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Ask someone his age and he will tell you. Ask how he knows and the reply may take more thought. Usually it will be on the authority of his parents, who told him his birth date. With the age of the Earth the situation is rather different. Although geologists may assume the role of authority figures, they were not present when the Earth came into being, and the planet has no birth certificate. To come up with an age requires a dating system and a dating theory, and the theory, in turn, if it is to be trustworthy, needs to be tested against whatever is being dated. A coroner may perform an autopsy and deduce that the corpse is of a woman in her 70s, but if the unwrinkled face suggests a girl in her teens, we should suspect there is something wrong with the dating method. Common sense plays a role.
For a rock to be datable, something in it must have changed over time at a regular rate. This is what radioactive elements have done. They emit particles and thereby decay into other elements. Though we cannot predict exactly when an atom will emit a particle, overall the decay takes place at a statistically constant rate, and if we can deduce what the parent-daughter ratio was at the time the rock crystallised, we can calculate how much time elapsed to account for the parent-daughter ratio now. Obviously enough, the method applies only to rocks that contain the products of radioactive decay.
It also applies only if the rate of decay has always been the same. But suppose the rate had decreased over time, gradually tailing off to zero. As the currently measured decay rate (or half-life) of an element has no theoretical basis and could in the past have been any value, the only way to test whether present rates apply is to compare the results against the direct evidence of passing time. They need a "reality check", much as the conclusion of our imaginary coroner needed a reality check. Unfortunately, this is never done. If a geological sequence appears to have built up more rapidly than present rates of decay suggest, the dating system is left unquestioned. The sequence is assumed to include long intervals which left no geological record and the theory is thereby protected from being falsified.
Milankovitch cycles
Geology comes closest to verifying its timescale when comparisons are made with the time taken for the Earth to complete certain astronomical cycles. Although somewhat speculative, the idea is that the cycles may generate long-term swings in climate strong enough to be expressed in sedimentary sequences. Thus if a sequence has a pattern consistent with the repetition of astronomical cycles, it may be possible to calculate its entire length. The approach is similar to tree-ring dating. Working back from the present, the aim is to link such sequences into one master sequence, and compare the astronomical timescale with the one based on isotope decay.
The shortest astronomical cycles are the day, month, and year. In the case of the year, the cycle is defined by the seasons. Since the Earth's axis is at an angle relative to its orbit round the Sun, a hemisphere experiences summer when it is tilted towards the Sun and winter when it is tilted away. The seasons constitute the primary astronomical cycle. Three others affect the intensity of the seasons.
The Earth's tilt, its obliquity, is currently 23.5 degrees. The greater the tilt, the greater the difference between summer and winter. Over the time that accurate measurements have been possible the tilt has decreased at a rate of 1.19 metres per century. It is thought to oscillate between a minimum of around 22 degrees and a maximum of 24.5 degrees. A complete cycle is calculated to take 41,000 years, with the period very slowly lengthening over time.
The shape of the Earth's orbit round the Sun also varies, from a near-perfect circle to an ellipse. This pattern of change, called the eccentricity cycle, extends over 98,000 years. When the orbit is markedly elliptical, summers which coincide with the shortest distance between the Sun and the Earth will be warmer than those which coincide with the longest distance.
Finally, there is the phenomenon known as precession, where the elliptical orbit of the Earth turns around itself, and the Earth's axis wobbles around itself, like the axis of a spinning top. Precession of the Earth's orbit increases the seasonal contrast in one hemisphere while decreasing it in the other. At this present stage in the cycle the Earth is closest to the Sun when the northern hemisphere is in winter, so northern winters are less cold and summers less warm. Precession of the Earth's axis (thought to be caused by the pull of the Moon and the Sun on the equatorial bulge) causes a corresponding shift in the celestial poles. These days the North Star is in the constellation Ursa Minor, but 5,000 years ago the North Star was in the constellation Draco. The precession cycle varies between 19,000 and 23,000 years, again, slowly increasing as time passes.
The three cycles of precession, obliquity and eccentricity are known as Milankovitch cycles, after the scientist who proposed that these long-term variations have a noticeable effect on climate. Milutin Milankovitch published his theory in 1941, but it was not until the 1980s that geologists began applying it to sedimentary sequences. These, for example chalk sequences, seemed to bear him out. Where deposits were stratified in couplets and sedimentation seemed to have been fairly continuous, one couplet could often be interpreted as indicating a warm climate and the other a cool climate.
Chalk consists predominantly of microscopic plates from warm-water algae known as coccolithophores. Although from a distance it can appear a monotonous mass of white or grey, on closer inspection it proves to be bedded. In some places, beds of relatively pure chalk alternate with beds of marl, chalk mixed with clay. In others, compact and densely burrowed beds alternate with those that that are not so compact or densely burrowed. Often the tops of beds are marked by nodules of flint.
The interpretation offered is that the couplets reflect the precession cycle, with the chalk accumulating when the climate was warmer and drier and the marl when the climate was colder and wetter. Clay eroded from the land more quickly when the weather was rainy, thereby diluting the chalk. Although one may question whether the precession cycle should cause "wetter" to go with "cooler" and "drier" with "warmer" (the reverse would also be possible) oscillations in oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) appear to confirm the interpretation. The oscillations reflect changes in temperature and they trace a broadly similar pattern. Climate change thus provides an explanation for the occurrence of bedding.
If the Milankovitch theory is correct, such cyclicity can be used to test radioisotope dating. For example, if the system attributes 3 million years to a continuous sequence and the precession cycle was 20,000 years, the sequence should comprise 150 such couplets. Substantially more or fewer than 150 would be evidence that the timescale was in error. In practice, the two chronological systems rarely give the same result. Sometimes even approximate agreement is achieved only on the premise that the couplets reflect obliquity rather than precession, or a mixture. Some studies claim to have detected cyclicity corresponding to all three Milankovitch cycles. In such instances the smallest cycle is visible as repeating couplets and the larger cycles as "bundles" of couplets, a bundle of four or five being seen as evidence of the eccentricity cycle. Thus, in relation to the Biancone Formation, in the Alps, Mayer and Appel (1999) report:
Cycle periods of 45 cm, 80 cm and 180 cm likely correspond to dominant precession, obliquity and eccentricity cycles. Owing to the inaccuracy of the Cretaceous time scale, periods cannot be matched exactly, but cycle ratios are extremely close to expected ratios so that Milankovitch climate cycles could be positively identified in this Early Cretaceous section.
Since the two chronological systems do not agree, and the timescale based on radioisotope dating is not as precise as outsiders tend to assume, it is the latter which is judged inaccurate. Milankovitch cycles offer higher resolution, down to 20,000 years instead of uncertainties of a million years or more, and recently geochronologists have been using them to "tune" their timescale. The latest internationally agreed timescale (Gradstein et al 2004) tunes radioisotope dates back to the Miocene. Portions of the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Palaeocene have also been redated by this method.
Astronomical tuning is a rash move, for if the only criterion for determining whether a sedi- mentary sequence reflects Milankovitch cycles is the degree of closeness to the isotope timescale, there is no independent control on either method. The Milankovitch interpretation is upheld by producing a result approximately consistent with the radioisotope dates, and the radioisotope timescale then adjusted to it. The reasoning remains circular.
If the danger is not clear enough from the Biancone Formation, it is well illustrated by the debate over a succession in the western Dolomites, where 470 metres encompass around 600 bedding cycles. After making allowance for variable rates of sedimentation, researchers thought they could detect signals relating to both precession and eccentricity. According to Preto and Hinnov (2003):
All of the principal periodicities related to the precession index and eccentricity… are present: P1 (21.9 ky); P2 (17.8 ky); E1 (400 ky), E2 (95 ky), and E3 (125 ky), along with a peak at a frequency double that of the precession, which is a predicted feature of orbitally forced insolation at the equator. Components possibly related to Earth's obliquity at ca. 35 ky and ca. 46 ky are present as well.
(P1 and P2 designate the different precession cycles, E1-E3 the different eccentricity cycles, "ky" is a thousand years.) This Triassic succession preserved "the oldest pristine Milankovitch signature yet observed in the geologic record". Other workers rejected the interpretation, finding that radioisotope ages from interspersed volcanic-ash layers indicated a much shorter interval. The procedures involved in analysing cyclical bedding could generate Milankovitch-like periodicities (once calibrated to the isotope timescale) that were nothing of the sort: the appearance of a close fit with the astronomical cycles was illusory.
There may also be mathematical grounds for thinking so. According to Mensur Omerbashich (2006), the procedures which generate claims that bedding cycles reflect multiple kinds of astronomical cycle are highly questionable. In the case he analysed, the alleged 99% confidence level was "mostly meaningless in the context of total-information quality", owing to prior editing of the data and failure to distinguish between signal and noise. Another critical study (Vaughan et al 2011) was able to validate only one of four previously published claims of Milankovitch periodicity. Because many cycles were spurious, the vast majority of cycle detections derived from spatially-sampled stratigraphic data in the literature were likely to be false.
Discrepancies between the two timescales, some minor, some major, can be documented many times over (e.g. Hilgen & Langereis 1989, Karner & Muller 2000, cf Ehrlich 2007). In order to save the theory, it has even been suggested that obliquity can dominate in one locality and precession, over the same interval, in another (Prokoph et al 2001, Krijgsman et al 2004, Nederbragt et al 2007). In short, like radioisotope dating, Milankovitch theory is an example of a scientific paradigm (Kuhn 1962), an all-embracing explanation which provides the framework within which "normal science" can operate but which is rarely itself tested or questioned. Problems are identified and solved, so far as possible, within its terms. Anomalies with the potential to undermine the paradigm are ignored, ascribed to errors in the data, or accommodated by modifying the paradigm, while faith in the paradigm remains strong. Thus, science can be both critically questioning in the domain where normal science takes place and unquestioning at the level where what is at stake is its world-view and sense of belonging to a brotherhood of common values and beliefs.
An alternative to Milankovitch
That said, the phenomenon of cyclical bedding is real, and if it does not reflect Milankovitch cycles, it must reflect some other rhythm. To return to the example of chalk, beds are often very extensive, and in one case have have been traced from outcrop to outcrop over more than one and half thousand miles (Gale et al 1999). Climatic explanations are required that apply on a global scale.
Dense bioturbation does not take thousands of years. Experiments have shown that a small population of deposit-feeders, such as the crustaceans that made the Thalassinoides-type burrows (Fig. 1), can churn a 10 cm depth of sediment in 42 days (Gingras et al 2008). Since the chalk and marl beds are not homogenised, this is the kind of timescale that should be considered when making interpretations. The detail of the fabric also accords with short periods, as when the walls of later generations of burrows are more sharply defined than earlier ones, indicating an initially high water content followed by dewatering and compaction (Jablonski & Bottjer 1983).
Figure 2 shows the δ18O profile of three chalk-marl couplets in the "white cliffs" between the English towns of Dover and Folkestone, also of Cenomanian age. The zig-zag pattern follows that of the greyness scale (Fig. 1), and since low oxygen isotope ratios in sea-floor oozes correlate with warm sea-surface temperatures, and vice versa, explaining this as the effect of summer and winter does not seem unreasonable. The same pattern may be seen in the shells of individual organisms. A study of the tropical bottom-dwelling foram Cyclobirculina, for example, which has a life span of one year, recorded a variation in δ18O ratio from -0.5 in the summer to +1.5 in the winter (Wefer & Berger 1980 and Fig. 3). Growth rate increased with age, peaking in the spring. Similar patterns have been detected in other kinds of carbonate-secreting organism, both from the past (Purton & Brasier, 1999) and from the present (e.g. Dunbar & Wellington 1981, Hickson et al 1999).
Since coccolithophores are much smaller than forams and have a life span of only days or weeks, the ooze composed of their remains would reflect the annual oscillation collectively, not individually. They are more prevalent in the chalk than the marl and are thought to represent productivity blooms (Leary et al 1989). The chalks are dominated by microplankton that lived in the top 100 metres, the marls by microplankton that lived in deep water or on the sea bottom. Temperatures rose steeply in the course of marl deposition, peaked near the base of the chalk beds, then fell less steeply (Fig. 2). Fossil escape burrows have been reported from some bases (Leary et al 1989), indicating that the rate of deposition in the lower part of the chalk beds was sometimes extremely high. This would also account for the relatively sharp transitions from marl to chalk. The compositional difference would be due to higher rates of planktonic productivity during the spring and summer.
In modern settings the rate of coccolith flux to the seafloor has also been observed to vary in annual oscillations. Around the Canary Islands sedimentation peaks in February/March following phytoplankton blooms in the winter (Sprengel et al 2002). In the Arabian Sea the settling rate peaks in January and declines to very low levels in the months of August to November (Andruleit et al 2004). Thus the hiatus in sedimentation at the top of the chalk beds is directly comparable to the virtual cessation of coccolith flux from late summer to late autumn in modern seas.
Similar rhythms characterise the chalks that formed towards the end of the Cretaceous, during the Maastrichtian. As with outcrops onshore, cores extracted from the North Sea show metre-scale cycles, but here the alternation is between compact, intensively burrowed chalk and porous, mostly unburrowed chalk (Scholle et al 1998); in the lower part of the cycle the sediment retains its primary laminated structure. There is little bioturbation other than the vertical escape shafts of animals momentarily buried by dumps of sedimentary snow. Along with the high porosity this obviously indicates a rapid rate of sedimentation. Further up, the rate slowed, allowing burrowers to destroy the laminae. Calcite cementation began to harden the seafloor, enhancing burrow preservation, but insufficient time elapsed prior to the resumption of heavy sedimentation for true hardgrounds to form.
In the Central Graben of the North Sea the chalk cycles are of non-bioturbated, mainly laminated beds and slightly thicker bioturbated beds (Damholt & Surlyk 2004). The laminated beds consist of alternating millimetre-thick, graded, high-porosity laminae and non-graded, low-porosity laminae. The graded layers are thought to have been deposited from small-volume turbidity currents and suspension clouds, the non-graded layers from a rain of pelleted coccoliths produced directly from the plankton. In either case, only the briefest of timescales is required, minutes in the case of the graded laminae, hours in the case of the ungraded ones. The bioturbated beds imply longer timescales, perhaps a few months, followed by negligible sedimentation and then the commencement of the next cycle.
Are sedimentation rates of one cycle per year credible?
According to conventional dating, the Cretaceous period lasted 80 million years, a stretch of time that, accustomed though we are to such figures, is unimaginable. Since the figure is based on data extraneous to the properties of the rocks themselves, those properties can provide a test of the timescale, and as we have seen, in the case of chalk sequences, they do not agree with ages of this magnitude. If we consider the primary evidence on its own merits, we have no grounds for inferring the miniscule rates of sedimentation the radioisotope timescale imposes.
A typical chalk-marl couplet has a thickness of around 40 cm. Before compaction the thickness may have been double that, around 80 cm. Averaged over 20,000 years, this gives a sedimentation rate of 0.04 mm, or half a hair's breadth, per year. That too is difficult to imagine. By contrast, if the couplets were annual, the sedimentation rate would have averaged 2.2 mm per day, higher during productivity blooms (sufficient, as we have seen, to bury organisms alive), lower at other times.
Measurements of modern sedimentation rates tend to be expressed in milligrams per square centimetre. With solid chalk having a density of around 2,500 mg (2.5 g) per cc, the uncompacted density would be about 1,250 mg per cc. Thus, if chalk-marl couplets represented 20,000 years, the sedimentation rate would be 5 mg per year or 0.014 mg per day; if the couplets represented one year, the rate would be 100 g per year, or 274 mg per day. Modern rates vary according to the same factors that ancient rates vary, but are closer to 5 mg than to 100 g per year. Broerse et al (2000) reported a carbonate flux of 2.2 mg per square centimetre per year, which is even lower than that calculated for the Cenomanian.
However, modern rates do not necessarily provide a meaningful comparison. In normal modern conditions the export of carbonate to the seafloor is limited by a negative feedback loop, where low productivity is accompanied by low settling velocity, which results in high rates of consumption by animal grazers and high rates of chemical dissolution. In bloom conditions, not only does the rate of production increase by orders of magnitude but faecal-pellet clumping leads to greatly increased settling velocity, with consequently low rates of consumption by grazers and low rates of dissolution (Wal et al 1995). Coccolithophores, it should be noted, are "the most productive calcifying organisms on earth" and can reach a density during blooms of some 115 million per litre. Chalk formations bear witness to the exceptional "hypercalcifying activity of the coccolithophorids" (Aubry 2005).
The main factors governing the dissolution of calcium carbonate are temperature, acidity and pressure. Calcium carbonate dissolves more readily where the water is colder, more acidic and deeper. Acidity decreases as temperature increases because warm water holds less carbon dioxide (on the other hand, it was much more abundant in the atmosphere than now) and thus less carbonic acid. Solubility also increases with water pressure and thus depth. Below the "carbonate compensation depth" of modern oceans (4000-5000 m) carbonate is not deposited at all, whereas at shallow depths (less than 1000 m) the effect is minimal. In the seas where the Cretaceous chalks were laid down the conditions for calcium carbonate precipitation were close to optimal. Not only were the seas warm because they were shallow (most of Britain, for example, was inundated at this time), but the global climate itself was exceptionally warm.
Another point about the Cretaceous is that the ratio of magnesium to calcium in seawater was much lower than in modern seas. High levels of Mg have been found to inhibit growth rates. In experiments involving three species of coccolithophore in low-Mg seawater all showed large increases in population growth rates; two of the species reproduced at rates approximately triple those observed in modern seawater (Stanley et al 2005). The species dominating Cenomanian chalks are unlikely to have been less responsive. The ubiquitous Watznaueria barnesae, for example, is thought to have been highly prolific (Lees et al 2005). Although the data are less clear, the same seems to have been true of Biscutum constans .
Thus several lines of evidence additional to the sedimentary evidence support the inference that the Chalk was deposited rapidly compared to modern rates of deposition:
- The Chalk consists almost entirely of the remains of coccolithophores, which in the right conditions can reproduce at prodigious rates.
- The warmth and shallowness of the waters where the coccoliths accumulated meant that a much smaller percentage of platelets shed by the coccolithophores dissolved before they reached the bottom.
- The low Mg/Ca ratio of Cretaceous seawater and the high absolute concentration of calcium favoured coccolithophore reproduction.
- Some of the coccolithophore species that dominated chalk assemblages are known to have been prolific examples of their kind.
The role of faster plate tectonics
Coccolithophore blooms can occur only if there is a sufficient supply of inorganic nutrients, calcium ions and dissolved carbonate. Once the supply is exhausted the blooms cease, and they will not have the potential to recur until the minerals are replenished. Thus in the context of sedimentation rates of around 1 metre per year the final question to consider is how the minerals could be replenished that quickly.
Whereas modern seas are relatively poor in calcium, brines from the Cretaceous have high Ca/Na ratios and low Mg/Ca ratios, indicating that seawater was relatively rich in calcium. Seawater chemistry is controlled primarily by the flux of hydrothermal brine from mid-ocean ridges, and Cretaceous seas were rich in some minerals because rates of ocean crust production were higher (Hardie 1996).
On the assumption of unchanging rates of radioactive decay, the rate of ocean crust production in the Middle Cretaceous is estimated to have been almost twice the modern rate, thereafter declining to present-day values. The accelerated seafloor spreading rates are nonetheless tiny, of the order of centimetres per year. On the other hand, if radioactive decay was higher in the past, the increased heat output would have sped up all geological processes, including volcanism above subduction zones and at mid-ocean ridges. Large amounts of carbon dioxide would have been absorbed into global current systems from the atmosphere and large quantities of minerals introduced from hydrothermal brine. As is well known, the oceans are a major sink of carbon dioxide, on a par with tropical forests. The minerals removed from the oceans by coccolithophore blooms would have been quickly replenished. Along with levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide ten times higher than now (Royer et al 2004), the whole phenomenon of chalk may therefore be seen as indirect evidence of elevated levels of plate-tectonic activity.
Absolute dates in geology are based on radioactive decay, where the key assumption is that the rate of decay has been constant over time. These dates command acceptance because they accord with a world-view in which long ages are required. The idea of subjecting them to critical testing is so heretical that it is not even privately entertained, let alone discussed in the literature.
Although Milankovitch cycles have the potential to test radioisotope dating, they come with their own presuppositions, concerning the solar system's age, the imperturbability of the Earth-Moon system over time and the ability of astronomical cycles to dominate sedimentary processes. They are part of a world-view which assumes the constancy of isotopic half-lives, and in practice they are used only to "tune" the geological timescale, not test it. Discrepancies between the two chronologies are minimised in a variety of ways, including (1) interpreting some cycles as relating to precession, others to obliquity, (2) postulating that some cycles are not preserved, and (3) proposing adjustments to the timescale that leave the basis of radioisotope dating unchallenged. In reality, "very few rhythmically bedded geological sections yield clear-cut power spectra when calculated against stratigraphic depth, whatever the age of the section" (Nederbragt et al 2007).
As well as being self-consistent, isotope dating needs to be consistent with the nature of what is being dated. Our contention is that it is fundamentally inconsistent. This website sets out several instances where it conflicts with direct indications of passing time (for links, see the Key Concepts section). Here we have focused on the possibility that the warm-cool cycles characterising relatively tranquil offshore settings during the Cretaceous were annual, and therefore represent sedimentation rates orders of magnitude higher than those inferred from the radiometric timescale. Perhaps the most obvious evidence is the pattern of bioturbation through the chalk beds. Given sedimentation rates of 0.04 mm per year, mobile deposit feeders should have repeatedly ploughed through their entire depth; no part should have been left undisturbed. In fact, bioturbation is limited.
Assuming that cycles attributed to precession (the shortest Milankovitch period) were annual, a simplistic calculation would divide the 80 million radioisotope years of the Cretaceous by 20,000 to arrive at a true duration of around 4,000 years. However, Milankovitch cycles do not necessarily provide a good fit even for sections that are well dated, and the appearance of chronological precision can be illusory, estimates of the duration of Ocean Anoxic Event II (latest Cenomanian), for example, vary from 320,000 years to three times that figure. Short intervals are chronologically more difficult to quantify than long intervals.
Based on the growth rates of rudist bivalves, carbonate reef successions suggest that the length of a warm-cool cycle is somewhat less than 20,000 radioisotope years and the length of the whole Cretaceous correspondingly greater than 4,000 true years. As one approaches the historical period, the disparity between radioisotope and true time decreases. Consequently the rhythmicity that continues to be visible in sedimentary successions far into the Cenozoic may be expected to be even less amenable to Milankovitch explanations.
Chalk beds and time images


