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Amazon.co.uk address is Amazon Way, Dunfermline KY11 8ST.
The distribution centre in Dunfermline is the biggest Amazon has built so far in the UK, creating approximately 1,000 permanent jobs and has given the area of Fife a real boost to its economy.
According to SMEweb news, Amazon paid less in UK corporation tax last year than it received in government grants, its official company accounts show. In the latest example of systematic corporate tax avoidance by a large multinational company operating in the UK, Amazon.com Inc (NASDAQ:AMZN) revealed that it last year paid just £3.1m in total taxes on sales of £4.2bn.
Its corporation tax bill was just £2.44m – less than the £2.5m it received from the Scottish Government in inducements to build a new distribution warehouse in Dunfermline. Find out more here.
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A highly rated metro St. Louis hospital is seeking a Supervisor for their Neurodiagnostic Lab.
For the fifth time in seven years, Modern Healthcare named B.E. Smith the No. 1 healthcare executive search firm in the United States.
LabCorp is looking for an experienced Laboratory Manager in the Quad Cities area of Iowa and Illinois. Relocation Bonus Provided.
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Manager, MicrobiologySt. Peter's Health Partners has an excellent opportunity for a Microbiology Lab Manager.
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Needle-Moving Community Collaboratives: A Promising Approach to Addressing America's Biggest Challenges Download PDF Author(s): Willa Seldon, Michele Jolin, Paul Schmitz Published Date: February 06, 2012 Executive Summary Communities face powerful challenges—a high-school dropout epidemic, youth unemployment, teen pregnancy—that require powerful solutions. In a climate of increasingly constrained resources, those solutions must help communities to achieve more with less. A new kind of community collaborative—an approach that aspires to significant community-wide progress by enlisting all sectors to work together toward a common goal—offers enormous promise to bring about broader, more lasting change across the nation. In December 2010, President Obama created the White House Council for Community Solutions to demonstrate the power of engaging "all citizens, all sectors working together." The Council decided to look beyond individual programs showing success with limited populations and instead examine communities that are solving problems together and moving the needle in a way that improves results for the whole community. The Council worked with The Bridgespan Group to identify effective needle-moving collaboratives (those that have achieved at least 10 percent progress in a community-wide metric), understand the keys to success, and recommend ways to drive more collective impact, particularly to address the challenges of disconnected youth. We identified 12 collaboratives, many of which are focused on helping disconnected youth, such as the Milwaukee teen pregnancy prevention initiative, Philadelphia's Project U-Turn, and the Strive Partnership of Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky, among others, that have made needle-moving progress in their communities. In addition to sharing a commitment for change, we found that these collaboratives had four operating principles in common: Commitment to long-term involvement; Involvement of key stakeholders across sectors; Use of shared data to set agendas and improve results over time; Engagement of community members as substantive partners. Looking deeper, we discovered five core elements that contributed to their success: Shared vision and agenda, in which leaders from government, nonprofit, philanthropy, and business develop measureable community-wide goals and a clear roadmap to achieving them; Effective leadership and governance, with highly respected leaders at the helm who are viewed as neutral, honest brokers and who attract and retain a diverse group of large and small organizations to guide the collaborative forward; Alignment of resources toward what works, where nonprofits, government, philanthropy, and business work together to target efforts and resources toward the most effective approaches and services; Dedicated staff capacity and appropriate structure to provide the facilitation, data analyses, and administration needed for success; Sufficient funding, which requires funding to maintain staff and invest in the strategic priorities of the collaborative. This report provides more details about these characteristics and shares short case examples that explore in depth how various collaboratives have achieved collective impact. It also looks at five key resources that could catalyze community collaborative success. Michele Jolin is a member of the White House Council for Community Solutions and a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. Paul Schmitz is a member of the White House Council for Community Solutions and CEO of Public Allies. Willa Seldon is a partner at The Bridgespan Group. This work by The Bridgespan Group is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at Bridgespan's Terms of Use page. Comments Bridgespan welcomes your comments on our work. All comments are reviewed according to our Terms of Use before posting. Post a comment Stephen Hammersley This work is fascinating and important.In the Uk, the network of Community Foundations was asked by our national lottery to invest USD 75m in what they considered to be the least advantaged and lowest capacity communities in the UK to strengthen those communities capacities over a ten year period. I wish that we had this report when we designed the programme.What we learned was that change was most manifest when we insisted that panels of local people agreed on a common approach and built the necessary linkages between the non-profits and when we communicated what was going on so that other resources were mobilised and culture was shifted. I see parallels here with some of the conclusions in the report.Has anyone presented this report in the UK? We have a national conference of community foundations this year and I'd be really interested to see if we could get someone over to share first hand.Stephen HammersleyCEO UK Community Foundations 1/10/2013 4:35:59 PM Leave message Your rating: Name: Your email: Message: Enter security code:


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 26, 1990
|Filing date
|Nov 14, 1988
|Priority date
|Nov 14, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Norman L. Weinberg, John D. Genders, Robert L. Clarke
|Original Assignee
|Ebonex Technologies, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (12), Classifications (7), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field Of The Invention
This invention relates to electrochemical reduction-oxidation reactions which occur in electrolytic solutions at electrodes comprising Magneli phase titanium oxide and an apparatus for performing such reactions. For ease of reference this class of reactions will be generally referred to as soluble "redox" reactions, that is, those reactions where both oxidized and reduced species are stable and/or soluble in the reaction solution. Such reactions may be contrasted to those where one of the oxidation or reduction products is either a solid or a gas which would immediately separate from the electrochemical solution in which it was formed.
