text:
Shaivism or Śaivism (Sanskrit: शैव पंथ, Śaiva Paṁtha, lit. "Shiva's Path"), also known as Shivaism (Nepali: शिव पथ) and Saivam (Tamil: சைவம்), is one of the major branches of Sanathan Dharma (Hinduism),[n 1] revering Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shiva is sometimes depicted as the fierce God Bhairava. Followers of Shaivam are called "Shaivas", "Saivas", "Shaivites", or "Saivarkal". They believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is. Shaivism, like some of the other forms of Hinduism, spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, including Java, Bali, and parts of the Southeast Asian continent, including Cambodia.
Saivists are more attracted to asceticism than adherents of other Hindu sects and may be found wandering in Nepal and India with ashen faces performing self-purification rituals.[1][2][3] They worship in the temple and practice yoga, striving to be one with Shiva within.[4]
- 1 General features
- 2 History
- 3 Major schools
- 4 Influence
- 5 Shaivite literature and texts
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
- 9 External links
General features[edit]
Shaivism is devoted to worship of the god Shiva.[5] The Tamil/Sanskrit word śiva (Devanagari शिव) is an adjective meaning kind, friendly, gracious, or auspicious.[6][7] As a proper name, it means "The Auspicious One", used as a euphemistic name for Rudra.[7] In simple English transliteration, it may be written either as Shiva or Siva.
The worship of Shiva is a pan-Hindu tradition, practiced widely across all of India, Sri Lanka and Nepal.[8][9] Shaivism has many different schools showing both regional variations and differences in philosophy.[10] Shaivism has a vast literature that includes texts representing multiple philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dual-with-dualism (bhedābheda) perspectives.[11]
Sacred ash came to be used as a sign of Shaivism. Devotees of Shiva wear it as a sectarian mark on their foreheads and other parts of their bodies with reverence. The Sanskrit words bhasma[12] and vibhuti[13] can both be translated as "sacred ash".
Indus Valley civilisation[edit]
In the Indus Valley civilization, which reached its peak around 2500–2000 BCE,[14] an early form of Shiva worship may have been practiced. Artifacts from Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and other archaeological sites of northwestern India and Pakistan, including lingams and the "Pashupati seal", have been interpreted as signs of Shiva-worship. The "Pashupati" (Lord of Animals, Sanskrit paśupati)[15] seal has been interpreted by some as a prototype of Shiva. Gavin Flood characterizes these views as "speculative", saying that while it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure, it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva iconographic themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a bull.[16][17]
Lingams have also been discovered from the Indus Valley Civilization era, both in Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
The Pashupati seal and meditative seals[edit]
A seal discovered during excavation of the Mohenjo-daro archaeological site in the Indus Valley has drawn attention as a possible representation of a "proto-Shiva" figure.[18] This "Pashupati" (Lord of Animals, Sanskrit paśupati)[15] seal shows a large central figure that is surrounded by animals. The central figure is often described as a seated figure, possibly ithyphallic, surrounded by animals.[19] Sir John Marshall and others have claimed that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, and have described the figure as having three faces, seated in a "yoga posture" with the knees out and feet joined. Semi-circular shapes on the head are often interpreted as two horns. Gavin Flood characterizes these views as "speculative", saying that while it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure, it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva iconographic themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a bull.[18][20] It is noteworthy that Shiva in some Hindu scriptures is associated with horns, much like the Pasupati seal. For exanple, in the Mahabharata's Anusasana-parvan he is addressed as 'Srngin' and 'Visanin', and then in the Drona-parvan as 'Vrsasrnga' (having horns like those of a ball), and in the Linga Purana as Srngapriya (fond of horns.)[21]
Many scholars such as Marshall associated Pashupati seal with Shiva because We would discuss these features under the following heads : (1) three faces (2) the attitude of yoga (3) ithyphallicism (4) connection with animals (5) pair of horns.[22]
Shiva's association with the 'Pashupati seal' is that the seal reads "Lord of the Cattle" and "Lord of the animals" and Shiva has been described as both the lord of cattle and animals. The Pashupati seal also depicts the mendicant in the yogasana which is another attributed associated with Shiva from scriptures.
In reference to the bulls that appear on the Indus Valley seals, archeologists have linked them to Shiva as the bull is associated with him in scriptures. In the Rig Veda, Shiva (Rudra) is termed Vrishaba or "bull."[23]
Shiva connection with the three heads on the Indus Valley yogi seal is that Shiva has been described and portrayed a three-headed in certain parts of history. For example, in the an Elora temple he is depicted with three heads.[24]
Animal tamer seals[edit]
Rudra in the Vedas has been described as a hunter and tamer of animals.[25]
Standing meditative seal[edit]
The standing yogic position in Hindu scriptures is associated with Shiva and has in earliest occurrences been mentioned as the sthanu asana. Shiva has repeatedly been called Sthanu in several scriptures.[26] That Shiva's standing pose is a meditative penance is clear from the pose being associated in Kalidas' literature as "Tapasvinah Sthanu"[27] and tapasvin is the term for a mendicant. Also Shiva as Sthanu in Kalidas' literature has been described as "Sthanu sthira-bhakti-yoga-sulabha" meaning "attainable through devotion yoga."[28] In modern Hindu yoga too the standing yoga asana is applied and called samabhanga asana[29] and Tadasana.
