Mr. John Smeaton, F.R.S. (1797) · Society of Civil Engineers, A. Rees and others, The cyclopaedia, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, 45 vols. (181920) · A. W. Skempton, The Smeatonians: duo-centenary notes on the Society of Civil Engineers, 17711971 (1971) · A. W. Skempton and E. C. Wright, Early members of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions [Newcomen Society], 44 (19712), 2347 · A. W. Skempton, ed., John Smeaton, FRS (1981) · A. W. Skempton and others, eds., A biographical dictionary of civil engineers in Great Britain and Ireland, 1 (2002) · Westminster Abbey evensong and dedication of a memorial to John Smeaton, 7 Nov 1994, Smeatonian Society · S. Smiles, Lives of the engineers, 2 (1861) · G. Watson, The civils: the story of the Institution of Civil Engineers (1988) · G. Watson, The Smeatonians: the society of civil engineers (1989) · A. P. Woolrich, The printing of Smeaton's report, Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 35 (1980) · A. P. Woolrich, John Farey and the Smeaton manuscripts, History of Technology, 10 (1985), 181216
Inst. CE, Smeatonian Society collection
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Mike Chrimes, Society of Civil Engineers (act. 17712001), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Jan 2016 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93805, accessed ]
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Another storm system will bring rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow to Nebraska Saturday night through Sunday morning. For the north central and northeastern part of the state, the precipitation will mainly fall as snow. Some freezing drizzle or freezing rain could occur at times. For those in southeast and south central Nebraska, it will mainly be rain or freezing rain. An isolated thunderstorm can't be ruled out. Sleet and snow could mix in overnight.
Snowfall accumulations are expected to reach 3 to 8 inches in north central Nebraska with 1 to 3 inches possible in the northeast. The south central and southeastern part of the state could see an inch or less. Ice accumulations of one tenth of an inch or less could occur across portions of central and eastern Nebraska as well.
The following warnings and advisories have been issued by the National Weather Service for Nebraska:
***WINTER STORM WARNING in effect for portions of north central and northeastern Nebraska until 10 am Sunday morning. Ainsworth, O'Neill, Spencer, Springview, Neligh and Pierce are included in the warning.***
***WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY in effect for portions of central and eastern Nebraska until 10 am Sunday morning. Lincoln, Omaha, Seward, Norfolk, Columbus, Broken Bow and North Platte are included in the advisory.***
***WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY in effect for portions of central Nebraska until 7 am Sunday morning. Grand Island, Kearney, Lexington York and Ord are included in the advisory.***
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For the latest 10/11 Pinpoint Weather forecast go to our weather page.


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- Report: #893560
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Hudson Energy
Hudson Energy900 Oakmont Lane Westmont, Illinois United States of America
Hudson Energy Just Energy, U.S.Energy misleading, deceptive company Westmont, Illinois
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 06/06/2012 06:19 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Hudson-Energy/Westmont-Illinois-60559/Hudson-Energy-Just-Energy-USEnergy-misleading-deceptive-company-Westmont-Illinois-893560. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Accessories Unlimited L L C - Washington, MO - Phone: (636) 390-9300
Recreational vehicle dealers, also known as RV dealers, are people who are associated with the selling of recreational vehicles. People who are interested in buying recreational vehicles can buy them from these dealers in Washington. The dealers not only sell new recreational vehicles, but also deal in used and second-hand vehicles.
Both motorized and towable vehicles are available for sale in such dealer shops. The dealers and manufacturers recommend buyers to attend RV shows before buying recreational vehicles, so as to gain more knowledge and to compare different models.
Governor Cuomo Announces 900 Solar Projects Underway Through 26 Community Solarize Campaigns Across The State
"Solarize" campaigns are encouraging homes and businesses throughout the state to install solar – State will support another 31 "Solarize" campaigns set to begin this spring (Long Island, NY) Governor Andrew M. Cuomo today announced that 900 solar projects are underway through 26 community "Solarize" campaigns across New York State. A component of the NY-Sun program and the Governor's comprehensive..


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Quote:harlen, what posessed you to start this??yours in life
Quote:I disagree. We are talking about the techniques not the exact term bunkai, right? The techniques were developed first and then later the kata was formed as a way to pass these techniques along, in my opinion.
Quote:Kata were formed (no pun intended) in order to convey the generalities of the actual self-preservation techniques.
Quote:Quote:Kata were formed (no pun intended) in order to convey the generalities of the actual self-preservation techniques."Techniques" with little hope for actual applicative effectiveness IMO-John
Artifacts from the Ryukyu Kingdom missing since WWII.
Visit www.ShisaLion.Org
to view pictures
Stun Guns
Self Defense Products-stun guns, pepper spray, tasers
and more
Complete surveillance systems for covert operations
or secure installation security
Asylum Images
Book presents photo tour of the Trans-Allegany Lunatic Asylum. A must if you're going to take a ghost tour!


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Hotels in Colonia Tovar
- Approximate price: Cheapest | Luxury
- Stars: 1 star | 5 stars
- First name: A-z | Z-a
- Central: More central | Less central
- Services: More services
- User evaluation: Best rated
- BestSelling: Most popular
Selva Negra
Sector El Calvario, Frente Hotel Bergland, . Colonia Tovar, Venezuela
Selva Negra
Sector El Calvario, Frente Hotel Bergland see on map
A 3 star German style hotel with an elegant mountain atmosphere. Rooms are equipped with the best services for customer's comfort and...
A 3 star German style hotel with an elegant mountain atmosphere. Rooms are equipped with the best services for customer's comfort and relaxation, and so as to enjoy the magical atmosphere the hotel features. Facilities include a restaurant, bar, swimming pool, sauna, gardens, playground and massage and beauty treatments.
Location: in the heart of Colonia Tovar, next to the San Martin de Tours Church, opposite the picturesque fruits and vegetables market. In Aragua's spectacular mountains, 1,800 m. above sea level, isolated from the bustle of the city.
