text:
Talk:Gaia hypothesis
|WikiProject Environment / Climate change
|(Rated C-class)
|WikiProject Systems
|(Rated C-class, High-importance)
- 1 This article & Geophysiology
- 2 Cleaning the 'See also' section
- 3 Updating first paragraph (and perhaps the rest of the article)
- 4 Hypothesis vs Theory, revisited
- 5 Gaia's Revenge
- 6 Daisyworld section vs article
- 7 Attempt to fix weaknesses in the article
- 8 Split apart
- 9 Integrating "Gaia hypothesis in ecology"
- 10 Critical analysis + Range of views
- 11 The cleanup of the article
- 12 Request to protect the page
- 13 Recent news
- 15 Deleted original research
- 16 Latest edit by Arc de Ciel
- 17 "Gaia Philosophy" section
- 18 Gaia Conferences
- 19 The debate appears to be skewed.
- 20 Criticism: Bruno Latour
- 21 Decohesion
- 22 daisyworld
- 23 Deleted criticism
- 24 CLAW hypothesis "discredited"?
- 25 Gaian Reproduction and Life
- 26 Purposeful gaia pseudoscience in lead to distinguish good and bad bits
This article & Geophysiology[edit]
There is some overlapping between this article and Geophysiology. Basically, it seems that what initially emerged as the "Gaia hypothesis" consolidated into different trends (as explained in the 'Range of views' section) and also inspired other trends out of the scientist academia like the Gaia Movement and the Gaia philosophy, all cited in the article. Geophysiology is the study of interaction among living organisms on the Earth operating under the Gaia hypothesis. So what about considering Geophysiology as a main article for the current scientific view of the Gaia hypothesis? Here we could concentrate on the original hypothesis formulated, its evolution into different trends, the main authors postulating and criticizing. I'm happy putting some time on this page as a pet WP hobby.--Qgil (talk) 19:42, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
- In fact I was wrong, and there are differences between the Gaia theory and Geophysiology, even if both have a lot of overlapping. I'm reading more about this before doing changes to the article.--Qgil (talk) 05:09, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
Cleaning the 'See also' section[edit]
I have deleted a bunch of links that had a dubious relation to this article, and were more related to the Gaia movement, philosophy, etc. A couple of them were already referenced in the text several times. Less is more and there is still 12 of them. I believe the whole page will benefit from a bit of focus.--Qgil (talk) 05:52, 23 March 2011 (UTC)
Updating first paragraph (and perhaps the rest of the article)[edit]
So I decided to go ahead and start rewriting the first paragraph, focusing on clarity, the basic definition of the hypothesis, the main authors, and the closest scientific fields that are working with this hypothesis. I also referenced the Gaia philosophy and movement articles (that are also in dubious shape) in an attempt to draw a clear line and drive away whoever is interested in the philosophic and religious aspects. If nobody objects I will continue cleaning the article. Full disclaimer: I'm not an expert, just a hobbyist willing to learn more about the topic.--Qgil (talk) 23:32, 23 March 2011 (UTC)
The sections have been reshuffled without touching (yet) any content in them. I'm getting as an inspiration for a clean structure pages like String theory that follow more or less this schema: exposition of the hypothesis and its context - experiments/pro - critique/against - history - references. Now there are many sections mixing pro-against, there is a lot of duplicity and a full sense of useless disorder. I will try to go section by section, cleaning and concentrating similar stuff under the same sections. In the meantime it may occur that the article is even more messy than before but I hope it won't take long and you can always help as well :) --Qgil (talk) 19:14, 24 March 2011 (UTC)
I have started rewriting the Overview. The original text insisted in quoting Lovelock and reflecting his original opinions. With a bit of adaptation and update, now the text explain what (hopefully) is a reflection not only of Lovelock but whoever else is working in this field. I will continue creating subsections about each of the main phenomena investigated: temperature, oxygen and salinity, pointing to the articles where each of these cases is explained in depth.--Qgil (talk) 07:28, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
The Overview is now divided in different subsections for each of the remarkable phenomena that the theory uses to demonstrate the relevance of organisms in geological processes essential for the habitability of the planet. The idea is to summarize each phenomena and link to the relevant articles where such phenomena are explained in detail. Next in my ToDo.--Qgil (talk) 01:31, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
Hypothesis vs Theory, revisited[edit]
This is a topic that has been discussed above, some years back. I'm not in a hurry on this but I though it was useful to notice that the own James Lovelock gives an explanation on his book The vanishing face of Gaia (2009) that is different from anything discussed here. At the end of the book there is a summary where one can read:
GAIA HYPOTHESIS. James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis postulated in the early 1970s that life on Earth activly keeps the surface conditions always favorable for whatever is the contemporary ensemble of organisms. When introduced, this hypothesis was contrary to the conventional wisdom that life adapted to planetary conditions as it and they evolved in their separate ways. We now know that the hypothesis as originally stated was wrong because it is not life alon but the whole Earth system that does the regulating. The hypothesis evolved into what is now Gaia theory.
GAIA THEORY. A view of the Earth introduced in the 1980s that sees it as a self-regulating system made up from the totality of organisms, the surface rocks, the ocean and the atmosphere tightly coupled as an evolving system. The theory sees this system as having a goal - the regulation of surface conditions so as always to be as favorable for contemporary life as possible. It is based on observations and theoretical models; it is fruitful and has made ten successful predictions.
The book refers to a collection of scientific observations and predictions, and mentions the different recognitions the Gaia thory has received from scientific organizations in the last years - many of them after the discussions held here. I will update the information in the article as I progress reading the book. Once the article is updated and in good shape I'll go back to this discussion over the default title of the article, if needed. I thought it was good to share now just in case someone has good knowledge and/or strong opinions.--Qgil (talk) 05:01, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
- I'm reading another book where the difference between the original Gaia hypothesis and the current Gaia theory is also stressed. I have created a new section to explain this: Gaia_hypothesis#From_hypothesis_to_theory.--Qgil (talk) 16:42, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
Gaia's Revenge[edit]
Unknown author dleted part of the post concerning Lovelock's latest book "Gaia's Revenge". This has been reversed in the absence of either a sihgned change or an explanation in the discussion pages John D. Croft 02:43, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
- I have moved part of that section to James_Lovelock#Climate_and_mass_human_mortality since they were digressing from the Gaia hypothesis itself, but could be still interesting in the context of Lovelock's future predictions.--Qgil (talk) 05:22, 23 March 2011 (UTC)
- As a matter of fact, the more I look at the article the less I see the point of this section about "The Revenge of Gaia". It is about Lovelock's personal predictions about the future, a topic that is already covered at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lovelock#Climate_and_mass_human_mortality and it doesn't contest or add to the Gaia hypothesis itself. A sentence somewhere linking to the section in Lovelock's article would be enough imho. This would help cleaning the pages and keeping the focus.--Qgil (talk) 18:46, 24 March 2011 (UTC)
- Since there were no objections, I have left just a basic mention in "Regulation of the global surface temperature" and I have moved the whole paragraph to James_Lovelock#The_revenge_of_Gaia.--Qgil (talk) 06:28, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
- As a matter of fact, the more I look at the article the less I see the point of this section about "The Revenge of Gaia". It is about Lovelock's personal predictions about the future, a topic that is already covered at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lovelock#Climate_and_mass_human_mortality and it doesn't contest or add to the Gaia hypothesis itself. A sentence somewhere linking to the section in Lovelock's article would be enough imho. This would help cleaning the pages and keeping the focus.--Qgil (talk) 18:46, 24 March 2011 (UTC)
Daisyworld section vs article[edit]
Gaia_hypothesis#Daisyworld_simulations is pretty extensive considering that Daisyworld exists and is in fact a good article. Gaia hypothesis is already too long, and a thinner Daisyworld section pointing to the main article would help. There is work for a volunteer to keep the section here at a minimum and move to Daisyworld the information not mentioned there, if any.--Qgil (talk) 01:35, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
- In fact, the Daisyworld content could be located inside the section "Regulation of the global surface temperature", since this is what the model aims to demonstrate.--Qgil (talk) 14:16, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
- Done. Now the text under "Regulation of the global surface temperature" needs a bit of expansion. Maybe there is more to move from below in the article, maybe we can take the basic content from other WP pages or maybe we must go to the sources and extract what matters.--Qgil (talk) 02:19, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
Attempt to fix weaknesses in the article[edit]