Emergence of Shaivism[edit]
According to Gavin Flood, "the formation of Śaiva traditions as we understand them begins to occur during the period from 200 BC to 100 AD."[30] Shiva's rise to a major position in the pantheon was facilitated by his identification with a host of Vedic deities, including Purusha, Rudra, Agni, Indra, Prajāpati, Vāyu, and others.[31]
The Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 - 200 BCE)[32] is the earliest known textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism.[33] The text proposes "a theology which elevates Rudra to the status of supreme being, the Lord (Sanskrit: Īśa) who is transcendent yet also has cosmological functions, as does Śiva in later traditions."[34]
In the grammarian Patanjali's "Great Commentary" (Sanskrit: Mahābhasya) on Pāṇini's Sanskrit grammar (2nd century BCE), he describes a devotee of Shiva as clad in animal skins and carrying an iron lance as the symbol of his god, perhaps a precursor of Shiva's trident.[35][36]
Puranic Shaivism[edit]
During the Gupta Dynasty (c. 320 - 500 CE) Puranic religion developed and Shaivism spread rapidly, eventually throughout the subcontinent, spread by the singers and composers of the Puranic narratives.[37]
The Puranic literature has its origins in the later Gupta period (6th century) and develops during c. the 8th to 11th centuries.[38] along with Smarta Brahmin forms of worship.[30] The convergence of various Shaiva and Vaishnava trends, as well as their growing popularity, may have been partly the outcome of dominant dynasties like the Guptas assimilating the resources and cultural elements of their conquered territories.[39]
The bulk of the material contained in the Puranas was established during the reign of the Guptas, with incremental additions taking place to the texts up to later medieval times.[40] There are eighteen major Puranas, and these are traditionally classified into three groups of six each, with Shiva considered to be the central deity in the Shiva Purana, Linga Purana, Skanda Purana, .[40] However this traditional grouping is inexact, for while the Shiva Purana is strongly sectarian in its focus on Shiva, others are not so clearly sectarian and include material about other deities as well, particularly Vishnu.[41]
The Puranic corpus is a complex body of materials that advance the views of various competing cults, as Gavin Flood explains:
Although these texts are related to each other, and material in one is found in another, they nevertheless each present a view of ordering of the world from a particular perspective. They must not be seen as random collections of old tales, but as highly selective and crafted expositions and presentations of worldviews and soteriologies, compiled by particular groups of Brahmins to propagate a particular vision, whether it be focused on Viṣṇu, Śiva, or Devī, or, indeed, any number of deities.[42]
For example, the Vishnu Purana (4th century) presents a Vaisnava viewpoint in which Vishnu awakens, becomes the creator god Brahma to create the universe, sustains it, and then destroys it as Rudra (Shiva).[43]
Shaiva theism was expounded in the Agamas, which number two hundred including the Upagamas (the "Lesser" Agamas), which were composed before the 7th century.[44] In the 7th century, Banabhatta included the worship of Shiva in his account of the prominent religious sects of that time.[44]
In the 7th century the great Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Huen Tsang) toured India and wrote in Chinese about the prevalence of Shiva worship at that time, describing Shiva temples at Kanoj, Karachi, Malwa, Gandhar (Kandahar), and especially at Varanasi (Benares) where he saw twenty large temples dedicated to Shiva.[45]
Smartism is a denomination of Hinduism that places emphasis on a group of five deities rather than just a single deity.[46] The "worship of the five forms" pañcāyatana pūjā system, which was popularized by the philosopher Adi Shankara (also known as Śaṅkarācārya) (between 650 and 800, traditionally 788–820),[47] invokes the five deities Shiva, Ganesha, Vishnu, Devī, and Sūrya.[48][49] This system was instituted by Śaṅkarācārya primarily to unite the principal deities of the five major sects on an equal status.[50] The monistic philosophy preached by Śaṅkarācārya made it possible to choose one of these as a preferred principal deity and at the same time worship the other four deities as different forms of the same all-pervading Brahman.
Tamil areas[edit]
There are numerous Siva temples in Tamil Nadu, most located in the Thanjavur region which was a major part of the Chola empire between 800 and 1200.
Saiva Siddhanta[edit]
A particular branch of Shaivism, the philosophy of Shaiva Siddhanta, is particularly popular in south India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and every other country where Tamils are living.[51]
The tradition may have originated in Kashmir where it developed a sophisticated theology propagated by theologians Sadyojoti, Bhatta Nārāyanakantha and his son Bhatta Rāmakantha (c. 950–1000).[52] Considered normative tantric Saivism, Shaiva Siddhanta provides the normative rites, cosmology and theological categories of tantric Saivism.[53] Being a dualistic philosophy, the goal of Shaiva Siddhanta is to become an ontologically distinct Shiva (through Shiva's grace).[54] This tradition was once practiced all over India. However the Muslim subjugation of north India restricted Shaiva Siddhanta to the south,[55] where it merged with the Tamil Saiva cult expressed in the bhakti poetry of the Nayanmars.[56] It is in this historical context that Shaiva Siddhanta is commonly considered a "southern" tradition, one that is still very much alive.[56]
By the 7th century, the Nayanmars, a tradition of poet-saints in the bhakti tradition developed in South India with a focus on Shiva by the comparable to that of the Vaisnava Alvars.[57] The devotional poems of the Nayanmars are divided into eleven collections together known as "Thirumurai"along with a Tamil Purana called the "Perilya puranam" . The first seven collections are known as the Thevaram and are regarded by Tamils as equivalent to the Vedas.[58] They were composed in the 7th century by Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar.[59]
Tirumular, also spelled (Tirumūlār or Tirumūlar) the author of the Tirumantiram (also spelled Tirumandiram) is considered by Tattwananda to be the earliest exponent of Shaivism in Tamil areas.[60] Tirumular is dated as 7th or 8th century by Maurice Winternitz.[61] The Tirumantiram is a primary source for the system of Shaiva Siddhanta, being the tenth book of its canon.[62] The Tiruvacakam by Manikkavacagar is an important collection of hymns of which Sir Charles Eliot wrote, "In no literature with which I am acquainted, has the individual religious life, its struggles and dejections, its hopes and fears, its confidence and its triumph received a delineation more frank and more profound."[63] The Tiruvacakam praises Siva as belonging to the southern country, India, yet worshipped by people of all countries.[64]
Assimilation of traditions[edit]
The figure of Shiva as we know him today was built up over time, with the ideas of many regional sects being amalgamated into a single figure.[9] How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite deity is not well documented.[65] According to Vijay Nath:
Visnu and Siva [...] began to absorb countless local cults and deities within their folds. The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped. [...] Siva became identified with countless local cults by the sheer suffixing of Isa or Isvara to the name of the local deity, e.g., Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, Chandesvara."[66]
Major schools[edit]
Shaivism has many different schools reflecting both regional and temporal variations and differences in philosophy.[67] Shaivism has a vast literature that includes texts representing multiple philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dual-with-dualism (bhedābheda) perspectives.[68]
Puranic and non-Puranic[edit]
A review of Shaivite groups makes a broad distinction into two groups, with further subdivisions within each group:[69]
- Vedic, Puranic. Shaivism as a Vedic Origin and Science is the basis of this Religion. The Sections of "Smartha" Brahmins in South and North comprise the Shaivism Practise of Vedic Religion; the Sanatana Dharma. The Shiva Purana is the ultimate resource of the Historical Presence of Shaivism in Society of Modern India.