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North Carolina Gay Marriage Ban: Amendment 1
So a couple days ago, North Carolina passed a constitutional amendment Tuesday defining marriage solely as a union between a man and a woman, becoming the latest state to effectively slam the door shut on same-sex marriages.
So when will gays be allowed to receive the same rights as the str8s? It is shameful that in 2012, we still continue to discriminate and deny rights to gays. What gays are facing now is what blacks faced for many years. It is time to remove the most evil book in history from our government
I hope all those that voted for this amendment can sleep soundly next to their hetero partner while gays sleep in solitude making your relationship that much stronger
Time's a flat circle
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two guys cant have a kid together. If everyone was gay, the world would end. Marriage= man & women. If gays want to be together, fine...just cant get married.
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Yo Soy La Jefa
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I agree with you completely, TS.
It's shameful that people think they have the right to tell someone who to love. Inter-racial marriages use to be illegal, could you imagine telling someone now that they cannot marry based on race?
To each their own, if they are happy and in love leave them be. Gay marriage is legal here and I am glad for them that it is.
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Good on them.
I hope Chris Christie keeps turning down gay marriage here in Jersey also.
This filth will only open doors. In a few years, incest will be seen as an "ok" thing.
The whole "if it doesn't bother me, it's ok" mentality is sickening. Think about the future.
There's an on going genocide right now which most people haven't realized yet.
This will make it worst for everyone.
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damn right!
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If two gay people want to live together, honestly thats fine by me, its not going to effect my life in any way.
I just dont see why 'marriage' is such an issue. The world 'marriage' has always been the union of a man and a woman. You can have civil unions and be in the same situation as being married, I dont get why theres so much fuss about something that is pretty much just a dispute over terminology.
And doesnt Judaism and Christianity condemn homosexuality? Seems a little bit wacky that gay couples could get married in a church when the religon does not recognise such a union.
The Great John L.
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If you truly love some one, not being able to get married isnt going to keep you apart.
but it is going to keep you from tax and health care benifits.
so lets not worry about marraige, the us population links marriage to religion so in their minds same sex marriage is stain on religion, and theres not much thats going to change things.
the focus should be how to allow same sex relationships to apply for equal benifits as a married couple.
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wow, Great news for North Carolina.....
no doubt, it's a genocide against our children and future generations .
When will people wake up and take a stand?
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Economy, war, unemployment, poverty?
Lets focus our efforts on preventing homos from getting married...
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One of the many winged residents of the Center for Birds of Prey. Photo credit: Justine E. Hausheer
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Specifically, sole representation for my area. The terms of the agreement were based on how2vacation's ability to represent my vacation rentals and direct qualified leads to me. In addition to the promise to represent my homes, advertisements via banner ads were to be part of the package. To this day, my
homes have never been represented accurately, I have received zero qualified leads, I have never received banner ads and local competitors are being advertised on how2vacation.
After a year of zero activity, I contacted how2vacation and spoke with Debbie Solomon, Director of Operations who at that time promised reprieve and assured me that necessary action would be taken to right correct the situation and meet the obligation promised in the contract.
To this day, nothing has been done to correct the situation and I have still not received any of the services promised agreed upon in our contract.
Do not conduct business with how2vacations or any of the how2 businesses. At this time, their phone numbers have been disconnected and Im assuming their business dissolved. If not, take caution.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 03/27/2013 12:36 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/How-2-Vacation/internet/How-2-Vacation-Sean-Murphy-Debbie-Solomon-Pedry-Perez-False-Advertising-Theft-Contrac-1038532. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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A MAN and a woman were rescued from their car after a two vehicle crash on the A2 coastbound this morning (Jan 7).
Fire crews used cutting equipment to free the pair after the collision at around 10.20am between Dartford and Bean.
A Kent Fire and Rescue spokesman said: "Crews have used hydraulic cutting equipment to release a man and woman from their car following a two vehicle collision on the A2.
"Once free the casualties were handed over to the care of paramedics."
South East Coast Ambulance sent three ambulances and a car to treat a total of three patients, who were all fully conscious.
A man in his 60s, suffering from chest pains. A woman in her 50s was suffering from elbow and shoulder injuries. They were both taken to Medway Maritime Hospital as a priority.
A third patient was taken to Darent Valley Hospital.
Two lanes of the A2 were closed with queuing traffic for more than two hours, but the A2 is now fully open with no further delays in the area.
- Eltham man dies after 'single punch' attack in Blackheath
- Murder detectives investigating after man found dead in Eltham house
- Dartford woman dies in Darent Valley Hospital after misdiagnosis
- Bexleyheath eccentric wants to buy her house, called Norman, by winning reality tv show
- TV Licence change comes into effect next month: Everything you need to know


