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Skip to comments.US Catholic Church seeks to find root of priest sex abuse
Posted on 11/16/2006 9:54:57 AM PST by presidio9
The US Roman Catholic Church has asked a criminology school to delve into the darkest pages of its history by probing the causes of a priest sex abuse scandal.
At a meeting due to end Thursday in the eastern city of Baltimore, the US Conference of Catholic Bishops voted to disburse 335,000 dollars to fund the first three phases of a study by New York's John Jay College of Criminal Justice.
"It will be a groundbreaking study, never done before in the US, nor in the world," Bishop Gregory Aymond, who chairs the Committee for the Protection of Children and Young People, told AFP.
"We don't know what would come out of it, but we are going to tell the truth," said Aymond, of Austin, Texas.
In 2002, the John Jay College of Criminal Justice had made a list of complaints and pedophilia cases in the US Catholic Church since 1985, when one of the first scandals came to light with the case of a Louisiana priest.
The university will now look into the "social and historical context" of sex abuse to see if such cases are more frequent in the Church than in the rest of society, notably in schools and youth clubs, Aymond said.
The Church wants to "look at what is unique" in the priest sex abuse crisis, he said.
The first part of the study would be completed in 2008 and made public, although the names of suspected priests would be omitted.
In the second part, the university will evaluate the Church leadership's response to sex abuse cases.
"We want to see where we failed and made some mistakes, and learn from those who handled it well," Aymond said.
The study will also paint a psychological profile of pedophiliac priests by reviewing cases in treatment centers.
The review will aim to show "to what extent is a priest sexual abuser profile the same as the psychological profile of the non-priests who are sex offenders," Aymond said.
The university will also interview abuse victims and examine education at seminaries over the decades.
The majority of priests accused of sex abuse were trained in the 1960s and 1970s in seminaries where psychological tests and sexuality education have since been introduced.
A final phase of the study will make proposals on how to prevent sex abuse and help victims.
"Our goal is to ascertain the causes of the clergy sexual abuse crisis and if we need to change any method we have now," said Teresa Kettlekamp, the executive director of the bishops conference's Office of Child and Youth Protection, which was created in 2002, in the wake of the sex abuse scandal.
But the study would also be useful to schools and youth groups, Church officials said.
"The pathology of abusing children isn't unique; it's a societal problem," Kettlekamp said.
"We are hoping it will be a big, big help to the society in general," she said.
No- I ask him to his face if he is homosexual.
How is that more shameful than a man violating his vows and pretending to be what he is not-a legitimately consecrated priest?
And what is wrong with shaming THEM??
Certainly they have brought untold shame upon the priesthood and the Church.
"The cause...in a word....CELIBACY!"
I think my response to your post is: Yes and no.
I believe that the demands of a totally celibate priesthood is a contributing factor, though not a direct cause.
I think that the uni-sexual, totally celibate peer-environment can contribute to conditions that fail in the challenges of celibacy; challenges and failures that are not just of the "homosexual" variety.
I think the Catholic Church must search for some prime conditions that contribute to the "sexual failures" in the priesthood in general, and when it does it will learn some lessons that apply to all such failures and not just the "homosexual" variety.
I find it interesting that, in a completely opposite fashion from the historically-late celibacy restriction in Catholicism, many Jewish conventions require that one who wihses to become a Rabbi and who studies to become a Rabbi must first be married before they are allowed to practice as a Rabbi. Single persons cannot be Rabbis in traditional Jewish conventions.
My alzheimers-riddled memory also seems to recall some reference (somewhere, unconfirmed) that many or most of Yeshua's 12 diciples as well as the apostles known to Paul were married, not celibate.
It is also my recollection that the prime-cause behind the rule that required celibacy was that prior to that rule many priests and bishops were passing-on their positions (and control of the related property) to their male heirs, at the expense of real merit of those most qualified.
In my musings I wonder if, possibly, the celibacy rule was one of those proverbial "throwing the baby out with the bathwater" decisions, in which the attempt to correct an organizational corruption helped create an environment that contributed to a moral corruption.
Obfuscation is a prime tactic in the culture war. They want to think the homosexual priests prefer little boys to teenagers though the evidence shows otherwise. So like a good defence attorney they try to deflect the jury's attention from the facts.
The problem was that when after Vatican II there was an emptying of the seminaries and an abandonment of the priesthood by many already ordained,
the bishops lowered their standards and took in men who earlier would have been rejected.
You have a point. I feel pedophiles are attracted to the church - it's not that spiritual men are compromised - it's that sociopathic individules see the church and it's members as easy marks. Here's my list:
Pedophiles are attracted to the Church because they will have:
1. easy access to children
2. authority over children
3. authority over gullible parents
4. a free place to live
5. maid service, free travel, free rent
6. easy job
7. When caught, the Church will protect and "forgive"
8. People of faith are easy to play for fools.
9. The ability to preach that "tolerance of evil" is good.
Pedophiles are also attracted to being camp counselors for the following reasons. They have:
1. easy access to children
2. authority over children
3. some authority over gullible parents
4. lower educational requirement than becoming a priest
5. salary and benefits
Pedophiles are also attracted to being Ministers and Teachers for the following reasons. They have:
1. easy access to children
2. authority over children
3. some authority over gullible parents
4. lower educational requirement than becoming a priest
5. salary and benefits
The Catholic Church needs to get it's head out of the sand and fire people who condone evil. Or preach for acceptance of evil.
You are correct on all points-BUT-
If there was never another child/teen accosted by a homosexual priest, would that end it? Would homosexual priests be ok?
Would homosexual priests having sex with other adult men, and other priests be ok?
Victimizing minors is the ultimate sickness- no argument- but I don't want Catholic priests fornicating with lay men or each other.
The VOW of celibacy was taken and should be lived up to. It means NO SEX. With anyone- or anything. Period. Not just 'no sex with minors'- no sex!
Whether or not the requirement of celibacy is right, or should stand, is up for argument here.
THAT it is a vow that was willingly taken is not. And any priest that took it, KNOWING he never had any intention of fulfilling it, is not a valid priest IMO.
As long as celibacy( no sex with anyone) is a requirement, you obey it or you get out.
If it changes- homosexuals as priests would still be an abomination.
'They' didn't want responsibility for wife and children, to feed and house them.
Can't recall if that was the host or a caller. That's my short-term memory at 60.
Once the vow of celibacy is taken they should be no less trustworthy than a heterosexual man.
