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Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar Dissertation Fellowships are awarded to outstanding doctoral students. The fellowships support one year of dissertation research and writing on topics addressing the sources, nature, prevention, and management of international conflict. This year we are pleased to be supporting six Peace Scholars who are conducting their dissertation research across the globe. To learn more, read their biographies below.
Current Peace Scholars
Noel Anderson
"Competitive Intervention and its Consequences for Civil Wars"
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Political Science
Ph.D. Candidate
Noel Anderson is a Ph.D. candidate in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an affiliate of the MIT Security Studies Program. He holds a B.A. in Peace and Conflict, International Relations and Political Science from the University of Toronto. His research has been supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Smith Richardson Foundation and the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, among others. Prior to beginning graduate school, Noel worked for the Irish Department of Justice, as well as the Independent Monitoring Commission, an independent body which monitored paramilitarism and security normalization in Northern Ireland.
Noel's dissertation explains temporal variation in the global incidence and duration of civil war by exploring how inter-state competition affects intra-state conflict through the mechanism of competitive intervention—two-sided, simultaneous military assistance from different third-party states to both government and rebel combatants. The dissertation models the distortionary effects competitive interventions have on domestic bargaining processes, describes the unique strategic dilemmas they entail for third-party interveners and links their varying prevalence to international systemic change. In doing so, it moves beyond popular anecdotes of "proxy wars" by deriving theoretically-grounded propositions about the strategic logics motivating competitive intervention in civil wars. It also uncovers a heretofore overlooked feature of this form of intervention—namely, that "not losing" is often more important than "winning" from the perspective of third-party interveners under the shadow of inadvertent escalation. The dissertation's results shed new light on the international dimensions of civil war, address ongoing debates concerning the utility of military aid as a foreign policy instrument, and inform policy prescriptions aimed at resolving some of today's most violent conflicts.
McKenzie Johnson
"Low Politics Peace: Environmental Governance as an Instrument for Peacebuilding in Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, and Ghana"
Duke University, Environmental Policy
Ph.D. Candidate
McKenzie Johnson is a Ph.D. candidate in the University Program in environmental policy at Duke University. She is the recipient of numerous awards including the 2014 Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship. Prior to starting her doctoral research at Duke, McKenzie worked for the Wildlife Conservation Society in Afghanistan (2007-2010) to assist the government in developing conservation policy. McKenzie graduated from Vassar College with an A.B. in environmental studies (minor in Biology) and received an M.A. in conservation biology from Columbia University.
McKenzie's research focuses on the relationship between environmental governance, conflict and peacebuilding. Her dissertation examines environmental governance efforts across a continuum of conflict countries: Ghana (non-conflict country with ongoing localized conflict over high-value natural resources), Sierra Leone (post-conflict country where high-value natural resources played an important role in conflict) and Afghanistan (conflict country with high-value natural resource potential). McKenzie aims to assess how interventions to improve environmental governance at the national level – especially institutional change – impact possibilities for conflict management and/or peacebuilding across subnational levels. In particular, she utilizes an empirically driven, field-based approach to analyze how actors across scale perceive linkages between resource governance and conflict. She recently completed 8 months of fieldwork in Ghana and plans to travel to Sierra Leone in January. McKenzie's most recent work has been published in Global Environmental Change and Biological Conservation.
Christina H. Kim
"Rethinking the "Hermit Kingdom": Emerging Relations with North Korea from the Ground Up in Dandong, China"
The New School for Social Research, Department of Anthropology
Ph.D. Candidate
Christina H. Kim is a Ph.D. candidate in anthropology at the New School for Social Research (NSSR). She holds an M.A. in cultural anthropology from Hanyang University (Seoul, South Korea) and a B.A. in anthropology and sociology from University of California, Irvine. She is the recipient of several awards, including the NSSR Dissertation Fellowship, the Kathryn Davis Peace Fellowship for Middlebury Chinese School and the Social Science Research Council Korean Studies Dissertation Workshop 2015. In Korea, Christina worked closely with the North Korean community through several NGOs and also assisted in research projects commissioned by the South Korean Ministry of Reunification.
Christina's dissertation focuses on how we might better understand and engage with North Korea by examining formal and informal economic practices between North Korea and the wider world through the Chinese border city of Dandong. Despite a hostile political atmosphere, such economic activities in and through Dandong are increasing, engendering a dense network of institutional relations and prompting speculations about the future of North Korea and the wider region. To date, there has not been a comprehensive on-the-ground study of North Korean labor and business and their implications for regional coexistence. Based on fourteen months of fieldwork (2013-2014), Christina's research analyzes how emerging networks of relations reconfigure North Korea's place in the world and offers suggestions for peaceful international relations.
Adam Lichtenheld
"Forced Displacement, Counterinsurgency, and State-building in Civil Wars"
University of California, Berkeley, Political Science
Ph.D. Candidate
Adam Lichtenheld is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He holds a B.A. in political science, international studies, and African studies from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and an M.A. from the University of California, Berkeley. His dissertation analyzes the links between forced displacement, conflict and governance in the Middle East and Africa, and his other research explores the efficacy of U.N. peacekeeping, the determinants of political violence and the impact of displacement on nationalism and identity construction. Adam has written for U.N. Dispatch and the Washington Post's Monkey Cage. He previously worked in the Middle East as a journalist for National Geographic and other publications, served as a Herbert Scoville Jr. Peace Fellow in Washington, D.C., and managed post-conflict foreign assistance and political transition programs in Afghanistan, South Sudan, Iraq and Libya on behalf of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), including its Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI). Based in Turkey, he continues to serve as a consultant for USAID programs worldwide.
Stephanie Schwartz
"Homeward Bound: Return Migration after Civil War"
Columbia University, Department of Political Science
Ph.D. Candidate
Stephanie's current research and policy work analyzes the politics of violence and mediation amid civil war. In particular, Stephanie examines the nexus of civil war and migration in East and Central Africa. Previously, she worked with the U.S. Institute of Peace as a senior program specialist on Sudan/South Sudan and issues related to youth and conflict. She is the author of Agents of Change: Youth in Post-Conflict Reconstruction. The book challenges prior notions of the impact of the global youth population bulge. She was named as one of the 'Top 99 under 33 Foreign Policy Leaders' in 2012 by Diplomatic Courier and Young Professionals in Foreign Policy.
Stephanie's dissertation examines the political impact of return migration after civil war. Violence wrought by civil war forces millions of people to flee their homes. While scholars have demonstrated how these population movements can spread and exacerbate conflict, return-migration is assumed to be a purely logistical issue. Once the war is over, people will simply return home and pick up where they left off. Yet, conflict between returning and non-migrant populations is a nearly ubiquitous issue for post-conflict societies from South Sudan to Iraq and Rwanda. Why does return-migration—usually a sign of increased peace and stability— so often lead to conflict? To understand this puzzle, Stephanie uses political ethnographic data collection methods, including semi-structured interviews, documents and archive analysis, in the primary case of Burundi to test a theory of the political impact of return migration. She then uses comparative case studies to demonstrate how the theory works across civil war contexts. By providing an explanation for how an often-ignored but ubiquitous consequence of civil war – the return of displaced populations – affects post-conflict communities this project will generate a more holistic account of the dynamics of violence after civil war and help advance both the study and the practice of post-conflict peace building.
Lauren Young
"Where does intimidation work? The psychology of repression and collective action"
Columbia University, Department of Political Science
Ph.D. Candidate
Lauren is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science at Columbia University. She is a Mellon Interdisciplinary Fellow and her dissertation research has been funded by the National Science Foundation, International Peace Research Association and the Earth Institute. She has done fieldwork for her academic projects in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Haiti, Liberia and Hungary, and has also worked with a range of international organizations including UN OCHA and the International Rescue Committee on the evaluation and analysis of humanitarian and conflict reduction interventions.
Lauren's dissertation examines how and why coercive violence influences voters during elections. The U.S. government spends billions per year on democracy and governance assistance in foreign countries. Nevertheless, one in five elections in Africa since 1990 has been afflicted by significant levels of violence, which impedes citizens from freely voting for their preferred candidates. Identifying when coercive violence, often in the form of state repression, causes voters to submit and when it increases resistance is critical to effectively reducing its negative impact on the quality of elections. This study uses the case of Zimbabwe to understand how citizens make decisions about politics when faced with the threat of violence. More generally, explores how the emotional impact of violent threats affect perceptions of risks and participation in pro-democracy collective action. Understanding these dynamics of intimidation and resistance can help improve efforts to monitor elections and inform interventions to improve resilience in the face of threats.


