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NWR Bonds Fall With Shares as Blackstone Hired for Overhaul
New World Resources Plc bonds and shares tumbled the most ever on speculation the unprofitable Czech coal miner will reorganize its debt and sell new stock.
The company's 275 million euros ($375 million) of unsecured notes due in January 2021 slumped 20 cents on the euro to 14.88 cents, lifting the yield to record 61 percent. Its 500 million euros of secured debt due May 2018 fell 9.5 cents to 60.96 cents, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
NWR hired Blackstone Group LP to advise on a business overhaul to shore up its finances as it can no longer withstand a drop in coal prices, the Amsterdam-registered miner said late yesterday. The company said it hasn't got an extension of an undrawn 100 million-euro credit line which expires on Feb. 7.
"The likely outcome, in our view, will be a debt-for-equity swap or a haircut for bondholders, followed by a capital increase," Bram Buring, an analyst at Prague-based Wood & Co. brokerage, wrote in report to clients today. "The market may interpret this announcement as a prelude to a default."
Wood has a sell recommendation on NWR shares with a price target of 11 koruna, according to the report. The stock fell a record 26 percent to 18.50 koruna by close in Prague, with traded volume at 16 times the three-month daily average.
'Further Deterioration'
NWR has been hurt by shrinking demand from steelmakers and a global glut of coal used to make electricity. The average negotiated price of coking coal, used in steelmaking, dropped 7 percent in the first quarter from the previous three-month period, the company said. It expects to significantly curb its "economically mineable" reserves, according to the statement. NWR also said it hired White & Case LLP as its legal adviser.
"NWR can't risk any further deterioration of the market," Chief Financial Officer Marek Jelinek said on a conference call yesterday. "Our balance sheet needs to reflect our cash generation potential in the current market."
Majority shareholder BXR Group Ltd., controlled by Czech billionaire Zdenek Bakala, is prepared to invest new equity capital into a "revised and satisfactory capital structure," NWR said. The company said it "will consider all available options" during the review of its balance sheet.
Komercni Banka AS, Societe Generale SA's Prague-based unit, cut NWR shares to sell from hold today in a report from analyst Josef Nemy. The miner is "very likely" to issue new shares at a "significant discount" to the market price, he said.
'Debt Restructuring'
A 20 percent writedown on NWR's debt would require selling about 270 million new shares to close the funding gap, according to calculations by Wood. A 50 percent writedown would reduce the size of the needed rights issue to about 60 million shares, Buring said in the report.
"The timing of a possible debt restructuring and capital increase is surprising, inasmuch as the company has stabilized its cost base and cash position in recent months," he wrote. "It confirms our view that the majority shareholder is unwilling to support the company without other stakeholders taking a haircut as well."


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Water Main Break Closes 2 lanes in Aiea
Posted March 6th, 2014 @ 10:01am
A Board of Water Supply crew is on the scene of a water main break on Kamehameha Highway in Aiea. The 12-inch break was reported just before 5 a.m. near 98-135 Kamehameha Highway. Five customers - all businesses - are without water at this time. A water wagon will be set up in the area. Police have closed two eastbound lanes of Kamehameha Highway between Kaonohi and Pali Momi Streets. The repairs are expected to last through the afternoon.

subset: commoncrawl


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L-3 GLOBAL Security Solutions' federally-approved Accolade mine safety system has received another accolade – certification of its miner mesh locator (MML) from the US Mine Safety and Health Administration.
Enjoy FREE unlimited access to International Coal News for 30 days.
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China Cuts Bank Reserve Ratios a Second Time as Exports Tumble
China cut the amount of cash that banks must set aside as reserves for the second time in three months to spur lending as Europe's debt crisis curbs exports and the housing market cools.
Reserve ratios will fall 50 basis points, effective Feb. 24, the People's Bank of China said on its website yesterday evening. The level for the nation's largest lenders will decline to 20.5 percent, based on previous statements.
China follows Japan in expanding monetary easing even as global equity markets are buoyed by signs of strength in the U.S. economy and optimism that Europe's fiscal crisis will be contained. Governor Zhou Xiaochuan's officials moved on the same day that a report showed home prices slid in most of the nation's biggest cities in January.
"Chinese policy makers are very much concerned about a possible deeper slowdown in domestic growth," said Yao Wei, a Hong Kong-based economist with Societe Generale SA.
A 50 basis-point cut may add 400 billion yuan ($63 billion) to the financial system, Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. estimates. UBS AG says 350 billion yuan. The previous reduction was the first since the global financial crisis.
Tight interbank liquidity may have triggered the latest move, according to UBS economist Wang Tao in Hong Kong.
In the U.S., the Standard & Poor's 500 Index has climbed to near the highest level since 2008 after America's jobless rate fell and Greece moved closer to securing another bailout. The Shanghai Composite Index gained has for five weeks on speculation that China will ease monetary policy.
No 'Hard Landing'
While China's commerce ministry describes the trade outlook as "grim," Vice President Xi Jinping said there will be no "hard landing" for the world's second-biggest economy.