Visit Colonia TovarEnjoy your stay in Colonia Tovar. Make your visit to Colonia Tovar an unforgettable experience by staying in the hotel you deserve. Still don´t know where to stay? At Destinia we offer you a wide variety of hotels in Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, so you can choose the one that´s right for you, depending on your expectations and your budget. There are numerous hotels in Colonia Tovar that are ideal for a business trip, a family holiday, a weekend getaway or an outing with friends in Colonia Tovar. No matter the reason for your trip, at Destinia, you´ll find the greatest variety of hotels and hostels, always at the best prices, guaranteed. Are you looking for a deluxe hotel in Colonia Tovar city centre with a spa, Internet access or a pool? Perhaps a hotel that accepts pets or that has a child-care centre? We have that, too. Why not give our hotel finder a try? It´s quick, simple and the most effective way to find the best lodging in this part of Venezuela. Whether you need a single-occupancy room, double-occupancy room or even a suite, with Destinia´s search engine, you´ll always find the best deals, so all you´ll have to worry about is packing your bags and enjoying your trip to Colonia Tovar.
In Colonia Tovar we will have moderate rain, a rise in temperature is expected; dress in light clothing.
- Saturday
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Top Hotel Deals
South America
Beach Hotels
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- Isla Cristina
- El Puerto de Santa Maria
- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
- Corralejo


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Discover a selection of top forums rascal formula on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums rascal formula and meet other fans of rascal formula. Then, why don't you create your own forum of rascal formula ?
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SYNOPSIS: "In the midst of the Antarctic snow-field, the scientists and workers of a small American research base are shocked when a helicopter begins to circle their camp, chasing and shooting at a dog. When the helicopter is destroyed and the passenger's are killed by accident, the dog is let into the base and the American's begin to wonder what …Read More »
Home | Tag Archives: Ennio Morricone
Tag Archives: Ennio Morricone
Film Review: Nightmare Castle (1965)
SYNOPSIS: "A sadistic count tortures and murders his unfaithful wife and her lover, then removes their hearts from their bodies. Years later, the count remarries and the new wife experiences nightmares and hauntings. The ghosts of the slain return to exact their bloody revenge, until their hearts are destroyed." (courtesy IMDB) REVIEW: This week, for complicity in crimes against good …Read More »
Film Review: The Bird With The Crystal Plumage (1970)
SYNOPSIS: "Sam, an American writer in Rome, witnesses a murder attempt on the wife of the owner of an art gallery by a sinister man in a raincoat and black leather gloves – but Sam is powerless to do anything as he gets trapped between a double set of glass doors in going to her aid. The woman survives, and …Read More »


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Speckled trout fishing scarce in area waters
Published: Thursday, November 3, 2011 at 9:05 a.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, November 3, 2011 at 9:05 a.m.
Anglers can find plenty of redfish, but speckled trout are scarce.
With an approaching cold front, anglers will have a tough time fighting winding conditions in search of fish. However, once the winds calm down, anglers can catch their share of redfish in the area.
"I hope (the weekend) is going to be good. It looks like a few fish are showing up in Catfish Lake. All around the area, they are catching some redfish, but very few (speckled) trout," Gary Callais of T-Pops Mart in Golden Meadow said. "Over here it has been slow and it is hit-and-miss. They are doing well with the redfish and there is plenty of white trout. The specks have been slow, hopefully with this front, it might stir them up a little bit.
"It looks like it is going to be a good weekend. It should be breezy for the next couple of days, but after that, it is going to be good."
While speckled trout have been scarce in Lafourche Parish, the same can't be said in Terrebonne Parish.
Melissa Fanguy of Capt. Allen's Bait and Tackle in Houma said that speckled trout can be found in the area.
"The fishing is good. I have one guy that was in Lake Boudreaux, and he caught 20 nice (speckled) trout. It is not like people want it to be, but they are catching them," Fanguy said. "They are catching, whether it is redfish, speckled trout or a few flounder. Overall, the fishing is good."
Average fishing.
Callais said that it is "hit-and-miss" in Catfish Lake, but anglers are doing well at the sulfur mines.
Best spots: Catfish Lake and Sulfur Mines.
Best baits: Shrimp, minnows and several artificial baits.
Poor fishing.
With the speckled trout migrating towards the marsh, the only action around the island is redfish.
"They are catching redfish in Belle Terre Pass. They are catching a bunch of bull redfish," Stacy Cheramie of Sand Dollar Marina in Grand Isle said. "No speckled trout. They are all moving up and at this time of year (cold fronts) don't help and the (speckled) trout always leave and go north."
Best spots: Belle Terre Pass.
Best bait: Cut mullet for bull redfish.
Good fishing.
Fanguy said that when the wind kicks up, anglers can find a protected cut and catch redfish.
Best spots: Lake Boudreaux, Madison Bay and sulfur mines.
Best baits: Shrimp, minnows and white-colored artificial baits.
Poor fishing.
The action surrounding Bayou Black isn't fishing, but duck hunters getting ready for the season which begins on Saturday.
"We had some guys go out toward the Brady looking for redfish and bass," Robbie Breaux of Bob's Bayou Black Marina said. "We have a lot of duck hunters that are getting ready for the weekend. They are fixing blinds, but I haven't had any reports of too many ducks."
Best spots: Brady Canal.
Best baits: Purple and gold Deadly Dudley.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Interdisciplinary. Community. Advocacy. Humor.
…Needs Your Support!
Through a small grant from the Association for the Study of Jewelry & Related Arts (ASJRA) LLC, director Nicolas Cuellar has created a 3-minute "trailer" for what he hopes will become a full documentary on why it is important and fascinating to study the history of jewelry.
Whether you are a jewelry lover, collector, jewelry artist, appraiser, dealer, gemologist, auction house, curator, or in the retail jewelry business, this film will help bring education about the world of jewelry to a wider audience and benefit you.
The Association for the Study of Jewelry & Related Arts will make the completed film available to any jewelry organization that would like to screen it as well as to all college metal and jewelry programs and art history departments…free of charge. It will also be on the internet for the general public to see.
Please go to http://www.storytowear.com and click on the video. This will take you to kickstarter.com where you can view the trailer and help support the film…even the smallest donation can help the filmmakers to reach their goal…You will also find the rewards that are being offered for donations.
Although you make your pledge which is processed through Amazon.com, the filmmakers do not get a penny (and you are not charged) unless they reach their stated financial goal and they only have 30 days to do it!
The budget for the film will be $50-$70,000 but they are only looking to raise the first $10,000 on kickstarter.com. If they raise more than their goal they will get the full amount (minus the fee kickstarter and Amazon takes for processing the pledges). So please have a look today…the clock is ticking!
If you are with a company that would like to help underwrite all or part of the balance of the cost to produce the film please contact us directly through www.storytowear.com. There would be many benefits to doing this.
Please pass this email on to as many people as you can…we would really appreciate it!
