text:
Jets coach Rex Ryan is still standing behind Mark Sanchez following his latest dismal performance in Sunday's loss.
Teddy Bridgewater completed 12-of-16 passes for 161 yards and a touchdown in the Vikings' third preseason game.
Colts signed RB Stevan Ridley.
Chiefs holdout S Eric Berry reported to the team's facility on Sunday.
Falcons signed SS Dashon Goldson, formerly of the Redskins, to a one-year contract.
Jared Goff suffered a bruised tailbone in Saturday's preseason game.
Raiders coach Jack Del Rio insisted Latavius Murray's reduced playing time in the third preseason game was not indicative of Murray's starting job coming into question.
After Delanie Walker left the Titans' third preseason game due to "not feeling right," coach Mike Mularkey assured that Walker is "fine."
Brandon Marshall was held out of the Jets' third preseason game due to a "sore hip."
DeAndre Washington rushed eight times for 55 yards and caught a six-yard touchdown in the Raiders' third preseason game.
Ravens coach John Harbaugh said Saturday night he believes Kenneth Dixon's knee injury is "not overly serious."
Colts UDFA RB Josh Robinson managed four yards on five carries but caught 3-of-4 targets for 28 yards in the third preseason game.


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RowDayton - Home of the Dayton Boat Club (DBC)
The region's most successful high school rowing program!
DBC Programs
Adults (21 and up)
Adult Learn-to-Row (September 16th - 18th)
u23 (18 yrs - 23 yrs)
Juniors (13 yrs - 18 yrs)
DBC Brochure | Our History | Testimonials
Accomplishments | Contact Us | Donate to DBC USRowing | Rowing 101 | Just Crew It | Spirit Wear
The Boathouse (where we practice) |
River Conditions
Watch Us ROW! Help Us gROW!
Coming Attraction
Artist rendering of the future DBC boathouse.
DBC Mission Statement
Our mission is to develop the sport of competitive rowing in Dayton. We provide organized programs for juniors and masters rowing, and we have cultivated a relationship with the University of Dayton rowing programs. We provide a cohesive organization that accommodates different types of members, including men, women, and high-school students of all expertise levels, within the context of a single unified club. Our club culture encourages members to treat each other with respect, to make safety and enjoyable achievement our highest goals, and to understand and care for our common equipment and facilities. We pride ourselves on our high retention rate and our excellent competitive results. Our top goals: retaining athletes and properly preparing them for life long enjoyment of the sport.
Dayton Regional Rowing
Dayton Regional Rowing, the nation's only Community Olympic Development Program for rowing, is a partnership between USRowing, Five Rivers MetroParks, the Dayton Boat Club and Greater Dayton Rowing Association. The United States Olympic Committee-designated Dayton Regional Rowing provides athletes new opportunities and enhances the Dayton region's outdoor recreation offerings.
The mission of Dayton Regional Rowing is to provide lifelong personal development and active lifestyles for Miami Valley youth through the sport of rowing. Dayton Regional Rowing collaborates with the USOC and USRowing to offer a community-based rowing program that helps athletes develop their performance, thus enhancing the Olympic sports feeder system in Dayton.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
South Carolina catcher Logan Koch will play in the 2014 New England League (NECBL) All-Star game as announced by the league on Sunday. Koch, a member of the Plymouth Pilgrims, will be a starter for the South Division. The game will be held Sunday, July 20 at MacKenzie Stadium, home of the Valley Blue Sox in Holyoke Massachusetts.
Click here for the original story.
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text:
Browsing Department of Innovation and Organizational Economics (INO) by Year Published
Previous Page
Now showing items 21-40 of 114Next Page
Empirical Investigations into Entrepreneurial Activities of Hackers and MakersHalbinger, Maria (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: New ventures are central to an economy's welfare and substantial promoters of technological change and innovation. Extant research has identified individuals and their role in entrepreneurial processes as the core pillars of entrepreneurship. This PhD dissertation aims to refine our understanding of the fundamental relationship between individuals and their entrepreneurial activities. In order to empirically test the hypotheses built, the analyses are based on a unique dataset on individuals in hacker- and makerspaces, i.e. open communities with physical workspaces where individuals with a common interest in technology, computing, science, art and hacking culture can meet, socialize and collaborate. Given that hackers and makers engage in various entrepreneurial activities, this empirical setting offers crucial benefits when analyzing entrepreneurial individuals. The thesis combines the literatures on psychology and entrepreneurship and consists of three essays. The first essay focuses on the early activities in the entrepreneurial process and depicts how the individual's creativity as well as different forms of motivation influence different process activities including the discovery and exploitation of opportunities. The second essay consists of a longitudinal analysis and examines how the identity of the founder relates to firm exit. The third essay applies computational linguistic tools on haiku poems written by hackers to investigate how self-confidence, social awareness and social influence are related with entrepreneurial experience, defined by the number of times the individual has been involved in new firm establishments. Overall, the thesis aims to contribute to the field of entrepreneurship by providing empirical evidence on the individual-level factors that shape entrepreneurial activities. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8931
Files in this item: 1Maria_Halbinger.pdf (2.807Mb)
Leisure Time, Hobbies and Organizational CreativityDavis, Lee N.; Hoisl, Karin; Davis, Jerome Dean (Copenhagen, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper explores the link between employee leisure time activities and the value of their creative output. We argue that leisure time activities ? both in general, and specifically with regard to the employee?s choice of hobbies ? both illuminate and shape the attitudes and attributes the employee brings to work. Based on Woodman et al.?s (1993) ?interactionist perspective? on organizational creativity, supplemented by literature on search and knowledge re/combination, we explore whether leisure time activities can span the creative space between the employee?s home and workplace ? given the range of multi-level inputs that may also contribute to workplace creativity. We use original survey data comprising 4,138 inventions from 21 European countries, the United States and Japan, in all major industries. Organizational creativity is measured by the asset value of the patent on the associated invention, and the degree of radicalness of the invention. We find that employees who continue to think about their workplace research while away from work produce more valuable inventions. Diversity of hobbies, more socially oriented hobbies, and more focused hobbies are also positively related to invention value. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9045
Files in this item: 1Davis.pdf (283.9Kb)
Jeppesen, Jacob Emil; Andersen, Kristina Vaarst; Lauto, Giancarlo; Valentin, Finn (Aalborg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In this paper we investigate the micro-mechanisms governing the structural evolution of a scientific collaboration. Empirical evidence indicates that we have transcended into a new paradigm with a new modus operandi where scientific discovery are not lead by so called lone ?stars?, or big egos, but instead by a group of people, from a multitude of institutions, having a diverse knowledge set and capable of operating more and more complex instrumentation Using a dataset consisting of full bibliometric coverage from a Large Scale Research Facility, we utilize a stochastic actor oriented model to estimate both the structural and performance effects of selection, as well as the behavioral of crossing organizational boundaries. Preliminary results suggest that the selection of collaborators still is skewed, and identify a large assortativity effect, as well as a tendency to interact with both authors with similar citations. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8948
Files in this item: 1Jeppesen Andersen Lauto Valentin.pdf (474.5Kb)
Moreira, Solon (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Licensing contracts represent one of the most widely used mechanisms to exchange technologies and transfer know-how between firms. Due to the opportunities that licensing creates for firms operating on both sides of the markets for technology, it has increasingly become an integral part of firms' R&D strategies. On the supply side, the existing literature has been focused on understanding how technology licensing can be used by firms as a mechanism to recover investments in innovative activities and to foster learning opportunities. On the demand side, it has been shown that licensing is an important source that firms can tap into to feed their internal needs for innovative knowledge. While several studies have examined technology licensing through the lens of the licensor, research on how firms rely on licensing contracts to acquire knowledge and improve their innovation performance still leaves much to be investigated. Furthermore, with few exceptions, neither organizational nor contractual characteristics related to the licensing deals have received enough attention as determinants of the capacity of the acquiring firm to benefit from licensing in a new technology. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship between technology licensing and firm innovation, also examining how the characteristics of the acquiring firm and the use of specific contractual clauses affect this main relationship. The papers in this dissertation build on a different set of theoretical perspectives connected to the licensing literature. The dissertation consists of a general introduction, four papers, and a conclusion. Although all the papers build on the same main dataset related to licensing contracts in the global pharmaceutical industry, supplementary information from different data sources was connected to the licensing contracts to answer the specific research questions. Indeed, each paper, from a different perspective, contemplates and contributes to the existing literature by examining the relationship between technology licensing and specific dimensions of firm innovation. Understanding how licensing deals affect the performance of licensees and licensors is critical to understanding how markets for technology function. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8868
Files in this item: 1Solon_Thesis.pdf (1.181Mb)
