text:
Illinois Public Media
All articles tagged Pakistan
In Pakistan, It's Not Just Soldiers With PTSD
Will A Pakistani Teenager Win The Nobel Peace Prize?
Murder Charges Against Pakistan's Musharraf Are Unprecedented
Shot Pakistan Schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai Addresses UN
Pakistan's Musharraf Vows to Fight After Arrest
Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself
Community Cinema, "Bhutto"
The Pakistan Flood Disaster
India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia
Current Events in Pakistan
Current Developments in Afghanistan
Current Developments in Afghanistan and Pakistan
To Live or To Perish Forever: Two Tumultuous Years in Pakistan
Current Developments in Pakistan
Domestic Violence and Sexual Abuse Abroad and in South Asian Immigrant Populations
Current Events in Afghanistan
Deception: Pakistan, The United States, And The Secret Trade In Nuclear Weapons
Current Developments in Pakistan and India
Deception: Pakistan, The United States, And The Secret Trade In Nuclear Weapons
WILL Highlights
ART/BTS wins 2 Tellys
For the second year in a row, the web series brought home both a Silver and Bronze Telly award.
The 21st
21st century radio for the 21st state. Weekdays at 11 am on WILL-AM 580.
2015 Illinois Public Media Annual Report
Our 12-page Annual Report with highlights of Illinois Public Media's activities in 2015.


text:
State closure of landfill "likely"
Vt. landfill causing a stink for neighbors, trash collectorsUPDATED 5:48 PM EST Dec 24, 2012
A decision issued by the Agency of Natural Resources on Friday could be changing the game for garbage companies across the state.
More Video
CommentsThe views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Orthopaedic surgeons are leading the charge in redefining health policy
Get Involved
AAOS helps me keep pace with current clinical knowledge and practice with videos, live webinars and virtual CME courses on a variety of surgical topics.
AAOS welcomes nearly 1,000 new resident members each year. The AAOS Resident Assembly provides opportunities for residents to get involved. Residents: Serve as a delegate, join a committee, let your voice be heard!
Merline is back to bicycling after a torn ACL and dislocated knee. If you or someone you know needs an orthopaedic doctor, visit ANationInMotion.org to be inspired by patients who share their stories and outcomes.
- OLC Education and Conference Center
Subscribe to the Let's Discuss series and earn CME credit! As the series grows, so does the value of your subscription. As each new title is published, you will have immediate access to that new resource and its CME. Click the
button for more details.
September 13, 2016
September 29-30, 2016
Swimmer's Shoulder: Painful Shoulder in the Competitive Swimmer
Diagnosis and Treatment of the Biceps-Labral Complex
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
A large phys-managed, multi-specialty group has an excellent opportunity for a BC/BE orthopaedic surgeon in Portland, Oregon.
Seeking a Total Joint Surgeon to join our group
as Director of Quality & Total Joint Reconstruction.


text: Hi. I have Membership Premium, and when I go to the main dashboard I'm not seeing the form that allows what kid of site I want. This is the form that has radio buttons for 'standard membership,' 'dripped content,' and 'advanced' What do I need to do to activate this?


text:
4 Vt organizations get $350k for rural housingNovember 15,2013
4 Vt. groups get
funds for housing
MONTPELIER Four Vermont groups are going to be getting $350,000 in federal grants to help improve housing conditions for low-income rural residents.
The money will be used to make general repairs, energy and weatherization improvements and code updates to more than 130 households in Vermont.
Almost $300,000 of those grants is headed to the Northeast Kingdom as a Rural Economic Area Partnership Zone, a designation recognizing the unique rural nature of a region.
U.S. Sens. Patrick Leahy and Bernard Sanders and U.S. Rep. Peter Welch say the investments in housing improvements will make lives and communities better.
The grants are part of the $3.8 million released by the United States Department of Agricultures Rural Developments Housing Preservation Grant program.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER The city has released a statement defending its response to recent overflow issues, ... Full StoryBARRE City councilors have endorsed a budget-friendly plan to incrementally upgrade the main... Full StoryMONTPELIER American Christian evangelist and missionary Franklin Graham encouraged a crowd of... Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed


text:
Leukemia & Lymphoma
Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI] - General Information About Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- General Information About Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Stages of Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Recurrent Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Treatment Option Overview
- Treatment Options for Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- To Learn More About Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Changes to This Summary (10 / 21 / 2014)
- About This PDQ Summary
- Get More Information From NCI
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on:
- The age of the child.
- The type of lymphoma.
- The stage of the cancer.
- The number of places outside of the lymph nodes to which the cancer has spread.
- Whether the lymphoma has spread to the bone marrow or central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
- Whether there are certain changes in the chromosomes.
- The type of initial treatment.
- Whether the lymphoma responds to initial treatment.
- The patient's general health.
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http:// cancer .gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
WebMD Public Information from the National Cancer Institute
Last Updated: May 28, 2015
This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.
1 | 2 | 3
Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI] Topics
Today on WebMD
What are they and why do we need them?
See it in pictures, plus read the facts.
Fight cancer one plate at a time.
Do you know the symptoms?