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Ether Lord
this wiki
The Ether Lord is a giant hostile pumpkin with ghostly claws and blue fire surrounding him. He appears on the 10th level and ends up eating Big Blue in the game, leaving the Slush Fighters to destroy it to continue their assault on Big Blue.
Slush Invaders
Ether Lord does not appear in the movie since he resides at Haunted Turf.
Slush Invaders: Game
Previous Level: Haunted Turf
Ether Lord is a boss encountered after beating Haunted Turf. After Big Blue manages to slow himself down and the slushers catch up with him, a ghostly blue claw protudes from the ground, revealing the ghostly Ether Lord. Undaunted, Big Blue tries to punch him, only to get swallowed. The Slush Defenders then have to beat the living jiggles out of the floating pumpkin in order to continue kicking Big Blue around.
Ether Lord acts as both the last level and boss of Stage 2 in the game.
Next Level/: Tundra

subset: commoncrawl


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Schach plus
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Product Description
Players take turns assembling a variable-shaped chessboard from single-space tiles and populating it with their pieces. Then the movement phase begins. During a player's turn, he may move or capture or move an empty edge tile to a new location. As in standard chess, the object is to checkmate your opponent's king.
Product Information
Roland Siegers
Year: 1986
Players: 2
Est. time to learn: 5-10 minutes
Weight: 863 grams
Language Requirements: An English translation of the rules is provided. Game components are language-independent.
- 16 dark tiles
- 16 light tiles
- 16 white chessmen
- 16 black chessmen
Product Reviews
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Board Game Geek is an incredible compilation of information about board and card games with many descriptions, photographs, reviews, session reports, and other commentary.


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Hello Kitty has been around for nearly 40 years, and now she gets to feel like a princess with the Princess Hello Kitty Doll. This pretty 13-inch doll is completely poseable with an outfit of sparkly tiara, colorful dress with three layers of tulle, heart bracelet, green socks, and pink-and-purple shoes. The outfit is removable and can be mixed and matched with other Hello Kitty dolls in the line, which are sold separately.
This is a really gorgeous basic play doll that captures the iconic and world-famous charm of Hello Kitty. It will engage young Hello Kitty fans in imaginative princess play and serve as a great collector's item for older lifelong fans all over the world.
The Princess Hello Kitty Doll is for Hello Kitty fans ages 4 and up.
Additional dolls in the line include Best Friends Hello Kitty Doll, Dance Hello Kitty Doll, and Pop Hello Kitty Doll. Each is sold separately. They are available exclusively at Target.
Disney Princess Magical Wand Cinderella
from Jakks Pacific
My Friend Huggles Dolls
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Ever After High Madeline Hatter
from Mattel
Lalaloopsy Whistle Kick 'n' Score
from MGA Entertainment
Lalaloopsy Fluffy Pouncy Paws
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Rainbow Brite
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Sofia the First Princess Amber Doll
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Cabbage Patch Kids Big Kids Limited Edition Violet Anne
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Disney Princess Rapunzel's Magical Story Skirt
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This Glidecam Monitor Mounting Bracket is a spare, replacement or an accessory for the L4-PRO monitor to affix to any Glidecam V-8, V-16, V-20 or 4000 Pro professional camera stabilizer.
|Packaging Info
|Package Weight
|0.2 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|2.5 x 2.0 x 1.0"


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more good news for pzg, which means its price will probably drop. i blame romney, he had no answers during his campaign, and he probably has no answers as to why this POS doesnt move. thus, they are both POS'S! at least obama has methods, maybe poorly executed, but he has ideas. romney lost every election he was in, except mass when he ran as basically a liberal. guy is more crooked than the goldman trading floor. pzg goes down, blame romney care
If you think Obama has a real plan I really feel sorry for you and your intellect.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
if you think romney had a "real plan" i guess you never tuned in for any of his answers. guy lost every election he was in...for a reason....and the only one he won, was when he ran as a basic middle of the road to a leaner of the left


text:
Central Park Bike Rental
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personalized email
Emailing your gift? Write a message, select a theme, and hit send. The price you paid will not be displayed in the email.
special printed voucher
Delivering the gift in person? Choose a theme, print it out, and pass it along to that special someone. It's that simple.


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Take a sneak peek at the new NIST.gov and let us know what you think!
(Please note: some content may not be complete on the beta site.).
Douglas Olson is a mechanical engineer in the Thermodynamic Metrology Group of the Sensor Science Division. He is an expert in piston gauge pressure standards and is responsible for realizing, maintaining, and disseminating the national measurement standards for pressure for the range from 360 kPa to 300 MPa. Under his leadership NIST established gas piston gauges as primary pressure standards and substantially reduced uncertainties for the gas pressure scale. He has recently begun a research program in the metrology of dynamic (transient) pressure. He has experience in electronic pressure measurement, automation of calibration processes, high pressure standards, finite element methods, and heat transfer. He is a member of the Low Pressure and High Pressure Working Groups of the CCM, the SIM pressure working Group, and the Deadweight Pressure Gauge Committee of the NCSLI.
Mechanical Engineer
Sensor Science Division
Thermodynamic Metrology Group
Phone: 301-975-2956


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Kichler 9595AGZ
84" Direct Burial Fluted Aluminum Post
- Item # bci1222555
- Model # 9595AGZ
$189.00, You Save 27%
Choose Finish
Leaves the Warehouse Monday, August 29th
- Height: 84"
- Width: 3"
Additional Kichler Links
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Kichler 9595AGZ Aged Bronze
- Kichler 9595BK Black
- Kichler 9595BST Brown Stone
- Kichler 9595OZ Olde Bronze
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued.
Installation Resource Center
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MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE ARABS; Saudi in Strong Plea to Israel and Arabs
By NEIL MacFARQUHAR
Published: March 28, 2002
BEIRUT, Lebanon, March 27— In an extraordinary appeal directed largely to the Israeli people, Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia proposed to Arabs today that they pledge as one to accept Israel as their neighbor if it meets three demands.
Those demands, spelled out by the prince at a summit meeting here of Arab states, were Israel's withdrawal from all occupied territories; creation of a Palestinian state, with its capital in Jerusalem; and the return of Palestinian refugees.
The prince's declaration was an attempt to rekindle the desire for a negotiated settlement by holding out the possibility of ''normal relations'' and security for Israel. But a day of fresh violence in Israel and the disarray of the Arab meeting itself -- exceptional even in the stormy history of the gatherings -- threatened to overshadow his much promoted, much awaited speech. [Excerpts, Page A9.]
In the confusion here, Syria hailed the proposal, but demanded that Arab states sever any current ties with Israel; there was last-minute squabbling over the proposal on refugees; and Lebanon tried to prevent Yasir Arafat from delivering a speech via satellite.
Mr. Arafat, who stayed away for fear that Israel would not allow his return, resorted to Al Jazeera's television network and delivered his speech anyway. He said all Palestinians welcomed the Saudi proposal and expressed the hope that it would lead to resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Aides to the Israeli prime minister, Ariel Sharon, said the term ''normal relations'' was too vague. He has also rejected any right of return for refugees and a full withdrawal from occupied territories.
''We would like to hear directly from Saudis what they mean by normal relations,'' said Raanan Gissin, an adviser to Mr. Sharon. ''That's why we suggested contacts, or that we send a special envoy so that we could learn more about the end game. Does this mean recognition of the right for a Jewish state in the Middle East?''
Prince Abdullah often addresses remarks to the Palestinian people in an avuncular tone, and in today's 10-minute speech he made almost poetic references to Palestinian lands as something that all Arabs treasure.
But the truly remarkable moment came as he sat amid a gathering of Arab kings, princes and presidents and appealed to the Israelis themselves -- this from the effective leader of a desert kingdom whose role as guardian of Islam's holiest shrines means that it has long been expected to be the last Arab state to recognize Israel.
''Allow me at this point to directly address the Israeli people, to say to them that the use of violence, for more than 50 years, has only resulted in more violence and destruction,'' he said.
''Israel, and the world, must understand that peace and the retention of the occupied territories are incompatible and impossible to reconcile or achieve,'' he said as he reached the heart of his message.
''I would further say to the Israeli people that if their government abandons the policy of force and oppression and embraces true peace, we will not hesitate to accept the right of the Israeli people to live in security with the people of the region.''
At one point the prince did finesse the difference between Arab and Western perceptions, saying the future capital should be Al Quds Al Sharif, or Holy Jerusalem, while the English text called it East Jerusalem. A Saudi official suggested that Arabs rarely refer to the geographic division of the city, but that the prince was in no way suggesting that the Palestinians should get anything more than Al Aksa Mosque.
''It's the mosque,'' this official said. ''Everything else is real estate. If you go to the lines of 1967, it's talking about East Jerusalem.''
Within hours of the prince's speech, however, another suicide bomber struck in Israel, killing 19 people at a hotel. Word of the attack came just as the early evening session closed and most of the leaders were sweeping off to dinner, so there was little reaction.
Officials here said that given the frequency of such bombings, they did not believe this one was specifically intended to counter the Saudi's message. But the militant group Hamas was quoted in Israeli news media as saying that the attack was intended to disrupt the talks here.
''We all agree that civilians should be spared,'' said Hesham Youssef, the spokesman for the Arab League. ''The situation has been going from bad to worse, and that is why we need the peace initiative, why we need it now.''
Arab summits are supposed to be all about Arab unity and brotherhood. More often they reflect the reality, with endless squabbling and jockeying for position. Today was exceptional even by the Arab League standards.
In February, when Abdullah first suggested his formula, he offered normalization with Israel. But Syria objected to the word, saying it offered too much too soon to Israeli without any pledge in return.
So today Abdullah used the phrase ''normal relations.'' His vision is that other Arab states will offer those relations once the Israelis, Palestinians, Lebanese and Syrians all conclude their treaties.