- Non-Puranic. These devotees are distinguished by undergoing initiation (dīkṣa) into a specific cult affiliation for the dual purposes of obtaining liberation in this life (mukti) and/or obtaining other aims (bhukti). Sanderson subdivides this group further into two subgroups:
- Those that follow the outer or higher path (atimārga), seeking only liberation. Among the atimārga groups two are particularly important, the Pāśupatas and a sub-branch, the Lakula, from whom another important sect, the Kalamukhas, developed.[70]
- Those that follow the path of mantras (mantramārga), seeking both liberation and worldly objectives.
Pashupata Shaivism[edit]
Pashupata Shaivism: The Pashupatas (Sanskrit: Pāśupatas) are the oldest named Shaivite group.[71] The Pashupatas were ascetics.[72] Noted areas of influence (clockwise) include Gujarat, Kashmir and Nepal.[citation needed] But there is plentiful evidence of the existence of Pāśupata groups in every area of the Indian subcontinent. In the far South, for example, a dramatic farce called the Mattavilāsanaprahasana ascribed to a seventh-century Pallava king centres around a Pāśupata ascetic in the city of Kāñcīpuram who mistakes a Buddhist mendicant's begging bowl for his own skull-bowl. Inscriptions of comparable date in various parts of South East Asia attest to the spread of Pāśupata forms of Śaivism before the arrival there of tantric schools such as the Shaiva Siddhanta.[73]
Shaiva Siddhanta[edit]
Shaiva Siddhanta: Considered normative tantric Saivism, Shaiva Siddhanta provides the normative rites, cosmology and theological categories of tantric Saivism.[53] There is a dualistic dimension to Shaivism, as expounded by Meykandar. The pure, or Shuddha Saivism,however, proclaimed by Rishi Thirumular and his paramparai (guru lineage), is strictly non-dualistic, and proclaims the soul to be at all times one with Shiva.[74] This tradition was once practiced all over India. For example, the theologians Sadyojoti, Bhatta Nārāyanakantha and his son Bhatta Rāmakantha (ca. 950-1000 AD) developed a sophisticated Siddhanta theology in Kashmir.[52] However the Muslim subjugation of north India restricted Shaiva Siddhanta to the south,[55] where it merged with the Tamil Saiva cult expressed in the bhakti poetry of the Nayanars(600 C.E. and 1100 C.E).[56] It is in this historical context that Shaiva Siddhanta is commonly considered a "southern" tradition, one that is still very much alive.[56]
Kashmir Shaivism[edit]
Kashmir Shaivism: Kashmir Saivism, a householder religion, was based on a strong monistic interpretation of the Bhairava Tantras (and its subcategory the Kaula Tantras), which were tantras written by the Kapalikas.[75] There was additionally a revelation of the Siva Sutras to Vasugupta.[75] Kashmir Saivism claimed to supersede the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta.[76] Somananda, the first theologian of monistic Saivism, was the teacher of Utpaladeva, who was the grand-teacher of Abhinavagupta, who in turn was the teacher of Ksemaraja.[75][77] The label Kashmir Shaivism, though unfortunately now widely adopted, is really a misnomer, for it is clear that the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta was also in North India at one point in time.
Siddha Siddhanta[edit]
Natha Siddha Siddhanta: Founded by Matsyendranatha (ca 800–1000) and expounded by Rishi Gorakshanatha (ca 950), this monism is known as Bhedabheda, embracing both the transcendent Shiva as well as the immanent Shiva. Shiva is efficient and material cause. The creation and final return of soul and cosmos to Shiva are likened to bubbles arising and returning to water. Influential in Nepal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
Lingayatism, also known as Vira Shaivism: Made popular by Basavanna (1105–1167), this version of qualified nondualism, Shakti Vishishtadvaita, accepts both difference and nondifference between soul and God, like rays are to the sun. Shiva and the cosmic force are one, yet Shiva is beyond His creation, which is real, not illusory. God is efficient and material cause. Influential primarily in Karnataka and some parts of Andhra Pradesh.[78]
Shiva Advaita[edit]
Shiva Advaita: This monistic theism, formulated by Srikantha (ca 1050), is called Shiva Vishishtadvaita. The soul does not ultimately become perfectly one with Brahman, but shares with the Supreme all excellent qualities. Appaya Dikshita (1554–1626) attempted to resolve this union in favor of an absolute identity—Shuddhadvaita. Its area of origin and influence covers most of Karnataka state.
Shaivism left a major imprint on the intellectual life of classical Cambodia,[79][80] Champa in what is today southern Vietnam, Java and the Tamil lands. The wave of Shaivite devotionalism that swept through late classical and early medieval India redefined Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Shaivite worship legitimized several ruling dynasties in pre-modern India, including the Chola and the Rajputs. A similar trend was witnessed in early medieval Indonesia with the Majapahit empire and pre-Islamic Malaya.[81][82] Nepal is the only country in the world where Shaivism is the most popular form of Hinduism.
Shaivite literature and texts[edit]
The Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 - 200 BCE)[32] is the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism.[33] The Shiva Rahasya Purana, an Upapurana, is an important scriptual text; another is Tirumurai.
See also[edit]
- Ein Sof
- History of Shaivism
- Kaśmir Śaivism
- Nataraja
- Shaktism
- Siddha
- Sophia (wisdom)
- Sufism
- Vaishnavism
- ^ Along with Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Smartism
- ^ "ISKCON". Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ "Hindus in SA". Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Dubois. Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies. Cosimo. p. 111.
- ^ "HimalayanAcademy". Retrieved February 2014. Check date values in:
- ^ Tattwananda, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Apte, p. 919.
- ^ a b Macdonell, p. 314.
- ^ Flood (1996), p. 17
- ^ a b Keay, p.xxvii.
- ^ For an overview of the Shaiva Traditions, see Flood, Gavin, "The Śaiva Traditions", in: Flood (2003), pp. 200–228.
- ^ Tattwananda, p. 54.
- ^ Apte, p. 714.
- ^ Apte, p. 866
- ^ For dating as fl. 2300–2000 BCE, decline by 1800 BCE, and extinction by 1500 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 24.
- ^ a b For translation of paśupati as "Lord of Animals" see: Michaels, p. 312.
- ^ Flood 199, p. 28-29.
- ^ Flood 2003, p. 204–205.
- ^ a b Flood (1996), pp. 28–29.
- ^ For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in: Flood (1996), p. 29.
- ^ Flood (2003), pp. 204–205.
