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To define University of Northern Iowa travel guidelines and procedures for faculty, staff, and other persons traveling on behalf of the university (i.e. conference attendance, professional development, student trips, etc.).
Definition Statement
The university recognizes travel as an absence from the university. The Office of Business Operations (OBO) is the designated university office to administer travel reimbursement guidelines and procedures. Faculty, staff, and other persons traveling on behalf of the university who incur expense are encouraged to use the most economical and appropriate means of travel.
Authorization for Travel
Advance Payments for Travel Expenses - Conference Registration
Travel Advances - Cash, Deposits, or Prepaid Expenses
Clearing Cash Advances
Domestic Travel
Air Travel
Charter Air Travel
Personal Airplane
Personal Automobile
Mileage Reimbursement Rates
Rental Car
Rental Car Insurance
Parking, Bridge, and Road Tolls
Taxi or Local Common Carrier
Rail and Bus Travel
Lodging (Persons on University Business & Employees Sharing a Room)
Miscellaneous Reimbursements
Telephone, Internet, or Data
Baggage Handling and University Storage Expenses
Charges Not Allowed
Travel and Lodging Discount Programs
International Travel
Persons Other Then Faculty and Staff
Additional Resources
Authorization for Travel
All travel must be authorized prior to departure by the appropriate administrator (vice president, dean, director, or department head). Trips must be created in ProTrav and routed through workflow to obtain the appropriate approval(s). The workflow will systematically route the trip for approval, but it is the end users responsibility to ensure that proper approvals are received. Instructions on how to create a trip in ProTrav can be found in the ProTrav Travel Training Document located on the OBO website.
- The approved create trip process secures the approval of the administrator for the travel.
- Administrators may reimburse employee travel in accordance with university travel guidelines or may place dollar limits on a given trip.
- More restrictive limits in bargained contracts, federal grant guidelines, and guidelines of other authorized agencies may take precedence over university policy.
Advance Payments for Travel Expenses - Conference Registration
Conference Registration should be paid by the UNI Procurement Card whenever possible. This is the most efficient form of payment in order to assure that registration deadlines are met. If they cannot be paid by the use of the UNI Procurement Card or the traveler may be reimbursed via a TEV upon completion of travel. Prior to the trip, travelers must complete and obtain appropriate approval for their travel within ProTrav.
If paid for with the UNI Procurement Card, the registration form, or an email/fax from the professional organization hosting the meeting must be attached to the PCV. Details of the conference or meeting agenda must be attached to the PCV. The documentation provided should clearly show which meals were provided as part of the conference registration.
If an individual personally pays for the conference registration, an official receipt must be obtained from the conference/professional organization and attached to their TEV in order to be reimbursed. A generic receipt (any receipt that does not have a preprinted or stamped conference/vendor name) is not sufficient as proof of payment. Expenses substantiated by a generic receipt will not be reimbursed unless accompanied by additional documentation. This may include one of the following but not limited to:
- Copy of front and back of canceled check
- Check Carbon Copy/Duplicate and bank statement
- Credit card statement
- Letter or new receipt from conference confirming payment
Fees paid for personal memberships, recreational activities, tours, or other social events are not reimbursable.
Travel Advances - Cash, Deposits, or Prepaid Expenses
Travel advances are available to faculty and staff for domestic travel exceeding 14 days. Team travel, international travel, student group travel, other group travel, or athletic recruitment would all qualify for advances.
- Travel advances must be requested through ProTrav at a minimum of two weeks prior to travel.
- Payment method will default to the traveler's identified non-payroll pay method (i.e. direct deposit or paper check).
- The Office of Business Operations may grant exceptions for travel advances.
Clearing Cash Advances
Travel advances are reconciled by completing a TEV within ProTrav. Repayments of excess cash advances, if any, should be made within two weeks from the date of return. To clear travel advances obtained for group meal per diems, a document signed by each person in the group who received cash must be submitted to OBO.
According to Internal Revenue Service Regulation 1.62-2(g), substantiation of travel expense, when an advance is provided, must occur within 60 days of the end of travel. Funds remaining from a travel advance must be returned within 120 days of the end of travel. Repayment made after 120 days will be reported as income to the traveler in accordance with the Internal Revenue Service Regulation.
Travel advance privileges may be rescinded until the delinquent advance has been cleared or repayment has occurred.
Domestic Travel
Individuals should submit a Travel Expense Voucher (TEV) within 120-days of travel. Travel expenses must be certified by the claimant and approved by the administrator.
When an employee combines vacation with business travel, reimbursement will not be granted during vacation days. Individuals not on University-related business may accompany, at their own expense.
Itemized receipts are required for airfare, rental vehicle, train or bus, hotel, registrations, and any other expenses of $75 or more. Credit card receipts are not acceptable as proof of payment. When no other receipt is provided, duplicate check copies are acceptable only if presented with a bank statement showing the check number as a cleared item.
Out-of-pocket travel expenses will be paid via direct deposit to employees or mailed to the individuals' home address, campus address or held at the Cashier's window for pickup in accordance with preferences identified within the supplier record of the employee or on the TEV for non-employees. To sign up for direct deposit, travelers should access their MyUNIverse account via the UNI home page: www.uni.edu. On the MyPage tab, select Direct Deposit Sign-Up.
Transportation should be by the most economical means available, giving consideration to time, distance and work requirements. Any person authorized to travel on University business may choose to use his or her personal automobile, but does so at his or her own risk and is personally responsible for all costs of operation, including repairs to the automobile, access charges for lost keys, parking fines or missed toll charges, and for public liability and property damage.
Mileage reimbursement will be made to the owner of the vehicle only, based on the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) mileage rate, which constitutes the primary rate. The actual mileage driven (shortest or most convenient route directly to and from business destination) must be stated in the description column of the TEV. Mileage is calculated from home or business, whichever is the shortest to destination. Mileage expenses that exceed $300.00 will require additional documentation which will include but not limited to: a justification and an airline quote showing the cost it would have been to fly vs. drive.
Air Travel
University travelers are reimbursed for round-trip coach-class fare. Travelers are expected to obtain the lowest available fare that reasonably meets their business needs. To obtain the lowest fare, tickets should be purchased at least 14-21 days in advance of travel whenever possible.
Airline tickets can be purchased using the UNI Procurement Card when travel is for university-related business. An itemized receipt must be attached to the Procurement Card Voucher (PCV). The itemized receipt must include the name of the traveler and the ticket number.
If the traveler personally paid for the cost of the plane ticket, the itemized receipt should be attached to the TEV. The original ticket/receipt or electronic itinerary with the proof of payment is required for reimbursement. When a ticket is exchanged, the original ticket, the exchange (new) ticket, and the Refund/Exchange Notice must all be submitted with the travel voucher. Justification for the exchange or cancellation must be provided on the TEV.
Special accommodations when traveling by air need to be requested through OBO prior to booking travel.
If a Federal grant provides funding for foreign travel, this travel should be in accordance with the "Fly America Act" which normally requires that employees use U.S. flag air carriers for international air transportation. For more information on the Fly America Act visit their website.
Charter Air Travel
Chartered Air Travel may be authorized by the administrator when it is in the best interest of the university. Decisions are based on savings including transportation, lodging, meals, and time limitations. Contact Purchasing for Charter Agreement details.
Personal Airplane
Persons authorized to travel on university business may use a personally/privately owned airplane. A person piloting his/her personal airplane does so at his or her own risk and is personally responsible for all costs of operations. The traveler who uses a personally or privately leased aircraft is responsible for payment of all costs of operation, including but not limited to: licenses, fees, FAA certificates, fines, rental charges, storage costs, fuel, repair costs, and aircraft/passenger liability insurance. Travelers may wish to confer with their personal insurance representative prior to travel.
Reimbursement is based on the General Services Administrative (GSA) rate for airplanes. Reimbursement may not exceed cost of coach class commercial airfare to the nearest airport and ground transportation to and from business destination. Reimbursement includes all costs of operation, landing fees, fuel, etc. These costs may not be claimed in addition to the mileage reimbursement.
Personal Automobile
Any person authorized to travel on university business may choose to use his or her personal automobile, but does so at his or her own risk. Individuals are responsible for all operation costs (i.e. repairs, service, lost keys, parking fines, tolls, property damage, etc.). Operating costs will not be reimbursed. When driving a personal vehicle for university related business a current auto insurance policy must be in place that covers the vehicle in operation. Refer to section on Excess Liability of policy 9.63 for clarification of university provided insurance coverage. Mileage reimbursement is based on the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) mileage rates. Mileage should be computed from home or permanent work address, whichever is less. Travel should be by the most direct route. Any substantial deviations from distances on maps need to be explained on the reimbursement request.
Maps, Directions (link to http://maps.randmcnally.com/mileage_calculator)
Mileage Reimbursement Rates
Travelers will be reimbursed at the following rates, based on travel circumstances, refer to the table below for specific rates and effective dates:
The standard business mileage rate established by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS), for travel when:
- The round trip distance is more than 100 miles and a motor pool vehicle is requested 48 hours in advance and is not available (see Note below) or
- Use of a motor pool vehicle is not feasible or reasonable for example when faculty or staff members are not located in an area served by motor pool; in situations when an individual must use a substantially modified or specially equipped privately owned vehicle the Assistant Director of Business Operations should be consulted to assist in determining the appropriate reimbursement rate. Or
- An employee is traveling less than 100 miles round trip or round trip travel to/from designated airports is greater than 100 miles and the lower airfare cost justifies the use of the designated airport. Designated airports are Cedar Rapids and Des Moines. If an airport other than Waterloo is selected additional justification is needed. Travelers will need to provide a flight price comparison.
Note: The reimbursement must include a statement from the Motor Pool indicating that a vehicle was not available 48 hours prior to the departure date. The TEV submitted without the requisite statement will be reimbursed at the University rate. The Assistant Director of Business Operations may make exceptions when there is a bona-fide reason for not reserving a vehicle at least 48 hours in advance of departure.
Note: Mileage reimbursement for non-UNI employees and students is at the discretion of the account manager, but may not exceed the IRS standard business mileage rate.
- Mileage Reimbursement Rate Table
|For travel beginning:
|IRS Business Rate
|University Rate
|Moving Rate
|January 1, 2016
January 1, 2015
|54.0 cents
57.5 cents
|27.0 cents
28.75 cents
|19.0 cents
23 cents
Rental Car
University employees are expected to secure rentals when on business from university contracted vendors. Reasonable rental charges for standard/midsize vehicles are allowed. Upgrades are not allowed unless there is a reasonable business need. In the event of an upgrade, a justification must be provided on the TEV.
The rental amount will need to be entered on the TEV. The original itemized receipt or invoice, from the rental car agency, must be attached to the TEV for reimbursement. Gasoline costs not included on the rental invoice may also be claimed for business usage but should be itemized on the TEV by date of purchase and itemized receipts included.