I have added citations where citations needed existed before. There is still weaknesses as Kirchner gets mentioned twice, and this needs correction, as it is repetitive. I invite anyone else to have a go. I have been trying to find who added the "tone" criticism in April 2010, as I would like to find what their criticisms were. It doesn't show in the talk pages. John D. Croft (talk) 17:40, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
- Thanks John! I am also working these days in improving this article - see the comments just above. The article is definitely messy and with many repetitions, and this is why I'm going from top to down, step by step as I find the time. Next comes Gaia hypothesis#Regulation of the global surface temperature, where I plan to include the mention to Daisyworld and move all the rest to the Daisyworld main article. I'm fine having that banner until we are done with the cleaning. Then we can request revision from The Powers That Be, and perhaps we can get a better quote than the Cs above. :) --Qgil (talk) 20:32, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
- John, thanks again for all these edits and citations. Very much needed! I see that you have expanded the section "The Revenge of Gaia". In fact I'm proposing to remove it completely, see my comments at #Gaia's Revenge. Looking forward to your feedback!--Qgil (talk) 20:39, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
- Thanks Qgil for your edits to the article. I feel we could go for an improvement in the quality (It is now definitely better than C class). What do you all think? John D. Croft (talk) 13:00, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
- Strong disagreement until the rest of the fringe/pseudoscience issues are resolved (especially the lack of demarcation between these and the actual science). I will hopefully get some time to work on that soon. Arc de Ciel (talk) 04:25, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
- Arc du Ciel - which fringe/pseudoscience are you referring to? I cannnot see much in the article as it stands that could be called pseudoscience. John D. Croft (talk) 07:03, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
- Please see the FTN post linked below. :-) Arc de Ciel (talk) 19:41, 18 August 2012 (UTC)
- Arc du Ciel - which fringe/pseudoscience are you referring to? I cannnot see much in the article as it stands that could be called pseudoscience. John D. Croft (talk) 07:03, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
- Strong disagreement until the rest of the fringe/pseudoscience issues are resolved (especially the lack of demarcation between these and the actual science). I will hopefully get some time to work on that soon. Arc de Ciel (talk) 04:25, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
- Thanks Qgil for your edits to the article. I feel we could go for an improvement in the quality (It is now definitely better than C class). What do you all think? John D. Croft (talk) 13:00, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
Split apart[edit]
The article is huge (as is this discussion page). I've added the template split-apart and propose it be split into smaller articles referent to each topic ("History of the Gaia theory", "Weak and strong Gaia theories", etc.). I believe most top-level topics are detailed enough to be stand-alone articles. 220.127.116.11 (talk) 21:39, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
- Thanks for your help. I believe that "Critical analysis" and "History" could get sub-articles created right away. About the rest, there is still a lot of cleaning to do. For instance, the "Weak and strong Gaia theories" might well be the analysis done by a single person, since these terms seem not be used by the scientists actually working in connection with the Gaia theory. I'm doing more reading before proposing anything, though.--Qgil (talk) 05:51, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
- About the long Discussion page, I also agree. Does someone know how to archive the old discussions until, say, #Error (March 2010)? --Qgil (talk) 06:32, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
- /Archive 1 created.--Qgil (talk) 15:44, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
- Until there is more to put into such articles we would only be creating stubs. For the moment I am against it, and for that reason I am deleting the "split" line on the front page. Is that OK? John D. Croft (talk) 12:22, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
- I also prefer to concentrate first in the cleaning of the article (as requested a year ago). Once we have gone through it we can consider whether more splits are needed. In fact we have got already entire paragraphs being moved to other aerticles as a result of the clean-up.--Qgil (talk) 17:10, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
- Until there is more to put into such articles we would only be creating stubs. For the moment I am against it, and for that reason I am deleting the "split" line on the front page. Is that OK? John D. Croft (talk) 12:22, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
- /Archive 1 created.--Qgil (talk) 15:44, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
- About the long Discussion page, I also agree. Does someone know how to archive the old discussions until, say, #Error (March 2010)? --Qgil (talk) 06:32, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
Integrating "Gaia hypothesis in ecology"[edit]
Gaia_hypothesis#Gaia_hypothesis_in_ecology contains a lot of redundancy and looks to me good food for the somewhat lacking article Earth system science. Any objections to clean/move? --Qgil (talk) 00:42, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
Critical analysis + Range of views[edit]
The sections "Critical analysis" + "Range of views" contain a lot of redundancy and disorder. At the end they try to address Criticism and the different replies from the Gaia scientists. It would be more useful to have them organized by the hottest topics: the concept of a living Earth, the role of Gaia in evolution and natural selection, the name of Gaia itself...--Qgil (talk) 15:22, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
Let's summarize here the points being criticized:
- The name of Gaia for a scientific theory, leading to plenty of non-scientific and New Age connections.
- The Earth as a living superorganism.
- The capacity of a myriad of organisms to get organized and coordinated with inorganic processes to self-regulate.
- The "teleologic" aspect.
- The fact that geochemistry with little or no co-evolution with living beings is enough to explain the geological phenomena the Gaia theory mentions.
We also need to explain that all these were hot topics in the 60s & 70s, but Daisyworld and further research coming from the consolidation of holistic disciplines like Earth System Science have calmed the original debate quite a lot. The questions open (now and probably forever) are philosophical (e.g. is the Earth really a single living being and we are part of it?) and correspond to Gaia philosophy. Now Lovelock and other may still argue about institutional global warming predicitions not taking enough into account aspects of Gaia theory like the sudden effects of positive feedback, but this belongs to a specific debate on climate change that involves many other aspects beyond the Gaia theory.
If you agree on all this I will proceed consequently.--Qgil (talk) 17:57, 20 April 2011 (UTC)
- It seems that this "Strong Gaia vs Weak Gaia" thing comes as a result of a single PhD thesis, see this. I haven't seen it referenced anywhere else except in pages mentioning either that thesis work or this Wikipedia article. That sections contains a lot of redundancy. I'm happy keeping the mention to the Weak/Strong concept pointing to that thesis available online, moving whatever unique to the corresponding sections in the article and delete the rest.--Qgil (talk) 17:24, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
Qgil you may be interested in Stephan Harding's book Animate Earth. Stephan addresses many of the so-called weaknesses of the Gaia Hypothesis there, especially the claim that geochemistry can explain gaia in the absence of the Gaia Hypothesis. Regarrding Strong and Weak Gaia, I think Jon Turney mentions it too. Thanks for your work again John D. Croft (talk) 20:15, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
The cleanup of the article[edit]
Thank you Qgil for your fantastic work cleaning up the article. I deleted a small section that I found to be repetitive, but apart from that I am very pleased with the direction you have taken. I wonder about including a photograph of James lovelock in the text? What do you think? John D. Croft (talk) 19:58, 12 April 2011 (UTC)
- Thanks for the feedback and your help. Having a picture of Lovelock is a good idea, and I would add ome from Margulis too. What do you think?--Qgil (talk) 03:40, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
- Yes excellent. I'll see if I can find them. John D. Croft (talk) 08:14, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
- Done. John D. Croft (talk) 12:19, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
- Yes excellent. I'll see if I can find them. John D. Croft (talk) 08:14, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
Expanded the paleoclimatology section and removed the label requestinbg expansion.John D. Croft (talk) 17:55, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
- The work you have both been doing shows WP editing at its best - an intelligent approach to a controversial topic and useful tidying of a long, intricate and, in some places, still poorly organised article.126.96.36.199 (talk) 04:25, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
Request to protect the page[edit]
I think the page should be semi-protected, to autoconfermed users, to prevent vandalism. --22.214.171.124 (talk) 05:55, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
- A request at WP:RFPP would not be successful because there has not been much disruption lately. If you are aware of any bad text in the article, please fix it or mention it here. Johnuniq (talk) 06:31, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
Recent news[edit]