Elyse Zorn Karlin, Co-Director ASJRA
Nicolas Cuellar, Director, A Story to Wear
Harris Karlin, Executive Producer, A Story to Wear
Views: 300


text:
- Report: #426516
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Marten Transport Ltd
Marten Transport Ltd129 Marten Street Mondovi, Wisconsin U.S.A.
Marten Transport Ltd BIG I and little you!! Mondovi Wisconsin
*UPDATE Employee: Um, yeah
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Dont be fooled by their advertisments-it looks good on paper,they talk a good story,but actions speak LOUDER than words.I followed all company policies but when they (Bluebird) doesn't follow company policies,no one else can do their job correctly.This company has 2 standards-their way or no way. This company put me on probation-cause everytime I requested hometime I was LATE getting home usally 2 or 3 days-and company says "GIVE A TWO WEEK NOTICE" as I always done-so I had to extend my hometime to make my appointmets I'd made 3 weeks or a month prior to getting home.
I live in the middle of the country where freight comes and goes east and west and north and south across the USA.
If you like working for FREE sweeping out trailers that other drivers drop dirty-sitting at truckstops getting trailers repaired-that other drivers drop defective-and working on their trailers at shippers when other drivers drop defective-refeers that wont start-then this is the place for you.BLUEBIRD EXPECTS you to follow company policies-but they are EXEMPT from that."EXPECT THE BEST" you get everything else but the BEST!! BLUEBIRD needs to learn how to give back in return-instead of drivers doing all the giving. THINK BEFORE YOU DO IT!!!!!!!!!!!!
Moore, Oklahoma
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 02/20/2009 11:14 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Marten-Transport-Ltd/Mondovi-Wisconsin-54755/Marten-Transport-Ltd-BIG-I-and-little-you-Mondovi-Wisconsin-426516. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 UPDATE Employee
Um, yeah
AUTHOR: Deborah - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Thursday, December 10, 2009POSTED: Thursday, December 10, 2009
Of course, experienced drivers know this is a problem, with every company, usually involving inexperienced and/or plain lazy drivers who refuse to do anything unless paid very well to do it (and sometimes not even then). Marten's the only company I'm aware of that has actually taken steps to deal with the problem, including providing a report macro on the Qualcomm for damaged, filthy, or otherwise non-operational trailers. Yes, we still have to deal with the problems, but the driver that dropped it that way now faces serious consequences, up to and including termination.
Are you an owner, employee or ex-employee with either negative or positive information about the company or individual, or can you provide "insider information" on this company?
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- Il laboratorio blends a fine Kentucky bourbon whiskey into our organic cream base as a not-so-subtle flavoring. We then layer in a generous helping of luscious pecans. It's a great combination in the best Southern tradition.Claims
Il laboratorio del gelato is an artisanal micro-ice cream factory located on Manhattan's historic Lower East Side. Founded in 2002 principally to cater to the New York City restaurant community, we are dedicated to producing superb frozen desserts in the best Italian tradition. (from il laboratorio del gelato)
- Trans Fat Free
- Gluten Free
Organic Cream, Non Fat Dry Milk, Sugar, Pecans, Bourbon, Guar And Xanthan Gum, Carrageenan.
Processed in a facility that uses nuts. Those With Severe Allergies Should Abstain From Any Consumption. Risk In Consuming Non-Nut Flavors Is Minimal.
il laboratorio del gelato Gelato, Bourbon Pecan
20fl oz
Like That? You'll Love This.
- $3.49/ea($2.53/pt)
- BiscoffCookie Butter14.1oz$4.69/ea
$5.992 for $9.00($5.33/lb)
- $9.99/ea($7.99/lb)
- $9.99/ea($7.99/lb)
- $4.49/ea
$5.49Any 2 Varieties for $8.00
- $9.99/ea($7.99/lb)
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$9.992 for $15.00
- $4.75/ea($2.71/lb)
- $2.99/ea($4.75/lb)
- $2.99/ea($4.75/lb)
- $3.79/ea($6.02/lb)


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Turtle Love
The marine conservation charity's second annual ball lured a New York crowd out of their shells.
What: For the second annual Turtle Ball, hosts Eric Goode, David Blaine, Julian Sands, and Christy Turlington presided over a night of performances and a dinner honoring Fisher Stevens for his preservation efforts.
Where: The Ballroom at the Bowery Hotel.
When: Sunday, February 23, 2014
Who: The hosts were joined by an art world-heavy crowd, including Walton Ford, Julian Schnabel, Laurie Simmons, Maripol, Mario Sorrenti, and Kenny Scharf.
Why: Sure, the fashion flock are away, but there are still plenty of New Yorkers willing to show up for a good cause.Follow Us:
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- BeautyPut Down the Gloss: Ten Non-Sticky Lip Oils


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Please message me here or ingame if something catches your eye. My IGN is _Viktoriya_.
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Thanks for visiting!
Forum: Standard Talisman - Shops
Thread: Orkan shop
Same issue. Getting random infinite load screens since latest hotfix.
Edit: Looks like it's my provider. Broadband issues reported for my area in the UK. It's working but with highly variable speeds / drop outs. Guess that's causing the zone loading issues.
Last edited by Orkan on July 28, 2015 10:48 AM
Forum: Technical Support
Thread: Infinite Load Screens
I'm not going to hate on the patch but as someone that doesn't PVP, I honestly can't see anything coming that has me excited for the new leagues. I'll play but this will be the first time there's been nothing i'm particularly looking forward to trying or experiencing :/
Forum: Patch Notes
Thread: 1.3.0 Patch Notes


text:
Graduate student Nathan Belliveau has been selected as a Howard Hughes Medical Institute International Student Research Fellow. Awardees are graduate students in the sciences and will receive $43,000 annually through their third, fourth, and fifth years of predoctoral study. This year, HHMI selected 45 new fellows from 329 applications.
Belliveau applies techniques from DNA sequencing as well as ideas from information theory to the study of gene regulation, the processes by which cells trigger or inhibit the production of RNA and proteins. "I'm examining several bacterial genes that have been implicated in antibiotic resistance," he says. "In the future I hope to continue studying aspects of regulation, but with a focus on understanding how these details support interactions between microbes and other organisms."
"I have been astonished at the rate at which he has brought new technologies, such as the routine use of mass spectrometry and genome editing with CRISPR, into my group," says Rob Phillips, the Fred and Nancy Morris Professor of Biophysics and Biology, and Belliveau's advisor. "Each time he introduces one of these techniques, it brings us that much closer to our ambition of being able to read the regulatory logic of genomes at will."