You and your ilk creep me out.
I'm sure a homosexual is capable of loving God and doing his work just as well as a heterosexual.
It's the vice of choosing to impose power over children we're talking about.
My point simply was that by requiring celibacy the pool shrinks.
I have been told this also....i don't have proof but it does not suprise me.
Google velvet mafia.
Especially those outfits that allow SIN to exist in their ranks and all they do is TALK about it!
I feel that I am kinda unique!
Unfortunately; this is how many get their ideas about 'religion'.
Can't argue with THAT bottom line!
You wouldn't believe all of the people in my church who were born and raised in it, went to Sunday School all their lives and still seemingly don't have the basics of the Faith in their lives!
Paul was a "young man" when they stoned St. Stephen. There is no indication anywhere in scripture or oral tradition that he had a wife.
It would seem this way, but I wonder....
NIV Acts 7:55-60
55. But Stephen, full of the Holy Spirit, looked up to heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God.
56. "Look," he said, "I see heaven open and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God."
57. At this they covered their ears and, yelling at the top of their voices, they all rushed at him,
58. dragged him out of the city and began to stone him. Meanwhile, the witnesses laid their clothes at the feet of a young man named Saul.
59. While they were stoning him, Stephen prayed, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit."
60. Then he fell on his knees and cried out, "Lord, do not hold this sin against them." When he had said this, he fell asleep.NIV Acts 8:1-3
1. And Saul was there, giving approval to his death. On that day a great persecution broke out against the church at Jerusalem,and all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria.
2. Godly men buried Stephen and mourned deeply for him.
3. But Saul began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off men and women and put them in prison.
But Stephen, full of the Holy Spirit, looked up to heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God. "Look," he said, "I see heaven open and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God." At this they covered their ears and, yelling at the top of their voices, they all rushed at him, dragged him out of the city and began to stone him. Meanwhile, the witnesses laid their clothes at the feet of a young man named Saul. While they were stoning him, Stephen prayed, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit." Then he fell on his knees and cried out, "Lord, do not hold this sin against them." When he had said this, he fell asleep. And Saul was there, giving approval to his death. On that day a great persecution broke out against the church at Jerusalem, and all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria. Godly men buried Stephen and mourned deeply for him. But Saul began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off men and women and put them in prison.
Could there have been TWO Sauls???
I mean, a 'young Saul' was mentioned just a line or two before the phrase 'and Saul was there' - why the need to restate what was just said?
Perhaps the 'young man' adjective was to differenciate between the two?
But, were there 2-3 witnesses as REQUIRED by Scripture?
I think you have hit the nail on the head, and I would like to go a bit further. It seems to me that once there are a few homosexuals in an organization, they seem to attract and select more homosexuals to join. A well-known example of this is the New York Times editorial and reporting ranks.
I have also been struck by the increasing numbers of gays serving as aides in Congress.
Another example is the Episopal Church, which is not only increasingly filled with gay clergy but has even elevated a practicing homosexual to a high position.
What I do not know is whether this is simply an instinctive discrimination in favor of gays by those who prefer to be with people who think as they do, or whether it is an actual plot by the gays and the left, weird as that seems. The increased pressure for recognizing same-sex marriages and such in the mainline Protestant denominations certainly makes me wonder.
At any rate, I am interested in this investigation, and think it money well spent. If the investigation can identify seminaries that are screening out straight men, groups of homosexuals who are working from within the Church for their own ends, or poor practices in reviewing seminary applicants, it will be a good thing.
So, like Rush has pointed out, if we've never had (whatever the problem is) we are not allowed to talk about it?
I know we're having fun with these double entenders (sp?) but, realistically, just what is the Churchs stand on masturbation?
I love it!! ;^)
The Apostles Jesus selected were all men, and all held "bishopricks."
Acts 1The apostles were the first bishops, and were all men. Christ had the power to select women bishops, but he did not, despite the fact that many contemporary religions had priestesses. (Bishops are also "priests," which is an english transliteration of "presbyter.")
13 And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James...
15And in those days Peter stood up in the midst of the disciples, and said, (the number of names together were about an hundred and twenty,)
16Men and brethren, this scripture must needs have been fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake before concerning Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesus.
17For he was numbered with us, and had obtained part of this ministry. 18Now this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; and falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.
19And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem; insomuch as that field is called in their proper tongue, Aceldama, that is to say, The field of blood.
20 For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein: and his bishoprick let another take.
We also know this through Tradition. There is no evidence of female priests anywhere in 2000 years of Church history, as far as I know.
Most important are the theological reasons for the male priesthood. The priest represents Christ, and in dispensing the sacraments, acts in the Person of Christ. Christ's maleness is not an accident of his human nature, nor is maleness in general an accident of human nature. So when a priest acts in the person of Christ, it is fitting that he be a male.
In sum, the Catholic priest is a representative figure selected according to the conditions of embodied, enfleshed persons in concrete human history. The choice was made from all eternity. The selection of males alone as Catholic priests is a sign (a sacrament, bearing grace) of several important revelations about God: about the Trinity, about the Incarnation, about the relation of Christ and His people, and about the importance of gender differentiation. "If men were angels," James Madison once wrote, "no government would be necessary." If men were angels, priests would not need to be (even could not be) males. But under the conditions of human flesh and actual history, it is a more accurate sign of the interior life of the Trinity, of the Incarnation, and of the relation of Christ to His people if the priest is clearly differentiated and selected as a male rather than as a female. Matter is the principle of individuation, and an emphasis on flesh safeguards respect for human individuality, even as it differentiates humans from angels. The priest is male because gender differentiation is significant to the self-revelation of God in history.
I can understand it to some extent, since most young Christians are confused and conflicted, given our secular culture and schools. I can speak from personal experience. On the other hand, it's hard to understand people going through the motions well into adulthood. Reminds me of this verse:
Revelation 3:15-16
I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish you were either one or the other! So, because you are lukewarmneither hot nor coldI am about to spit you out of my mouth.
I'll second that.
Seriously? It's considered a mortal sin, given the subject's sufficient understanding of the gravity of the act. Masturbation is a gravely disordered act.
They call it [masturbation] self-abuse.
Oh no!!!!
Thanks for the explanation.
Yes, it was a serious question.
But, is it Scripture or Tradition?
Leviticus seems to not mention it.
Here's another:
1 Timothy 3
2 A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach;
I wonder why this is being handled in Rome!, Local chuches should select men according to 1 Tim 3, Titus.