If a rental car is needed locally for university purposes, Motor Pool should be contacted for arrangements.
Rental Car Insurance
The Board of Regents Motor Vehicle Insurance Program provides collision, Comprehensive, and liability coverage on vehicles owned by or rented by the university.
Liability insurance and collision damage waiver and free unlimited mileage are included with rentals at no additional charge.
In the event of any loss, National Car Rental insurance coverage is primary unless the vehicle was used by or for any of the following:
- By a driver who is not an authorized driver
- By any driver under the influence of intoxicants, drugs, or any other substance known to impair driving ability
- For any illegal purpose
- By anyone who gives a false name, address age or other false or misleading information
- In any abusive or reckless manner or if convicted of careless driving
- To tow or push anything
- In any race, contest or training activity
- On unpaved roads
- Leaving the car rental vehicle and failing to remove the keys and the car rental is stolen
- For any use in Mexico without the prior written permission of the renting location. All protection is void in Mexico. Your written permission must be purchased before entering Mexico.
In the event of a loss, while on business the University's self-insurance would apply in excess above National's coverage. In the event of loss during a personal rental the traveler's personal automobile insurance may be excess above National Car Rental. Prior to renting and using the vehicle for personal use the traveler should contact their personal automobile insurance carrier and determine if their personal automobile coverage would cover all damages including loss of use of the rental vehicle.
The purchase of additional insurance on a rental car by University of Northern Iowa representatives will not be reimbursed.
Types of coverage offered by rental car companies that will not be reimbursed include: liability insurance (LIS), Collision Damage Waiver (CDW), Loss Damage Waiver (LDW), theft of personal effects (PAI), credit cards (PEC) and health/life insurance etc. This list is not intended to be all inclusive of the types of insurance the company may attempt to sell the UNI representative and are not reimbursable.
Guests, job candidates, speakers, consultants, etc., who are not UNI representatives, will be reimbursed for insurance on a rental vehicle.
Parking, Bridge, and Road Tolls
Parking, bridge, and road tolls are reimbursable if properly itemized on the TEV. Parking, bridge, and road tolls should be itemized by date. In general, receipts are not required; however receipts are required for a single fee in excess of $75.
Taxi or Local Common Carrier
Taxi or local common carrier fares, including a reasonable tip, are allowable expenses. Expenses should be itemized by date and indicate points of travel in the description. Receipts are required for fares in excess of $75.
Rail and Bus Travel
Rail travel charges including Pullman car and Parlor car rentals are allowable. The cost of travel by rail or bus will be limited to the cost of round trip airfare booked at least 30 days in advance plus applicable ground transportation. Rail and bus travel should be itemized by date. Itemized rail fare and bus ticket receipts are always required.
Persons on University Business
Reimbursements for lodging will be limited to the standard single room rate plus applicable taxes. Travelers are expected to seek standard, reasonable lodging accommodations that are convenient, comfortable, and meet the university business needs. When attending a conference, employees are expected to take advantage of conference negotiated rates when it is economical. Travelers are strongly encouraged to request state, government, or corporate rates. Lodging rates set by federal regulations will be used as a guide in determining whether a cost is reasonable. These rates are reviewed and amended periodically and are available on the GSA website.
When accompanied by a person or persons not traveling on University-related business, reimbursement of 90 percent of the charge will be made unless documentation of the single room rate is provided. Acceptable documentation includes an original room schedule provided by the conference or hotel that indicates the single room rate or a statement from hotel management on the hotel's business stationery indicating the single room rate.
Staff staying with friends or relatives will not be reimbursed for lodging.
In-room movies, athletic facility use, laundry, dry cleaning, pressing, and other personal items are not reimbursable. Room tips may be reimbursed based on a reasonable rate (not to exceed $2 to $5 per night).
The traveler should enter itemized hotel charges by date in the column provided for this purpose and attach the zero balance, itemized hotel folio with the Travel Expense Voucher.
Employees Sharing a Room
Employees who share a room and split the cost should obtain separate receipts from the hotel will submit separate TEV's for their portion of the room. For instructions on how to submit a TEV within ProTrav please visit the OBO website-ProTrav Travel Manual. If one person pays for the room, the employee paying for the lodging should submit a TEV for the entire cost of the room and split out the expense to the other traveler on the Voucher Editor Screen within ProTrav. Specific instructions on splitting a trip expense in ProTrav can be found in the ProTrav Travel Training manual found on the OBO website.
Under the Code of Iowa Section 18.75 paragraph 8, the University of Northern Iowa is required to report annually to the State of Iowa the names of all State employees who traveled for the previous fiscal year.
The traveler must be in travel status during the following time frames to qualify for individual meal reimbursements. Travel status is defined as the time the traveler leaves his or her home or office until the time the traveler returns to his or her home or office.
Must Leave Prior to
Must Continue Past
6:00 am
8:00 am
11:00 am
1:00 pm
5:30 pm
7:30 pm
- If guest meals are included, the guest(s) must be named, the time and place of the meals must be listed, and the business purpose of entertaining the guest stated. An itemized receipt is required any time an employee pays for another individual's meal.
- Meal costs reimbursed to faculty and staff for non-overnight trips will be subject to payroll withholding and reported as taxable income in accordance with Internal Revenue Service regulations.
- State policy does not permit reimbursement for alcoholic beverages.
- Banquet meals included with conference, but paid separately may be reimbursed above these limits with appropriate documentation (a copy of the conference brochure or the banquet ticket.)
- Reimbursement will not be made for meals included with airfares or conference fees.
- For partial days of travel, the actual amount for each meal will be reimbursed, up to the prorated per diem (prorated based on 20% breakfast, 30% lunch, and 50% dinner rates).
- For a whole day of travel, the total amount for each day applies and allows individual meal flexibility.
- Receipts are not required for meals.
- The traveler should itemize meal costs (including tips) by day, showing the cost of each meal in the space provided for this purpose. (Rates available on the GSA website)
- Business meals incurred while in travel status should be consistent with Policy 13.07, Entertainment of University Guests.
- Individual UNI academic and administrative units may reimburse at rates lower than those established by the U.S. Department of State or not at all so long as written notice is provided to the traveler before they incur the expenses. Written notice may be by a printed document, a web page, or an email.
|In State
|Out of State
|Refer to GSA Website
|Refer to GSA Website
|Refer to GSA Website
|Daily Total
|Refer to GSA Website
Miscellaneous Reimbursement
Allowable charges including reasonable tipping should be noted in miscellaneous column (meal tips should be included with the total cost of the meal and not requested separately). Tips should not exceed more than 20%. The traveler should itemize each charge by date and explain the charge in the description field.
Telephone, Internet, or Data
Itemize University-related business calls, Internet or data fees by date.
Baggage Handling and University Storage Expenses
Baggage handling and University property storage expenses are reimbursable with an appropriate justification and itemization by date. Baggage fee's when traveling are reimbursable without a receipt if less than $75, anything above this amount requires an itemized receipt.
Charges Not Allowed
Charges that are not reimbursable include but are not limited to: personal insurance, airline/trip insurance, personal phone calls, baggage insurance, laundry, entertainment, valet, alcohol, airline club memberships, extended leg room accommodations on airlines, and airline seat upgrade or selection (unless required by airline). Exceptions to any items on this list would need to be justified and approved by the Assistant Director of Business Operations.
Travel and Lodging Discount Programs
University employees may participate in certain travel and lodging discounts extended to the university, but to do so means that the traveler is subject to the understanding that any rebates and/or other concessions are the property of the University.
International Travel
The U.S. Department of State provides guidance for reimbursement rates for meals and lodging. Travelers will be expected to follow these guidelines unless university departments or granting agency regulations are more restrictive. Individual UNI academic and administrative units may reimburse at rates lower than those established by the U.S. Department of State or not at all so long as written notice is provided to the traveler before they incur the expenses. Written notice may be by a printed document, a web page, or an email. The maximum travel per diem allowances for foreign areas is listed on the U.S. Department of State website. Per diem allowances should be identified for the month travel was incurred
If a traveler requires paid lodging, she/he may claim the full lodging per diem (unless a lower amount or no amount is established by their unit as described above) for that city. A receipt is required showing a zero balance due. The actual cost to the traveler need not be calculated. If a traveler does not require paid lodging, no lodging per diem is allowed.
According to the Internal Revenue Service, lodging for the entire trip must be at per diem rates or actual cost. Selected days cannot be at actual cost while others are at per diem rates. Some federal agencies restrict reimbursements for lodging to the lesser of actual or per diem rates.
For partial days of travel, the per diem (or lower approved amount) will be prorated based on the percent of time the traveler was in travel status for that day.
The traveler may be reimbursed at up to 150 percent of the per diem rate approved by the U.S. Department of State when requested in advance of travel, justified, and approved by the appropriate University officials. Exceptions to advance approval may be considered and authorized only after careful review and consideration of any unanticipated costs. The traveler must provide an explanation of the extenuating circumstances and original receipts supporting all lodging and meal expenditures. Reimbursements in excess of the U.S. Department of State rates will not be approved if prohibited by granting agency regulations.
When using per diem rates for lodging, the actual city name must be shown for each day on the TEV. The meal per diem (if allowed) will be prorated for meals not purchased, i.e. provided as part of conference.
A traveler may claim a meal per diem (unless a lower amount or no amount is established by their unit as described above), even though he or she does not claim lodging.
Passport and visa charges are reimbursable with itemized receipts.
The TEV must be completed in U.S. currency by date and item showing the rate of exchange used for conversion. Rates of exchange may be obtained from the website OANDA.com or a local financial institution. Receipts for currency conversion transactions, if available, should be attached to the TEV. The exchange rate and source must be referenced on the voucher.
Federal grant regulations normally require that employees use U.S. flag air carriers for international air transportation.
International travelers need to be aware of federal export control regulations which restrict the export or transfer of information, goods, equipment, technology, related technical data and certain services to foreign countries and nationals in order to protect national security and the domestic economy. For additional information please visit: www.uni.edu/rsp/export-control-travel-handout
Persons Other than Faculty and Staff
Persons, other than faculty and staff, traveling on university business are subject to the same guidelines as faculty and staff. Meals will be reimbursed up to the above stated maximums. Itemized receipts are required for airfare tickets, rental vehicle, train or bus, hotel, registrations, and any other expense of $75.00 or more. Mileage reimbursement for non-UNI employees and students is at the discretion of the account manager within your department, but may not exceed the IRS Business rate.
Additional Resources
3.05 Student Domestic Travel Policy
Relocation Quick Reference Guide
4.77 University of Northern Iowa International Travel Safety Policy
8.01 Equipment Use/University Property
9.46 Cell Phone and Data Access
13.07 Entertainment of University Guests


