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Student Educational Policy Committee
Meet your BC SEPC
The Biological Chemistry Student Educational Policy Committee members are:
- Chris Kaiser-Nyman '13
- Paula Nesbeth '13
- Xingjie "Stephen" Zhang '13
Research Ethics
At Grinnell College numerous research opportunities are available for both faculty and students in a variety of departments. This research ranges from field studies at CERA to online surveys or laboratory work. Growing federal guidelines and regulations for research necessitate increased awareness of the ethical implications and considerations when undertaking a research project.
Student Educational Policy Committee
Student majors within the program elect a Student Educational Policy Committee (SEPC) every year that assists in the faculty hiring and review process and in planning extracurricular activities, such as visiting lecturers and student colloquia.
Teacher Advisory Committee
The Teacher Advisory Committee of local educators meets biannually and reports to the state of Iowa. It enhances the Grinnell College Education Program's communication and cooperation with area schools to provide an excellent pre-service teaching education for Grinnell students, advises faculty on student teaching evaluations, and makes suggestions about enhancing Grinnell's curriculum.
Teacher Education Committee
The Teacher Education Committee recommends to the Executive Council, consults with the departments concerned, and assists the chair of the department of education regarding the policies, programs, and standards of admission for programs that lead to public school teaching licensure.
Returning "home" to teach about homeland
When the 17-year-old Turkish girl came to Grinnell in the mid-'90s, she could not have imagined that she would return to teach as a Center for International Studies (CIS) fellow among faculty members she so admired.
"It's a great privilege," said Funda Soysal '96, of her recent fellowship and teaching experience in a special topics seminar on "Confluence and Conflict: Turkey as the Cultural Crossroads of Europe and Asia."
"Why I came to Grinnell in the first place is coming full circle for me now," Soysal says. The international student from Turkey majored in history and returned to her homeland to pursue a Ph.D. in Ottoman/Turkish history at the prestigious Bogazici University. Throughout her graduate study, she worked at several NGOs but always felt the tug of teaching.
She also kept in touch with Don Smith, professor emeritus of history and Soysal's senior seminar instructor. Smith visited Soysal in Istanbul in 2001, and as Grinnell connections often work, she was later contacted by David Harrison, director of CIS, to consult with Grinnell faculty who were conducting research for a course on Turkey.
Last summer Soysal led a group of 10 who travelled to Istanbul to prepare for this semester's course. The faculty members (Mark Montgomery, economics; John Wei, history; Kathy Kamp, anthropology; Jenny Michaels, German; Shawn Womack, theatre; Irene Powell, economics; Tyler Roberts, religious studies; Gemma Sala, political science; John Whittaker, anthropology; and Ellen Mease, theatre) also studied at Bogazici University as part of the faculty development seminar organized by CIS.
"Part of the CIS mission is to connect teachers and scholars," said Montgomery. "Funda was extremely helpful to us in planning the course. We were pleased to be able to entice her to return this semester, with the help of CIS. It's been a great collaboration."
Soysal says the three-week fellowship back on the Grinnell campus also affirmed her own interest in teaching. "This is a big affirmation for me personally. I know now I can do it," Soysal says. She taught Turkish history in the first module of the three-part humanities and social studies course.
As Soysal leaves, the faculty whom she guided in her homeland are teaching modules about the modern day Turkey they learned about last summer. Student interest in the course has been high, with more than 30 students registered for the initial course.
"Learning is lifelong, and we are learning along with the students," Montgomery said. "This course is an experimental model for incorporating faculty research and travel into the curriculum. It's been a great experience in team teaching."
Soysal too will take learnings from her Grinnell team-teaching experience as she returns to graduate work and teaching in Istanbul. "I will tell my students at home that they should demand to learn more. It was great to feel that kind of pressure from students here. I am very impressed with Grinnell students—how sharp their questions are, how high their high expectations are, and how serious they about their learning. Their answers are so to the point.
"It's also been a different experience to see faculty as people. I still can see why I thought this place is wonderful though . . . it has changed a lot and yet is so familiar . . . one I know by heart."
Soysal compliments Grinnell on its vision and commitment to public affairs by choosing to offer a course on Turkey. "I think the questions about Turkey are not easy ones to answer. I was happy to learn that Grinnell offers its students the chance to tackle these questions with the help of such a diverse group of faculty. The students gain a great appreciation for complex issues and to go beyond easy dichotomies," Soysal concludes.
New Blog
Welcome to the History Department's new Blog page! As part of our attempt to keep the Grinnell Community informed about History-related developments, events, and achievements, the Department Web Site will now feature a Blog, to be updated at least monthly. Stay tuned for future posts, but for now enjoy the summer!
The Effect of Endocannabinoids at the Crayfish Neuromuscular Junction
Endocannabinoids are a widely studied family of molecules that act as neurotransmitters and influence synaptic plasticity. Endocannabinoids have been extensively studied in the frog and lizard neuromuscular junction. However, this study assessed the effects of arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA), an agonist to the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, in the crayfish neuromuscular juction. We found that the addition of ACPA decreased the excitatory post synaptic response. We cannot conclusively determine if an endocannabinoid analogue utilizes the CB1 receptor pathway in the crayfish neuromuscular junction.
Cannabinoids are a group of molecules that function as neurotransmitters and include ∆9-tetrahydro-cannabinol, or THC, the active ingredient in marijuana. These molecules have motor as well as psychoactive effects that occur upon their interaction with receptors on nerve cell membranes. There are two subtypes of cannabinoid receptor, CB1 and CB2, and activation of either receptor leads to activation of a G-protein, then decreases in levels of protein phosphorylation and intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). The endogenous cannabinoids, or endocannabinoids, which activate these receptors are the fatty acids 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (Sánchez-Pastor et al. 2007).
At the frog neuromuscular junction, anandamide has been shown to activate CB1 receptors and block the enzyme adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP into cAMP (Van der Kloot 1994). Administration of cannabinoids at the frog neuromuscular junction also decreases MEPP frequency through the activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors. These receptors interact with Gi/o proteins and activation seems to lead to the blockage of N-type Ca2+ channels (Sánchez-Pastor et al 2007).
Also in the frog neuromuscular junction, two CB1 receptor agonists, WIN and ACEA, have opposite effects on quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release. Introduction of WIN and the CB1 antagonist AM 251 nullified WIN's depression of ACh release. Introduction of ACEA yielded an increase in ACh quantal release, and this increase was not negated when AM 251 was introduced. Silveira et al. (2010) discovered that ACEA targets the vanilloid receptor (TRPV2) and is blocked by capsazepine, the TRPV1 antagonist.
Cannabinoids have also been studied in the lizard neuromuscular junction. Newman et al. (2007) examined the presence and location of CB1receptors via fluorescence microscopy. They also questioned whether M3muscarinic ACh receptors inhibit neurotransmitter release via endocannabinoids. By utilizing multiple combinations of agonists and antagonists, the researchers also determined whether Ca2+ influx was actively being inhibited in the nitric oxide-dependent system. The researchers discovered that Anolis carolinensis do in fact have CB1receptors that are localized on the presynaptic nerve terminal. When muscarine and AM 281, a CB1 antagonist, were applied they determined that the depression of EPP was due to cannabinoid receptors. They also discovered that endocannabinoids cause a decrease in transient Ca2+that accounts the later depression of synaptic transmission. In conclusion, Newman et al. (2007) discovered that through the M3 muscarinic receptor mediated system, muscle cells synthesize endocannabinoids (2-AG) to bind to CB1 receptors on the nerve cell.
Our study hoped to fill the void bridging endocannabinoids in the crayfish NMJ, which have shown to play a part in synaptic plasticity. Ultimately we hope to draw comparisons with other previously studied model organisms. By drawing these comparisons, we can further test if the specific mechanisms published in the frog and lizard also are expressed in the crayfish. The goal(s) of this study are/were to test whether the crayfish NMJ is sensitive to activation of CB1 receptors, and to determine whether the response seen, due to cannabinoid addition, affects the CB1receptor pathway.
We hypothesized that, similar to the lizard and frog NMJ, the crayfish would show analogous effects when the CB1 agonist, ACPA, was introduced – a decrease in excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP). We also hypothesized that any effect seen due to the addition to endocannabinoids would be caused by augmentation of the CB1 receptor.
Experimental preparation and solutions
Crayfish were first immersed in crushed ice for approximately 10 min. Next, we removed the tail and isolated the tail extensor muscle. This muscle and the attached exoskeleton were pinned down in a Sylgard®-coated dish. We covered the preparation in approximately 40 ml of fresh physiological saline solution (5.4 mM KCl, 196 mM NaCl, 13.5 mM CaCl2•H2O, 2.6 mM MgCl2•H2O, 10 mM HEPES).
Arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) was obtained in Tocrisolve®, a soy oil and water emulsion. It was diluted in physiological saline before being added to the crayfish preparation at an approximate final concentration of 10 µM. ACPA was purchased from Tocris Cookson (Ellisville, MO, USA).
End-plate potentials were evoked by stimulating the motor nerve axon at 1-10 V for 5 ms, at 0.2 Hz. We used a glass micropipette filled with 3 M KCl and with resistance between 5 and 15 MΩ to measure EPPs and recorded data using a MacLab data acquisition system (AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA).
For our first experiment, we recorded from a number of separate, randomly chosen muscle cells both before and after treatment with ACPA. The average EPP amplitudes in each condition were compared using a student's t-test (two-sample assuming equal variance).
For our second experiment, we recorded from several separate, randomly chosen muscle cells before the addition of ACPA. After drug treatment, EPPs were measured in one cell every 30 sec for 2 min and then every 1 min for 18 min. Mean EPP amplitudes before and after treatment were compared as above.
For our third experiment, we recorded from one muscle cell both before and after ACPA treatment. EPPs were averaged over 8 stimuli for recording. We recorded two averages before treatment, and several averages at a number of time intervals after treatment. In Figure 2, each bar after ACPA addition is the mean of four recordings. Mean values for consecutive pairs of averages were compared using a student's t-test (two-sample assuming equal variance).
In order to determine whether cannabinoids have an effect at the crayfish neuromuscular junction, we performed electrophysiology of the tail extensor muscle. We recorded EPSPs while stimulating the motor nerve at low frequency, both with and without the presence of the CB1 receptor agonist ACPA.
We first compared the average value of five EPSPs recorded from randomly selected muscle cells before and after ACPA treatment (Figure 1). This recording did not show a significant change in EPSPs due to the addition of ACPA.
Figure 1 (top panel). Mean EPSP amplitude. Each bar represents the mean of six EPSPs, and all data was recorded from one crayfish muscle preparation.
Second, we performed a time course experiment in which we recorded from one cell both before and after ACPA treatment (Figure 2). We found a significant difference between the mean EPSP before ACPA addition (35.60 mV) and the mean EPSP after addition (15.66 mV) (p = 0.024). ACPA decreased the EPSP.
Figure 2 (center panel). Time course of the effect of ACPA on the crayfish neuromuscular junction. ACPA was added at 1 min. Each point represents one recorded EPSP (n=1). After ACPA addition, EPSPs were recorded every 30 s for 2 min and then every 1 min for 18 min.
Third, we performed an experiment in which we recorded EPSPs averaged over eight nerve stimuli, also in one cell (Figure 3). We found a significant difference between the mean EPSPs recorded before treatment with ACPA and those recorded from 0 to 2.5 minutes, 3.5 to 6 minutes, and 7 to 10 minutes after treatment (p values = 0.002, 0.0003, and 2 × 10-5, respectively). In this experiment, as well, ACPA decreased the EPSP.
Figure 3 (bottom panel). Effect of ACPA on average EPSP amplitude (± SEM). Each bar after ACPA addition represents the mean of four average recordings, while the bar before ACPA represents the mean of two. * indicates p < 0.05 compared to EPSP before ACPA. (n=1)
Experiment 1 did not provide any statistically significant results (Figure 1). This lack of significance is primarily since there is a large variation in EPSP amplitude across different muscle cells. To counteract this difficulty, it might help to survey cells that were similar distances from the nerve that was being stimulated. We could have also used a larger sample size, which might have allowed us to find a statistically significant result. Additionally, we did not allow any time to pass for our first measurement after we added ACPA, which may have affected the results of our experiment. Due to these limitations, the results of this experiment neither validate nor disprove our hypothesis.
In the second trial, the addition of ACPA showed a statistically significant effect of decreasing the EPSP 43.9% (Figure 2). With the exception of a few points, the time course showed a consistent decrease as each successive measurement was taken. This was the first indication that the addition of a CB1 receptor agonist would decrease the EPSP in the crayfish NMJ. This result supports our hypothesis.
In our third experiment, we found a significant effect of ACPA (Figure 3). The agonist led to EPSP depression which increased over time. Although the methodology of this experiment was somewhat different from the previous one, they are similar enough that their results reinforce each other's validity. Therefore, this experiment supports the conclusions we drew from our second experiment. Overall, we find that the CB1 receptor agonist ACPA leads to EPSP depression which increases over time. We hypothesize that this consistent enhancement in EPSP depression may be caused by continuing activation of some receptor which responds to ACPA. This may be the CB1 receptor or an analogue of the CB1 receptor.
One of the major limitations in our study was that all three trials employed different methodologies. This inherent lack of continuity calls into question the replication and significance of our results. The opportunity to replicate each of our experiments would have greatly increased the confidence with which our results may be interpreted. However, because our second two experiments are methodologically similar, they can be viewed as confirming each other's results in the absence of exact replication.
Another major limitation is that we were not able to probe the question of whether an endocannabinoid analogue affects a CB1 receptor in the crayfish NMJ, utilizing both an agonist and an antagonist. If blocking any present CB1 receptors with an antagonist eliminated the EPSP depression in response to agonist treatment, we would be able to conclude that depression is due to a CB1 receptor. Although we confirmed our hypothesis that adding a CB1 agonist does depress EPSP amplitude, we cannot definitively determine whether the effect of endocannabinoids influences the CB1 receptor specifically in the crayfish NMJ.
Future studies teasing apart the relationships of endocannabinoids in the crayfish NMJ would help to extend the results of this study. Further replication of our experiments is needed to strengthen our conclusions. Moreover, it would be helpful to determine the involvement of the CB1receptor using an antagonist. Additionally, further studies could use fluorescence microscopy to spatially locate CB1 receptors on the synapse, for example using fluorescently tagged CB1 antibodies, or add various combinations of agonists and antagonists to the NMJ. In conclusion, we determined that addition of an endocannabinoid analogue, ACPA, decreased the EPSP at the crayfish NMJ.
We would like to thank Clark Lindgren, our professor, for his direction in the classroom, providing necessary background knowledge, and in the lab with troubleshooting our study. Without Professor Lindgren's assistance this experiment would not have been possible. Additionally, we would like to thank the Grinnell College Biology Department for funding our study and therefore giving us the opportunity to pursue neurobiological inquiry.
Newman, Zachary; Malik, Priya; Wu, Tse-Yu; Ochoa, Christopher; Watsa, Nayantara; Lindgren, Clark A. (2007). Endocannabinoids mediate muscarine-induced synaptic depression at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. European Journal of Neuroscience 25:1619-1630.
Sanchez-Pastor, E.; Trujillo, X.; Huerta, M; Andrade, F. (2007). Effects of cannabinoids on synaptic transmission in the frog neuromuscular junction. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics321:439-445.
Silveira, P.E.; Silveira, N.A.; Morini, V.C.; Kushmerick, C.; Naves, L.A. (2010). Opposing effects of cannabinoids and vanilloids on evoked quantal release at the frog neuromuscular junction. Neuroscience letters473:97-101.
Van der Kloot, W. (1994) Anandamide, a naturally-occurring agonist of the cannabinoid receptor, block adenylate cyclase at the frog neuromuscular junction. Brain Research 649:181-184.
Nitric Oxide Mediates the Effect of DF2 on EPSP Amplitude
View this article as PDF: Morley, Shriver, and Zhang
This experiment looked at the role of nitric oxide in the mechanism by which the peptide DF2 increases neurotransmitter release at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. We hypothesized that if DF2 increases neurotransmitter release through a pathway involving nitric oxide as a retrograde signal, then when L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, was applied, DF2 will not increase neurotransmitter release. To test this we exposed crayfish superficial dorsal extensor muscles to DF2, which was amplified with IBMX. We then submerged the preparation into saline solution that contained DF2, IBMX, and L-NAME. Neurotransmitter release was measured by the amplitude of EPSP traces recorded from the postsynaptic muscle cells via intracellular recording. Our data shows an increase in neurotransmitter release after exposure to DF2 and IBMX, as well as a decrease in neurotransmitter release after the addition of L-NAME, a trend that supports our hypothesis. Further testing is needed to draw conclusions about our hypothesis.