UMD Finding May Hold Key to Gaia Theory of Earth as Living Organism is there anyway we could get this on the article?
"Is Earth really a sort of giant living organism as the Gaia hypothesis predicts? A new discovery made at the University of Maryland may provide a key to answering this question. This key of sulfur could allow scientists to unlock heretofore hidden interactions between ocean organisms, atmosphere, and land -- interactions that might provide evidence supporting this famous theory."
Sulfur Finding May Hold Key to Gaia Theory of Earth as Living Organism GreenUniverse (talk) 14:48, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
- User:GreenUniverse has been blocked as a sock of banned User:BookWorm44. - SummerPhD (talk) 04:30, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
Just a note that I brought this article up at WP:FTN. Arc de Ciel (talk) 05:18, 12 August 2012 (UTC)
Deleted original research[edit]
The link to the "Omega Gaia" is an occult/metaphysics not a science website. Also Teilhard Chardin did not propose the Gaia hypothesis and neither did Oliver Reiser so they have been removed. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 15:31, 12 August 2012 (UTC)
- Teilhard de Chardin did make use of Vernadsky's "Biosphere" hypothesis, via Henri Bergson, which has been acknowledged as a parallel to Gaia Theory.John D. Croft (talk) 13:04, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
Latest edit by Arc de Ciel[edit]
The Cryogenian period of "Snowball Earth" does show biogeophysiological processes at work as advocated by James Lovelock. Photosynthesis drew down CO2 to levels that cooled the Earth prematurely, but volcanism returned CO2 to the atmosphere, melting the glaciers. Under extreme CO2 radiative forcing (greenhouse effect), built up over millions of years because CO2 consumption by silicate weathering is slowed by the cold, while volcanic and metamorphic CO2 emissions continue unabated. Thus the geochemical carbon cycle is a key step in the cycle is the conversion of CO2 (as carbonic acid rain) into Ca2+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate) ions through the breakdown ("weathering") of common silicate rocks like basalt. Silicate rock weathering consumes CO2 through chemical reactions that are temperature and moisture dependent. If global temperatures warm, weathering rate goes up as does the consumption of CO2. Conversely, if global climate gets colder, weathering rate goes down as does the consumption of CO2. The temperature dependence acts as a brake, or self-stabilizing mechanism, on the climate system. So I have reversed your edit. John D. Croft (talk) 10:10, 21 August 2012 (UTC)
- I took the liberty of fixing your spelling of my username. :-)
- That being said, I'm not sure what you mean. Of course natural processes were at work (how else would it have happened?) but the article claims Snowball Earth to be in support of the Gaia hypothesis (and it was using some weasel terms as well). I am not sure whether you are familiar with how evidence is evaluated, but briefly if Snowball Earth happening is evidence for Gaia, then Snowball Earth not happening would be evidence against Gaia. A hypothesis cannot make two opposing predictions. The mathematical proof derives from Bayes' theorem and can be found here. I can explain in more detail if you would like. Arc de Ciel (talk) 03:16, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
"Gaia Philosophy" section[edit]
This whole section seems like fluff to me. It only repeats what has already been said elsewhere in the article - for example the original work by Margulis and Lovelock, and criticism by Gould and Dawkins - and adds very little of value. There certainly seems to be nothing about "Philosophy". I propose the section is deleted. Atshal (talk) 15:21, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
Gaia Conferences[edit]
I think the information contained in these sections is excellent and informative, as well as being well written, and has clearly been written by someone who knows the subject well and quite possibly attended these conferences. However, there are very few references, and it seems hard to know how to get appropriate references for these conferences, particularly the older ones.
This section does make up a sizable section of the Gaia Hypothesis article, and add a lot to it, but they are not really "encyclopedic". Does anyone know what the Wiki policy on this kind of thing is? Some of the information (for example, the Kirchner characterizations of Gaia) is available in published papers but I believe most of it would not be, certainly not the "human" element of these conferences.
What do other editors interested in this page think? If the page is to be substantially improved, I don't think the issue can be ignored.Atshal (talk) 10:39, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
- I actually don't think it adds much that cannot be described in separate sections. I would support spinning it off into a separate article (as originally suggested here). Arc de Ciel (talk) 02:23, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
- I agree that most of the information on Gaia can be incorporated elsewhere in the article, but seems slightly inconsistent to say the content the conference sections are not good enough for this page but good enough for a page of their own. I actually really enjoyed reading those sections, even though they bring down the quality of the article as a whole, and would find a little sad if they were to be deleted entirely! They probably have to go though, to improve the article.
- On a slightly different note, I notice that you are one of the major recent editors here, Arc. Did you agree with my deleting of the "Gaia Philosophy" section? Seemed like pseudoscience to me, and the only items of worth in the section were just repetitions of other parts of the article. Atshal (talk) 09:35, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
- When I say they could stand as a separate article, I'm thinking of the hypothetical well-written article that they might become. :-) However, I think that the hypothetical well-written article that this article might become would have no place for that much discussion.
- About Gaia philosophy, I agree that there shouldn't be so much discussion of it, but I think that a paragraph or two might be appropriate, in the context of the social impact of the hypothesis, as long as it's made clear that the two are separate things. I think one issue is that people who subscribe to Gaia philosophy use the term "Gaia hypothesis" themselves to mean completely different things, e.g. the Earth is alive and/or conscious.
- Actually, I just noticed how the Gaia philosophy article treats Gaia philosophy and the Gaia hypothesis as basically the same thing...that will need to be fixed. Arc de Ciel (talk) 08:53, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
- I think we are in agreement over the Gaia conferences section. As for the Gaia philosophy, I still don't have a clear definition of what it is, even after reading the article. There is certainly little or no philosophy in it and the only well referenced parts of that article are the references to the science, which are basically repetitions of what is in this article - strip that away and there is little left. The only good section in that articles is "Gaia in Popular Culture", although it needs references.Atshal (talk) 10:46, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
Just to clarify - so you agree with splicing it out into a separate article?
By the way, I noticed your talk page post at Gaia philosophy. To nominate an article for deletion, the correct and formal way to do it is through WP:Articles for deletion. That process covers article mergers as well, but if you would prefer to propose only a merge (which tends to be simpler and less controversial, and will involve deletion of repeated or irrelevant content anyways), the instructions are at WP:proposed mergers - I can help with that if you'd like. It's also possible that some of it could go to different articles, e.g. Gaianism (and I think redirecting Gaia philosophy to Gaianism would probably be better than redirecting it here). Arc de Ciel (talk) 23:55, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
- Cool, thanks for the advice. I don't think the Gaia Philosophy article adds much that is not in this article already. I will take a look at the proposed merger article instead of deletion - I've not actually read the Gaianism article but will take a look. Basically, my objection to the article is the fact that it 'dilutes' the valid scientific topic of Gaia with pseudoscience and non-science ideas. Not quite sure how the process works, but the only way to learn is to try it I guess... Atshal (talk) 21:32, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
The debate appears to be skewed.[edit]
It is true that geological studies show changes of the environment that contradicts the strong Gaia hypothesis of ecosystems working towards an optimum state. It is also true that there is evidence that ecosystems have collapsed from within. However, the frequency of such ecosystem collapses through geological history is many orders of magnitude lower than the extremely high frequency predicted by the Malthusian model of maximum reproduction. So evolution must be driven by something other than maximization of reproduction. The selfish gene model (the theoretical mechanism basis of the Medea hypothesis of life destroying itself) appears to be supported by simple computer simulations, but so does strong Gaia hypothesis. The strong Gaia hypothesis failed scale-up to more complex systems, and the missing frequency of Medean ecosystem collapses can be explained if the selfish gene model also fails scale-up to the greater complexity of real life because real life is too complex to be livable to such rigid, unselfcritical entities as the selfish gene model claims that living organisms are. In other words, the selfish gene model is based on the same methodological error as is the strong Gaia hypothesis. This is explained in greater detail on the pages "Moderating the Gaia/Medea debate" and "Self-organization" on Pure science Wiki, a wiki devoted to the scientific method unaffected by academic prestige obsession. 188.8.131.52 (talk) 07:15, 11 January 2013 (UTC)Martin J Sallberg