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 2, 2006
|Filing date
|Dec 13, 2002
|Priority date
|Dec 21, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dimitri P. Zafiroglu, Geoffrey David Hietpas, Debora Flanagan Massouda, Thomas Michael Ford
|Original Assignee
|Invista North America S.A.R.L.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (9), Classifications (42), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method for preparing bonded stretchable nonwoven fabrics comprising multiple-component fibers. Nonwoven fabrics prepared according to the method of the current invention have an improved combination of elastic stretch, textile hand and drape.
2. Description of Related Art
Nonwoven webs made from multiple-component filaments are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,731 to Davies et al. (Davies) describes bicomponent fibrous materials containing crimped fibers which are bonded mechanically by the interlocking of the spirals in the crimped fibers and bonded adhesively by melting of a low-melting adhesive polymer component. The crimp can be developed and the potentially adhesive component activated in one and the same treatment step, or the crimp can be developed first followed by activation of the adhesive component to bond together fibers of the web which are in a contiguous relationship. The crimp is developed under conditions where no appreciable pressure is applied during the process that would prevent the fibers from crimping.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,724 to Okawahara et al. (Okawahara) describes the finishing of nonwoven fabrics comprising bicomponent polyester filaments produced by conjugate spinning of side-by-side filaments of polyethylene terephthalate copolymerized with a structural unit having a metal sulfonate group and a polyethylene terephthalate or a polybutylene terephthalate. The filaments are mechanically crimped prior to forming a nonwoven fabric. The fabric is rendered stretchable by exposure to infrared radiation while the filaments are in a relaxed state. During the infrared heating step, the conjugate filaments develop three-dimensional crimp. One of the limitations of this process is that it requires a separate mechanical crimping process in addition to the crimp developed in the heat treatment step. In addition, the process of Okawahara requires the web or fabric to be in continuous contact with a conveyor such as a bar conveyor or a pre-gathering slot along spaced lines corresponding to the bars in the bar conveyor or lines of contact where the web contacts the gathering slot, as the product is shrunk or prepared for shrinking. Processing through a pre-gathering slot requires the use of cohesive fabrics that are pre-integrated and cannot be used with the substantially nonbonded nonwoven webs that are used in the current invention. Multiple-line contact with a bar conveyor during the shrinkage step interferes with fabric shrinkage and crimp development, even when the fabric is overfed onto the conveyor.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,400 to Pike et al. (Pike) describes a process for making a nonwoven fabric which includes the steps of melt-spinning continuous multiple-component polymeric filaments, drawing the filaments, at least partially quenching the multiple-component filaments so that the filaments have latent helical crimp, activating the latent helical crimp, and thereafter forming the crimped continuous multiple-component filaments into a nonwoven fabric. The resulting nonwoven fabric is described as being substantially stable and uniform and may have high loft.
PCT Published Application No. WO 00/66821 describes stretchable nonwoven webs that comprise a plurality of bicomponent filaments that have been point-bonded prior to heating to develop crimp in the filaments. The bicomponent filaments comprise a polyester component and another polymeric component that is preferably a polyolefin or polyamide. The heating step causes the bonded web to shrink resulting in a nonwoven fabric which exhibits elastic recovery in both the machine direction and the cross direction when stretched up to 30%. Since the length of fiber segments between the bond points varies, pre-bonding of the fabric prior to shrinkage does not allow equal and unimpeded crimp development among all of the bicomponent filaments since the shrinking stresses are unequally distributed among the filaments. As a result, overall shrinkage, shrinkage uniformity, crimp development, and crimp uniformity are reduced.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,379 to Evans et al. (Evans) describes self-crimpable composite filaments that comprise a laterally eccentric assembly of at least two synthetic polyesters. The composite filaments are capable of developing a high degree of helical crimp against the restraint imposed by high thread count woven structures, which crimp potential is unusually well retained despite application of elongating stress and high temperature. The composite filaments increase, rather than decrease, in crimp potential when annealed. The filaments are described as being useful in knitted, woven, and nonwoven fabrics. Preparation of continuous filament and spun staple yarns and their use in knitted and woven fabrics is demonstrated.
While stretchable nonwoven fabrics from multiple-component filaments are known in the art, there exists a need for a method for producing uniform stretchable nonwoven fabrics from multiple-component filaments which have an improved combination of uniformity, drape, and stretchability and which also have high retractive power without requiring a separate mechanical crimping step.
This invention is directed to a method for preparing a stretchable nonwoven fabric that comprises the steps of:
forming a substantially nonbonded nonwoven web comprising multiple-component fibers, the multiple-component fibers being capable of developing three-dimensional spiral crimp upon heating;
heating the substantially nonbonded nonwoven web under free shrinkage conditions to a temperature sufficient to cause the multiple-component fibers to develop three-dimensional spiral crimp and to cause the substantially nonbonded nonwoven web to shrink, the heating temperature being selected such that the heat-treated nonwoven web remains substantially nonbonded during the heating step; and
bonding the heat-treated nonwoven web with an array of discrete bonds to form the stretchable bonded nonwoven fabric.
This invention is also directed to a nonwoven bonded fabric comprising multiple-component fibers with three-dimensional spiral crimp after heating and having no greater than about 5% permanent set when its highest level of stretch is at least 12%, and preferably 20%.
The present invention is directed toward a method for forming stretchable nonwoven fabrics comprising multiple-component fibers. The method involves forming a substantially nonbonded web of fibers comprising at least 30 weight percent, and preferably at least 40 weight percent, of laterally eccentric multiple-component fibers having latent spiral crimp followed by activating the spiral crimp by heating under "free shrinkage" conditions which allows the fibers to crimp substantially equally and uniformly without being hindered by inter-fiber bonds, mechanical friction between the web and other surfaces, or other effects that might hinder crimp formation. The laterally eccentric fibers can be combined with other fibers in staple form by pre-blending before forming webs or by lightly intermeshing webs containing laterally eccentric and non-eccentric cross-section staple fibers. In filament form, the laterally eccentric fibers can be intermixed with other filaments, or they can be intermeshed into staple webs or filament webs of other fibers. The crimped web is preferably bonded with a discrete pattern of bonds at selected points, lines, or intervals, resulting in an elastic, conformable, and drapeable bonded nonwoven fabric.
The term "polyester" as used herein is intended to embrace polymers wherein at least 85% of the recurring units are condensation products of dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy alcohols with linkages created by formation of ester units. This includes aromatic, aliphatic, saturated, and unsaturated di-acids and di-alcohols. The term "polyester" as used herein also includes copolymers (such as block, graft, random and alternating copolymers), blends, and modifications thereof. A common example of a polyester is poly(ethylene terephthalate) which is a condensation product of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
The terms "nonwoven fabric", "nonwoven web", and "nonwoven layer" as used herein mean a textile structure of individual fibers, filaments, or threads that are directionally or randomly oriented and optionally bonded by friction, and/or cohesion and/or adhesion, as opposed to a regular pattern of mechanically inter-engaged fibers, i.e. it is not a woven or knitted fabric. Examples of nonwoven fabrics and webs include spunbond continuous filament webs, carded webs, air-laid webs, and wet-laid webs. Suitable bonding methods include thermal bonding, chemical or solvent bonding, resin bonding, mechanical needling, hydraulic needling, stitchbonding, etc.
The terms "multiple-component filament" and "multiple-component fiber" as used herein refer to any filament or fiber that is composed of at least two distinct polymers which have been spun together to form a single filament or fiber. The process of the current invention may be conducted using either short (staple) fibers or continuous filaments in the nonwoven web. As used herein the term "fiber" includes both continuous filaments and discontinuous (staple) fibers. By the term "distinct polymers" it is meant that each of the at least two polymeric components are arranged in distinct substantially constantly positioned zones across the cross-section of the multiple-component fibers and extend substantially continuously along the length of the fibers. Multiple-component fibers are distinguished from fibers that are extruded from a homogeneous melt blend of polymeric materials in which zones of distinct polymers are not formed. The at least two distinct polymeric components useable herein can be chemically different or they can be chemically the same polymer, but have different physical characteristics, such as tacticity, intrinsic viscosity, melt viscosity, die swell, density, crystallinity, and melting point or softening point. One or more of the polymeric components in the multiple-component fiber can be a blend of different polymers. Multiple-component fibers useful in the current invention have a laterally eccentric cross-section, that is, the polymeric components are arranged in an eccentric relationship in the cross-section of the fiber. Preferably, the multiple-component fiber is a bicomponent fiber that is made of two distinct polymers and has an eccentric sheath-core or a side-by-side arrangement of the polymers. Most preferably, the multiple-component filament is a side-by-side bicomponent filament. If the bicomponent filament has an eccentric sheath-core configuration, the polymer having the lower melting or softening point is preferably in the sheath to facilitate thermal point bonding of the nonwoven fabric after it has been heat treated to develop three-dimensional spiral crimp. The term "multiple-component web" as used herein refers to a nonwoven web comprising multiple-component fibers. The term "bicomponent web" as used herein refers to a nonwoven web comprising bicomponent fibers. The multiple-component and bicomponent webs can comprise blends of multiple-component fibers with single component fibers.
The term "spunbond" fibers as used herein means fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic polymer material as fibers from a plurality of fine, usually circular, capillaries of a spinneret with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced by drawing. Other fiber cross-sectional shapes such as oval, multi-lobal, etc. can also be used. Spunbond fibers are generally continuous filaments and have an average diameter of greater than about 5 micrometers. Spunbond nonwoven fabrics or webs are formed by laying spunbond fibers randomly on a collecting surface such as a foraminous screen or belt using methods known in the art. Spunbond webs are generally bonded by methods known in the art such as by thermally point bonding the web at a plurality of discrete thermal bond points, lines, etc. located across the surface of the spunbond fabric.
The term "substantially nonbonded nonwoven web" is used herein to describe nonwoven webs in which there is little or no inter-fiber bonding. It is important in the process of certain embodiments of the current invention that the fibers in the multiple-component nonwoven web are not bonded to any significant degree prior to and during activation of the three-dimensional spiral crimp so that development of the crimp during heat treatment is not hindered by restrictions imposed by bonding. In some instances, it may be desirable to pre-consolidate the web at low levels prior to heat treatment in order to improve the cohesiveness or handleability of the web. However, the degree of pre-consolidation should be low enough that the percent area shrinkage of the pre-consolidated multiple-component nonwoven web during heat treatment is at least 90%, preferably 95%, of the area shrinkage of an identical multiple-component nonwoven web that has not been pre-consolidated prior to crimp development and which is subjected to heat treatment under identical conditions. Pre-consolidation of the web can be achieved using very light mechanical needling or by passing the unheated fabric through a nip, preferably a nip of two intermeshing rolls.
As used herein, the term "elastic" when applied to a nonwoven fabric or multi-layer composite sheet means that when the fabric or composite sheet is stretched by at least 12% of its original length and then released, that the nonwoven fabric or composite sheet recovers so that the residual elongation (or permanent set) after release of the stretching force is no greater than 5%, calculated based on the original length of the nonwoven fabric or composite sheet prior to stretching. For example, a sheet with a length of 10 inches can be elongated to at least 11.2 inches by application of a stretching force. When the stretching force is released, the sheet should retract to a new permanent length that is not in excess of 10.5 inches. Other methods for expressing and measuring elasticity are provided in greater detail below immediately preceding the Examples.
Laterally eccentric multiple-component fibers comprising two or more synthetic components that differ in their ability to shrink are known in the art. Such fibers form spiral crimp when the crimp is activated by subjecting the fibers to shrinking conditions in an essentially tensionless state. The amount of crimp is directly related to the difference in shrinkage between the components in the fibers. When the multiple-component fibers are spun in a side-by-side conformation, the crimped fibers that are formed after crimp activation have the higher-shrinkage component on the inside of the spiral helix and the lower-shrinkage component on the outside of the helix. Such crimp is referred to herein as spiral crimp. Such crimp is distinguished from mechanically crimped fibers, such as stuffer-box crimped fibers, which generally have two-dimensional crimp.
A variety of thermoplastic polymers may be used to form the components of multiple-component fibers that are capable of developing three-dimensional spiral crimp. Examples of combinations of such thermoplastic resins suitable for forming spirally crimpable, multiple-component fibers are crystalline polypropylene/high density polyethylene, crystalline polypropylene/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyethylene terephthalate/high density polyethylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(trimethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate), and nylon 66/nylon 6.
In a preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the surface of the multiple-component fibers forming the nonwoven web are made from a polymer that is heat bondable. By heat bondable, it is meant that when the multiple-component fibers forming the nonwoven web are subjected to heat and/or ultrasonic energy of a sufficient degree, the fibers will adhere to one another at the bonding points where heat is applied due to the melting or partial softening of the heat-bondable polymer. The polymeric components are preferably chosen such that the heat bondable component has a melting temperature that is at least about 10� C. less than the melting point of the other polymeric components. Suitable polymers for forming such heat bondable fibers are permanently fusible and are typically referred to as being thermoplastic. Examples of suitable thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, and can be homopolymers or copolymers, and blends thereof.