I think seeking God's wisdom always works better then a men's. Men trying to solve men's problems is like the blind leaded the blind.
Did you make a post criticizing and objecting to all things Catholic? Did you use graphic, explicit language when referring to Mary and her bodily functions? Did you laugh and jeer at our beliefs? Did you make wild, unsubstantiated charges about those who practice Catholicism? Well? Did you, fellow Christian?
All that and more has happened on these Catholic threads in the last year. So feel free to visit these threads. It's an open board.
Remember though, that discussion is one thing and hatred and hostility are another.
Yes it's being completely controlled in Rome and all the rules and definitions are made there. The bible calls for Elders to lead churches but Rome makes up a brand new thing, a Christian Priest, completely foreign to the bible. Everything from that wrong definition is going to be wrong so there is no wonder that they go astray.
Rome has steppd in only because of the American episcopacy's failure to address the problem. Even so most of these problems have been dealt with at the diocesan level. Appeal is made to Rome per canon law when victims (or the accused) feel that the diocese has dropped the ball.
But as for priests, those are in fact trained and accepted at the diocesan level. Even bishops are largely selected by cioceses in the region, with the Pope only formally approving their choices in most cases. With some 4,000+ Catholic dioceses worldwide, it is impossible to do it otherwise.
The bible calls for Elders to lead churches but Rome makes up a brand new thing, a Christian Priest, completely foreign to the bible.
What word are you translating as "elder?" Episcopos?
Everything from that wrong definition is going to be wrong so there is no wonder that they go astray.
The idea of a sacramental priesthood is in evidence almost immediately in the early Church (Apostolic, post-apostolic patristic) writings - if they got it wrong, pretty much every early Christian community did, east and west.
It may be evident is some old writings but it is not evident in the Bible. When the Church starts doing things that are not mentioned in the bible, the Church is stepping away from the bible.
It may be evident is some old writings but it is not evident in the Bible. When the Church starts doing things that are not mentioned in the bible, the Church is stepping away from the bible.
Agree, Also the Bible acknowledges the some of the very 1st church's were in error. 7 churches in Asia, Corinth, 1 John etc.. They were always told to go back the Jesus' and the Apostle's authority.
Onan seems to be the most obvious scriptural example. And as far as I know, the Church has always been considered it to be a grave sin.
Masturbation also contradicts the natural law. The purpose of the reproductive organs is... < drum roll please> reproduction. The pleasurable nature of intercourse is ordered toward reproduction. The deliberate frustration of the natural end of intercourse for the purpose of self-gratification is analogous to binging and purging. It's selfish and disordered.
Well- THEIR 'ilk' creeps me out, so we're even.
What's the problem with homosexuals in the priesthood?
Look what they've done to it! The public perception of Roman Catholic priests includes perversion and child abuse now.
Isn't that enough of a problem?
And the issue is celibacy. That's the rule they understood upon joining the priesthood, that's the vow they took upon ordination. It's KEPT or you're not a priest- get'em outta there, period.
It's NOT just about the 'power over children', because the
men using that power are homosexual. It's men and little BOYS! The base perversion is the problem in the Church. If it were not we'd see equal numbers of priests abusing little girls. Are we???
Now-imagine the celibacy requirement is dropped.
Straight priests can then marry and have wives and children.
Homosexual priests are now free to have sex with each other.
Pedophilia is evil always, by anyone.
If you equate heterosexual with homosexuality, and the idea of a priest having sex with a woman with the idea of priests having sex with each other, then you creep ME out.
Is hetero sex equal to ANY form of sex? Would beastiality be just as ok for a priest as hetero marriage? Father and his wife = Father and his boytoy, or his German Shepherd?
Heterosexuality is biologically normal.
Homosexuality is intrinsically disordered.
I would rather have 12 priests left on the planet than all of the homosexual priests there are.
If these gay priests had obeyed their vow of celibacy, the words 'pedophilia' and 'priest' would not be associated, now would they?
Are you saying that homosexual priests having sex with other men or each other is ok with you?
If you are- that ends our conversation.
Which is not maintained in any person or institution.
Gee, I'd be willing to tell these bishops what the problem is for a lot less than $335,000 -- The Catholic church let sexual deviants whose sexual perversion is sinful behind the pulpits.
Only when making an altar.
Therefore the Natural function of eating is for fuel. Hold them spices!!
Onan seems to be the most obvious scriptural example.
Onan is the ONLY, not the most obvious.
And in that example, a larger law is being disobeyed.
Genesis 381. At that time, Judah left his brothers and went down to stay with a man of Adullam named Hirah.
2. There Judah met the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua. He married her and lay with her;
3. she became pregnant and gave birth to a son, who was named Er.
4. She conceived again and gave birth to a son and named him Onan.
5. She gave birth to still another son and named him Shelah. It was at Kezib that she gave birth to him.
6. Judah got a wife for Er, his firstborn, and her name was Tamar.
7. But Er, Judah's firstborn, was wicked in the LORD's sight; so the LORD put him to death.
8. Then Judah said to Onan, "Lie with your brother's wife and fulfill your duty to her as a brother-in-law to produce offspring for your brother."
9. But Onan knew that the offspring would not be his; so whenever he lay with his brother's wife, he spilled his semen on the ground to keep from producing offspring for his brother.
10. What he did was wicked in the LORD's sight; so he put him to death also.
Therefore the Natural function of eating is for fuel.
Hold them spices!!
Doesn't contradict the premise.
If you know another purpose for the reproductive system, let me know. Right now, you're rationalizing.
Onan is the ONLY, not the most obvious.
So it's not valid? Your premise is invalid.
Is embezzling wrong? It's not mentioned at all in the Bible.
And in that example, a larger law is being disobeyed.
This is a novel interpretation that has only come around in the last 70 years, since the Church of England became the first Christian sect to permit artificial means of sterilization.
Should we disregard the ten commandments? The reason why we don't is because they accord with the natural law, which is written on the human heart (see Deuteronomy), and is knowable by all people. For this reason, the ten commandments were binding even before they were formally promulgated by God, and for this reason, they are still binding today.