Criticism: Bruno Latour[edit]
The paragraph on Latour is at best unclear, and at worst gobbledygook. On the off chance that it actually means something, I left the first part of it. The second part - on politics - seemed completely off topic, and so merited deletion. Here it is:
- "Facing the Anthropocene by which the Anthropos is no longer in nature, nor outside of nature, Latour foresees the coming of an entirely new kind of political animal, a novel form of political body and political theology (composed of demos, theos, logos) in which science, politics and art play specific roles for the people of Gaia as agents of an impatient planet."
The entire paragraph relied on a dead link and so is unverifiable. I would be glad to hear opinions on the first part, and does it mean anything? Yabti (talk) 09:50, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
I added the link to Quantum Decohesion because it is relevant to the Physics of Climatology & to Homeostasis, the basis of the Gaia Hypothesis. " Decohesion occurs when a system interacts with its environment in a thermodynamically irreversible way." & "As with any coupling, entanglements are generated between the system & environment. These have the effect of sharing information with, or transferring it to, the surroundings." Those who do not perceive this have no business "correcting" it.AptitudeDesign (talk) 07:17, 23 January 2014 (UTC)
- is that a "See also" addition? Whatever you are trying to do you are doing it wrong. You do not link to wiki by an external link and you do not place signatures inside articles.--☾Loriendrew☽ ☏(talk) 12:03, 23 January 2014 (UTC)
I've made a few edits. I'd like to remove the final paragraph because it is stating the obvious. I'd replace it with something more consistent with what is said elsewhere in the article -- the question is "does Earth work like Gaia? Are their real world equivalents for white and Black daisies, or is the model of limited or no relevance?".
(The final paragraph on the current page: "It has been suggested that the results were predictable because Lovelock and Watson selected examples that produced the responses they desired."
Or you could add something like, "the model has nothing to say on the plausiblity of organisms acting like those programmed into Daisyworld emerging through natural selection". 126.96.36.199 (talk) 21:35, 29 October 2014 (UTC)
Deleted criticism[edit]
Two convoluted edits have removed big chunks of the criticism section (in parallel with seemingly beneficial copyediting). The rationale appears to be that the removed text was repetitive of other article text and was inserted, at least in part, by an author of a Gaia critique, who cited his own work. However, looking down the article history back to how it stood in February 2015, the deleted material also includes criticisms by other scientists as well. As such, the wholesale deletion seems a little hasty to me. I note that the recent deletions follow an extended number of unexplained edits, and it may be that the sense of the text was lost during these edits, and precipitated them. --PLUMBAGO 15:40, 22 April 2015 (UTC)
- Further to the above, I've rolled back the article revision to one from early March. This reverts a large number of unexplained, and piecemeal, edits by one editor, and restores text removed subsequently by a later editor. Looking at the earlier edits more carefully, I suspect that these made the article text difficult to follow. Anyway, I think what's here now is imperfect but editing it rather than simply deleting it is the way forwards. --PLUMBAGO 10:04, 24 April 2015 (UTC)
CLAW hypothesis "discredited"?[edit]
The "recent criticism" section says CLAW has been "discredited". That's a harsh word; I usually hear it in the context of scientific misconduct. The only citation is a review paper, which I don't think can be taken even as demonstrating a scientific consensus against CLAW, much less a discrediting. And if there is a source to show either of those things, the first article that should be revised is CLAW hypothesis, not this one. --Allen (talk) 14:19, 18 June 2015 (UTC)
- I didn't read it this way, but to reduce confusion I've tried to reword to make it clearer that it's simply regular scientific progress that's the source of this reversal for the CLAW hypothesis. Hope this helps. --PLUMBAGO 16:47, 18 June 2015 (UTC)
Gaian Reproduction and Life[edit]
It is often claimed that the lack of reproduction is evidence against the Gaia hypothesis, as reproduction or rather the possibility of reproduction is said to be a characteristic of life. But by this definition a mule is not alive! Carl Sagan, suggested the Space Program would suggest the world is preparing to go to seed. There is also evidence that there is more than one Gaia - Archaean Gaia, with an anoxic atmosphere, Proterozoic Gaia and finally Phaneroic Gaia. It is suggested that Gaia reproduced itself across each transition and evolved a new metastability as a result. Lovelock suggests as much in the Ages of Gaia. John D. Croft (talk) 19:13, 26 October 2015 (UTC)
- Is this argument ever really used seriously? That is, in a non-rhetorical fashion in a quality source that we can cite. It's facile and smacks of the sort of "characteristics of life" lists from high school biology (cf. why not claim that Gaia is false because the Earth isn't "irritable"?). Gaia is proposed as a dynamical system in which the ebb and flow of ecological actors acts in a fashion to provide a stable climate (in the broadest sense) as an emergent phenomenon. This is surely only analogous at best to the more integrated and self-contained dynamical systems that make up these same ecological actors. And anyway, as the article makes clear elsewhere, there are plenty of arguments against the Gaia hypothesis that don't require dropping to such a first order description of "life". I reckon we should remove the last two sentences of the paragraph as simply unnecessary. --PLUMBAGO 09:56, 8 March 2016 (UTC)
- This mule argument/statement is silly. A mule is the offspring of living creatures. The Earth's Gaia wasn't formed from in any analogous way. Moreover, many of these multiple Gaias seem to me to be more about generating names than making actual substantive distinctions: Is "Archaean Gaia" really more meaningful than "Archaean"?. This article needs quite a bit of cleaning. Isambard Kingdom (talk) 13:49, 8 March 2016 (UTC)
Purposeful gaia pseudoscience in lead to distinguish good and bad bits[edit]
The fact that the gaia hypothesis initially rested(/rests) on purposefulness is currently only first discussed in the criticism section. Given that this is the major reason that the idea attracted so much criticism, it should be discussed right in the lead. The lead should also make a very clear distinction between 1. the initial purposeful idea and 2. later versions which had this removed and 3. the fallout this idea has caused in the wider geoscience community. While the second and the third certainly can have merit, the first is untenable as is evidenced by the publications from such esteemed scientists in the fields of evolutionary biology and geosciences as John Maynard Smith, Stephen Jay Gould, Richard Dawkins, Paul Ehrlich, Massimo Pigliucci and Robert May. They have all harshly criticized the idea with arguments ranging from it's contradiction to current evolutionary thinking to it's unfalsifiability and as such it's inability to be a real scientific hypothesis. See for example Pigluicci [1] and Dawkins.[2]
- This seems clearly stated in the second paragraph of the lead. --Editor B (talk) 19:57, 16 May 2016 (UTC)
I agree the "Gaia hypothesis" is not a hypothesis in the scientific sense. But I doubt it was "harshly criticized" by Gould: Gould writes:
- "Gaia strikes me as a metaphor, not a mechanism. (Metaphors can be liberating and enlightening, but new scientific theories must supply new statements about causality. Gaia, to me, only seems to reformulate, in different terms, the basic conclusions long achieved by classically reductionist arguments of biogeochemical cycling theory.)"
To my mind, this is no criticism but an explanation what it is, to clear up misunderstandings.
Gould had to take a lot of shit from the likes of Dawkins for his Non-overlapping magisteria idea, so I wouldn't be surprised to see Gould and Dawkins on opposite sides of this, but "this" is part of the "culture wars" and does not have any kind of scientific/falsifiable content.
It should be obvious that definitions like "The Gaia hypothesis posits that the Earth is a self-regulating complex system" are without consequence, as it is perfectly undisputable that "the Earth is a complex system", but this still doesn't mean you have to buy into the "Gaia" narrative. It's a metaphor, or a narrative, that appealed some people, surrounding certain facts that aren't really under dispute. This includes "purposeful", as teleology falls into the field of philosophy, not science. It "isn't even wrong" if misunderstood as a scientific hypothesis, but there is nothing wrong with it if you take it as a philosophical or cultural narrative surrounding certain facts of geoscience or biology.
- Editor B is right - this is in the lead already. I don't see what needs to change. If you disagree, please expand on why.
- Regarding Dbachmann's points, the Gaia hypothesis is intended first and foremost as a scientific idea that makes a very specific case about the nature of life on Earth. Namely that the aggregate of the Earth's living systems act to regulate the climatic conditions of Earth to suit life. This is evidenced by Lovelock's own works as well as research articles that continue to investigate whether the Earth's biota really does operate in such a self-regulating way. Any interpretation of the hypothesis as philosophy or "narrative" is an add-on that does not detract from (or arguably add to) its scientific roots. --PLUMBAGO 22:06, 17 May 2016 (UTC)
- ^ Pigluicci, M. (2010). Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0226667863.
- ^ Dawkins, R. (1982). The Extended Phenotype. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-286088-7.