Essays on the Micro-Foundations of Firms' Search for InnovationMarkus, Arjan (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Innovation is at the heart of firm competitiveness. Due to the limited potential for knowledge recombination within organizational boundaries, companies are increasingly forced to span boundaries and tap into external knowledge sources in order to innovate. The role that skilled individuals play in this process of harnessing external knowledge for firm innovation is an increasingly studied phenomenon. However, the conditions under which external knowledge sourcing impacts firm innovation remain underexplored. The research question that guides this dissertation is formulated as follows: How does external knowledge sourcing affect firm-level innovative activity? The purpose of this thesis is to examine how recruitment of skilled individuals, and to a lesser extent collaboration and licensing, affects firm-level innovation, and which individual- and firm-level characteristics moderate this relationship. The dissertation consists of four empirical essays, an introduction, and a conclusion. The basis for three of these essays is The Integrated Database for Labor Market Research (IDA) provided by Statistics Denmark which is matched to patent data from the European Patent Office (EPO) and survey data on firm innovation from the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy (CFA). One essay relies on a combination of the Deloitte Recap Database and patent data from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The combination of datasets used in each essay allows us to study the role of scientists and engineers and in particular their movement across organizational boundaries in great detail. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8854
Files in this item: 1Arjan_Markus.pdf (1.825Mb)
Essays on Turnover, Entrepreneurship and Location Choice in the Danish Maritime IndustryIsakson, Christine D. (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: It is critically important to understand the connection between social interaction and individual economic choice (Granovetter 2005). This thesis asks the overall question; How do social relations, specifically coworkers, in the organizational context, influence individual economic choice? The three economic outcomes being examined are turnover, entrepreneurship (the choice to start a business or firm) and location choice (the choice of where to live). These three economic choices are linked to social relations in the organizational context by examining different facets of coworker or peer influence. Common to all papers are mechanisms pertaining to communication, knowledge transfer and coworker influence. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8654
Files in this item: 1Christine_Isakson_NEW.pdf (1.634Mb)
Beukel, Karin (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Empirical studies show that only a small number of all innovations created are valuable innovations. In spite of this, most innovation research focuses on identifying the determinants of innovation, rather than determining the factors influential in generating valuable innovations. The current knowledge therefore can guide organizations to increase innovation output, but not to increase the value of the innovation output. The purpose of this PhD research is to contribute to our understanding of the determinants of valuable innovations by investigating how different intraorganizational factors and uncertainty influence organizations' abilities to generate valuable innovations. This thesis is comprised of four papers, a general introduction and a conclusion. The papers rely on both qualitative and quantitative research methods. One builds on interview data gathered at a Danish university and a firm, one relies on data from the Scandinavian biotech industry, and two papers rely on data from the global hydrocracking industry. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8828
Files in this item: 1Karin_Beukel.pdf (3.146Mb)
Towards a Reverse Mirroring HypothesisSanchez, Ron; Glavin, Peter; Bach, Norbert (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper elaborates important systemic interrelationships between firms' strategic choices of product architectures and organization architectures, and between firms' architectural choices and the industry structures and competitive/cooperative dynamics that emerge in an industry. We formalize a "Reverse Mirroring Hypothesis" suggesting that organizational architectures desired by firms influence their choices of product architectures. We embed firms' strategic architectural decisions in a co‐evolutionary model linking product market evolution, firms' architectural choices, and industry evolution. We invoke both transaction costs and capabilities perspectives to suggest how firms' assessments of their relative potential for capturing gains from specialization versus gains from trade influence their strategic architectural choices. We develop concepts of architectural commonality, architectural specificity, industry standard architectures, and firmspecific architectures to analyze strategic implications of firms' architectural choices. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8758
Files in this item: 1Sanchez.pdf (508.2Kb)
Gobbi, Chiara; Hsuan, Juliana (Porto, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The paper represents an exploratory study aimed at developing a theoretical framework that supports the elaboration of efficient collaborative purchasing (CP) strategies in the healthcare system. We identify prerequisites for developing an efficient CP approach in the healthcare system. A case study of Danish National Healthcare system is presented. The case indicates that trust and stakeholders' commitment are key elements for successful CP initiatives. Moreover, simplifying procedures for collaborative sourcing and service management is crucial in sourcing of complex medical equipment. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8542
Files in this item: 1Gobbi__Hsuan__2010.pdf (146.8Kb)
Studied in the context of medical device activities at the pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk A/S in the period 1980-2008Stjernholm Madsen, Arne (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Increased globalization in business competition makes the ability to innovate and to redefine strategy crucial to a company. An interesting question however is if a management team can control innovation and strategic renewal of the company at all; or do such changes emerge, driven by external events or by bottom-up processes in the organization? The present research project addresses some of these issues through the overall research question "How does innovation strategy evolve?" The research question is examined in a specific empirical context. Since 2001, I have worked as an internal innovation consultant at Novo Nordisk A/S; a pharmaceutical firm founded in 1923 operating in a well established industry (insulin for diabetes treatment), characterized by intensive investments in Research and Development. I took advantage of this unique access to the internal life of an organization and consequently set up my research project as a longitudinal in-depth case study of the medical device innovation activities at Novo Nordisk A/S covering the period 1980-2008. The study specifically analyzes the relationship between the classic core product of the firm (insulin) and complementary products (medical devices, such as insulin 'pens'), which hold the potential to either enhance the value of the core product, or to become a distinct business of its own. Burgelman's evolutionary theory of strategy making, especially his 'internal ecology model' (Burgelman 1991, 2002), has been chosen as the basic theoretical framework for the project. Some expansions of this framework, however, were needed. First, the present study puts greater emphasis on analyzing the external environment and its influence on internal strategy processes. Second, the analysis includes the role of management cognition, especially the notion of the corporate dominant logic (Prahalad & Bettis, 1986; Bettis & Prahalad, 1995), understood as an enduring top management worldview or mindset based on reinforcement of experiences from the past. With regard to results, the present study identifies a more entrepreneurial role of the top management driven induced strategy process than traditionally described in evolutionary theory. In this case study, strategic variation and trial-and-error learning is not restricted to the autonomous initiatives in the 'internal ecology'; on the contrary, top management cognition creates strategic visions or hypotheses, which are enacted as experiments in the market, for example in the form of new product categories. External feedback determines the destiny of these strategic experiments. Thereby innovation strategy (in case, for medical devices) serves as a strategic laboratory at corporate level, so to speak. The device-based strategic experiments face the challenge of escaping the gravity of the dominant logic, which repeatedly pulls the strategy back towards the well-known success formula, centered on the drug itself (i.e. the insulin). Thus, the induced strategy process mediates core assets (pharmaceutical drugs) and complementary assets (medical devices), by swinging the pendulum between cycles of innovation strategy which define the devices as core or complementary respectively. Hence, the balance between what is defined as core and what is defined as complementary in the corporate innovation strategy seems to be dynamic and negotiable. As a consequence of the cycles of strategic experimentation, the corporate induced strategy process acts as a force of strategic entrepreneurship, seen over extended time. The implications for research point towards a new paradigm of strategic research in the 'middle ground' between rational choice theory and evolutionary theory, as proposed by Gavetti & Levinthal (2004). The present research project suggests that a firm's ability for strategic adaptation depends both on strategic context determination of autonomous initiatives in the 'internal ecology' and on ability to enact induced strategic experiments with alternating innovation strategies in the market. This theory of 'inbound' and 'outbound' strategic search establishes a dynamic understanding of the corporate induced strategy process. In this understanding, innovation strategies act as hypotheses, which create strategic dissonance between vision and reality and thereby drive strategic learning. The implications for management practice are first recognition of how fortunate it has been for Novo Nordisk to sustain the core business strategy, protected by the dominant logic. This fact relates to a background where the core market proved to hold immense growth potential, and the industry was relatively stable compared to for instance the IT industry. On the other hand, Novo Nordisk's success is partly due to cycles of strategic experiments with complementary assets for innovation, in case medical devices. Top management initiated these explorative experiments and the learning was utilized for expansion of the position within the core business. Hence, one can conclude that a company should explore and utilize the value of complementary assets, since these are perfect tools for strategic experimentation without risking the core business. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8453