The same holds true for Levitical laws that accord with the natural law, such as proscriptions against masturbation and induced sterility. These proscriptions are still valid today because they conform with the natural law, of which God is the author. Other Levitical proscriptions could be described as transient pastoral laws promulgated by God for a particular people and time.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Manchester United Message Board
you are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the posts
Steve, I wouldn't discount this completely. Roma are cashed up, and it wouldn't surprise me if they were very interested in Berbatov. Vucinic may not have a great scoring record, but he would be a very good (and willing) backup striker. I also think he would offer more to the team than Berbatov given his relative speed and power. Having said that, you're right and this is likely to be a ploy by his agent for better terms or something similar.Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
why is it always Berbatov that people think should leave in an exchange deal? He's just had his best season why shouldn't he do better again next season?
- 1 Reply to Alan C
Scoring a quarter of his goals against a very poor Blackburn side. Liverpool hattrick aside, his spread of goals was very poor, as was his attitude at times. Fergie clearly doesn't trust him in the biggest matches and never has. His tally in the CL is a complete joke. In addition to that he is already 30, and has only one year left on his contract. I'd rather sell him now than let him go for free next year. It would also be nice to see Welbeck get a real chance this year.


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Keeping Things Whole
by Mark Strand
Symbol Analysis
Not showing up is our speaker's favorite pastime. No matter where he goes, he's not there. And not only that, but his presence interrupts the "wholeness" of wherever he happens to be. The speaker is meditating on his relationship to space and his presence in the world. He seems to be under constant threat of vanishing if he doesn't keep moving. The reoccurring image of "being not there" reinforces his fear and underlying anxiety of being both present and absent at the same time.
- Line 2: The cool thing about this line is how it does two things at once. The speaker says he is absence, or not-being-thereness, yet he has to be somewhere to say that. Doesn't make any sense, does it? How can you be the absence? The speaker will flush his idea out a bit more as we go through the poem, but he gets this in there early. All of line 2 is a presence in the poem, but it's stating the opposite, and this duality preoccupies our speaker.
- Line 7: The speaker repeats himself here, using the same "I am" paradox as line 2, but here, he is "what is missing." Why repeat that you're not there? What is he trying to get at? Basically our speaker is trying to articulate his feelings of fragmentation and dislocation. No matter where he goes, he is "what is missing." So, he can't ever really be anywhere, in a sense, or can never fully be present. Not only that, but wherever he goes, he takes away from that place's wholeness. It's like this guy is a splinter of nothingness breaking up the world. Oh joy.
- Lines 12-13: The speaker doesn't mention absence here, but does tell us about his body creating an empty space and pushing air out of the way. When he moves, "the air moves in / to fill the spaces / where my body's been." It's another cool way he gives us a physical description of being present and absent at the same time. But so what? Is he just rewriting the same thing over and over again in the poem? In a way, yes, because the idea is that every time he arrives somewhere, he vanishes. In the same way, he keeps repeating the idea that, "I'm not here," but by doing that, it keeps him present. Just like he eventually says he moves to keep things whole, his poem repeats to move from line to line.


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From Forbidden Coronal Lines to Meaningful Coronal Magnetic Fields
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
DOI: 10.1007/s11207-013-0309-5
- Cite this article as:
- Judge, P.G., Habbal, S. & Landi, E. Sol Phys (2013) 288: 467. doi:10.1007/s11207-013-0309-5
- Citations
- 547 Views
We review methods to measure magnetic fields within the corona using the polarized light in magnetic-dipole (M1) lines. We are particularly interested in both the global magnetic-field evolution over a solar cycle, and the local storage of magnetic free energy within coronal plasmas. We address commonly held skepticisms concerning angular ambiguities and line-of-sight confusion. We argue that ambiguities are, in principle, no worse than more familiar remotely sensed photospheric vector fields, and that the diagnosis of M1 line data would benefit from simultaneous observations of EUV lines. Based on calculations and data from eclipses, we discuss the most promising lines and different approaches that might be used. We point to the S-like [Fe xi] line (J=2 to J=1) at 789.2 nm as a prime target line (for the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) for example) to augment the hotter 1074.7 and 1079.8 nm Si-like lines of [Fe xiii] currently observed by the Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (CoMP). Significant breakthroughs will be made possible with the new generation of coronagraphs, in three distinct ways: i) through single-point inversions (which encompasses also the analysis of MHD wave modes), ii) using direct comparisons of synthetic MHD or force-free models with polarization data, and iii) using tomographic techniques.
KeywordsSolar coronaSolar magnetism
1 Introduction
Measurement of solar magnetic fields has been a goal of solar physics since the discovery of the Zeeman effect in sunspots by Hale (1908). Our purpose here is to review how magnetic-dipole (M1) lines, formed in coronal plasma, might be used to address particular questions in coronal and heliospheric physics: How does the coronal magnetic-field vector evolve over the solar sunspot cycle? Can we measure some of the free magnetic energy on observable scales in the corona, and its changes, say, before and after a flare?
Theoretical work by Charvin (1965) spurred experimental studies of the polarization of magnetic-dipole lines, such as [Fe xiii] 3p2 3P1→3p2 3P0 at 1074.7 nm, as a way to constrain coronal magnetic fields. The lines are optically thin in the corona; their intensities are ≲ 10−5 of the disk continuum intensities. Thus they can be observed only during eclipses or using coronagraphs that occult the solar disk.
Here, we review M1 emission-line polarization towards the specific goal of measuring the vector magnetic field [B(r;t)] throughout a sub-volume of the corona. To date, this has not been achieved. We have little idea of the true origin of CMEs, flares, and coronal heating. even though coronal plasma has been regularly observed since the 1930s. The latest of several decades of high-cadence images of coronal plasma from space reveal more details but are limited to studying effects, not causes, of coronal dynamics, since such instruments measure thermal, not magnetic, properties. To discover the cause of coronal dynamics we must measure B(r;t) above the photosphere – the region of the atmosphere where free energy is stored and quickly released – since it is the free energy associated with electrical current systems within coronal plasmas that drives these phenomena. Measurements of B(r;t) in the photosphere have been done for decades, but photospheric dynamics occurs under mixed β conditions (β= gas/magnetic pressure ≈ 1). In contrast, the low-β coronal plasma should exist in simpler magnetic configurations, perhaps more amenable to straightforward interpretation. In MHD the electrical currents are simply j=∇×B(r;t). Given sufficiently accurate measurements of B(r;t) in the low-β corona, both j and the free energy itself can in principle be derived.