Home prices in 47 of 70 cities fell in January, while the remaining 23 were unchanged from December. Volkswagen AG, Europe's largest carmaker, says sales in China, the company's biggest market, fell 4.5 percent last month.
China's gross domestic product grew 8.9 percent in the fourth quarter from a year earlier, the slowest pace since the first half of 2009. Exports and imports fell for the first time in two years in January and new lending was the lowest for that month in five years.
In a Feb. 16 interview in Beijing, Fan Jianping, chief economist at the government-run State Information Center, said that the nation may set a 7 percent or 7.5 percent target for growth this year, the least since 2004.
IMF Caution
The International Monetary Fund said this month that China's expansion may be cut almost in half if Europe's debt crisis worsens, demanding "significant" fiscal stimulus.
Lu Zhengwei, a Shanghai-based economist at Industrial Bank, said yesterday there's "no possibility" that China will cut interest rates soon, partly because of inflation concerns. Consumer-price gains unexpectedly rebounded to 4.5 percent in January, accelerating for the first time in six months, as a week-long lunar festival boosted spending.
Japan unexpectedly added to monetary easing last week by expanding an asset-purchase program, while the U.S. Federal Reserve said last month that it would keep interest rates low through at least late 2014 and indicated that it may make asset purchases.
Before yesterday's announcement, Ken Peng, a Beijing-based economist at BNP Paribas SA, said the Chinese government needs to be "careful not to overshoot monetary loosening, as it did in the financial crisis."
Credit Boom
Lingering effects of record lending in 2009 and 2010 include the risk for banks that local government financing vehicles will default, saddling lenders with bad loans.
The central bank said Feb. 15 that it will improve the use of differentiated reserve ratios, where requirements are calculated according to individual banks' capital adequacy levels and lending growth.
The bank also said that M2, the broadest measure of money supply, will probably grow 14 percent this year, a target that Zhu Haibin, a Hong Kong-based economist for JPMorgan Chase & Co., says may imply three to four cuts in reserve ratios this year.
Home prices have declined in cities from Beijing to Wenzhou as the government cracks down on speculation and implements a program to build low-cost housing.
Jim O'Neill, the economist who coined the term BRIC for developing nations Brazil, Russia, India and China, said Jan. 17 that Chinese officials had moved to avoid the "wild housing bubbles" that many Western nations had experienced. O'Neill, chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, said he doesn't see a "hard landing" for China.
— With assistance by Lifei Zheng


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PVDF Drain Valves Datasheets
from International Polymer Solutions Inc.
The Dilution Drain Valve is ideal for cooling and diluting solutions while draining. The valve is designed to shut off the drain automatically if the water flow is interrupted. The DDV fits tanks with 3/8 ", 1/2 " and 3/4 " main drain ports. Main Drain Port & Inlet Port... [See More]
- Primary Material: Polytetrafluoroethylene (optional feature); PVDF (optional feature)
- Media Temperature: 32 to 280
- Valve Size: 0.38 to 0.75
- Valve Type: Drain
from Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc.
Features/Benefits: Choice of double-acting air x air or normally-closed operation. Bubble-tight seal with up to 25 " of water. Minimum 40 psi opens spring-loaded version full stroke. Large flow area for ultra-fast drain. Accessible maintenance, even when welded into sink. Normally-closed... [See More]
- Primary Material: PVDF
- Media: Water
- Valve Size: 4.00
- Valve Type: Drain
from A. u. K. Müller GmbH & Co. KG
2/2-way direct acting drain valve of nominal diameter DN 40 for controlling low aggressive liquid media, such as cleaning or disinfection agents, with normally closed operation mode NC (normally closed). Valves of this type are medium separated having a single chamber valve body with the inlet at... [See More]
- Primary Material: StainlessSteel (optional feature); Polyethylene (optional feature); PVDF (optional feature)
- Media: Water; HotWater; ColdWater
- Media Temperature: 122 to 208
- Valve Type: Drain; Solenoid


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Boston College Case Shows Weakness of Researchers' Confidentiality Pledges
A legal battle over oral-history records housed at Boston College has cast light on just how little legal weight many researchers' pledges of confidentiality to their subjects actually have.
As a federal court weighs whether to let the federal...
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Orders > $49 Ship Free
Set of one dozen wine bottle gift bags with "Wine and Dine" design. New larger size: 14-3/16" high x 4-7/8" wide, 4-3/4" gusset. Pull cord handles and gift card, four color graphics, glossy stock, card stock reinforcement in bottom of bag.
Are you familiar with this product? Be the first to review this item!


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- Report: #471683
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: ASC/ Wells Fargo
ASC/ Wells FargoP.O. Box 10388 Des Moines, Iowa U.S.A.
ASC/ Wells Fargo SOLUTION- Talk to the RIGHT PEOPLE at ASC/ WF Des Moines Iowa
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Definición de materialism en inglés:
sustantivo[mass noun]
1A tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values: they hated the sinful materialism of the wicked city
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Perceptions now abound of the West being held in the grip of materialism and spiritual values being sidelined.