Files in this item: 1Arne_Stjernholm_Madsen.pdf (5.387Mb)
The effects of potential social capital on involvement in foreign markets for goods and technologyLaursen, Keld; Masciarelli, Francesca; Prencipe, Andrea (, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Drawing on social capital theory and the international business literature, we argue that domestic geography, in terms of localized potential social capital, facilitates individual firms' awareness of business opportunities, including knowledge related to involvement in the foreign markets for goods and technology, thereby enhancing firms' involvement in those foreign markets. When potential social capital reaches a certain threshold, it may work to trap firms into operating only within their home regions, thus reducing involvement in foreign markets. We conjecture that firms' research and development investment moderates the relationship between potential social capital and degree of involvement in foreign markets, but given the very different properties of the two markets, with different signs for each market: a positive moderation effect for the markets for goods, and a negative effect for the markets for technology. We find empirical support for our arguments based on a representative sample of around 2000 Italian firms. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8860
Files in this item: 1trapped_or_spurred_keld_laursen.pdf (471.9Kb)
The Contingent Value of Networked CollaborationVaarst Andersen, Kristina (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Co-location of industry professionals often leads to development of collaboration networks, and multiple studies have emphasized the benefits of embedded collaboration. Due to higher levels of trust, embedded collaboration reduces transaction costs and facilitates ready knowledge exchanged. Other studies have pointed to dangers of over-embeddedness. The argument is that too high levels of embeddedness lead to habitual thinking, preferential treatment, and thereby mitigate performance. However, research on the conditions under which embeddedness in different types of collaboration networks primarily yields costs or benefits still leaves much to be investigated.... URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8352
Files in this item: 1Kristina_Vaarst_Andersen.pdf (2.825Mb)
Bilagsmateriale fra "ophavsret i den danske oplevelsesøkonomi: Tal og tendenser"Singal, Kunal; Lorenzen, Mark (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8217
Files in this item: 1
Final Project ReportCastellacci, Fulvio; Karpaty, Patrik; Laursen, Keld; Tingvall, Patrick G. (Oslo, 2010)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8190
Files in this item: 1ICONS Report-Castellaci et al-1.pdf (1.209Mb)
Stern, Alexander Brian (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8065
Files in this item: 1Alexander_Stern.pdf (2.797Mb)
Connectivity and Catch-up in Emerging Market EconomiesLorenzen, Mark; Mudambi, Ram (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8006
Files in this item: 141_ML_Bangalore_vs._Bollywood_Final.pdf (225.6Kb)
Family Ties and Embeddedness in the Indian Film Industry in BollywoodLorenzen, Mark; Taeube, Florian A. (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Theoretical and empirical research on entrepreneurial networks is largely outcome-oriented and little integrated with family firm research. In this paper, we draw on social network and entrepreneurship literatures in order to investigate how family businesses build and make use of a variety of embedded and arm's-length ties. We present novel data self-collected in qualitative, inductive fieldwork from more than 50 interviews in mainstream film production in Bollywood. Our findings contrast with extant research by showing that in the socio-cultural context of India the use of embedded ties is higher than predictions in the Page 3 / 55 Creative Encounters Working Paper #40 theoretical literature and empirical findings in cross-country studies suggest. Moreover, we show that the 'Indian' family is an institution that dominates embedded ties. The Banyan tree symbolizes this interconnectedness of the different branches of an Indian family compared to the plain structure of a birch tree describing Hollywood, where embedded ties can be different from familial ties. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8005
Files in this item: 1
Does it make sense?Bille, Trine (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper discusses the concept of the experience economy in a Nordic context and shows how the Nordic version of the concept has come about from a mix of three different approaches and theories. Besides, the Nordic definition links the experience economy closely with cultural activities. In the Nordic countries the experience economy has been developed in a political context and it is apparently a popular development policy for local government authorities and regions. This paper discusses the Nordic definition of experience economy and questions if it makes any sense. The definition of experiences is not clear, and the definition of the word "economy" has different interpretations as well. In a narrow interpretation the term economy is related to market economic value, which is used in the political terminology. The paper shows that the experience economy can follow three different routes to market value creation, and how the growth opportunities for the different experience areas will depend on three different trends. Therefore, it can be shown that only some experience areas are growing, and the market value creation occurs in very different ways and to very different extents within, and in relation to, the different experience areas. The greatest growth potential resides probably in the broad value creation in association with the experience areas. But the experience economy does not lend itself to any consistent definition. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8012
Files in this item: 1
Co-existence of institutional logics in the recorded music industrySigurdardottir, Margrét Sigrún (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The concept of institutional logics, notably a choice between multiple logics, has been offered as a foundation to theoretically explain heterogeneity of organisation. The thesis focuses on how this heterogeneity of organisation is possible through a study of how decision makers deal with conflicting yet coexisting logics in their every day work. The field chosen for the empirical study is the recorded music industry, where two opposing logics, the artistic and the commercial, necessarily co‐exist. Through semi‐structured interviews, decision makers in the recorded music industry in the UK were asked about their work processes. Their descriptions revealed two very different ways of acting based on either the artistic logic or the commercial logic. The study further shows that even if there were some attempts to take both logics into account, all the respondents emphasised one logic over the other, but not the same logic, leading to the established major/independent duality in the structure of the field. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7992
Files in this item: 1Margrét_Sigrún_Sigurdardottir.pdf (4.133Mb)
A Scientific Critique of the Resource-Base View (RBV) in Strategy Theory, with Competence-Base Remedies for the RBV's Conceptual Deficiencies and Logic ProblemsSanchez, Ron (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Part I of this paper applies the principles of the philosophy of science and the derived scientific method to analyze the foundational concepts and core proposition of the Resource-Based View (RBV) as popularized by Barney (1986, 1991, 1997). This analysis identifies seven fundamental conceptual deficiencies and logic problems in Barney's conceptualization of "strategically valuable resources" and in Barney's VRIO framework for identifying strategically valuable resources that can be sources of sustained competitive advantage. Three problems -- the Value Conundrum, the Tautology Problem in the Identification of Resources, and the Absence of a Chain of Causality -- relate to the RBV's and VRIO's failure to provide an adequate conceptual basis for identifying strategically valuable resources. The Uniqueness Dilemma, the Cognitive Impossibility Dilemma, and an Asymmetry in Assumptions about Resource Factor Markets result in an inability of the VRIO framework to support identification of resources that can be sources of sustained competitive advantage. More fundamentally, the core proposition of the RBV – that resources that are strategically valuable, rare, inimitable, and organizationally embedded are sources of sustainable competitive advantage – is argued to result directly in the Epistemological Impossibility Problem that precludes use of the scientific method in RBV research. This paper argues that until these conceptual deficiencies and logic problems are recognized and remedied, the RBV – in spite of its current popularity -- is and will remain theoretically sterile and incapable of contributing in any systematic way to the development of strategy theory. Part II of this paper then suggests how foundational concepts developed within the competence perspective on strategy provide essential remedies for the identified deficiencies and problems in the RBV -- and thereby provide a more conceptually adequate basis for representing the nature of firms in the scientific study of their interactions and competitive outcomes. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7231
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Skill Level Appropriate for all
The reflection of the mountain in the lake is the feature of this scene that attracted us most when we were shooting. I would like to bring out the reflective qualities of the lake without affecting the rest of the image. There are two local adjustment tools in Lightroom that I might be able to use to do that. One is the Adjustment Brush tool, which you can use to paint adjustments into any area of a photo. We'll save the adjustment brush for the next. In this movie, I'm going to use the second of the local adjustment tools, the Graduated Filter tool. With this tool we'll be able to apply a combination of adjustments gradually over a linear area, the area of just the lake in this photo.
We'll start by clicking the Graduated Filter icon here in the toolbar in the column on the right side of the develop module. That opens the Graduated Filter panel. With all of these adjustments that we can include in combination in the Graduated Filter we are going to apply on top of the lake in the photo. Notice that some of these sliders are already dragged over to the right or over to the left that's because the slider is in the Graduated Filter panel are sticky. So I must have used these in the past and they're still showing the settings that I choose before.