text:
by Jane Austen
Emma Chapter Four Summary
- Emma begins "improving" Harriet in earnest.
- As Emma decides, Harriet is the perfect friend – she needs all the help she can get.
- Case-in-point: Harriet's thrilled about her recent visit to a friend's farm, where she meets the stable farmer, Mr. Martin. (C'mon, what girl wouldn't want to have a cow named after her?)
- Emma, of course, is not so thrilled to hear about her friend's exploits.
- Emma and Harriet meet Mr. Martin on the road.
- He's actually pretty cute, which worries Emma: what's the point of improving Harriet if she's going to be a farmer's wife?
- Deciding to do some damage control, Emma convinces Harriet that Mr. Martin isn't half as good a gentleman as, say, Mr. Knightley or Mr. Elton.
- Emma promptly decides to set Harriet up with Mr. Elton. Remember him? He's cute – for a minister – and he's got a nice pad with a great view of the market street.

subset: commoncrawl


text: 37. Consider the chain of the reactions given below and draw the structures of the major product for each step. If you think that a particular reaction will not occur, redraw the structure without any changes. Show the formal charges, where applicable. As a start, the benzene ring is drawn for you in each product.


text:
Hotels in Niagara Falls
Imperial Hotel and Suites5851 Victoria Ave, Niagara Falls 3.0 out of 5.0
Magnificent Niagara Falls, the ever-popular Casino Niagara, Maid of the Mist, and the Clifton Hill entertainment district are all within 1 block of the Imperial ...
Great Wolf Lodge , Ripley's Water Park Resort3950 Victoria Avenue, Niagara Falls 3.5 out of 5.0
Home to an indoor water park, Great Wolf Lodge is situated 3.5 km (2 mi) from downtown Niagara Falls and within 5 km (3 mi) of the falls themselves; Fashion ...
Hilton Hotel and Suites Niagara Falls/Fallsview6361 Fallsview Blvd, Niagara Falls 4.0 out of 5.0
Connected by a glass-enclosed walkway to the Fallsview Casino, this Niagara Falls luxury resort hotel is 1 block from the Horseshoe Falls and less than a mile ...
Marriott Niagara Falls Fallsview Hotel & Spa6740 Fallsview Blvd, Niagara Falls 4.0 out of 5.0
This hotel, with a skywalk to Fallsview Casino, is 100 m (109 yd) from the brink of Niagara Falls and 1 km (a half-mile) from Maid of the Mist boat tours, and ...
Niagara Falls Marriott on the Falls6755 Fallsview Blvd, Niagara Falls 4.0 out of 5.0
Niagara Falls Marriott on the Falls is situated in the heart of the Fallsview Boulevard tourist district, steps away from the Niagara Falls and within walking ...
Sheraton On The Falls Hotel5875 Falls Ave, Niagara Falls 4.0 out of 5.0
Located directly across from Niagara Falls on the 20 acre Falls Avenue Resort, Sheraton offers Indoor access to Fallsview Indoor Waterpark & Casino Niagara. ...
DoubleTree Fallsview Resort & Spa by Hilton Niagara Falls6039 Fallsview Blvd, Niagara Falls 4.0 out of 5.0
Located just 2 blocks from the Canadian and American Falls, this Niagara Falls hotel is just 400 yards from Fallsview Casino and central to Queen Victoria Parklands ...
Best Western Fallsview6289 Fallsview Blvd, Niagara Falls 3.0 out of 5.0
Situated on the Strip, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of IMAX Theatre Niagara Falls and Skylon Tower. Horseshoe Falls and American Falls are also within ...
Embassy Suites by Hilton Niagara Falls Fallsview6700 Fallsview Blvd, Niagara Falls 4.0 out of 5.0
Closest hotel to Niagara Falls. Enjoy Fallsview dining and free cooked-to-order breakfast at this all-suite Fallsview Hotel, located next to Niagara Falls and ...
Four Points by Sheraton Niagara Falls Fallsview6455 Fallsview Blvd, Niagara Falls 3.5 out of 5.0
Four Points by Sheraton Niagara Falls Fallsview places guests less than a mile from the world-famous cascades. The hotel is connected to Fallsview Casino and ...
Recently Booked Hotels in Niagara Falls
Take the plunge into American Niagara Falls
Niagara Falls, one of nature's most impressive waterways, is located along the border of Ontario and New York. The US city of Niagara Falls in New York State provides the gateway to more than just a natural wonder: the first major hydroelectric power plant was built at Niagara Falls by inventor Nikola Tesla. But whether you're after mist-laden boat rides along the rapids of Niagara Falls State Park, picnicking in Hyde Park or throwing some dice at the resort casinos, Niagara Falls US has it covered.
What to do
Maid of the Mist Boat Tour
Beginning and ending in the calmer waters on the American side of the falls, the Maid of the Mist boats currently provide one of the most popular attractions in town. Originally established as a ferry to bring people between the two countries, they now exclusively exist to bring visitors within spraying distance of the crashing, 600,000 gallon water jets. Traveling right into the heart of the most famous part, the Horseshoe Falls, visitors can glide right under the 170 foot-tall water flow on the Canadian side of Niagara. Some will also combine walking tours with the boat tour.
Prospect Point Park Observation Tower
The Observation Tower gives the best available views from the US side of Niagara. Jutting out over the American Falls at a dizzying height of 282 feet, the observation tower has impressive panoramas to its name and offers prime bird-watching opportunities for graceful predators like bald eagles and peregrine falcons. Go the extra few steps up from the base of the falls to the Crow's nest to really feel part of the action.
Cave of the Winds
Feel like getting as close as 20 feet from the falls? Located just underneath the Bridal Veil Falls within Niagara Falls State Park, descend with a ride in a glass elevator down 175 feet and don a rain poncho to walk out to the Hurricane Deck and enjoy the deluge from close quarters. The Bridal Veil Falls are located just to the south of the American Falls, divided from the others by Goat Island and Luna Island, with a scattering of boulders across the base.
Niagara Illuminations
Don't forget to check out the falls at night time if you're here over the weekend: the ever-cascading sheets of water are lit up with rainbow lights and fireworks on Fridays and Sundays during the summer, as well as special holiday shows.
Where to stay
Most Niagara Falls hotels are situated right on the waterfront of Robert Moses Parkway, with quite a few doubling as resort casinos like Seneca Niagara Resort and Casino and the aptly-named Howard Johnson Closest to the Falls commanding front-row views of Goat Island. This is also where major eateries like Hard Rock Café Niagara Falls and several classic New York pizzerias are located.
You'll also find a selection to the east, with recognizable names like Hampton Inn and Suites and Best Western providing quick access to Niagara Falls International Airport (IAG) and the sizeable mall Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls. This area is also good for golf fans, as it's just south of Hyde Park and its river-threaded golf course.
Best time to visit
Between May and October is the recommended time to visit Niagara Falls. The weather during the winter can be too cold to enjoy some of the features that remain open. The Cave of Winds and the Maid of the Mist Boat Tour are not offered during this period. To free yourself from limits, visit between May and October, when temperatures average around 81 degrees in the daytime.
Cities near Niagara Falls
- Cheektowaga (19.93 mi)
- Lockport (18.95 mi)
- Welland (10.6 mi)
- Williamsville (18 mi)
- West Seneca (23.25 mi)
- Orchard Park (28.02 mi)
- Niagara Falls (1.53 mi)
- Jordan Station (16.07 mi)
- Grand Island (6.75 mi)
- Niagara-on-the-Lake (11.81 mi)
- North Tonawanda (11.58 mi)
- Thorold (8.41 mi)
- Clarence (23.87 mi)
- St. Catharines (10.6 mi)
- Port Colborne (16.42 mi)
- Lackawanna (21.97 mi)
- Hamburg (27.95 mi)
- Sherkston (14.77 mi)
- Beamsville (21.35 mi)
- Depew (22.06 mi)
Top Points of Interests in Niagara Falls
- Bridal Veil Falls
- Horseshoe Falls
- Niagara Falls State Park
- Cave of the Winds
- Skylon Tower
- Whirlpool State Park
- Aquarium of Niagara
- Niagara Gorge Discovery Center
- Daredevil Museum of Niagara Falls
- Marineland
- Rainbow Bridge
- Rainbow Bridge
- Ripley's Believe it or Not
- Maid of the Mist
- Brock University
- Butterfly Conservatory
- Seneca Niagara Casino
- Journey Behind The Falls
- Niagara University
- Goat Island
Hotels by Airports near Niagara Falls
Top Flights to Niagara Falls
- Chicago to Niagara Falls
- New York to Niagara Falls
- Orlando to Niagara Falls
- Detroit to Niagara Falls
- San Francisco to Niagara Falls
- Toronto to Niagara Falls
- Washington to Niagara Falls
- Pittsburgh to Niagara Falls
- Oranjestad to Niagara Falls
- Douala to Niagara Falls
- Newark to Niagara Falls
- Key West to Niagara Falls
- Florence to Niagara Falls
- Honolulu to Niagara Falls
- Melbourne to Niagara Falls
- Oakland to Niagara Falls
- Rockford to Niagara Falls
- Victoria to Niagara Falls
- Paisley to Niagara Falls
- Narita to Niagara Falls
Hotels by Star Rating
More to Explore
* Prices reflect the lowest "base rate" found over the next 30 days. Rates are subject to change and may not include taxes and fees, hotel service charges, extra person charges, or incidentals, such as room service. All rates are displayed in USD unless otherwise noted. Converted rates are provided for your convenience. They are based on today's exchange rate, but the hotel will charge you in the local currency.


text:
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text:
Bou Hajla
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (February 2010) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|Bou Hajla
|Commune and town
|Kairouan Governorate
|Population (2004)
|• Total
|Time zone
Bou Hajla is a town and commune in the Kairouan Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2004 it had a population of 6,002.[1]
Canadian oil and gas producer DualEx Energy International Inc said an initial evaluation of its Bouhajla Permit in Tunisia showed a reserve of more than one billion barrels of petroleum in place.[2] The company said the evaluation showed a combined best estimate of 1.03 billion stock tank barrels of petroleum in place at its three Bouhajla prospects.[3]
With an initial investment of 5,200,000 Tunisian dinars, this permit is a partnership between Tunisia DUALEX Inc. and the Tunisian Company of Petroleum Activities,for the production of oil and gas from the site.[4] The shares of the company based in Calgary soon climb 40% to the Toronto Stock Exchange.
The town lacks previous industrial developments and has a higher than average unemployment rate.
See also[edit]
Coordinates: 35°12′21″N 10°07′29″E / 35.20583°N 10.12472°E
|This Tunisia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
- Report: #870466
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Complaint Review: Foresters
Forestersforesters.com Seattle, Washington United States of America
Foresters Foresters should not be working with the National Angents Allience Seattle, Washington
*UPDATE Employee: Just the Facts
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 04/18/2012 01:08 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Foresters/Seattle-Washington-/Foresters-Foresters-should-not-be-working-with-the-National-Angents-Allience-Seattle-Was-870466. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 UPDATE Employee
Just the Facts
AUTHOR: NAASucess - (United States of America)
SUBMITTED: Tuesday, June 19, 2012POSTED: Tuesday, June 19, 2012
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text:
Definition of overbalance in English:
verb[with object]
1Outweigh: I fault the university for many things, but all are overbalanced by its unparalleled resources
More example sentences
- Sum-ranking fails to give sufficient salience to the worth of each person: it in effect permits one person's large misery to be overbalanced by small benefits to a large number of others.
1.1Fall or cause to fall over from loss of balance: [no object]: the ladder overbalanced on top of her
More example sentences
- They figured the weight of the stuff overbalanced them and they fell off of places.
- Her sudden bolt as he had been about to catch her had caused Father to overbalance and fall in the dirt.
- He could vault over a much smaller opponent without causing his victim to overbalance and fall.
Excess of weight, value, or amount: overbalance of propriety
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: o·ver·bal·ance
Definition of overbalance in:
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= trending