Magneli phase titanium oxides are those of the general formula Tix O2x-1, where x is a whole number 4-10. Such oxides have ceramic type material properties, but are nevertheless sufficiently conductive to be used as electrodes. Thus, electrodes formed from these oxides will sometimes be generally referred to herein as "ceramic" electrodes. The utility of these materials in electrochemical applications has only recently come to light, and their properties in particular instances are only now being investigated.
The present invention is specifically directed to redox reactions in which it is normally desired to obtain the most efficient electrochemical conversion of a less desirable soluble species to a more desirable oxidation or reduction reaction product in solution. Since electrochemical processes are electron transfer reactions that occur at the electrode, activity in the bulk of the electrolyte away from the electrodes is generally confined to migration to or from the electrodes and mixing of the species in the solution. The activity within a few molecular diameters of the electrodes is the area in which the electron transfer reactions take place. This interface area has been the subject of much study in an effort to modify the behavior of species in the solution so as to optimize the electrochemical process. The use of electrocatalytic coatings, enhanced turbulence, increased electrode surface area and other strategies have been applied with some success.
When such a means of enhancing the efficiency of a reaction has been identified then a strategy must be developed for minimizing the back reaction of the desired species to its original state. This is a natural problem, since the oxidation and reduction reactions occur virtually simultaneously at the opposing electrodes in an electrolytic solution. Approaches to this problem include the separation of the electrodes by use of a partitioned cell, i.e., one in which a membrane or diaphragm separates the anolyte from the catholyte. The use of a smaller electrode for the reaction at which the reversion, or back reaction, occurs is also known, so as to form a greater volume of the desired reaction product at the larger electrodes.
By identifying efficient electrode materials and the most appropriate electrochemical cell design for a given redox reaction, profitable industrial processes for the production of or recovery of valuable chemical constituents can be developed. Currently these processes are used for metal plating, metal recovery, electric storage batteries, electrowinning and fine chemical and dyestuff manufacture, among others.
2. Description Of Related Art
The art of use of electrochemical redox reagents in electrochemical processing is very well documented. Early references go back over 80 years in European technical literature. The use of cerium sulfate and chromic acid as a `Sauerstoffubertrager` or oxygen carrier, dates back to patent DRP 172654 (1903) for the manufacture of organic quinones. In this process cerium salts were added to the electrolyte. It was realized that cerium ion could be oxidized at a lead dioxide anode. The oxidizing agent produced is then reacted with anthracene to form anthraquinone. Ceric ion is reduced to the cerous state to be reoxidized at the anode once more and so act as a shuttle species between the anode and the insoluble organic substrate.
Reference to the contemporary literature shows that the uses of redox reagents in electrochemical processes is quite extensive. See Indirect Electrochemical Processes, Clarke, R. L., Kuhn, A. T., Okoh, E. Chemistry in Britain 59, 1975, Mantell, C. L. Industrial Electrochemistry, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. Baizer, M. M. (1973) Organic Electrochemistry, Marcel Dekker, N.Y. Weinberg, N. L. (ed) (1975) Techniques of Chemistry, Vol. 5 techniques of Electroorganic Synthesis, Parts I and II, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester and N.Y.
Redox reagents have been used in organic reduction processes such as the use of small amounts of tin to improve the yield of para-amino phenol from nitrobenzene by reduction at a cathode. The oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde with manganese III in strong acid, the manganese III ion is generated at the anode, from manganese sulfate the product of the toluene oxidation process. More recently iron redox has been used to oxidize coal and other carbonaceous fuels to carbon dioxide, water and humic acid, See Clarke R. L. Foller Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 18 (1988) 546-554 and cited references. In this study, ferric ion in sulfuric acid was used as the redox reagent to oxidize carbonaceous fuels such as coke. In the process ferric ion was reduced to ferrous which is easily reoxidized to ferric at the anode. This ferrous to ferric oxidation occurs at potentials well below the oxygen evolution potential of the anode and is thus energy saving with respect to its use in the formation of hydrogen from water.
The presence of redox reagents in an electrochemical process is not always beneficial. In the electrochemical recovery of silver from photographic solutions, iron in the solution interferes with the cathodic deposition of the silver. Ferric ion competes with silver for electrons at cathode and is preferentially reduced to ferrous ion, such that the presence of small quantities of iron will reduce the efficiency for silver deposition below 20%.
The use of specific redox reagents in electrochemical reactions both as aids, or as the principle reactant is well understood by those skilled in the art. The present invention, however, concerns the use of specific electrodes to manipulate the redox effect to great advantage, that is, to be able to manipulate the choice of electrode material to promote a particular redox effect and/or reduce the effect at the counter electrode.
Electrode materials have usually been chosen from a group of metals such as platinum, nickel, copper, lead, mercury and cadmium. Additional choices might include irridium oxide and lead dioxide. The choice of electrode material is predicated on its survival in a particular electrolyte, and the effect achieved with the reagents involved. For example, to oxidize cerium III ion a high oxygen overpotential electrode is usually chosen such as lead dioxide. Some electrode materials are unable to oxidize cerium which requires an electrode potential of 1.6 volts as the oxygen overpotential of the metal electrode is too low, examples would be platinum and carbon. To reduce many organic substrates lead electrodes are chosen which has a very high hydrogen overpotential. Low hydrogen overvoltage electrodes such as platinum, nickel, iron, copper, etc. allow the hydrogen recombination reaction at the surface to occur at potentials too low to be effective as reducing cathodes for many organic substrates.