Like all observational studies, this is bandwidth-limited exercise. We can investigate structures only from the smallest resolvable scales [ℓ] to the largest ≈ R⊙≈700 Mm, and on time scales longer than the smallest time [τ] needed to acquire the data. The spatial range will be limited by foreseeable observational capabilities to ℓ≳1 Mm. Successful tomographic-inversions using solar rotation to slice through the 3D corona require τ≳1 day, during which the corona is viewed from angles differing by ≈ 1/4 radian. Given our goal, it is clear that we will not be able to investigate either the dissipation scales of magnetic fields, nor changes in magnetic fields on rapid dynamical time scales ≲ R⊙/CA≈350 seconds of the inner corona (here CA≈2 Mm s−1 is the Alfvén speed). However, these limitations are not new. In any case, coronal dynamics and flares involve a slow build-up and sudden release of magnetic free energy (Gold and Hoyle 1960). This energy build-up can indeed, and should be, explored through new measurements of B(r;t).
2 The Inverse Problem
2.1 General Considerations
2.2 Origin of Polarization of Magnetic-Dipole Coronal Lines
Polarization of spectral lines is generated in two ways (e.g. Casini and Landi Degl'Innocenti 2008). Any process that produces unequal sub-level populations, such as anisotropy of illuminating radiation, also produces polarization of light in the emitted radiative transitions to/from a given atomic level. When magnetic-substate populations are equal, the state is "naturally populated" and light is unpolarized. The second way is to separate the substates in energy, so that spectroscopy can discriminate states of polarized light associated with the specific changes in energy of states with different sub-level quantum numbers [M], no matter how the sub-levels are populated. Magnetic- and electric-fields thus are imprinted on spectral-line polarization through the Zeeman and Stark effects. Since charge neutrality is a good approximation in coronal plasma (e.g. Parker 2007), electric fields and the associated stresses are far smaller than those for the magnetic field, and in quasi-static situations can be ignored. We focus on the magnetic fields.
2.3 M1 Lines from One Point in the Corona
- i)
The magnetic-field strength is encoded only in circular polarization through \(\varepsilon_{3}^{(1)}(\nu,\hat{\mathbf{k}})\), via νL, and only as the productBcosΘB.
- ii)
The usual weak-field "magnetograph formula" – taking the ratio of Equation (9) and the derivative of Equation (7) – does not only depend on the Landé g-factor \(\bar{g}_{\alpha_{0} J,\alpha_{0} J_{0}}\). In the presence of a non-zero alignment, the ratio includes smaller terms including \(\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)\) in both numerator and denominator.
- iii)
The magnetic-field azimuthγB is encoded in the linear polarization as \(\gamma_{\mathrm{B}}= -\frac{1}{2} \arctan(\varepsilon_{2}^{0}/\varepsilon_{1}^{0})\).
2.4 "Long" Line of Sight Integrations
Consider next the second panel of Figure 1, showing rays through an image of the corona during eclipse. The rays intercept many different structures, and again the condition in Equation (10) applies. But this image misrepresents the LOS confusion because the structures shown are already integrated along the orthogonal LOS (in and out of the page). In 3D, the actual rays will intercept far fewer of these structures than is suggested by this image. It is by no means clear that the LOS integration is worse in the corona than in the photosphere, when it comes to trying to diagnose magnetic fields of interest.2
2.5 Atomic Alignment
A proper interpretation of M1 emission-lines requires knowledge of \(\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)\), in an inversion it must be solved for as part of the solution for S(r;t) (Judge 2007). The alignment comes from solutions to atomic sub-level population calculations. Even in statistical-equilibrium, the equations are non-linear coupled multi-level systems requiring numerical solution. This presents a problem for inversions since this expands the solution space to include the alignment itself, which becomes non-linear in the source parameters S(r;t)={ρ(r;t),v(r;t),T(r;t),B(r;t)}.
As a general rule the magnitude of kJ(Te,ne,ϑM) is smaller for larger values of J, since the number of sub states [2J+1] is larger. Thus the 1079.8 nm transition of Fe xiii (J=2→J=1) has a smaller linear polarization than the 1074.7 nm (J=1→0) transition. Transitions such as 1079.8 nm with small kJ(Te,ne,ϑM) will therefore be useful since then the non-linear terms are commensurately smaller in the Stokes-I and V parameters.
For the J=1 level, Equation (11) represents an upper limit to Equation (12), a limit which applies when collisions are negligible (e.g., ne→0). The alignment generated by anisotropic irradiation is reduced by sum of all the collisions coupling the J=1 sub-levels to others in the 26-level atom. This behavior is expected in many other M1 lines of interest.
If the alignment can be shown to be zero, there is no linear polarization and only the Stokes-I, V profiles can be used to get a "standard" line-of-sight magnetogram for BcosΘ. If it is finite, it can take either sign because of the factor (3cos2ϑB−1), and it leads directly to linear polarization. Observed minima in linear polarization, obtained for example with the Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (CoMP: Tomczyk et al.2008), often reflect the Van Vleck condition (3cos2ϑB=1), giving a direct indication of part of the magnetic-field's geometry. Passing across such minima one finds a 90∘ change in direction of the linear-polarization vector as (3cos2ϑB−1) and the alignment changes sign, according to Equation (8). This is a tell-tale sign of the Van Vleck effect even under the presence of significant integrations along the line-of-sight (LOS).
- i)
The magnetic-field azimuth has the well-known 90∘ ambiguity, unless the sign of \(\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)\) can be determined, in which case there remains a 180∘ ambiguity.
- ii)
The magnitude and sign of the alignment \(\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)\) affects all four Stokes parameters.
- iii)
Measurements of electron-density-sensitive lines at IR and EUV wavelengths will help determine \(|\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)|\) and should be included as part of the vector of observables [I].
- iv)
Measurements of M1 lines from J>1 levels (e.g. Fe xi 782.9 nm, Fe xiii 1079.8 nm) with their smaller alignment \(|\sigma ^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)|\) will make inversions more linear. In comparison with strongly aligned transitions (Fe xiii 1074.7 nm for example), such transitions have smaller \(|\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)|\) non-linear factors for I and V in Equations (7) and (9).
2.6 Selection of Lines for Inversion
Judge (2007) has examined how the alignment might be constrained – even determined – from observations, in the simplest case where a single point dominates all emission from an M1 coronal line. For a given set of such measurements [I], he has shown that there are generally multiple roots to the governing equations for the atomic alignment. The solutions correspond to different scattering geometries that are compatible with data (see his Table 2). Even in principle there is no unique solution.