To achieve high levels of three dimensional spiral crimp, the polymeric components of the multiple-component fibers are preferably selected according to the teaching in Evans, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The Evans patent describes bicomponent fibers in which the polymeric components are partly crystalline polyesters, the first of which has chemical repeat-units in its crystalline region that are in a non-extended stable conformation that does not exceed 90 percent of the length of the conformation of its fully extended chemical repeat units, and the second of which has chemical repeat-units in its crystalline region which are in a conformation more closely approaching the length of the conformation of its fully extended chemical repeat-units than the first polyester. The term "partly crystalline" as used in defining the filaments of Evans serves to eliminate from the scope of the invention the limiting situation of complete crystallinity where the potential for shrinkage would disappear. The amount of crystallinity, defined by the term "partly crystalline" has a minimum level of only the presence of some crystallinity (i.e., that which is first detectable by X-ray diffraction means) and a maximum level of any amount short of complete crystallinity. Examples of suitable fully extended polyesters are poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly (cyclohexyl 1,4-dimethylene terephthalate), copolymers thereof, and copolymers of ethylene terephthalate and the sodium salt of ethylene sulfoisophthalate. Examples of suitable non-extended polyesters are poly(trimethylene terephthalate), poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene dinaphthalate), poly(trimethylene bibenzoate), and copolymers of the above with ethylene sodium sulfoisophthalate, and selected polyester ethers. When ethylene sodium sulfoisophthalate copolymers are used, it is preferably the minor component, i.e. present in amounts of less than 5 mole percent and preferably present in amounts of about 2 mole percent. In an especially preferred embodiment, the two polyesters are poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate). The bicomponent filaments of Evans have a high degree of spiral crimp, generally acting as springs, having a recoil action whenever a stretching force is applied and then released. Other partly crystalline polymers which are suitable for use in the current invention include syndiotactic polypropylene which crystallizes in an extended conformation and isotactic polypropylene which crystallizes in a non-extended, helical conformation.
Substantially nonbonded webs of multiple-component staple fibers can be prepared using methods known in the art such as carding or garnetting, which provide a nonwoven web in which the multiple-component staple fibers are oriented predominantly in one direction. The web should contain at least 30 weight percent, and preferably at least 40 weight percent, of multiple-component fibers. Preferably, the staple fibers have a denier per filament (dpf) between about 0.5 and 6.0 and a fiber length of between about 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) and 4 inches (10.1 cm). In order to be processed in a carding apparatus, the multiple-component staple fibers preferably have an initial helical crimp level characterized by a Crimp Index (CI) that is no greater than about 45% and preferably in the range of about 8% to 15%. Methods for determining these crimp values are provided below preceding the Examples.
Alternately, the multiple-component fibers can be mechanically crimped. However, it has been found that when multiple-component fibers are spun under conditions which provide fibers having zero initial crimp and which are then mechanically crimped and formed into a carded web, the resulting nonwoven fabrics have lower levels of stretch after heat treatment than those prepared from fibers having an initial spiral crimp level as described above.
The polymeric components in the multiple-component fibers are preferably selected such that there is no significant separation of the components during the carding process. The web obtained from a single card or garnet is preferably superimposed on a plurality of such webs to build up the web to a sufficient thickness and uniformity for the intended end use. The plurality of layers may also be laid down such that alternate layers of carded webs are disposed with their fiber orientation directions disposed at a certain angle to form a cross-lapped (or cross-laid) web. For example, the layers may be disposed at 90 degrees with respect to intervening layers. Such cross-laid webs have the advantage of reducing the difference in strength level in at least two directions and achieving a balance of stretchability.
Random or isotropic multiple-component staple fiber webs may be obtained by using conventional air-laying methods where multiple-component staple fibers are discharged into an air stream and guided by the current of air to a foraminous surface on which the fibers settle. The nonwoven web comprises at least about 30 percent by weight, and preferably at least 40 percent by weight, of multiple-component fibers capable of developing spiral crimp. The nonwoven web can comprise 100% multiple-component fibers. Staple fibers suitable for use in blends with the spirally crimpable multiple-component fibers include natural fibers such as cotton, wool, and silk and synthetic fibers including polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and polyurethane fiber. Webs of eccentric multiple-component staple fibers can also be intermeshed by pressing, light calendering or very light needlepunching with staple webs of other fibers prior to "free-shrinking". The web can be lightly pre-consolidated to improve the web cohesiveness and handleability, such as by mechanical needling or by passing the fabric through a nip formed by two smooth rolls or two intermeshing rolls. The degree of pre-consolidating should be low enough that the nonwoven web remains substantially nonbonded, that is so that the area shrinkage of the pre-consolidated web is at least 90% of the area shrinkage of an identical nonwoven web that has not been pre-consolidated. The heat treatment step can be conducted in-line or the staple web can be wound up and heat-treated in subsequent processing of the web.
Multiple-component continuous filament webs can be prepared using spunbond processes known in the art. For example, a web comprising multiple-component continuous filaments can be prepared by feeding two or more polymer components as molten streams from separate extruders to a spinneret comprising one or more rows of multiple-component extrusion orifices. The spinneret orifices and spin pack design are chosen so as to provide filaments having the desired cross-section and denier per filament (dpf). The continuous filament multiple-component web preferably comprises at least 30 weight percent, more preferably at least 40 weight percent, of multiple-component filaments capable of developing three-dimensional spiral crimp. Preferably, the filaments have a denier per filament of between about 0.5 and 10.0. The spunbond multiple-component continuous filaments preferably have an initial helical crimp level characterized by a Crimp Index (CI) that is no greater than about 60%. The spirally crimped fibers (whether staple or continuous) are characterized by a Crimp Development (CD) value, wherein the quantity (% CD-% CI) is greater than or equal to 15% and more preferably greater than or equal to 25%.
When the filaments are bicomponent filaments, the ratio of the two polymeric components in each filament is generally between about 10:90 and 90:10 based on volume (for example, measured as a ratio of metering pump speeds), more preferably between about 30:70 and 70:30, and most preferably between about 40:60 and 60:40.
Separate spin packs can be used to provide a mixture of different multiple-component filaments in the web, where different filaments are spun from different spin packs. Alternately, single component filaments can be spun from one or more spin packs to form a spunbond nonwoven web comprising both single component and multiple-component filaments.
The filaments exit the spinneret as a downwardly moving curtain of filaments and pass through a quench zone where the filaments are cooled, for example, by a cross-flow air quench supplied by a blower on one or both sides of the curtain of filaments. The extrusion orifices in alternating rows in the spinneret can be staggered with respect to each other in order to avoid "shadowing" in the quench zone, where a filament in one row blocks a filament in an adjacent row from the quench air. The length of the quench zone is selected so that the filaments are cooled to a temperature such that the filaments do not stick to each other upon exiting the quench zone. It is not generally required that the filaments be completely solidified at the exit of the quench zone. The quenched filaments generally pass through a fiber draw unit or aspirator that is positioned below the spinneret. Such fiber draw units or aspirators are well known in the art and generally include an elongate vertical passage through which the filaments are drawn by aspirating air entering from the sides of the passage and flowing downwardly through the passage. The aspirating air provides the draw tension which causes the filaments to be drawn near the face of the spinneret plate and also serves to convey the quenched filaments and deposit them on a foraminous forming surface positioned below the fiber draw unit.
Alternately, the fibers may be mechanically drawn using driven draw rolls interposed between the quench zone and the aspirating jet. In that case, the draw tension which causes the filaments to be drawn close to the spinneret face is provided by the draw rolls and the aspirating jet serves as a forwarding jet to deposit the filaments on the web forming surface below. A vacuum can be positioned below the forming surface to remove the aspirating air and draw the filaments against the forming surface.
In conventional spunbonding processes, the web is usually bonded in-line after the web has been formed and prior to winding the web up on a roll, for example, by passing the nonbonded web through the nip of a heated calender. In the current invention, the spunbond web is left in a substantially nonbonded state during and after heat treatment to activate the three-dimensional spiral crimp. Preconsolidation is not generally required for spunbond webs in the process of the current invention because the nonbonded spunbond webs usually have sufficient cohesiveness to be handled in subsequent process steps. However, the web can be consolidated by cold calendering prior to heat treatment. As with staple webs, any pre-consolidating should be at sufficiently low levels so that the continuous filament web remains substantially nonbonded. The heat treatment can be conducted in-line or the substantially nonbonded web can be rolled up and heat-treated in later processing.
The eccentric multiple-component spunbond filaments can also be mixed with other co-spun filaments during the spunbonding process, or the spunbond web can be intermeshed with another staple or filament web by pressing, light calendering, or light needlepunching to intermesh the filaments prior to the free-shrinking process.
The substantially nonbonded nonwoven web (made from either continuous filament or staple fiber) is heat-treated under conditions that allow the web to shrink under "free shrinkage" conditions. By "free shrinkage" conditions it is meant that there is no substantial contact between the web and surfaces that would restrict the shrinkage of the web. That is, there are no substantial mechanical forces acting on the web to interfere with or retard the shrinking process. In the process of the current invention, the fabric preferably does not contact any surface while it is shrinking during heat treatment. Alternately, any surface that is in contact with the nonwoven web during the heat treatment step is moving at substantially the same speed as that of the continuously shrinking nonwoven web so as to minimize frictional forces which would otherwise interfere with the nonwoven web shrinkage. "Free shrinkage" also specifically excludes processes in which the nonwoven web is allowed to shrink by heating in a liquid medium since the liquid will impregnate the fabric and interfere with the motion and shrinkage of the fibers. The shrinking (heating) step of the process of the current invention can be conducted in atmospheric steam or other heated gaseous medium.
The heating time for the crimp-activation step is preferably less than about 10 seconds. Heating for longer periods requires costly equipment. The web is preferably heated for a time sufficient for the fibers to develop at least 90% of their full latent helical crimp. The web can be heated using a number of heating sources including microwave radiation, hot air, and radiant heaters. The web is heated to a temperature sufficient to activate the spiral crimp, but which is still below the softening temperature of the lowest melting polymeric component such that the web remains substantially nonbonded during crimp development. The temperature for activating the spiral crimp should be no higher than 20� C. below the onset of the melting transition temperature of the polymers as determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. This is to avoid premature interfiber bonding in those embodiments where the bonding is separate from the heating step. After the crimp has been activated, the web has generally shrunk in area by at least about 10 to 75% percent, preferably by at least 25 percent, and more preferably at least 40%.
After the multiple-component, substantially nonbonded, nonwoven web is heat treated to activate the three-dimensional spiral crimp and shrink the web, the web is bonded at discrete bond points across the fabric surface to form a cohesive nonwoven fabric. The bonding may be conducted in-line following the heating step or the substantially nonbonded, heat-treated, nonwoven fabric can be collected, such as by winding on a roll, and bonded in subsequent processing. In a preferred embodiment, thermal point bonding or ultrasonic bonding is used. Typically, the thermal bonding involves applying heat and pressure at discrete spots on the fabric surface, for example, by passing the nonwoven layer through a nip formed by a heated, patterned calender roll and a smooth roll. During thermal bonding, the fibers are melted in discrete areas corresponding to raised protuberances on the heated patterned roll to form fusion bonds which hold the nonwoven layers of the composite together to form a cohesive, bonded nonwoven fabric. The pattern of the bonding roll may be any of those known in the art and are preferably discrete point bonds. The bonding may be in continuous or discontinuous patterns, uniform or random points or a combination thereof. Preferably, the point bonds or line bonds are spaced less than 0.25 cm apart at about 4 to 16 per centimeter, and preferably 4 to 8 per centimeter with a bond density of about 16 to 62 bonds/cm2. The bond points can be round, square, rectangular, triangular or other geometric shapes and the percent bonded area can vary between about 5 to 50% of the surface of the nonwoven fabric. The distance between adjacent bonds can be adjusted to control the level of stretch in the fabric and optimized to a particular desired stretch level. The upper limit of bond spacing should be approximately the length of the staple fiber. The lower limit would be a distance greater than the limiting case of 100% bond area coverage, in which case maximum strength would be achieved, but with virtually no stretch.
Alternately, the heat-treated nonwoven web can be bonded using liquid binders. For example, latex can be applied by printing in a pattern on the nonwoven web. The liquid binder is preferably applied to the nonwoven web such that it forms bonds that extend through the entire thickness of the web. Alternately, coarse binder fibers or binder particles can be dispersed into the web and bonded using smooth heated calender rollers. Preferably, the binder particles or fibers have dimensions of at least 0.2 mm to about 2 mm in at least one direction and are added to the web at levels to provide between about 20 and 400 bonds/in2. Due to the relatively large size of the binder particles or fibers, the bonds will be visible as discrete bonds on the surface of the nonwoven web. The low-melt binder particles typically amount to 5–25% of the product weight. The thermal bonding conditions should be controlled such that the fabric is not excessively heated at the bond points that can create pinholes and reduce the barrier properties of the fabric. Other methods of bonding that can be used include chemical pattern bonding and mechanical needling. A needling pattern can be achieved using needle plates that can place several needles on the same spot by being synchronized with the web motion.