- This story teaches important lessons about materialism and valuing family relationships.
- It also promotes vanity and materialism as a value.
2 Philosophy The theory or belief that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- And, if we don't really know what matter is, then materialism is in trouble.
- The first is ontological materialism, which says that nothing exists except the material world.
- This materialism was of a mechanical kind - with matter interacting like parts in a giant clockwork mechanism.
2.1The theory or belief that consciousness and will are wholly due to material agency. See also dialectical materialism.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- In respect to his materialism and determinism Collins was clearly influenced more by Hobbes and Bayle than he was by Locke.
- As Marx pointed out, idealism often was better than materialism at capturing agency.
- Hobbes' view shows progress for reconciling materialism, determinism and free will, but it is unsatisfactory.
For editors and proofreaders
Saltos de línea: ma¦teri¦al|ism
Definición de materialism en:
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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
This is a 43" diameter water parabola lens that can reach in excess of 1,000f The water lens is running at about 80% of maximum power. The water ...
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Labor, immigrant rights groups: No two-tier society
The Senate-White House compromise bill on immigration reform was no sooner submitted than it ran into a storm of opposition.
Undue influence: Wal-mart, Google, GE press China to curb workers rights
There is a "tug of war" raging worldwide over reforms in China's labor law, according to Brendan Smith, Tim Costello and Jerry Brecher, authors of a report released April 5 by Global Labor Strategies (GLS).
On Mothers Day, working women tell it like it is
CHICAGO — Dedra Farmer was so good at her job as a Wal-Mart department manager in Oklahoma that her bosses assigned her to train new Tire and Lube Express Division managers, all of whom were men. After she got done training them, the men went to work for $2,000 more a year than she got paid.
Labors flame still burns for justice
CHICAGO — August Spies told his executioners that if they went ahead with the hanging they would ignite a fire that could never be put out.
On May Day, call rings out for immigrant rights
CHICAGO — Hundreds of thousands of immigrant rights activists and supporters marched through downtown here May 1, demanding an end to raids and deportations, and calling for comprehensive immigration reform and a path to citizenship for the nation's estimated 12 million undocumented workers.


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Tickets selling fast. Extremely limited Grandstand Admission available for $10.
Mr. Maybe takes the John's Call Stakes and trainer Chad Brown notches his 1000th career win.
The Travers Stakes presented by NYRA Bets will fill all 14 stalls at entry time for the meet's premier 3-year-old race.
Named one of the world's greatest sporting venues by Sports Illustrated, the past comes alive in the historic grandstand every summer.
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SHOHOLA, PA Sarah E. Berry, a resident of Shohola, PA, died in her home on Sunday, October 10, 2004. She was 80.
The daughter of the late Edward G. and Katherine Willis Kane, she was born on March 8, 1924 in Oakridge, NJ.
She was a retired assembler for the Kolmar Labs in Port Jervis, NY.
She is survived by three sons, Larry Berry Sr., of Milford, Leonard of Shohola, and Lawrence of Saylorsburg; her daughter, Geraldine Marks of Milford; her brother, Grant Kane of Honesdale; her sister, Edna Sensky of Layton, NJ; eight grandchildren, Donna, Brenda, Landa, Larry Jr., Douglas, Michael, Melissa, and Jason; four great grandchildren, Andrew, Luke, Kayla, and Brandon.
She was predeceased by her husband, Lester P. Berry, several brothers and sisters, and her granddaughter, Patricia.
Funeral service was held at Stoyan Funeral Home in Milford on Thursday, October 14 with Reverend Rodney Ryle officiating.
Burial will take place in Delaware Cemetery in Dingmans Ferry.
Memorial donations may be made to American Cancer Society, Pike Unit, 110 West Harford Street, Milford, PA.
MILFORD, PA John Ross Cokelette, a resident of Sunrise Lakes in Milford, died in his home on Saturday, October 9, 2004. He was 54.
The son of Marjorie Cokelette Konkol and the late Ferris Jack Cokelette, he was born December 10, 1949 in Port Jervis, NY.
A retired carpenter for Sunnyland Inc., he was a graduate of Delaware Valley High School, class of 1968. He served in the US Air Force from 1969 to 1973, stationed in England where he became a volunteer for the Boy Scouts of America. He was a Scout leader for many years. While in England he played semi-pro soccer with the Sky Kings.
He was a co-founder of the Eastern Pike Youth Association, coaching middle school soccer at DVS, assistant coach for wrestling in the Port Jervis school district, and a little league coach in Milford, PA. He was a veteran of the US Air Force and Vietnam, a member of the 124th Orange Blossoms, company K, the Devis Brigade of NY, an EMT with the Port Jervis volunteer ambulance corps, a member of the Vietnam Veterans Association of Milford, a member and past master of the Matamoras Masonic Lodge #752, and a member of the Holy Trinity Lutheran Church in Dingmans Ferry.