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Virtual Families 2: Our Dream House Answers for iPhone - iPadHome / iPhone - iPad /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Virtual Families 2: Our Dream House question for iPhone - iPad and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
- Developer: Last Day Of Work
- Publisher: Last Day Of Work
- Genre: Simulation Virtual
- Release: Dec 6, 2012
- ESRB: Not Set
Question & Answers
Random events!
Can someone tell me some of the random events and if I should let certain people in my house, I heard a rumor that 2 men in tuxedos will steal all your money, furniture and kids if you let them in your house, is that true??? And what should I do on the one with the boys with messy hair asking if I want a kitten??
Answer from: Peace
I don't know about the messy hair boys, but usually when two guys in tuxedo's come they usually give you a clock. At least that's what happened to me.
Answer from: Awesome Sauce!!
The messy hair boy will give you a kitten
Answer from: Noname
The two men in tuxedos give you a clock. I'm pretty experienced and have had that events happen so any times I have a clock in every room and have sold at least 30. If you want a kitten, then you accept from the messy haired kid. Some other events I thought were kind of interesting, were: A girl asks you if you want to buy a magazine, but she doesn't tell you what kind. Accept, because it's actually a career magazine that costs way more if you get it from the flea market. Kids want to do a cooking class. Accept, because they'll leave a meal on the table. You hear a scratching sound on your door. Open the door because you will get a yellow Labrador. High schoolers want to party in your house. If you accept, they'll make a really big mess in your house. That's not a problem if you have a maid, but I suggest saying no.
Answer from: WildQuaffle
And the clown will give a black kitten. big box is painting. box with note is money. white box is ants. invite sleepover reject, it will make the kid who go to the sleepover party dead.
Answer from: Chocolate cake
Once someone knocked on my door and gave me a golden retriever
Answer from: Aj1
What does it mean when it says special training is needed to collect this?
Answer from: Puppylover
There is a random event with a green bag at your front door you should open it and there will be free oranics dairy in it!
Answer from: Anonymous
There also is a clown and asks to come in I think if u say yes be will give u a kitten
Answer from: Vfam2girl
Ok here is one..This is exactly what it says: your character (character name here) was reading a horror book ad then she/he hears a strange scratching noise she/he figures out it's coming from the door. I don't know what happens when you keep the door closed. But if you open it you get a yellow lab. It's kinda sad though.You find it wet, cold, sad, and dirty.I couldn't just leave it there. So I adopted it. P.S don't take the clock from that guy the police will come and say you stole it and you will have to pay a fine of 100 coins
Answer from: Hellosally
The to men in black will give you a clock
Answer from: Lovely_Dovely
When you get an email or a knock on your door and you have to pay some kind of money, on android you click the button that has three lines it may show you all your apps or the ones you've been on. Quickly slide v families 2 up and it'll disappear and go back on the game. On Apple double click the home screen. When you see v families 2, slide it up and it'll disappear and then you go back in the game. YOU'LL STILL HAVE YOUR MONEY!!! Good luck.
Answer from: Please Help
I had a house event where I heard knocking on my door and a little orphan girl came asked if she could stay and became apart of ur family. Also how often do house events accur?
Answer from: Invader mimzell
If two kids come to your door selling bad tasting cupcakes I didn't know what to do but for just the heads up, if you reject their cupcakes they will throw eggs at your house and you had to pay $80 to clean the mess
Virtual Families 2: Our Dream House - Gameplay Review Trailer
- Oct 31, 2013, Views: 4435
Virtual Families 2: Our Dream House - Trailer
- Sep 12, 2014, Views: 3333
Virtual Families 2: Our Dream House - Gameplay Video
- Sep 12, 2014, Views: 2255
Virtual Families 2: Our Dream House - Part 2 Gameplay
- Sep 12, 2014, Views: 2096
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- Tayutama 2: You're The Only One, (PC)
- Call Of Duty: Infinite Warfare, (PS4)
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- The Quest HD, (iOS)


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The Bach Choir of Holy Trinity is one of very few professional choirs in residence in a Lutheran Church in the United States. With a distinguished 47 year history, the choir has maintained excellence amidst the constant changes inherent in a church setting. Most often the choir numbers around 12 voices. The Bach Choir may be heard in two CD releases, Joining Hearts and Voices and Bach for All Seasons, both produced with Augsburg Fortress, and each nominated for a Grammy. MORE INFORMATION ON RECORDINGS HERE
The Bach Players of Holy Trinity constitute one of New York's finest early music instrumental ensembles. In 1994 Bach Vespers at Holy Trinity implemented the performance of Bach on historic instruments (modeled on those known to Bach in the Baroque period) thus creating a unique and accurate staging of Bach's cantatas and other sacred works. Individually, the renowned ensemble members are in great demand and perform throughout the United States and beyond.
SopranoElizabeth BaberJennifer BatesSarah BraileyFranny GellerAmy GoldinJolle GreenleafAnna LentiMarcy RichardsonMolly Quinn
Alto/CountertenorRyland AngelLuthien BrackettKit EmoryLyndon EnglandBrennan HallTim KeelerKate MaroneyTenorDerek Chester James KennerleyNils NeubertWilson NicholsPaul Scholtz
BassJoseph Charles BeutelJoe Damon ChappelSteven EddyEnrico LagascaDevin Provenzano
ViolinDongmyung AhnAaron BrownTatiana DaubekDaniel LeeAnna LuceJessica ParkViolaKyle MillerAdriane PostJessica Troy
Cello/GambaPaul DwyerEzra SeltzerCarlene StoberLisa Terry
Violone/Viol da gambaDoug BalliettKivie Cahn-LipmanPatricia NeelyMax Zeugner
FluteSang Joon ParkChristopher MatthewsDavid Ross
Oboe/Oboe d'amoreJulie BryePriscilla HerreidLindsay McIntoshKristin OlsonGonzalo Ruiz
BassoonClayton Zeller-Townson
TrumpetCaleb HudsonPaul MurphyTimothy Will
HornYoni Kahn
TympaniJoe Tompkins
Continuo KeyboardVincent CarrJeff GrossmanPatrick Jones
Bach Vespers at Holy Trinity Lutheran Church3 W 65th StreetNew York, NY 10023 212-877-6815
Contact | Directions | Site Map


text:
Jog (aka Joe McCulloch) hasn't given me a bio yet, but I will put it here as soon as I get it.
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From the Archive
The Johnny Ryan Interview
by Noah Berlatsky
The 2006 Johnny Ryan interview from the Comics Journal.
September 3, 2007 | 5 comments


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This website is running on a Microsoft IIS Server solution.
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
dishelm (third-person singular simple present dishelms, present participle dishelming, simple past and past participle dishelmed)
- (poetic) To deprive of a helmet.
- Lying stark, dishelmed and mute, and motionlessly pale. — Tennyson.
Related terms[edit]
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster's Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.


text:
Inspire curiosity, foster a love of knowledge and start the young researcher off with the NSI 150x/450x/900x Microscope Kit from the world's largest museum and research complex, the Smithsonian Institution. Magnify microscopic subjects at 150x, 450x and 900x to capture details and learn about the very smallest of our earth's substances and organisms. All of the classic microscope components are included, like a built-in mirror and light for either manual or direct illumination. Made from durable plastic, this microscope kit includes lots of authentic accessories, like blank and prepared slides with storage case and laboratory tools such as a petri dish and a pipette. Detailed instructions are also included. Ages 5-10 years. Small kids microscope parts are a choking hazard; not for children under 3 years. Adult supervision is required.
Manufacturer's Suggested Age: 8 Years and Up
Grade Level: 3rd Grade
Educational Focus: Memory Skills, Teaching Aid, Science, Creative Thinking
Features: reusable, multiple levels of play
Number of Players: 1 or More Players
Includes: game pieces, slides, storage case, activity guide
Power Source: Battery
Material: glass, plastic, metal
Care and Cleaning: Wipe Clean
Warranty Description: 30 Day Limited Manufacturer Warranty
Battery: required, not included: 2 zinc carbon AA
Assembly Details: no assembly required
other Info.
Warranty Information
To obtain a copy of the manufacturer's warranty for this item, please call Target Guest Services at 1-800-591-3869.
- Online Item #: 14526666
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 087-02-0738
- Imported