What I do when I come into this panel to create a new graduated filter is send everything back to its defaults by double-clicking the Effect label at the top left of the panel. Now let's create a dummy adjustment, something that's going to be real easy to see as we make our Graduated Filter and then later we'll come in and change the adjustments to the ones that we really want to include in this filter. I often take the Exposure slider and drag that way over to the left because that's easy to see; and with that change, move into the image and I'll create the Graduated Filter.
I'm going to click at the bottom of the image, I'm going to hold the Shift key to keep the filter straight, and then I'm going to drag up and I'll drag up to just about the center of the image underneath the shoreline here. You can see that the image is being darkened at the bottom and that, and that effect gradually rolls off, from the center line the line that contains this pin that represents this Graduated Filter up to this faint line at the top. If you look over on the right side of the photo you can see those two lines better on the canvas.
You can change both the position and the shape of a graduated filter like this. So in this case, I would like to have more of an effect further up in the image and I'd like the roll off or the fade out to be less gradual. So I'm going to click on that top line and drag down to make my graduated filter pretty narrow and then, I'm going to click on that center point, the pin that represents this graduated filter, and I'll drag up. I'll take it up just about to the beginning of the shoreline near.
I can also rotate my graduated filter by moving my cursor close to the pin and when it changes to a curved double pointed arrow like this I'll click and drag. Now that's pretty sensitive, so you just want to make a small move when you are rotating a gradual filter. Now that I have my gradual filter in place the way I want it, I'm going to go over to the adjustments in the column on the right and I'm going to zero out the exposure adjustment by double-clicking the control on the Exposure slider. What I really want to do with this Graduated Filter is increase contrast.
So I'll drag that Contrast slider over to the right and maybe I want to increase the midtown contrast as well, so I'll go to the Clarity slider and I'll drag that to the right, too, and I want to try to open up some of the dark shadow areas here so I'll drag the Shadow slider over to the right too. Now you probably are recognizing that many of these fighters are the same as the sliders that we saw in the Basic panel affecting the image globally. Here the sliders are affecting just the portion of the image underneath the Graduated Filter.
Here in the Graduated Filter panel we're missing a couple of the sliders that we have in the Basic panel, in particular the whites and blacks slider. But instead we have some additional sliders, for adjusting Sharpness, Noise, Moire and defringing as well as Color here in the Graduated Filter panel. So with those adjustments I'm going to do a before and after by clicking the toggle icon at the bottom of this panel. So that's how the image looked without these adjustments and here's how it looks with. If it's difficult to see with that pin in the way, I'll come down where it says, Show Edit Pins and I'll change that either to the default which is Auto or to Never, just to turn the pin off for a moment, and now let's do a before and after.
That's how the image looked without these adjustments to the lake and here's how it looks with the adjustments to the lake. I'm pleased with that result, so I'm actually going to put Show Edit Pins back to its default of Auto and now that pin will come into view whenever I move my cursor over the image as long as the Graduated Filter panel is open. So that means that even if I close the Graduated Filter panel, I can always come back in and tweak the settings or the position of that Graduated Filter. To do that I would click again, on the Graduated Filter icon, move my cursor into the image, the pin that represents the Graduated Filter comes into view, I'l click on that pin to select it and now I can tweak any of my settings over here.
I'll close the Graduated Filter panel again, and you can add more than one graduated filter to the same image. So if you want, you can experiment with adding another graduated filter up here in the sky area and creating a different combination of adjustments for that filter. Now the Graduated Filter tool isn't the only local adjustment tool in Lightroom. In the next movie, we'll look at using another local correction tool, the Adjustment Brush tool, which allows us to paint in adjustments and we'll use that brush to spice up even smaller individual parts of this photo.


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Vt teen gets two years in prison for fatal crash
COLCHESTER A teenager has been sentenced to a little over two years in prison after pleading guilty to a drunken driving crash that killed his passenger last year.
James Companion, 17, of St. Albans, had pleaded guilty to one count of driving under the influence with death resulting.
He was driving on May 25, 2012, when the car crashed into a utility pole and burst into flames, killing his passenger, 25-year-old Tasha Maring, of Colchester.
I am truly sorry for what I did, Companion said at his sentencing Tuesday.
If he had been tried and convicted, he could have faced one to 15 years in prison.
Marings mother, Catherine Raymond, told the judge her daughter was a hardworking mother of a 7-year-old boy. She criticized those at the party who either permitted or encouraged Companion to drink, according to the Burlington Free Press.
I feel sorry for him, she said. He was 16 years old, had to see this whole incident. Had he had not been brought to this gathering, with all these adults, this wouldnt have occurred. He needs counseling in order to be able to go somewhere in his life. And if nobody else wants to help him, I want to help him.
Prosecutors also have charged Companions mother, Melissa Grant, of St. Albans, with buying her son the alcohol he drank that night. She has pleaded not guilty and awaits trial.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER The Democratic Governors Association has yet to launch a television ad in favor of... Full StoryBARRE Technical difficulties havent forced Central Vermonts Talk Station to sound a whole... Full StoryNORTHFIELD A Taiwanese woman is suing Norwich University claiming the school wouldnt hire her ... Full Story
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FRANKFORT, Ky. (AP) - Kentucky lawmakers have rejected putting
more restrictions on mining companies that blast off mountaintops
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A proposal that would have effectively ended the practice failed
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The legislation is House Bill 569.
Coal industry leaders said the "Stream Saver Bill" would have destroyed the industry.
Supporters said it would prevent environmental devastation.
Thousands are expected at a pro-coal rally Thursday at the state capitol.
(Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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Police: Man falls through church roof, found naked
Published: Tuesday, November 20, 2012 at 1:18 p.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, November 20, 2012 at 1:18 p.m.
HICKORY, N.C. (AP) — Authorities in Hickory have arrested a man after they say he fell through the celing of a church and was found naked inside.
The Hickory Daily Record reports (http://bit.ly/UTdRYY ) the staff of Resurrection International Church asked police to remove a suspicious man from the building Saturday afternoon after he'd asked to spend the night there.
Police think 46-year-old James Albert Kimrey Jr. of Durham tried to re-enter the church through the roof. They say he apparently took off his clothes because he couldn't get through a gap between a ventilation duct and the framework. He fell through the ceiling and into a conference room. A church member found him Sunday morning in a restroom stall.
Kimrey is being held at the Catawba County Detention Center under a $1,200 secured bond.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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text:
Talk:List of battles by casualties
|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:
|This page was nominated for deletion on 4 August 2010. The result of the discussion was keep.
- 1 How to insert new data into a sortable table
- 2 Discussion about the recent edits
- 3 Very similar article
- 4 Stalingrad
- 5 1800 as a cut off point
- 6 Article protected
- 7 merger
- 8 Delete this article
- 9 Inconsequent notation of years
- 10 Cutoff of minimum casualties
- 11 Battle of Seden
- 12 list sorting bug?
- 14 Incorrect Information
- 15 Battle of Algiers
- 16 Firebombing of Tokyo
- 17 Nivelle Offensive count
- 18 Siege of Sevastopol during WWII
- 19 Battle of Kiev (1941)
- 20 Numbers relative to world population?
- 21 Removed the Battle of Changping
- 22 Leningrad casualties much too high ?
- 23 Sedan casualties much too high !
- 24 Battles deleted
- 25 Battle of Hattin
- 26 Default sorting
- 27 Removal of Operation Searchlight
- 28 Massacre at Béziers
- 29 Third Battle of Nanking
- 30 not sortable?
- 31 Table sorting out of order
- 32 Battles of Rzhev
How to insert new data into a sortable table[edit]
Sorting makes the lists more useful, but more marginally more difficult to add new data. It's not difficult once you understand that sorting numerically isn't possible because of BC in some of the years and commas in the casualty figures. All we are doing here is converting those numbers into an alphabetic format that the table can sort.
- Sorting for casualties, zero padding is necessary if we are going to use comma separators because the sorting code doesn't recognize numbers with commas.
- CCCC represents the casualty number
- Use:{{formatnum:{{padleft:CCCC|7|0}}}} CCCC
- Example: {{formatnum:{{padleft:300000|7|0}}}} 300,000 produces an invisible 0,300,000 (for sorting) and displays 300,000
- In case of a range, like 5,000-10,000, only first number goes inside the span tag.
- If you are going to use a tilde '~', put it after the close of the span tag. Like this: ~100,000
- To make years sortable we have to insert invisible characters before the actual values.
- To do this, we use anything here is invisible
- YYYY represents the year
- For years BC:
- Use: !{{#expr: 9999 - YYYY}} YYYY BC
- Example: 846 BC becomes !{{#expr: 9999 - 846}} 846 BC
- Note the space just before the . It is necessary!