Belliveau completed his undergraduate degree at the University of Waterloo in Canada before coming to Caltech. "When I applied for the HHMI award I was forced to thoroughly consider my proposed research direction, and it has provided me with a boost of confidence knowing that those examining the applications agree with its importance," Belliveau says. "I was very happy to hear I was awarded this funding."
"Nathan is a truly outstanding student who surprises me nearly every time I talk to him by his experimental talent, his creative thinking, and how fast he gets things done," Phillips says. "He is one of those exceptional people who has a Midas touch. I have so far not seen him touch a single thing that doesn't turn out way better than I had imagined."
On Friday, August 7, 104 female high school seniors and their families visited Caltech for the fourth annual Women in STEM (WiSTEM) Preview Day, hosted by the undergraduate admissions office. The event was designed to explore the accomplishments and continued contributions of Caltech women in the disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).
The day opened with a keynote address by Marianne Bronner, the Albert Billings Ruddock Professor of Biology and executive officer for neurobiology. Bronner, who studies the development of the central nervous system, spoke about her experiences in science and at Caltech.
"Caltech is an exciting place to be. It's a place where you can be creative and think outside the box," she said. "My advice to you would be to try different things, play around, and do what makes you happy." Bronner ended her address by noting the pleasure she takes in mentoring young scientists, and especially young women. "I was just like you," she said.
Over the course of the day, students and their families attended panels on undergraduate research opportunities and participated in social events where current students shared their experiences of Caltech life. They also listened to presentations from female scientists and engineers of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"I really love science, and it's so exciting to be around all of these other people who share that," says Sydney Feldman, a senior from Maryland. "I switched around my whole summer visit schedule to come to this event and I'm having such a great time."
The annual event began four years ago with the goal of encouraging interest in STEM in high school women and ultimately increasing applications to Caltech by female candidates. In 2009, a U.S. Department of Commerce study showed that women make up 24 percent of the STEM workforce and hold a disproportionately low share of undergraduate degrees in STEM fields.
"Women are seriously underrepresented in these fields," says Caltech admissions counselor and WiSTEM coordinator Abeni Tinubu. "Our event really puts emphasis on how Caltech supports women on campus, and we want to show prospective students that."
This year, the incoming freshman class is a record 47 percent female students. "This is hugely exciting," says Jarrid Whitney, the executive director of admissions and financial aid. "We've been working hard toward our goal of 50 percent women, and it is clearly paying off thanks to the support of President Rosenbaum and the overall Caltech community."
On August 12, in support of President Obama's Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnology—or BRAIN—Initiative, the National Science Foundation (NSF) announced 16 new grants for fundamental brain research. A cognitive neuroengineering project co-led by Richard Andersen, the James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience, was selected as a recipient for one of these grants.
Designed to bring together interdisciplinary teams of scientists and engineers from diverse fields, the grants represent two themes: neuroengineering and brain-inspired concepts and designs, and individuality and variation. Each grants provides up to $1 million in funding over two to four years.
Andersen, whose work falls under the first theme, plans to use his grant to improve the functionality of neural prosthetic devices—devices that, when implanted in the brain, can allow patients with amputations or paralysis to control the movement of a robotic limb. The work is a collaboration with Charles Y. Liu, of Keck Medicine of USC, and Kapil Katyal of Johns Hopkins University.
In a clinical trial earlier this year, Andersen showed that a neural prosthetic device implanted in the brain's center for intentions—the posterior parietal cortex—could allow a tetraplegic patient to control a robotic arm with only his thoughts. The new work will build on this idea, Andersen says. "We are developing a shared control system in which we can record the intent of a tetraplegic patient and immediately communicate that intent to a smart robotic limb that can handle the details of the movement. This enables more effortless control by the patients," he says.
The grants are funded by the NSF Integrative Strategies of Understanding Neural and Cognitive Systems program and the NSF Computer & Information Science & Engineering Directorate. The NSF Directorates for Engineering and for Education and Human Resources also support the grants.
Andersen, who also received a grant from the state-funded Cal-BRAIN program for work in improving neural prosthetics, joins six other Caltech projects associated with the BRAIN Initiative that were funded by the National Institutes of Health last fall.
On the grounds of San Marino's Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens—to the north of the Chinese Gardens, in the private, half-acre Huntington Ranch area—nearly two dozen middle- and high-school students have been spending this summer measuring the levels of nitrogen in the soils around them to help the ranch determine whether its soil is up to the challenge of growing an urban garden.
This hands-on research experience is part of the Community Science Academy @ Caltech, which is affiliated with Caltech's Center for Teaching, Learning, and Outreach (CTLO). The 23 first-timers in what is called CSA 1 are studying biological systems at the ranch; a similar number of continuing students, in CSA 2, are studying engineering and programming, and are building their own scientific instruments.
The program runs three days a week for six weeks. For CSA 1 students, it began on June 15 with soil sampling; by July 24, when it ends, students will have designed and performed their own experiments.
CSA@Caltech is now in its second year. It initially was funded with support from a National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award to Caltech Professor of Biology Bruce Hay. In addition, the Pasadena Educational Foundation and the Siemens Foundation currently provide support for scholarships that allow all students from the Pasadena Unified School District to attend the program free of charge.
The students start most days with lectures by members of the Caltech staff. Every student is issued an iPad and keyboard for note taking and fieldwork. This technology allows the lectures to become interactive presentations using software that allows constant feedback between teacher and student. They spend much of their time at the CTLO on the Caltech campus, for talks on topics including soil and water quality, pest control, environmental monitoring, and remote sensing. They also work in the undergraduate teaching labs in Caltech's Divisions of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Biology and Biological Engineering for lessons on plant processing and bacterial detection, respectively.
At the Huntington Library, students apply in an outdoor setting what they have learned and practiced in Caltech classrooms and labs. For example, they gather soil samples from gardens and water samples from lily ponds for nitrate and ammonia testing; they conduct experiments on ant behavior; and they design and build sensor-carrying remote-controlled powered kites, which they fly over the Library grounds.