text:
Isotopes top Zephyrs, 6-1
Published: Thursday, April 22, 2010 at 9:33 a.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, April 22, 2010 at 9:33 a.m.
METAIRIE — The New Orleans Zephyrs dropped their second game in as many days to the Albuquerque Isotopes, losing 6-1 on Wednesday at Zephyr Field.
The Isotopes jumped out to an early 2-0 lead in the second inning, but the Zephyrs would follow suit in the bottom of the inning with a run of their own. Albuquerque then added another run in the top of the fourth to regain a two-run lead. The Isotopes (14 hits) broke the game open in the top of the sixth inning against Zephyrs starter Hunter Jones. Isotopes catcher Lucas May launched his second home run of the year, a three-run shot to deep left-center field.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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- Report: #20185
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Complaint Review: J.D. MARVEL PRODUCTS
J.D. MARVEL PRODUCTSDEPT. 721-109 BOX 739 Hawkesbury, Ontario Internet U.S.A.
J.D. MARVEL PRODUCTS ripoff My mother on fixed income, did not get the hearing aid she paid for tricked and lied to us Hawkesbury, Ontario Internet
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She did not hear from them. In Feb. I called, they said it was packaged and ready to ship and would be there the end of Feb.
Still in March no hearing aid. I called again, they said it was shipped and she would have it by the end of March. It was coming from Canada and would take 10 working days.
This is May 4, 2002 still no hearing aid, no phone call. They did send her some books to order more items.
My mom is on social security only which is a very small amount of money coming in to her each month. Every penny counts.
Mom has written and ask them to refund her money. As of this date...no refund....no correspondance.
Pittsburg, Texas
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 05/04/2002 08:28 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/JD-MARVEL-PRODUCTS/internet/JD-MARVEL-PRODUCTS-ripoff-My-mother-on-fixed-income-did-not-get-the-hearing-aid-she-pa-20185. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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text:
- Report: #39186
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Complaint Review: Dodge Corporation
Dodge CorporationP.O. Box 21-8004 Auburn Hills, Michigan U.S.A.
Dodge Corporation doesn't stand behind their product Rip-off Auburn Hills Michigan
*Consumer Comment: Dodge Stratus POS. horrible and nasty to deal with
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I will be purchasing a new car next year and it will not be a Dodge
Vallejo, California
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 12/26/2002 12:32 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Dodge-Corporation/Auburn-Hills-Michigan-48321-8004/Dodge-Corporation-doesnt-stand-behind-their-product-Rip-off-Auburn-Hills-Michigan-39186. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 Consumer Comment
Dodge Stratus POS. horrible and nasty to deal with
AUTHOR: Heather - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Wednesday, February 25, 2004POSTED: Wednesday, February 25, 2004
They were horrible and nasty to deal with. So, we took our car to another dealership-I wont mention there name because they are the ones that do the repairs on our car now...2nd engine failed 5 miles from dealership...now on it's 3rd engine!! The first engine cost us almost $5G- now I find out that the dealership is saying it used a NON Chrysler motor both times after the original failure!!
Took it back to the dealership this month because heater stopped working- coolant empty- we had just filled it 3 weeks prior- Service Manager said that now would be a good time to trade. He's a nice guy and I think he feels bad for us. I've also had the catalytic converter replaced (first month we bought the car)!
This was a BRAND NEW car. We keep trying to get out of the lease by trading it in but we have 18 months left on our lease and it will cost us too much to get into another car.
There are complaints ALL OVER the internet. Just put in Complaints on 2.7 Liter Engine or Intrepid or Stratus and you will find so many complaints that it will literally make you sick!
Note- I did not buy my car at Foster Motors, I bought it at Berlin City, NH!!! But have not had a good experience at ANY of the Dodge Dealerships!!! The ones I have dealt with lie, decieve, manipulate, threaten and just don't care about the consumer.
Currently I am trying to get my story on National TV- NY Times, Washington Post, USA Today, etc. Not to mention all the government people I am contacting. Good luck and don't give up!!!
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text: Dr. Weiss, Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology, graduated from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and trained in Otolaryngology at New York University Medical Center. His particular area of clinical interest is head and neck surgery. He is the Director of Otolaryngology at Maimonides Medical Center, as well as the Chief of the Otolaryngology Section at the Brooklyn VA Medical Center.


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Last Monday, June 6, Angelo Paderes, 26, was arrested in Georgia, on charges related to an investigation in Bedford County by the Bedford County Sheriff's Office, Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force.
The investigation includes the man attempting to visit with a 14-year-old girl here in Bedford County as well as abducting a 2-year-old child en route here.
A 29-year-old Bedford man has been charged with malicious wounding following a stabbing early Tuesday morning.
Bedford Police responded to a call at about 5 a.m., after learning from Bedford Memorial Hospital personnel that there was a man there with multiple stab wounds. The subsequent investigation led to the arrest of Christopher William Lantrip.
A Hardy man is facing an attempted second degree murder charge following an incident early Friday morning, May 27.
Christopher W. Petersen, 29, has been charged with attempted second degree murder; discharging a firearm in an occupied dwelling and assault and battery.
Just after midnight on May 27 Bedford County 911 dispatchers received a call to the 1100 block of Oyler Road in Hardy.
A Lynchburg man, working at Bedford Middle School as a day treatment counselor, has pleaded guilty to three charges of computer solicitation of a minor under the age of 15.
On Tuesday, Cleveland Leroy Coaxum Jr., 27, of Lynchburg, entered the pleas in Bedford Circuit Court.
He had been charged last summer with the three felonies involving the use of communications systems to facilitate certain offenses involving children.
Two Bedford residents were sentenced to prison Tuesday for criminal offenses arising out of a four-year scheme to defraud the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Social Security Administration, announced Acting Assistant Attorney General Caroline D. Ciraolo and U.S. Attorney John P. Fishwick Jr. of the Western District of Virginia.
An alleged argument at a Bedford residence has led to two people being charged with discharging a firearm in an occupied dwelling and felony child neglect.
On Saturday, April 30, Bedford County 911 dispatchers received a call from a homeowner on Trapper Lane, off Stewartsville Road in the Stewartsville area of the county, who reported finding a barrel at their residence containing possible human remains.
Bedford County sheriff's deputies and investigators responded and determined the remains were human. The caller told the investigators that the barrel belonged to Robert Wozniak, according to Major Ricky Gardner of the Bedford County Sheriff's Office.
Her ex-husband, Nathan Aponte, asked the jury to show Emily Aponte mercy as it went back to the jury room to decide on a sentence, having convicted her of involuntary manslaughter for causing the accident that took the life of their 6-year-old son, Ethan.
A former employee of Cash Advance in Bedford will have to pay back $12,000 in restitution to the business, following her conviction on three counts of identify theft Friday in Bedford County Circuit Court.
Helen Meador Moody was arrested in December 2014 on the charges and entered guilty pleas last October. On Friday she was sentenced to two years in prison with all of that time suspended. She will serve two years of supervised probation and have to make the restitution payments at no less than $100 per month beginning in April.
Three months after abducting a Bedford County woman the first time, Willard Wayne Hale abducted the same woman again, causing numerous injuries to his victim.
Hale, 31, now stands convicted of two abduction charges, a malicious wounding charge, a bad check charge and misdemeanor charges of resisting arrest and assault and battery. He could face up to 13 years in prison.
Copyright © 2016
The Bedford Bulletin is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Bedford County and Bedford, VA and the surrounding area.


text:
J Street Blog
cheap eyeglasses https://eyeweardock.com/shop/eyeglasses/
J Street News Roundup 12/19/2014
December 19th, 2014
J Street News Roundup 12/18/2014
December 18th, 2014
J Street Statement on EU Court's Hamas Ruling
December 17th, 2014
It's very disappointing that a procedural ruling has resulted in the possibility of Hamas being taken off the European Union's list of terror organizations. It should be a pretty open-and-shut case under any valid process to determine that Hamas is a terrorist organization. We appreciate the EU clarifying that this ruling does not represent a substantive change in their policy toward Hamas, and urge them to immediately take all due steps to ensure that Hamas remains designated as a terrorist organization. Read More...
J Street News Roundup 12/17/2014
December 17th, 2014
J Street News Roundup 12/16/2014
December 16th, 2014
J Street Statement on Possible UN Security Council Resolutions on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
December 15th, 2014
With the breakdown of US-led bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), attention is shifting to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as a platform to advance diplomatic resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. J Street urges the Obama administration to view such a development as an opportunity and to look for ways to work with international allies to use a Security Council resolution as a springboard for meaningful negotiations, rather than taking a position that it should veto all resolutions on this subject as a matter of course. Read More...
J Street News Roundup 12/15/2014
December 15th, 2014
J Street News Roundup 12/12/2014
December 12th, 2014


text: Using CNIC Find Complete Record of any Pakistani NationalPosted By admin on Oct 6, 2009 | 151 comments This service is currently not available. Please try laterNow you can search the complete record of any Pakistan using CNIC e.g. Full Name, Father Name, Date of Birth, Complete Address and Union Council etcEnter your CNIC Number (e.g. 6110160645683)


text:
- Mar 1:
- Bay Area can say goodbye to rain; sunshine expected rest of the weekend
- Feb 28:
- Bay Area storm is good news for San Francisco rain record; other cities still need more rain
- Storm lashes California, residents keep wary eye for potential mudslides in southern part of the state
- Heavy rain prompts flooding, wind advisories in Bay Area
- Feb 27:
- California drought: Second storm approaching, as first tapers off
- Feb 26:
- Drought-plagued Bay Area reaps much-needed rain with more coming Friday
- Livermore asks residents to reduce water use by 20 percent
- California drought: Morning rain just the beginning
- Feb 25:
- EBMUD pursues second emergency water source in drought year
OAKLAND -- An equipment malfunction followed by weather-related issues on Friday created system-wide BART delays, BART officials said.
The issues began Friday morning and were resolved by about 1 p.m., BART spokeswoman Alicia Trost said.
About 5:30 a.m. the agency's operations control team received a report of a train control problem in the Transbay Tube, Trost said.
Trains were held for about 12 minutes so BART employees could reset computers in the Tube, she said.
As of 8:30 a.m., trains were experiencing 30-minute delays, Trost said.
Then about 9:30 a.m., weather problems continue to extend wait times for passengers, Trost said.
Some trains were switched to manual mode because rain pelting the tracks can create slick conditions, she said.
Trains were on a 15-minute delay through about 1 p.m. when service returned to normal, she said.
Contact Natalie Neysa Alund at 510-293-2469. Follow her at Twitter.com/nataliealund.