DRNFLRFamide, AspArgAsnPheLeuArgPhe-NH2, (DF2), is a peptide that enhances synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions. However, the mechanism by which DF2 accomplishes this is still unclear (Friedrich et al. 1998; Badhwar et al 2006). Badhwar et al (2006) suggest that protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase G (PKG) are involved in the pathway by which DF2 increases EPSP amplitude. Friedrich et al. (1998) claim that protein kinase C (PKC) is needed in this process. Calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinases, such as CaMKII, also have apparent roles in mediating the effects of DF2 in the presynaptic terminal (Noronha and Mercier 1995). According to Badhwar et al. (2006), it is plausible that nitric oxide is required in the DF2 signaling pathway as a retrograde signal because of its small molecular size, high membrane permeability, and the presence of membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase in crustaceans. Badhwar et al. (2006) hypothesized that nitric oxide increases cGMP levels, which is involved in the DF2 pathway, via soluble guanylyl cyclase. Our study explores the role of nitric oxide as a possible retrograde messenger in the mechanism by which DF2 increases neurotransmitter release.
The antagonist L-NAME was utilized in this study because of its ability to block nitric oxide production. L-NAME blocks nitric oxide production because the structure is similar to that of the amino acid L-Arginine. This similarity in structure allows L-NAME to act like L-Arginine and bind with nitric oxide synthase, the nitric oxide production enzyme, to stop nitric oxide production. We hypothesized that if DF2 increases neurotransmitter release through a pathway involving nitric oxide as a retrograde signal, then when L-NAME is applied to inhibit nitric oxide synthesis, there will be a decrease in neurotransmitter release.
To test this hypothesis we exposed crayfish superficial dorsal extensor muscles to L-NAME to block nitric oxide production. We expected DF2 to increase the neurotransmitter release, and that L-NAME would cause a decrease in neurotransmitter release. Our results show that DF2, when enhanced with IBMX, causes an increase in neurotransmitter release. Our results also suggest that exposure to L-NAME prevents this increase in neurotransmitter release.
Crayfish Specimen
We used crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which were stored at 20 °C, and put on ice before the experiment. We cut the tail off a crayfish and then cut along the sides of the tail, cutting as close to the ventral part of the tail as possible. The cephalothorax and surrounding tissues and muscle cells were removed so that only the exoskeleton of the dorsal surface and the superficial extensor muscles along the dorsal surface remained. The tail was placed into the dissection dish, pinned, and covered with 25mL of crayfish saline solution.
Saline Solutions
Ringer solutions were prepared with three different chemicals by dilution with a low calcium crayfish ringer solution (Table 1). This control solution had a pH of 7.4 and consisted of 5.4mM KCl, 200.7mM NaCl, 12.3mM MgCl2 • 6H2O, 5mM Sodium Hepes Buffer and 5mM CaCl2 • 2H2O. We used a lower calcium solution to inhibit cells from triggering action potentials.
Table 1. Composition of Saline Solutions
|DF2 (mM)
|IBMX (mM)
|L-NAME (mM)
The first preparation was exposed to the control saline followed by saline A. The second preparation was exposed to the control, then saline B, followed by saline C. Each preparation was submerged into 25mL of saline solution, which was replaced with new solution every 15-30 minutes. Tests involving DF2 were completed without changing the saline solution until a new chemical was added because we had such a small amount of DF2 to work with. These tests were completed as quickly as possible to protect against fatigue and cell death.
We used two kinds of electrodes, suction electrodes for nerve stimulation and microelectrodes for recording. Both electrodes were fitted to manipulators and their respective reference electrodes were submerged in the saline solution. The suction electrode was put into an electrode holder that allowed saline to be drawn through the holder by a syringe. Recording electrodes were pulled from glass capillary tubes with 1.2mm diameter, filled with 3M KCl, and inserted into an electrode holder, which was also filled with 3M KCl. Recording electrodes had resistances ranging from 4MΩ to more than 10MΩ.
Nerve Stimulation and Recording
The suction electrode was attached to a stimulator, which stimulated the pre-synaptic nerve that was sucked into the electrode. The nerve was stimulated with single pulses at a frequency of 0.5Hz, and at the lowest voltage possible to measure an EPSP.
Using a microscope and micromanipulator, we inserted the microelectrode into a muscle cell in the same segment and on the same side as the nerve that was being stimulated. The recording microelectrode recorded the signals in the post-synaptic muscle cells. The signals passed through an amplifier and the membrane potentials and EPSP traces were viewed using the Scope program.
We tested the involvement of nitric oxide in the DF2 signaling pathway, through which DF2 increases EPSP amplitude. First, we exposed one preparation to DF2 to see if DF2 affects EPSP amplitude. We then applied DF2 and IBMX, followed by L-NAME to another preparation to see if blocking nitric oxide production alters the effect of DF2 on EPSP amplitude.
We compared the EPSP amplitudes recorded before and after we applied DF2. Our data shows that DF2 does not increase EPSP amplitude when applied alone. DF2 decreased the EPSP amplitude by 28.4% (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Average EPSP Amplitude Before and After Exposure to DF2
The average control amplitude was 8.4 mV (n=4) and the average DF2amplitude was 6.4mV (n=3). After exposure to DF2, the amplitude dropped 24% (p>.05, student t-Test). Error bars indiciate standard error of 2.72 for the contrl and 0.66 for DF2.
We compared the change in EPSP amplitude before and after we applied both DF2 and IBMX on another crayfish preparation. The average EPSP amplitude for the control was 5.61 mV, and the average EPSP amplitude for DF2 and IBMX was 6.58 mV. The average EPSP amplitude increased 17.3%, which demonstrates the effect of DF2 and IBMX on EPSP amplitude. We then compared the EPSP amplitudes before and after L-NAME was added. Our results showed that the average EPSP amplitude after the sample was exposed to L-NAME was 3.22 mV, 51% lower than the average amplitude for DF2 and IBMX (Figure 2). The average amplitude for L-NAME was also 42.5% lower than the average for the control (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Average EPSP Amplitudes.
The average EPSP amplitude for DF2 and IBMX trials (n=5) is higher than the control average (n=4, p>.05), and the L-NAME trials (n=5) have a lower average than both DF2 and control trials (p>.05 for both comparisons). Error bars show standard errors, control: 3.06, DF2 and IBMX: 2.21, and L-NAME: 1.51.
In our experiment, we observed that DF2 did not increase neurotransmitter release when applied alone. Although we do not have much data to support this result, these results are contrary to the results presented by Badhwar et al. (2006). This data could suggest a flaw in our assumptions that DF2 should increase EPSP amplitude per Badhwar et al (2006), but more data is needed for such a conclusion to be drawn from these results.
As suggested by Badhwar et al (2006), when a significant increase in EPSP amplitude was not observed after adding DF2, we added IBMX, which should have enhanced the effects of DF2. When DF2 and IBMX were both added to the preparation the EPSP amplitude increased, which indicates an increase in neurotransmitter release. Although we do not have a significant amount of data to draw conclusions, this result is consistent with the findings of Badhwar et al (2006).
Our data shows that the EPSP decreases when L-NAME is added to a preparation that contains DF2. This preliminary data suggests that nitric oxide is involved in the pathway by which DF2 increases neurotransmitter release. Further study is needed to support or refute this trend. This data would support our hypothesis that nitric oxide is involved in the mechanism by which DF2 increases EPSP, as the necessary nitric oxide should be unavailable because L-NAME blocks the synthesis (Newman et al, 2007).
The average EPSP amplitude for L-NAME was also lower than the average control amplitude. This could be due to a few reasons. One possibility is that inhibiting nitric oxide production with L-NAME may affected mechanisms other than the DF2 mechanism. Our design did not allow for targeted application of chemicals, so it is possible that the application of L-NAME affected more than just the effect of DF2 and IBMX. The other very plausible option is that the amplitudes were generally lower because the cells were fatigued and beginning to die. Although saline solutions were replaced at relatively regular intervals, it is possible after about one and a half hours, the crayfish muscle cells were beginning to die.
Future research on this topic would include more trials using L-NAME and DF2 to see if more data supports our hypothesis the way our preliminary data suggests. If our hypothesis is supported, the next step would be to test the role of nitric oxide as a retrograde signal using carboxy-PTIO. This would also support the suggestion that nitric oxide is involved in a retrograde signaling pathway that Badwar et al. (2006) present in their paper. More tests should be done to measure nitric oxide levels, and to test if the DF2 receptors are located on the post-synaptic membrane using fluorescent markers.
We thank Clark Lindgren, our professor, Sue Kolbe and Abby Griffith, our lab assistants, and Adhiti Kannan, our mentor, for their assistance with this project. We would also like to thank our willing crayfish friends, Joe, Bob, Sally, and Snuffleupagus.
Badhwar, A., Weston, A., Murray, J., & Mercier, A. J. (2006). A role for cyclic nucleotide monophosphates in synaptic modulation by a crayfish neuropeptide. Peptides, 27, 1281-90.
Friedrich, R., Molnar, G. F., Schiebe, M., & Mercier, A. J. (1998). Protein Kinase C Is Required for Long-Lasting Synaptic Enhancement by the Neuropeptide DRNFLRFamide in Crayfish. The Journal of Neurophysiology, 79(2), 1127-1131.
Newman, Z., Malik, P., Wu, T., Ochoa, C., Watsa, N., & Lindgren, C. (2007). Endocannabinoids mediate muscarine-induced synaptic depression at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 1619-30.
Noronha, K.F. and Mercier, A.J. (1995). A role for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in mediating synaptic modulation by a neuropeptide. Brain Research, 673 (1), 70.
Skerrett, M., Peaire, A., Quigley, P., Mercier, A.J. (1994). Physiological Effects of Two FMRFamide-Related Peptides from the CrayfishProcambarus Clarkii. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 198, 109–116.