More recently conductive ceramics for use in certain electrochemical applications have been described. U.S. Pat. No. 4,422,917 describes the manufacture of Magneli phase titanium oxides and suggests the use of these materials in electrodes for certain electrochemical applications. This patent describes the properties and method of manufacture of a group of substoichiometric titanium oxides of the formula TiOx, where x ranges from 1.67 to 1.9. More specifically, it is taught at column 13, lines 27 to 32 that anodes of such titanium oxides coated with specified metals "may be satisfactory for use in redox reactions such as the oxidation of manganese, cerium, chromium and for use as products in the oxidation of organic intermediates."
In addition to the art describing efficient electrode materials, many publications describe electrochemical cell designs which seek to minimize redox back reactions and therefore optimize a process using an electrode efficient for a particular reaction.
Many examples of specific cell designs are to be found in the literature which attempt to reduce the back reaction. Robertson et al, Electrochimica Acta, vol. 26, No. 7, pp. 941-949, 1981, describe a cell system in which a porous membrane is used to cover the cathode of a hypochlorite generator to reduce the reduction of hypochlorite at the cathode to chloride. This same system was used to oxidize manganese to manganate and cerous to ceric. The system works by inhibiting the mixing of the bulk of the electrolyte at the electrode interface. A porous felt cover would allow escape of hydrogen into the electrolyte, and a concentration gradient would be set up with respect to the products of oxidation in the bulk of the electrolyte compared to access to the cathode. Alternatively, the cell can be designed with a small counter electrode with respect to the anode or vice-versa. An example of this is described in Industrial Electrochemistry (1982) D. Pletcher, Chapman Hall, N.Y. See pages 145-151. Other descriptions of cell design strategies are to be found in Electrochemical Reactor Design (1977) D. J. Picket, Elsevier, Amsterdam, and Emerging Opportunities for Electro-organic processes (1984), Marcel Decker, N.Y.
The fundamental method of dealing with back reactions is to operate a divided cell system, by inserting a membrane or diaphragm between the anode and cathode. The problem with this strategy is the cost of the electrochemical cell and its supporting equipment is much higher than in the case of an undivided cell. Further the cell voltage is higher due to the increased IR drop through the electrolyte and membrane, which also increases operating costs.
Thus, even the higher efficiency cell designs have their drawbacks. Complicated cell designs require a greater number of components, and this may become very expensive on an industrial scale. Systems which use a large electrode opposing a smaller electrode are undesirable since high voltages are required.
For these reasons a need has arisen for a redox system wherein an efficient electrode can be used, but which does not require a complicated cell design to prohibit the shuttling of the desired chemical species from the electrode at which they are formed to the opposing electrode to be reconverted to their original form.
During observations of the properties of ceramic electrodes in redox reactions it has now been unexpectedly found that, rather than exhibiting efficient conversion performance, Magneli phase titanium oxide material used as a redox electrode provides surprisingly inefficient performance in such reactions. By inefficient it is meant that such electrodes inhibit the back reaction of a product which has been formed at an adjacent electrode. In fact, it has now been determined that such electrodes inhibit the efficiency of certain redox reactions to such an extent that the electrodes can be used as counter electrodes to minimize redox back reactions. This property of ceramic electrodes in redox reactions provides the wholly unexpected advantage of being able to eliminate the need for complex electrolytic cell designs for an important group of industrially important redox reactions.
Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of performing a redox reaction in an electrochemical cell including an electrode comprising substoichiometric titanium oxide as an inhibiting counter electrode to an electrode efficient for the conversion of an ionic species in an electrolytic solution. The redox reagent may be inorganic or organic in nature. This method has been found to be particularly advantageous for the reactions of Fe2+ to Fe3+, I- to I2, Cr3+ to Cr6+, Ce4+ to Ce3+, Mn2+ to Mn3+, Co2+ to Co3+, as well as for Sn4+ to Sn2+. Organic redox reagents such as quinone/hydroquinone may also be used. That is, it has been found that by using a substoichiometric titanium oxide electrode as a counter electrode for such reactions, the back reactions which would otherwise normally occur in the electrolyte are advantageously minimized.
The invention further comprises an electrochemical cell for soluble reduction-oxidation reactions wherein an electrode formed from substoichiometric titanium oxide is used as a counter electrode to one which efficiently converts ions, such as those listed above, to desirable redox products. In both the inventive method and electrochemical cell, it is further preferred to use substoichiometric titanium oxide of the formula TiOx, where x is in the range 1.67 to 1.9, i.e., the conductive ceramic material disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,422,917. In the inventive method or apparatus, any electrode material which is efficient for a particular redox reaction may be used as the "efficient" electrode. For example, electrodes comprising lead dioxide, platinum, platinum-irridium, irridium oxide, ruthinium oxide, tin oxide and the like may be used.
Further, it has been found that, for redox reactions wherein ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used as a supporting anion, the oxidation of such EDTA (as would normally be expected) is inhibited to a great extent by the use of an electrode of substoichiometric titanium oxide ceramic.