- ^ P. 90 The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages By Mahadev Chakravarti
- ^ P. 79 Calcutta Review By University of Calcutta
- ^ P. 89 The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages By Mahadev Chakravarti
- ^ P. 461 The Cave Temples of India By James Burgess
- ^ P. 21 The Presence of Siva By Stella Kramrisch
- ^ P. 33 The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages By Mahadev Chakravarti
- ^ P. 104 The Birth of Kumāra By Kālidāsa
- ^ P. 14 The Megha-Dūta of Kālidāsa By Kālidāsa
- ^ P. 16 The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning By Eva Rudy Jansen
- ^ a b Flood (2003), p. 205.
- ^ For Shiva being identified with Agni, Indra, Prajāpati, Vāyu, and others see: Chakravarti, p. 70.
- ^ a b For dating to 400-200 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 86.
- ^ a b For Śvetāśvatara Upanishad as a systematic philosophy of Shaivism see: Chakravarti 1994, p. 9.
- ^ Flood (1996), p. 153.
- ^ For Patanjali's description of the Shiva bhakta see: Flood (1996), p. 154.
- ^ For mention of a Shaiva sect by Patanjali see: Bhandarkar (1913), p. 165.
- ^ For Gupta Dynasty (c. 320 - 500 CE) and Puranic religion as important to the spread across the subcontinent, see: Flood (1996), p. 154.
- ^ For dating of Gupta Period as c. 300–500, see: Keay, pp. 129–154; For dating of Gupta dynasty as 320–500 AD see: Flood (1996), p. 110.
- ^ For the geopolitical analysis that Shaiva and Vaisnava consolidation may have been due to Gupta empirical consolidation see: Keay, p. 147.
- ^ a b Flood (1996), p. 110.
- ^ For the inexact nature of the traditional group of six, see: Flood (1996), p. 110.
- ^ Flood (1996), p. 111.
- ^ For dating of 4th century and synopsis of Vishnu Purana see: Flood (1996), p. 111.
- ^ a b Tattwananda, p. 45.
- ^ For Huen Tsang's account see: Tattwananda, p. 46.
- ^ Flood (1996), p. 17.
- ^ For traditional dating of 788-820, see: Keay, pp. 62, 194; and for broad dating of 650-800, see: Keay, p. 62.
- ^ Dating for the pañcāyatana pūjā and its connection with Smārta Brahmins is from Courtright, p. 163.
- ^ For worship of the five forms as central to Smarta practice see: Flood (1996), p. 113.
- ^ Grimes, p. 162.
- ^ S. Arulsamy, Saivism – A Perspective of Grace, Sterling Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, 1987, pp.1
- ^ a b Flood, Gavin. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell. pg. 210.
- ^ a b Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.120
- ^ Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.122
- ^ a b Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.34
- ^ a b c d Flood, Gavin. D. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. P.168
- ^ For emergency of the Nayanmars by 7th century and comparison with Vaisnava Alvars see: Flood (1996), 131.
- ^ For eleven collections, with the first seven (the Thevaram) regarded as Vedic, see: Tattwananda, p. 55.
- ^ For dating of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar as 7th century see: Tattwananda, p. 55.
- ^ Tattwananda, p. 55.
- ^ Winternitz, p. 588, note 1.
- ^ For the Tirumantiram as the tenth book of the Shaiva Siddhanta canon see Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. "Auspicious Fragments and Uncertain Wisdom", in: Harper and Brown, p. 63.
- ^ Quotation from Sir Charles Eliot's Hinduism and Buddhism, volume II, p. 127, is provided in: Tattwananda, p. 56.
- ^ Thiruvachakam 4 (Potri Thiruvakaval); lines 164, 165.
- ^ For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented, see: Keay, p. 147.
- ^ Nath 2001, p. 31.
- ^ For an overview of the Shaiva Traditions, see Flood, Gavin, "The Śaiva Traditions", in: Flood (2003), pp. 200-228. For an overview that concentrates on the Tantric forms of Śaivism, see Alexis Sanderson's magisterial survey article Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions, pp.660--704 in The World's Religions, edited by Stephen Sutherland, Leslie Houlden, Peter Clarke and Friedhelm Hardy, London: Routledge, 1988.
- ^ Tattwananda 1984, p. 54.
- ^ For overview of Sanderson's method of grouping, see: Flood (2003), p. 206.
- ^ For the classification of Sanderson into atimārga and mantramārga, and characterization of the Pāśupatas, Lakula, and Kalamukhas, see: Sanderson (1988) and Flood (2003), p. 206.
- ^ For the Pāśupatas as the oldest named Śaiva group, see: Flood (2003), p. 206.
- ^ For Pāśupata as an ascetic movement see: Michaels (2004), p. 62.
- ^ See Alexis Sanderson's Śaivism among the Khmers Part I, pp. 349--462 in the Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 90--91 (2003--2004).
- ^ Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya, Dancing with Siva, Merging with Siva.
- ^ a b c Flood, Gavin. D. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. P.164-167
- ^ Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.61
- ^ Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.66
- ^ http://www.saivism.net/sects/vira/virasaivism.asp
- ^ Mahadev Chakravarti (1986). The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-81-208-0053-3.
- ^ K. R. Subramanian (1 January 1989). Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D. Asian Educational Services. pp. 140–. ISBN 978-81-206-0444-5.
- ^ Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. "A Historical Sketch of Saivism", in: Bhattacharyya (1956), Volume IV pages 63 -78.
- ^ For more on the subject of Saivite influence on Indonesia, one could read N.J.Krom, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst/Introduction to Hindu-Javanese Art, The Hague, Martinus Nijhof, 1923
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 81-208-0567-4. (fourth revised & enlarged edition).
- Basham, A. L. (1989). Zysk, Kenneth, ed. The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507349-5.
- Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal (1913). Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0122-X. Third AES reprint edition, 1995.
- Bhattacharyya (Editor), Haridas (1956). The Cultural Heritage of India. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. Four volumes.
- Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (Second Revised ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0053-2
- Courtright, Paul B. (1985). Gaṇeśa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505742-2.
- Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
- Flood, Gavin (Editor) (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-4051-3251-5.
- Grimes, John A. (1995). Ganapati: Song of the Self. SUNY Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2440-5.
- Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). The Roots of Tantra. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5306-5.
- Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
- Mate, M. S. (1988). Temples and Legends of Maharashtra. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
- Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08953-1.
- Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition", Social Scientist: 19–50, doi:10.2307/3518337, JSTOR 3518337
- Oberlies, T. (1998). Die Religion des Rgveda. Vienna.
- Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0544-5. Second edition.