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I work in Brasil & have been wanting to get a bit of telecom into my portfolio.
Couldn't make myself buy either OI, VIV or TIM here in Brasil.
The valuation for TEO is awesome but is counterbalanced (in a scary way) by the governments possible intervention with private business.
Does anyone have anything positive to say about Argentina besides Leonel Messi?
Sentiment: Buy
The goverment wants to install a state competitor in the telecommunication business, more precisely in the spectrum license area. I m sure there is no risk of teo statization at this point, but a warning of monopolic concentration. Its just a warning and a card from the goverment that most probably they wont use, as they already did with YPF. Viva Messi!
Sentiment: Hold

subset: commoncrawl


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Elton John
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Neil Patrick Harris on the Red Carpet|
Thu, 6 Jan 2011|
Neil Patrick Harris hits the red carpet at the People's Choice Awards 2011
This Is The 'Kingsman 2' News Fans Have Been Waiting For
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Channing Tatum Is Dressed To The Nines In This 'Kingsman: The Golden Circle' Set Photo
number of celebrities jumping aboard the Kingsman franchise. Julianne Moore, Halle Berry, Pedro Pascal, and the iconic Elton John are all reportedly set to join the returning trio of Taron Egerton, Mark Strong, and Sophie Cookson for the sequel
Lady Gaga Is Launching A Limited Edition Clothing Line, And We Can Barely Contain Our Excitement
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10. People lined up 12 hours in advance just to watch Elton John perform "And it seems to me, people waited in line ..... your favorite moment? Tagged: bonnaroo , Ed Helms , Elton John , Festivals , Hannibal Buress , Jack White , Kanye West
5 Summer Music Festivals You Absolutely Can't Miss
More info here. 2. Bonnaroo Where : Manchester, Tennessee When : June 12-15 Lineup: Kanye West, Jack White, Elton John , Lionel Richie, Skrillex, Arctic Monkeys, Vampire Weekend, and more are performing. More info here. 3. Firefly


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UPDATE: "The Flash" Hasn't Cast Savitar, Says Berlanti
TV, Comic Books
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Kurt Busiek and Benjamin Dewey's "The Autumnlands" #7 "looks and sounds unlike almost anything else on the shelves."
Wounded and lost, Kurt Busiek and Ben Dewey's heroes search for a safe place but find something bizarre in Image Comics' "The Autumnlands" #7.
Benjamin Dewey, Nick Dragotta, Dustin Nguyen, Wes Craig and Leila Del Duca discuss the importance of personal style, coloring and more.
Kurt Busiek and Benjamin Dewey's "The Autumnlands: Tooth and Claw" #5 is a "complete and compelling a transitional tale."
Artist Benjamin Dewey talks about moving from the world of webcomics to Image Comics with his and Kurt Busiek's new anthropomorphic series.
Augie has good things to say about the lighting in "Big Hero 6," a possible new trend at Image Comics, and more McFarlane Spider-Man!
Kurt Busiek and Benjamin Dewey deliver an incredible issue with "Tooth & Claw" #1, "a comic book that simply can not be missed."
Following 12 announcement at Image Expo, Image Comics has provided previews of new series including "Tokyo Ghost," "Drifter" and more.
Kurt Busiek and Ben Dewey unleash "Tooth and Claw" in November, a mature readers tale about wizards, gods, con women and heroes.
Archives: All | Comic Books | TV/Film | Video Games | Web Comics


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Jill hasn't shared anything with you.
People are more likely to share with you if you add them to your circles.
- University of ChicagoArt History, 1986 - 1990
The daughter of an artist, I grew up surrounded by art. On weekends, my father took my sisters and me to the Boston galleries. We looked at what contemporary artists were creating, and I was immersed in discussions about art, the creative process, and finding beauty in unusual places.
Studying art history in college gave me a chance to critically consider the relationship between artist and viewer. It was then that I began looking through through the viewfinder and began to experience the artist as viewer.
For the next twenty years, I strived as a mom and educator to help children see their individual, unique beauty. Along the way, I took photographs and collected postcards and little, every-day objects that would attract my eye.