text:
Directed primarily toward students taking an undergraduate Introduction to Management Information Systems course, this text also provides practical content to current and aspiring industry professionals.
This modular text shows students how businesses use–and need–information systems to accomplish their goals, objectives, and competitive strategy.
Note: This is the standalone book, if you want the book/access card order the ISBN below:
013309877X / 9780133098778 Experiencing MIS Plus MyMISLab with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package
Package consists of
0132967480 / 9780132967488 Experiencing MIS
0132972158 / 9780132972154 MyMISLab with Pearson eText -- Access Card -- for Experiencing MIS
Table of Contents
1. Collaboration Information Systems for Decision-Making, Problem Solving, and Project Management
CE 2. Collaboration Information Systems for Student Projects
2. Business Processes, Information Systems, and Information
3. Organizational Strategy, Information Systems, and Competitive Advantage
4. Hardware and Software
CE 3. Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2010
5. Database Processing
CE 4. Database Design
CE 5. Using Microsoft Access 2010
CE 6. Using Excel and Access Together
6. Data Communication and the Cloud
CE 7. Mobile Systems
7. Organizations and Information Systems
CE 8. Functional Processes, Applications, and Systems
CE 9. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems
8. Social Media Systems
CE 11. The Hyper-Social Organization and Knowledge Management
9. Business Intelligence Systems
CE 12. Database Marketing
CE 13. Reporting Systems and OLAP
CE 14. Geographic Information Systems
10. Information Systems Development
CE 15. Systems Development Project Management
CE 16. Agile Development
11. Information Systems Management
CE 17. Business Process Management
12. Information Security Management
CE 18. International MIS
This title is also sold in the various packages listed below. Before purchasing one of these packages, speak with your professor about which one will help you be successful in your course.
Package ISBN-13: 9780133924190
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- GO! with Microsoft Access 2013 Comprehensive
Shelley Gaskin, Carolyn McLellan, Nancy Graviett
- GO! with Microsoft Excel 2013 Comprehensive
Shelley Gaskin, Alicia Vargas, Debra Geoghan
$482.07 | Add to Cart
Purchase Info
Format: Alternate Binding
This title is currently unavailable on myPearsonStore.
We recommend Experiencing MIS, 5th Edition as a replacement.
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MyLab & Mastering with Pearson eText is a complete digital substitute for a print value pack at a lower price.
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MyLab & Mastering products deliver customizable content and highly personalized study paths, responsive learning tools, and real-time evaluation and diagnostics. MyLab & Mastering products help move students toward the moment that matters most—the moment of true understanding and learning.
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text:
GRAND JUNCTION, Colo. (KKCO) - Xcel Energy power officials say a Horizon Drive feeder failed, leaving 1,116 commercial and residential customers without power Monday afternoon for about 40 minutes.
Xcel Spokesman Fred Eggleston says power has been restored to traffic signals, hotels, businesses, the Grand Junction Regional Airport and the rest of Horizon Drive. The power went out at 3:55 p.m. and was back on just before 4:45 p.m.
Eggleston says the cause was a bad piece of underground wiring. He says that wiring is in the section that's the last to be replaced along Horizon Drive. Before replacement work started Horizon Drive power outages to homes and businesses were more common.