text: I have installed contact form 7 . It works very well in many websites I have installed on but not when I use a server mail that is located on another server . I mean I have wordpress (latest version) on a server and the server mail on another. Any help to set contact form so it can work in this case?


text:
Is it possible to use an image as the anchor for content rather than simply a text link? Do you have a code example?
I've looked all over the docs on your website, but couldn't find an answer.
Is it possible to use an image as the anchor for content rather than simply a text link? Do you have a code example?
I've looked all over the docs on your website, but couldn't find an answer.
Nevermind. I found the solution (replacing the anchor tag and using single quotes).
Would you please post a sample of your syntax?
I've recently been trying to do the same thing. The syntax I use is for example:
`[thkBC id="205" height="600" width="600" anchortext='
You can put any HTML within the single quotes in the anchortext tag and it will render it as a link to the thickbox.
Hope this helps...
What am I doing wrong? I've tried doing the html img tag in single quotes within the anchor text area, and no matter what I tweak, the image won't display. Instead, this text displays as the link:
ThickBox Content Link
I don't know where that text is even coming from. Here is the code I'm using:
'[thkBC id="181" anchortext="''" title="Animal Health" url="http://pramlaos.org/wp-content/uploads/img/Laos_map_poor_sm.jpg" type="iframe"]'
Can someone please tell me what I'm doing wrong?
I fixed it by going into the HTML and taking out the double quotes around the anchortext (
) content, so like this:
[thkBC id="181" anchortext='' title="Animal Health" url="http://pramlaos.org/wp-content/uploads/img/Laos_map_poor_sm.jpg" type="iframe"]
@jadenoel - yes, the quotes will get into a conflict by canceling each other out if they are the same. So, if for example parameter anchortext=" " users double quotes, then you have to use single quotes within it, or vice versa - single quotes on the outside and double inside.
Thanks this helped me out. :)
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
ALBANY, N.Y.�� Senior captain Dylan Krowicki represents Sage College on the 2014 Skyline Conference first all-star team which as announced earlier this week.
Senior libero Cory Gransbury was a second-team selection.
Krowicki, a graduate of Little Falls High School, had been named co-Player of the Week for the Skyline Conference and ECAC Division III South for the final week of March. He finished his collegiate career as the Gators� all-time point leader with 1,212.5 points, while also ranking first in kills with 1,044.
As a senior, Krowicki led Sage with his 352 kills, while adding 19 aces, 205 digs and 41 blocks in 26 matches. He ranks seventh nationally in points per game (4.61), eighth in kills per game (4.05) and 32nd in digs per game (3.26).
Krowicki set Sage�s single-match record for kills with 26 kills on Senior Night in a five-set loss to College of Mt. St. Vincent. He topped 20 kills on five occasions as a senior while racking up six double-doubles.
Location, ST | website.com


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text:
National Capital Region:
2010 Strategic Plan is Generally Consistent with Characteristics of Effective Strategies
GAO-12-276T: Published: Dec 7, 2011. Publicly Released: Dec 7, 2011.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-8757
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
This testimony discusses the status of efforts to enhance emergency preparedness in the National Capital Region (NCR). The NCR is a partnership among the District of Columbia, the State of Maryland, the Commonwealth of Virginia, area local governments, the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Office for National Capital Region Coordination (NCRC) within the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and nonprofit organizations and private sector interests. The partnership aims to help the region prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from "all-hazards" threats or events. Gridlock and hazardous conditions during recent events like the January 26, 2011, snow and ice storm and the August 23, 2011, earthquake demonstrate the importance of regional communication and coordination in the NCR and that challenges remain. Well-crafted and executed operational plans are critical for effective response to emergencies, but sound strategic planning is also important. A coordinated strategy to establish and monitor the achievement of regional goals and priorities is fundamental to enhancing emergency preparedness and response capabilities in the NCR. We reported on this issue repeatedly from 2004 through 2006. This testimony focuses on the extent to which strategic planning for NCR preparedness is consistent with characteristics we have previously identified as desirable for strategies for complex undertakings, such as NCR preparedness. This statement is based on work we recently completed for Congress.
The 2010 NCR strategic plan, when accompanied by its supporting documents--investment plans, work plans, and a Performance Management Plan--collectively referred to in this statement as the NCR strategy, is largely consistent with the six characteristics of a strategy that we advocated for complex homeland-security undertakings where multiple organizations must act together to achieve goals and objectives. However, neither the Performance Management Plan nor the investment plans have yet been finalized; decisions remain regarding how the NCR will conduct future regional risk assessments; and it is not clear that NCR has systematic processes in place to identify the full range of resources available to support its goals. Finally, it is important to keep in mind that strategies themselves are not endpoints, but rather, starting points. As with any strategic planning effort, implementation is the key. The ultimate measure of the 2010 NCR strategy's value is how useful it is as guidance for policymakers and decisionmakers in allocating resources and balancing priorities.
Aug 15, 2016
Emergency Communications:Effectiveness of the Post-Katrina Interagency Coordination Group Could Be EnhancedGAO-16-681: Published: Jul 14, 2016. Publicly Released: Aug 15, 2016.
Jul 21, 2016
DHS Management:Enhanced Oversight Could Better Ensure Programs Receiving Fees and Other Collections Use Funds EfficientlyGAO-16-443: Published: Jul 21, 2016. Publicly Released: Jul 21, 2016.
Jul 12, 2016
Coast Guard:Agency Could Better Assess Its Impact on Arctic Capability Gaps and Is Exploring Icebreaker Acquisition OptionsGAO-16-738T: Published: Jul 12, 2016. Publicly Released: Jul 12, 2016.
Critical Infrastructure Protection:DHS Has Made Progress in Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Assessments but Additional Improvements are NeededGAO-16-791T: Published: Jul 12, 2016. Publicly Released: Jul 12, 2016.
Critical Infrastructure Protection:Improvements Needed for DHS's Chemical Facility Whistleblower Report ProcessGAO-16-572: Published: Jul 12, 2016. Publicly Released: Jul 12, 2016.
Coast Guard:Arctic Strategy Is Underway, but Agency Could Better Assess How Its Actions Mitigate Known Arctic Capability GapsGAO-16-453: Published: Jun 15, 2016. Publicly Released: Jul 12, 2016.
Jul 7, 2016
Maritime Security:Progress and Challenges in Implementing Maritime Cargo Security ProgramsGAO-16-790T: Published: Jul 7, 2016. Publicly Released: Jul 7, 2016.
Jun 14, 2016
Coast Guard:Actions Underway to Develop Acquisition Plans that Reflect New Assets and Improve the Asset Allocation ProcessGAO-16-633T: Published: Jun 14, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 14, 2016.
Coast Guard:Actions Needed to Improve Strategic Allocation of Assets and Determine Workforce RequirementsGAO-16-379: Published: May 24, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 14, 2016.
Jun 7, 2016
Aviation Security:TSA Is Taking Steps to Improve Expedited Screening Effectiveness, but Improvements in Screener Oversight Are NeededGAO-16-707T: Published: Jun 7, 2016. Publicly Released: Jun 7, 2016.
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text:
Remember when so many 49er fans were asking about Clements moving to safety that the Matt's took the question up the hill for Singletary and Mcloughan to answer? They both acted like it was a stupid question that only ignorant fans could come up with, as they both laughed at the idea before answering the question. Well, Zimmer is a widely respected DC, and he must think it's a good idea to get your best players on the field, however they it best, because this report states that Clements is splitting his reps 50/50 b/w CB and SS.
SOOOOOOO glad we have creative and flexible coaching now.