There are many advantages to a redox reaction system in which efficient conversion of an ionic species to a desired chemical product occurs at one electrode while the counter electrode is inefficient for, or inhibits, the back reaction of that product to the original ionic species. For example, product solutions of greater purity can be made without need for separation of the anolyte and catholyte in the electrochemical cell. Additionally, the elimination of a membrane or compromised cell geometry (large anode, small cathode or vice-versa) reduces overall cell voltage and therefore operating cost. Electrolyte management is simplified when only one stream is used. Recycled electrolytes that are separated by a membrane are troubled by water and sometimes ionic transport across the membrane. This has to be corrected chemically and could involve some loss of reagent.
Importantly, however, the present invention does not achieve such advantages at the cost of an increase in the amount of energy needed for a given redox reaction. On the contrary, while the substoichiometric titanium oxide counter electrode of the present invention is properly referred to as "inefficient" when the back reaction of desirable products is concerned, the electrode is not electrically inefficient. In fact, it is the beneficial electrical and corrosion resistance and in particular the high oxygen and hydrogen overpotentials of the ceramic of such electrode materials which would, under normal circumstances, lead one to expect that such materials would also perform as efficient redox electrodes. Thus, the anomalous characteristics of such electrodes which have now been identified are all the more surprising.
The present invention will be better understood by reference to the appended drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is schematic diagram of a single electrolytic cell suitable for performing redox reactions;
FIG. 2 is likewise a schematic electrolytic cell, however this figure shows a prior art divided cell; and
FIG. 3 shows various types of known cathode/anode configurations.
The invention will now be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an electrolytic process of an undivided cell producing a redox species at the anode or cathode. Undivided cell 1 is fitted with an anode and a cathode, each of the electrodes being of equal size. In the present invention, one of these electrodes would comprise titanium oxide conductive ceramic. Heat exchanger 2 balances the heat generated by the reaction, and holding vessel 3 acts as storage for the electrolyte. Circulating pump 4 circulates the electrolyte back to cell 1. In this process if an electrode of substoichiometric titanium oxide is not used, the back reaction of a desired product species would obviously occur in cell 1 unless one assumes that the back reaction is insignificant, i.e. either the product is deposited at the anode or cathode or the reverse electrode is inactive. Some examples of this situation do exist such as the production of manganese dioxide which deposits on the anode. Thus, the present invention is directed to those redox couples which are soluble or stable in the electrolye used.
FIG. 2 shows the same type of process in a divided cell of the prior art, with separated electrolyte streams, as would be normally used to enhance the separation of the desired product by minimizing its exposure to the opposing electrode. The same reference numbers are used for the components of the system as in FIG. 1. In this case there are two tanks 3, two pumps 4 and two heat exchangers 2, plus a more complicated cell 1 containing an expensive membrane 5. This system is much more common. It is the basis of the manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda, the regeneration of chromic acid as a redox reagent, and a variety of electroorganic synthesis processes. Comparison of FIG. 2 with FIG. 1 makes clear the greater expense involved with operating such a system.
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show examples of known alternative strategies for minimizing the back reaction which are more process specific. In FIG. 3A, a small rod cathode 6 and large tube anode 7 are shown. Such a structure has been used in electrochlorinator devices for swimming pools. The small surface area cathode 6 is less likely to reduce hypochlorite due to the high gassing rate; the cell voltage is higher than would be the case with a better engineered system. Opposing electrodes 8 and 9 of FIG. 3B, a large surface area anode and a coarse mesh cathode respectively, can be used to achieve the same effect as with cathode 6 and anode 7, but using parallel plate geometry. Finally the combination of electrodes 10 and 11 of FIG. 3C represent the system used by Robertson et al. and Clarke et al. As can be seen, an interference diaphragm 12 is positioned at electrode 11 to prevent reduction of cerium there. Thus, the present invention has the advantage of avoiding the need for such specialized cell configurations.
It should be noted that the substoichiometric titanium oxide material used as an electrode material herein does not, in and of itself, form a part of the present invention, since this material and the method of making it are previously known. To make such material for use in the present invention the reader is directed to the disclosures of U.S. Pat. No. 4,422,917 concerning formulation and method of manufacture, for which purpose the disclosure of that patent is fully incorporated herein by reference.
The unexpected inhibiting effect of the substoichiometric titanium oxide electrodes for certain important ionic species is shown by the following, this data being set forth by way of exemplification, and the invention is not to be considered as being limited to these examples.
In a cell configured as shown in FIG. 2, i.e., fitted with an anode and cathode of identical surface area and separated by a membrane, the oxidation of ferrous ion to ferric was studied. In the first case a graphite anode was used, Spectrotech graphite rod 7.85 sq. cm in surface area. The cathode was platinum coated titanium, and the separator was a Neosepta AFN-32 anionic membrane.
The anolyte was 0.1 M Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate in 0.1 M sulfuric acid. The current density at the anode was 18 mA sq. cm.
A second experiment was identical in all respects to the first except the graphite anode was replaced by a ceramic anode of identical surface area. In each case 620 coulombs was passed through an identical volume of electrolyte. In the graphite anode case 5.53 moles of ferrous iron was converted to ferric, a current efficiency of 86.1%. In experiment 2, 1.52 moles of ferrous iron was converted to ferric, a current efficiency for the ceramic as an anode in this experiment of 23.6%.