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- Report: #7600
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Pulte Homes
Pulte HomesEast Coast Nationwide U.S.A.
Pulte Rip-off Home Builders is a Migraine headache waiting to happen!
*Consumer Comment: Same deal here, they lied
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I prefer not to use my name because I am in binding arbitration with Pulte now and do not want to give them any ammunition at arbitration.
Crawl back in your hole and avoid the sad, deceitful, reality you intentionally create.
You have taken money from people who expected a quality product, free of major defects, minor defects fixed by skilled professionals, (not caulk specialist) and answers to legitimate concerns answered timely, truthfully and like you care about what you built, even if you do not.
You need to think about it as if you had bought the house you are there to help fix.
Pulte is a Fraud. I have had to pay lots of money and listen to lots of lies.
Pulte is in business to make as much money on it's bowed stick houses as possible.
They do this by using unskilled labor, substandard materials, and poorly experienced and intentionally deceitful, sales staff, project managers, and warranty managers trained lie to your face. Pulte's Corporate Managers dress differently but follow the same code of ethics.
I am in a development on the east coast.
I am sincere when I say this...I just hope the house stays together long enough to sell it when all the defects are somewhat worked through...I say it this way because I know all the defects can and will never be fixed.
For anyone considering the purchase of a Pulte home, ask the sales people, ask anyone from the company if they own a Pulte home.
Pulte will not put its name on the monuments at the front of our development. Ask the sales staff for a development nearby and drive to it, look at the houses, look at the siding and how it lays on the uneven bowed boards it's nailed to. Get out and ask a few people what they think of their Pulte home experience before investing in Pulte.
Beware, Pulte will do whatever deemed necessary to make a buck, they will lie right to your face!
It's happened to me!...more than once!
If you do decide to take a chance with Pulte, keep accurate records and read the warranty book cover to cover. Pulte makes you agree to binding arbitration. You only have 13 months from the date of settlement to file for this binding arbitration, and Pulte intentionally makes specific information regarding the arbitration process ambiguous. Certain required information is not in writing and you must go through a song and dance routine with the company to get this information...they act as if it's all new to them...yea...right!
Pulte is like a migraine waiting to happen!
Email address : Pulte email@example.com
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 11/07/2001 12:00 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Pulte-Homes/nationwide/Pulte-Rip-off-Home-Builders-is-a-Migraine-headache-waiting-to-happen-7600. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report.
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#1 Consumer Comment
Same deal here, they lied
AUTHOR: Cranberryworld - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Monday, December 12, 2011POSTED: Monday, December 12, 2011
As my situation changed 30 days after putting down the deposit I asked for the deposit back in writing. Not only did they keep the deposit, but they refused to even reply to my requests. I sent about 4 letters to them and they simply ignored them.
I think I was more upset by Pulte refusing to reply than their keeping the deposit. They don't care about people.
I looked it up and Pulte sold the very home I backed out on for a LOT more money than I had contracted for. They could have returned the money easily but did not. I actually did them a huge favor by backing out.
Never will I buy a Pulte home and I'll make sure everyone knows what kind of people they are.
Are you an owner, employee or ex-employee with either negative or positive information about the company or individual, or can you provide "insider information" on this company?
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Even though we ARE Nikon lovers,we are NOT affiliated with Nikon Corp. in any way.
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Northern IL, US
523 posts
"RE: D5100 as a lightweight travel DSLR?"
From what I've read online, the D5100 shares the same sensor as the D7000. That, and the additional controls over the D3200 is why I'm leaning towards the D5100. But, it's also the total weight factor that's swaying me to go DX rather than the D600. I believe there's also a $200 instant savings promo going on now for the D5100 + lens kit or body only.--Ben


text:
Each month, direct to your email inbox, we'll send the best camping news, tips, recipes and more, to enhance the camping lifestyle that you love so much. Learn More
A road trip through the Lone Star State is an eclectic adventure not to be ...
Experience Crater Lake and Klamath Falls on this father/son adventure told ...
Traveling fun doesn't end when the sun goes down! Consider planning a trip ...
Plan the perfect trip from home or on the road with the official KOA app. Learn More
Open March 25 - November 27
Reserve: 800-562-7607
Info: 301-223-7571
11759 Snug Harbor Lane
Williamsport, MD 21795Get Directions
There is signage from both I-81 and I-70
From I-81 MD, take Exit 2, US 11 S Maryland 63 N or I-70 Exit 24, Maryland 63 S. Scenic drive follow signs on Kemps Mill Road
For Big Rigs traveling on I-81 MD, we recommend taking Exit 4, then follow signs for I-70 W. On I-70, take Exit 24 and make a left onto MD 63 S. In less than 1/4 mile, take a right onto Everly Road. At the stop sign, take a left onto Rock Hill Road and the first right onto Kemps Mill Road. Follow scenic Kemps Mill Road approximately 1.4 miles.
Follow KOA signs, don't use GPS.Get Google Directions
Camper Rating 4 out of 5


text:
Can E-Shop send multiple download links when something is purchased? I have files that must be split into multiple downloads for a single purchase due to the fact that I sell items for multiple softwares and some files are just too large for one download (some run 100 MB each) and even with htaccess hacks applied downloaders run into problems.
Also can the customer buy more than one item at a time? I'd also need to transfer customers & purchases from ZenCart (which I can't stand).
I need to setup a site today so any quick reply would be great.