The bonded, multiple-component nonwoven fabrics prepared using the process of the current invention are elastically stretchable and have greater elastic stretch than multiple-component nonwoven fabrics that have been bonded prior to or at the same time as heat shrinkage of the web.
In the description above and in the examples that follow, the following test methods were employed to determine various reported characteristics and properties. ASTM refers to the American Society for Testing and Materials.
Crimp properties for the multiple-component fibers used in the examples were determined according to the method disclosed in Evans. This method comprises making three length measurements on a wrapped bundle of the multiple-component fiber in filament form (this bundle is referred to as a skein). These three length measurements are then used to calculate three parameters that describe the crimp behavior of the multiple-component fiber.
The analytical procedure consists of the following steps:
From the quantities Lo, Lc and Le, the following quantities are calculated:
CD=Crimp development=100*(Le−Lc)/Le
SS=Skein Shrinkage=100*(Lo−Le)/Lo
CI=Crimp Index and is calculated identical to CD except step 3 is omitted in the above procedure.
This property is measured in the machine direction or cross-direction by obtaining a 10-inch (25.4-cm) long section of web with the length of the sample being measured in the machine direction or cross-direction, respectively. The sample is then heated to 80� C. for 20 seconds under relaxed conditions (i.e., in a manner such that free shrinkage may occur, such as that depicted in
A sample is cut to the dimensions 6.75 by 6.75 inches (17.1 by 17.1 cm) and weighed. The mass in grams obtained is equal to the basis weight in oz/yd2. This number may then be multiplied by 33.91 to convert to g/m2.
The intrinsic viscosity (IV) was determined using viscosity measured with a Viscotek Forced Flow Viscometer Y900 (Viscotek Corporation, Houston, Tex.) for the polyester dissolved in 50/50 weight % trifluoroacetic acid/methylene chloride at a 0.4 grams/dL concentration at 19� C. following an automated method based on ASTM D 5225-92.
In addition to the definition of elastic above and Available Stretch and Fabric Growth as measured by TTM-074 and TTM-077, respectively, below, the elastic stretch was also evaluated in accordance with this method.
The elastic stretch of the composite sheet was measured using a strip 2 inches (5 cm) wide by 6 inches (15 cm) long. 10 cm is measured along the 15 cm length, by two marks placed 2.5 cm from each end. The sample is initially stretched by 5% (e.g., a 10 cm length is stretched to 10.5 cm) and released. Thirty seconds is allowed for the sample to recover. This procedure is then repeated on the same sample at 10%, 15%, 20%, etc. to determine the highest level of elastic stretch obtainable for the sample.
Three specimens for each fabric sample are cut, each specimen measuring 60�6.5 cm. The long dimension corresponds with the stretch direction. Trim each specimen to 5 cm in width. Fold one end of the fabric to form a loop and sew a seam across the width of the specimen. At 6.5 cm from the unlooped end of the fabric, draw a line referred to as Benchmark "A". At 50 cm away from Benchmark "A", draw another line as Benchmark "B". The sample is then conditioned for at least 16 hours at 20�2 deg. C. and 65�2% relative humidity. Then, the sample is clamped at the Benchmark "A" point and hung vertically such that the sample hangs freely from the point at Benchmark "A" and below. Using the loop sewn at the non clamped end of the fabric, a load of 30N (N=newtons) is applied. The sample is exercised by allowing it to be stretched by the load for 3 seconds, and then the load is released. This is done 3 times, then the load is re-applied and the sample length (between the Benchmarks) is recorded to the nearest millimeter. The average available stretch is taken from the three fabric samples measured in this fashion.
The information from TTM-074 must first be obtained before this test can be conducted. New specimens prepared identically to TTM-074 are prepared and then extended to 80% of the available stretch value determined in TTM-074. The specimens are held in that stretched state for 30 minutes. The specimens are then allowed to freely relax for 60 minutes at which point the fabric growth is measured and calculated.
% Fabric Growth=(L2*100)/L
Side-by-side, bicomponent filament yarn was prepared by conventional melt spinning of polyethylene terepthalate (2GT) having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.52 dl/g and polytrimethylene terepthalate (3GT) having an inherent viscosity of 1.00 dl/g through round 68 hole spinnerets with a spin block temperature of 255� C.–265� C. The polymer volume ratio in the filaments was controlled to 40/60 2GT/3GT by adjustment of the polymer throughput during melt spinning. The filaments were withdrawn from the spinneret at 450–550 m/min and quenched via conventional cross-flow air. The quenched filament bundle was then drawn to 4.4 times its spun length to form yarn of continuous filaments having a denier per filament of 2.2, which were annealed at 170� C., and wound up at 2100–2400 m/min. For conversion to staple fiber, several wound packages of the yarn were collected into a tow and fed into a conventional staple tow cutter to obtain staple fiber having a cut length of 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) and a CI of 13.92% and a CD value of 45.25%.
The staple was processed into a card web at 20 yd/min (18.3 m/min) forming a layer with a basis weight of 0.9 oz/yd2 (30.5 g/m2). Two webs were combined by laying one on top of the other with the machine directions of each layer aligned in the same direction to form a 1.8 oz/yd2 (61 g/m2) web. The combined, nonbonded web was rolled up with a paper layer, which was used to prevent the web from sticking to itself as it was wound upon itself.
The web was later unrolled while separating from the paper layer and heat treated using the method shown in
The heat-treated web was thermally point bonded at a bonding speed of 20 yards/minute (18.3 m/min) by feeding the web into the nip of a pattern-bonding calender formed by one smooth roll at 208� C. and one diamond patterned roll at 202� C. having 225 raised diamond shapes (squares turned 45 degrees) per square inch. The nip pressure was 50 lbs/linear inch. The bonded web weighed 2.5 oz/yd2 (84.8 g/m2) and had a thickness of 3/32 inch (0.24 cm) and 20 percent bonded area. The bonded fabric was fully drapeable, as observed by placing an 18 inch�18 inch (45.7 cm�45.7 cm) sample of the nonwoven fabric over a tall cylindrical container having a diameter of 4 inches (10.16 cm) whereupon the fabric conformed under its own weight to the shape of the container over the entire surface of the fabric. The bonded nonwoven fabric had an elastic stretch of 25% in the machine direction and 35% in the cross direction and with less than 5% permanent set.
A two-layer carded web was prepared as described in Example 1 and pre-bonded through a calender bonder using the same conditions as those used to bond the heat-treated web in Example 1. A sample of the pre-bonded web having dimensions of 180 cm long by 50 cm wide was unwound from a roll onto a belt moving at approximately 15 feet/minute (4.57 m/min) and conveyed into an oven at 100� C. The web was heated for 30 seconds while the web was positioned directly on the belt of the hot frame. The web shrank by only 5 percent in the machine direction and 15 percent in the cross direction (area shrinkage of 20 percent) and had poor drapeability. The bonded fabric had an elastic stretch of only 5% in the machine direction and only 20% in the cross-direction, with poor drapeability. Close examination revealed that whereas the product of Example 1 had uniform well formed bonds, the product of example A had poorly formed bonds with a disturbed bond perimeter and uneven thickness within the bonded areas.
The bicomponent filaments of Example 1 were cut to a length of 2.75 inches (7 cm) and blended at a level of 50 weight percent with commercial 2GT polyester staple at 0.9 denier per filament and a length of 1.45 inches (3.7 cm). The polyester was T-90S, available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del. (DuPont).
The blended fibers were processed through a standard J. D. Hollingsworth Nonwoven Card (J. D. Hollingsworth on Wheels, Greenville, S.C.) to provide a nonwoven web having a basis weight 0.7 oz/yd2 (23.7 g/m2). The blended web, 80 inches (203 cm) wide, was cross-lapped into a 80 inch (203 cm) wide batt weighing approximately 4.0 oz/yd2 (135.6 g/m2) and mechanically needled with 130 penetrations per square inch (20.2 penetrations/cm2) while it was drafted in the machine direction by a ratio of 1.3/1. The resulting lightly-needled, cross-lapped web weighed approximately 3.0 oz/yd2 (101.7 g/m2). At this stage, the product was soft, bulky, and cohesive, with some elastic stretch, but it was quite weak and had very poor surface stability.
The lightly-pre-needled web was pre-shrunk in a manner similar to that described in Example 1 to 4.1 oz/yd2 (139 g/m2), contracting approximately 13% in the cross direction and 10% in the machine relative to the starting dimensions of the web. After shrinking the web was bonded at a speed of 5 yds/min (4.6 m/min) with a patterned calender-roller heated to 227� C., applying approximately 450 lb/linear inch against a smooth steel roller heated to 230� C. The patterned roller had a two-directional interrupted pattern of lines providing a bonded area of approximately 29% with the lines spaced at approximately 5/inch (2/cm). The roller gap was set at 0.002 inches (0.1 mm).
The resulting product had a soft hand, good drapeability and a hand-evaluated elastic recoverable stretch of approximately 35% in the cross-direction and 12% in the machine direction. The final weight was 4.4 oz/yd2 (149.2 g/m2).
The Available Stretch was 11.6% in the machine direction and 35.3% in the cross direction. The Fabric Growth was 1.6% in the machine direction and 5.6% in the cross direction.
A web was prepared according to Example 2, except that bonding was performed before thermal shrinking. Final shrinkage was approximately equal to that of Example 2 with the final weight at 4.0 oz/yd2 (135.6 g/m2). Hand-evaluated elastic stretch was approximately 5% XD and 0% MD. The final product was also stiffer and less drapeable than the product of Example 2. The Available Stretch was 7.2% in the machine direction and 10.6% in the cross direction. The Fabric Growth was 0.6% in the machine direction and 1.0% in the cross direction.
The fabric of this example comprised the following blend of fibers:
50% 2GT/3GT bicomponent fiber (1.5 inches, 4.4 dpf), 3GT single component fiber (1.5 in (3.8 cm) and 1.6 dpf. The 2GT/3GT bicomponent was the same as in Example 2. The 3GT fiber was prepared from the same 3GT polymer as was used to make the bicomponent fiber and was prepared on standard staple fiber production equipment.
This example was performed with the same procedure as Example 2. The fabric had a stretch in both directions (machine and cross) of 30–35% with a 95% recovery (i.e., 5% permanent set). That is, the fabric could be stretched up to 35% and when released it returned to a final state in which it had a 5% increase over the initial unstretched length. It also had excellent drape and softness. The final basis wt. was 5.1 oz/yd2 (172.9 g/m2).
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 30, 1964
|Jan 21, 1969
|British Nylon Spinners Ltd
|Process for the production of a nonwoven web of a continuous filament yarn
|Aug 13, 1968
|Jul 27, 1971
|British Nylon Spinners Ltd
|Bonded non-woven fibrous materials
|Mar 9, 1971
|Jun 20, 1972
|Du Pont
|Composite polyester textile fibers
|Apr 5, 1976
|Jan 10, 1978
|Imperial Chemical Industries Limited
|Fibrous product
|Mar 16, 1990
|Mar 12, 1991
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Making new stretchable batts
|Jun 9, 1988
|Apr 7, 1992
|Kanebo, Ltd.
|Two-way stretch fabric and method for the preparation thereof
|Aug 21, 1992
|Jan 17, 1995
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Nonwoven multicomponent polymeric fabric and method for making same
|Apr 6, 1993
|Mar 21, 1995
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Patterned embossed nonwoven fabric, cloth-like liquid barrier material
|Sep 22, 1994
|May 23, 1995
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Nonwoven multicomponent polymeric fabric
|Dec 13, 2002
|Jul 3, 2003
|Zafiroglu Dimitri P.
|Stretchable multiple-component nonwoven fabrics and methods for preparing
|Sep 27, 2002
|Sep 11, 2003
|Vishal Bansal
|Stretchable nonwoven web and method therefor
|Mar 29, 1990
|Jun 22, 1994
|Chisso Corporation
|Method for manufacturing bulky nonwoven fabrics
|Aug 13, 1993
|Mar 16, 1994
|Kimberly-Clark Corporation
|Nonwoven multicomponent polymeric fabric and method for making same
|Dec 28, 2000
|Dec 5, 2001
|Teijin Limited
|Crimped polyester fiber and fibrous structure comprising the same
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Apr 20, 2000
|Nov 9, 2000
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Stretchable nonwoven material
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 23, 2010
|International Paper Company
|Durable paper
|Feb 18, 2010
|Jun 28, 2011
|International Paper Company
|Durable paper
|Apr 28, 2006
|Feb 14, 2012
|Carl Freudenberg Kg
|Elastic, soft and punctiformly bound non-woven fabric provided with filler particles and method for production and the use thereof
|Oct 30, 2009
|May 1, 2012
|Reynolds Consumer Products Inc.
|Multilayer stretchy drawstring
|May 1, 2007
|May 28, 2013
|Carl Freudenberg Kg
|Thermal control nonwoven material
|May 1, 2007
|Sep 13, 2007
|Peter Grynaeus
|Thermal control nonwoven material
|Aug 1, 2006
|Feb 7, 2008
|Williams Rick C
|Durable paper
|Apr 28, 2006
|Apr 23, 2009
|Carl Freudenberg Kg
|Elastic, Soft And Punctiformly Bound Non-Woven Fabric Provided With Filler Particles And Method For Production And The Use Thereof
|Jul 8, 2010
|International Paper Company
|Durable paper
|U.S. Classification
|28/156, 442/361, 264/168, 428/369, 264/155, 442/352, 428/373, 428/371
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 10, 2003
Owner name: E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ZAFIROGLU, DIMITRI P.;HIETPAS, GEOFFREY DAVID;MASSOUDA, DEBORA FLANAGAN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:013473/0673;SIGNING DATES FROM 20030128 TO 20030304
|May 27, 2004
Owner name: INVISTA NORTH AMERICA S.A.R.L., DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:015286/0708
Effective date: 20040430
|Jun 23, 2004
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., TEXAS
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INVISTA NORTH AMERICA S.A.R.L. F/K/A ARTEVA NORTH AMERICA S.A.R.;REEL/FRAME:015592/0824
Effective date: 20040430
|Mar 19, 2009
Owner name: DEUTSCHE BANK AG NEW YORK BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AG
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:INVISTA NORTH AMERICA S.A.R.L.;REEL/FRAME:022416/0849
Effective date: 20090206
Owner name: INVISTA NORTH AMERICA S.A.R.L. (F/K/A ARTEVA NORTH
Free format text: RELEASE OF U.S. PATENT SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT AND COLLATERAL AGENT (F/K/A JPMORGAN CHASE BANK);REEL/FRAME:022427/0001
Effective date: 20090206
|Sep 30, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 10, 2011
Owner name: INVISTA NORTH AMERICA S.A.R.L., NORTH CAROLINA
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:DEUTSCHE BANK AG NEW YORK BRANCH;REEL/FRAME:027211/0298
Effective date: 20111110
|Oct 2, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Holiday Inn Depoe Bay hotels are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Holiday Inn hotel prices in Depoe Bay, OR for your upcoming individual or group travel. We list the best Holiday Inn Depoe Bay hotels & lodging so you can review the Depoe Bay Holiday Inn hotel list below to find the perfect place.
Our website will also provide Depoe Bay, OR venues that have similar star rating to Holiday Inn.Need a group/meeting discount? Get quotes from hotels in Depoe Bay OR
Enter your stay dates and any discounts you qualify for to see Depoe Bay, OR rates found only on HotelPlanner!
How should we direct your call?