This experiment shows a wholly unexpected result for the ceramic in view of the fact that graphite is an indifferent electrode as an oxidizing anode for iron and it still outperformed the ceramic electrode which has a much higher overpotential and no propensity to be oxidized by ferric ion.
In a cell configured as FIG. 1, i.e., with a simple undivided cell, an electrolyte containing 0.084 mols of Ce4+ /0.084 M Ce3+ was electrolyzed between a lead dioxide on lead anode and a graphite cathode at a current density of 20 mA sq. cm.
In an identical experiment in the same cell fitted with a ceramic electrode as described in this disclosure, operating at the same current density, 1192 coulombs were passed.
The concentration of Ce4+ declined in both cases as the cathode effect was stronger than the oxidizing effect of the anode, however the graphite electrode reduced the ceric ion by 68% whereas the ceramic electrode despite its higher overpotential reduced the ceric ion by only 10%. This implies that the ceramic cathode would be effective as a non-reactive cathode in the cerium regeneration process whereas a graphite cathode would require some type of separation strategy.
In a cell configured as FIG. 2, fitted with a Nafion (DuPont) membrane a ceramic anode and a platinum irridium cathode were used to electrolyze a chromium sulfate solution containing 0.1 M chromium III and 3M sulfuric acid. The current density was 20 mA sq. cm. After the passage of 1172 coulombs of electricity the current efficiency of the oxidation process was calculated to be only 12% compared to a literature figure of 90% for a lead oxide anode system used under these conditions.
This experiment implies that a ceramic anode would be useful as a chromium plating anode using the chromium sulfate organic brightener combination, as the ceramic anode would convert the chromium ion to the unwanted hexavalent state.
Graphite is an alternative electrode to the ceramic for this process, however, in tests used to measure the relative effect the graphite electrodes were severely corroded and oxidized making their use in this process unacceptable.
In a simple undivided cell used for the recovery of copper, an electrolyte of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) of 45 g/liter concentration was used as the supporting anion for the copper cation. Copper was deposited on the cathode during the passage of 2562 coulombs of electricity such that all the copper was essentially stripped from the solution. The anode was made from the conductive ceramic disclosed in this invention.
At the end of the experiment the concentration of EDTA left was estimated by quantitative analysis techniques using strontium nitrate and aqueous ortho cresolphthalein indicator in aqueous methanol. The concentration of EDTA was the same as at the beginning of the experiment within experimental error.
This experiment on the stability of EDTA at a ceramic electrode was repeated in a divided cell as in FIG. 2 three times and the concentration of EDTA tested after each passage of current. No decline in the amount of EDTA was detected using the analytical technique described above.
Normally one would expect the EDTA to be oxidized severely as is the case with graphite or platinum electrodes, especially as the ceramic has a much higher oxygen overpotential.
In a divided cell as in FIG. 2 a solution of 2500 ppm of sodium chloride was passed over the ceramic anode and cathode pair of electrodes of equal surface area. The current density was 115 mA sq. cm. The current efficiency of the generation of chlorine as hypochlorite was estimated at 20% during the operation of the cell. It should be understood that the overpotentials for chlorine liberation and oxygen liberation for this ceramic under these conditions is very close and the availability of oxygen is much greater than chloride ion at this concentration. The same current efficiency for chlorine generation is measured when the experiment is run with 3% salt.
In a third experiment using molar potassium iodide as the anolyte feed solution the current efficiency for iodine formation was measured as 62.7% compared to 82.3% using a graphite anode. This experiment does not follow the pattern shown by the previous examples, we might have forecast the current efficiency for the liberation of iodine to follow the case of chlorine and been significantly lower. The fact that this did not occur indicates that the effect is unrelated to the gassing overpotentials of the ceramic electrode.
These examples indicate that the behavior of the ceramic electrode does not follow the accepted pattern of the conventional electrodes. The fact that the material has a high gassing overvoltages and resists oxidation and reduction changes at the surface does not forecast its performance as an oxidizing or reducing electrode. This high overvoltage may in fact be a manifestation of the poor electron transfer kinetics at the surface for both types of reaction, redox or gas release.
These anomolous effects, which have great utility in undivided cell systems using inorganic or organic redox reagents and/or organic substrates were not predicted. In fact, using the old criteria for prediction of utility it was expected that the ceramic would have been a very efficient processing electrode for producing the required species such as chromium VI from chromium sulfate solutions as suggested in the prior art concerning utility as a processing electrode. There was no anomaly shown in the generation of hypochlorite from salt solutions that would suggest this behavior or the experiments on the deposition of metals onto the surface of the ceramic.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 18, 1981
|Dec 27, 1983
|Imi Marston Limited
|Electrode material, electrode and electrochemical cell
|Mar 6, 1986
|Oct 20, 1987
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Method for production of decontaminating liquid
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 21, 1989
|Dec 10, 1991
|Nagakazu Furuya
|Process for converting ionic valence number
|Mar 18, 1991
|May 4, 1993
|Electrocinerator Technologies, Inc.
|Methods for purification of air
|Nov 29, 1991
|Mar 22, 1994
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Method of treating photographic processing wastes
|Dec 21, 1995
|Oct 28, 1997
|Modified surface bipolar electrode
|Jun 7, 1996
|Dec 8, 1998
|Geo-Kinetics International, Inc.
|Electrochemically-aided biodigestion of organic materials
|Jun 28, 1996
|Feb 2, 1999
|Electrochemical Design Associates, Inc.