text:
Open AccessThis article is
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- freely available
- re-usable
Sensors 2012, 12(6), 8236-8258; doi:10.3390/s120608236
An Indoor Navigation System for the Visually Impaired
1 Computer Science and Informatics School, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica 2 Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2120, 3er Piso, Santiago 837-0459, Chile
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 27 April 2012 / Revised: 29 May 2012 / Accepted: 31 May 2012 / Published: 13 June 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Select papers from UCAmI 2011 - the 5th International Symposium on Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence (UCAmI'11))
View Full-Text | Download PDF [873 KB, uploaded 21 June 2014] | Browse Figures
AbstractNavigation in indoor environments is highly challenging for the severely visually impaired, particularly in spaces visited for the first time. Several solutions have been proposed to deal with this challenge. Although some of them have shown to be useful in real scenarios, they involve an important deployment effort or use artifacts that are not natural for blind users. This paper presents an indoor navigation system that was designed taking into consideration usability as the quality requirement to be maximized. This solution enables one to identify the position of a person and calculates the velocity and direction of his movements. Using this information, the system determines the user's trajectory, locates possible obstacles in that route, and offers navigation information to the user. The solution has been evaluated using two experimental scenarios. Although the results are still not enough to provide strong conclusions, they indicate that the system is suitable to guide visually impaired people through an unknown built environment.
Keywords: indoor positioning; movement detection; navigation system; augmented object; voice interface; visually impaired
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
Share & Cite This Article
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Guerrero, L.A.; Vasquez, F.; Ochoa, S.F. An Indoor Navigation System for the Visually Impaired. Sensors 2012, 12, 8236-8258.View more citation formats
AMA Style
Guerrero LA, Vasquez F, Ochoa SF. An Indoor Navigation System for the Visually Impaired. Sensors. 2012; 12(6):8236-8258.Chicago/Turabian Style
Guerrero, Luis A.; Vasquez, Francisco; Ochoa, Sergio F. 2012. "An Indoor Navigation System for the Visually Impaired." Sensors 12, no. 6: 8236-8258.
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Contact Us
A Newton County tradition that goes back almost 200 years returns this week.
"Imagination Interactive Counting Coloring Book" is designed to help children develop their imaginations and sense of personal accomplishment, according to the book's creator.
After almost six years of serving local residents coffee, lunch and community fellowship, Square Perk Café has closed its doors starting Friday.
State, county and local dignitaries turned out early Thursday to celebrate the groundbreaking for the new terminal at the Covington Municipal Airport.
As the two grand finales of fireworks went off simultaneously during the 2015 Independence on the Square in Covington, some spectators staring up at the ...
Several cities in Newton County are hosting celebrations for the 2016 Independence Day holiday. Check below for events in Covington, Oxford, Porterdale and Social Circle.
Several Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Team members of the Newton County Sheriff's Office (NCSO) have completed or will complete specialized training at Barrow ...
A "one of a kind, massive, film, TV, music and video gaming production site" is close to coming to Covington.
Flint Hill Elementary School and Alcovy High School have been identified by the Newton County School System (NCSS) as potentially eligible schools for school choice.
It may just look like someone got creative with a spray can of paint, but law enforcement sees graffiti as a possible sign of gang ...
The Hampton Inn Covington has received a 2016 TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence Award. Now in its sixth year, the achievement celebrates hospitality businesses that have ...
Newton County Senior Services is the proud recipient of a new shuttle bus that will soon hit the road to transport senior residents to and ...
The 286th Graduation Class of the Georgia Public Safety Training Center-Athens Academy held their graduation on June 10 at the Winder Community Center.
Newton County Sheriff's Office Captain Keith Crum suggested that if parents start seeing gang symbols on their child's school, the need to pay ...
Since the death of Enrique Ramirez Trejo, the El Charro family has banded together to support the Trejo family and one another.
Page 7 of 7
An accident on Interstate 20 westbound has traffic heavy near exit 90. Use extreme caution.
The Southern Heartland Art Gallery will be hosting its annual art camps in June and July for children ages six through 12.
The multi-vehicle accident left many blood-covered victims scattered along Hwy 278 outside of Newton County Tuesday. Some were nursing shattered bones and cuts while others stumbled around, confused and moaning for help. The skilled first responders who arrived on scene only had an allotted amount time to take care of the injured and the shipment of radioactive waste that was involved in the wreck.
Newton County residents have had their passports processed by the Newton County Superior Court clerk for many years, but a longstanding state law that allows the clerk of courts to take the $25 passport processing fee as personal income is being scrutinized and reconsidered across the state.
If approved, the school system's transportation department could save hundreds of thousands of dollars by partnering with a company that would bring a parts store to them and stock it with Newton County's needs in mind.
Average retail gasoline prices in Atlanta have fallen 4.5 cents per gallon in the past week, averaging $3.82/gal yesterday.
This compares with the national average that has fallen 1.4 cents per gallon in the last week to $3.89/gal, according to gasoline price website AtlantaGasPrices.com.
Spring might be my favorite season. After a ceaseless winter with gray skies and not a hint of green in sight, colorful flowers begin to make their appearance forecasting warmer weather ahead.
And although our spring came early this year and our winter wasn't very cool, it still is a sense of excitement for me. Now, I can hang the jacket in the closet, roll out of bed in the mornings without worrying about the cold hardwood floor touching my feet and toss the layers of clothing to the side.
A call about a possible cardiac arrest on West Drive turned out to be a mom, passed out in the bushes Sunday evening.
A 33-year-old mom was arrested and her child taken by the Department of Family and Children Services after officers reportedly found her with her undernourished baby in a trashed hotel room with methamphetamine.
Officers were called to the Covington Lodge by an anonymous caller who was concerned about the safety of a 2-month-old baby. When they arrived, they reportedly saw Frances Deanna Mattheus standing in front of a room's open door "thrusting the baby up and down in the air and grinding her teeth back and forth, tensing her facial muscles. The baby appeared to be slender and undernourished."
Celebrate Our Home showcases more than 30 features of Newton County using 5x6 foot banners.
UPDATE: I-20 west just west of exit 88 (Almon Road) has all lanes shut down due to the large brush fire and the smoke it is producing.
Porterdale celebrated the opening of three pocket parks Friday and families immediately started taking advantaged of the parks.
Newton County is among 54 Georgia counties that will be subject to a ban on open burning from May 1 to Sept. 30.
Nonprofit corporations and foreign companies that paid annual registration fees between August 12, 2010 and April 13, 2011 may have been overcharge and eligible for a partial refund.
Newton County will be featured by the Orton Family Foundation as an example of a community with a strong stewardship program.
Page 367 of 644


text:
ANIP internships
The Australian National Internships Program (ANIP) gives undergraduate and postgraduate students an opportunity to work at the heart of Australian policy and politics.
The elite program arranges research-orientated internships at the Australian Federal Parliament, the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, in the public service or non-government organisations.
21 years of ANIP
Read about the history of ANIP and some of the diverse experiences that students have had during the program's 21 years.
» Celebrating 21 years of internships in the Nation's Capital (914K PDF)
Washington internships
The Washington Internship Program is a course offered by the School of Politics & International Relations at ANU, incorporating a seven-week internship in the United States Congress.
The course offers students with a good background in American government and politics an opportunity to experience political life in Washington DC by working in the offices of Members of Congress or on the staff of Congressional committees and then to complete a program of research on a specialised aspect of American government, politics, and public policy.
Taiwan internships
The Taiwan Public Policy Internship Program is a six-week research internship for academic credit. The internship will be with a department or agency in the Taiwanese Government (Republic of China) or private organisation.
The internship program is coordinated by the Australia and New Zealand School of Government (ANZSOG) through the School of Politics and International Relations, and supported in Taiwan by the National Academy of Civil Service, Taipei. The internship will take place from the end of December - mid February 2017 (with specific dates to be confirmed) in Taipei, Taiwan.


text:
Sunday, July 21, 2013
JEFFERSON COUNTY, Ga. (WRDW) -- Investigators confirm 36-year-old Juan Antonio Rodriguez Garcia is dead and Gustavo Hernandez Diaz was injured after a shooting in Jefferson County Friday night.
Officers say the shooting happened at a trailer park on the 1400 block of Fred McDonald Road east of Wrens.
Deputies charged 60-year-old Olegario Rodriguez with one count of murder, one count of aggravated assault and two counts of possessing a firearm during the commission of certain crimes. He is being held at the Jefferson County Jail without bond, according to Jefferson police department.
Diaz was transported to GRU by helicopter and is in stable condition, according to Jefferson police department.
Police say the shooting may have started after an argument that happened on July 14th between Diaz and Rodriguez's son at a soccer game.


text:
Hello I'm dropping by to introduce myself. I'm from Cleveland, OH & recently got back into Lego and decided to join this forum. I don't own the 4000001 lego set but i would love to, if anyone wants to send me one :D I just think it's the coolest lego set, so I thought it would make as good a name as any. I have a few architecture sets, the Unimog, and I like to search the stores for "Impulse"/promo kits, buy bulk pieces, and Minifigs are always a plus.
Other than Lego, I like music, art, design and architecture... once in a while I'll read a couple of my favorite authors, and I like watching movies / documentaries / tv shows & listening to the radio.
Hello from North Coast USA
Started by 4000001 , Apr 04 2012 05:35 AM
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text: How We Do It We assign products a rating of one to five stars. Five stars: Superior. These are top recommended, world-class products. Four stars: Excellent. These are some of the best products around. Three stars: Good—not perfect, but still worth your consideration. Two stars: Fair. These are better than having nothing at all (but not by much). One star: Poor. Our skincare review ratings are based on published medical and scientific research—not our personal opinions (whereas makeup is, by its nature, more subjective). While each type of product has its own unique criteria that determine its final rating, here are the general questions we try to answer for each review. Who is this best for, and how easy is it to use? Given its ingredient list & formula, can the product live up to all of its claims? If it makes skin-improving claims, does it actually contain ingredients that can help skin (and at effective levels)? Does the product contain any potentially irritating ingredients? How much? How does the product differ from similar types of products, including price? Is the product tested on animals? See animal testing report card.