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I've added new outtake of Emily Blunt taken for "Beauty Book For Brain Cancer" to the gallery.
Emily Blunt New Harper Bazaar Martin Scorsese Tribute Shoot
Emily Blunt 2011 TIFF Portraits Photos
Emily Blunt & Matt Damon New 2011 "Women's Health" Outtakes
I've added new outtakes of Emily Blunt & Matt Damon did for "Women's Health" magazine, March issue this year to the gallery.
- (x012) Photoshoots in 2011: James White [Women's Health]
Emily & Matt "Women's Health' Magazine BTS Captures
I've added new photoshoots captures of Emily Blunt and Matt Damon did for "Women's Health" magazine.
- (x057) Photoshoots: Women's Health (2011)
2 New Emily Blunt Outtakes
I have uploaded 2 new photoshoots of Emily Blunt to the gallery.
- (x005) Photoshoots in 2011: Unknown
Emily Blunt at 2010 Hollywood Style Awards Event & Portraits Photos Updates
I've added new event & portraits photos of Emily Blunt arrives at the 2010 Hollywood Style Awards with The Palazzo Las Vegas, Klipsch, and FRS Healthy Energy at the Hammer Museum on December 12, 2010 in Westwood, California.
- (x066) Events in 2010: 2010 Hollywood Style Awards – December 12
- (x003) Events in 2010: Michael Caulfield [Hollywood Style Awards]
Emily Blunt 'ELLE UK' Magazine Outtakes
I've added new outtakes of Emily Blunt did for ELLE UK magazine to the gallery.
- (x004) Photoshoots in 2010: Matthias Vriens McGrath [Elle UK]
Emily Blunt "Madame Figaro" Outtakes
I've added new photoshoot of Emily Blunt did for "Madame Figaro" magazine to the gallery.
- (x004) Photoshoots in 2010: Denis Rouvre [Madame Figaro]
"ELLE" Magazine Cover Shoot Captures & Video
I've added screen captures & video of Emily Blunt did for September issue of "ELLE" Magazine.
- (x224) Photoshoots: ELLE (2010)
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Global health officials are racing to better understand the Zika virus behind a major outbreak that began in Brazil last year and has spread to many countries in the Americas. Zika is transmitted to people through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the same
Trump's Twitter message came a day after Nykea Aldridge, a 32-year-old mother of four, was shot in the head and arm by crossfire in Chicago while pushing a baby in a stroller, police said. Police were questioning two people on Saturday in connection with the shooting, which may have come from a
(Reuters) - The Kansas City area was flooded late Friday after a three-day downpour, forcing emergency services to conduct about 10 water rescues in Missouri's largest city, officials said. The National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency notice to the Kansas City area for the first time
(Reuters) - Tropical storm Madeline has formed in the northern Pacific ocean, well east-southeast of the Hawaiian Islands, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) said in an advisory on Friday. The storm, with maximum sustained winds of 40 miles per hour (65 km per hour), is about 1,235 miles (1,990 km)
Rodney Earl Sanders, 46, faces two counts of capital murder in the death of two nuns in Durant, the Mississippi Department of Public Safety said in a statement. "Sanders was developed as a person of interest early on in the investigation," Mississippi Bureau of Investigation Director Jimmy Jordan said
By Julie Steenhuysen and Letitia Stein CHICAGO/TAMPA, Fla. (Reuters) - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended on Friday that all blood donated in the United States and its territories be tested for Zika virus, as it moves to prevent transmission of the virus through the blood supply. The
The motorist, Daniel Harris, 29, of Charlotte, was shot during a traffic stop on Aug. 18. "The police need to become aware of how to communicate with deaf people, what that might look like and how to avoid situations like this from ever happening again," Harris' brother Sam, who also is
(Reuters) - Tropical Storm Lester has developed an eye and is now a hurricane as it moved west in the Pacific Ocean away from the mainland of Mexico, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) said in an advisory on Friday. The system, with maximum sustained winds of 75 miles per hour (120 km per hour), is
The U.S. Justice Department will decide whether criminal contempt charges will be brought against Arizona lawman Joe Arpaio for violating court orders in a racial profiling case, court documents released late on Friday showed. The criminal referral centers on U.S. District Judge Murray Snow's ruling
WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. (Reuters) - North Carolina's university system must allow two transgender students and a transgender employee to use bathrooms matching their gender identity, a U.S. judge ruled on Friday, in a partial victory for those fighting the state's restrictive restroom law. Most
Estefania Liset Mosquera Alcivar, a concession employee, was with a small group of coworkers at the rim of the Grand Canyon of Yellowstone shortly after 3:15 a.m. when she fell, according to accounts by her companions, the park's public affairs office said in a statement.
The following timeline charts the origin and spread of the Zika virus from its discovery nearly 70 years ago:
Caesars Entertainment Corp must face lawsuits from bondholders seeking some $11 billion in claims, a U.S. judge ruled on Friday in a decision the casino company had warned could plunge it into bankruptcy alongside its operating unit. Caesars Entertainment Operating Co (CEOC), which filed for Chapter
Illinois faces a big increase in its future pension contributions after the state's largest public retirement system on Friday lowered its assumed investment rate of return to 7 percent from 7.5 percent. The vote by the Teachers' Retirement System (TRS) board to lower the rate will trigger an
A woman who was kidnapped near her California home at the age of 11 and held captive for 18 years by a convicted sex offender cannot sue the U.S. government for failing to properly supervise him on parole, a federal appeals court ruled on Friday. A three-member panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of
New York-based developer Thor Equities has sold the historic Phelan building in San Francisco for $375 million to a member of the prominent Hotung family with deep roots in Hong Kong, sources said. A limited liability company, The Phelan Building LLC, has purchased the 11-story landmark at 760 Market
WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. (Reuters) - A U.S. judge on Friday blocked the University of North Carolina from enforcing a state law requiring transgender people to use single-sex restrooms and locker rooms that correspond to the gender on their birth certificate. U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Schroeder'
A correction officer at New York City's Rikers Island jail complex has been indicted on rape and other charges for engaging in sexual acts with an inmate, prosecutors announced on Friday. The case against Jose Cosme, 36, marked the latest string of prosecutions targeting Rikers employees in recent
The inmate, Joshua Komisarjevsky, 36, tried to hang himself on Aug. 18, shortly after he and accomplice Steven Hayes were transferred to Pennsylvania's Camp Hill prison, spokeswoman Karen Martucci said. Hawke-Petit was strangled and the girls died of smoke inhalation after the home was set on fire
A federal judge on Friday granted a request by Uber Technologies Inc and its chief executive officer to put a passenger's price-fixing lawsuit against them on hold, while they appeal his refusal to let them arbitrate the dispute. Calling his decision a "close call," U.S. District Judge
The granddaughter of Viacom Inc's controlling shareholder Sumner Redstone has agreed to let a Massachusetts court dismiss claims brought by former company leaders, a step that will help end a battle over the fate of the media empire. Lawyers for Keryn Redstone said at a Massachusetts court hearing
The statement comes amid speculation within the industry that Viacom may replace Grey on the heels of a shakeup at the media company, which owns Paramount, Nickelodeon and Comedy Central. On Saturday, Viacom announced a settlement with controlling shareholder Sumner Redstone, by which its Viacom CEO
BOSTON (Reuters) - The granddaughter of Viacom Inc's controlling shareholder Sumner Redstone has agreed to let a Massachusetts court dismiss claims brought by former company leaders, a step that will help end a battle over the fate of the media empire.
A Massachusetts judge on Friday told attorneys to see if they could agree to resolve at least parts of a lingering family dispute over the fate of the empire built by Sumner Redstone, the controlling shareholder of Viacom Inc . Judge George Phelan gave the instruction before declaring a break in a hearing
Trucks and buses in the United States may have to be equipped with devices to limit their speed under a proposed rule issued on Friday by the U.S. Transportation Department which said the move could save both lives and fuel. The department will weigh setting speed limits at 60, 65 or 68 miles per hour


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Would love to see notifications of new posts!
Also a way to push messages to Growl for Mac & Windows!
Would love to see notifications of new posts!
Also a way to push messages to Growl for Mac & Windows!
I am looking into doing new post notifications however I want to avoid notifying the admin of a post that they just hit publish on. I would like to add it so that users are notified when other users on the blog publish posts or when a contributor's post is approved/published by the admins.
I will keep looking into how to make this logic work so it's not an annoyance to the users. But do look for this to come.
As far as Growl Notifications for Mac & Windows, this plugin is for the Pushover API only. It would be best to look for a separate plugin to handle Growl/Prowl notifications as this is a completely different API and system.
Thanks for the suggestion,
Someone really must come up with a decent notification system for WordPress. Both email and push. It really is a failing point for the CMS.
Ideally, i'd like a load of options for all the different notification types and can turn them on or off for roles or individual users.
Someone was saying on the Pushover Discussion page that it shouldn't be too tricky to implement Growl support into it using the Pushover API. Ideally, i'd like messages to be pushed to Growl users.
I can look into the Growl integration but I can't make any promises on that feature set. But if that's what a majority of users want, then I'll look into it.
I'm going to leave this thread 'unresolved' for a short time so we can allow others to discuss this feature set.
@cklosows - Would it be worth looking into allowing users to recieve notifications for new posts published in a certain category? I run a small news blog and would love for a user to sign up for notifications for just sports or just events, all categories, etc.
I am using facebook comments on my wordpress site and I'm not receiving new comment notifications. I can push notifications to my phone from my pushover dashboard but new comment notifications don't come through. I have added my user ID and App ID to my WordPress plugin.
Are the comments stored in your WordPress site or on Facebook? If the comments are not stored within the WordPress site, the plugin would have no way of isolating when new comments were posted as Facebook is using a framed version of their comment threads to view on your page.
Is there a specific plugin you are using to do Facebook comments? Let me know what one it is and I'll try and look into it.
I will be leaving for vacation/holiday for 2 weeks starting tomorrow so I'm not sure how quickly I can get any fixes out but I will keep it in mind when looking into my next release.
That seems like a valid request. I'll look into that one. The UI might have to change as that's a per user setting. But something I can look into for sure.
Thanks for the suggestion.
I run a multi-author self-hosted WP blog so if you do add push notifications for new posts, I would definitely use your plugin & buy the Pushover app, as would the other members of the blog!
Any idea of when you'll be rolling it out?
This topic has been closed to new replies.