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Born: 1902 AD
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Categories: Authors, Journalist
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1902 – Born on the 9th of December in Wakefield, Massachusetts.
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Alan just because the guy doesn't court controversy, as opposed to introverted, doesn't mean to say he won't make a good manager. The game is dominated by gobsh*tes. It seems to me when Scholesy gets a job, then he does it to the best of his ability, which is very good.


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Breathing the mountain air in Zermatt
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Shayantani Sarkar has lived across the length and breadth of India, but spent her initial years in Kolkata, the city that influenced her as a person. She works in the IT industry and loves her work. She is passionate about travel and photography and reading Paulo Coelho. She relishes good food and gets high on Latin music. She lives in Bangalore. Discover more of her work at her blog (http://crispcrackerblogs.blogspot.in/)
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Skip to comments.Private sector loans, not Fannie or Freddie, triggered crisis
Posted on 10/11/2008 10:09:12 PM PDT by RushingWater
Federal Reserve Board data show that:
_ More than 84 percent of the subprime mortgages in 2006 were issued by private lending institutions.
_ Private firms made nearly 83 percent of the subprime loans to low- and moderate-income borrowers that year.
_ Only one of the top 25 subprime lenders in 2006 was directly subject to the housing law that's being lambasted by conservative critics.
(Excerpt) Read more at mcclatchydc.com ...
let me guess this was a research done by Anneburg foundation or Columbia, University of Chicago.....Ayers Research group.....
Even if this was true, you think the Dems would have allowed a law to be passed that required someone to have 20 percent down AND actually qualify for the loan. ID, proof of employment, etc.
And if those "private lending institutions" hadn't made those subprime loans- they'd have been successfully sued by Obama for "red-lining".
BS...I jave heard lenders on Talk radio state that Fannie / Freddie were telling them if you don't follow our guidelines good luck with your business
How disintelligent does David Goldstein think Americans are.
He calls this "data"?
This is not Star Trek, but if your want Star Trek David, then let me say this:
There has been a policy link of Utopian dreams that "poh" folk who could not afford houses, between HUD, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, would be accomodated. It was in effect a pyramid selling scheme doomed to failure when housing values fell, and interest rates made ARMs unworkable for those " poh folk." Again, well intentioned Utopianism has screwed the very people they were trying to help, and ruined the economy by doing it.
Our finance system exists to make PROFIT, David! You do not blame them.
And you and other socialists like you have tried to make our lending system dedicated to "Social Action."
It DID NOT WORK.
Banks have NO BUSINESS being involved in so called "Social Action" or affirmative action mortgage lending.
It has nothng to do with your Star Trek Data.
And now these socialist policy makers, including Raines, Acorn and similar Organizations, Obama, Bahwney Fwanks and Chris Dodds, all need a swift ejection into the infamy they deserve.
Take the profit motive away from our financing system?
You won't have any economy, which is what is happening now.
The continuing brain farts of people like David Goldstein are abominable, for they mean to shift blame away from the villains responsible for it.
We have a socialist housing policy that threatens to bankrupt the world economy.
Yes indeedy, it started with Jimmy the Peanut Carter and his Fair Housing Act, and continued to grow uncontrolled so that we have this present situation.
And Fannie and Freddie are STILL issuing subprime mortgages as we speak!
Shame! Its tantamount to treason.
No David, Captain Data, you are not!
Put your electronic glasses on, at least!!!
Then you will get to see the wrath descending upon you and your ilk, from America!!!
You'd better beam yourself up while you still can.
" theyd have been successfully sued by Obama for red-lining.
Like Citibank in 1995
Exactly . Another pile of crap from the hands that feed the machine.
2. The FMs were required to lower their standards for loans they would buy. Subprimes became a nice profitable asset for both the GSEs and for the banks. Without FMs' cooperation, the number of subprimes would have been much much less.
3. No one said that every subprime loan was in default. But having more than 10% in default is enough to bring down any bank, and it did bring down the FMs.
4. The Bee papers are liberal rags and print lies regularly.
I find it IMPOSSIBLE to believe that the 2.5% of US home mortgages that are in default have suddenly caused a worldwide financial crisis. I think there is something much more sinister than that going on here. These loans have been made in California for years. We didn't just wake up a couple of weeks ago to this.
Fannie and Freddie didn't issue the subprime mortgages, they guaranteed and bought them which was the carrot to the stick of the regulators who were pushing banks to make loans to people who couldn't afford them under the CRA.
I live in Sarasota, FL. We have two papers available - I call one the "Socialist" choice and the other the "Communist" choice.
The Socialist choice is the Manatee Herald, owned by the McClatchy group. I used to read it but several years ago when a hot issue casting Dimocratz in a bad light was never even mentioned, and I was in touch with them asking when will you put it in the paper, and they never did, I switched to the Communist choice.
Socialists just act as if some issues don't exist, have never existed and therefore you need not worry about it.
The Commies (The Sarasota Herald Tribune, owned by the NY Slimes) go ahead and include the issues. They lie about the ones they don't agree with. Still, they sort of put the news out there.
The McClatchy group doesn't put the news out.
Not to say that Socialism OR Communism is good, just a little different, one from the other.
"I'm Barack Obuma and I approve of this new story!"
I think OPEC overpriced oil so that it affected the global market. And no one was buying anything, or going anywhere. Business was way down in many sectors. That is what started this whole mess. There are always home foreclosures. That is not new.
No way to prove the markets are being manipulated, let alone who. Yes it is possible. But with ACORN we can pin the tail on the DONKEY. Lets not talk about pissing away the Golden Goose.
to funny.. anyone watching the Tampa vs Boston game....whats up with the bad music? Whatever happened to take me out to the ballgame?
It has been reported that Fannie and Freddie own 70 percent of the mortgages in the USA. Originally they would take mortgages, which met certain criteria, from lenders and package them into securities and sell them to investors. Towards the end of the 1990's, they started accumulating these mortgages and just started selling debt to the markets. I remember when they passed 1 trillion in assets and Freddie passed 700 million. The excuse they gave was that they were simply managing their portfolios to maximize income. In reality they were making loans so toxic that they didn't dare sell them to any investors as they would certainly be guilty of fraud. And yes Virginia, CRA caused many of these loans to be made in the first place.
It wasn't the loans per se. The banks tried to protect themselves against defaults for the lowest cost, and to do that, they bought Credit Default Swaps from companies like AIG.
However, the CDS instruments were never regulated and AIG was not required to have enough capital to cover the policies in case of massive numbers of borrowers defaulting. No one thought that would ever happen.
Eliot Spitzer (the same idiot who had to resign later from the governorship of NY after he was caught with hookers) forced CEO Hank Greenberg out of AIG, and then the company went nuts with these policies.
As you probably know, AIG is being propped up by government loans. No telling if they will face any criminal prosecution.
CDS fraud is apparently in the trillions of dollars because they were written into the accounts as assets. They let the banks and brokerage houses lend even more money on high-return loans. The banks don't have these CDS instruments on their books any more and are very reluctant to loan money to others, because the subprime "assets" are bundled as securities and will have to be unbundled, an extremely laborious process.
Read this article about Joseph Cassano and his infamous credit swaps.
What a mess!
$ ping
the problem is that so many institutions began buying into "derivatives", complex contracts that accompanied mortgage backed securities. These things were so complex but no one cared because at the time of the housing boom they were worth so much. Then many of these properties went way down in value as the housing boom died.
The banks had to write off any asset that couldn't be immediately sold as mark to market accounting rules dictated, and therefore their balance sheets didn't reflect reality
The number of foreclosures are concentrated in about five states: California, Arizona, Florida, North Carolina, and [Nevada?]. I see foreclosures all over the place here in Fresno. It's sad.
Plus, banks have only a few investment opportunities and many of them bought stock in the FMs. The failure of the GSEs wiped out a lot of assets on the banks' books, and now they are overleveraged.
Most of these mortgages were created by sleazy "sub-prime" shops that made really bizarre mortgages, bundled them and sold them to banks, who bought them because no one really cared during the housing boom because everything was going up in value by the day.
The people running these subprime shops were like the housing equivalent of a sleazy used car salesman, and many of them made a quick fortune and closed up shop. They were everywhere a couple years ago.
actually, the author is right on a lot of things. These mortgages were mostly created in "sub-prime" shops-—weird little places that popped up like mushrooms during the housing boom. They were sordid little places that made the loan, bagged the closing costs and then sold these mortgage time bombs to banks as quick as possible.