Survivors include his wife, Diane Gulla Cokelette; his daughter, Michelle Weber and her husband Joseph of Shohola; two sons, Benedict, US Army Ft. Riley, KS and his wife Nicole Smith- Cokelette and William, US Army Ft. Hood, TX; his mother, Marjorie Cokelette-Konkol of Matamoras; his companion, Cathy Arnett and adopted family, Anna Lee, Chase and Gage; one brother, Leland Cokelette Sr. and family of Matamoras; one sister, Nanette Lemke and family of Little Rock, AK; his grandson, Joey Weber; many aunts, uncles, and cousins,; and several nieces and nephews.
Funeral services were held on Thursday, October 14 with Reverend Neal Neilsen officiating.
Contributions may be made to the Cokelette family, c/o his daughter, Michelle Weber, 769 Route 434, Shohola PA, 18458.
HERMISTON, OR Gladys Louise Kelt, a resident of Hermiston, died at Good Samaritan Center in Hermiston on Thursday, October 14, 2004. She was 89.
The daughter of Frank and Anna M. (Englemann) Georgi, she was born in Lava, NY on July 21, 1915.
She was raised and attended schools in Lava, NY before marrying John Francis Kelt in Callicoon, NY and moving to Binghamton, NY where she attended beauty school and worked as a beautician for many years. They lived in Narrowsburg, NY where they lived until retiring to Clearwater, FL. She was a member of Our Lady Angels Catholic Church.
She is survived by a daughter, Nancy and her husband Lon Reed of Hermiston; and a grandson Scott Reed of Eugene, OR.
She was predeceased by her husband John Kelt; her brother, Frank Georgi; and her parents Frank and Anna Georgi.
At her request there will be no services held. Disposition was by cremation.
Inturnment will be at St. Francis Xavier Cemetary in Narrowsburg.
Memorial contributions may be made to your local Alzheimers Association.
KOHLERTOWN, NY Richard Dick Krongel, a 70-year area resident Kohlertown, died on Friday, October 15, 2004. He was 88.
The son of Alex and Bessie Frost Krongel, he was born in New York City on April 8, 1916.
A World War II Army veteran, he was a founding member of the H. Russel Kenyon VFW Post 5808 in Callicoon. For many years he was associated with Krongel and Sons Bakery in both Callicoon and Jeffersonville. He later founded the Krongel Agency, an insurance and real estate firm which he operated with his wife before retiring in 1983. He was a chair of the community American Heart Association Fund Drive for many years, a past president and member of the Sullivan County Board of Realtors, and a member of the Jeffersonville Synagogue.
He is survived by his wife of 61 years, Dorothy Krongel of Kohlertown; his daughter, Barbara and her husband EC Hamilton; his son, Michael and his wife Kathy Krongel of Newton, MA; two grandchildren, Allison and David Krongel; his sister, Annette Tofield of Anaheim, CA; and several nieces, nephews , and cousins.
He was predeceased by his parents; his brother, Irving; his sister-in-law, Sophie Krongel; his brother in law, Aaron Tofield; and his nephew, Jeffrey Krongel.
Interment will be at the Jefferson Synagogue Cemetery.
Memorial contributions may be made to the Jeffersonville Ambulance Corps or the American Cancer Society.
NEW DURHAM, NH Nicholas Van Malden, a resident of New Durham, NH, died at the Wentworth Douglass Hospital in Dover on Sunday, October 9, 2004. He was 87.
The son of the late Johannas and Jacoba (Kanook) Van Malden, he was born on August 16, 1917 in Rotterdam, Holland.
He served his country in the Army under the direction of General George Patton, receiving the American Theater Medal, Silver Star Medal, Victory Medal, European-African Middle Eastern Medal with Four Bronze Stars and the Good Conduct Medal. He worked as a dairyman and driver for the Marlboro State Hospital in NJ for most of his life.
He was a member of the VFW post # 4374, American Legion and the Elks, all of Freehold, NJ.
He is survived by his wife of 5 years, Eleanor (Hummel) Van Malden of Kemah TX, formerly of Freehold, NJ; two sons, William Bill and his wife Dolores of New Durham, NH and Edward R. and his wife Glinda of League City, TX; one sister, Betty Brumby of Muttonville, Long Island; five grandchildren, Emily and Jacob of New Durham and Angela, Justin and Sam all of Texas; as well as nieces, nephews, and cousins.
He was predeceased by three brothers and five sisters.
A service was held on Friday, October 15.
Interment will be in Glen Cove Cemetery in Narrowsburg, NY.
LAKE HUNTINGTON, NY Madeline Bonanza Martibello, a long time resident of Lake Huntington, died at the Robert Woods Hospital in New Brunswick, NJ on October 16, 2004. She was 83.
The daughter of the late Salvatore and Frances Catapano Furino, she was born November 28, 1920 in Brooklyn NY.
She was a nurse at the Wyckoff Heights Hospital for over 20 years before moving to Lake Huntington where she resided for over 30 years. She was a member of the Cochecton Volunteer Ambulance and a member of Catholic Daughters.