|Apparatus for stripping ions from concrete and soil
|Jun 27, 2000
|Feb 25, 2003
|Eveready Battery Company, Inc.
|Doped titanium oxide additives
|Sep 27, 2001
|Aug 9, 2005
|Proton Energy Systems, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell
|May 25, 2010
|Apr 7, 2015
|Korea Institute Of Energy Research
|Carbon dioxide isolating device and method
|May 25, 2010
|Sep 27, 2012
|Korea Institute Of Energy Research
|Carbon dioxide isolating device and method
|Dec 20, 1996
|Jun 25, 1997
|Modified surface bipolar electrode
|Jun 10, 1996
|Sep 12, 1997
|Bill John L
|Chemically protected electrode system
|U.S. Classification
|204/242, 204/291
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 22, 1990
Owner name: EBONEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:WEINBERG, NORMAN L.;GENDERS, JOHN D.;CLARKE, ROBERT L.;REEL/FRAME:005214/0941;SIGNING DATES FROM 19891019 TO 19891023
|Mar 19, 1992
Owner name: GRADEDATA LIMITED A CORPORATION OF ENGLAND AND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:EBONEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:006046/0701
Effective date: 19920305
|Jul 6, 1992
Owner name: ATRAVERDA LIMITED, A CORP. OF ENGLAND AND WALES
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GRADEDATA LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:006198/0261
Effective date: 19920626
|Nov 22, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 14, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 28, 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 8, 1998
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19980701


text:
I have read that Mingle forum does not support MU wordpress installations. Does this mean it won't work at the root of a MU site? E.g,, if my MU setup is http://www.mydomain.com with http://www.mydomain.com/site1, http://www.mydomain.com/site2, will the forum work at http://www.mydomain.com/forum or just not at all on a MU install?
Also, can you clarify whether the forum uses normal wordpress accounts or it's own? I want to use it with s2member to create wordpress memberships, who would also have access to the Mingle forums on the site.


text:
Piano Sonata, Op.4 (Kornauth, Egon)
It is very unlikely that this work is public domain in the EU, or in any country where the copyright term is life-plus-70 years. However, it is in the public domain in Canada (where IMSLP is hosted) and other countries where the term is life-plus-50 years (such as China, Japan, Korea and many others worldwide). As this work was first published before 1923 or failed to meet notice or renewal requirements to secure statutory copyright with no "restoration" under the GATT amendments, it is very likely to be public domain in the USA as well.
No files submitted.
Sheet Music
Complete Score
*#74319 - 1.90MB, 24 pp. - (0) - V/V/30 - 344x⇩
PDF scanned by Unknown
Hobbypianist (2010/8/8)
First edition ?
Vienna/Leipzig: Ludwig Doblinger (Bernhard Herzmansky), 1917. Plate D. 5926.
Public Domain - Non-PD EU [tag/del]
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General Information
|Work Title
|Piano Sonata
|Alternative Title
|Sonate (As dur)
|Kornauth, Egon
|Opus/Catalogue Number
|A-flat major
|4 movements:
|First Publication
|Dem Andenken des Frühlings 1912
|Composer Time Period
|Early 20th century
|Piece Style
|Early 20th century
- WorkNonPD-EU
- Pages with First Editions
- Scores published by Doblinger
- Scores published in 1917
- Scores published in the 20th century
- Pages with scores
- Work pages with links to recordings
- Scores
- Kornauth, Egon
- Early 20th century style
- Early 20th century
- Sonatas
- For piano
- Scores featuring the piano
- For 1 player
- A-flat major


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Jazz In The Park Won't Let Gang Violence Hamper Its FutureAfter the death of Officer Celena Hollis the night of June 24, the people who run Jazz in the Park were wondering, what now? Would violence end their dream?
City Park Jazz Wraps Up Season After Rough YearCity Park Jazz wrapped up its summer season Sunday night after going through a tough year.
Jazz In The Park Celebrates Life Of Fallen DPD Officer Celena HollisDenver Police Officers, friends, family and colleagues celebrated the life of fallen DPD Officer Celena Hollis in the same place she died one week ago.
Organizers Of City Park Jazz Say Show Will Go OnOrganizers of City Park Jazz will dedicate Sunday's concert to slain Denver police officer Celena Hollis.
Officer Shooting Raises Questions About 'City Park Jazz' FutureThe deadly shooting of Denver police officer Celena Hollis has raised questions about the safety and the future of the City Park Jazz program.


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Book your room at Holiday Inn Gwangju
Get an overview of this hotel4-star hotel with 2 restaurants and indoor pool
Collect 200 points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
Situated in Gwangju, this hotel is close to Kimdaejoong Convention Center, 5-18 Memorial Park, and Guus Hiddink Stadium. Area attractions also include Gwangju Art and Culture Center and Jungoe Park.
Hotel Features
This smoke-free hotel features 2 restaurants, an indoor pool, and a fitness center. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a bar/lounge, a coffee shop/café, and a sauna are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 203 rooms provide free WiFi and free wired Internet, LCD TVs with cable channels, and conveniences like refrigerators and coffee makers. 24-hour room service, minibars, and free bottled water are among the other amenities available to guests.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Holiday Inn Gwangju55, Sangmunuri-ro, Seo-gu Gwangju Gwangju 502-827
Renovations & Closures
- Fitness facilities
- Sauna
- Swimming pool
- Fitness facilities
- Swimming pool
- Sauna
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, Holiday Inn Gwangju provides a sauna and a fitness center. Dining is available at one of the hotel's 2 restaurants and guests can grab coffee at the coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary.