The lies by these Lefties are outright stunning! Folks, private organizations like banks, savings banks and mortgage companies ORIGINATE mortgage loans. But... over 85% of these loans are sold to Fanny and Freddie.
Where do Fanny and Freddie get the money to buy these loans? They sell bonds to stupid Swiss bankers at UBS (and other banks, too). They sell the bonds to the banks and use the proceeds to buy the crappy mortgages from the mortgage originating banks, savings banks and mortgage companies.
If people are ignorant of the facts, they will believe this story without understanding the truth. IGNORANCE MAY BE BLISS, BUT IT IS ALS FATAL! WAKE UP!!!
well, the fact that banking law was changed and they could spend 40$ for every 1$ they kept as insurance turned out to be not so good for long term stability.
No, the loans were sold, almost before they were written, to Fannie and Freddie and were "encouraged" under threat of legal action in federal courts.
My daughter is a VP for a company in this industry.
She says... If banks make loans that do not meet the Freddy/Fanny criteria, they can not sell the paper.
So this whole mcclatchydc.com thing is BS... (that's not her speaking - It's me)
The people running these subprime shops were like the housing equivalent of a sleazy used car salesman, and many of them made a quick fortune and closed up shop. They were everywhere a couple years ago."
Spot on. But, you missed one step. The mortgage loan originators sold the mortgage loans to Freddie and Fanny and made an origination fee. Freddie and Fanny sold bonds to the banks and other investors and used the proceeds from the bond sale to buy the mortgages from the originators. Thus, Freddie and Fanny hold over 85% of the originated loans. This story is a lie and intended to deceive people who don;t understand how the mortgage market works. DON'T BE FOOLED!
Fannie & Freddie guaranteed these loans didn't they? If the banks didn't make these sub-prime loans they were sued by lawyers like Obama for red-lining.
Spot on! Its the credit swaps. The Fed has already committed more new money than all of the outstanding sub-prime mortgages. If you research the swaps, you'll puke. Greed beyond comprehension from the Wall Street Five! Seems every bank in the world has drunk the Kool-aid and is now stuck with worthless swaps! Like handing our free coke in every drug rehab house in the world.
Wow! How amazingly like this election!
She says... If banks make loans that do not meet the Freddy/Fanny criteria, they can not sell the paper.
So this whole mcclatchydc.com thing is BS... (thats not her speaking - Its me)"
Absolutely correct. Fanny and Freddie buy over 85% of the mortgages originated in this country. Sub-prime and prime. No bank or mortgage company would write a loan unless they could sell it to F or F. If they can't sell it, they are stuck with it "in the vault." The originators won't take that risk. So they only write loans they can sell.
This story is a pack of lies designed to mislead ignorant people and get them to vote for the Messiah! IGNORANCE IS NOT FREE!
What I understand is this:
These mortgages were bundled with other mortgages so there were maybe some bad along with good ones, and this was then sold as a package to someone like Lehman, etc. who resold them to clients. Then, trying to assuage any worry the client might have, Lehman (or whoever) sold what was basically insurance to the client guaranteeing the safety of the package. This insurance was a self-insurance by the banker. So it became a double whammy when the securities started not being worth what everyone thought.
The other problem was that since these were bundled, no one could tell exactly where the rot was so the whole package became unwanted and therefore worth very little.
This is basically what I learned from reading about what 60 minutes had to say about this last week.
"Fannie & Freddie guaranteed these loans didn't they? "
Freddie and Fannie actually buy these loans from the originators (not guarantee them). And Freddie and Fanny sell bonds to Swiss and other dumb bankers (all of whom were seen whining in Washington earlier today) to raise money to buy these loans.
Call it what you will. Fannie and Freddie got left holding wothless paper in their portfolio until it buried them and this was all encouraged by Barney Franks, Chris Dodd and Obama himself. McCain tried to pass a bill in 2005 and the RATS all voted NO. Might have saved us from this present crisis too.
Thanks....for an amateur this has been a learning process.
That's the most mixed metaphors I've ever seen in a single argument! But I agree with you. Too much detail or too many targets obfuscates the situation.
Obama is just another race-baiting opportunist taking advantage of unfair minority-favoring lending laws.
Obama is a puppet and the man behind the curtain is pulling his strings.
65 trillion dollars in outstanding credit default swaps is the reason. THAT figure is big enough to create a worldwide financial crisis.
There's an excellent discussion of this at
http://www.record-bee.com/ci_10683519 "Credit default swaps and those who issued them are to blame for crisis". While Fannie and Freddie played some role, theirs was not the primary cause. Subprime mortgages that were heavily marketed and issued between 2002 and 2006 are the ones that are currently defaulting - the adjustable-rate mortgages that were supposed to allow you to "cash out the equity in your home".
Didn't anyone else here get the pitches, the phone calls, see the endless ads during that period? "Consolidate your high-interest credit cards debts with a home finance loan from BlaBlahBlah!" Low teaser interest rates, or mortgages with payments that were interest-only? These weren't marketed to poor people, but to any American with a smidge of home equity. In the middle of this decade, home prices seem to shoot through the roof. You were called a fool if you didn't take advantage of the "rise in your home equity" with a refinance that was supposed to let you do a remodel (granite kitchen countertops, anyone?), pay down other debts, or just "take that vacation you deserve".
Not all of us took that bait. But plenty did. Their ARM monthly payments with those low interest rates shot through the roof, often tripling or even quadrupling. Those of us who stuck to those boring 30 year fixed-rate mortgages found out our caution paid off. But many, many middle-class Americans simply trying to move up in the world found out that they had to move out, instead.
The fact that the Fed voted in 2004 to let the five major investment banks loan out up to 30 times the value of the underlying aggregated mortgage securities meant that these firms faced bankruptcy if as little as 4% of these mortgages defaulted.
Perhaps all of us here know far more than all the economists in and out of the government and Wall Street, but even Henry Paulson isn't pinning this all on mortgages underwritten by Fannie and Freddie. The fact is that the 5 largest investment banks were allowed to issue billions of dollars in paper based on their good name alone - the fact that they were so big that it was considered that it was impossible for them to fail. And the ARMs that were issued in mid-decade were fiscal timebombs that exploded in the slim mortgage portfolios that the banks used as the ostensible reasons to float all those credit-default swaps to begin with.
As much as we might like to say that it is all Fannie and Freddie and the Dems' fault, that fact is that it was much more the sheer greed of Wall Street that has brought us to this debacle. A defaulted mortgage used to be a tragedy for the homeowner and perhaps the issuing bank. Now it is a tragedy for the entire world, because banks loaned out so much money against the value of the "mortgage-backed securities" - a compilation of mortgages that included the one that went bad along with all the others that were still being paid.
65,000,000,000,000 in outstanding credit default swaps. There is simply no way that this number could be the result of Fannie and Freddie alone. The bulk of defaulted mortgages weren't even insured by those two corporations. This horrorshow is simply too big to be their fault.
Great link. Thanks
CDS fraud is apparently in the trillions of dollars because they were written into the accounts as assets.
Just to add, that because they were treated as assets on the books, it allowed the institutions (like AIG or any SIV funds) to compound overall leverage on these "assets" even further, to inflate their profitability. As you pointed out, no thought was given to the [fixed] liabilities on the balance sheet, as long as the [real estate] assets kept inflating. In many ways they were not that different from many "flippers" who bought the homes at ridiculous prices only to sell it to the "greater fool".
Maurice "Hank" Greenberg himself lost over $6B just since May in the collapse of company he spent 35 years building, and he was not even in a position to know the real damage caused to AIG by new management in the 3 years of his absence, forced out by Spitzer's vindictive corporate blackmail of public financial firms. By the time he unsuccessfully tried to retake control and management of the company, the damage was already done and it was already too late to save the company, let alone the market.
I may have missed something. I do not remember reading that these two GSE's operated an insurance department.
What am I missing?
My bad. I should have used the word "securitized", rather than "insured."
No more posting at 3 AM. Thanks for reading, at least.
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FCKeditor (retired)410 weekly downloads
Rico - Rich Ajax Framework
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This is the website of The ACM chapter in Lebanon.In this website we intend to use ASP.net, MySQL, Flash, and other softwares.The website will be the link between the ACM's chapter members in lebanon trying to facilitate communication between students.
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Values-based Document Analysis: I want to take some rudimentary Document Analysis work that I have done and make it more sophisticated and to use it to analyze (at least) all of the docuemnts of the web for (human) values priorities. The project woul
ETS will be a system where you will make your computer talk to you. By entering specific sequences of characters from different source files, you will be able to give your computer a sense of the world and discuss about the world with your computer.