She is survived by her husband, Frank, Lake Huntington; three children, Rose Bonanza Dimartino of Willmington, NC, Frances Failla of Sugarmill Woods, FL, and Thomas Bonanza and his wife Stella of Cochecton; two sisters, Nancy Perrello of Queens and Josephine Forenzo of Long Island; two brothers, Salvatore Furino of Staten Island and Frank Furino of Cochecton; seven grandchildren; six great grandchildren; and may nieces and nephews.
She was predeceased by her first husband, Thomas Bonanza; by two sisters, Anna Furino and Julia Rottuno; and two brothers, Louis Furino and Fred Furino.
A Mass of Christian Burial will be held on Thursday, October 21 at 9:30 a.m. at the St. Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church in Narrowsburg.
Entombment will follow in St. John Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens.
Memorial contributions may be made to St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital, PO Box 1818, Memphis, TN 38101.
HAWLEY, PA Karl Gerald Miller, a resident of Hawley, died at the Wayne Memorial Hospital in Honesdale on October 8, 2004. He was 45.
The son of the late Catherine and Warren G. Miller, he was born in Warminister PA.
He was a music and video producer and a member of St. Pius X in Cherry Hill, NJ.
He is survived by his wife, Lisa Marie Miller of Hawley; his three step sons, Nicholas Masters of Honesdale, Joshua Masters of Cherry Hill, NJ, and Zachary Masters stationed by the air force in Japan; his two sisters, Barbara West of Mill Valley, CA, and Judy Strickland of Orlando, FL; his two brothers, Robert Miller of Colorado Springs, CO, and Warren Miller of Palm Bay, FL; one granddaughter; and several nieces and nephews.
Memorial was held at the Queen of Peace Roman Catholic Church on Thursday, October 14.
Arrangements made by Teeters Funeral Chapel in Hawley.
GLEN SPEY, NY Stefa Naum, a resident of Glen Spey, died at her home on Sunday, October 10, 2004. She was 84.
The daughter of the late Rosalia and Josepf Szewczyk, she was born on August 16, 1920 in Sianyk, Ukraine. She came to the United States at the age of 29.
She was a member of St. Volodymyrs Ukrainian Catholic Church in Glen Spey and the Womens Organization for the defense of the four freedoms of Ukraine.
She is survived by her sons, Taras, Kyrylo, and Naum of Phoenix, AZ; her niece, Eva Michaliszyn and her husband Irenej of Ontario, Canada.
She was predeceased by her husband of 51 years, Wasyl Naum and her son Roman Wasyl Naum.
Funeral services were held on Thursday, October 14 at the St. Volodymyrs Ukrainian Catholic Church, Glen Spey, with Reverend Mark Hirniak officiating.
Memorial contributions may be made to The Ukrainian Studies Fund-Columbia Project, 1583 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138.
ROSCOE, NY Melvin E. Ernie Roach, a resident of Roscoe, died at the Catskill Regional Medical Center in Harris on Monday October 11, 2004. He was 47.
The son of Barbara Range Burk and the late Vicor Haskell Roach, he was born November 12, 1957 in Knoxville, TN.
He was a maintenance worker for the Villa Roma Golf Course in Callicoon.
He is survived by his mother, Barbara Burk of Roscoe; his longtime partner, Debbie Aquero of Roscoe; five brothers, Robert Wesley and his wife Rhonda of Jeffersonville, Anthony Steven and his wife Penny of Bethel, Arthur Burk and his wife Tonya of Bethel, Walace Burk of Orlando, FL, and Calvin Burk of North Carolina; 13 nieces and nephews; and six great-nieces and nephews.
He was predeceased by a brother, Victor H. Roach, Jr.
Services were held on Thursday, October 14.
Burial is in the Jeffersonville Methodist Cemetery.
Contributions may be made to the charity of ones choice.
GREELEY, PA Margaret Maggie Ruegnitz, a resident of Greeley, died at the Wayne Memorial Hospital on Tuesday, October 12, 2004. She was 94.
The daughter of the late Irving and Willetta Black, she was born in Rockford IL on August 20, 1910.
She was a homemaker and the wife of the late Raymond S. Ruegnitz.
She is survived by one daughter, Sally Vandam and her husband Bill of Greeley; five grandchildren, Scott, Bobby, Lori, David and Roseanne; seven great grandchildren; and two great grandchildren.
She was predeceased by her son, Jerry S. Ruegnitz.
Services will be held at 1:00 p.m., Sunday, October 24 at the Barryville United Methodist Church in Barryville, NY. The Reverend Nancy Vonderhorst will officiate.
Interment will be private.
Contributions can be made to the Barryville United Methodist Church, Barryville, NY 12719.
MILFORD, PA Dorothy E. Schouppe, a resident of Milford, died at the Bon Secours Community Hospital in Port Jervis on Saturday, October 9, 2004. She was 83.
The daughter of Harvey and Henrietta (Gimbel) Dean, she was born in Port Jervis, NY on March 14, 1921.
She and her late husband owned and operated the Schouppe Electric. In recent years she helped the family at Schouppes Antiques in Milford.