"These hands-on methods are critical for teaching students about the collaborative nature of science, the system of trial and error, and the importance of following protocols in scientific experimentation and analysis," says James Maloney (MS '06), one of the two codirectors of the CSA@Caltech program. Even while the students are getting what may well be their first exposure to research, they are also making a serious contribution to the Huntington's understanding of the ranch's viability as an urban garden. The ranch was originally a gravel parking lot, notes ranch coordinator Kyra Saegusa. It took six years for the soil to be rebuilt with sheets of mulch. The question now is whether it is ready for growing fruits and vegetables.
If the shouts of "I got a worm!" from one 13-year-old field worker are any indication, the soil restoration is certainly moving in the right direction.
The ultimate goal of CSA@Caltech—to promote STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in secondary education and to help create the next generation of scientists—is further buttressed by tours of Caltech labs, where researchers such as Sarah Reisman, professor of chemistry, talked to the CSA@Caltech students about life as a scientist. Some of the students have already chosen areas in which they think they would like to specialize: for instance, Eris, a ninth grader from Blair High School in CSA 2, wants to study engineering and chemistry; Brandon, a CSA 2 ninth grader from Pasadena High School, wants to go into theoretical physics; and CSA 1 student Connor, an eighth grader from Sierra Madre Middle School, wants to be an aerospace engineer.
Building on this success, CSA@Caltech plans to add a third year of study next summer and continue their development of new educational technologies. "Our goal is to make high-quality science accessible to all," says CSA@Caltech codirector Julius Su (BS '98, BS '99, PhD '07).
Trustees Gordon (PhD '54) and Betty Moore have pledged $100 million to Caltech, the second-largest single contribution in the Institute's history. With this gift, they have created a permanent endowment and entrusted the choice of how to direct the funds to the Institute's leadership—providing lasting resources coupled with uncommon freedom.
"Those within the Institute have a much better view of what the highest priorities are than we could have," Intel Corporation cofounder Gordon Moore explains. "We'd rather turn the job of deciding where to use resources over to Caltech than try to dictate it from outside."
Applying the Moores' donation in a way that will strengthen the Institute for generations to come, Caltech's president and provost have decided to dedicate the funds to fellowships for graduate students.
"Gordon and Betty Moore's incredibly generous gift will have a transformative effect on Caltech," says President Thomas F. Rosenbaum, holder of the Institute's Sonja and William Davidow Presidential Chair and professor of physics. "Our ultimate goal is to provide fellowships for every graduate student at Caltech, to free these remarkable young scholars to pursue their interests wherever they may lead, independent of the vicissitudes of federal funding. The fellowships created by the Moores' gift will help make the Institute the destination of choice for the most original and creative scholars, students and faculty members alike."
Further multiplying the impact of the Moores' contribution, the Institute has established a program that will inspire others to contribute as well. The Gordon and Betty Moore Graduate Fellowship Match will provide one additional dollar for every two dollars pledged to endow Institute-wide fellowships. In this way, the Moores' $100 million commitment will increase fellowship support for Caltech by a total of $300 million.
Says Provost Edward M. Stolper, the Carl and Shirley Larson Provostial Chair and William E. Leonhard Professor of Geology: "Investigators across campus work with outstanding graduate students to advance discovery and to train the next generation of teachers and researchers. By supporting these students, the Moore Match will stimulate creativity and excellence in perpetuity all across Caltech. We are grateful to Gordon and Betty for allowing us the flexibility to devote their gift to this crucial priority."
The Moores describe Caltech as a one-of-a-kind institution in its ability to train budding scientists and engineers and conduct high-risk research with world-changing results—and they are committed to helping the Institute maintain that ability far into the future.
"We appreciate being able to support the best science," Gordon Moore says, "and that's something that supporting Caltech lets us do."
The couple's extraordinary philanthropy already has motivated other benefactors to follow their example, notes David L. Lee, chair of the Caltech Board of Trustees.
"The decision that Gordon and Betty made—to give such a remarkable gift, to make it perpetual through an endowment, and to remove any restrictions as to how it can be used—creates a tremendous ripple effect," Lee says. "Others have seen the Moores' confidence in Caltech and have made commitments of their own. We thank the Moores for their leadership."
The Moores consider their gift a high-leverage way of fostering scientific research at a place that is close to their hearts. Before he went on to cofound Intel, Gordon Moore earned a PhD in chemistry from Caltech.
"It's been a long-term association that has served me well," he says.
Joining him in Pasadena just a day after the two were married, Betty Moore became active in the campus community as well. A graduate of San Jose State College's journalism program, she secured a job at the Ford Foundation's new Pasadena headquarters and also made time to come to campus to participate in community activities, including the Chem Wives social club.
"We started out at Caltech," she recalls. "I had a feeling that it was home away from home. It gives you a down-home feeling when you're young and just taking off from family. You need that connection somehow."
After earning his PhD from Caltech in 1954, Gordon Moore took a position conducting basic research at the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. Fourteen years and two jobs later, he and his colleague Robert Noyce cofounded Intel Corp. Moore served as executive vice president of the company until 1975, when he took the helm. Under his leadership—as chief executive officer (1975 to 1987) and chairman of the board (1987 to 1997)—Intel grew from a Mountain View-based startup to a giant of Silicon Valley, worth more than $140 billion today.
Moore is widely known for "Moore's Law," his 1965 prediction that the number of transistors that can fit on a chip would double every year. Still relevant 50 years later, this principle pushed Moore and his company—and the tech industry as a whole—to produce continually more powerful and cheaper semiconductor chips.
Gordon Moore joined the Caltech Board of Trustees in 1983 and served as chair from 1993 to 2000. That same year, he and his wife established the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, an organization dedicated to creating positive outcomes for future generations in the San Francisco Bay Area and around the world.
Among numerous other honors, Gordon Moore is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and a recipient of the National Medal of Technology and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
The Gordon and Betty Moore Graduate Fellowship Match is available for new gifts and pledges to endow graduate fellowships. For more information about the match and how to support graduate education at Caltech, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call (626) 395-4863.
On summer evenings, we try our best to avoid mosquito bites by dousing our skin with bug repellents and lighting citronella candles. These efforts may keep the mosquitoes at bay for a while, but no solution is perfect because the pests have evolved to use a triple threat of visual, olfactory, and thermal cues to home in on their human targets, a new Caltech study suggests.
The study, published by researchers in the laboratory of Michael Dickinson, the Esther M. and Abe M. Zarem Professor of Bioengineering, appears in the July 17 online version of the journal Current Biology.