text:
- Report: #202179
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Huntington Prize Reports
Huntington Prize ReportsPO BOX 9004 Westbury, New York U.S.A.
Huntington Prize Reports, HPR Office's, Gerald Huntington Fraud, Too good to be true, Make you pay $ before receive winnings (Good think I didn't give in) Westbury New York
Ripoff Report
About you?
Ripoff Report
A business' first
line of defense
on the Internet.
If your business is
willing to make a
commitment to
customer satisfaction
Click here now..
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
The letter looks official but if I really won over a million dollars, wouldn't the president sign my winning letter by hand?...and why would they ask for cash? Couldnt' they just take $20 or even $200 from the winnings they're supposedly giving to me? They're not very smart.
walnut creek, California
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 07/20/2006 08:53 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Huntington-Prize-Reports/Westbury-New-York-11590-9004/Huntington-Prize-Reports-HPR-Offices-Gerald-Huntington-Fraud-Too-good-to-be-true-Make-202179. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report.
Click Here to read other Ripoff Reports on Huntington Prize Reports
If you would like to see more Rip-off Reports on this company/individual, search here:Search Tips
In order to assure the best results in your search:
- Keep the name short & simple, and try different variations of the name.
- Do not include ".com", "S", "Inc.", "Corp", or "LLC" at the end of the Company name.
- Use only the first/main part of a name to get best results.
- Only search one name at a time if Company has many AKA's.
Advertisers above have met our
strict standards for business conduct.