text:
Castle Garden by jjpeabodyWatch
©2013-2016 jjpeabody
I'm calling this done. The perspective is WAY off. This I know. I wanted to go in and fine detail this, but after trying to fix the perspective, everything was just wrong so I'm deciding to leave it as is. Perhaps someone can use it for inspiration for something.
My first thought when I saw this was Romanesque. A hot spring bath, richly colored florals and plants, arched column ways and a distant maintain range. I feel the perspective couldn't be better. This painting has a superbly unique depth that makes you feel as if you're sitting in the bath looking out upon complete splendor. It's wonderful.
This is gorgeous! I love the overgrown vegetation and the flowers. This kind of reminds me of Italy.
It is amazing!!! It's like I'm there looking outside!!!
wow this looks really great!!
Wow just wow.
Simply wonderful, though I am looking hard for a place to stand and take a view of the beautiful mountains that you have painted in the background!
Lovely, the roses really make this image for me...
This is beautiful, the roses just make the image pop and the contrast and shading is so lovely!
Truly one of my favorite pieces! I could look at this for hours! Ok so the only thing I am having a little problem with is the railing in the mid ground. I can't put my finger on it but something looks slightly off. maybe its the perspective of the line width or the lighting is very consistent. Anyway I'll shut up now Still a fantastic painting man!
Why doesn't MY garden look like that!!! D:
so nice
Yep, perspective is awful which is a shame because everything else is so fine. You have a very good sense of colors and it shows in every piece you make.
so nice i love the roses going around the pillars it looks like a fantasy garden
The background looks so much better in this one, it looks farther away The plants look amazing
Beautiful work! Love the detail.
This really is quite lovely!!
This turned out wonderful!
It"s beautiful!!


text:
The 690 SMR is just one of the new KTM motorcycles to be shown at EICMA.
The UXV 500 4x4 is arguably the star of KYMCO's huge display.
Distributor RF Moto is showcasing some crazy ATVs, including a 4WD Suzuki LT-R450 and dirt-track style Can-Am Renegade.
BMW is showing its entire family of products, including three yet-to-be revealed models.
Ducati is prepared to pull back the curtains on three new models.
Preparation was the name of the game Monday.


text:
Interdisciplinary Engineering Courses
Of the following courses, some may be requirements for degree programs, and others may be taken as electives. See your departmental program of study or consult with an adviser for more information.
ENGI E1102x and y The art of engineering
4 pts. Lect: 4. Professor Vallancourt.
Core requirement for all entering SEAS students. This course is a bridge between the science-oriented, high school way of thinking and the engineering point of view. Fundamental concepts of math and science are reviewed and re-framed in an engineering context, with numerous examples of each concept drawn from all disciplines of engineering represented at Columbia. Non-technical issues of importance in professional engineering practice such as ethics, engineering project management, and societal impact are addressed. Lab fee: $350.
IEOR E2261x Introduction to accounting and finance
3 pts. Lect: 3. Professor Webster.
Prerequisite: ECON W1105. For undergraduates only. This course examines the fundamental concepts of financial accounting and finance, from the perspective of both managers and investors. Key topics covered include: principles of accrual accounting; recognizing and recording accounting transactions; preparation and analysis of financial statements, including balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and statements of owners' equity; ratio analysis; pro-forma projections; time value of money (present values, future values, and interest/discount rates); inflation; discounted-cash-flow (DCF) project evaluation methods; deterministic and probabilistic measures of risk; capital budgeting. The course is targeted toward students pursuing careers in engineering, economics, finance, or business.
EEHS E3900y History of telecommunications: from the telegraph to the internet
3 pts. Lect: 3.
Historical development of telecommunications from the telegraphy of the mid-1800s to the Internet at present. Included are the technologies of telephony, radio, and computer communications. The coverage includes both the technologies themselves and the historical events that shaped, and in turn were shaped by, the technologies. The historical development, both the general context and the particular events concerning communications, is presented chronologically. The social needs that elicited new technologies and the consequences of their adoption are examined. Throughout the course, relevant scientific and engineering principles are explained as needed. These include, among others, the concept and effective use of spectrum, multiplexing to improve capacity, digital coding, and networking principles. There are no prerequisites, and no prior scientific or engineering knowledge is required. Engineering students may not count this course as a technical elective.
CHEN E4020x Protection of industrial and intellectual property
3 pts. Lect: 3. Professor Pearlman.
To expose engineers, scientists, and technology managers to areas of the law they are most likely to be in contact with during their career. Principles are illustrated with various case studies together with active student participation.
ENGI W4100y Research to Revenue
3pts. Lect: 3. Professor Sia and Toubia.
An interschool course with Columbia Business School that trains engineering and business students to identify and pursue innovation opportunities that rely on intellectual property coming out of academic research. Idea generation, market research, product development, and financing. Teams develop and present business model for a technological invention. This course has limited enrollment by application, and is open to advanced undergraduate students and graduate students. Consult with department for questions on fulfillment of technical elective requirement.
IEOR E4550x and y Entrpreneurial business creation for engineers
3 pts. Lect: 3. Professor Gulley.
Prerequisite: ENGI W2261. This course is required for undergraduate students majoring in OR:EMS. Introduces the basic concepts and methodologies that are used by the nonengineering part of the world in creating, funding, investing in, relating to,
and operating entrepreneurial ventures. The first half of the course focuses on the underpinning principles and skills required in recognizing, analyzing, evaluating, and nurturing a business idea. The second half focuses on basic legal knowledge necessary in creating a business entity, defending your business assets, and in promoting effective interaction with other individuals and organizations.
IEOR E4998x and y Managing technological innovation and entrepreneurship
3 pts. Lect: 3. Members of the faculty.
Focus on the management and consequences of technology-based innovation. Explores how new industries are created, how existing industries can be transformed by new technologies, the linkages between technological development and the creation of wealth, and the management challenges of pursuing strategic innovation.
ENGI E8000 Doctoral Field Work
1 pts. Professor Kachani and Associate Dean Simon.
Field work is integral to the academic preparation and professional development of doctoral students. This course provides the academic framework for field work experience required for the student's program of study. Field work documentation and faculty advisor approval is required prior to registration. A final written report must be submitted. This course will count towards the degree program and cannot be taken for pass/fail credit or audited. With approval from the department chair or the doctoral program director, doctoral students can register for this course at most twice. In rare situations, exceptions may be granted by the Dean's Office to register for the course more than twice (e.g. doctoral students funded by industrial grants who wish to perform doctoral field work for their corporate sponsor). The doctoral student must be registered for this course during the same term as the field work experience.