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Re: Ok then why sue after he is dead
April 11 2008 at 3:37 PM
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Re: Ok then why sue after he is dead
There is no Paul Sr. Please try to use his real name. At least you can give him that respect. I know the foundation of hate that people have told you about him but Please use his real name
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- Report: #155099
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Saint Matthew's Churches
Saint Matthew's ChurchesP.O.Box 22148 Tulsa,, Oklahoma U.S.A.
Saint Matthew's Churches ripoff Tulsa, Oklahoma
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I say, "answer my first pray and we will go from there." But still, nothing! So lately I've been writing, "Return to sender", on all the stuff that I 've been getting in the mail. And today I called they're Lawers firm and told them to take me off the mailing list. The girl there said, "OK I'll tell them." So hopefully this will be the end of that rip off. This time I"ll do my own praying, If God will hear me.
I would really like to see this jacka** Ewing behind bars where he belongs. And d**n him to Hell for all the problems he has caused. Money is the root of all evil. So this means that he is evil and should be damned to Hell.
Worcester, Massachusetts
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 08/26/2005 01:19 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Saint-Matthews-Churches/Tulsa-Oklahoma-74121/Saint-Matthews-Churches-ripoff-Tulsa-Oklahoma-155099. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Sean Milmo, European Editor||May 13, 2016
Ink manufacturers are moving away from traditional organic pigments in favor of customized colorants.
Dave Savastano, Editor||May 13, 2016
In 1995, Suresh Mahajan started his own company, Modern Printing Colors, under the guidance of Sant Rajinder Singh, a world renowned meditation and spiritual teacher. Now, 20 years later, Modern Printing Colors is successful, and NAPIM presented M…
Dave Savastano, Editor||May 13, 2016
For 52 years, Tom Rogers was a fixture in the ink and pigments industry. Aside from his leadership roles with Apollo Colors and CDR, among others, Rogers served for decades as a leader within NAPIM, the Color Pigment Manufacturers Association (CPMA)…
Catherine Diamond, Associate Editor||March 29, 2016
Strong growth in the Asia-Pacific region and increased activity in developed regions will continue to drive demand.
Sean Milmo, European Editor||March 29, 2016
Printers see new opportunities, and are optimistic about the future of the industry.
Kerry Pianoforte, Coatings World Editor||March 29, 2016
This biennial exhibition and technical program provides a platform for industry professionals to highlight research results.
Dave Savastano, Editor||November 30, 2015
Food packaging issues, new technologies are among key topics the ink industry is facing.
Dave Savastano, Editor||November 30, 2015
Consolidation continues to change the entire printing supply chain, including the ink industry.
October 1, 2015
Ink World's Annual Buyers' Guide has what you need, including additives, pigments, resins, varnishes, waxes and equipment.
Dave Savastano, Editor||October 1, 2015
Lower crude oil costs are helping ink manufacturers somewhat.
Sean Milmo, European Editor||July 31, 2015
A rising proportion of higher-margin pigments are being developed, formulated and manufactured in Europe.
Dave Savastano, Editor||May 20, 2015
Declining crude oil costs don't necessarily translate into lower prices for ink manufacturers. Here's why.
Dave Savastano, Editor||May 20, 2015
Celebrates 'Century of Success: Commitment to the Future'.
Catherine Diamond, Associate Editor||March 23, 2015
Pigment manufacturers are enjoying strong sales, and are watching the impact of environmental regulations closely.
Kerry Pianoforte, Coatings World Editor||March 23, 2015
ECS 2015 will feature more than 1,000 exhibitors.
Modern Printing Colors, Inc.
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Baby Jogger Jump Seat Canopy
The Baby Jogger Jump Seat Canopy protects your child from the sun as they ride in the Jump Seat. The Jump Seat Canopy is available in black only.
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Gown Rhinestones in Oklahoma: Johnathan Kayne Gillaspie of "Gown Crazy"
Tonight, TLC will air "Gown Crazy", a one-hour special starring "Project Runway" Season Three alumnus Johnathan Kayne Gillaspie (yes, that's spelled right). ProjRun fans will remember Gillaspie as the fast-talking Southern charmer with an unapologetic passion for pageant dresses.
"Gown Crazy" follows the designer at his sprawling Oklahoma home-studio as he juggles finishing dresses and talent costumes for Miss Oklahoma contestants while also planning a charity fashion show in his backyard. Although there are no snarky asides from a Michael Kors or a Nina Garcia, the show borrows some effective ProjRun techniques: there are multiple looming deadlines, an increasingly overworked and sleepless designer, quippy commentary to the camera and show-stopping gowns. The audience hears Gillespie wax on about his unabashed love of sparkle ("Rhinestones make everything better" and "If you don't like rhinestones, you can't be my friend,") before actually seeing his newest work. He is beside himself when describing a special rhinestone flower brooch that he picked up in Hong Kong (which he later sews onto a shoulder of a black gown). One almost fears that all that enthusiasm will boil over into a mess of beads and pizazz, and yet: when the dresses finally appear onscreen, they are heart-stoppingly lovely.
WSJ: Kayne, is your studio always as busy when the cameras caught you last spring?
There's always crunch times around here. It seems like everything culminates at the same time. We're just now finishing up the final details of getting my prom line, evening wear line, and the shoe line done. And the dog line launches next week.
Wait, did you say dog line?
So listen to this. My name is Kayne of course. Well my dog line is called Kayne9. It's just the cutest thing you've ever seen. The Web site should be up this week or the beginning of next. We're launching on Home Shopping network and QVC.
The show really plays up your love of rhinestones. Are you really that into them?
It's true. I've just now getting ready to do the wall in my front entrance. There's a huge two-story wall that's blank. No art really is going to make that space come alive so what I've decided to do is take my favorite quotes from my favorite designers and scatter them across the wall in different sizes and fonts. Then I'm going to scatter the whole wall with Swarovski crystals.
You sound over-the-top but the dresses were quite elegant.
It has to be strategic. More is not always more, I mean I can't believe I actually just said that.
But it is true sometimes…. I'm really trying to make my evening wear into something that is very valid and relevant for the red carpet as well as pageantry. It's about finding that happy medium.
Is it harder to sell a gown in this economy?
I sold a gown yesterday to an 18-year-old girl who's going to be in the Miss Oklahoma USA pageant in November. It cost $4,200. It was the most expensive dress I've ever made in my life. It drives me crazy that people are spending that much money on a gown. It does have 20,000 Swarovski crystals. It is very, very beaded — but it's crazy.
I have not seen a major decrease in sales, especially with what I do. These girls are definitely going to be in the pageant.
We see how long it takes you to hand-sew beads onto dresses. Is it frustrating to be a solo designer doing such time-consuming work?
I love the materials. It keeps me excited. Honestly I can do this all day long, and I do. I love taking yards of fabric and turning it into a super-constructed evening gown.
What's next for you?
I'm the creator of OKC Fashion week–Fall of 2010 will be our first year. I'm basically making a fashion week in Oklahoma.. The Miss America pageant will be at the end of January.


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Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Marriage
In 1832, when Harriet was 21, Lyman Beecher was appointed head of the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. The family packed up and moved. Though it's not exactly thought of as a swinging cultural marketplace today, at the time Cincinnati was considered "the London of the West." The market town – at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers – attracted a diverse population. It was a great place for a young writer. Harriet was exposed to people of different backgrounds and accents, details she stored away for her future writing career.4 She also joined a literary group called the Semi-Colon Club, where members would submit their writing anonymously and critique each other's work.
In 1836, Harriet Beecher married Calvin Stowe, a professor at Lane Theological Seminary. Later that same year, she gave birth to twin girls named Eliza and Harriet. Calvin Stowe shared his wife's intelligence and ideals, and was far more supportive of her literary career than most men of his age would have been. "My dear, you must be a literary woman," he wrote to his wife early in their marriage. "It is so written in the book of fate."5 Over the next fourteen years, Beecher Stowe bore children (seven in total) and wrote articles and stories about domestic life. The Mayflower, a collection of her short stories, was published in 1843.


text:
814 Elsey Drive
Charleston, SC 29407
Audacy Creative Arts Preschool814 Elsey DriveCharleston, SC 29407-5732ph: firstname.lastname@example.com
The decision of where to begin your child's educational journey is one of the most important ones you will make. Audacy Creative Arts Preschool offers a vibrant learning environment committed to creativity and the exploration of each student's natural artistic talent. The arts infuse our curriculum - enriching our learning experiences, promoting social development, fostering academic achievement, and building self confidence.
We invite you to join our learning community and begin the journey today.
Beginning August 15th we will have three new classes:
Infant - 6 weeks to 8 months Toddler - 8 to 16 months Intermediate - 16 to 24 months
Call for more information.
Now Enrolling for 2016-2017
We are now enrolling for the 2016-2017 school year. Call for more information or to set up a tour.
Lunch Menus
2016-2017 Calendar
Copyright 2010 Audacy Creative Arts Preschool. All rights reserved.
Web Hosting by Yahoo!