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TRichView News
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Definition of sensei in English:
noun (plural same)
(In martial arts) a teacher: [as title]: Sensei Ritchie began work
More example sentences
- In terms of a martial art, a sensei is the one with more experience who can guide you along the path.
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- However his Judo sensei appreciated his talent and persuaded his father to allow him to pursue Judo as a career.
Japanese, from sen 'previous' + sei 'birth'.
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The Bluest Eye
by Toni Morrison
Challenges & Opportunities
Available to teachers only as part of the Teaching The Bluest Eye Teacher Pass
Teaching The Bluest Eye Teacher Pass includes:
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Sample of Challenges & Opportunities
The most glaring challenge posed by The Bluest Eye is undoubtedly its graphic and disturbing sexual subject matter. The novel culminates in Pecola's rape at the hands of her father, Cholly. It also reaches back to deal with Cholly's impotence after being humiliated and emasculated as a young man when he tries to lose his virginity. Other sexual scenes and dialogue abound. These scenes are likely to cause discomfort and this is surely the point.
The key to turning this challenging material into a learning opportunity is to probe Morrison's purpose in depicting such disturbing scenarios. In the final paragraph of the novel, Claudia, the narrator, writes of part of Pecola being "assassinated." Pecola's rape functions as the most vivid enactment of Morrison's depiction of the assassination of a childhood. Likewise, students can be challenged to ask what might drive a man like Cholly to commit such a vile, horrific act upon his own daughter. Trying to understand – to "take refuge in how" as Claudia says – rather than just recoil from these disturbing events is what reading The Bluest Eye is all about.