text:
Today, I clocked into work completely exhausted despite having gone to bed early. My roommates stayed up until 4am watching a movie, blasting music, and constantly giggling like madwomen. This is their "new and improved" schedule. FML
by hoops / 01/14/2011 at 3:34pm / United States (California) / Miscellaneous
Today, I acted like I always do when I'm alone in my seemingly sound-proof apartment. I sang loudly, talked back to the TV, used my vibrator. Later, in the silence of the night, I heard my neighbor next door YAWNING. FML
by Anonymous / 01/14/2011 at 4:26am / United States (California) / Intimacy
Today, when I went to pick my kid up from daycare, I found out that he had run away. The rest of my afternoon consisted of me screaming his name, looking for him. I then returned to the daycare center. He thought it would be funny if he hid in the trash. FML
by tatortot7707 / 01/12/2011 at 11:42pm / United States (California) / Kids
Today, I was applying for a job at a corporate office. Everything went fine until I hurled all over the manager, who until then seemed to like me. Never eat expired canned tuna on the same day as an interview. FML
by Anonymous / 01/11/2011 at 9:37pm / United States (California) / Work
Today, I was drinking a bottle of water. My friend came up from behind and scared me, causing me to inhale and choke on the water. Lacking air, I passed out. I awoke to him on the ground laughing his ass off. I almost drowned drinking a bottle of water. FML
by Anonymous / 01/10/2011 at 2:14pm / United States (California) / Health
Today, I woke up early to go to church with my parents. When I got in the car, I was struck with the worst diarrhea I've ever had in my life. My parents told me I'd be cleaning the car out when we got there, because if we turned around, we'd be late. FML
by Anonymous / 01/09/2011 at 2:08pm / United States (California) / Health
Today, my cat sneezed directly into my open eyeball. FML
by ciotter / 01/08/2011 at 3:57am / United States (California) / Animals
Today, I went to the OBGYN for my annual, and noticed they now supplied babywipes. After 3 seconds of "cleaning", the intense burning started. Turns out they were antibacterial bleach wipes. FML
by Anonymous / 01/07/2011 at 10:09pm / United States (California) / Health
Today, I realized that every time I hear running water, I have less than a minute to find a toilet or I'll pee my pants. FML
by walnutbladder / 01/07/2011 at 4:46pm / United States (California) / Health
Today, I was talking to a really cute guy. He leaned closer and I thought he was going to kiss me. Instead, he leaned back, laughed and said, "Wow. You're growing a mustache." FML
by anonymous / 01/04/2011 at 11:17pm / United States (California) / Love
Today, my husband's old fraternity brother came to visit. He fell out of his car, puked, then passed out drunk in our driveway. We got him to the bathroom where he fell asleep. He woke up at 4am, wandered around the house naked, pooped in my trash can, then passed out again. FML
by Kristin / 01/02/2011 at 11:14pm / United States (California) / Miscellaneous
Today, my husband was kind enough to hold my hair back while I was going down on him, but didn't have the thought to comfort me this morning while I suffered the effects of morning sickness. FML
by Anonymous / 01/02/2011 at 4:15pm / United States (California) / Intimacy
Today, I was dumped by the guy who serenaded me with his guitar and admitted he had feelings for me. Why? Because the girl who had continuously been rejecting him for so long finally decided to give him a chance. FML
by drfrogpepper / 01/01/2011 at 6:50pm / United States (California) / Love


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As if things could not get any worse for Arsenal fans after today's disappointing 3-3 draw with Norwich, Arsene Wenger has confirmed that Bacary Sagna broke his right fibula during the match.
Not only will Sagna miss Arsenal's remaining Premier League game against West Brom on Sunday, he has also been ruled out of this summer's European Championships, where he was set to feature for the French national side.
"The season is over for him. He will not play in the Euros,"
"It is the same leg [he fractured against Tottenham Hotspur in October]."
"It has not happened alone, he has been kicked on the leg. I don't know exactly what happened and will have to see it on the television again."
Arsenal's participation in next season's Champions League is now contingent on Tottenham and Newcastle dropping points in their remaining games.
Arsenal will be looking to exploit any dropped points from these two sides in their final league match, but the Gunners face a tough trip to West Brom next Sunday, and Sagna will be badly missed by a defence that is already struggling.
Wenger has youngster Carl Jenkinson at his disposal, but may well elect to play Francis Coquelin at right back, as he did during today's game.
Sagna will also be badly missed by France in this summer's European Championships. French boss Laurent Blanc will probably turn to Mathieu Debuchy of Lille to replace Sagna, who starred for France while playing at right back during their recent 2-1 win over Germany.
Arsenal's official Web site has stated that the fracture has occurred higher up Sagna's right fibula than the injury he sustained against Tottenham.
Yet, it will still be a serious worry for Arsenal fans that Sagna has broken the same leg bone twice in such short succession.
At least one French journalist has stated that Sagna will face six months on the sidelines, which would mean that he will not be fit in time for the start of 2012-13 season.
One of Arsenal's most consistent performers in recent seasons, Sagna joined the Gunners from French side Auxerre in the summer of 2007.


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Prince's Vault: 99 Cool and Crazy Items Found InsideSince news broke of there being no trace of a will left behind by his purpleness, Prince, fans have been wondering what will happen to the many projects that have been talked about over the years.
Watch Foo Fighters Cover Fleetwood Mac with Stevie Nicks and HAIMIt was a full stage last night at the Forum.
Why Stevie Nicks is Not Dating Older Dudes—Or Dating at All, ReallyThink it's easy to have a love life as a famous woman? Not according to Stevie Nicks.
Stevie Nicks Performs 'Lady' & 'Rhiannon' on 'Tonight Show': WatchStevie Nicks hit the Tonight Show stage for a low-key performance that put the spotlight on her voice.
Stevie Nicks Pulls Haim in for 'Rhiannon' Performance in Her Hollywood Home: Watch"I believe that if you close your eyes and see yourself up on that stage, being bigger than life, you become that person with that big, really good attitude," Nicks told the ladies of Haim.
Stream Stevie Nicks' New Album '24 Karat Gold: Songs From the Vault'The album, which follows up Nicks' 2011 album In Your Dreams, was co-produced by Dave Stewart and Wendy Watchel.
Stevie Nicks Confirms Unborn Child with Eagles' Don Henley Would Have Been Named 'Sara'Nicks also discusses the time a doctor told her that just one more line of cocaine would likely end her life.
Stevie Nicks Returns with New Song 'The Dealer': ListenStevie Nicks returns this fall with a new album, her first solo release since 2011's In Your Dreams.
Stevie Nicks Releasing New Album '24 Karat Gold — Songs From the Vault' in OctoberStevie Nicks has a new album on the way, but it's actually not that new.
Stevie Nicks Is Putting the Final Touches On Solo AlbumFor Stevie Nicks fans, 2014 has already been an exceptional year. Not only has Fleetwood Mac reunited with Christine McVie for a tour, the band is reportedly also working on new material. And incase you wanted more Nicks, she's putting the finishing touches on her solo album.
This Week In History: Simon And Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson" Had Multiple Versions Before The Hit SingleThe music history books are vast and full of interesting bits of knowledge. "Big" Jay Sorensen gives you a recap of the biggest and most interesting music news from the week; something from the 1960s, '70s and '80s This week, Big Jay highlights "Mrs. Robinson" and its beginning on The Graduate soundtrack, Roberta Flack's GRAMMY winning song, "The First Time I Ever Saw Your Face," and the unique history of Blondie's "Call Me."
Rock Hall Induction 2014: Good Vibes, Special Guests and LordeThe Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony used to be a drunken, freewheeling event that would stretch to all hours of the night, today it is an arena rock spectacle stunning moments that won't soon be forgotten.


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Saturday, November 22, 2008. (AP) -- Cameron Dantley, son of one of Notre Dame's all-time basketball greats, threw an 11-yard TD pass with 42 seconds left to lead Syracuse to a 24-23 victory, one of the most surprising upsets in Fighting Irish history.
The Orange trailed 23-10 in the fourth quarter before rallying as Notre Dame struggled mightily on offense. The Irish came away with just six points after starting four times inside the Syracuse 23-yard line.
The victory allowed Syracuse (3-8) to avoid a third 10-loss season in four years under coach Greg Robinson, who was fired last week, effective the end of the season.
For the Irish (6-5), losing to a 19 1/2-underdog ranks among their worst losses of all time and leaves coach Charlie Weis with a 28-20 record in four seasons.
(Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


text:
- Report: #913705
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: foreman motors
foreman motors1944 Aurora road Internet United States of America
foreman motors single mother who got sold a car with a piston rod messed up, Internet
*Consumer Comment: Wait, you got a free car and now....
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 07/18/2012 05:46 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/foreman-motors/internet/foreman-motors-single-mother-who-got-sold-a-car-with-a-piston-rod-messed-up-Internet-913705. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 Consumer Comment
Wait, you got a free car and now....
AUTHOR: MovingForward - (USA)
SUBMITTED: Saturday, July 21, 2012POSTED: Saturday, July 21, 2012
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About Us
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Nā Mokupuni O Lawelawe Lodge of the Order of the Arrow operates under a charter granted by the National Council, Boy Scouts of America and must apply annually for renewal.
Only registered members of the Lodge receive current membership cards authorizing them to purchase special Lodge flaps, OA custom design uniform and equipment items available at the official BSA Scout Shops, and to participate in national and lodge activities including the NOAC, NLS, Section Conclave, Lodge Fellowships, training and banquets.
To register with the lodge OA members need only to complete this form and return it along with their $15.00 annual lodge dues for youth members or $25.00 for adult members to the council service center.
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dotcomgiftshop Natural applique heart scatter cushion
Item No.3040561235
Item No.3040561235
This natural linen blend cushion from DotComGiftShop has applique pattern hearts with bow details and a piped trim.
Sunday to Friday - order by 9pm
Saturday - order by 6pm
Monday to Sunday - order by midnight
Show full delivery details
Subject to exceptions, Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days of delivery. Please check here for more details on our returns policy and exceptions.
Open a Debenhams Credit Card today and receive:
Please note: if the amount you pay on your card is less than £500 after the 10% discount is applied, the offer will not be available.
Credit available from NewDay Ltd to over 18's only. *Terms &Conditions applyFind out more & apply now


text:
Contact us on 098 28 338 or mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com
Torrinos opened in 1996 and produce a stunning range of authentic Italian food. Our chefs cook with passion and love the freshest and highest quality ingredients, all sourced as locally as possible.
We use top quality ingredients sourced locally and import only the finest Italian produce, from pasta, and cured meats, to the finest Italian wines. Make your reservation today!
If you want to find out if we have availability, please use our reservation form. We will confirm your booking via email or phone.
Torrino's Restaurant
1 week ago
a classic italian seafood dish at torrinos ;SEABREAM IN CRAZY WATER ph 098 28338 ... See MoreSee Less
2 months ago
NEW DINING EXPERIENCE FOR WESTPORT AT LA FARINA AVAILABLE 7 NIGHTS A WEEKWhy not try out our new 20 item traditional spanish menu includingpork belly,monkfish saffron fishballs chicken morsels meatballs,dips and homemade olive bread to name but a few.truly delicious.A wonderful relaxing different night out PH 098 27591 ... See MoreSee Less