She is survived by her daughter, Carol Phillips of Shohola; her daughter in law, Cathi Schouppe of Milford; her brother, Howard Joseph Dean of Westernville, NY; four grandchildren, Lindsay Schouppe, Maggie, Cory and Andrew Phillips; her dear friend Merritt Quinn of Milford; cousins, nieces and nephews.
She was predeceased by her husband, Samuel C. Schouppe and her son, Samuel H. Schouppe.
Funeral services were held on Friday, October 15 at the Stroyan Funeral Home with Reverend Eddie Nilsen officiating.
Burial will take place at the Milford Cemetery in Dingman Township.
Memorial contributions may be made to the Milford Lions Club, 308 W. Anne Street, Milford, PA 18337.
WESTCHESTER, NY Mary Hutchinson Trapp, a resident of Westchester and a former resident of Port Jervis, died on Saturday, October 9, 2004. She was 46.
The daughter of the late Robert and Bernice Spoonhower, she was born in Port Jervis on December 9, 1958.
She was an employee of Greenburgh Central School District for more than 20 years, and a member of the Most Sacred Heart Church of Port Jervis.
She is survived by three sisters, Alice Snyder Headley of Sparrowbush, Sherrie Spoonhower and Roberta Krause both of Tennessee; one brother, Richard Spoonhower of Port Jervis; three nephews, Jesse, Justin, and Jordan Snyder of Sparrowbush.
A memorial was held on Thursday, October 14 at the Dwyer Funeral Home in Tarrytown.
Contributions may be made to the American Cancer Society.


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Discover a selection of top forums podcast hand on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums podcast hand and meet other fans of podcast hand. Then, why don't you create your own forum of podcast hand ?
Hand Reading Forum: palm reading & palmistry forum: psychodiagnostic chirology, life purpose hand analysis, vedic palmistry & multi-perspective palm reading!
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A professional wrestling forum that covers WWE, TNA, ROH and all independent wrestling. Also the official forums of the talkIMPACTradio podcast.
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A message board dedicated to constructive discourse and the archiving of useful information in all aspects of practical self-defense with an emphasis on unarmed personal combat.
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One Truth Prevails
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One local church is trying to help the people of our community become more knowledgeable about their health.
Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Meridian hosted the 'Health and Community Awareness Fair' Saturday, January 16th. It is the first of it's kind. Church members say they decided to do this so that the community could be more aware of what is going on around them including health issues.
"It was just a need that so many things going on that people are not aware of what's available for them in the community. Just little simple things like getting your blood pressure checked or things that they would need to help them more with their life," explains Cordelia Brown, a Mt. Zion Baptist Church member.
The fair started at ten in the morning and went until one in the afternoon. Church members say they hope to host the fair annually from here on out.


text: GR8FL Play via YouTube OPEN IN APP NSFW Safe Is this playlist safe for work? Cover the Beatles September 08, 2011 | 29 tracks | 183 14 | Stats Cheap TrickBen HarperRegina Spektor coversbeatlesgeneral pop vocal Liked Collect Share Edit celebrate Liked! Share this mix with friends: Cover the Beatles Wrong video Collect Share Liked! Share this mix with friends:


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Arizona Cardinals
NFL insider: Todd Haley could replace Ken Whisenhunt
Should the Arizona Cardinals decide to fire head coach Ken Whisenhunt at the conclusion of this season, they'll have to begin a search to replace the only man in history to lead the team to the Super Bowl.
As it turns out, that search could lead to someone who was right beside Whisenhunt during the entire playoff run.
"Todd Haley, Pittsburgh's offensive coordinator, I continue to hear from multiple sources that the Arizona Cardinals are high on him to replace Ken Whisenhunt," CBS Sports NFL insider Jason La Canfora said on the network's NFL pregame show Sunday. "You have to remember, the Bidwill family there, they wanted to add him to Whisenhunt's staff a year ago.
"He's very popular there."
Haley spent two years in Arizona as the offensive coordinator, and is credited for helping to turn Kurt Warner's career around and make the team's offense one of the best in the league.
He left Arizona to coach the Kansas City Chiefs following Super Bowl XLIII, where he lasted less than three seasons. Haley led the team to the postseason in 2010, but had a 19-26 record before being fired 13 games into the 2011 season.
And, as LaCanfora said, there were rumors that the Cardinals were interested in bringing Haley back as offensive coordinator before this season, but Whisenhunt ultimately chose to stick with Mike Miller at the position.
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Opened 9 years ago
Closed 8 years ago
Last modified 8 years ago
#5748 closed (fixed)
Fix rounding issue with floatformat filter
|Reported by:
|Owned by:
|Template system
|Triage Stage:
|Has patch:
|Needs documentation:
|Needs tests:
|Patch needs improvement:
|Easy pickings:
#3004 introduced a precision argument for the floatformat filter, but also discussed a rounding bug (it's a Python rounding problem with float).
The best solution to these was using the decimal module but the solution was not used because decimal is a Python 2.4 feature. Since then, a port of the decimal module has been included with Django.
So we can fix the rounding bug related with the floatformat filter now.