text:
I'm using prettyPhoto and Aqua-Resizer on a products page for my client's website. However when using this plug in, the images do not load into the light box. Here is a link to the secured and unsecured pages: https://lacherassociates.com/services/business/
All of the settings on the backend are correct as directed by the documentation.


text:
Civically Engaged Scholars
The Civically Engaged Scholar program graduates with honors any SLCC student who commits to take her/his education beyond the classroom and volunteer her/his time addressing community needs.
Students in the Civically Engaged Scholar program receive formal education of social justice issues through designated service-learning courses. They put their education to work by serving in their community, establishing a lifelong commitment to volunteering and community engagement.
There are many ways for you to enroll in the program. We have created several tracks for you to choose from.
- Civically Engaged Scholar Tracks and Responsibilities
- Civically Engaged Scholar Application Form
- OrgSync Account Setup Instructions
Civically Engaged Scholar Workshops


text:
Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands
Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands
A Moral and Amorous Tale
Vintage Books USA, Paperback, 9780307276643, 553pp.
Publication Date: September 12, 2006
It surprises no one that the charming but wayward Vadinho dos Guimaraes–a gambler notorious for never winning—dies during Carnival. His long suffering widow Dona Flor devotes herself to her cooking school and her friends, who urge her to remarry. She is soon drawn to a kind pharmacist who is everything Vadinho was not, and is altogether happy to marry him. But after her wedding she finds herself dreaming about her first husband's amorous attentions; and one evening Vadinho himself appears by her bed, as lusty as ever, to claim his marital rights.
"Bawdy, brilliant, human and humorous . . . full of unexpected delights--everything a modern novel should be."–The Denver Post
"A charismatic storyteller. . . . No other Latin American writer is more genuinely admired by his peers, nor has any other exerted so great a creative influence on the course of Latin American fiction."–The New York Times Book Review
"A sentimental masterpiece."–Los Angeles Times;
"Poetic, comical and very human."–Chicago Tribune
"One of the greatest writers . . . also one of the most entertaining." –Mario Vargas Llosa


text:
Asian Tribune is published by World Institute For Asian Studies|Powered by WIAS Vol. 12 No. 1592
Manitham – a Tamil Nadu based human rights organization to explore the effects on humanity by the proposed Sethusamudran Ship Canal Project.
Coimbatore, 12 July: Manitham - Humanism, a Tamil Nadu regional based human rights organization, has taken up the issue of Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project to explore and ascertain the impact it might have on humanity and on Sri Lanka, once the construction – actually cutting of the canal starts in the Gulf Mannar Sea.
In a statement released by "Manitham" states: "Now, 'Manitham' has undertaken Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project [SSCP] in our hands, because, we are receiving conflicting reports that the construction of this project might cause untold miseries to humanity."
In the statement "Manitham" has said: SSCP is a mega project in its kind and by constructing the canal we want to ascertain whether there would be any geological, oceanographic and environmental changes, by which whether there would be any land subsidence which would cause a major portion of Sri Lanka going under water.
The statement went on to state that according to reports "Manitham" has received, that by constructing the project a section of the humanity faces danger of land subsidence of their residential areas and even uncertainty of their lives.
According to the reports, it will be not one or two persons who are going to be affected, but it may be a few million people whose lives are in danger of being marooned to death, when their residential areas goes under water.
We are of the opinion that this fear expressed by a section of humanity may be unfounded, and may be not. But when the fear expressed involves the life and death of a section of humanity, then it cannot be simply dispelled or ignored.
Recently when delivering his budget speech in the floor of lower house of parliament, India's Finance Minister P.Chidamparam, a native of Tamil Nadu said : "The Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project is a longstanding demand – nay dream – of the people of peninsular India. I am happy to inform the House that the Environmental Impact Assessment study of the project has been completed by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur. NEERI is now preparing the techno-economic feasibility report and the report is expected to be submitted shortly. The Ministry of Shipping proposes to establish a special purpose vehicle (SPV). The SPV will raise funds for the project and Government will participate in the funding through a mix of equity support and debt-guarantee."
Thank God, though the Minister spoke of the dream project, he failed to allocate even the initial fund for the construction of the project, but he announced of "Environmental Impact Assessment study of the project has been completed by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur."
"Manitham" alleges "Our investigation reveals that NEERI has not considered UN Law on Sea Convention 1982, while making their reports.
Human rights organization went on to say: According to our survey it reveals that the Sethusamudram canal would originate from Tuticorin Port, extend in a north-north east direction in the Gulf of Mannar up to Rameswaram area, then cut through Adam's Bridge and proceed in Palk Bay area, almost parallel to the Indo-Sri Lankan boundary line (about 3 km from the boundary), and join the Bay of Bengal opposite Point Calimere.
The total length of the canal would be about 260 km - about 120 km from Tuticorin Port to Adam's Bridge (in Gulf of Mannar) and about 140 km north of Rameswaram from Adam's Bridge to Bay of Bengal channel (in Palk Bay). The canal is being investigated for different drafts (for 9.15 m, 10.7 m and 12.8 m).
Further it was said that the entire alignment would be within Indian waters.
It was unfortunate up to date, there was no clear markings of the territorial waters belonging to India and Sri Lanka and it is unclear based on what criteria it was announced that the entire project would remain within the India waters, "Manitham" raises this pertinent question
"Manitham" further points out, when India proposes to do something within close proximity of the neighbor's territorial waters then Indian Government should have considered to obtain "no objection" from the Government of Sri Lanka.
Unfortunately, "Manitham" went on to state, according to our reports that this proposal of this Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project, up to date, Indian Government has not even officially notified to Sri Lanka of their proposal even as a matter of courtesy.
Therefore, "Manitham" has decided explore fully the impact of the Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project. "Manitham" representatives will be visiting the coastal areas and meet the local fishermen for their feedbacks and discuss the issue with leading geological, marine and oceanographic experts before sending our report to Tamil Nadu Government of our finding for necessary actions.
- Asian Tribune -


text:
I was very happy to have found this player after having tried many. This one did all the things i wanted, especially since the recent update.
Then I bought a new theme hoping to use this player in there.
That doesn't work unfortunately and I don't really know where to look to fix it. I've asked Simon, so let's see how 't goes.