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- Report: #1082730
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Complaint Review: AVG Security Software
AVG Security Software Created havoc on my computer to try to get me to buy other software internet
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I downloaded AVG free after deleting Webroot after it shut down my computer when I wouldn't renew their antivirus suite. Soon after downloading AVG I began to have problems with my screen going black, my computer slowing down and hanging up. I then got box that said that AVG had detected a virus called TrojanDropper. I did a web search and discovered that only AVG is identifying this supposed virus and that it never seems to go away. There was one website recommended to "help" rid my computer of this virus which, of course, would cost money. I tried to delete AVG after smelling this rat but at first had no luck. I shut down my computer, brought it back up and then deleted it. I have since downloaded another antivirus software. I then found out that Google had been having problems with AVG as well and read several similar complaints about AVG from other users. This seems to be a new trait amongst some antivirus developers to force users into paying for their crappy software.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 09/08/2013 02:23 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/AVG-Security-Software/internet/AVG-Security-Software-Created-havoc-on-my-computer-to-try-to-get-me-to-buy-other-software-1082730. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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ThreeWRSet wrote:
poshmidget wrote:wow that one was really good could you do a jerome bettis xbox one for me?
tomski61 wrote:How about Stevie Johnson for PS3.
Please and thank you!
packers312 wrote:demaurice smith please lol
HURRICANE1183 wrote:
This message was edited 1 time. Last update was at 07/09/2011 11:45:28
This message was edited 2 times. Last update was at 07/09/2011 12:02:10
© 2015 Electronic Arts Inc. Trademarks belong to their respective owners. All rights reserved.


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On Tap Today: Pridefest, PianoArts, the Crew and a ... crongle?
It's summer, it's summer, it's summer -- if we say it enough, it'll be true.
Lakefront festivals help with that. The lakefront festival season starts today with Pridefest at Maier Festival Park. Andy Bell (ex of Erasure) and Sophie B. Hawkins are the headliners tonight. »Read Full Blog Post
MSO chorus director arrested in undercover park-sex sting
The Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra's chorus director was arrested Monday on accusations of lewd behavior in Grant Park.
Lee E. Erickson, 58, of South Milwaukee followed an undercover Milwaukee County sheriff's deputy into a bathroom at Grant Park along Milwaukee's lakefront, exposed himself and began masturbating in front of the officer, according to the sheriff's department. »Read Full Article
Chicago chef Charlie Trotter dies at 54
Journal Sentinel files »Read Full Blog Post(3)
'Before I Die' wall installed at Sky High
Death has a way of clarifying life, or so say great philosophers and New Orleans artist Candy Chang. It has a way of making us examine the kind of person we want to be, the life we want to live, the people who are important to us.
On Tuesday, people in the Bay View neighborhood were confronted by the finiteness of their lives as a result of one of Chang's projects. A wall that reads "Before I die I want to..." and has little buckets of colored chalk so people can fill in the blanks was installed at the Sky High Skateboard Shop and Gallery, 2501 S. Howell Ave., and in cities across the U.S. on Tuesday. »Read Full Blog Post(2)
On Tap Today: Amos Lee at the Riverside Theater
Singer-songwriter Amos Lee performs at the Riverside Theater, and on RadioMilwaukee, Tuesday. Getty Images photo by Andrew H. Walker. »Read Full Blog Post


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you are viewing a single comment's thread.
That doesn't prove anything, just like jurors not taking notes don't mean anything. Be careful of the fanatics on IV forum, they claim to read minds of the jury.
Do you have any opinion on the performance of Rambus' lead attorney, Sean Eskovitz?Did you know he previously was 2nd chair for SCO on the SCO v. IBM case that resulted in SCO going bankrupt (SCO sued IBM for $Billions for copyright infringement of IBM's Linux using their UNIX court later ruled that Novell never sold the UNIX copyright to SCO)?tia
Silver tongue has a history it would seem, the Ramboids are ranting and raving about his tangled web of lies he has weaved. I suppose they don't know his record.
Hahaha aha


text:
Real Estate: The Long Road Back
A survey released this week of more than 1,000 homeowners nationwide finds that the old expression "safe as houses" needs an update. Fully 37% of homeowners say they regard buying a home as a "risky investment," while a total of 86% believe that home prices in their area will either stagnate or fall over the coming year.
That's a striking contrast to much of the past few decades, when many Americans concluded that home prices inevitably appreciated by an annual average of 10%.
If history is any guide, Americans might well turn even more sour on real estate before they finally become optimistic again. It could take many years of recovering home prices to restore a positive outlook. In early 1948, the Federal Reserve found that 58% of American households "gave reasons against holding real estate."
One in five households who were opposed to buying their home told the Fed that real estate was "not safe" or a "gamble." More than half of those who were against real-estate ownership said that prices were "too high" or that buyers would incur a "capital loss."
The negative outlook of so many Americans then was probably shaped by the Great Depression, when home prices took a horrific pounding; after inflation, the average home was worth 44% less in 1940 than in 1920.
In 1957, the Fed asked (in the male-dominated language of the time):
"Suppose a man has some money over and above what he needs for his expenses. What do you think would be the best thing for him to do with it nowadays—put it in a savings account, buy Government bonds with it, invest it in real estate, or buy common stock, or what?"
Even then, the memories of the Depression crash in real estate still stung. Only 12% of households said real estate should be "his" first choice for investing the surplus cash—versus the 26% who favored savings bonds and the 10% who would put the money in stocks.
None of this means that home prices won't recover from here. But it does suggest that potential homebuyers have been so badly traumatized that their psyches have a lot more healing to do before the market can fully recover.
Editors' Picks
General Mills Grooms Jeff Harmening as Next CEO
Middle East
In University Purge, Turkey's Erdogan Hits Secularists and Boosts Conservatives
Buffett Could Lose an $8-Per-Second Windfall on His Dow Chemical Stock
A Planet Like Earth Discovered Near Solar System
Life & Style
When to Let Children Quit
The Middle Seat
Trackers Help Prevent Lost-Luggage Nightmare
Capital Account
Central Bankers' Main Challenge: Staying Relevant
Duke University Makes Claim on Estate of Aubrey McClendon
Arts & Entertainment
Video: Iran Military Vessels Harass U.S. Destroyer


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UFO Sighting
Have a question or comment about this sighting? Join our open discussion and let us know what you think.
Sighting Basics
Sighting Location
|United States
Sighting Specifics
|Viewing Distance
|Over One Mile
|Sighting Duration
|Object Features
|Object Flight Path
|Hovering then path,Straight-line path
|Object Shape
|Weather Factors
Sighting Details
A friend and I were at New Center School in Sevierville. We had just finished walking and decided to swing. We were swinging for about 10 minutes then I spotted a light out of the corner of my eye. I looked up and seen three ball shaped lights just moving slowly in like a perfect triangle formation. I thought it may be a plane but I have never seen a plane like that. One was a darker orange color and the other two were more yellow. I couldn't stop looking at it. It was moving slow then started to disappear. We even sat and waited about thirty minutes to try and see it again but it didn't appear. I first seen the object around 9:45 pm. I also apologize for the second of foul words in the video.
Did You See It? Have a Comment or Question? Discuss it Below.
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Return to the Map
The location presented here is an approximation to protect the reporters identity
Sighting Trends for Sevierville
- There have been 6 other sightings in Sevierville
- There were no other sightings in Sevierville on or around July 13th 2014
- This sighting has never been favorited.