- Tattwananda, Swami (1984), Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (First Revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
- Winternitz, Maurice (1972). History of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
External links[edit]
- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Shaivism"
- Saivism.Net
- Alexis sanderson, Publications, scholarly studies in Saivism
- [1]


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Shopping is a breeze in Daytona Beach! Whether you love to browse shops and stroll while enjoying a fresh cup of coffee or shop with a mission, you'll want to sample our distinctive collection of gift stores, antique shops and clothing boutiques. Peruse our shopping districts to zero in on what will fulfill your shopping list. The choices are endless. New this year, look for the Tanger Outlet Mall, scheduled to open just in time for the holiday season!
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Help Wanted: User Experience Designer/Information Architect [Jobs We Love]
If you're looking for a creative job (or need to find help), we recommend that you check out PSFK's job listings regularly. Here's a new job just listed on the service.
- 14 july 2011
If you're looking for a creative job (or need to find help), we recommend that you check out PSFK's job listings regularly (or via RSS). Here's a new job just listed on the service:
UX/IA: 72andSunny – Los Angeles, California
Big picture: We are looking for an architect to collaborate with our in-house UX team to create and polish UX deliverables, including site maps, user flows, content inventories, and wireframes.
You have a understanding of usability and information architecture and will be responsible for documenting workflows and creating wireframes based on project requirements, collaborative design discussions, and quick decision making. You possess strong ideas on creating the optimum user experience while respecting business requirements, and have the skills necessary to represent these ideas in a visually convincing way. You obsess over interactive technology, people, details and design.


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You know that good old movie, Christmas Vacation with Chevy Chase? I love that scene at the beginning when he takes his family out into the forest to cut down a tree. He brings it home, unclips it, and it springs out fifteen feet and nearly injures everyone. Talk about over the top… well, that's what I'm like at Christmas too, a real life Chevy Chase.
I love Christmas! The whole thing! I'm one of those simple hearts who is not in conflict over enjoying both the magic of Santa Claus and still remembering the importance of the real meaning of Christmas… the birth of the Savior Christ in Bethlehem.
When our kids were little, I so desperately wanted to make their Christmas full of magic and wonder. One year, when my daughter was three, I actually climbed up onto the roof while my wife, Julie, was bathing her in the tub. I had the perfect plan! It was the night before Christmas, and all through the house, baby Jenna was bathing, her jammies laid out. Dad on the rooftop wearing golf cleats making his way to the chimney… Don't worry this isn't another story of me falling…
My plan was fun, child-like, Santa-like even. I wanted to jump around on the roof like Rudolf the Red-nosed Reindeer and pretend to have made a noisy landing. I wanted to yell down the chimney "Ho Ho Ho! Merry Christmas Little Jenna!" I just knew this memory would bring joy and magical memories and warm her little heart and soul. She'll be putting on her PJ's and say "Listen, Mommy, Santa is on the roof! And I think Rudolf too! Yippee! I am so excited for Christmas! I love you Mommy. I love you Daddy!"
Well, just like in Christmas Vacation, my Chevy Chase plan didn't go quite right. Instead of being all gumdrops and fairytales, it was more like a horror film where a crazy guy comes down the chimney… My enthusiasm got the better of me and I jumped too hard and scared my little Jenna half to death. And Julie too! Then when I started yelling down the chimney, Julie reports that Jenna looked like a cat tossed into water, she scratched and clawed out of the bathtub nearly climbing to the ceiling. She was terrified of what was happening, unable to understand what was really going on.
Julie is convinced that I permanently altered her psychological wiring around Christmas. Our little Jenna, now grown up with a baby of her own, has never liked Santa Claus…hmmm wonder why… She is actually very well adjusted, turns out after that incident it is me that needs the counseling! I felt terrible about the mishap.
So instead of leaping down chimneys this year, I want to ask you to take a little leap of faith with me now while I reflect on the real meaning of Christmas.
Imagine: Silent Night, Holy Night
The first one! Before Santa Claus, before Christmas trees, before lights, or malls, or bad holiday shopping traffic. A scared 16-17 year old virgin betrothed to be married to Joseph is shown an Angel who says "Fear not, favored one. I bring you good news. You will give birth to the Christ Child… you will call him Immanuel-God with us!"
When the birth came, there was no fanfare, no elation or supporting medical team. Just a handful of dusty shepherds, some livestock and a star overheard to point the way. God will always use something to lead us in the right direction towards Him.
In that little stable over 2,000 years ago, Christ cried and the world rejoiced.
That little baby wrapped in swaddling clothes was God's gift to mankind. The survivor. Christ Jesus. He had one mission: to die upon the cross for our sins. My sins. Steve Gutzler's sins. And there are plenty there. The Bible says He rose again and is alive in Heaven. I can receive the gift of Christmas, as can you.
Don't we all need that gift of hope and love? I know that I sure do. My world can become turbulent, confusing, and very messy and hard at times. I need that promise of a plan more than ever.
So this Christmas, I am going to stay off the rooftops. I am going to go to church, a candle light service. I am going to light a candle. And I am going to remind myself of that baby, that man, that Savior who died for me so that I can live in his Amazing love.
I want to take a moment to thank you for connecting with me. What a privilege it has been. I appreciate all of my readers. It is an honor to know and serve you the best I can, even if we have never met in person. Merry Christmas to you and I am sending much love to you as well.
It is going to be a great 2012! But first, celebrate your Silent and Holy Night.
Play Big Inner Circle Starting in 2012! Sign up will begin in January.
Includes a Weekly Coaching Video Series and Monthly "Call In" with questions and answers.
What's the cost? Only $27.00 per month. This elite coaching program will include spectacular content to help each of us experience our best year!
10% of profits will go to charities including Compassion2one. Thank you!


text:
Posh, rock-bottom of the Championship, were denied the three points by Martin Paterson's late leveller at London Road after Tommy Rowe's double had eclipsed Charlie Austin's early opener.
"Under some circumstances a draw against Burnley would be viewed as a decent result, but we've put ourselves in a position where we have to win games so we can't be happy with a point.
"The lads gave me a great reaction in the second half as we got ourselves ahead and I fancied us to see it out, but it wasn't to be.
"We certainly won't lack for commitment or character, but we do have to cut out the basic errors which have been costing us points all season. We cannot keep going home on a Saturday night saying 'we should have won'.
"We have been guilty of far too many lapses of concentration this season and that is the reason why we are bottom of the table."
- Sports & Recreation
- Charlie Austin
- Martin Paterson
- Tommy Rowe


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- Report: #242955
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Gree Tree Loan Company
Gree Tree Loan Company1155 Centre Pointe Drive, Suite 7 Mendota Heights, Minnesota U.S.A.