Attachments (1)
Change History (8)
comment:1 Changed 9 years ago by Simon G <dev@…>
- Needs documentation unset
- Needs tests unset
- Patch needs improvement unset
- Triage Stage changed from Unreviewed to Accepted
comment:2 Changed 9 years ago by PJCrosier
- Has patch set
I've attached an attempt at a patch, it passes all the regression tests for 'defaultfilters' - comments welcome!
comment:3 Changed 9 years ago by SmileyChris
PJ, wanna include some tests showing what this fixes? ;)
Changed 9 years ago by PJCrosier
comment:4 Changed 9 years ago by PJCrosier
- Owner changed from nobody to PJCrosier
Good point there ;) Patch now includes the new floatformat using decimals and a test to show it works.
comment:5 Changed 8 years ago by kmtracey
- Owner changed from PJCrosier to kmtracey
- Status changed from new to assigned
It appears this bug is platform-dependent. The added test passes on current code on Windows (Pythons 2.3.5, 2.4.4, 2.5.2, 2.6b2), but fails on Linux (Pythons 2.4, 2.5). Patch as-is doesn't handle some cases correctly (non-ASCII input, NaN and Inf input on Windows prior to Python 2.6). I was going to add tests for these independent of checking in the fix for the rounding error, but some testing on Windows reveals NaN is not handled properly there with current code -- returned value not only doesn't match the string representation of NaN there, but differs from one Python level to another. Use of Decimal as in the patch helps to fix that, so I'm expanding the scope of this ticket to cover both, and will add tests for floatformat given non-ASCII, infinities, and NaN input.
comment:6 Changed 8 years ago by kmtracey
- Resolution set to fixed
- Status changed from assigned to closed


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Sept. 17, 2011-- San Diego, CA -- | Nathaniel Donnelly, with the Student Veterans Organization at SDSU, talks with fellow veterans at a tailgate party for SDSU's veterans group in their outreach to other service members. | Photo by Earnie Grafton/The San Diego Union-Tribune. Copyright 2011 The San Diego Union-Tribune, LLC.


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I'm extremely late sharing this, but I figured the good ol' better late than never was okay.
Postpartumprogress.com is the most widely read blog about PPD and other mental illnesses associated with pregnancy and/or after pregnancy. Katherine Stone, the woman behind the blog and facebook page, also runs a non-profit organzation and just recently had their 2nd annual Strong Start Day, which works to spread more awareness about PPD and lessen the stigma for those women who have gone through it or are currently going through it. Their goal for Strong Start Day 2013 is to translate all the information they have online into tangible pamphlets that can be sent to doctor's and clinics nationwide, that can be shared with their patients as needed. Since actual screening for possible PPD isn't the greatest right now, having not only this information but incredible support, would be a HUGE asset to any new mom confused on whether what she's experiencing is normal or something to be worried about.
Click HERE, if you can donate anything to help out or if you've got a story to share of your own, they're always open to guest posts. Or if you run a blog of your own and could do a small post about helping out, I know it would be greatly appreciated.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 25, 2011
|Priority date
|Aug 6, 2003
|Fee status
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|Publication number
|Robert Anderson
|Original Assignee
|Lockheed Martin Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (18), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of and claims priority from U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 10/636,322, filed Aug. 6, 2003, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,430,254, entitled "MATCHED DETECTOR/CHANNELIZER WITH ADAPTIVE THRESHOLD", the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates generally to improved methods and systems for bandwidth detection of a large variety of signal types over a wide range of frequencies and pulse widths, and more particularly, to methods and systems allowing for improved sensitivity, lower threshold of detection, multilevel detection, and obtaining different compression versions of data streams.
Conventional pulsed energy detectors are typically of two types: matched filter or crystal video. A matched filter makes use of detailed a priori knowledge of the pulse being detected. Pulse shape, frequency, and sometimes phase are used to construct the detector. Matched filter detectors offer optimal sensitivity, but do not function well for frequencies or pulse widths other than the original design point.
Crystal video receivers offer performance over a range of frequencies; however, the video filter is targeted at a particular pulse width. The sensitivity is not as good as a matched filter receiver and degrades as a function of the radio frequency (RF) bandwidth/Video bandwidth ratio.
Important criteria for pulsed energy receivers are sensitivity, instantaneous bandwidth (IBW), and false alarm rate (FAR). Sensitivity specifies the relationship between pulse power, probability of detection (PD) and noise density (N0) for a given type of pulse. Often sensitivity is specified for a pulse power to input noise power ratio, which is called the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
Pulses may be classified as modulated or unmodulated. Pulses may be modulated for pulse compression or reduced detectability. Unmodulated pulses are essentially time-gated sections of a continuous wave (CW) signal.
Radar (radio detection and ranging) and sonar (sound navigation ranging) are examples of systems which must detect pulsed energy in the presence of background noise. Radar terminology is used here, although the principals and techniques apply to a wide variety of applications.