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Sep 8, 2015 - CMX994A/CMX994E RF Direct Conversion zero-IF, near zero-IF and low-IF Receiver ICs
It's back! The Parallax's Propeller Proto Board is a low cost, high quality solution for 1-off or low quantity permanent projects using the Propeller chip.
Jun 1, 2015 - GW Instek Introduces GDS-1000B Series Digital Oscilloscope


text:
This page introduces IPython (interactive Python) and the basics of running parallel Python jobs on the FSU HPC and Spear clusters.
An Overview of IPython Architecture for Parallel Computing
IPython is a command shell for interactive computing with Python. It supports interactive data visualization and use of GUI toolkits. It also provides easy to use, high performance tools for parallel computing.
The following figure demonstrates the architecture of IPython:
A parallel IPython cluster is composed of four components:
- client,
- hub,
- schedulers, and
- engines.
The hub and schedulers together are referred to as the
controller. The controller works as an interface between the client and
the parallel IPython engines. These components live in the
IPython.parallel package and are installed with IPython.
Before you can run parallel python jobs,you need to start a
controller and a set of
engines. The controller has to be initialized before the engines,
but it can run on a machine separate from the engines.
ipcluster command provides a simple way of starting both the controller and engines for you:
$ ipcluster start --profile=profile_name --n=num_of_engines &
profile_name is the name of the
cluster profile (defined below), and
--n option specifies the number of engines required.
ipcluster utility has a notion of Launchers that can start controllers and engines with various remote execution schemes.
Currently supported models include
PBS-style (Torque, SGE, LSF), and Windows HPC Server.
We will focus on the
PBS launcher for HPC applications, since this integrates with our systems more closely.
HPC or Spear?
Since the Spear cluster is designed to facilitate interactive data analysis and visualization of large data sets, it is an ideal system on which to run IPython jobs.
When running IPython jobs on Spear, both the controller and the engines (see previous section) will be created locally on the node you are working on.
You can run IPython jobs on the HPC cluster in a parallel fashion, but there are some caveats:
- You have to create MOAB scripts and submit controller/engine jobs separately to the HPC queues
- You won't be able to start working on your iPython jobs until both the controller and engine jobs start running.
Consequently, it is much easier and faster to use the Spear cluster to run iPython jobs than the HPC cluster. If you are an experienced IPython programmer, and need more than 48 cores/engines, you may consider using HPC instead of Spear.
Running IPython on Spear
Below are the steps to run IPython in parallel on Spear.
Step 1. Connect to Spear
See our documentation for connecting to Spear. For IPython, you can simply use SSH to connect.
Step 2. Start a local IPython cluster
$ ipcluster start --profile=default --n=12 &
- Note. The default cluster profile
profile_defaultwill be used if no profile is provided when starting the cluster. Since we are running ipython locally, the default profile will suffice.
Note. You can check how many CPUs are available using the following command:
$ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 12 ....
Step 3. Start the interactive IPython interface client:
$ ipython --profile=default
Step 4. Run your parallel Python job interactively.
For example, try the following commands:
In [1]: from IPython import parallel
In [2]: rc = parallel.Client()
In [3]: rc.block= True
In [4]: rc.ids
Out[4]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
In [5]: def pow(a,b):
...: return a**b
In [6]: rc[:].apply(pow,2,10)
Out[6]: [1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024]
In [7]: view = rc.load_balanced_view()
In [8]: view.map(pow,[2]*12,range(12))
Out[8]: [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048]
In [9]: exit()
Step 5. Stop the IPython cluster.
$ ipcluster stop --profile=default
Running IPython on HPC
Running IPython on the HPC cluster allows you to start the controller and engines on multiple nodes. It is critical to create and configure the cluster profile, and to prepare the template submit scripts for starting the controller and engines jobs.
Step 1. Create a IPython cluster profile.
Login to the HPC and run the following command at the prompt:
$ ipython profile create --parallel --profile=slurm
This will create a cluster profile called
profile_slurm (the name you specified will be automatically prefixed by
profile e.g., slurm → profile_slurm). The profile directory will be created at either:
(where ~ is your home directory on the HPC file system).
The profile directory contains several important cluster configuration files; in particular,
$ ls ~/.config/.ipython/profile_slurm/
- Note. The name of the profile is arbitrary. We called the profile
slurmin this example because we will create a IPython cluster using the SLURM job scheduler. If you want to create a small cluster on your local host, you can call it
local. You can create as many profiles as you want, and they are reusable.
- Note. The default profile is
profile_default, and will be invoked if no profile option is specified when starting an IPython cluster using
ipclustercommand (see Step 5 below).
Step 2. Prepare a template submit script for starting the IPython cluster controller.
To start the cluster controller, we need to create a SLURM submit script for the controller. Below is an example (
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=1 # run on one node
#SBATCH -t 04:00:00 # max runtime is 4 hours
#SBATCH --mem-per-cpu=2000 # run on nodes with >2 gb of memory
#SBATCH -J ipython-controller # name
#SBATCH -p backfill # backfill queue (specify your preferred queue here)
#SBATCH --mail-type=ALL # send emails for job start/stop/error
#SBATCH -o ipc.controller-%J.out
ipcontroller --profile=slurm
Save the submit script in your profile directory (e.g.
In the last line of the above script,
ipcontroller --profile=slurm, the
ipcontroller utility is used to start the controller on the node assigned
by the SLURM scheduler. The profile name must match the one you created in Step #1.
Step 3. Prepare a template submit script for starting the IPython cluster engines.
We need a second SLURM submit script to provide a template submit script to start the engines.
Here is one (
#SBATCH -N {n/4}:
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=4
#SBATCH -t 04:00:00
#SBATCH -J ipython-engine
#SBATCH -p backfill
#SBATCH --mail-type=ALL
#SBATCH -o ipc.engine-%J.out
which ipengine
mpiexec -np {n} ipengine --profile=slurm
Note. In this example, the parameter
nis the number of engines you want to start. This parameter will be passed to the submit script when we create the cluster using the
ipclustercommand, i.e.,
$ ipcluster start --profile=slurm --n=num_of_engines
We have specified
n/4 nodes, and
4 cores for each nodes (ppn=4, you can use the number you need).
- Note. In the last line of the above script, we run the
ipengineutility of IPython in parallel using
mpiexecto start
nengines on the HPC cluster. The profile name must match the one you created in Step #1.
- Note. The above script should be saved in your profile directory, say,
Step 4. Modify the configuration files in your profile directory.
Several files and directories were generated automatically when you created the cluster profile using the
ipython profile create command in Step #1.
A few files need to be modified before we can use them. In this example, we need to modify a few files in the
~/.ipython/profile_slurm directory.
We select the SLURM launchers for the
enginesby adding the following two lines to
c.IPClusterStart.controller_launcher_class = 'SLURMControllerLauncher'
c.IPClusterEngines.engine_launcher_class = 'SLURMEngineSetLauncher'
We also need to specify the names of our template submit scripts for the controller and the engines. For this we add the following two lines to
c.SLURMEngineSetLauncher.batch_template_file = "slurm.engine.template"
c.SLURMControllerLauncher.batch_template_file = "slurm.controller.template"
Next, we need modify the
ipcontroller_config.pyby adding the following line
c.HubFactory.ip = '*'
This will instruct the
controller to listen for network connections on all its interfaces.
Step 5. Load the MPI module
The IPython engines are started using the
mpiexec utility (refer to the
slurm.engine.template). Consequently, we have to load a mpi-complier before we can start a IPython cluster.
For example, to load the intel mpi compiler,