Gree Tree Loan Company Charged so high of interest on loan that I cant pay off pricipal Ripoff Mendota Heights Minnesota
*Consumer Suggestion: What do the original documents say?
*UPDATE EX-employee responds: Greed Tree Financial
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I have tried selling the home a number of times during my years in the home but nobody wanted it because I still owed on the balance of the loan.
I would like to get out of the loan all together and move to a different city because I have a new job but I am stuck until the loan gets paid off and that might take a long time at the rate we are going trying to pay off the principal!
I hope you can help as I want to put this purchase behind me and move on with my life. Thanks!
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 04/08/2007 01:17 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Gree-Tree-Loan-Company/Mendota-Heights-Minnesota-55120-1268/Gree-Tree-Loan-Company-Charged-so-high-of-interest-on-loan-that-I-cant-pay-off-pricipal-Ri-242955. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 Consumer Suggestion
What do the original documents say?
AUTHOR: Christian - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Thursday, May 17, 2007POSTED: Thursday, May 17, 2007
There are some lenders who will refi your loan even if you don't own the land (do a Google search) provided your credit is good. Your only other choice is to pay more each month and specify that the overage be applied to the principal. You might have to fight with Green Tree Servicing to get them to actually do it right.
I have to agree with Gene. My original loan was with Green Point. After they sold it to Green Tree Servicing, I've had horrible problems. If you believe that Green Tree Servicing is acting illegally, contact their state's attorney general's office and banking regulation office. You may also need to hire private council.
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#2 UPDATE EX-employee responds
Greed Tree Financial
AUTHOR: Gene - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Monday, April 09, 2007POSTED: Monday, April 09, 2007
I don't know what your exact case is, but I would suggest looking over your loan documents especially the Truth in Lending documents that all lending institutions are required to disclose at the time of signing. My experience has been that if a consumer pays more than just the interest on their loan, they can susbstanially over a period of time reduce their principal balance.
Since manufactured homes are a depreciable asset, your chances of finding someone to assume the loan or pay it off may be scant at best. I do wish you luck in trying to find a way to settle this matter with them.
As far as Greentree's "customer service" goes, it was nothing more than reprehensible and shoddy. Since I was a collector there, I found that the management team was nothing more than shady in their business practices. Every week there was someone who was being escorted from the building under a cloak of secrecy.
With the direction the subprime lending industry is headed, it would not surprise me if Greentree fell by the wayside leaving their employees in the dust. Now that I left that hellhole of a state called Minnesota for greener pastures in Southern California (which is my home state), I laugh at their misfortune.
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I'm the lucky momma of two little blonde daddy-clones--we spend our days doing elaborate art projects, trashing the house, eating cheese cubes and oranges, and waiting for Matt to get home from his day job so we can pester him.
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Hotels in Deptford, New Jersey
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- Most bookedResidence Inn by Marriott Deptford
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"Just a weekend getaway for me and the hubby. The hotel staff was friendly and very helpful with directions and suggestions on places to eat. The room was marvelous. I felt like I had a my own apartment with the kitchen and all the appliances. I would definitely stay again. Also room was spotless."
A Traveller, Apr 2016, US
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"The pool was good for the kids but the tv stations was bad. But everything else was great"
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Hotels within 5 miles of Deptford
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"staff was friendly and polite. room was cozy and clean, nice to have a hot breakfast with good food."
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"We had a relatively smooth check-in. The hotel staff were friendly and accommodating. The room was clean and comfortable; there were some updates but they must be in process as the only negative is that the bathroom could use some updates. Breakfast was reasonable with some hot options like waffl..."
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"My husband and I had driven all night to attend a funeral on Sunday in New Jersey. We arrived early at the hotel and despite being booked solid, they made it possible for us to check into our room at 9:30am!! We were so appreciative! Our hotel was centrally located and easy to access. Homemade wa..."
P, Jul 2016, US
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"Front desks personnel were friendly and helpful. Room was clean and nice for the price. I was a little disappointed that the bathroom was so small and the sink was outside the bathroom. Other than that it was great."
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"I arrived a few hours early & was still given a room (newly renovated because in July I stayed there during construction) Very safe & secure. Breakfast is limited choices and the entrance to the parking lot needs to be repaved, other than that a great place for cheap. Convenient to Philadelphia &..."
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"the room was neat and clean. the bed was hard and the pillows need to be replaced. the pillows are very uncomfortable."
A Traveller, Jun 2016, US
30 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"The hotel was easy to find off of the expressway. The room was clean and the bed was comfortable. Staff was friendly and attentive. Good restaurants and grocery stores close. Also, a small refrigerator and microwave was very convenient."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, US
8 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Best hotels in Deptford
If you are looking for Deptford hotels in a particular area, you can use the search feature at the top of the page to search by neighborhood, landmark, address or zip code, or you can search by using the built-in map feature. You can also browse hotels in Deptford by type, amenities, and star-rating so that you can find the best hotel. Currently, top rated hotels in Deptford are:
- Residence Inn by Marriott Deptford
- Fairfield Inn by Marriott Deptford
- La Quinta Inn & Suites Runnemede - Philadelphia
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The location of your Deptford hotel is important. If you are traveling to Deptford, &StateorCountry for business, you may want to consider getting a hotel close to the airport or near your meeting venue. By doing so, you can really cut down on transportation costs and time. You may also want to book a hotel that offers free wifi just in case you need to get some work done.
If you are traveling for vacation, figure out which attractions or landmarks you want to see and book a hotel that is within close proximity. Although hotels near attractions might cost a little more, you may find that spending those extra few dollars is worth the convenience. You can even find hotels that align with your interests. For example, if you are looking for a relaxing vacation, a spa hotel may be the perfect choice for you.
You'll also want to determine which type of accommodations will suit your needs before booking a hotel in Deptford. If you're traveling with the kiddos, a family friendly hotel will offer larger rooms and more sleeping arrangements. For those traveling for an extended period of time, booking a hotel suite with a kitchenette is a smart move and will feel a little more like home. If you are budget conscience and just need a place to rest your head, a hostel or motel may be all you need.
If you are looking to score the best discounts and deals, use the filter to sort by price from low to high. You can book a hotel in Deptford for as low as $110 per night. If you are looking to cut down on expenses, look for hotels that include free breakfast and parking. Some hotels even offer free shuttle service to and from nearby places. You can also sort by star rating, proximity, and guest rating.