When an adult female mosquito needs a blood meal to feed her young, she searches for a host—often a human. Many insects, mosquitoes included, are attracted by the odor of the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas that humans and other animals naturally exhale. However, mosquitoes can also pick up other cues that signal a human is nearby. They use their vision to spot a host and thermal sensory information to detect body heat.
But how do the mosquitoes combine this information to map out the path to their next meal?
To find out how and when the mosquitoes use each type of sensory information, the researchers released hungry, mated female mosquitoes into a wind tunnel in which different sensory cues could be independently controlled. In one set of experiments, a high-concentration CO2 plume was injected into the tunnel, mimicking the signal created by the breath of a human. In control experiments, the researchers introduced a plume consisting of background air with a low concentration of CO2. For each experiment, researchers released 20 mosquitoes into the wind tunnel and used video cameras and 3-D tracking software to follow their paths.
When a concentrated CO2 plume was present, the mosquitos followed it within the tunnel as expected, whereas they showed no interest in a control plume consisting of background air.
"In a previous experiment with fruit flies, we found that exposure to an attractive odor led the animals to be more attracted to visual features," says Floris van Breugel, a postdoctoral scholar in Dickinson's lab and first author of the study. "This was a new finding for flies, and we suspected that mosquitoes would exhibit a similar behavior. That is, we predicted that when the mosquitoes were exposed to CO2, which is an indicator of a nearby host, they would also spend a lot of time hovering near high-contrast objects, such as a black object on a neutral background."
To test this hypothesis, van Breugel and his colleagues did the same CO2 plume experiment, but this time they provided a dark object on the floor of the wind tunnel. They found that in the presence of the carbon dioxide plumes, the mosquitoes were attracted to the dark high-contrast object. In the wind tunnel with no CO2 plume, the insects ignored the dark object entirely.
While it was no surprise to see the mosquitoes tracking a CO2 plume, "the new part that we found is that the CO2 plume increases the likelihood that they'll fly toward an object. This is particularly interesting because there's no CO2 down near that object—it's about 10 centimeters away," van Breugel says. "That means that they smell the CO2, then they leave the plume, and several seconds later they continue flying toward this little object. So you could think of it as a type of memory or lasting effect."
Next, the researchers wanted to see how a mosquito factors thermal information into its flight path. It is difficult to test, van Breugel says. "Obviously, we know that if you have an object in the presence of a CO2 plume—warm or cold—they will fly toward it because they see it," he says. "So we had to find a way to separate the visual attraction from the thermal attraction."
To do this, the researchers constructed two glass objects that were coated with a clear chemical substance that made it possible to heat them to any desired temperature. They heated one object to 37 degrees Celsius (approximately human body temperature) and allowed one to remain at room temperature, and then placed them on the floor of the wind tunnel with and without CO2 plumes, and observed mosquito behavior. They found that mosquitoes showed a preference for the warm object. But contrary to the mosquitoes' visual attraction to objects, the preference for warmth was not dependent on the presence of CO2.
"These experiments show that the attraction to a visual feature and the attraction to a warm object are separate. They are independent, and they don't have to happen in order, but they do often happen in this particular order because of the spatial arrangement of the stimuli: a mosquito can see a visual feature from much further away, so that happens first. Only when the mosquito gets closer does it detect an object's thermal signature," van Breugel says.
Information gathered from all of these experiments enabled the researchers to create a model of how the mosquito finds its host over different distances. They hypothesize that from 10 to 50 meters away, a mosquito smells a host's CO2 plume. As it flies closer—to within 5 to 15 meters—it begins to see the host. Then, guided by visual cues that draw it even closer, the mosquito can sense the host's body heat. This occurs at a distance of less than a meter.
"Understanding how brains combine information from different senses to make appropriate decisions is one of the central challenges in neuroscience," says Dickinson, the principal investigator of the study. "Our experiments suggest that female mosquitoes do this in a rather elegant way when searching for food. They only pay attention to visual features after they detect an odor that indicates the presence of a host nearby. This helps ensure that they don't waste their time investigating false targets like rocks and vegetation. Our next challenge is to uncover the circuits in the brain that allow an odor to so profoundly change the way they respond to a visual image."
The work provides researchers with exciting new information about insect behavior and may even help companies design better mosquito traps in the future. But it also paints a bleak picture for those hoping to avoid mosquito bites.
"Even if it were possible to hold one's breath indefinitely," the authors note toward the end of the paper, "another human breathing nearby, or several meters upwind, would create a CO2 plume that could lead mosquitoes close enough to you that they may lock on to your visual signature. The strongest defense is therefore to become invisible, or at least visually camouflaged. Even in this case, however, mosquitoes could still locate you by tracking the heat signature of your body . . . The independent and iterative nature of the sensory-motor reflexes renders mosquitoes' host seeking strategy annoyingly robust."
These results were published in a paper titled "Mosquitoes use vision to associate odor plumes with thermal targets." In addition to Dickinson and van Breugel, the other authors are Jeff Riffell and Adrienne Fairhall from the University of Washington. The work was funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health.
Blindfolded and asked to distinguish between a rose and, say, smoke from a burning candle, most people would find the task easy. Even differentiating between two rose varieties can be a snap because the human olfactory system—made up of the nerve cells in our noses and everything that allows the brain to process smell—is quite adept. But just how sensitive is it to different smells?
In 2014, a team of scientists from the Rockefeller University published a paper in the journal Science, arguing that humans can discriminate at least 1 trillion odors. Now Markus Meister, the Anne P. and Benjamin F. Biaggini Professor of Biological Sciences at Caltech, has published a paper in the open-access journal eLife, in which he disputes the 2014 claim, saying that the science is not yet in a place where such a number can be determined.
We recently spoke with Meister about his new paper and what it says about the claim that we can distinguish a trillion smells.
What was the goal of the 2014 paper, and why do you take issue with it?
The overt question the authors asked was: How many different smells can humans distinguish? That is a naturally interesting question, in part because in other fields of sensory biology, similar questions have already been answered. People quibble about the exact numbers, but in general scientists agree that humans can distinguish about 1 to 2 million colors and something on the order of 100,000 pure tones.
But as interesting as the question is, I argue that we, as a field, are not yet prepared to address it. First we need to know how many dimensions span the perceptual space of odors. And by that I mean: how many olfactory variables are needed to fully describe all of the odors that humans can experience?
In the case of human vision, we say that the perceptual space for colors has three dimensions, which means that every physical light can be described by three numbers—how it activates the red, green, and blue cone photoreceptors in the retina.