text:
I was about seven years old when I got my first copy of the Rand McNally Road Atlas (RMRA), and I've rarely been more than 50 feet away from one ever since. Unless I was out of the country, there has probably never been a day when I haven't looked at it at least once. read more »
Urban Issues
Counting Counties
China's Heartland Capital: Chengdu, Sichuan
On May 12, 2008, Chinese architect Stepp Lin was focusing intensely on his professional licensing exam in a testing center in central Chengdu when suddenly he felt someone bumping his desk. By the time he looked up to see what it was, most of the other exam takers were frantically fleeing for the exit. It turns out that what he was feeling were the tremors of what was to be the most devastating earthquake to hit China in recent memory. read more »
Reducing Traffic Congestion and Improving Travel Options in Los Angeles
While traffic congestion plagues many cities, Los Angeles stands apart. The Texas Transportation Institute tracks congestion statistics for U.S. metropolitan areas on an annual basis, and Los Angeles routinely ranks first for both total and per-capita congestion delays. Considering the value of wasted time and fuel, TTI estimates the annual cost of traffic congestion in greater Los Angeles at close to $10 billion. read more »
Housing: Density & Desire
Density — the number of units per acre on a proposed site plan — is at the heart of the developer's mantra: More density, more profit. Meanwhile, environmentalists and many planners preach high density as the promise for a better future. The compression of families is an attempt to curb sprawl and reduce transportation energy consumption. For these reasons, many Green programs demand a minimum density to qualify for certification. read more »
Will Anyone Stand Up for American Industry?
"Esau for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. For ye know how that afterward, when he would have inherited the blessing, he was rejected: for he found no place of repentance, though he sought it carefully with tears." - Hebrews 12:16-17
Built from 1933-1936, the Bay Bridge linking San Francisco to Oakland was an engineering marvel of its day. A complex series of multiple spans, when it opened – six months ahead of the more famous Golden Gate Bridge – it was both the longest suspended bridge deck in the world and the longest cantilever bridge in the world. The western suspension bridge section, technically two bridges in one, had to settle for being only the second and third longest suspension bridges in the world. read more »
The Limits Of Politics
Reversing the general course of history, economics or demography is never easy, despite even the most dogged efforts of the best-connected political operatives working today.
Since the 2006 elections – and even more so after 2008 – blue-state politicians have enjoyed a monopoly of power unprecedented in recent history. Hardcore blue staters control virtually every major Congressional committee, as well as the House Speakership and the White House. Yet they still have proved incapable of reversing the demographic and economic decline in the nation's most "progressive" cities and states. read more »
Urbanity Drives Gay Rights Victory in Washington
If anyone were to doubt that there really are two Washingtons, that the Seattle metropolitan core (and its playgrounds) are another world from most rural to small city Washington (especially east of the Cascade crest), a look at the maps for the vote on Referendum 71 last November should be persuasive. These are not subtle, marginal differences, but indisputable polarization in what political and cultural researchers may call the modernist-traditional divide. read more »
Why New York City Needs a New Economic Strategy
When Michael Bloomberg stood on the steps of City Hall last week to be sworn in for a third term as New York City's mayor, he spoke in upbeat terms about the challenges ahead. The situation, however, is far more difficult than he portrays it. American financial power has shifted from New York to Washington, while global clout moves toward Singapore, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. Even if the local economy rebounds, the traditional media industries that employ many of Bloomberg's influential constituents likely will continue to decline. read more »
- Login to post comments
The Football Franchise Hustle: Financing the NFL
The economics of professional football bring more than a few words to mind: scam, hoax, boondoggle, rip-off, racket, con, scheme, fix, subsidy, loophole, ruse, handout, set up, monopoly, and — well, why not — Jimmy Hoffa who, according to urban legend, was interred in the end zone in Giants Stadium.
An insider trading scheme dressed up as a professional sport, pro football finance incorporates everything fishy in the worlds of municipal finance, urban planning, government subsidies, cable television, and, even sometimes, sports. read more »
New Geography Top Stories of 2009
As we bring to a close our first full calendar year at NewGeography.com, we thought readers may be interested in which articles out of more than 350 published enjoyed the widest readership. It's been a solid year of growth for the site; visits to the site over the past six months have more than tripled over last year and subscribers have increased by a factor of six. The list of popular articles is based both on.readership online and via RSS. read more »
- Login to post comments


text:
Bobbi Brown Beach Shimmer Brick ($38.00 for 0.40 oz.) is a new Shimmer Brick for the summer. Shimmer Bricks come with five strips of color and can be used on cheeks or eyes, mixed or individually.
Beach actually works really well as eyeshadow, because it does have a nice fade from light to dark. When mixed together, Beach is a little darker than Beige Shimmer Brick but lighter than Bronze Shimmer Brick. Beach comes together to give a dirty bronze with red undertones and a very, very high frost finish. It has a champagne sheen, but it definitely feels like one of the frostier Shimmer Bricks I've tried.
I think on darker beauties, this could be a really lovely way to enhance your natural skin tone and give you that glow. On my light-medium skin tone (NC25), it comes off looking dirty when I wear it alone or maybe like I have a bit of a sunburn. It's better if I wear a blush and use this as a light highlighter, but I still have to be careful to get it to work just right. My advice is to definitely use a stippling brush when applying it to avoid going overboard. The shimmer seems to accentuate my skin flaws/texture of my skin–and not for the greater good!
I'm not loving it as a blush/bronzer, but I think the shades could definitely be used individually as eyeshadows, like the lightest as a quick wash of shimmer on the lid on days when you're pressed for time. I also found this one just a bit too shimmery for my liking as well–but I do tend to find they're more shimmer than I personally want (but hello? they are called SHIMMER Bricks for a reason!), so it's not an issue of the product itself. One thing that I do want to point out is that the Shimmer Brick contains over twice the amount of your average blush.


text:
Who: Marion Jones
Olympics: Sydney 2000
Baseball players weren't the only ones juicing up at the turn of the millennium—track stars were just as likely to be dirty. After winning three gold and two bronze medals in Sydney, Marion Jones was eventually found to have lied to investigators and was sentenced to serve six months in jail in 2008. Jones had been accused of doping dating back to her high school days in California so the question is: How many more of her records are tainted?
The 50 Biggest Fails in Summer Olympics History
10. Marion Jones Forfeiting Medals for Using PHDs
Who: Marion Jones
Watch Now


text:
Definition of helping in English:
1A portion of food served to one person at one time: there will be enough for six helpings
More example sentences
- Their favourite dish is cod and chips, served with a generous helping of salt and vinegar.
- They refuse her every wish - to wear plain, plaid dresses instead of fussy white muslin, to go barefoot outdoors, and to have second helpings of food.
- Mania is about desperately seeking to live life at a more passionate level: taking second and sometimes third helpings on food, alcohol, drugs, sex and money.
1.1A quantity of something: it's a powerful ballad tinged with a huge helping of gospel vibes
More example sentences
- It was clear that the evidence would be met with a huge helping of scepticism in Washington.
- Well the most obvious difference is the huge helping of cache that Intel has added to the Extreme Edition.
- Even if the majority of the industry treat the concept as a joke, with huge helpings of cynicism added in, the average bloke on the street still believes in it.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: help|ing
Definition of helping in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
I'm currently working on illustrations for CHRISTMAS HORROR, a horror themed Christmas story collection published by Dark Regions Press featuring new stories by Joe R. Lansdale, John Skipp, Jeff Strand, Cody Goodfellow and more.
Aug. 7, 2014: TWITTER
I'm now on Twitter. Follow me at @zmccain
Mar. 5, 2014: FILM RELATED PROJECTS
I'm currently working on illustrations for a couple of film projects for director Josh Boone. I'll have more updates on this in the future.
Aug. 25, 2012: SUPERNAUT & DARKFUSE
I'm currently working on my comic book Supernaut whenever I have free time. Publishing related jobs include graphic design for DarkFuseHERE.and cover art for Thunderstorm Books and Permuted Press.
All artwork by Zach McCain© 2005-2015-----Contact: email@example.com Follow @zmccain