Before you book, check out user reviews. Hotels.com has 174 reviews in Deptford. We show reviews from Expedia and TripAdvisor so you know that you are reading genuine, reliable reviews. Be sure to download the Hotels.com app so you can book your reservations on the go, view amenities, and save the hotels you want to view and compare later.


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My story happens a couple of weeks after On Stranger Tides and is the shortened version of the script of a stop-motion movie I want to do this summer. Without the title, it's 299 words long.
Please vote for me. If you do I will put the complete version of my story on the forum!
Pirates of the Caribbean 5
Rescue on the Imperial Flagship
Jack Sparrow was silently navigating in a rowboat. As it was the night, he was guiding himself with his compass. He wanted to find where his old friend Brickbeard was held prisoner because the pirate possessed a copy of the Black Pearl's instruction booklet. Jack needed it to rebuild his ship that Blackbeard had destroyed.
After a couple of minutes, the rowboat finally hit the hull of the Imperial Flagship. Jack reached the window of the captain's cabin. He knew it could open thanks to the booklet of the ship he got from a stranger in Tortuga.
Once inside, he walked across the deck and arrived in front of Brickbeard's prison. He tried to melt the plastic bars with fire, but as the fire was in plastic too, it didn't help.
"Damn LEGO world!"
Then Jack remembered that in that "damn LEGO world," the doors couldn't lock, so he just opened it.
"Ah, Jack!" exclaimed Brickbeard once free. "Was about time!"
"Sorry mate, the door was fireproof."
They both hurried to the top of the captain's cabin, but they ran into the admiral. Jack suddenly pointed at the horizon and yelled "HUMAN KID!" The admiral and all the yellowish soldiers, panicked, hurried to the place the child had left them and froze.
The two pirates got back to the rowboat before their opponents realized the fraud. Jack again used his compass to guide himself. After a couple of minutes, they finally reached another ship and climbed on it.
"You could thank me for freeing you," said Jack.
"Thank ya very much Jack... for bringin' me on Blackbeard's ship! Who the hell were you thinkin' about while watchin' yer compass?"
Jack turned around and came face to face with Angelica.
"Oh, bugger."
Edited by operrier, 14 July 2011 - 03:12 AM.


text:
Villeroy & Boch AG (VIB3) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review
- August 2016
- 31 pages
- GlobalData
- AS America, Inc.
- Geberit AG
- Grohe AG
- Kohler Co.
- Roca Tile Group
- Toto Ltd.
Villeroy & Boch AG (VIB3) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides you an in-depth strategic SWOT analysis of the company's businesses and operations. The profile has been compiled to bring to you a clear and an unbiased view of the company's key strengths and weaknesses and the potential opportunities and threats. The profile helps you formulate strategies that augment your business by enabling you to understand your partners, customers and competitors better.
The profile contains critical company information including:
- Business description - A detailed description of the company's operations and business divisions.
- Corporate strategy - Analyst's summarization of the company's business strategy.
- SWOT Analysis - A detailed analysis of the company's strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.
- Company history - Progression of key events associated with the company.
- Major products and services - A list of major products, services and brands of the company.
- Key competitors - A list of key competitors to the company.
- Key employees - A list of the key executives of the company.
- Executive biographies - A brief summary of the executives' employment history.
- Key operational heads - A list of personnel heading key departments/functions.
- Important locations and subsidiaries - A list and contact details of key locations and subsidiaries of the company.
- Detailed financial ratios for the past five years - The latest financial ratios derived from the annual financial statements published by the company with 5 years history.
- Interim ratios for the last five interim periods - The latest financial ratios derived from the quarterly/semi-annual financial statements published by the company for 5 interims history.
Villeroy & Boch AG (Villeroy & Boch) is a manufacturer and distributor of lifestyle and home interior products. The company offers a wide range of bathroom and kitchen products with the pure stone, bellevue, subway and sentique designs. The company provides a variety of ceramic and porcelain products, besides glass and cutlery products for retail and the hotel sectors. Its product portfolio comprises sanitary ware, ceramic kitchen sinks, bathroom furniture, bathtubs and shower tubs, whirlpools, fittings, tableware, crystal and cutlery, accessories. It operates through an extensive network of subsidiaries, joint venture and partners globally. Villeroy & Boch is headquartered in Mettlach, Germany.
Key benefits of buying this profile include:
You get detailed information about the company and its operations to identify potential customers and suppliers.
- The profile analyzes the company's business structure, operations, major products and services, prospects, locations and subsidiaries, key executives and their biographies and key competitors.
Understand and respond to your competitors' business structure and strategies, and capitalize on their weaknesses. Stay up to date on the major developments affecting the company.
- The company's core strengths and weaknesses and areas of development or decline are analyzed and presented in the profile objectively. Recent developments in the company covered in the profile help you track important events.
Equip yourself with information that enables you to sharpen your strategies and transform your operations profitably.
- Opportunities that the company can explore and exploit are sized up and its growth potential assessed in the profile. Competitive and/or technological threats are highlighted.
Scout for potential investments and acquisition targets, with detailed insight into the companies' strategic, financial and operational performance.
- Financial ratio presented for major public companies in the profile include the revenue trends, profitability, growth, margins and returns, liquidity and leverage, financial position and efficiency ratios.
Gain key insights into the company for academic or business research.
- Key elements such as SWOT analysis, corporate strategy and financial ratios and charts are incorporated in the profile to assist your academic or business research needs.
Note: Some sections may be missing if data is unavailable for the company SHOW LESS READ MORE >
- AS America, Inc.
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- Grohe AG
- Kohler Co.
- Roca Tile Group
- Toto Ltd.