However, Judge considered a data set consisting of just one M1 line. From Section 2.5, it is clear that the inversion problem will benefit from more data that can restrict the range of thermal conditions that, at each point in the corona, are compatible with data. In effect this will limit the level-dependent factor [kJ(Te,ne,ϑM)] in \(\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)\).
An example of a set of lines in Fe xiii for magnetic inversions.
λ [nm]
Data needed
Transition and Comments
3p2 3P1–3p2 3P0, large \(|\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)|\)
3p2 3P2–3p2 3P1, small \(|\sigma^{2}_{0}(\alpha_{0} J)|\)
\({3s3p^{3}}\,{}^{3}\!D^{0}_{1,2}\mbox{--}3p^{2}\,{}^{3}\!P_{1}\), blend of two lines
3 Tomographic Inversions
Their method attempts to handle the existence of null spaces in the inversion by standard techniques of adding a "regularization" parameter. Thus far they have investigated the minimization of the functional
We are confident that this data set is also sufficient to yield a realistic coronal magnetic-field model. This, however, has to be verified in future [numerical] experiments.
The divergence constraint alone means that the space of curl-free vector fields is a null space: potential-field components along the LOS are invisible to Stokes-I and V. They speculate that by adding the force-free constraint into the regularization (as ∫|J×B|2 d3V), this null space might be eliminated.
It should be remembered that such inversions rely on stereoscopic observations of coronal M1 lines (not currently possible) or on the assumption that the corona is a solidly rotating body, observed from the Earth over periods of at least a day.
If we combine our understanding from Section 2 with tomography, we see that with a general forward modeling code such as that written by Judge and Casini (2001), we can in principle invert a vector of observations including M1 lines with large and small alignment factors and selected E1 lines, to obtain the desired solutions for B(r;t). Key to this effort will be the regular detection of the Stokes-V parameters of M1 lines, something that has not yet been achieved owing to the small apertures of coronagraphs currently used. Unpublished work by Judge using the prototype CoMP instrument (d=20 cm) acquired in February 2012 gives an upper limit of 0.15 % for the maximum ratio of V/I in 1079.8 nm. In 70-minute integrations and a low (20′′) spatial resolution, Lin, Kuhn, and Coulter (2004) achieved a sensitivity below 0.01 %, leading to a Stokes-V amplitude over an active region of about 0.0001I, with a 0.46-m diameter coronagraph.
Clearly, bigger telescopes are needed at excellent sites for this kind of work to succeed. The COronal Solar Magnetism Observatory [COSMO] offers one possible solution.
4 Discussion
The tomographic-inversion scheme outlined above is the only way to invert formally data vectors to recover the coronal B(r;t). The scheme relies on solar rotation and assuming the coronal structures are stationary over periods of a day or longer, or on the future availability of stereoscopic measurements both from Earth and from a spacecraft (like the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory [STEREO]) at a significant elongation from the Earth. The latter possibility has yet to be discussed at all and so is decades away. The former is naturally limited, but should be pursued once regular observations of the weak Stokes-V signal are available. The CoMP instrument is a prototype for larger instruments which should achieve this goal (e.g. the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope [ATST], COSMO).
4.1 Local Analyses of Coronal Loops
It seems prudent also to relax our goal of reconstructing B(r;t) via tomography and look to other ways that we might make progress in this area. One possibility is to assume that we can identify a single plasma loop in an M1 transition, as routinely done for EUV or X-ray data. In such a case the source vector [S] only has contributions predominantly from lines of sight that intersect the loop. Also let us assume that observations from another viewpoint (EUV data from STEREO for example) are available that fix the heliocentric coordinates of the plasma loop. This additional information enables us to diagnose magnetic fields beyond what is possible from an isolated measurement of the Stokes profiles of a single point (Judge 2007). However, as for EUV lines, no useful information outside the plasma-loop volume is available. Nevertheless this should be pursued.
4.2 Direct Synthesis vs. Observations
Another avenue to explore adding information to the data is to assume that we know more about the current-carrying structures that we are looking for. Thus, by building synthetic maps of M1 lines from models of the magnetic field and coronal plasma, and comparing them directly with observations, one can hope to extract meaningful information. It may be possible to argue that the data are inconsistent with a class of model ("i"), whereas another class ("ni") is not inconsistent. Science advances often by identifying models of class (i), those of class (ni) being acceptable subject to further investigation. This will be a fruitful approach; already some initial comparisons reveal models of type (ni) (Rachmer et al.2013) but as of yet we are not aware interesting cases in class (i). There are obvious cases where potential fields, extrapolated from the lower atmosphere fall into class (i), but this finding serves merely to show that some free magnetic energy appears necessary to describe coronal structures. This is something we have known for decades through other arguments (e.g. Gold and Hoyle 1960).
There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy. – Hamlet
4.3 Closing Thoughts on the "Line-of-Sight Problem"
Consider the idea that in highly conducting plasma, one can trace magnetic fields by looking at morphology of plasma loops. This was a motivation for the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer [TRACE] mission (hence its name) and it has yielded many such morphological analysis of "coronal magnetism", including seismology (one nice example is that of Aschwanden et al.1999). Apparently the LOS issues do not present special challenges in these analyses of coronal-intensity measurements. One might argue that these are seen against the dark solar disk (any EUV continuum emission from the low temperature photosphere/low chromosphere is very dark), whereas the M1 coronal lines must be observed above the limb against a dark background. But even in this case, isolated bright plasma loops organized into an active region offer no greater path lengths for integration than observations on the disk. Indeed, the discovery of MHD wave modes in the M1 Fe xiii 1074.7 nm line Tomczyk et al. (2007) indicates that, just as for EUV work, line of sight confusion is not an overwhelming problem.
We conclude that, as in all remotely sensed magnetic data, line-of-sight issues are important but not intractable. Often, using M1 lines we will be interested in the coronal magnetic fields above active regions. These present themselves as bright isolated plasma loops in M1 coronal lines just as the EUV and X ray lines do (Bray et al.1991), dominating the contributions to the Stokes vectors along the line of sight.
5 Conclusions
Scientific skepticism is healthy, and we certainly need to be skeptical of interpretations of all remotely sensed data of an object such as the Sun. We have shown that the optically thin forbidden coronal lines suffer from the same kinds of interpretational problems as do other diagnostics of solar magnetism. We have suggested several ways to augment the data of isolated points in the corona – for which we have vast null spaces of unexplorable parameters – using tomography and traditional ideas concerning the smoothness and continuity of magnetic fields in coronal structures, applied universally to EUV and X-ray intensity data.