- For years AD:
- We pad left N number of zeros to make the year 4 digits
- Use: #NYYYY
- Example: 3 becomes #0003
- Example: 34 becomes #0034
- Example: 345 becomes #0345
- Example: 1456 becomes #1456
- Note there is no space before and after the . Also necessary!
It looks more complex than it really is, trust me ;)Prometheusg 12:51, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
- Can we please get rid of this number formatting whereby 70,000 is represented as 0,070,000? It is annoying. Thatstheway 17:06, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
- Okay I changed it, but the syntax for adding new data is a little more complex. I've added a  tag around the formatnum to make it invisible but still sortable. See the above rules for more info. That's the only problem with making this list sortable. It's more complex and has a learning curve. Prometheusg 22:49, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
- Hmm. I do like this, but I'm afraid it will dissuade new editors from adding info to the tables. I wonder if this is the sort of thing best done when the article is complete and stable. CaliforniaKid 22:44, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
- That's why I did it only to the Sieges list. It seemed to be the most stable. I refrained from converting the classic formations list for exactly this reason. It's getting edited daily and I didn't want to cause a lot of confusion. Prometheusg 15:16, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
- Hmm. I do like this, but I'm afraid it will dissuade new editors from adding info to the tables. I wonder if this is the sort of thing best done when the article is complete and stable. CaliforniaKid 22:44, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
- Okay I changed it, but the syntax for adding new data is a little more complex. I've added a  tag around the formatnum to make it invisible but still sortable. See the above rules for more info. That's the only problem with making this list sortable. It's more complex and has a learning curve. Prometheusg 22:49, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
- Something is affecting the order of battles when you rank them by casualties. For example, the Battle of Antietam comes up second in the list. Not sure how to fix this, just wanted to point it out. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 03:21, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
Discussion about the recent edits[edit]
The article is now semi-protected in order to stop the back and forth of reverting material.
The problem is that the material in the article was not verifiable. For months there has been a template calling for sources without much effect. I decided to delete all material that can't be verified in order to rebuilt the article on a solid basis. In doing so, I also reworded parts that weren't encyclopedic language. The material about battles, that was formerly in the article, can be reinserted if you provide a source. Big problem is that many sources provide different numbers. For this reason I also suggest to split the casualty numbers between primary sources and scientific secondary sources, because their estimates can greatly vary, especially so for classical battles.
I won't edit this article under the current semi-protection until a consensus is achieved.Wandalstouring (talk) 08:19, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
- I have a book that covers the history of war for the last 150 years or so and has the casualties for many battles from the American Civil War and WWI. I hadn't used it before, since it lists casualties, not deaths, but since this list is now about casualties it has data for about 30 major operations and sieges. If noone minds, I'm going to add these battles, with a citation, over the next few weeks or so. Borg Sphere (talk) 17:18, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
- Good idea, thanks a lot. It wasn't about casualties before because the editors did confuse sourced casualties with death toll. Wandalstouring (talk) 18:44, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
- Oops, I started adding these in, but somehow moved the major operations table down to the bottom of the article, even though in the edit screen it's in the right place...I'm going to continue adding them, but if you or anyone else who knows more about code than I do and could fix it that'd be great...Sorry for putting the table in the wrong place, I have no idea why it's down there. Borg Sphere (talk) 20:18, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
- Good idea, thanks a lot. It wasn't about casualties before because the editors did confuse sourced casualties with death toll. Wandalstouring (talk) 18:44, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
- OK, I've added all the battles I have accurate statistics for. Someone else will have to do sieges, and the WWII battles, as I only have figures for Operation Bagration and Operation Epsom, and Epsom had less than 10,000 casualties, so I'm not including it. Borg Sphere (talk) 15:18, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
I see absolutely no reason for conclusion about verifiability of material based on the absence of direct references. If you click on Battle of Wuhan or Warsaw Uprising, that were present in the article before July 15, you find a number of casualties and a proper references to valid sources. The situation is similar for most other items.
I don't understand why the article citing another reliable Wikipedia article is considered not verifiable. I think, by removing these items you just destroy a work of previous editors for absolutely formal reason.
Situation is ridiculous: the Battle of Berlin and the Battle of Moscow articles provide a number of casualties along with reliable sources. Both of them have a reference to the present article where they were listed among the bloodiest battles in history. However, they are absent it this article now.
I think the person who removed these and other items has to go to appropriate pages and insert the references from there as soon as possible, otherwise, he/she simply must revert his editing back. --Paul Siebert (talk) 21:17, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
- If you'd like to take care of it, and copy over the source as well as the figure, please do. If you don't, I've put this article on the back burner so I can get some work done on other projects I'm doing, but I was planning to do just that as soon as I finish those. Joe (Talk) 00:39, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
- Actually, my question is: can a Wikipedia article that cites reliable sources be considered a reliable source by itself? If yes, we don't have to provide sources explicitly in this concrete table. If no, the whole activity of Wikipedian community is senseless.--Paul Siebert (talk) 01:53, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
- Please read wikipedia guidelines on reliable Sources. Wikipedia articles are not reliable sources. You have to use a reference to the material you are using in every article where you implement it and for this reason you have to check the source yourself. Wandalstouring (talk) 09:12, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
- If this criticism goes on, I suggest a straw poll. whether more editors are of this opinion or support my changes. Wandalstouring (talk) 16:44, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
- I don't think it to be necessary. Actually, the previous version contained really unsources items along with those that referred to the reliable articles containing valid sources. For instance Battle of Berlin was one of them. I think it is quite easy to check each of old items and to include only the items of the second type. --Paul Siebert (talk) 17:14, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
- Of course, you can include any of the old material here if you provide a source. Wikipedia articles are not sources you can use. You have to use the sources the article uses or others. Wandalstouring (talk) 18:26, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
- I don't think it to be necessary. Actually, the previous version contained really unsources items along with those that referred to the reliable articles containing valid sources. For instance Battle of Berlin was one of them. I think it is quite easy to check each of old items and to include only the items of the second type. --Paul Siebert (talk) 17:14, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
Very similar article[edit]
This article seems very similar to the list of battles and other violent events by death toll, although this includes all casualties, not just deaths. − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 00:25, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
Battle of Stalingrad links to this page but theres no mention of it in the article at all. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 01:39, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
- I'm also perplexed by this. Why is there nothing in the "Sieges and urban combat" section? - Mtmelendez (Talk) 19:08, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
- If you see Talk:List_of_battles_by_casualties#Discussion_about_the_recent_edits, you'll see that all unreferenced information was removed. I then added what information I had a source for, but since my source covered only one Second World War battle, most of those are not in the table. Please, feel free to add Stalingrad and any other sieges or other types of engagement that you have a source for. Borg Sphere (talk) 20:08, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
1800 as a cut off point[edit]
Almost all the battles listed pre 1800 have casualties that a little more than wild guesses. Listing them here gives a spurious impression of accuracy. That two of the battles are sourced to Herodotus tells us more about him than the battles he describes.Dejvid (talk) 19:57, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
- "Many of these battles are ancient, and in many cases, the few historical records differ, sometimes wildly, on casualties." Joe (Talk) 00:51, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
- I agree that it is no good idea to use primary sources. We could use guesses by modern scientific secondary sources to provide the reader with estimates. Wandalstouring (talk) 09:03, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
While I trust modern historians better than the ancient sources, they are of there nature informed guesses. Hence different historians will plump for different figures. Given there is no real way of deciding which is the best guess short of original research then it is impossible to properly rank such battles. Of course, it is not the case that on new years day 1800, records suddenly became trustworthy. However, it is a clear cut off point and excludes most of the battles where the number of dead is unreliable.Dejvid (talk) 12:35, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
- The ancients had absolutely no means of securing numbers like 30,350 or 150,000 (the latter is a greatly overstated figure I've seen for the number of men involved in the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, 451 AD - goes back to a 6th century soruce). It's just impossible to make a precise count in that range unless you have a position numeric system ->the concept of the figure zero. Which the ancients didn't have. The figures in Herodotus, Plutarch or Froissart are more about glorifying this or that king or hero./Strausszek (talk) 06:48, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
- Would you support 1800 as the date to draw the line?Dejvid (talk) 14:27, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
- Yes, it's a sound point. And it's also the point in time when the modern conscripted mass army came into being. Louis XIV or Henry VIII could never have raised a Napoleonic army. /Strausszek (talk) 03:47, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
- Would you support 1800 as the date to draw the line?Dejvid (talk) 14:27, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
Article protected[edit]
I have just protected this article for twenty-four hours. This is to enable editors to familiarise themselves with Wikpedia policy regarding reliable sources. In a nutshell, this says that all material likely to be challenged in an article must be directly referenced to a reliable source. For these purposes, Wikipedia articles are not themselves reliable sources and each new article touching on a subject must be referenced a fresh.