text:
Definition of hate mail in English:
hate mail
noun[mass noun]
Hostile letters sent to an individual or group, usually anonymously: she was plagued by obscene phone calls and hate mail
More example sentences
- He received countless hate mail, threatening phone calls and his apartment was even broken into and vandalised.
- What is posting hateful comments and sending her hate mail going to do besides prove that what she's saying is true?
- We'll continue to shout our slogans at each other and send hate mail and write lengthy essays to try to prove our points.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: hate mail
Definition of hate mail in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
Body found in Montpelier's Hubbard Park is identifiedMarch 07,2013
staff report
MONTPELIER A man found dead in Hubbard Park late Sunday morning was identified as Peter H. Fischer, 58, of Montpelier, city police Sgt. Neil Martel said Wednesday.
The death was not considered suspicious, and it was categorized as an unattended, unwitnessed death, Martel said. A final coroners report is pending, he said.
Hikers walking with dogs had discovered his body near the tower, Martel said, but officials determined he had not fallen.
He was wearing a winter jacket and hat as well as gloves.
Emergency responders found Fischers body in something between a seated and lying position, Martel said. His body was believed to have been there for a few hours, he said.
Fischer had family in the area.MORE IN This Just In
NORTHFIELD — Forbes Magazine has given Norwich University a grade of 'A'... Full StoryMONTPELIER A Burlington-based chain of drug-testing labs that has been a key player in... Full StoryBARRE A former employee of the Phoenix House recovery program has admitted to having sex with a... Full Story
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Our company is based on the belief that our customers' needs are of the utmost importance. Our entire team is committed to meeting those needs. As a result, a high percentage of our business is from repeat customers and referrals.
K&E Bridal Consultants Serving the greater Philadelphia area for since 1997. The wedding planners at K&E Bridal realize that your wedding is one of the most important events in your life. To help take the stress out of your special day, K&E can work with you as much or as little as you need to ensure that your wedding is memorable and unique
Copyright © 2001-2016 OneWed Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright © 2001-2016 OneWed Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text: Outreach and Schools Liaison In 'Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering' Electronic, Electrical and Systems EngineeringAbout usUndergraduate degreesMasters degreesPhD opportunitiesResearchPeopleOutreach and Schools LiaisonIndustrial liaisonNews and eventsVideoContact usCommunityInternal Browser does not support script. Welcome to the Outreach and Schools Liaison section of the Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering. We work with the Institution of Engineering Technology, primary schools and secondary schools and colleges to highlight pathways to careers through degrees, the impact of our subject on society and the leading-edge research under way at the University of Birmingham. We run curriculum-enhancing visits to Schools, demonstrations and workshops on University Open Days and provide resources for teachers. Our objective is to build links with teachers and schools that encourage their pupils towards higher education and successful careers in Engineering. If you would like more information or to participate in any of our events, please, contact Carolyn Toney. If you have taken part in the PIC LED Light Chaser project offered by the department and want to further modify your light chaser details are here. Activities FIRST® LEGO® League Pathways to Engineering Work Experience Programme Visits to Schools and Colleges University Open Days Year 10 Science Festival Engineering and Physical Sciences Discovery Day Masterclasses at the National Insight Programme Masterclasses at the Year 12 Academic Enrichment Programme Recent events BBC Make It Digital RoadshowNearly 6500 visitors – professionals, students and families alike – swarmed into the Mailbox in Birmingham to take part in the BBC's Make It Digital Roadshow, the final event of a 13-week UK-wide tour designed to introduce people from all walks of life to the world of computers, coding and future digital tech opportunities. Information Age - the Science Museum's new gallery".The Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering contributed to a new ambitious Science Museum exhibition opened in October 2014 by the Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh. The Information Age is a permanent exhibition of over 800 objects celebrating 200 years of innovation in communication and information technologies. In collaboration with clinical staff at the Queen Elizabeth hospital and hospitals across the Midlands, Human Interface Technology researchers in the department have developed and evaluated new interactive, smartphone and wearable health technologies, including a novel app for people with anaphylaxis. The "computer in your pocket" exhibit includes examples of new technologies in health and well-being together with the mobile phone used to make the first video call from the summit of Everest. FIRST®LEGO®League 2015 British Science Festival 2014 The Department offered work experience places in summer 2014 to four students from years 10 to 12. The students helped with maintenance of radar research systems detectors and setting up a robotics workshop for an Open Day. They learned about health and safety procedures in the workplace and observed research work in several laboratories. They also did some electronics projects. Nicholas Bond from Studley High School and Edwin Balani from Kings Edwards School Edgbaston made microphones in drinks cans. The photograph shows Hitesh Verma and Joe Malt from King Edwards VI Camp Hill School making transducer circuits to create an electric cello. Magnets Ducks and Superconductors - Case Study for Public Engagement Schools Liaison Join our teachers' mailing list – get invited to all our Department and University events. Email Carolyn Toney. How to find us For directions to the Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering please see the University maps and directions page.


text:
- Details
It's no illusion in your mind. Tygra, second in command, wields one fierce weapon. Lash out whipper! Complete your costume with integrity with the ThunderCats Tygra Whip Costume Accessory Weapon. Includes: Whip Officially Licensed "ThunderCats Classic" Product Brand New in Manufacturer Packaging
- Additional Info
SKU RUB-30107-C Age 18+ Age Group Adult Size Chart http://www.toynk.com/rubies/
- Reviews


text:
September 20, 2012
| News
Common beauty goods make great nail tools, according to an article featured in Allure magazine's September 2012 "Nail Report."
September 18, 2012
| Encyclopedia
Founded in 1976 by Eickert Family.
May 23, 2012
| Article
Whether you're a left-handed tech yourself, have one as a coworker, or simply want to see nails from a different perspective, you can benefit from learning about how south paw nail techs adapt their set-ups to stay in their right minds and in the right career path for them.
March 15, 2012
| Product
Fōm is a useful foam product designed for manicurists, so much so that the company says the name is an acronym for "friends of manicurists."
December 17, 2011
| Product
LaVaque's new Thumb Palette is as brilliant as it is simple. It's a rectangular stainless steel plate that's connected to an adjustable ring, making it a portable hands-free nail art palette that's easy to clean.
August 17, 2011
| Demo
Today's Products offer a new collection of acrylic tools designed with speed and accuracy in mind. Created by nail technician Christine Tran, the tools can be used with any acrylic system, but are designed for speed applications.
July 26, 2011
| Article
Help is at hand for techs who suffer from overworked, tired, and sore muscles. The Hand, Foot & Body Massage Tools Professional Kit from The Nail Superstore is comprised of nine ergonomically correct massage tools to be used during manicures, pedicures, or body massage.
April 21, 2011
| Article
Sure you're busy, but not too busy to sanitize and disinfect properly. For some this means having multiple sets of implements that last the whole day; others manage to disinfect on the fly, alternating between just two sets of tools. We asked nail techs: How do you quickly and effectively sanitize your tools when clients run back to back?
January 6, 2011
| Encyclopedia
A form is what is used to sculpt a nail shape with acrylic. It's a scaffolding of sorts, used to help shape the nail as it cures and can be used for sculpting acrylic or building with gel.
December 27, 2010
| Encyclopedia
A pusher, as its name implies, is used to push back excess cuticle growth; the spoon end is used to push back cuticle.
November 22, 2010
| Photo Gallery
"Toolkits" don't always have to include hammers, pliers, and screwdrivers. NAILS presents the ultimate guide to implements specifically for nail techs, plus a handy list of manufacturers that will help you complete your own collection.
November 17, 2010
| Article
Disappointed that hairstylists have an abundance of edgy, beautiful tools (like tatted up blow dryers and flat irons), while nail techs have fewer choices when it comes to stylish implements, Anna Cobasky, salon owner and operator of Salon Designs in Glendale, Ariz., decided to give her nail brushes an edgy twist.
October 1, 2010
| Article
What implement can you not live without? Nail techs answer this question by describing the tools that get them through the workday. Plus, be sure to save the experts' advice for implement purchasing, and the convenient buyers' guide for the next time you're shopping for new implements.
Earlier this year, Iowa mandated the autoclaving of certain implements in the salon. As of March, cuticle nippers (along with tweezers and comedone extractors) must be sterilized by steam, dry heat, or other sterilization equipment.
September 20, 2010
| Product
Princess Nails' Marbleizing/Dotting tool functions in many ways to help you create and enhance nail art.
Back to School Nail Art for Teens11 photos
NAILS NTNA S. 4 Pre-Challenge #124 photos
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For LO's birthday we are having a large party since we'll be moving out of state a week later and this will be the last time at least until next year our family and friends will get to see all of us.
My dilemma is that I don't want anyone to purchase gifts for LO since we'll be driving with all of our stuff either in our car or towing behind and it's already turning out to be kind of a chore figuring out how to make it all fit. DH and I are getting LO a few needed gifts also so we don't feel its necessary.
The issue is that if I put on the invitation "No Gifts Required" I'm sure that won't be enough and there will still be things purchased. All of our friends and family know we're moving, however there are a few of them that are lacking the common sense gene (mostly on DH's side).
How do I word the invite to where I can get the point across without being too vague, but also not having to write out an entire novel? I plan on passing the word along through word of mouth, but since we are expecting such a large group I'm not sure it will get to everyone.