text:
Back to all photo albums
Choose album
There are no tags for this photo
See all photos »
Sign in, if you're already a member of this group or Join Meditation and Reiki Circle
Do you want to move this photo to "__ALBUM_NAME__"?
Yes, I'm Sure
Help support your Meetup
Welcome here in the sweet spot of the universe as you take your next steps towards awakening your mind-body-spirit connection to attain health, balance and harmony.
Meet with a local people who are interested in Reiki, natural healing and meditation.
Our meetups would not be limited to indoor meditation, Reiki sessions, but also outings to places of special energetic properties, and places where you can learn to notice and enjoy the beauty of Universal Energy.
Join in on the following meet-ups, workshops, and classes. -Meditation -Reiki Shares - All Levels Welcome -Reiki classes - Level I, II, & Master/Teacher
Hi! I`m Hajnalka "Dawn" Steller Thank you for visiting my meetup! I am a Master-Teacher of traditional Usui Reiki, and have been practicing for over 18 years. We spend most of our lives looking outward to the world, believing that the source of happiness, peace, and fulfillment lies external to ourselves. Reiki allows us to explore our essential inner nature, restoring the memory of wholeness in our lives. With Reiki, the flow of energy will open your mind to the possibility that you can take control of your life and your body in ways you never imagined were possible. May this information empower you to love yourself and others, while it assists you in your own personal journey towards self-healing, self-discovery and enlightenment. My intention is that you learn to believe in and trust in your own power of love and transformation. With love and light, may you be blessed on your path to enlightenment. Dawn
Private Reiki Session available by appointment. email@example.com
1,662 Fireflies
344 Friends
734 Members
552 health advocates
1,317 Meditators
2,158 Trail shrinks
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
Post why you want either one over the other.
[ Edited by D_Niner on Feb 24, 2014 at 3:01 PM ]
There are 208 users in the forums
Originally posted by jonesadrian:
its not even a decision. fire baalke wherever he is and keep jim.
not even a debate or close. pay jim and let baalke deal with it if he can't fire him and next man up. the coach has 41 wins 3 nfc championship appearances 1 super bowl appearance in 3 seasons
there should be no scenario where we give up jim in favor of baalke. the draft is a crap shoot i dont care who the gm is.
the coach is the person who impacts the team the most. the leader of men. not anybody can just do it otherwise teams wouldn't be vowing to try and trade for him with coaches currently in place.
Originally posted by verb1der:
Baalke is supposed to be one of the best GMs in the league, without him, Jim will eventually be leading a team of scrubs. The talent on this team is all Baalke, imo.
It's a tough choice.
Originally posted by theduke85:
Also, hopefully we just keep both, and that everything is being blown out of proportion. It's the offseason. The media needs something to make a circus out of. There's probably very little truth to any of this.
Originally posted by jonesadrian:
Originally posted by verb1der:
Baalke is supposed to be one of the best GMs in the league, without him, Jim will eventually be leading a team of scrubs. The talent on this team is all Baalke, imo.
It's a tough choice.
you said supposed to be though. he was the gm before jim got here correct? how did that work out for him?
its not all baalke for one he didn't want kap.
he did want a.j. jenkins.
but like i said the draft is a crapshoot.
so im not here to penalize him for picks he did make reluctantly or ones he missed on.
COACHING is not a crapshoot.
either you can do it or you can't
garrett in dallas had all the talent in the world for a few season and did NOTHING close to what jim has done. he's still figuring it out. remember this was his 3rd year
this is going to be his 3rd training camp.. he didn't get a 1st one.
the sky is the limit as they figure it out.
Originally posted by D_Niner:
That's what I use to think; but, them not sitting together once at the combine makes me . You would think the HC and GM would discuss candidates together at the combine...


text:
DOVER — Sofia Kouninis has earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Biological Sciences with a minor in Journalism from Emory University in Atlanta, Ga. during their 2014 commencement exercises.
Kouninis graduated a member of Alpha Lambda Delta and the National Society of Collegiate Scholars honor societies.
While a junior at Emory, Kouninis earned her advanced EMT license and volunteered during senior year with the university's emergency services team. She also volunteered at Children's Hospital of Atlanta.
Kouninis contributed articles to Georgia Health News and The Emory Wheel while completing her journalism requirements.
A resident of Dover New Hampshire and a 2010 graduate of The Derryfield School, Kouninis plans to remain in Atlanta. Now having begun a career employed by the city of Atlanta Emergency Services, she plans to pursue further educational opportunities.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article
Location, ST | website.com


text:
Making Waves is the SIUE Feminist organization and an affiliate of Feminist Majority Alliance (FMLA).
Since 2003, Making Waves has been involved in numerous campaigns on the SIUE campus to promote basic feminist ideals such as reproductive rights, violence prevention, and human global rights. In past years, Making Waves has been very active in organizing student-run activities.
Are you interested in joining Making Waves?
Do you have ideas for how a student group could productively engage their peers in discussing issues of gender and sexuality?
Contact Liz Stygar, the faculty liaison for Making Waves.


text:
OSHA News Release - (Archived) Table of Contents
Region 3 News Release
Release Number: 05-1797-PHI (osha 05-123)
Date: Mon., Oct. 17, 2005
Contact: Leni Uddyback-Fortson
Phone: (215) 861-5102
PITTSBURGH, Pa. -- The U.S. Labor Department's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has cited three contractors for exposing workers to safety hazards at an Ambridge, Pa., construction site. OSHA began an inspection after a worker fell through a skylight and was fatally injured. Penalties totaling $102,300 have been proposed.
"Falls are a leading cause of construction worker fatalities and injuries," said Robert Szymanski, area director of the Pittsburgh OSHA office. "This fatality is a harsh warning that employers need to comply with OSHA standards to protect their workers."
American Asbestos Control Company, Cranberry Township, Pa., received two willful citations with a penalty of $56,000 for failing to provide workers with fall protection and properly cover skylight openings. Eight serious violations, with a penalty of $7,200, were cited for additional violations of fall protection standards.
Voegele Company Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., also received a willful citation and a $28,000 penalty for failing to protect employees working on steep roofs.
Southern Erectors Contracting Corporation, Avella, Pa., was cited for five alleged serious violations and fined $11,100. All the violations related to fall protection systems and training.
OSHA defines a willful violation as one committed with an intentional disregard of, or plain indifference to, the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and regulations. A serious violation is a condition where there is a substantial possibility that death or serious physical harm can result to an employee.
The companies have 15 business days from receipt of the citations to request and participate in an informal conference with the OSHA area director or to contest them before the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. The investigation was conducted by OSHA's Pittsburgh area office, telephone (412) 395-4903.
Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace for their employees. OSHA's role is to assure the safety and health of America's workers by setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health. For more information, visit www.osha.gov.
U.S. Labor Department (DOL) releases are accessible on the Internet at www.dol.gov. The information in this news release will be made available in alternate format upon request (large print, Braille, audio tape or disc) from the COAST office. Please specify which news release when placing your request. Call (202) 693-7765 or TTY (202) 693-7755. DOL is committed to providing America's employers and employees with easy access to understandable information on how to comply with its laws and regulations. For more information, please visit www.dol.gov/compliance.
|OSHA News Release - (Archived) Table of Contents


text:
you are viewing a single comment's thread.
If you want to find a country where "political leaders" make a difference to business try Red China, or if your wayback machine works. Germany in the late twenties.
The economy is a job for business, and they've no incentive to hire, with the lowest tax rates in the world and ways to finagle it down to zero, why risk hiring?


text:
The Ripley High School Class of 1953 is planning 60th Class Reunion to be held at 4 p.m., Saturday, July 6 at the Fellowship Center in Epworth United Methodist Church at 208 N. Church St.
All Classmates will soon be sent a mailer with reunion information and reservation slips. The meal will be buffet with boneless chicken or baked steak, mashed potatioes, green beans, salad, roll and dessert. Tea, coffee and water are the beverage choices.
If you graduated in '53 and do not receive a mailer please call Dick Casto at 1-(304) 372- 8601.
Location, ST | website.com


text:
Username or Email Address
(forgot?) Register
Allows network admins to restrict which plugins are available on sites, similar to themes.
Download Version 1.1.3
No reviews yet! Be the first to review this plugin!
RSS link for this plugin's reviews.
You must log in to submit a review. You can also log in or register using the form near the top of this page.


text:
A projectile is launched with a launch angle of 35� with respect to the horizontal direction and with initial speed 44 m/s.
(A) How do the vertical and horizontal components of its velocity vary with time?
(B) How long does it remain in flight?
(C) For a given launch speed, what launch angle produces the longest time of flight?
Consider the projectile to be a point mass that starts with an initial velocity, upward and to the right, with forces from air resistance neglected. There is no force acting horizontally to accelerate its horizontal motion, while its vertical motion is accelerated downward by gravity. Therefore as the projectile moves to the right at a constant rate, the vertical part of its motion consists of first rising upward and then moving downward until the projectile strikes the ground. Use the simulation to display the projectile motion.
The velocity has components in both the x and y directions, so we categorize this as a problem involving particle motion in two dimensions. The particle also has only a y component of acceleration, so we categorize it as a particle under constant acceleration in the y direction and constant velocity in the x direction.
(A) How do the vertical
and horizontal components of its velocity vary with time?
Analyze The initial velocity in the x-direction vxi is related to the initial speed by
The constant velocity in the x-direction means that the equation describing the time dependence of x for the particle, with x0 taken as 0, is
The equation for the vertical coordinate, which is constantly accelerating downward at g = 9.8 m/s2, is