As long as we don't know the dimensionality of odor space, we don't know how to even start interpreting measurements. Once we know the dimensionality, we can start probing the space systematically and ask how many different odors fit into it in the same way that we've looked at how many different colors fit into the three-dimensional space of colors.
The fundamental conceptual mistake that the authors of the Science paper made was to assume that the space of odor perception has 128 dimensions or more and then interpret the data as though that was the case . . . even though there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that the odor space has such high dimensionality.
What makes it so hard to determine the dimensionality of odor?
Well, there are a couple of things. First, there is no natural coordinate system in which olfactory stimuli exist. This stands in contrast with visual and auditory stimuli. For example, pure (monochromatic) lights or tones can be represented nicely as sinusoidal waves with just two variables, the frequency and the amplitude of the wave. We can easily control those two variables, and they correspond nicely to things we perceive. For pure tones, the amplitude of the sine wave corresponds to loudness and the frequency corresponds to perceived pitch. For a pure light, the frequency determines your perception of the color; if you change the intensity of the light, that alters your perception of the brightness. These simple physical parameters of the stimulus allow us to explore those spaces more easily.
In the case of odors, there are probably several hundred thousand substances that have a smell that can be perceived. But they all have different structures. There is no intuitive way to organize the stimuli. There has been some recent progress in this area, but in general we have not been successful in isolating a few physical variables that can account for a lot of what we smell.
Another aspect of olfaction that has complicated people's thinking is that humans have about 400 types of primary smell receptors. These are the actual neurons in the lining of the nasal cavity that detect odorants. So at the very input to the nervous system, every smell is characterized by the action it has on those 400 different sensors. Based on that, you might assume that smell lives in a much larger space than color vision—one with as many as 400 dimensions.
But can we perceive all of those 400 dimensions? Just because two odors cause a different pattern of activation of nerve cells in the nose doesn't mean you can actually tell them apart. Think about our sense of touch. Every one of our hairs has at its root several mechanoreceptors. If you run a comb through the hair on your head, you activate a hundred thousand mechanoreceptors in a particular pattern. If you repeat the action, you activate a different pattern of receptors, but you will be unable to perceive a difference. Similarly, I argue, there's no reason to think that we can perceive a difference between all the different patterns of activation of nerve cells in the nasal cavity. So the number of dimensions could, in fact, be much lower than 400. In fact, some recent studies have suggested that odor lives in a space with 10 or fewer perceptual dimensions.
In your work you describe a couple of basic experimental design failures of the 2014 paper. Can you walk us through those?
Basically, two scientific errors were made in the original study. They have to do with the concept of a positive-control experiment and the concept of testing alternative hypotheses.
In science, when we come up with a new way of analyzing things, we need to perform a test—called a positive control—that gives us confidence that the new analysis can find the right answer in a case where we already know what the answer is. So, for example, if you have devised a new way of weighing things, you will want to test it by weighing something whose weight you already know very well based on some accepted procedure. If the new procedure gives a different answer, we say it failed the positive control.
The 2014 paper did not include a positive-control test. In my paper, I provide two; applying the system that the authors propose to a very simple model microbe and to the human color-vision system. In both cases, the answers come out wrong by huge factors.
The other failure of the 2014 paper is a failure to consider alternate hypotheses. When scientists interpret the outcome of an experiment, we need to seriously analyze alternate hypotheses to the ones we believe are most likely and show why they are not reasonable explanations for what we are seeing.
In my paper, I show that an alternate model that is clearly absurd—that humans can only discriminate 10 odors—explains the data just as well as the very complicated explanation that the authors propose, which involves 400 dimensions and 1 trillion odor percepts. What this really means is that the experiment was poorly designed, in the sense that it didn't constrain the answer to the question.
By the way, there is an accompanying paper by Gerkin and Castro in the same issue of eLife that critiques the experimental design from an entirely different angle, regarding the use of statistics. I found this article very instructive, and have used it already in teaching.
How do you suggest scientists go about determining the dimensionality of the odor space?
One concrete idea is to try to figure out what the number of dimensions is in the vicinity of a particular point in that space. If you did that with color, you would arrive at the number three from the vast majority of points. So I suggest we start at some arbitrary point in odor space—say a 50 percent mixture of 30 different odors—and systematically go in each of the directions from there and ask: can humans actually distinguish the odor when you change the concentration a little bit up or down from there? If you do that in 30 different dimensions you might find that maybe only five of those dimensions contribute to changing the perceived odor and that along the other dimensions there is very little change. So let's figure out the dimensionality that comes out of a study like that. Is it two? Probably not. I would guess for something like 10 or 20.
Once we know that, we can start to ask how many odors fit into that space.
Why does all of this matter? Why do we need to know how many odors we can smell?
The question of how many smells we can discriminate has fascinated people for at least a century, and the whole industry of flavors and fragrances has been very interested in finding out whether there is a systematic set of rules by which one could mix together some small number of primary odors in order to produce any target smell.
In the field of color vision, that problem has been solved. As a result, we all use color monitors that only have three types of lights—red, green, and blue. And yet by mixing them together, they can make just about every color impression that you might care about. So there's a real technological incentive to figuring out how you can mix together primary stimuli to make any kind of perceived smell.
What is the big lesson you would like people to take away from this scientific exchange?
One lesson I try to convey to my students is the value of a simple simulation—to ask, "Could this idea work even in principle? Let's try it in the simplest case we can imagine." That sort of triage can often keep you from walking down an unproductive path.
On a more general note, people should remain skeptical of spectacular claims. This is particularly important when we referee for the high-glamour journals, where the editors have a predilection for unexpected results. As a community we should let things simmer a bit before allowing a spectacular claim to become the conventional wisdom. Maybe we all need to stop and smell the roses.
Joseph Shepherd (PhD '81), the C. L. "Kelly" Johnson Professor of Aeronautics and professor of mechanical engineering, is leaving his post as dean of graduate studies to succeed Anneila Sargent (MS '67, PhD '78), the Ira S. Bowen Professor of Astronomy, as vice president for student affairs. Shepherd's new role is effective September 15.
Sargent, who served the campus as the leader of student affairs the last eight years, announced in March that she was leaving the post to return to research and teaching full time. Shepherd, who joined the Caltech faculty in 1993, has served the last six years as the dean of graduate studies.
We recently sat down with Shepherd to talk about his past role and his new one, his strengths and goals, and his experience at Caltech.
Q: What does the vice president for student affairs do?