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I've had this blog for about a year, running the Graphene theme, and have never messed with the css coding directly--just used the regular Appearance options to change things around.
So now I need to make some changes to the colors of the tabs and such, so I learned about child themes. I uninstalled Graphene and put my blog on twentyeleven, then reinstalled Graphene and made a child theme for it--it looks like this:
I have tried deleting and reinstalling again, including with other themes, and every time I preview the child theme, everything is messed up, no matter what theme/child theme I try.
I'm discouraged and could use some help.


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House of Troy SL21-71
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text: Two particles of masses 7.6 kg and 4 kg and charges 6.7 μC and-9.3 μC respectively. They are held at some unknown distanceapart from each other. The first particle (the one with charge 6.7μC) feels and electrostatic force of magnitude 6.29 X10-3 N due to the second one. How far apart are the twoparticles from one another?


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Hi there!
Greate Plugin!!
I have a quick question. In the xhtmlxtras button, I can put a title atributte to a selected text. If I put it the button adds this code:

Is there any way to add span in order to add a css style from my css file?
The final result would be:

I do not know where I can add "span"
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wendle10 replied to wendle10's topic in Ford KA / StreetKA ClubThanks for your replies guys. I tried the bonnet switch 1st. I checked it with an electrical tester & also disconnected it but the same happens. It sounds like the siren is mounted somewhere near the rear underneath the car. I shall have to have a look when the weathers brighter. If all fails i might just beat it with a hammer until it wails no more!
wendle10 posted a topic in Ford KA / StreetKA ClubHi guys, I was wondering if anyone could help with a problem we have on my partners Sport Ka. The other morning at 4am the alarm kept going off. We just opened & locked it thinking a cat must have jumped on it etc. But when my partner cam home from work that day, every time she locked it the alarm went off. I've checked the bonnet switch, the two door contacts & also the boot catch. All seem to be in working order. At present we've just taken the fuse out so as not to get on the wrong side of our neighbours. Does anyone have any ideas why it would suddenly do this? Regards, Lee


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Tuesday driving to work I saw the most horrifying thing I'd ever seen for a split second.
Taking U.S. 127 South and making the curve just past Trowbridge and over Mount Hope, I saw something up ahead that literally made my heart stop. It looked like a toddler got hit by a car, bounced up in the air over another car, back down in front of the car in front of me. Just as the thought of slamming on my brakes entered my head, I realized it wasn't a child. It was a "Dora the Explorer" helium balloon. I'm sure every driver had a freak-out moment until they realized what it actually was. I didn't breathe until Jolly Road.
Roll up the window next time, kid.


text:
Primary Care Doctor, Family Practitioner
2495 Shreveport Hwy
Pineville, LA 71360 Phone number & directions
Pineville, LA 71360 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
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Dr. Uzvaltha Ganji practices Family Medicine near Pineville, LA.
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text: Posted April 30, 2013 If he did, he prefaced it by describing Brown as one of the most dominant players in FSU history. who was that PTSD riddled nanceusmc or whatever who called pat white a future hall of famed I don't think that happened either. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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NEW PALTZ — A memo, a highly charged political issue, some long-standing political hostilities. All of these ingredients combined on Tuesday to produce a lot of heat but very little light surrounding the increasingly contentious issue of New Paltz town-village consolidation.
The memo in question was written by a consultant, hired by both boards to shepherd home-rule legislation in Albany.
The memo describes the consultant's conversations with potential state Senate and Assembly sponsors of the home rule legislation that would be necessary to enable the merger to proceed to a public referendum.
The memo was addressed to both boards, but released publicly over the weekend by Mayor Jason West, a consolidation opponent.
While the memo said state Sen. John Bonacic, R-C-Mount Hope, appeared willing to sponsor the legislation needed in his chamber, there was "concern" expressed by the consultant, that a staffer working for Assemblyman Kevin Cahill D-Kingston had apparently spoken only to West and consolidation opponent and village resident KT Tobin.
New Paltz Supervisor Susan Zimet said Tuesday she was angered that no one in Cahill's office had consulted with her or any other Town or Village board members.
She was especially upset that West had been consulted, since she accused him of attending only half of the past 10 joint village-town board meetings.
West did not return a request for comment.
Cahill said Zimet's accusation was "utterly untrue"; that he spoke with West and that his only contact with Tobin were several text messages sent by her asking for an appointment to speak with him about the legislation.
"This is yet another example of Susan Zimet stirring up problems where they don't exist," Cahill said.
It was left to town Councilwoman Kitty Brown to pour oil on troubled political waters following a conversation with Cahill, who she said she has known for 35 years.
After "stormy" initial words with Cahill, she said she understood that he's "weary of all these Band-Aid solutions (on the merger issue)" and that he hasn't made up his mind about co-sponsoring the legislation.
"He does understand that it is a remedy to correct a stupid omission in the existing legislation," Brown said.
As for that day's exchanges, accusations and counterexchanges, she said, "It takes so long to undo the spirals of misinformation."
Location, ST | website.com


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As a new business start-up you will have many issues that need careful planning and implementation. Matters such as your business entity, government regulations, required licenses, liability, intellectual property protection, and contract formation all need to be addressed.
If you decide that forming a corporation is the right choice for your business, you will need to fulfill additional requirements like choosing a corporation type and name, preparing corporation bylaws, creating shareholder agreements, appointing directors, issuing stock, and more.
While operating your business, legal matters may arise that require immediate attention. It is important to have a plan in place to resolve legal issues such as business and contract disputes, employee disputes, liability claims, and collections before they become serious problems.


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I think the topic title pretty much says it! I went to exclude an ip address today, and it reset my counter, and unfortunately,I had no idea what it had been at! I also noticed that the counter is now showing in two spots, which I find less aesthetically pleasing.
Here is my site if it's needed: http://chemicalsareyourfriends.com/


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WISCONSIN RAPIDS, Wis. — County officials in central and northern Wisconsin say they are experiencing a shortage of psychiatrists, particularly those who serve children.
WISCONSIN RAPIDS, Wis. — County officials in central and northern Wisconsin say they are experiencing a shortage of psychiatrists, particularly those who serve children.The Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune reported Sunday that in Portage County, families are finding long waiting lists, or have to go to other parts of the state for treatment."We have our families going to Appleton, or all the way to Madison, just to find adolescent psychiatrists," said Raymond Przybelski, Portage County Health and Human Services director.Officials are working with medical schools to try to bring psychiatrists to the area, Przybelski said.Katy Roetter, the Wood County Human Services director, said part of the problem is that medical students are finding other specialties more appealing.In Wood County, officials are using teleconferencing for children who need to talk to a doctor. In that scenario, a child sits in a room with video equipment and a nurse and talks to a psychiatrist who is in Madison. Although it can be challenging, children do well with the system, Roetter said.Officials are considering expanding that option to elderly patients, Roetter said.Some general practitioners are comfortable with handling psychiatric medications and are filling part of the gap, Roetter said.While psychiatrists deal with medications and interactions with the human body, psychologists deal with how people reason and solve problems, Roetter said. A group of psychologists in the state is looking at giving interested psychologists the ability to write prescriptions, which could help fill part of the shortage, Roetter said.
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Location, ST | website.com