It will be interesting to see how a full vector inversion including lines sensitive to thermodynamic parameters – both visible/IR M1 lines and EUV lines – will serve to further constrain tomographic-inversions. Certain schemes (especially "direct [matrix] inversions") can be very fast, but these require linear equations which is manifestly not the case (see the equations above). It is, however, possible that the non-linearities introduced by the alignment into these equations can be treated to some degree by a formal (Newton–Raphson style) linearization scheme. This seems promising given that we have lines with quite different alignment factors (1074.7 vs. 1079.8 or 798.2 nm) and thus different non-linear amplitudes, but this is an area that remains to be explored.
Several ways forward are reviewed while we await the arrival of high-sensitivity (≲ 10−4) polarization data from telescopes (ATST, COSMO) needed for tomographic inversions that can recover the vector field throughout volumes of the corona.
For M1 coronal lines the ΔM=0 "π"-components are proportional to ϕ″(ν0−ν). These are orders of magnitude weaker than the zeroth-order alignment-generated component, which is ∝ϕ(ν0−ν).
When observing the photosphere on larger scales, with a lower resolution (say 1′′; 725 km), the magnetic-flux tube structure shown is washed out. The magnetic field on the larger scales is still of interest, indeed most observations are made in this limit. However, the physical processes associated with flux tubes are not directly accessible to 1′′-resolution observations.
Note that their studies are naturally in the strong-field limit of the Hanle effect, although they refer (inaccurately) to "the Hanle effect".
PGJ gratefully acknowledges the Physics Department at Montana State University where this work was largely carried out, in support of a sabbatical funded by MSU, and by the Advanced Study Program and High Altitude Observatory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Copyright information
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.


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The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) recently published its much-anticipated final rule establishing a mentor-protégé program available to all small businesses, not just certain SBA-approved 8(a) contractors as is the...more
Numerous government contracts programs support small businesses. There are prime contracts set aside for various categories of small business entities. Agencies have small business contracting goals and take them very...more
The long-awaited Final Rule addressing changes to the SBA's Mentor-Protégé program is being published in the Federal Register today. The Mentor-Protégé program that was limited to 8(a) Small Business Concerns has now been...more
In a Memorandum Opinion issued on June 17, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia applied the so-called "presumed loss" rule to assess the full contract value as the measure of the government's loss for...more
SBA recently issued a final rule redefining the rules of affiliation for firms applying to SBA's business loan programs. The final rule separates and distinguishes the loan program affiliation rules from SBA's government...more
Overview -
- Background
- Limitations on Subcontracting
- Identity of Interest
- Joint Ventures
- Size Recertification
- Size Protests
- Nonmanufacturer Rule
Please see full...more
Small Business Subcontracting Improvements -
DOD, GSA, and NASA issued a final rule amending the FAR to implement the following regulatory changes made by the Small Business Administration,...more
On June 13-14, the National 8(a) Association held its annual summer conference in Anchorage, Alaska. The conference included useful programs on a variety of topics of interest to tribal, Alaska Native Corporations (ANC), and...more
After much anticipation, the Small Business Administration has issued a final rule implementing numerous small business contracting reforms from the 2013 National Defense Authorization Act aimed at relaxing burdensome...more
As we blogged about earlier this month, the SBA's May 31, 2016 final rule made some major changes to a number of regulations dealing with small business procurement. Some of those changes relate to the SBA HUBZone contracting...more
On June 2, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) distributed a memorandum from Steve Knott, acting director of the SBA's Office of SBIC Operations, reminding private funds licensed by the SBA as small business...more
On June 28, 2016, Morrison & Foerster LLP, along with the Milken Institute, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and the Small Business Investment Alliance (SBIA), will be hosting the 2016 BDCs & Small Business...more
On May 31, 2016, SBA released its long anticipated final rule on the limitations on subcontracting. The final rule becomes effective on June 30, 2016. In order to help you understand how the final rule changes the existing...more
The US Small Business Administration (SBA) has finalized multiple changes to its small business contracting rules, which should increase opportunities for small business prime contractors to partner with other businesses...more
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Skip to comments.Neighbor who shot dead pit bulls mauling 11-year old boy could face charges
Posted on 01/24/2013 3:46:46 PM PST by Teotwawki
A man who fatally shot a pit bulls as it viciously attacked an 11-year-old boy with two other dogs could face charges for violating Washington D.C.'s gun laws. The young boy, who has not been identified, was riding a new bike on his home street in the Brightwood neighbourhood on Sunday when he collided with a pack of unattended pit bulls. The dogs immediately began attacking him, sinking their teeth into his arms, legs, stomach and chest, and leaving him in need of surgery. A neighbour, who has also not been identified, witnessed the attack, ran into his home and grabbed his handgun to shoot at the dogs, the Washington Times reported. A police officer who heard the gun shots raced to the scene and shot the other two dogs, stopping the attack, a police report noted. While he may have saved the life of the boy - who later underwent surgery on his wounds - the man could face charges for firing his gun on a D.C. street, rather than on his personal property.
(Excerpt) Read more at dailymail.co.uk ...
This applies to all political parties & their representatives...
You Live In A Country Run By Idiots that we elected !!!
You know you live in a Country run by idiots if...
You can get arrested for expired tags on your car but not for being in the
country illegally.
Who would shoot a dead pit bull?
Post #2 came from an e-mail I received.
The shooter is a hero, and FRACK any polidiots who would charge him!
(While granting "illegal 30 round massacre magazine" David Gregory a "special exemption" for liberal bigshots.)
May I attempt a more concise version? If you live in a major city in America either you want to get out or you are brain dead liberal.
'the man could face charges for firing his gun on a D.C. street, rather than on his personal property.' Guaranteed he will be victimized by the system but can hold his head high. Damn letting a kid die over bullshit laws.
The response to this is simple...if the prosecutor pursues charges, the ONLY conclusion that can be drawn is that he PREFERS and would rather have the mauled child have been killed by the dogs. He should be shamed by this, over and over again.
What did they expect this guy to do? Dial 9/11 and wait while the dogs chewed that poor kid up? Ridiculous! When a pitbull snaps like that, you can beat them with baseball bats and it doesn't even make them flinch!Yet more proof that tougher gun laws DO NOT protect the innocent.
So they want to charge this guy for doing the right thing, yet I don't hear any mention of the irresponsible dog owners who reared their dogs up to be killers and let them roam the streets.