I hope that all disputes can be worked out here. If not, and if edit-warring continues, I will re-protect the article and/or block editors ignoring policy.
Thanks for your time, --ROGER DAVIES talk 19:39, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
- To my opinion, there is some difference between the statement: "all material likely to be challenged in an article must be directly referenced to a reliable source", and: "all material must be directly referenced to a reliable source". The latter makes usage of any reference impossible, because, "Wikipedia article are not a reliable source". Therefore, if we assume the second version of the rule, any reference must be accompanied by external citation[1]. And, if the daughter article cites several sources on this account the link will look like this[2][3][4][5][6][7], because each source relates to the topic and each of them cannot be omited. I think, you agree that would be ridiculous.
In this concrete case I oppose to removal of the reference to the reliable article and addition of the reference to direct although less reliable source instead. In actuality, this concrete article contains no additional materials and no statements to be challenged, just a reference to appropriate daughter article. I would say, it is a handbook rather than an article. If the daughter article is good, the reader can obtain needed source literally in two clicks. If the article is questionable, that item should be removed and appropriate tag should be placed in the daughter article.
I would say, the late deleting decreased the article quality. --Paul Siebert (talk) 20:54, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
- Among the many reasons why Wikipedia articles aren't appropriate sources for other articles is that they're subject to change. As a result, casualty figures may change over time as different sources are used or if vandalism escapes undetected. As a result, it's always better to reference a stable, professionally published source which has been error checked and isn't subject to the whims of 16 year olds with too much spare time. I see no reason why everything on this list shouldn't have a reference given that casualty numbers often vary between sources, making reliable sourcing particularly important. Nick Dowling (talk) 23:54, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
I call upon whom ever placed this page in protection to extend its protection at least another 24 hours. Certain vandals whom of witch shall not be named here , have destroyed months possibly even years worth of work based on false pretences. They acted in intrest of themselves , not wikipedia. The people of wikipedia do not deserve such treatment.Sincerly--Dt23 (talk) 20:09, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
- This page tries to rank battles by casualty figures that are little more than guesses. Just because it is someone as notable as Livy who is making the guess doesn't make it less than a guess. Using such figures to rank battles implies that these figures are exact and reliable. They are not.
- On top of that, accusations of vandalism hardly fits assuming good faith.Dejvid (talk) 02:05, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
- We are currently in the process of trying to make sure that every entry is cited. While I agree that the ancient sources are dubious, at best, what we have is, in most cases, the best we can get. If you know of a more reliable number, please, add it as a range, and cite that number as well. For more information on the citation discussion, see Wikiproject Military History's Talk page.Joe (Talk) 02:30, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
- On the actual page about the battle it is fine to quote the figures that ancient historians give - as long as more sober modern historians figures are given and it is made clear that all figures are unreliable. Once you start using these figures to rank battles you are at once asserting that these figures are not only reliable but exact. Cannae is high up on the current list but it chooses a figure that is even higher than the one given by Polybius. Polybius gives a far higher figure than Livy and Livy's figure had been criticized by at least one historian as way to high. Which figure we chose completely changes the rank order of Cannae. Is a rank order that is so dependent of whose figure we choose worth anything?
- With the battle of the Somme the situation is quite different. The British had a well ordered administration which had the responsibility of sending a telegram to the next of kin - this is the level of administration we can rely on to produce reliable figures but it 2 millenniums in advance of what the Romans had.
- And where Livy and Polybius got there figures for that Carthaginian losses is anyone's guess and may well be no more than the boasting of Roman veterans to Polybius.Dejvid (talk) 11:51, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
I suggest to merge it with List of battles and other violent events by death toll because the topic largely overlaps or to make more differenciated lists specific for say, battles, air raids, terrorist attacks, etc. Naturally all entries need sources like in this article. Wandalstouring (talk) 15:26, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
- It seems to me that right now that article is as much of a mess as this one, with even fewer citations, most of the data not contained in sortable tables, and many very small numbers which are probably only included because of their notability, even though they actually had very few deaths, for example Kent State Shootings, which only had four deaths. Four doesn't seem worthy of inclusion in a list of most deadly events of all time. When adding battles to this list, I've tried to only add those with over about 10,000 casualties, because it seems that others don't qualify as particularly deadly when compared to many other battles out there. Joe (Talk) 15:33, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
- Death is only one of the three main types of casualty. Choalbaton (talk) 23:21, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
Delete this article[edit]
This article has the same problems as most other articles where someone wants to make a PC statement about the evils of man.
This thing is almost 100% western. WHERE IS THE REST OF THE WORLD? Don't they count? Don't they have history and historians? At the very least the Chinese had BIG battles, and in 4,000 years LOTS of them. Somehow, I think the rest of the world deserves to be included any article purporting to be "comprehensive".126.96.36.199 (talk) 17:54, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
- Provide sourced statements. Wandalstouring (talk) 14:40, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
- You are more than welcome to add these per WP:SOFIXIT, including your references. Joe (Talk) 14:44, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
Please correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't it usually the originator's responsibilities to fix the problem? Not the person who finds the mistake. In this case blatantly ignoring the history of 90% of the human race?Aaaronsmith (talk) 04:45, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
- Blatantly lacking is a lot of information. Everybody is free to add sourced statements, however, there was a problem with unsourced claims that couldn't be checked. Since numbers are an issue of considerable debate all unsourced material was removed. The old material neither covered the history of 90% of the human race, so if you want to argue for it, read WP:Verifiability. Wandalstouring (talk) 11:06, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
Then it seems the least we can do in the interests of honesty is include a sentence warning the reader of the inherent bias. Feel free since you want to keep the article and I believe it is a disaster that should go.Aaaronsmith (talk) 21:26, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
- I think, a reminder that only well documented numbers are presented in the article would be sufficient. This is not the article about the most famous battles, therefore a quantitative nature of this concrete articles applies intrinsic limitations. However, I see no problem to include a separate table for battles that are believed to be lethal, although the exact numbers are unknown. Of course, this should be a separate table.--Paul Siebert (talk) 21:47, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
- As the person who added most of the battles currently in the list, I agree that many are missing. Perhaps a sentence in the lead would be appropriate, warning that the list is incomplete due to conflicting information about some battles, especially ancient ones, would be appropriate. However, deleting this article would be going way to far, even if it is not complete, it is a lot more complete than it was a few months ago, and has the potential to be extremely useful, accurate, and complete. Anyone is welcome to add any battles that are missing and they have an appropriate source for, but I would rather not restart the sourcing debate. Joe (Talk) 22:15, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
- There is nothing PC about the concept of this article. Deaths in battle have fascinated (and impressed) people since thousands of years before PC was invented. Choalbaton (talk) 23:25, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
Inconsequent notation of years[edit]
Reading the table I find three ways to note which years a battle took place:
- 1. 1939-1940
- 2. 1940-41
- 3. 1942-3
I suggest we note the years on all rows in the same way; and I vote for the 1st alterative since it's the hardest to misinterpret. /Tense (talk) 19:48, 27 December 2008 (UTC)
- I agree that they should be standardized, but I'd support the second one to stretch the table less. I doubt many battles have been fought over multiple centuries, and if they have, they aren't included here (yet, at least). If you look at Siege of Leningrad, or Winter War, those entries make that column abnormally wide for all the single year battles, which is the vast majority. Perhaps we can have the second one, and then if any battles over multiple centuries are added we can switch to the first for all of them? – Joe Nutter 20:43, 27 December 2008 (UTC)
Cutoff of minimum casualties[edit]
I'm preparing to add many more entries to the list, but before I do so I was considering what the appropriate minimum would be. Many famous battles, such as Battle of Midway, only had a few thousand casualties, and are therefore somewhat out of place in a list of bloodiest battles. For that matter, some American Revolutionary War battles had great strategic significance, but had under 1,000 casualties, like Battle of Cowpens. I've used 10,000 casualties as a cutoff in the past, does anyone else agree with this? – Joe Nutter 17:53, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
- How 'bout the Battle of Hill Ten (Korea) - 2 casualties?Aaaronsmith (talk) 20:29, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
Battle of Seden[edit]
This article says that 200,000+ casualties happened, but the actual article for the battle itself says it was only about ~30,000... whats up with that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 09:36, 20 May 2009 (UTC)
list sorting bug?[edit]
I sorted the list in the "Sieges and urban combat" section, descending by the Casualties column. The fifth item in the list is Battle of Algiers, with a casualty count of 313,000. The ninth item in the list is Warsaw Uprising, with a casualty count of 200,000+ killed. In between are three items all with the same name, Siege of Jerusalem, and with casualty counts of less than 200,000. Capedia (talk) 02:05, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
- Ah. The bug was not in the sorting method, but rather in the page source, which contains numbers that are used for sorting but not displayed in the table. I corrected those numbers in the page source and now the sorting behavior is correct. Capedia (talk) 02:14, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
SOUTH AMERICA[edit]
I think Falklands War must be taken out of this article. The figures here are grossly exagerated, since 14.000 is proably the number of troops movilized, while the death toll is about 1000 tops.