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Since 2002 Perimeter Institute has been recording seminars, conference talks, and public outreach events using video cameras installed in our lecture theatres. Perimeter now has 7 formal presentation spaces for its many scientific conferences, seminars, workshops and educational outreach activities, all with advanced audio-visual technical capabilities. Recordings of events in these areas are all available On-Demand from this Video Library and on Perimeter Institute Recorded Seminar Archive (PIRSA). PIRSA is a permanent, free, searchable, and citable archive of recorded seminars from relevant bodies in physics. This resource has been partially modelled after Cornell University's arXiv.org.
Despite over 40 years of research on Bell-type inequalities and the question of non-locality, new technical results that have general foundational relevance can still be obtained. In this talk will present a number of new results that deal with the question of how to discern local, quantum and no-signaling correlations. • 1) I will present a non-trivial no-signaling inequality that discerns no-signaling correlations from general correlations - the first to our knowledge. This inequality has a striking similarity with the CHSH inequality, yet it is crucially different.
Quantum Field Theory I course taught by Volodya Miransky of the University of Western Ontario
We are currently in the throes of a potentially huge paradigm shift in physics. Motivated by recent developments in string theory and the discovery of the so-called \'string landscape\', physicists are beginning to question the uniqueness of fundamental theories of physics and the methods by which such theories might be understsood and investigated. In this colloquium, I will give a non-technical introduction to the nature of this paradigm shift and how it developed.
The efficient computation of scattering amplitudes in quantum field theory has many important applications, ranging from the computation of QCD backgrounds at the LHC to the study of the perturbative finiteness of N=8 supergravity. \'On-shell methods\' are a crucial ingredient in the computation of gauge theory and gravity amplitudes because they are far more efficient than traditional Feynman diagram techniques. I give an introduction to the basic concepts used in this field.
I discuss our recent investigations into 2+1 dim Chern-Simons theories with gravity duals that have reduced supersymmetry. Many new phenomena such as fractional statistics arise in 2+1 dim field theory that make this duality interesting and subtle. I focus on our work involving an example of such a duality with minimal supersymmetry and propose a field theoretic dual for a long known vacuum of gauged supergravity on AdS_4.
Quantum Field Theory I course taught by Volodya Miransky of the University of Western Ontario
One of the most challenging problems in theoretical physics today is the so called cosmological constant problem. While current observations are consistent with the prediction of GR with an unexplainable tiny cosmological constant, it remains possible that it\'s the deviation of the law of gravity at large distance from Einstein\'s theory that resolves the puzzle. In this talk, I will briefly review some of the theoretical attempts we made along this line, in particular, the so called \'classically constrained gravity\' and its implications in quantum cosmology.
WMAP measurements of CMB temperature anisotropies reveal a power asymmetry: the average amplitude of temperature fluctuations in one hemisphere is larger than the average amplitude in the opposite hemisphere at the 99% confidence level. This power asymmetry may be generated during inflation by a large-amplitude superhorizon perturbation that causes the mean energy density to vary across the observable Universe.
Check back for details on the next lecture in Perimeter's Public Lectures Series


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Fortunately, it isn't difficult to get great results from flash, and in this course, photographer, author, and teacher Ben Long details the concepts and techniques behind effective lighting with flash. Ben starts with fundamentals that build on exposure principles taught in other installments of Foundations of Photography—simple techniques that improve the results from a camera's built-in flash. He then focuses on fill flash techniques and on using flash as a key light. The course also explores topics ranging from bouncing and syncing flash to shooting with one or more off-camera flash units.
- How flash works
- Balancing ambient light and flash
- Understanding flash ranges and modes
- When to use fill flash
- Using an external flash
- Bouncing flash to improve light
- Building up multiple flash images
- Purchasing a flash
Skill Level Appropriate for all
We've talked a lot about how your camera and your flash work together to measure the light in your scene to determine how much additional flash light needs to be added to the picture. Now this is separate from the metering that's done to determine settings for the ambient exposure. If you've shot at all with an external flash or a built-in flash, then you probably already decided that, very often, all of that work that your camera and flash does is for naught, because it screws it up, and it puts probably too much light in the scene, or maybe not enough. Usually, I find that flashes are a little too over-eager, and things end up too bright.
A big part of your flash shooting experience is going to be taking a test shot, and then adjusting the flash to get the power right. You saw this earlier also that when working on a flash scene, we work with camera exposure to get the ambient light set where we want it to be, and we work with the power of our additional light to get our additional light where we want it to be. We haven't yet talked about how to do that, and we're going to do it now. It's a feature called flash exposure compensation. This is just one way that you can alter how much flash goes into a scene.
The other three ways are of course, flash position, aperture, and ISO. So, I've got a little still life here. I'm going to take a flash picture of it. I'm just turning my flash on, turning my camera on. Those are two critical steps there. To keep this easy, I've got the camera in program mode. My flash is set for ETTL mode. In other words, I'm in an almost fully automatic paradigm here. Camera is just going to do all the work for me and all I have to do is sit back and frame a shot and point it and we'll see what we get here.
want to make sure my ISO is at 100, which it is. Now, I haven't done that for any reason other than lower ISOs produce less noise. Because I'm working with a flash, I know that I'm going to have enough light. There is no reason to increase my ISO so I might as well go for the lowest noise possible. There will be times, depending on what you want in terms of your ambient exposure, where you will want to increase ISO. But here I'm just going to shoot at 100. So I'm framing up a simple shot here. Now, you can probably hear that sound, that's the flash head zooming as I zoom the lens.
So it's automatically trying to make sure that it, the flash spread is what it should be. I have pressed my shutter button, and I get a meter reading of a 60th of a second at F4. Now I'm in program mode, the shutter speed will not go below a 60th of a second; that's to ensure good handheld stability. If I was in a different mode, I might be able to control the shutter speed or I might see a different one. But in program mode, I'm not going to see it drop below that. And it's decided that F4 is where it needs to be to get the ambient exposure that it wants. And I'm just going to take my picture. And the flash fires and here's what I get.
It's actually not too far off. The flash has done a pretty decent job. Lets take a look though at what we've got. First thing you do when you evaluate a flash picture is remember that you've got two different exposures. There's the ambient exposure, that's the light in your background, and there's your flash exposure. The background is pretty dark. I'm okay with that. I like that. Our background here is just this pure white cyclorama. I like it a little bit dimmer. So I'm not going to worry about my ambient exposure. I'm going to leave it there. The flash stuff, though, looks a little hot. These white canvases over here are going out a little bit.
There's a little, the highlighting in here is just a little bit too strong. It looks like a flash picture. I would like the light to be a little more subtle. So I'm going to turn to my flash exposure compensation control. There are two ways, possibly, on your camera of adjusting flash exposure compensation. I'm working with a Canon 7D here. Most Canon SLRs are going to work this way, and a lot of other SLRs are going to work like what, what you'll see here. We'll discuss some other options in a minute. I'm going to adjust flash exposure compensation using the flash itself.
Now you should already be familiar with exposure compensation on your camera. That's what lets you dial exposure up or down to get your normal ambient exposures brighter or darker. Same thing here. I can press this button here. And I get a flash exposure compensation icon that's flashing, and it right now says plus zero, so I have no compensation dialed in at all. I had decided that my flash exposure was too bright, so I would like less flash in my picture. So I'm just going to dial this down, and just like your regular exposure compensation, it's measured in stops, so when I see here minus one third, that means it's going to cut the flash power by one third of a stop minus, oh, it keeps timing out here.
Minus two thirds, or, minus one, this will go all the way down, I believe, to minus three. I'm going to put it at minus one stop, so that's going to put out one stop less flash power than it did before. You saw a conceptual example of this in a previous movie where we had a spotlight shining on me and we just turned the power of the spotlight down. That's all we're doing here. My ambient exposure is going to stay the same, so my background will probably, mostly look the same by the time I'm done here. So, I'm framing up the same shot, metering, it still says a 60th of a second at F4, because again, my meter is just about the ambient light in the scene.
And I take my shot, and that's looking a little better. It's definitely darker. It definitely looks less like a flash picture, I'm getting less glare off the table, which is a good thing, but I think it might be a little too dark. If I look at the histogram of both of these images, I, I definitely have lost a lot of light. And where I'm worried about here is over on the left side, this area is getting just a little bit too dark. I think minus one stop was maybe too much exposure compensation. So, I am just going dial my exposure compensation from minus one stop up to minus two thirds.
So minus two thirds is actually brighter light than minus one stop. So this is going to put a little more flash light back into my picture. I am going to frame up my shot here again. Focus, meter, take the shot. And there we go. So I like this a little bit better. It's a little bit brighter. It's not so bright that it looks like a flash picture. Now, I can go the other direction also. Watch what happens if I come in here and dial up. Let's just do the exact opposite of what we did earlier. I'll go plus one stop. That's going to add one stop of flash power.
And now things are much, much brighter. Definitely too bright. But as you can see I have increased flash power by a stop simply by dialing in my flash exposure compensation. Now as I've done that, I've possibly lightened up the background also because more flash power is going to have more range. So you need to be thinking about, I keep talking about these separate exposures, the ambient exposure, the flash exposure. But there are times where depending how strong your flash is, it's going to spill into other parts of your scene and affect your ambient light. It's not affecting it so much that I am worried about it, it's not a problem here.
But sometimes that kind of spill between the exposures can be an issue. Now I am adjusting exposure compensation here by doing it on the flash. I can also, in this case, control flash exposure compensation from the camera. I'm going to set this back down to zero. And if your camera offers flash exposure compensation onboard the camera body, you might find that that's an easier way to dial in flash exposure compensation. On a Canon camera, I just press my flash exposure compensation button, which has the same icon that it does on the flash, and then I can just turn a knob down here, and it will update flash exposure compensation.
If you look in your manual, you'll maybe learn some interesting things about the interaction between flash exposure compensation between the camera and the flash. In the case of a Cannon camera, or at least this Cannon camera, I cannot use this control if this control is set to anything other than zero. In other words if I had any flash exposure compensation dialed into the flash, my on-camera flash exposure compensation control won't work. If I dial in down here, say, minus one stop of the flash exposure compensation. And I have zero up here, then I'll get my minus one stop.
If I now come in here and dial in say minus one third stop, that now overides this. They do not stack. They're not cumulative. I've got minus one dialed in here. And minus one third dialed in here. My picture will be minus one third. The flash always overrides what's on the body. Your camera maybe completely different. You just gotta check your manual. I looked in the index for the Canon manual under flash exposure compensation, and there was a little note that explained it all very clearly in just a couple of sentences. This is a critical feature. We are going to be doing most of our flash balancing work with flash exposure compensation through the rest of the course.
It's where we will spend most of your time manipulating flash. You've seen my process here. This is a great thing about digital. I can just explore. I can take a shot, I can review it. I can look at my histogram. If I've got too much flash power, I can dial it up and down with flash exposure compensation. Now, normally, I might also be worried about my ambient exposure, and manipulating that separately, as we've seen. But in this case, my ambient exposure looked, fine. So before we go on, go to your camera, find the flash exposure compensation control, learn how to use it.
If you're working with an external flash, try to look up in your manual the balance of the controls. Whether external flash overrides internal when, speaking of flash exposure compensation controls. Again this is a critical tool so you need to know how to use it before we move on.