$ module load intel
$ module load intel-mvapich2
If you prefer GNU compiler, you can use
$ module load gnu-openmpi
Note. Consider adding these lines to your
~/.bashrc file, then you will not have to execute these commands every time you start a cluster.
Step 6. Start a IPython cluster.
Start an IPython cluster by issuing the following commands:
$ cd $HOME/.ipython/profile_slurm # change to the profile directory
, and then
$ ipcluster start --profile=slurm -n 8 &
$ ipcluster start --profile=slurm --n=8 &
ipcluster start command will submit the
slurm.controller.template and
slurm.engine.template to SLURM for you, and will create the controller and engines.
ipcluster start command must be run under the your profile directory, say,
~/.ipython/profile_slurm/. Otherwise you will see an error message containing the following line
ERROR:root:Error in periodic callback
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: u'slurm.controller.template'
You will see output similar to the following example if the
ipcluster start command runs successfully:
$ ipcluster start --profile=slurm &
[1] 6207
[IPClusterStart] Using existing profile dir: u'/panfs/storage.local/home-4/bchen3/.ipython/profile_slurm'
[IPClusterStart] Starting ipcluster with [daemon=False]
[IPClusterStart] Creating pid file: /panfs/storage.local/home-4/bchen3/.ipython/profile_slurm/pid/ipcluster.pid
[IPClusterStart] Starting SLURMControllerLauncher: ['sbatch', u'./slurm_controller']
[IPClusterStart] Writing instantiated batch script: ./slurm_controller
[IPClusterStart] Job submitted with job id: '7742035'
[IPClusterStart] Process 'sbatch' started: '7742035'
[IPClusterStart] Starting 8 engines
[IPClusterStart] Starting 8 engines with SLURMEngineSetLauncher: ['sbatch', u'./slurm_engines']
[IPClusterStart] Writing instantiated batch script: ./slurm_engines
[IPClusterStart] Job submitted with job id: '7742036'
[IPClusterStart] Process 'sbatch' started: '7742036'
- Note. You have to specify the profile to use, otherwise, the profile_default will be created (if does not exist yet) and invoked. You also need specify parameter
n, the number of parallel engines you want to create.
- Note. The cluster will be shut down automatically when the wall-clock limit is reached. If you finish your calculations before then, stop the cluster by hand using
$ ipcluster stop --profile=slurm
Step 7. Start an IPython client on the command line.
Before you create an IPython client, make sure that both the
controller and the
engine jobs are running.
For example you can check the status of the jobs above using
$ squeue
JOBID PARTITION Name User ST Time NODES
653 backfill ipython-controller $user PD 0:00 hpc-6-1
654 backfill ipython-engine $user PD 0:00 hpc-6-[2,3]
(The letters
PD implies that both jobs are still in the
backfill queue, i.e., not running yet). You have to wait until you see things like
$ squeue
JOBID PARTITION Name User ST Time NODES
653 backfill ipython-controller $user R 0:00 hpc-6-1
654 backfill ipython-engine $user R 0:00 hpc-6-[2,3]
(The letter
R implies that the jobs are running now).
After the controller and engines are properly started, you can start an interactive python interface by
$ ipython --profile=slurm
You will see output similar to the following:
Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Aug 28 2012, 10:55:56)
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
IPython 0.11 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help -> Python's own help system.
object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
IPython profile: slurm
In [1]:
Step 8. Run Parallel Python Jobs
If the command
ipcluster run successfully, you will have 8 python engines ready for use.
For example, try the following commands:
In [1]: from IPython import parallel
In [2]: rc = parallel.Client()
In [3]: rc.block = True
In [4]: rc.ids
Out[4]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
In [5]: def pow(a,b):
...: return a**b
In [6]: rc[:].apply(pow,2,10)
Out[6]: [1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024, 1024]
In [7]: view = rc.load_balanced_view()
In [8]: view.map(pow,[2]*10,range(10))
Out[8]: [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]
In [9]: view.map(pow,[2]*16,range(16))
Out[9]: [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384, 32768]
Step 9. Stop the IPython Cluster
You can stop the IPython cluster by issuing the following command
$ ipcluster stop --profile=slurm
- Note. When you start and stop the IPython cluster, you have to specify the profile of the cluster.
An Example: Computing Pi Using Monte-Carlo Simulation
The following function
monte_carlo_pi can be used to estimate the constant
Algorithm. First, generate a random point P=(x,y) in the unit square (0<x<1 and 0<y<1) using the random number generator provided by
If the point P is within the unit circle (x * x+y * y<1), then accept it (i.e., n_shots++). We generate 'n' such points.
The probably for accepting a point is pi/4 = n_shots/n.
Consequently, an estimate of pi is 4*n_shots/n.
The larger the
n, the more accurate the estimate of
from numpy import *
def monte_carlo_pi(n):
"estimate pi using monte-carlo dart-shooting"
# n is number of darts to throw
if ( n < 1 ) : return 0
n_shots = 0;
for i in range(n):
x = random.random() # one point
y = random.random()
r = sqrt(x*x + y*y) # distance to the origin
if (r <= 1) : n_shots = n_shots + 1
return 4.0*float(n_shots)/float(n)
- Note. The package
NumPymust be imported before calling the function
Now we run the above code in parallel in a Spear node with 12 engines.
Method 1. Define the function locally and send it to the engines.
In [1]: from IPython.parallel import Client
In [2]: rc = Client()
In [3]: rc.ids
Out[3]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
In [4]: dv=rc[:]
In [5]: def monte_carlo_pi(n):
...: if (n < 1) : return 0
...: n_shots = 0
...: for i in range(n):
...: x = random.random()
...: y = random.random()
...: r = sqrt(x*x+y*y)
...: if ( r<=1 ): n_shots = n_shots + 1
...: return 4.0*float(n_shots)/float(n)
In [6]: dv.execute('from numpy import *')
Out[6]: <AsyncResult: _execute>
In [7]: ar = dv.apply_async(monte_carlo_pi, 1000000)
In [8]: ar.ready()
Out[8]: True
In [9]: pi_list = ar.get()
In [10]: print pi_list
[3.143116, 3.1435599999999999, 3.1430880000000001, 3.1429719999999999, 3.143068, 3.1420400000000002, 3.141092, 3.1412520000000002, 3.1407080000000001, 3.1407240000000001, 3.141588, 3.139068]
In [11] print "my simulation gives pi = %f " % average(pi_list)
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
/lustre/home-4/bchen3/<ipython-input-10-86bcc7348329> in <module>()
----> 1 print "my simulation gives pi = %f " % average(pi_list)
NameError: name 'average' is not defined
In [12]: from numpy import *
In [13]: print "my simulation gives pi = %f " % average(pi_list)
my simulation gives pi = 3.141856
In [14]: ar = dv.apply_async(monte_carlo_pi, 10000000)
In [15]: ar.ready()
Out[15]: False
In [16]: ar.ready()
Out[16]: True
In [17]: pi_list = ar.get()
In [18]: print pi_list
[3.1410276000000001, 3.1421383999999999, 3.1418712000000002, 3.1418940000000002, 3.1425808000000002, 3.1413988000000002, 3.1426428, 3.1411123999999999, 3.1414312, 3.1419348, 3.1416088000000002, 3.1410212]
In [19]: print "my simulation gives pi = %f " % average(pi_list)
my simulation gives pi = 3.141722
Note. Since the local IPython session and the engines are running on different machines, the package
numpyhas to be imported separately for the local session and for the engines. To import
numpyon the engines, we used the command
dv.execute('from numpy import *'), where
dvis the
direct viewobject created for the client
Note. The function
monte_carlo_piwas defined locally. To run it on the remote engines, we used the command
dv.apply_async(monte_carlo_pi, 10000000)
Method 2. Define the function globally for the engines.
You can also define parallel functions using the
@view.remote() decorator. For example, the following code does the same thing as above.
In [1]: from IPython.parallel import Client
In [2]: rc = Client()
In [3]: dv= rc[:]
In [4]: @dv.remote(block=True)
...: def monte_carlo_pi(n):
...: if ( n < 1 ) : return 0
...: n_shots = 0
...: for i in range(n) :
...: x = random.random()
...: y = random.random()
...: r = sqrt(x*x+y*y)
...: if ( r<=1 ) : n_shots = n_shots + 1
...: return 4.0*float(n_shots)/float(n)
In [5]: pi_list = monte_carlo_pi(1000000)
In [6]: print pi_list
[3.1408040000000002, 3.139564, 3.1445120000000002, 3.1392880000000001, 3.1420319999999999, 3.1397680000000001, 3.1437599999999999, 3.1422560000000002, 3.1407560000000001, 3.1434319999999998, 3.1421999999999999, 3.141864]
In [7]: from numpy import *
In [8]: print "my simulation gives pi = %f " % average(pi_list)
my simulation gives pi = 3.141686