On the other hand, wars that were really bloody like Triple Alliance War, Pacific War and Chaco War are not even mentioned. Only in triple alliance war, all males from paraguay were slaughtered!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 16:55, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
- Just to note that this is a list of "casualties"; in war casualties include wounded and captured too.--EnigmaMcmxc (talk) 23:01, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
- I agree. I think the Battle of Tuyuti (Triple Alliance War, about 18,000 casualties) and the Battle of Celaya (Mexican Revolution, about 10,000 killed) should be on this list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 23:17, 24 February 2010 (UTC)
Incorrect Information[edit]
There is quite a few incorrect/dubious entries in the major operation section that i think should be looked at/readdressed
For example:
- Second Battle of El Alamein, the casualty information states a range of 39,400[139]–82,500[141]. If we look at the article it self, accurate (i.e. from the British Army) allied casualty information is available; a leading historian on the subject states Axis casualties will never be 100% correct however captured and intercepted intel gives us a pretty good idea. A total, both Allied and Axis, of around 44,102 casualties by battles end. Even adding the additional men captured in the days following the conclusion of the battle the larger figure used is no where in sight.
- Falaise Pocket. Multiple sources agree that the Germans suffered around 60,000 casualties and most of them being captured although a figure for those wounded and also escaped is not available; the figure in this article would suggest the allied force suffered 80,000 casualties.
- Call me sceptical but the figure for the losses in Mayala and Singapore seem very dubious
- Allied invasion of Italy contridcts this list
- Battle of Crete contricts this list
- The "Invasion of Normandy" figure is contrdicted by available research for the entire campaign i.e. Operation Overlord--EnigmaMcmxc (talk) 23:00, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
- I think that a large part of the problem is that some figures include prisoners. The higher el Alamein figure is from this quote from the soure "Military Losses: Allied: 23,500 dead or wounded; Axis: 59,000 killed, wounded or captured (34,000 German, 25,000 Italian). For the Falaise one, I'm not sure exactly - I know that that author's figures did tend to be higher than others, but have no reason to distrust it. I can't check the Mayala one against the source, it isn't on Google and I don't have the book anymore. The Allied Invasion of Italy article is not sourced. The Crete article appears to be properly sourced, but although I can't recheck the source I used I have no reason to doubt it. I do have some concern, though, because that data is from 1953, and the source I used may be more up-to-date. The numbers in the Invasion of Normandy article are for 6 June 1944 only, but the source I used includes the initial operations for several days after the landings, thus giving a higher number. – Joe N 23:45, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
- I can agree with you that some of the articles have not been sourced as much as we would like, which could lead to contridictions. I am, however, not convinced that the reason would be the age of the books. I believe the Australian Official History to be rather accurate in this respect and as for the El Alamein numbers, the British Official History is an often quoted document and the particular series it comes from is rather top notch when it comes to numbers. These sources are often quoted by modern researchers.
- For the latter battle i do not understand how he could have came up with an additional 10,000 casualties for the allied force considering there is accurate information for them - Playfair and Barr both break this figure down to the one used in the article.
- As for the Axis casualties i would have expected Barr, the historian quoted in the article, to have mentioned much more up to date and accurate information if it existed. His comment that losses will never be fully know is rather important, as is the intel report he quotes imo. Considering his figure for prisoners of war comes from those the Allies had rounded up by the battles end i think we can safey say that it is fairly accurate. His comment that additional numbers were captured during the pursuit i would suggest makes up for the number towards 80,000. However that figure seems a little absurd considering one author wrote, albeit during the war, that by December the Axis force had lost roughly 75,000 men.--EnigmaMcmxc (talk) 01:07, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
I would add the Battle of Malplaquet to the list of dubious casualty figures. This list claims 95,000 casualties at Malplaquet, but according to the article on the battle there were only 32,000. 95,000 casualties would mean that 60% of the participants in the battle became casualties, which strikes me as unlikely. Groundsquirrel13 (talk) 00:53, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
- There should be explicit indication of prisoners, whether they are to be included or not. Consider the Brusilov Offensive as one rather extreme example.LeadSongDog come howl! 18:52, 6 May 2016 (UTC)
Battle of Algiers[edit]
There is no need to source the removal of the Battle of Algiers from this list. We have two articles about the so called "battle": Battle of Algiers (1957) and Algerian War- the Battle of Algiers was a urban guerrilla campaign by some 1400 Algerians against the French authorities in a city that at the time had around 300,000+ inhabitants- it compromised executions, bombings by the guerrillas and arrest campaigns by the French authorities - it is laughable and ridiculous to claim that all and every Algerian victim of the Algerian War) supposedly died/ was wounded in the battle of Algiers, when in fact city life went on as normal. The fame of the battle (if it should be called a battle at all) comes from the movie The Battle of Algiers (film). There are far more important battles and this one is neither a battle nor are the casualty figures in any way correct! --noclador (talk) 23:45, 30 October 2009 (UTC)
- Neither article has sourced casualty information that I can find. Wikipedia articles are not adequate sources for other Wikipedia articles. Therefore, unless you can provide a valid, scholarly source saying that these figures are incorrect, I'm going to stand by the figures that I have a citation for. Also remember that these include wounded. – Joe N 23:52, 30 October 2009 (UTC)
- 313,000 casualties are the Algerian dead for the entire war - not the battle of Algiers alone; that is the problem. It is like saying the battle of Stalingrad cost 20 million Soviet citizen their life... which actually is sum of all dead from 1941-1945 from the Soviet Union. Also the Battle of Algiers was no Battle at all - it is like Kabul today: bombings and attacks every other day, but the city in general operates as normal. It can be included in the list - but in that case leave all casualty figures out: as the one give is bogus and accurate sourced ones are difficult to find (I tried - but everytime a search for Battle of Algiers brings me to the movie,...) --noclador (talk) 00:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
- Remember, this is a list of casualties, not just dead. There may well have been 313,000 dead for the entire war, but if there were 312,000 wounded and only 1,000 dead in the battle there would still be 313,000 casualties for this list. – Joe N 03:46, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
- This is a problem of the whole list - often no one knows how many casualties there were and relying on R G Grant's book as a reff for something so slippery is not okay. Yes, it does say casualties (though a lot of the figures for other battles are for dead) but are you saying that it is credible that the entire population of Algiers was wounded? Finally any figure for these kinds of operations is arbitrary in the sense that it is dependent on where you define the space and time limits within which the supposed battle took place.Dejvid (talk) 16:15, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
- That is problematic, but since this encyclopedia is based on sources, wouldn't the best idea be to go with what a source says? If you have another source which gives different numbers, than those should be added in, by all means, but I think that a historian and author would be the best person to make the estimate. – Joe N 21:07, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
- There are some things that do not lend themselves to an encyclopedic treatment. A list of battles ranked by casualties has the problem that for many battles the casualty figures depend on entirely arbitrary choices as to when and where the battle begins and ends, Earlier battles are more closely defined - two armies deployed on a specific field and nightfall marked the end. However earlier battles often have unreliable casualty figures that in the worst cases are guesses or even pure propaganda.Dejvid (talk) 11:49, 1 November 2009 (UTC)
- This is a problem of the whole list - often no one knows how many casualties there were and relying on R G Grant's book as a reff for something so slippery is not okay. Yes, it does say casualties (though a lot of the figures for other battles are for dead) but are you saying that it is credible that the entire population of Algiers was wounded? Finally any figure for these kinds of operations is arbitrary in the sense that it is dependent on where you define the space and time limits within which the supposed battle took place.Dejvid (talk) 16:15, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