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- Report: #515710
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Laurie Hudson-Appsprofits or Green Power Builder
Laurie Hudson-Appsprofits or Green Power BuilderInternet United States of America
Laurie Hudson-Appsprofits or Green Power Builder selling non-existing business opportunity. they are stealing from trusting public. I lost $39.00 None listed, Internet
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 10/27/2009 01:51 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Laurie-Hudson-Appsprofits-or-Green-Power-Builder/internet/Laurie-Hudson-Appsprofits-or-Green-Power-Builder-selling-non-existing-business-opportunit-515710. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Advertisers above have met our
strict standards for business conduct.


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Photo: Sizing up some young talent, the Texas Rangers' mascot may have found one of baseball's future greats. /Photo by Christen Dennis Young Irving kids ages 5 to 12 flooded the Northwest Park Recreation Center for the second Annual Mayor's Play Ball Event to play a wiffle ball tournament and to learn about baseball basics, as well as the importance of exercise on Aug. 5. The event featured retired Texas Ranger
Colorado Rockies, Texas Rangers game becomes opportunity for family, fundraiser
Irving native and pro baseball player Trevor Story may be out for the season, but he came back to Texas to watch his team, the Colorado Rockies, play against the Texas Rangers in Arlington on Aug. 11. As a celebration of this visit, Irving Cares, the local charity headed by Trevor's mother, Teddie Story, held a fundraiser to encourage Irving residents to attend the game and raise money for
All that is wine studied and imbibed at TEXSOM
Photo: Wine connoisseurs discuss the merits of some of the wines available during TEXSOM's Grand Tasting. /Photo by Adam Stephens Sommeliers and members of the wine and beverage industries gathered at TEXSOM 2016 presented at the Four Seasons Resort and Club in Las Colinas from Aug. 12 to Aug. 15. About 1,200 attendees had the opportunity to attend educational seminars and taste different types of wine from over 100 producers. TEXSOM
School supplies prepare students to succeed in the classroom
Photo: Preparing for a lively school year, Rogelio and Rosalba Guel watch as their school age children choose backpacks filled with school supplies. /Photo by John Starkey Eager children and their parents formed lines in front of Irving High School bright and early Saturday morning, August 13, to take their first exciting step into the upcoming school year. After following a maze which took them through registration, vision and dental
Cyber security concerns challenge small business owners
Cyber security experts presented an informative lecture, Digital Defense: Understanding Small Business Cyber Security and Endpoint Security, to a packed audience at the Greater Irving Las Colinas Chamber of Commerce on Wednesday, Aug. 3. The event was designed to help small business owners learn the best practices available to protect their data from cyber criminals. Statistically 71 percent of Small Business owners are victims of a data breach and
Singley law and public service program wins national recognition
Photo: Irving Police Department officers serve as instructors for dual-credit classes in the Law and Public Service program at Singley Academy. /Courtesy photo The School of Law and Public Service at Singley Academy in Irving ISD has once again been recognized for outstanding programming and partnership with the Irving Police Department (IPD). The National Career Pathways Network (NCPN) recognized the program with the NCPN CP Partnership Excellence Award. The award emphasizes
Summer games challenge youths from recreation centers
Photo: Ready to take on the competition, teens from Georgia Farrow Recreation Center prepare to challenge teens from around the city in the Summer Games competition. /Photo by Demond King For the past 30 years, Irving Parks and Recreation has held a two week summer games event for local youth ages 11–17. The Olympic style competition features a wide variety of team and one-on-one sports from flag football to water
Keep Irving Beautiful recognizes efforts to create a cleaner community
Photo: KIB and KTB recognizes a number of local individuals and organizations that work to keep the community free from litter and looking marvelous. / Photo by T.J. Friedel By Adam Stephens The annual Mayor and Keep Irving Beautiful Awards were presented at the First Baptist Church of Irving on Aug. 8. The evening's events, complete with a dinner and ceremony, allow Keep Irving Beautiful (KIB) to honor individuals and organizations
Young actors compete in One Act Play Tournament
Photo: Youngsters from Dana's Dance Academy perform on stage as the judges tally the results of the competition. /Photo by John Starkey Thespians ages 7-17 filled the stage of the Irving Arts Center's Carpenter Hall for the 52nd Annual One Act Play Tournament. The event drew a packed crowd of parents, families and theater aficionados as six different teams representing Parks and Recreation centers across the city each performed a
Police, firefighters treated to dinner by Circle of Prayer
Photo: First responders enjoy an evening out with their families and friends courtesy of the Circle of Prayer. /Photo by John Starkey Irving-based faith group, the Circle of Prayer, showed community support for local police, firefighters, and their families with dinner and live music provided by local musicians at Southern Junction (formerly Lindero Ranch) on Tuesday, August 2. "We are throwing this dinner because of what has happened to the Dallas
Kids give their all for wiffle ball
Colorado Rockies, Texas Rangers game becomes opportunity for family, fundraiser
All that is wine studied and imbibed at TEXSOM
School supplies prepare students to succeed in the classroom
Cyber security concerns challenge small business owners
Singley law and public service program wins national recognition
Summer games challenge youths from recreation centers
Keep Irving Beautiful recognizes efforts to create a cleaner community
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- Report: #837966
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Complaint Review: Liberty Trade Management Services
Liberty Trade Management Services120 Lehith Avenue P.O. Box 928 Batavia, New York United States of America
Liberty Trade Management Services selected for a Mystery shopper job and sent a check for $1964.70 Batavia, New York
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I have done many secert shopper jobs and thought this was another one spoke with the man on the phone the day I recieved the check and instructions to complete the task. I deposited the check for $1964.70 in my account and received a phone call from my bank 3 days later saying the check was no good and they are closing my account. They sent the check to there attorney who is now sending it to the DA's office in my county and are going to try and charge me with Check Fraud.
Kris Magalia, California
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 02/12/2012 11:27 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Liberty-Trade-Management-Services/Batavia-New-York-14021/Liberty-Trade-Management-Services-selected-for-a-Mystery-shopper-job-and-sent-a-check-for-837966. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Italy goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon waves his fan after the 2014 World Cup Group B qualifying soccer match between Italy and Czech Republic at the Juventus stadium in Turin, Italy, Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2013. Italy and Juventus goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon has equaled Fabio Cannavaro's record of 136 international appearances for the Azzurri. Buffon started the World Cup qualifier against the Czech Republic on Tuesday to match the now retired Cannavaro's number of caps. (AP Photo/Antonio Calanni)