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 5, 1988
|Filing date
|Jun 5, 1985
|Priority date
|Jun 5, 1985
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Paul S. D. Lin
|Original Assignee
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (18), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the detection of defects in semiconductor materials and devices.
Electron beam induced current, also known as electron beam injected carriers (EBIC) microscopy is a known analysis tool for detecting defects or junction integrity in semiconductor devices such as lasers, photodiodes, photodetectors, FETS, and MOS devices. In the prior art, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) irradiates the semiconductor device under observation with an electron beam which produces electron-hole pairs within the device. By detecting the signal induced in the semiconductor in response to the incident beam as it scans the semiconductor device and using the induced signal to modulate the signal intensity on a cathode ray tube (CRT) an image of the semiconductor device is derived from which material properties and/or defects of the device can be observed.
Prior art methods and apparatus for detecting the signal induced in the device in response to an incident electron beam have employed a current sensitive preamplifier or voltage sensitive preamplifier to detect the induced current or voltage, respectively. The voltage output of either type of preamplifier has then been used to modulate the intensity of a CRT video signal on a one-to-one linear relationship with the induced signal as the beam scans the device. Disadvantageously, semiconductor devices biased at their normal operating bias current levels could not be examined since the bias current would also be fed to the preamplifier and overwhelm the induced signal. Since certain material and/or manufacturing defects are bias dependent, these defects could not be readily detected using these prior art techniques. Furthermore, alternative prior art techniques for analyzing biased semiconductor devices have provided unsatisfactory results. In one arrangement, the bias current is blocked from the current sensitive preamplifier by means of an ac coupling capacitor. However, the resultant output of the preamplifier will no longer be proportional to the induced current thereby making detection of defects difficult. In a second arrangement, dc offset current at the input of the preamplifier is used to offset the bias current through the device. The offset current will not however offset the noise associated with the bias current and the resultant image derived from the preamplifier output is a noisy representation of the device from which defects cannot be readily detected.
Another problem associated with these prior art defect detection techniques is that they cannot be used for defect detection of MOS type devices which are a large percentage of semiconductor devices presently being manufactured. In particular, the magnitude of the irradiating electron beam causes holes to be trapped within the oxide layer of MOS devices thereby inducing a threshold shift which modifies the device behavior. In order to remove these modifications, a high-temperature annealing process must be performed on the modified MOS device.
The aforedescribed problems associated with the prior art techniques for detecting defects in semiconductor devices are eliminated by the method and apparatus of the present invention. In accordance with the present invention a charge-sensitive preamplifier is employed to produce an output signal proportional to the number of charge carriers in the semiconductor device collected in response to a pulsed scanning and irradiating electron beam. With such an arrangement the semiconductor device may be biased at its operating levels and correlations between electrically active microscopic defects and device performance can be established and the behavior of junctions under various bias conditions can be studied. Furthermore, defects in semiconductor devices which are only detectable when the device is biased can be located. In addition, the total radiation incident upon a MOS device can be limited below its maximum tolerable dosage by controlling the number of irradiating electrons per pulse to permit detection of material and/or manufacturing defects therein.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of apparatus used to detect defects in semiconductor devices in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a CRT micrograph image of a semiconductor device generated by the apparatus of FIG. 1 showing the presence of material and manufacturing defects.
In conventional electron-beam-injected-carriers microscopy an irradiating electron beam is scanned across a semiconductor device to generate within the device electron-hole pairs. These carriers, in the absence of an electric field diffuse through the device but in the presence of a field drift under its influence. Thus, in the presence of a junction within the device, the carriers diffuse towards the junction where they are separated by the junction field. This motion of carriers within the device induces in external circuits a signal which in the prior art is proportional to either the total current or voltage generated by the incident beam. As the beam scans the device therefore, the induced signal reaches maximum intensity when the beam is directly incident upon the junction since the generated carriers are immediately collected at the junction are not lost to diffusion.
The induced signal when detected and amplified, is inputted to a CRT where it modulates the video signal to generate an image of the semiconductor device. The image generated from a device free from material and/or manufacturing defects has a uniformly bright intensity across the entire junction and a uniformly dark intensity in areas removed from the junction. Material and/or manufacturing defects produce deviations in the expected induced signal output and thus in the displayed image. Thus, by either visually examining the resultant CRT image or processing the signal, defects within the semiconductor device under observation can be located.
Semiconductor devices are subject to various type of material and/or manufacturing defects which may affect the performance of the device. For example, a pinhole diffusion through the film layers during fabrication of the device will create a miniature junction. Such a defect will become detectable when the device is biased and the width of the main pn junction extends to reach the isolated diffused deposits so that the miniature diode becomes active. Such a defect would not be detectable using conventional current or voltage modes. Also, localized high voltage in the device can result from a manufacturing defect or improper handling to create an extra breakdown site and a "microplasma" in the image. These types of defects create abnormal fields within the device which increase the number of carriers drifting towards them. Alternatively, impurity contaminated regions within a semiconductor device caused by material defects create recombination centers which cause carriers to recombine prior to collection by the junction.
All material and/or manufacturing defects are likely to affect the characteristics and thus performance of the device depending upon their location within the device. In order to determine whether any of these defects will affect the characteristics and performance of the device, the device must be examined under its operating bias conditions to correlate the occurrence and location of any defects with the bias voltage which conventional prior art arrangements were unable to do.
With reference to FIG. 1, an arrangement is shown for examining semiconductor devices that are biased at their operating levels. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) 101 containing an electron beam blanker 102 irradiates and scans a semiconductor device 103 under observation with a beam of electrons 104 in a conventional manner. SEM 101 contains an electron emission filament 105 which generates at high voltages the electron beam 104. Beam 104 passes through deflection plates 106 and aperture 108 within beam blanker 102. A pulse signal applied across deflection plates 106 causes the electron beam 104 to pulse on and off at each spatial location upon the surface of the device 103. This pulse signal applied to deflection plates 106 is generated by a pulse generator 107 which in turn is controlled in rate by a clock 121.
For illustrative purposes the particular semiconductor device 103 under observation includes a circular p-type region 109 fabricated by diffusion into a n-type region 110. A circular metal contact 111 having a diameter less than the diameter of region 109 is affixed to p-type region 109 and a metal contact 112 is affixed to n-type region 110 and to ground potential. A bias power supply 113 such as a Keithley 225 constant current source provides a dc bias current to semiconductor device 103.
As the electron beam 104 scans device 103 electron-hole pairs are produced which diffuse through the device and induce a signal which can be externally detected. When the beam 104 is incident near the junction between the p-type and n-type materials, the induced signal is a maximum due to increased movement of the electrons under the influence of the junction field. When the incident beam 104 is further away from the junctions, the induced signal is small due to the lack of influence of a field upon the electron-hole pairs. As aforedescribed, manufacturing or material defects that create abnormal fields are detected by the abnormal magnitude of the induced signal when the electron beam is incident thereon.
In accordance with the invention a charge carrier sensitive preamplifier 114 connected to contact 111 is employed to detect the number of charge carriers collected due to the irradiating pulsed electron beam 104. Preamplifier 114 could be one of several commercially available charge-sensitive preamplifier/pulse shaping amplifier hybrids such as an AMPTEK A-203. Preamplifier 114 includes a coupling capacitor 115 and feedback capacitor 116. The preamplifier functions as an integrator to each current pulse generated due to the collection of carriers generated by each pulse of electrons in the incident pulsed electron beam 104. In particular, the output voltage is linearly related to the number of collected charge carriers Q per pulse by the relationship -Q/Cf where Cf is the value of feedback capacitor 116. Since coupling capacitor 115 blocks the dc components, preamplifier 114 is insensitive to the magnitude of the bias current through device 103 from bias power supply 113 and is sensitive only to the ac variations induced by the pulsing electron beam 104. The rate of pulsing is determined by signal-to-noise considerations and the pulse-on time must be long enough for sufficient carriers to be generated within the device and be collected. The pulse rate is typically in the range of 3 KHz to 2 MHz.
The output of preamplifier 114 is connected to a low noise main amplifier 117 such as an Ithaco 1201 amplifier which serves to amplify the output from preamplifier 114 with a voltage gain of 10 to 1000. The amplified output of amplifier 117 modulates the intensity of the video signal on a CRT 118 from which the image of semiconductor device 103 generated in response to the incident beam 104 can be visually analyzed. Alternatively, the output of amplifier 117 can be inputted to a signal processing and storage device 119 such as a Tracor Northern Model 5500 image processor for processing, storage, and/or analysis.
As aforenoted, prior art current sensitive or voltage sensitive methods could not be applied to test MOS devices because of the device destructive effect due to the intensity of the incident beam required to generate a response that is detectable over the background noise. Whereas the voltage or current sensitive methods require a preamplifier having noise generating resistive input and feedback impedances, charge sensitive preamplifier 114 has purely reactive input impedance 115 and feedback impedance 116. With the noise sources eliminated, the magnitude of the electron beam current can be reduced so that the total incident radiation is less than the maximum device tolerable radiation dosage. For example, if a pulsed beam at 25 kv containing 14 electrons per pulse scans a 100�100 square micron area with 500 elements per scan line, the dosage is 0.006 Mrad for a single scan which is less than the typical 1 Mrad maximum radiation dosage which radiation hardened devices can tolerate. Although the image of a MOS device irradiated with a low dosage electron beam will be noisier than the image a non-MOS semiconductor device irradiated with a high-dosage incident beam, signal processing employing filter algorithms can reduce the noise to enable detection of device defects.
With reference to FIG. 2, a CRT micrograph image of semiconductor device 103 generated by the apparatus in FIG. 1 is shown having several of the types of material and manufacturing defects that could be present. As can be noted, the pn junction between p-type region 109 and n-type region 110 appears as an essentially ring-shaped region 201 in the image; the ring-shaped image resulting from the diameter difference between the impenetrable metal contact 111 and the p-type region 109. As heretofore described, semiconductor devices are subject to various material and/or manufacturing defects. For example, a recombination center caused by a material impurity can be detected by noting areas of increased darkness, 202 and 203. If the recombination center is near the junction (203) then its presence will have a deleterious effect on the device characteristics. Similarly, a pinhole diffusion in the manufacturing process may cause extra junction which can be observed in the image as an extra bright spot 204 along the junction which can affect performance. Also, an extra breakdown site caused by a localized high voltage due to a manufacturing or handling defect will result in an extra bright spot or "microplasma" 205 in the image. Many of these types of defects will only be observable under certain bias conditions. Thus, by studying the images of the device as it is biased at various bias current levels by varying the output of bias power supply 113, the behavior of the device under normal operating conditions can be observed to determine whether the semiconductor device is defective.
The above described embodiment is illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Other embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method and system for screening reliability of semiconductor circuits
|Jun 29, 1994
|May 2, 1995
|United Technologies Corporation
|Non-contact current injection apparatus and method for use with linear bipolar circuits
|Apr 7, 1994
|May 28, 1996
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method and system for screening reliability of semiconductor circuits
|Jun 6, 1996
|Feb 25, 1997
|International Business Machines, Corporation
|Retarding field electron-optical apparatus
|May 5, 1995
|Mar 25, 1997
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Objective lens with large field deflection system and homogeneous large area secondary electron extraction field
|Jun 7, 1995
|Apr 1, 1997
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Method and system for screening reliability of semiconductor circuits
|Aug 29, 1995
|Sep 8, 1998
|Nec Corporation
|Method and system for testing an interconnection in a semiconductor integrated circuit
|Nov 27, 1996
|Aug 31, 1999
|University Of Massachusetts
|Method for testing semiconductor devices which measures internal potential distribution, internal electric field, and internal doping profile
|Jan 23, 1998
|Jul 18, 2000
|Schlumberger Technologies, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for detecting defects in wafers
|Jun 18, 1998
|Nov 7, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Capacitor charging sensor
|Aug 30, 2005
|Feb 24, 2009
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Test structure and method for detecting and studying crystal lattice dislocation defects in integrated circuit devices
|Sep 12, 2006
|Oct 15, 2013
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method of inspecting pattern and inspecting instrument
|Sep 12, 2006
|Feb 1, 2007
|Mari Nozoe
|Method of inspecting pattern and inspecting instrument
|Aug 30, 2005
|Mar 8, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Test structure and method for detecting and studying crystal lattice dislocation defects in integrated circuit devices
|U.S. Classification
|250/310, 324/754.22, 324/762.01
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 5, 1985
Owner name: BELL COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH, INC., 290 WEST MOUNT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:LIN, PAUL S. D.;REEL/FRAME:004414/0780
Effective date: 19850603
|Dec 12, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 13, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 7, 1996
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 17, 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19960710