- Remember, this is a list of casualties, not just dead. There may well have been 313,000 dead for the entire war, but if there were 312,000 wounded and only 1,000 dead in the battle there would still be 313,000 casualties for this list. – Joe N 03:46, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
- 313,000 casualties are the Algerian dead for the entire war - not the battle of Algiers alone; that is the problem. It is like saying the battle of Stalingrad cost 20 million Soviet citizen their life... which actually is sum of all dead from 1941-1945 from the Soviet Union. Also the Battle of Algiers was no Battle at all - it is like Kabul today: bombings and attacks every other day, but the city in general operates as normal. It can be included in the list - but in that case leave all casualty figures out: as the one give is bogus and accurate sourced ones are difficult to find (I tried - but everytime a search for Battle of Algiers brings me to the movie,...) --noclador (talk) 00:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
Firebombing of Tokyo[edit]
The heaviest attacks ran from February to August 1945, but began as early as 1942. For the horrific February 1945 assault alone, 97,000 Japanese, mostly civilians, were killed and 125,000 were wounded with more than a million, almost incredibly, left homeless... I am quite surprised this is not on this list. Charvex (talk) 23:18, 13 November 2009 (UTC)
- Bombing raids are not included in the list per the lead of the article. – Joe N 00:08, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
Nivelle Offensive count[edit]
Something is very wrong with number of casualties stated for the Nivelle Offensive; far too low. At the absolute minimum, it should be the sum of the casualties of the Second Battle of the Aisne (Chemin des Dames) and the Battle of Arras (1917); 438,000 dead by the Wikipedia article counts alone. Did the source (354,000 killed) list Allied losses and not German losses, or something? Maybe a better source is needed. Charvex (talk) 23:52, 13 November 2009 (UTC)
- If you have a reliable published source which gives a higher number, you are welcome to add that in as a range. – Joe N 00:10, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
Siege of Sevastopol during WWII[edit]
Why is this not on the siege list?? This is an embarrassment. There were horiffic losses here for both the Germans and Soviets. I am not sure on the exact number, but it would easily make the list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 21:39, 28 December 2009 (UTC)
- You're probably right, but sadly none of my sources specify the numbers. If you have one that does, please, by all means, add it. – Joe N 22:35, 28 December 2009 (UTC)
Battle of Kiev (1941)[edit]
Which section would this be under?
~250,000 dead or wounded. ~450,000 Soviets captured. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 06:53, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
- I'd say major operations, since the majority wasn't actually in the city, unless your source specifies otherwise. – Joe N 14:53, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
Numbers relative to world population?[edit]
A question regarding the numbers -- sorting in absolute numbers has it's charm, but isn't there a difference between a battle with 100k causalities when it took place when the world population was about 1 billion compared to a time, when it was 4? What would happen if the absolute number was given as percentage or one-tenth of a percent of the estimated number of people (in the world? on that country? of the involved nations?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 10:50, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
- My perception is that it could be added as a column if we had the correct world population curve. --Jaan Pärn (talk) 08:40, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
Removed the Battle of Changping[edit]
Changping is not a single battle, but a military campaign that consisted of many battles. Now it can be restored if someone can find numbers for the casualties of a single battle. Overall, a campaign lasting two years can't be considered as a continuous battle. Intranetusa (talk) 02:17, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
Seeing that the "battle" had been added again I wrote a note as to make it clear that it was actually a campaign of three years. --Danmaz74 (talk) 07:49, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
I think that The Battle of Changping should be removed. Considering that the chinese census in 2 AD set the population in China (now much larger then during the warring states period) to 57,000,000 a losses such as 700,000 would amount to perhaps 5 % of the entire population of China. Furthermore it seems strange that the next (chronologically) major operation is the Six Days Campaign 1847 AD. --326Sirian (talk) 17:57, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
The Changping battle figure should be removed. Those figures are impossible, and people without the ancient history background to see those figures as impossible will get a false impression. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hcjung10 (talk • contribs) 20:59, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
Leningrad casualties much too high ?[edit]
Four and a half million seems much to high considering the population of Leningrad at the time was 3 million. The source quoted doesn't add up to more than 2 million either : http://books.google.com/books?id=fGPBOAatMycC&pg=PA221&dq=The+Siege+of+Leningrad+1941%E2%80%9344:+900+Days+of+Terror,+Zenith+Press&ei=duAJTOfbJqiGzQSp88WWAw&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ansgarjohn (talk • contribs) 07:13, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
Sedan casualties much too high ![edit]
The casualties of the "Battle of Sedan" (1870) are supposed to be "200,900 including those captured and later killed". This is certainly wrong. The wikipedia-article on the battle indicates about 6000 casualties and abut 20000 wounded. Virtually the whole French army was taken prisoner. Of course, almost all of them survived. Please correct this figure. --22.214.171.124 (talk) 21:11, 20 November 2010 (UTC)
- If you know of a trustworthy source reflecting this, please let me know and I'll gladly change it. – Joe N 02:17, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
Battles deleted[edit]
I'ne noticed several battles found here earlier has been deleted - example: Battle of Qaddasiyyah (over 30 000 casualties) - and somehow the deleted battles seems to coincide with various Muslim wars and conquests. Why?
- I suspect because no *reliable* figure exist. If that wasn't the reason it should have been.Dejvid (talk) 13:21, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
Battle of Hattin[edit]
I'm curious why the Battle of Hattin is not listed in the set piece battle list. The Wiki page for the Battle of Hattin says that 17,000+ were killed. There are other conflicts with death tolls as low as 13,500. If no one has found a reliable source for that figure, I would be more than happy to find one. Hattin was a hugely significant battle. It sealed the fate of Crusader held Jerusalem and helped launch the Third Crusade. Its also the most famous single set piece of the Crusader era. I vote that it should be included.--Factchk (talk) 17:03, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
- If you can find a source to back up those numbers, please, by all means, add it. I would assume that I didn't because it wasn't in any of the sources I used. – Joe N 22:22, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
Default sorting[edit]
By default, shouldn't we sort both tables in order of descending casualties? That is what we advertise in the article title after all. I'm willing to put the effort in if people agree (though help would not be rejected!). –CWenger (^ • @) 23:03, 17 August 2011 (UTC)
Removal of Operation Searchlight[edit]
I came to this page to see if there had ever been a more costly battle than that of The Battle of The Somme. I saw that there was a battle listed, Searchlight, that had twice as many deaths - 3,000,000. Fully aware that in the west where I live the history of 'eastern' nations is taugh very sparingly I read the Wikipedia article on Operation Searchlight, amazed I had not heard of such an event. However upon reading the article is appears that the 3,000,000 were not killed in battle but were civilian casualties of genocide, hardly the same thing at all. So I've decided to remove it. If you disagree please read the Operation Searchlight page and state your reasons below :-) Cls14 (talk) 22:53, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
Massacre at Béziers[edit]
I think the sack of Béziers France in 1209, during the Albigensien Crusade, would qualify for this list. The Papal Delagate overseeing the action reported 20, 000 dead. 188.8.131.52 (talk) 05:52, 22 February 2012 (UTC)
Third Battle of Nanking[edit]
Should the Third Battle of Nanking (1864) not be included in the Classic Formations section? The wiki page claims at least 200,000 casualties, just on the rebel side. I haven't added it as I assumed there must be a reason such a large battle was omitted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 11:37, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
not sortable?[edit]
the first section says it's sortable, but it's not. how to fix? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 07:25, 7 January 2014 (UTC)
Table sorting out of order[edit]
I'm not sure how the sorting tech works with things like "approximately" and other non-numbers thrown in so I can't edit it myself, but: In the urban fighting section, when you sort by casualties, the Battle of Kiev shows up as the battle with the least casualties despite showing over 700,000. Bye now. 18.104.22.168 (talk) 00:41, 26 January 2014 (UTC)
Battles of Rzhev[edit]
I guess this is one of the deadliest series of battles which is missed in this table.--Seyyed(t-c) 05:04, 11 June 2016 (UTC)
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