A: Student Affairs includes the offices of the undergraduate and graduate deans as well as obvious things like the registrar, undergraduate admissions, fellowships and study abroad, the career center, the health center, and the counseling center. It also includes things you might not think of—athletics; performing and visual arts, which includes the music programs, the theater program, the various arts programs, and all of the faculty and instructors that make these programs possible; and a whole group of organizations lumped under "auxiliaries."
The term "auxiliaries" is misleading, because they're central to student life. Housing and dining are the biggest parts, but there are services like the C-Store, the Red Door Café, the Caltech Store and Wired.
Q: What makes this role exciting for you?
A: People speculate about what it is that makes Caltech a great school. A lot of folks say, "Well, it's because it's so small." But I think it's also because we work with people instead of creating some bureaucratic mechanism to solve problems. We say, "All right, what's the issue here? How can we resolve this?" instead of, "We need to create a rule. And then we need to create a group to enforce the rule." My approach is to ask, "What do we want the outcome to be?" In Student Affairs, you want the outcome to be something that supports the students, supports the faculty, and then you make sure that it's not going to adversely affect the Institute.
Q: Are there any changes coming, any initiatives you want to establish?
A: We need to think about how we build on the strengths we have and improve the things that we're weakest at. Before you make any changes to an organization, you need to understand those two things. There are a lot of parts to Student Affairs, so I need to understand the strong points of those organizations, and then get them to help me formulate what's important to do.
You always have to be careful of unintended consequences. As they say in chess, you want to think several moves deep. All right, suppose we do that. What will it mean for different parts of our population? Do we make this choice based on the data we have, or do we need more data? Will there be effects on people we haven't thought about? Maybe we need to go talk to those people.
When you have the authority to change things, you also have the responsibility to ask, "Are these the right changes?" Nothing happens in isolation. Anything you do is invariably going to wind up touching quite a few people.
Q: You've been dean of graduate studies since 2009. Did you consider taking a breather before jumping into this?
A: Well, much to my surprise, I found that being the dean of graduate studies was rewarding in many different ways. Sometimes you had to do some difficult things, but I actually liked being the dean. I was able, to some extent, to continue my research. I did some teaching—although last year I taught a major course all three terms, and I had my research group—and I was the dean of graduate studies. That taught me a lesson: a man's got to know his limitations.
So when I was asked if I would take this position, I did think about taking a break and not doing it. I enjoy my research and I enjoy teaching. I enjoy working with students, but I also enjoy trying to help the Institute as a whole. Here at Caltech, we pride ourselves on the notion that we have this very special environment. We have this small school, and we have dedicated professionals that work together with faculty to nurture that environment—having faculty who are invested in participating in the key administrative roles is essential.
When I was a graduate student here, my adviser was Brad Sturtevant [MS '56, PhD '60, and a lifelong faculty member thereafter]. Brad was the executive officer for aeronautics [1972-76]. He was in charge of the committee that built the Sherman Fairchild Library and he was on the faculty board. He emphasized to me that being involved in administration was just as valuable as all the other aspects of being a faculty member. He was a dedicated researcher, but he also felt strongly that you should be a good citizen. You should contribute.
Q: It seems like this is more than just a duty to you, though.
A: I'm looking forward to it. I'm also very conscious of the responsibility. I think it's going to be important for us all to think about how we maintain the excellence of the Institute and that we imagine how this place is going to evolve. As society evolves around us, we will naturally wind up changing. We need to do that in a thoughtful way so that we continue to be the special organization that we are.
At the end of the day, I'm counting on help from the faculty and staff. Caltech works because of the committed individuals within our organizations, the personal connections we form as we work together and the cooperation across the campus that these connections enable. It's a collective enterprise.
I think administration is not something that's done to people. It's being responsible for making sure that folks have the right work environment, the right job assignments, and the right resources. It's making sure we're doing the right things with the finite resources we have. One of our former presidents said something that's always stuck with me: an administrator's goals are not about their own career so much as helping the careers of others. You need to think about how you're helping the people working for you, because they have goals and aspirations. That's where you take your satisfaction.
On July 1, 2015, Doug Rees, the Roscoe Gilkey Dickinson Professor of Chemistry, will begin serving as the new dean of graduate studies at Caltech.
"Doug's experience and concern with graduate education make him an ideal choice for dean of graduate studies. I am very pleased that he is willing to make this commitment to the Institute and its students," says Anneila Sargent, vice president for student affairs and the Ira S. Bowen Professor of Astronomy.
As the new dean, Rees will be the principal administrator and representative of Caltech's graduate education program, responsible for attending to concerns regarding the welfare of graduate students as well as for upholding the Institute's rules and policies.
"There are many groups essential to the effective operation of our graduate program that I want to get to know better, starting with the graduate students, the Graduate Office staff, and the option administrators and option reps," says Rees. "In my 26 years at Caltech, I've gained an appreciation for how the graduate programs in biochemistry and molecular biophysics and in chemistry operate, but the cultures in different options across campus can vary significantly, and I look forward to better understanding these distinctions."
Rees says that he is also very much looking forward to working directly with graduate students, staff, and faculty on behalf of the graduate program. Of particular interest during his tenure will be issues relating to the well-being and professional development of graduate students.
"I find research to be an adventure that, while exhilarating, is also challenging, frustrating, and even stressful; those aspects, however, are not incompatible with having a positive student experience and a supportive environment," Rees says. He adds that his priorities will be to raise fellowship support, increase the diversity of the graduate student body, and ensure that students have access to appropriate support services such as health care, counseling, and day care. "In addition, I also hope to be able to explore mechanisms to better prepare students for life after Caltech, including both academic and nonacademic career options," he says.
In his new post, Rees will take the place of C. L. "Kelly" Johnson Professor of Aeronautics and Mechanical Engineering Joseph Shepherd, who has served as the dean of graduate studies since 2009. "Joe leaves big shoes to fill and the campus owes him a huge debt of gratitude for all he has accomplished as dean of graduate studies. What I have learned from watching him in action over the past six years, and more recently as he has been helping me during this transition period, is that the most important quality for the dean is to care about the students—and I will definitely be working to follow his example," Rees says.
Rees received his undergraduate degree from Yale University in 1974 and his PhD from Harvard in 1980, becoming a professor at Caltech in 1989. An investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rees also served as the executive officer for chemistry from 2002 to 2006 and the executive officer for biochemistry and molecular biophysics from 2007 to 2015.