Business-related amenities at this 4-star property consist of a business center and meeting rooms. Event facilities measuring 10753 square feet (999 square meters) include a conference center. This business-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, gift shops/newsstands, and coffee/tea in a common area. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Holiday Inn Gwangju is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 203
- Number of floors - 10
- ATM/banking
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Business center
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Concierge services
- Conference space
- Elevator/lift
- Fitness facilities
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms 3
- Multilingual staff
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Porter/bellhop
- Luggage storage
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Conference space size (meters) - 999
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Conference space size (feet) - 10753
- Conference center
- Free self parking
- Sauna
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Indoor pool
- Wedding services
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking, Valet parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- Turndown service
- Bidet
- Bathrobes
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- In-room safe
- Desk
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Cable TV service
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Room service (24 hours)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 6 AM and 10 AM.
Hourglass - This buffet restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
La Place - This fine-dining restaurant serves dinner only. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Reservations are required. Open daily.
24-hour room service is available.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an indoor pool, a sauna, and a fitness center.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at midnight
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- Fee for buffet breakfast: KRW 29700 per person (approximately)
- Valet parking fee: KRW 10000 per night
- Rollaway bed fee: KRW 30000 per night
Hotel Name
- Gwangju Holiday Inn
- Holiday Inn Gwangju
- Holiday Inn Hotel Gwangju
We should mention
Up to 2 children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
National Rating
For the benefit of our customers, we have provided a rating based on our rating system.


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- Report: #421389
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Grant University, NET Detective, Ideal Wealth Builder Club (IWB)
Grant University, NET Detective, Ideal Wealth Builder Club (IWB)450 Hillside Drive-Blvd B, Ste 200 Mesquite, Nevada U.S.A.
Grant University, NET Detective, Ideal Wealth Builder Club ,IWB Honored Cancellation of One Offer; Stole Money Under Another Name Mesquite Nevada
*Author of original report: More Grant University Affiliates? Robert Allen Media:(IWB) Reno Nevada; Razor Eye Media: Web Detector Pro and Privacy Chest; Robert Allen Media, Reno, Nevada
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The call resulted in my being told that I had ordered the Grant University CD on August 11, 2008 and failed to cancel within the five-day cancellation period; therefore, the monthly $69.95 fee for their "services" began September, 2008. My protests regarding never having ordered anything related to a Grant University CD went unheeded. There was nothing they could do, and no refunds would be issued. The call center then terminated my call by hanging up!
After the call, I remembered a transaction that I did make some time in August of 2008. While searching for a relative on line, I came across a site called NET Detective which offered a "free trial" of their services for $1.95. I noted the 3-day cancellation policy and paid for the search with my debit card. The same day, I found the information I was seeking and called the number provided to cancel their services. Several attempts later, I reached an operator who accepted my cancellation. Upon my insistence, I even received an e-mail confirmation of the cancellation. I mistaking believed I had fulfilled my obligation to cancel in 3-days and I my relationship with NET Detective was terminated.
The pieces of this internet theft puzzle fell into place, when I "Googled" The Grant University and found the hundreds of rip-off reports about this scam. Several victims reported links between NET Detective, Grant University, and Ideal Wealth Builder Club. No wonder NET Detective was so accommodating to acknowledge my cancellation! They already had my debit card information which they plugged in to another of their affiliates.
I contacted my bank regarding the theft and canceled my debit card. As soon as I have a police report claim number, the bank can take action to recover any thefts that took place within the past 90 days (Nov-Jan). My next step is to convey this information to my State Attorney General for full recovery of my money.
Indianapolis, Indiana
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 02/07/2009 11:33 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Grant-University-NET-Detective-Ideal-Wealth-Builder-Club-IWB/Mesquite-Nevada-89027/Grant-University-NET-Detective-Ideal-Wealth-Builder-Club-IWB-Honored-Cancellation-of-On-421389. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report.
Click Here to read other Ripoff Reports on Grant University, NET Detective, Ideal Wealth Builder Club (IWB)
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In order to assure the best results in your search:
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- Only search one name at a time if Company has many AKA's.
#1 Author of original report
More Grant University Affiliates? Robert Allen Media:(IWB) Reno Nevada; Razor Eye Media: Web Detector Pro and Privacy Chest; Robert Allen Media, Reno, Nevada
AUTHOR: Mimi - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Saturday, February 07, 2009POSTED: Saturday, February 07, 2009
August 12, 2008 (one day after my call to cancel NET Detective): Robert Allen Media, www.robertallenmedia.com--offer to join Ideal Wealth Building Club, 5190 Neil Road - Ste. 430, Reno, Nevada 89501
September 15, 2008: Razor Eye Media: Web Detector Pro--Acknowledgment of cancellation
September 15, 2008: Razor Eye Media: Privacy Chest--Acknowledgment of cancellation
Are you an owner, employee or ex-employee with either negative or positive information about the company or individual, or can you provide "insider information" on this company?
Advertisers above have met our
strict standards for business conduct.


text:
Gear designed for the most demanding rider!
Macna jackets, pants, and gloves are made to withstand the demands of serious motorcycle riders. Macna is known for their innovative features, attention to detail, excellent fit, superior comfort, stellar protection, and safety features that stand out from the crowd.