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Jomsom muktinath trekking info
Jomsom muktinath trek combine with beautiful village known as Kagbeni. Jomsom muktinath trek is one of the famous trekking trail in Annapurna region, where you will enjoy with different superb views of Dhaulagiri Himalayan range and Annapurna Himalayan range, different type of mammals such as white monkey (common languor), mountain Thar, jackals, leopards, different types of birds as well as mixed culture such as Bramin, Chhetri, Gurung, Magars, Thakalies etc. Beautiful landscape, wonderful Himalayan scenery, wide Kali Gandaki valley, pilgrimage trekking/ tour for both Hindu and Budhist in Annapurna Himalayan range are the another attraction of Jomsom muktinath trek.
Jomsom muktinath Kagbeni treks commences with a 30 minute early morning flight from pokhara to Jomsom, "the major trading center in lower Mustang". From Jomsom, we head north to Kagbeni along the river side way of Kali Gandaki valley, an ancient fortress settlement on the boarder of upper mustang. Kagbeni has many interesting aspects and its ways of life have changed little although some rather inappropriate concrete lodges which have been built over the last few years hardly compliment what is otherwise a lovely little place. The following day is a four hours hiking through arid country up to the "Muktinath temple". The terrain here gradually gives way to the Tibetan plateau providing some fascinating rock formations on route. Rather than spending overnight at Muktinath (which over the years has become bland) we retrace our steps for an hours then we reach Kagbeni again. Kagbeni is the beautiful village surrounding by hills. As it is one of the most beautiful village in mountain, we never tired to spend couple of days here if you still have enough time.
Here are the some fact of Jomsom muktinath trek:
Jomsom muktinath trek best season: Spring , March to May / autumn, September to November, Jomsom muktinath trek duration: 10, 12, and 15 days, Jomsom muktinath trek style: Tea House / Camping, Jomsom muktinath trek grade: Easy, Jomsom muktinath trek group size: Min-2, Jomsom muktinath trek attractions: Kathmandu, Jomsom, Muktinath, Ghorepani, Poon Hill, Pokhara etc, Jomsom muktinath trek highest access: 3800m, Jomsom muktinath trek activities: Trekking and sightseeing, Jomsom muktinath trek destination: Jomsom, Muktinath, Ghorepani, poon hill, Jomsom muktinath trek start from: Nayapul or Jomsom, Jomsom muktinath trek end at: Pokhara
The beautiful Monetary is the another main attraction for traveler. Kagbeni is the entry point for upper mustang trekking is well. From Kagbeni, we trek for Marpha on the third day. Marpha is small village surrounding by hills. It known as capital of Nepal for growing Apple. The group of local community make apple brandy themselves. It is nice to see how to make apple brandy in Mountain then again trek back to Jomsom. As a whole, Jomsom muktinath kagbeni trek is very easy (easiest) trek in Nepal. Those people, who love nature but not able to do any difficult trek, can suitable this trek. The itinerary is flexible, if mention above itinerary is not suitable then we can make as it as your advice.
|Day 01 :
|Welcome to Nepal, upon your arrival in Nepal our representative welcome and assists to transfer hotel in Kathmandu.
|Day 02 :
|Kathmandu Valley city tours and preparation for Jomsom trek.
|Day 03 :
|Drive / Flight from Kathmandu to Pokhara (820 m).
|Day 04 :
|Flight from Pokhara to Jomsom then trek to Kagbeni (2800m).
|Day 05 :
|Trek from Kagbeni to Muktinath (3760m)
|Day 06 :
|Trek from Muktinath to Marpha (2670m).
|Day 07 :
|Trek from Marpha to Ghasa (2010m).
|Day 08 :
|Trek from Ghsas to Tatopani (1,190m).
|Day 09 :
|Trek from Tatopani to Ghorepani (2,860m).
|Day 10 :
|Hiking to Poon hill 3210m. then trek to Tadapani (2630m)
|Day 11 :
|Trek from Tadapani to Landrunk (1565m)
|Day 12 :
|Trek from Landrunk to Pothana (1890m)
|Day 13 :
|Trek from Pothana to Phedi (1130m) then drive to Pokhara (820m)
|Day 14 :
|Drive/flight from Pokhara to Kathmandu, evening farewell dinner.
|Day 15 :
|After this amazing Jomsom Muktinath trek if you are interested for other activities like Safari, Rafting, Biking, Tours, Peak climbing or more trekking in other region we organize trip according to your desire. If you decide to leave Nepal we will transfer to airport for your onward destination.
|Deluxe Hotel at Kathmandu and Pokhara with bed and breakfast.
|Full day guided sightseeing tour in Kathmandu.
|An experienced English speaking guide trained by government of Nepal.
|Highly experienced trekking staffs.
|Staffs food, clothing, salary, insurance, equipment, flight etc.
|All necessary grounded transportation by comfortable vehicles.
|All governmental procedure permits fees and local taxes.
|Travel and Rescue arrangements.
|Down jacket, sleeping bag, duffel bag, medical kit etc.
|All meals and accommodation during trekking period.
|Welcome & farewell dinner at typical Nepali restaurant.
|Visa fees/ international airfare to and from Kathmandu.
|Meal in Kathmandu and Pokhara (Lunch & Dinner)
|Travel and Rescue insurance
|Personal trekking equipments/ gears.
|Personal expenses (Phone calls, Laundry, Bar bill, Extra porters cost, Dessert, Chocolates, Camera battery charges).
|Tips for Guide Porter and other staff.
|All others expenses not mentioned on price includes section.
Scenic mountain flight from Pokhara to Jomsom & josmsom to Pokhara, Gorgeous Kalaigandaki valley, Dhaulagiri ice fall, Monasteries, Mustang eco museum, Great Himalayan panorama, majority of Thakali people.