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2009 Bodegas Emilio Moro Malleolus de Sanchomartin
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- Size: 750ml
- Type: Red Wine
- Varietal: Tempranillo
- Country: Spain
- Region: Ribera Del Duero
"Dark purple. Sexy black and blue fruit aromas are complicated by vanilla, incense and cola qualities. Fleshy cassis and blueberry preserve flavors are sharpened by tangy acidity and given depth by notes of licorice and bitter chocolate. Gains sweetness and depth with air, finishing on a sweet black raspberry note, with slow-building tannins. This wine is shockingly elegant for its level of concentration and power."
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Dallas Cowboys
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Tony Romo and Dez Bryant look to lead the Cowboys back to the top of the NFC East in 2016. Draft picks Ezekiel Elliott (running back) and Dak Prescott (backup quarterback) are already ready to help Dallas put more points on the board this season. The Cowboys home opener at AT&T Stadium will be against division-rival New York Giants. Dallas Cowboys tickets are on sale now for all games AT&T Stadium in Arlington—claim the best seats in the house every time with Razorgator!
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Simply Me
online notes for my rants, health & beauty
Monday, May 16, 2016
Guitar Buying Guide
Posted by sweet_angel at 10:38 AM No comments:
Tuesday, May 3, 2016
Prolong the Life of Scrubs: How to keep your Scrubs in good Shape
• Always wash new scrubs separately in cold water. Add a ½-cup of distilled white vinegar to the water before adding the scrubs. This will set the color, which helps prevent the fabric from fading.
• If possible, don't wear the scrubs to anything other than work. This means changing into the scrubs once you get to your job site. Outside elements, such as pollution, dirty the scrubs quicker.
• Store your scrubs in an air tight bag when not in use. This will help protect the fabric from germs.
• Avoid eating while wearing the scrubs.
• When performing non-work related activities, change out of the scrubs. This will help prevent excessive wear and tear.
• When handling the scrubs, always do so with care and don't treat them like any other article of clothing.
• Turn scrubs inside out before washing. Wash the garment in cold water using normal detergent.
• If you notice a stain on the scrubs, treat immediately. Waiting until the stain dries will make it more difficult to remove.
• If you need to disinfect the scrubs, wash them through two cycles to help ensure they are properly disinfected. The first cycle should be a normal washing, while the second should be done in hot water with about ¾-cup of bleach (oxygen bleach or color-safe bleach) added to the water.
• For best results, follow the manufactures recommended cleaning process for each type or brand of scrub you have.
The best way to ensure your scrubs look their best for as long as possible is to purchase high-quality scrubs. While these better scrubs may be a bit more expensive, they are typically made from higher quality materials, which mean they last for a longer period of time and won't unravel as quickly as their cheaply-made counterparts do. Your scrubs are an investment and if you think of them this way, you are more likely to take better care of them.
Posted by sweet_angel at 12:05 PM No comments:
Labels: cotton scrubs, hospital scrubs, medical lab coats, scrubs
Wednesday, January 27, 2016
Guitar Strings
I recently bought my father's church a new hollow electric guitar. The one that I bought twelve years ago already needs an upgrade. It was not a high end guitar so I was surprised that they were able to make good use of it that long. Along with the new guitar, of course I also bought an extra set of guitar strings. Surprisingly, I had to go to a few stores before completing the set of strings. I had to buy one string from one store to another. I am not sure if they really don't sell super alloy 5 string sets or it just happened that all of the stores that I went to were out of stocks.
Posted by sweet_angel at 1:28 PM No comments:
Tuesday, October 6, 2015
Why Am I Still Sick?
Oftentimes, people with illnesses recognize the debilitating effects of disease and vow to recover. Yet while many of these sick individuals implement numerous strategies to start feeling better, quite a few are ineffective in overcoming their condition. In many cases, sick people can recover from serious illnesses yet are simply not implementing the strategies necessary to make it happen. Here are three things you may not be doing to obtain the healing and recovery you desire:
1. You're Not Getting Tested.
One of the biggest keys to recovery from any illness is clearly identifying the disease that is in operation. Yet in many cases, sick people are afraid to receive a diagnosis because they are afraid that the illness will be terminable. Remember that ignorance is not bliss. A disease that is not diagnosed has the ability to cause a plethora of unwanted problems in your body that could have been addressed and resolved if you had attained a diagnosis. In recognizing this reality, be sure to invest in diagnostic testing services that will help you identify the root of your health problem. You can attain excellent rapid tests from companies such as Diagnostic Automation/Cortez Diagnostics, Inc.
2. You're Not Seeking Natural Treatment Methods.
While medication can ease symptoms and alleviate the anxiety associated with illness, reports of full recovery through prescription drugs is sparse. If you're serious about eliminating a disease entirely, it is oftentimes prudent to consider the value of using natural treatment methods. There are many documented cases of individuals who have adopted a synergistic set of natural methodologies to limit and even eliminate a condition. Some natural options you may want to consider:
• medical acupuncture
• meditation
• raw food diet
• massage therapy
There are a wide variety of naturopaths whose services you can learn about and obtain through a quick Internet search.
3. You're Not Exercising.
Exercising brings with it unlimited health benefits, many of which have been proven to limit the symptoms of an unwanted disease. Some of the health benefits that result from consistently engaging in physical activity include:
• better posture
• weight loss/weight management
• improved elimination
• sounder sleep
If you are sick and dream of being healthy and vibrant, you can make it happen. By examining the short outline provided above, you can determine whether you are making any health-hindering mistakes that preclude you from overcoming illness and embracing the life of wellness you desire and deserve!
Posted by sweet_angel at 5:31 PM No comments:
Saturday, September 12, 2015
Fretted Instrument Accessories & Parts
I did not know that there is such a guitar xtender. It is very obvious that I don't know much about musical instruments. Well, if you are a musician and need a guitar xtender, head over to the linked website to see for yourself. There you can find a wide variety of fretted instrument accessories and parts.
Posted by sweet_angel at 1:44 PM No comments:
Friday, July 17, 2015
Area Rugs
The living room, which is carpeted, is not worth the trouble of cleaning. The carpet is old and it needs to be replaced. We are planning on replacing it with a completely different kind of flooring. Among the several flooring options available out there, we decided to use oak hardwood tile in the living room and use ceramic tile in the kitchen and bathroom areas. As soon as the hard wood floor is installed, my plan is to start looking for discount Area Rugs Direct. One of our three bedrooms is already set up that way and we will probably do the same with the other two rooms. Then we will either hire the rugs to be professionally cleaned or look at buying our own steam cleaner.
Posted by sweet_angel at 6:01 PM No comments:
Monday, July 13, 2015
DJ & Remix Software
Clubbing became even more exciting because of the emergence of talented world renowned DJs. But of course these DJs wouldn't be able to do their stuff if not for the high tech gadgets they have such as ableton live 9 intro. Ableton Live 9 is the latest iteration of one of the best performance based DAWs available today. It lets you to easily browse for new sounds, instantly capture your performance and record automation directly into clips. It also enhances your sound with improved studio effects. The Intro version includes limited software features, 3 instruments, 26 effects and over 700 sounds.
Posted by sweet_angel at 2:03 PM No comments:
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Pacifica officials have ordered the remaining tenants of an apartment building that sits on the edge of a crumbling cliff to evacuate because of safety concerns.
Dana Howe, 54, stood in the now-empty living room of his apartment at 320 Esplanade Ave. on Friday and said most of his neighbors had already left. He had made the decision to move out of the 20-unit building on Wednesday.
"We knew it was coming," he said. "How can you condemn half of a building?"
Pacifica building officials made that departure mandatory Thursday when they told the roughly four remaining residents that they would have to be out by 11 p.m. Sunday.
Pacifica building official Doug Rider said that based on engineering analyses reviewed this week, residents' safety could not be guaranteed in the event of a major earthquake.
Six units at that apartment house were already red-tagged in January when a massive hunk of the cliff tumbled into the Pacific Ocean. Residents who lived next door at 330 Esplanade Ave. were also ordered out of their homes in December when officials decided too much of the bluff was gone for that building to be safe.
It was a quiet departure Friday morning and hardly resembled the frantic exodus in December when residents were told at one point they had an hour to get out.
One woman, who neighbors said moved in three weeks ago, but who declined to speak to reporters, calmly carried her possessions out with the help of a friend.
Tyree Johnson, a 15-year resident, was organizing his move to a new apartment in San Francisco. He said he was never really worried that the cliff would give way but had finally decided to move out when friends from Temple United Methodist church in San Francisco convinced him there was a danger.
"I'd come back here in a second," he said. "Until I got (the condemnation notice), I was leaving with a bit of regret."
Moving back is a distant and unlikely possibility at this point. The project to build a retaining wall behind 320 and 330 Esplanade is on hold. Disagreements over a long-term strategy to deal with the bluff erosion and difficulty coming up with the millions of dollars to pay for the work mean any kind of a fix could be far off.
However, Michael Jones, who is an associate of 320 Esplanade owner Millard Tong, was more hopeful. He said work behind Tong's building will start again soon, but he wasn't sure when that would be.
"Everybody has to agree," he added. " We have to get permits, and that is going to take time."
There also is the possibility of a legal action hanging in the air. A source with extensive knowledge of the situation but who requested anonymity said one or more of the owners may file a lawsuit against Pacifica for its handling of the situation. The lawsuit would allege that the city didn't take proper remediation steps against erosion and had given the original approval to build the structure on a sandy bluff, the source said. It could be filed in the coming weeks.
The conflict and uncertainty that have grown out of the cliff's crumbling have taken a toll on all involved, especially residents. Some moved from 330 to 320 Esplanade after the former building was red-tagged, only to be forced out again. Others just gave up and left. For those who stuck around, there was the difficulty of living in a construction site and dealing with a street clogged by people who drove by to see the neighborhood for themselves.
"It's just been magical," said Johnson, referring to the view out of his living room window. "I was hoping this wasn't going to happen."


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The fundamentals of running a professional photography business and studio are explained in this guide to the commercial side of photography. A road map to navigating the perils and embracing the triumphs, this reference covers all the critical skills required to establish a business, design a product line, market services and products, and manage the bottom line. Topics include selecting the right insurance package, obtaining the various licenses and tax IDs, and hiring the best employees. An invaluable resource for photographers, this is a must-have manual to the mechanics of successful professional photography.
You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices:


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