Macna Men's Rain Alert Waterproof Softshell Motorcycle JacketThe Macna Alert Motorcycle Jacket is a waterproof and windproof jacket that was designed to to be worn over the Macna Chili motorcycle jacket. However, the Alert Jacket can be worn alone as a stylish waterproof shell. Learn More$199.99 $83.95
Macna Men's Rain Shelter Waterproof Softshell Motorcycle Jacket
The Macna Shelter Motorcycle Jacket is good looking, but more importantly, it will keep you dry even in a torrential downpour. Grab the Shelter rain pants for a complete suit.Learn More$107.50 $41.95
Macna Men's Rain Flight Waterproof Softshell Motorcycle Rain Jacket
This lightweight and compact waterproof softshell is destined to become a staff favorite! Wear the Flight under a mesh jacket for those damp, chilly mornings or mountaintop rainstorms. When you stop for the evening it's a perfect camp jacket. With its Side Eye reflective graphics or in the High-Viz color it would also be a great softshell for bicycling...or riding around town...well, you can see why we like it so much!Learn More$107.50 $35.95
Macna Vision 4 All Plus High Viz Reflective VestLet's face it, when you're on the road it's good to be safe. This Macna Vision 4 All Plus High Viz Reflective Vest is designed to go over your riding jacket for maximum visibility in florescent yellow with side-eye viewing. Made from Poly600 elestane materials with a mesh lining for breath-ability and comfort, this riding apparel can save your life without cramping your style. Learn More$73.99


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This is a discussion on Re: Stuff getting through - SpamAssassin ; On Monday 23 July 2007, David Baron wrote: >>I mean the obvious stuff like "viagra" and such. Usually the spam is caught >>but sporadically it does get through. >> >>What is happening. > >Simply, there are no X-Spam headers on ...
On Monday 23 July 2007, David Baron wrote:
>>I mean the obvious stuff like "viagra" and such. Usually the spam is caught
>>but sporadically it does get through.
>>What is happening.
>Simply, there are no X-Spam headers on these (and none or some of the "ham"
> as well). In other words, messages are being delivered before sa is
> running!
>Originally, I was starting everything by their standard packaged /etc/init.d
>scripts. All is fine except sa would start before the internet connection
> was working, sa_update would fail, leaving ALL spam getting through! (To
> me, this behavior is a bug--no sa_update today? Leave yesterday's rules
> intact.)
>So I included in my 99z_end-all-catch-all script (needed because of other
>things) which tries until ntpdate has worked implying a working internet
>connection and then ran sa_update and started spamassassin from there. The
>problem is now a catch 22: Fetchmail and exim are running beforehand and a
>few messages can get delivered before sa comes up.
>I could move all of this to my script but there must be a better, more
> correct and standard way to accomplish this. Any ideas?
Humm, with my lashup here that Joanne helped me setup, S78spamassassin starts
a few copies of spamd, and fetchmail is started much later in S99local. Its
fetchmail that calls procmail, and its procmail that calls the spamd's, so
there is no time that SA can be bypassed.
I thought everyone was doing it. Somebodies better idea isn't?
Cheers, Gene
"There are four boxes to be used in defense of liberty:
soap, ballot, jury, and ammo. Please use in that order."
-Ed Howdershelt (Author)
Corruption is not the #1 priority of the Police Commissioner. His job
is to enforce the law and fight crime.
-- P.B.A. President E. J. Kiernan


text:
This is probably a simple problem, but this is my first attempt at using wordpress.
I've installed WP Super Cache, and have been following this guide
and then it links to this guide
I update my permalinks to
Custom /%category%/%postname%/
The guide says that "Your .htaccess file will automatically be updated, and your URL will be changed. "
Except when I click save changes I receive the message
"You should update your .htaccess now."
With this written at the bottom
"If your .htaccess file were writable, we could do this automatically, but it isn't so these are the mod_rewrite rules you should have in your .htaccess file. Click in the field and press CTRL + a to select all."
And some code under it
I am hosting with host gator. I have no idea where to find my .htaccess file?
Also, the guide says
"ou need to scroll down on the WP Super Cache option page screen until you see the Mod Rewrite Rules Section."
I cannot find this section anywhere!
Any help is EXTREMELY appreciated. Thank you


text:
Retrophin, Inc. (NASDAQ: RTRX) is a publicly-traded, San Diego-based biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, acquisition, development and commercialization of drugs for the treatment of debilitating and often life-threatening diseases for which there are currently limited patient options. The Company is currently focused on several catastrophic diseases affecting children, including Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN), and others.
Retrophin is currently enrolling patients in a potentially pivotal Phase 2 clinical trial of its lead compound, sparsentan, for the treatment of FSGS and expects to randomize the last patient in early 2016. The Company is also developing RE-024, its novel investigational phosphopantothenate replacement therapy, for the treatment of PKAN. RE-024 has completed dosing of a Phase 1 study in healthy volunteers and is expected to advance to the next stage of development in PKAN patients during 2016. Retrophin has also filed a provisional patent covering a novel formulation of RE-034 (a synthetic ACTH analog) for the potential treatment of several rare diseases.
Aug 15, 2016
Retrophin Appoints Neil McFarlane Chief Operating Officer
Aug 4, 2016
Retrophin Reports Second Quarter 2016 Financial Results