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Nearing Retirement, President of Saint Louis U. Still Stirs Controversy
The Rev. Lawrence Biondi may have one foot out the door as president of Saint Louis University, but he is continuing to rile faculty members who have long been at odds with him.
Less than three months after announcing plans to retire, Father Biondi...
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Water for Elephants
by Sara Gruen
Water for Elephants: Themes (For the Most Part) Quiz Quiz
Think you've got your head wrapped around Water for Elephants? Put your knowledge to the test. Good luck — the Stickman is counting on you!
Q. What makes it clear that Jacob thinks of Marlena and Rosie as individuals?
He shares his food with them
He refers to both of them as "she" in the prologue
He doesn't think of them as individuals, though
Q. Marlena is trapped by what?
Her cage traps her pretty well
Rosie traps her accidentally
Her love for Jacob
Her legal marriage to August
Q. Confinement backfires how?
Rosie kills August with her stake, which is supposed to tie her down
Marlena gets all of August's money when they get divorced
Walter wins the lottery
Al gets trapped in the cage with the lions
Q. For August, what does it mean to be a man?
Standing up for yourself and taking ownership of who you are
Defending those you love and making money
Taking ownership of others and getting what you want
Being swift as a coursing river and having all the strength of a raging fire
Q. Who doesn't perceive suffering in Water for Elephants?
The clowns
The circus audience


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You are Invited to Oktoberfest West Michigan!
Oktoberfest is Coming Soon! It is already the end of August and we are gearing up for Oktoberfest West Michigan. Join us September 25-26th at John Ball Park in Grand Rapids. Until then, we hope to inspire and tantalize you with some fun Oktoberfest fodder. For now sit tight, eat a pretzel, have a beer, and think Oktoberfest! http://www.invitations-unlimited.com/projects/vintage-oktoberfest-invitations/ Read more →
MUNCHIES – Oktoberfest by VICE
We know you'd like to go to Oktoberfest in München and so would we. Since we can't do anything to help you get to Munich besides put on the best festival we can at home, here's a consolation prize! Hang out with a dude and his camera crew as they eat and drink their way through Oktoberfest!
Oktoberfest is in September!
GRFC Members to Officiate Fußball mit Freunden at Oktoberfest West Michigan
It has been a great year for soccer in Grand Rapids. One of the highlights has been the formation of Grand Rapids FC, a semi-pro soccer club currently applying for entry to the NPSL (National Premier Soccer League) for the 2015 season. Setting Grand Rapids FC apart from many other clubs is the membership model that is both underwriting the team and… Read more →
Fashion Designer Creating Unique Dirndls To Show 2014 Line At Oktoberfest West Michigan
In an earlier post we shared some tips for tracht shopping. Since then we have learned that there is a Chicago based fashion designer creating limited run and custom dirndls. We spoke with her and she has agreed to send some of her designs to us to show off at Oktoberfest West Michigan. Rare Dirndl is a line of traditional… Read more →
Moop Mama – Brass Beats & Deutsch Rhymes aus München
I now know what I will be listening to on my way to Oktoberfest West Michigan. On repeat.
Truthfully, I'll probably listen to it a lot before then too. I can't believe I'm only now discovering this song.
Schlagermusik, The New Hipster Trend?
Hi Friends here are the German Trends… Before I move on to Schlagermusik I'd like to encourage you to tune your earbuds to Dein Puls (mobile). This radio program from Bayerischer Rundfunk is at least as cool as your Spotify mix. I'm not joking, you will thank us. The DJs speak German but they play a good mix of cool music from all over the… Read more →
Do You Speak Oktoberfest?
Essential Oktoberfest Phrases Oktoberfest West Michigan at John Ball Park is just over 3 weeks away! It's time to brush up on some language skills. Here are some helpful phrases that will make you sound oberaffengeil or "top monkey cool" which is a good thing… probably. (click the link for more details about "oberaffengeil"). Let's cut to the chase. Beer!… Read more →
Oktoberfest Fashion – Celebrate with Style
Trachten is High Fashion at Oktoberfest. For one weekend this fall you may see people pulling their most treasured clothing out of the back of their closet and proudly wearing it to John Ball Park with wide smile and a "Prost!" on the tip of their tongue. You may call it a costume. It may remind you of a renaissance… Read more →


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From Best Free Stuff Guide
Cutting Edge Haunted House coupons and discounts provide visitors with savings opportunities on admission, and are available as printable coupons on the official website. Offers are also available for groups of 15 or more people.
The Cutting Edge Haunted House is located in Fort Worth, Texas, and has been deemed the "largest walk through haunted house in the world" by the Guinness Book of World Records. In 2012, Cutting Edge Haunted House was ranked #5 on the Top 31 Haunted Houses in America list from HauntedHouseRatings.com.[1] The attraction is housed in an abandoned meat packing plant that is over 100 years old, and features live action, special effects, monsters, and live actors.[2]
Flickr: rafeejewell
|Offered by
|Cutting Edge Haunted House
|1701 E. Lancaster, Fort Worth, TX 76102
|Phone number
|55-minute walk through haunted house
|Types of coupons
|Printable coupons, group discounts
|AAA discount?
|AARP discount?
|Military discount?
|Allison Hughes
Do you love to save? Never want to miss a deal? Sign up for our newsletter here
About the Cutting Edge Haunted House
Cutting Edge Haunted House is open from early September through early November. The attraction opens Saturdays, Sundays, and select Thursdays and Fridays between 7 p.m. and 8 p.m., and closes between 10 p.m. and 12 a.m. The attraction takes, on average, 55 minutes to explore.[2]
The Cutting Edge Haunted House has received various accolades and awards over the years, and has been featured on The Travel Channel's America Haunts IV.[2]
Cutting Edge Haunted House Coupons and Free Offers
- The "Coupon" section on the official Cutting Edge Haunted House website provides access to printable coupons for the attraction. In order to get the coupon, a short form must be filled out.[3]
- Visitors who sign up for the free Cutting Edge Haunted House newsletter receive access to coupons, contests, special events, and offers by e-mail. This includes a chance to win free tickets to the attraction. Likewise, visitors have the option to sign up for free offers, coupons, and contests through their cell phone.[3]
- Exclusive offers and deals are available for fans of the attraction's Facebook page. This includes free ticket giveaways and contests.[4]
- Groups of 15 or more people receive a savings of 15 percent off the regular ticket price with advance reservations.[5]
- The Cutting Edge Haunted House is sometimes open at other times throughout the year. For example, the attraction was open on Valentine's Day in 2012 for one night only. Coupon codes for $5 off admission were available when customers used the code: Lover.[6]
Visiting Cutting Edge Haunted House
Template:CJ Also See: Free Fort Worth Zoo Coupons, Free Fort Worth Science Museum Coupons, Free Dallas Aquarium Coupons, Free Six Flags Over Texas Coupons, Free Haunted Attraction Coupons, Free Haunted House Coupons, Free Haunted Hayride Coupons
- ↑ http://www.hauntedhouseratings.com/top31hauntedhouses.cfm#top31
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 http://www.cuttingedgehauntedhouse.com/cutting.cfm?CFID=3010002&CFTOKEN=56635017
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://www.cuttingedgehauntedhouse.com/coupon.cfm
- ↑ http://www.facebook.com/cehauntedhouse
- ↑ http://www.cuttingedgehauntedhouse.com/groupsales.cfm
- ↑ www.fortworthonthecheap.com/tag/cutting-edge-haunted-house-coupons/


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Apple Boycotts GOP Convention To Protest Donald TrumpIt appears Donald Trump's campaign rhetoric has driven a wedge between Apple and the Republican Party.
Oscars: Blacks Tuned In Despite Call For Boycott, Others Tuned OutDon't blame the effort to promote an Oscars boycott among blacks because of diversity concerns for the drop in Academy Awards viewership this year.
Will Smith Praises Academy for #OscarsSoWhite ResponseThe 47-year-old actor's highly publicized decision to not attend the Academy Awards after only white actors were nominated for a second year in a row has been a hot topic...
Academy Award-Nominee Mark Ruffalo May Skip Oscars CeremonyOne of the acting nominees joining the boycott would add a new chapter in the backlash that has roiled the Academy...
Will Smith Weighs In On His 'Oscars' Boycott"We've discussed it, but at this current time, we're uncomfortable to stand there and say this is OK." - Will Smith
Calls For Boycott Of Oscars Grow Over Diversity Of NomineesAmid calls for a boycott of the Academy Awards over its all-white acting nominees Jada Pinkett Smith announced on Facebook she also would sit out this year's ceremony...
NAACP Ends 15-Year Boycott Of South Carolina Now That Confederate Flag No Longer Flies At StatehouseThe NAACP has passed a resolution lifting its 15-year economic boycott of South Carolina, a day after that state took down a Confederate battle flag flying near its Statehouse.
Berkeley Mayor Joins Oakland, SF In Push To Boycott Indiana Over Religious Freedom ActBerkeley Mayor Tom Bates joined the mayors of Oakland and San Francisco in asking city officials and Bay Area residents to join the boycott against the state of Indiana in response to the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.
Gap And Levi Strauss Team Up To Oppose Religious Freedom LawsTwo more Bay Area-based companies have banded together in opposition to the controversial Religious Freedom Restoration Act in Indiana that critics say could be used to discriminate against gay people.
Protests In Solidarity With Michael Brown Planned In Bay Area Shopping Areas On Black FridayOn Black Friday protesters will gather at San Francisco's Union Square and in Emeryville to speak out against police brutality.
Warriors Coach Says Fans Should Boycott Game 5 Over Sterling's CommentsGolden State coach Mark Jackson has a suggestion for fans of both the Warriors and the Clippers: Don't show up for Game 5 in Los Angeles on Tuesday night.
KCBS Sports Fans: Clippers Owner's Bad Behavior Not Exactly New News It is laughable to watch pundits far and wide demand action right now against the buffoon who's owned the Los Angeles Clippers since 1981. He's been an embarrassment pretty much since Day One. It doesn't take much digging to find the long record of allegations against Sterling--or the things he's said and done on the record.