List of Tables
List of Figures
Section 1 - About the Company
Villeroy & Boch AG - Key Facts
Villeroy & Boch AG - Key Employees
Villeroy & Boch AG - Key Employee Biographies
Villeroy & Boch AG - Major Products and Services
Villeroy & Boch AG - History
Villeroy & Boch AG - Company Statement
Villeroy & Boch AG - Locations And Subsidiaries
Head Office
Other Locations & Subsidiaries
Section 2 - Company Analysis
Villeroy & Boch AG - Business Description
Villeroy & Boch AG - Corporate Strategy
Villeroy & Boch AG - SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis - Overview
Villeroy & Boch AG - Strengths
Strength - Innovation Capabilities
Strength - Global Network
Villeroy & Boch AG - Weaknesses
Weakness - Increasing Receivables
Villeroy & Boch AG - Opportunities
Opportunity - Strategic Initiatives
Opportunity - Positive Outlook for Global Construction Industry
Opportunity - Growth Prospects: Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings
Villeroy & Boch AG - Threats
Threat - Infringement of Intellectual Property
Threat - Competitive Landscape
Threat - Counterfeit Products
Villeroy & Boch AG - Key Competitors
Section 3 - Company Financial Ratios
Financial Ratios - Capital Market Ratios
Financial Ratios - Annual Ratios
Performance Chart
Financial Performance
Financial Ratios - Interim Ratios
Financial Ratios - Ratio Charts
Section 4 - Appendix
Ratio Definitions
Contact Us
List of Tables
Villeroy & Boch AG, Key Facts
Villeroy & Boch AG, Key Employees
Villeroy & Boch AG, Key Employee Biographies
Villeroy & Boch AG, Major Products and Services
Villeroy & Boch AG, History
Villeroy & Boch AG, Subsidiaries
Villeroy & Boch AG, Key Competitors
Villeroy & Boch AG, Ratios based on current share price
Villeroy & Boch AG, Annual Ratios
Villeroy & Boch AG, Interim Ratios
Currency Codes
Capital Market Ratios
Equity Ratios
Profitability Ratios
Cost Ratios
Liquidity Ratios
Leverage Ratios
Efficiency Ratios
List of Figures
Villeroy & Boch AG, Performance Chart (2011 - 2015)
Villeroy & Boch AG, Ratio Charts
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Hindustan Sanitaryware & Industries Ltd
Grohe AG
Geberit AG
AS America, Inc.


text:
- Report: #1145098
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Casablanca Express
Casablanca ExpressPO box 4399 woodland Hills, California USA
Casablanca Express refund deposoit woodland Hills California
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After traveling to Las Vegas on a casablanca "deal chichen" offer I realized I had never gotten my $25.00 fully refundable deposot back . I called and talke with William, he was polite and apploigetic and said i would have in the form a a check in 7 to 10 working day. On may8th I realized I had not yet recieved it and called again. This time speaking with "Lorraine" a very rude individual that said i did not qualify for it. We wnt over and over the paper work she even arued with me about the paper work they sent me and what it said on it. Finally she said she would make an expection and send me back my refund. Wew'll see I will keep you all updayte. Never use Casablanca!
Karen, Gold Canyon AZ
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 05/08/2014 12:16 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Casablanca-Express/woodland-Hills-California-91367/Casablanca-Express-refund-deposoit-woodland-Hills-California-1145098. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Richmond, CAUSA
Hometown: Glendale, CA
June 25, 2012
I like a discussion group because there is time for a speaker to justify the assertions he or she makes. I am less interested in who wins a debate. I am more interested in what clarity on a topic results from a discussion, not at all the same thing!
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Custom Kitchen
Natural Birch, Clear Glass, Painted Rain Glass
Design, Construction, Finishing and Installation of custom kitchen
Design includes pantry with built-in Micro/convection oven, four glass display cases, butcher block prep area, tile backsplash and Cambria countertops
Contact us for a consultation
Made in St. Paul, MN
By Third Street Studios
All of our products are handmade
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Each week, expert artisans from across the country become makers on CustomMade.
Every maker has a story. Be a part of Third Street Studios's story by placing an order, leaving a review, and seeing your review appear here.


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- Report: #349215
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: NETSPEND
NETSPENDwww.netspend.com Internet U.S.A.
NETSPEND's CALL CENTER IS OUTSOURCED TO ANOTHER COUNTRY NETSPEND CLOSED ACCOUNT FOR NO APPARENT REASON AND RUNS EXERIAN CREDIT REPORTS FOR CASH ONLY CARDS SOMEWHERE IN INDIA Internet
*Author of original report: Netspend's India Call Center is a Customer Service Joke
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Large corporations will frequently outsource their call centers to other countries and this is no exception. This company also runs experian credit reports on individuals which is unnecessary if they are a cash only credit card. A similar company in another state did not run my credit report in order to issue me a card.
They also have serveral hidden charges and fees and I believe they are ripping people off intentionally and should be investigated by international authoriites since I believe if they are located in another country they are not subject to the United States federal laws.
The supervisor said to me "if they were located in another country would this change my problem?"
I would never use this company for direct deposit of a payroll check.
Phoenix, Arizona
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 07/09/2008 10:56 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/NETSPEND/internet/NETSPENDs-CALL-CENTER-IS-OUTSOURCED-TO-ANOTHER-COUNTRY-NETSPEND-CLOSED-ACCOUNT-FOR-NO-APP-349215. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 Author of original report
Netspend's India Call Center is a Customer Service Joke
AUTHOR: Laine - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Sunday, July 13, 2008POSTED: Sunday, July 13, 2008
Senator John Thune a Republican South Dakota representative sat on their board of directors as well.
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UPMC CancerCenter
Registry Information Services
UPMC Network Cancer Registry
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Please check back in early 2016 for our new site.
About UPMC CancerCenter Registry Information Services
The Registry Information Services of UPMC CancerCenter is a service separated into two distinct sub-divisions within the UPMC Network Cancer Registry, one handling data collection and dissemination for clinical and hospital operational purposes and the other dedicated to specific efforts and data needs of the research community of the Centers of Excellence within the UPMC CancerCenter and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI).
The UPMC Network Cancer Registry is comprised of over 40 full time staff responsible for maintaining a standardized data system designed for the collection, management and analysis of patient demographic, grading, staging, treatment and progression data on patients having a diagnosis of cancer. It is also a key source for Honest Broker Services established in May 2003 to meet the needs of our oncology research environment here at UPMC CancerCenter.
Standardized data is captured for all reportable diagnoses in accordance with Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's Department of Health regulations. Due to these public health agency regulations, this registry process is exempt from HIPAA consenting processes. Most facilities within the Registry also adhere to the voluntary standards set forth by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer for approved cancer programs. Primary sources for data extraction are both paper and electronic medical records. Data is abstracted via manual and electronic methods into the cancer registry database by Certified Cancer Registrars. Registry data includes demographics, personal and medical history, diagnostic findings, primary cancer identification, staging, grading, treatment and outcomes The entire UPMC Network Cancer Registry information system is architected on the North American Association of Central Cancer Registry (NAACCR) data standards.
For more information about the UPMC Network Cancer Registry, Registry Information Services, data requests or honest broker services, please contact
Sharon Winters, MS, CTR, Director, Registry Information Services at firstname.lastname@example.com or (412) 647-6390.