You know that you live in a country of idiots, when over half of the country votes for a Kenyan, Marxist/Leninist thug for POTUS.
We NEED 2 countries.... give the RAT bastard liberals/homos & lezzies / muzzzlims/ illegal aliens/ socialists -- 1/2 of the country. And keep the other half of the USA for patriotic, conservative, Judeo-Christian morality, constitutional Americans. And NEVER let the other half in our country for so much as a visit. Once they need to rely on socialism without the benefits of the productive, capitalistic class, they will cry begging to rejoin. And the answer must be the same... NO!
Didn't David Gregory get a pass for breaking the law?
Shouldn't this person get a pass too for saving the life of an 11-year-old?
Why did you only post 2 pages of 200 page book?
My sister and I were talking about how sad and how our hearts miss our parents died in the late 90's. I told her God knew to take my dad as he would have been so sad to see what our nation calls good and fair these days. My parents were active conservatives and wrote to their representatives on issues that they felt were not just for all.
I wrote my representative about who owns all those hover around wheel chairs after the person using them cannot use it and got a hokey reply with NO ANSWER and my rep is a former JUDGE!!!
Like Hillary says, "What's the difference" in the truth and the lies.....we are doomed but I am still going to do my best by MY GOD and HIS SON JESUS!!
Why did you only post 2 pages of a 200 page book?
I thought the DC laws were challenged and overturned.
Failing to shoot the marauding and mauling dogs would have translated to a very-late-term abortion in this case, which is okay with the majority of people in D.C.
more PC crap gone astray. $175.00 fine for the dead dog's owner. Lets face it Pit Bulls in America have killed, injured and attacked more people in America than a gun has attacked people. Why not outlaw Pit Bulls through Pit Bull Control.
So the gun shooter shot dead a menace to society. my Aunt sent me an email on Medicare Part G whereby the elderly are given a gun and 4 bullets and are allowed to shot 4 politicians. The elderly would than go to jail whereby they could get free medical care, need a new hip - free medical care, need new dentures - free dental care, need new glasses - free eye. whereby either you are a politician and you get free medical care for life or a prison inmate and get free medical care for life at taxpayers expense. There really is no difference between a politician and a criminal, except the politician does not get caught.
(Please note the Medicare Part G is a joke I am not advocating shooting politicians?) In the silly season of gun control hysteria every liberal is flocking to the goal of gun control. Here a child is saved from an out of control Pit Bull ad other mad dogs by what a gun used to save human life.
I copied it and emailed it around. thanks
The prosecutor and owner(s) of the pit bulls should spend no less than 10 years behind bars.
This is Washington DC.
I expect he will be charged.
If he lives in Brightwood he is probably white, making it a certainty.
You know it is f#cked up when the law prohibits a person from saving the life of another.
Part of the plan - prosecute anyone who discharges firearms regardless of how justified their use. Make all legitimate aspects of gun ownership as painful as possible to overcome reasonable arguments in favor of maintaining their legality.
All we really need to do is make them stay in a few cities in a few states! NYC, SF, Seattle, Portland, New Orleans and Boston.
By county, we are red, by huge cities we are blue and they have the majority votes...
Why did you only post 2 pages of 200 page book?
I will go one step further, if the Prosecutor Files charges in this case, the Prosecutor is himself GUILTY OF ATTEMPTED MURDER OF A CHILD, by siding with the rabid pit bulls running wild he is by definition a party to the CRIME and deserves nothing less than Life In Prison or a weekend at Michael Vicks Dog ranch.
It is D.C. afterall! Where common sense doesn't exist and absolute lunacy does!
Thanks for sharing it. We live in a country run by idiots .
Thanks for sharing it. We live in a country run by idiots .
You can say THAT again! :{)
"This is Washington DC.
I expect he will be charged.
If he lives in Brightwood he is probably white, making it a certainty."
There is no way a jury is going to convict this guy if it does indeed go to trial.
You don't know Washington DC juries.
I agree he should get jury nullification, but if charged it will cost him a ton of money for lawyers, and I would not be surprised if he lost.
Well, when one of the acts advances the Gun Control Agenda, but the other merely saves a kid's life, you can bet the liberals will place one on a higher plane of importance, granting exemptions from the law and whatnot. Because, let's admit what's really important to them.
It shows how much the MSM has become an administration propaganda machine that this was not considered a story by American reporters.
Only DC cops get to shoot dogs. Pit bulls mauling children. Labradors playing in the yard. Chihuahuas sleeping in baskets.
You gots to be a cop if you wants to shoot da doggie.
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Whether you're building a business, crafting a career, or promoting your passion, you're the best person to speak about it!
Many of my public speaking clients believe that they should sound like someone else. But think about this:
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Here's what the rest of the book offers (you can also download Chapter 3 and start learning).
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Chapter 1: To Be or Not To Be…Me!
Chapter 2: "Doomed to Fail" vs. "Speak Like Yourself"
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Chapter 6: Grow Your Instant Speech into a Full-Length Presentation
Chapter 7: Don't Be Afraid of PowerPoint
Chapter 8: Practice Makes Perfect… But Only If You Practice Right
Chapter 9: What to Practice When You're Not Practicing a Speech
Chapter 10: Connect with Your Audience and Present with Pride
Chapter 11: Public Speaking Panic
Chapter 12: You Can Speak Like Your Yourself—and Succeed
Appendix A: Instant Speech Worksheet
Appendix B: The Resources I Use Most
Appendix C: Reliables, Helpers, Improvers, and Experiencers: Discover Your Public Speaking Personality


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Created using this Craftsy indie pattern
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Thanks for posting these here Janice :D
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4 wheel parts2119 fm 1960 west houston, Texas United States of America
4 wheel parts billing problems....billed refunded then billed again to different company name houston, Texas
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Our evolutionary cousin is no longer a blundering caveman. Recent research has painted a picture of a human ancestor with culture, art, and advanced cognitive skills.
Scientists Skip Cell Line Validation
October 12, 2015|
Despite known problems with contamination and mislabeled cell lines, most researchers continue to operate without authenticating cells' identity.


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Hey, people.
I've been working with WordPress for a while now, and I absolutely love it. I've created a couple online magazines based on WordPress in the recent past (Split Magazine and Nirali Magazine), and since then, I've been getting quite a few e-mails requesting me for a magazine-style WordPress theme.
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Target allocation for amiibo wave 4 shows more low-stock figures
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