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Book your room at Holiday Inn University Plaza-Bowling Green
Get an overview of this hotel3-star hotel with free area shuttle and restaurant
Located in the heart of Bowling Green, this hotel is steps from Sloan Convention Center and CrossWinds Golf Course. Paul Walker Golf Course and Fountain Square Park are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features a restaurant, an indoor pool, and a fitness center. Free WiFi in public areas is provided, as well as free self parking, a free area shuttle, and a free theme park shuttle. Additionally, a bar/lounge, a 24-hour business center, and a conference center are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 218 rooms offer free WiFi, pillowtop beds, and room service. Other amenities available to guests include coffee makers, free newspapers, and video-game consoles.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Holiday Inn University Plaza-Bowling Green1021 Wilkinson Trce Bowling Green KY 42103
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Holiday Inn University Plaza-Bowling Green features an indoor pool and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
Business-related amenities at this 3-star property consist of a 24-hour business center and meeting rooms. Event facilities measuring 19580 square feet (1762 square meters) include a conference center. This business-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, coffee/tea in a common area, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. An area shuttle within 10 mi and a theme park shuttle are complimentary for guests. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- Free WiFi
- Conference space size (meters) - 1762
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Conference space
- Total number of rooms - 218
- Porter/bellhop
- Number of floors - 7
- ATM/banking
- Indoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Laundry facilities
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Multilingual staff
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-out
- Free shopping center shuttle
- Free theme park shuttle
- Computer station
- Meeting rooms
- Luggage storage
- Conference center
- Free self parking
- Number of meeting rooms - 15
- Free area shuttle
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 19580
- Television in common areas
- Use of nearby fitness center (discount)
- Wedding services
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Theme park shuttle (complimentary)
- Laundry facilities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free WiFi
- Air conditioning
- Premium TV channels
- Video-game console
- Pay movies
- Free newspaper
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Turndown service
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Pillowtop mattress
- Room service (limited hours)
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Free cribs/infant beds
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge.
Holiday Inn University Plaza-Bowling Green has a restaurant serving breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an indoor pool and a fitness center.
- Golfing nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of USD 50 per stay
- Up to 75 lb
- Restrictions apply
- For more information contact the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
Optional extras
- Fee for buffet breakfast: USD 9.95 per person (approximately)
- Pet fee: USD 50 per stay
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee
Hotel Name
- Holiday Inn University Hotel Plaza-Bowling Green
- Holiday Inn University Plaza-Bowling Green
- University Plaza-Bowling Green
- Bowling Green Holiday Inn
- Holiday Inn Bowling Green
- Holiday Inn University Plaza - Bowling Green Hotel Bowling Green
- Holiday Inn University Plaza-Bowling Green Hotel
- Holiday Inn University Hotel
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).


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No Symphony of the Night this week
No Symphony of the Night this week
Feb 12, 2007 1:37PM PST
So it seems that Wii gets 3 good games. (Kid Icurs, Kirby, and Ice Climbers) What does Xbox live get? Motherfucking Paperboy. I hate that game. Throw a paper watch out for a dog. Throw a paper do the stunt course at the end. Boo
Comments (1)
SOTNPosted: Mar 22, 2007 12:00AM PST by SuperEurobeat
I heard it was out yesterday *3-22* lucky you. I don't have a 360. TMNT the arcade game also came out this week. Just in time for the new movie. Pizza power!


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reckitt benckiser group plc (RB/:London)
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Twin Whips
Top Stories
- Myanmar says operation on militants was on Indian side of border
- Somnath Bharti's wife accuses him of domestic violence, DCW issues notice
- Debt-stressed Punjab farmer, who met Rahul Gandhi, commits suicide
- Jitender Tomar did not graduate from our varsity: RML Awadh University
- Railways staggers tatkal booking to ease pressure, upto 50 pc refund on cancellation
The question that plays on one's mind, when seated across television's famous angry twins, Raghu Ram and Rajiv Laxman, is what's hassling them? Raghu aur Rajiv ko gussa kyon aata hai? In Chandigarh for an MTV Roadies event at Kava restaurant in Sector 26, the two agree they lose their cool, and it's not just on MTV Roadies. "We have a problem with closed minds and those spouting it like gospel truth, and this makes us extremely angry," confesses Laxman. As a result of this conditioned response they scream and shout. But mind it, "not for the contestants, but to get our point across to the viewer," says Ram.
Now that the conversation has got started on anger, the brothers can't stop "Corruption, honour killings, rape, politicians, the politics, bride burning, Indian wishing things away..." the reasons flow like an angry flood. "Don't get me wrong. I love my country, but I hate my countrymen," he says. Is that why they act like a "moral police" on MTV Roadies and reprimand those who audition, about their views? "No, please! I hate the word 'moral policing'. Yes, we do stir controversial topics. We are intolerant towards intolerance," says Ram.
This time, on Roadies 8, the brothers have set two simple ground rules no bad language and no violence. But, ironically, both still occur don't they? "To understand that, one has to understand that MTV Roadies is really the story of the crew that makes it happen. It's eight years of their hard work. Folks who feature on it get famous by just appearing on the show, and that's why it's a hit with the youngsters, who want to take the shortcut to success. I hate that, for they haven't earned the fame. The crew has. I hate the freeloaders who want to feature on the show," says Ram.
... contd.


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One of the UK's finest Rock 'n' Roll Bands. Every time vocalist Spike self-confidently informs his enthusiastic audience 'We're the Quireboys ... and this is Rock 'n' Roll' everyone present has a pretty clear idea where this musical journey is about to lead. For fifteen years, the Quireboys have been synonymous with hand-made rock music, spiced with edgy riffs, driving rhythms and their frontman's unique voice.
See more info at quireboys.com
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All the favourite tunes were there and Spike was in great voice. Kit from Knaresborough
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Many printing projects, especially short runs (less than 10,000 pieces), are often trimmed from ream-wrapped "cut sheet" standard paper sizes:
Letter Size: 8½" x 11"
Legal Size: 8½" x 14"
Ledger Size: 11" x 17"
To save paper and money, printed form sizes are often chosen that trim one of these paper sizes into equal portions by cutting them in half, thirds, fourths, etc. Nearly all papers come pre-packaged in letter size sheets, and many are also available in legal and ledger sizes as well.
|Standard Printing Sizes
"No Waste" Printed Form Sizes Chart
|Exact Cuts
No Paper Waste
|Letter Size
8½″ x 11″
|Legal Size
8½″ x 14″
|Ledger Size
11″ x 17″
|2 per sheet
|8½″ x 5½″
|8½″ x 7″
|11″ x 8½″
|3 per sheet
|8½″ x 3⅔″
|8½″ x 4⅔″
|11″ x 5⅔″
|4 per sheet
|4¼″ x 5½″
|4¼″ x 7″
|5½″ x 8½″
|6 per sheet
|4¼″ x 3⅔″
|4¼″ x 4⅔″
|5½″ x 5⅔″
As long as your form doesn't bleed and the printer has sufficient room for gripper, there is less trimming required and absolutely no paper waste. Most papers are also available in larger "parent sheets" (such as 23" x 35") which allow nearly any size of printed form to be cut out efficiently without much paper waste or significantly more money.
Although paper waste is minimized by using large "parent sheets" for short-run non-standard form sizes, there are drawbacks. The cost per square inch of large sheets is higher than that of pre-packaged cut sheets. Also, cutting charges are proportionally higher when using parent sheets as more cuts are required.
These two factors combined often cause the pricing for short-run printing projects to be more economical to use the smaller pre-packaged paper size even if you are wasting a little more paper.
At some point, when your print run is large enough (maybe 25,0000 or more), and assuming your printer has a printing press large enough to print on parent sheets, the larger sheets will become economical. It is a balance between press time, paper cost and cutting charges.