Pulse compression allows a radar to use a long pulse to achieve large radiated energy per pulse, while obtaining a range resolution of a short pulse of wide bandwidth. A radar system achieves this condition by modulating the long pulse of width T to achieve a bandwidth B>>1/T. The received signal is passed through a matched filter to produce a compressed pulse of width 1/B. The pulse compression ratio is equal to BT. Frequency and phase modulations are typically used for pulse compression.
Spread spectrum techniques may be used to reduce detectability of radar pulses by unintended parties. A conventional spread-spectrum system may employ a modulation technique in which a narrow-band signal (a long pulse) is spread over a broad frequency range using a spreading function. Such a signal may contain a significant amount of total energy while maintaining a small energy at any given frequency, even below the level of background noise. The signal thus blends into the noise. Since the energy contained in the signal is very low at any given frequency, the signal is difficult to detect. Spread spectrum detectors must, therefore, utilize techniques for improving pulse detection sensitivity in a noisy environment.
In a direct-sequence type spread spectrum system having a signature sequence, the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal is usually much larger than that of the pulse envelope. A typical receiver used with binary direct-sequence spread-spectrum modulation and having an additive white Gaussian noise channel (thermal noise only) is a correlation receiver. In such a receiver, a received signal is multiplied in a frequency conversion process and the product is integrated over an interval that approximates the pulse duration.
A conventional receiver may include a receive antenna, an RF preamplifier, mixers that operate using a local oscillator (LO), an intermediate frequency (IF) low pass filter, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter having a high sampling rate, a memory for storing data having a predetermined resolution, processors for modifying the data, such as by using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and digital signal processors (DSPs) for additional processing, such as filtering or additional FFTs. To maximize the bandwidth most efficiently, the sampling is usually done in quadrature to create I and Q channels, as is known.
A "channel" may include a discrete channel, a continuous channel defined on discrete time instants, or a waveform channel defined on a continuum of time points.
A "noisy channel" is one for which the channel's output symbol is not completely determined by the channel's input symbol; only some probability distribution on the set of output symbols is determined by the input symbol. If the probability is independent of previous inputs or outputs from the channel, the channel is called "memoryless." Information can be sent reliably through a discrete noisy channel by use of elaborate crosschecking techniques known as error control codes. A noisy channel may also have constraints that can identify codes to be treated separately from the error control codes.
A channel's capacity is generally known to be the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted through the channel. At any rate below channel capacity, an error control code can be designed to balance an amount of error control and a throughput for a channel. Well-known error control codes may control and/or operate with various other parameters. A selection of coding for a channel may also relate to whether information is fixed-length, variable length, infinite length, etc.
Compression is a technique which allows a larger volume of information to be passed through a channel of fixed capacity. Compression methods are classified as lossless or lossy. Lossless compression allows exact recovery of the original data. Lossy compression discards unimportant features of the original data, allowing greater compression ratios than lossless techniques.
A variable-bandwidth frequency division multiplex communication system is known, where a sampling frequency is a multiple of the channel frequency interval A f. However, such a system results in aliasing and other frequency-based sampling problems concerning transmultiplexers, so that channel bandwidth is less than channel spacing.
The trend in modern radar systems is toward a use of complex signals with agility over several parameters. This requires implementation of good detection sensitivity and wide bandwidths to meet increasing performance demands. Existing digital systems have either poor sensitivity or limited bandwidth, and little or no compression capability. What is needed is the development of wideband digital receivers with low power consumption and improved sensitivity, and improved compression capabilities.
It is an object of the present invention to enable wideband digital receivers to have low power consumption and improved detection sensitivity.
It is another object of the present invention to improve detection sensitivity to enable detection of more signals.
It is a further object of the present invention to obtain a wide instantaneous bandwidth.
It is yet another object of the present invention to achieve full performance in a wideband digital receiver over a wide range of pulse widths.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide in a low power wideband digital receiver a compressed output that contains only desired signal data, thereby reducing on-board storage and transmission requirements.
It is also an object of the present invention to improve in a wideband digital receiver a data compression ratio, detection sensitivity, and instantaneous bandwidth coverage while reducing power, size, and mass.
In order to meet these and other objectives, the present inventor has recognized a need for providing a near-matched bandwidth detection, capable of detecting a wide variety of signal types and pulse widths with high sensitivity. The detected signals may include non-modulated, simple modulated, linear frequency modulated (FM), binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals and others, alone or in combinations of signal types. Matching bandwidths to signals advantageously allows for, inter alia, improved sensitivity, lower threshold of detection, higher data rates, and increased system efficiency.
The present inventor has also recognized the benefit of providing fine channelization by detecting and determining the temporal and spectral extent of signals of potential interest within particular frequency band(s). Estimates of the spectral and temporal extent of detected signals are used to minimize the amount of data that must be stored or transmitted to another part of the system. The estimates may be used, for example, to match a sub-channel bandwidth to the temporal and spectral extent of signals of potential interest within particular frequency band(s).
According to one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for detecting a signal in an input channel of a receiver. The method involves deriving a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths for the input channel, and determining a temporal and spectral extent of pulsed energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths. For example, time and frequency ranges may be determined for multiple bandwidths. In this regard, the step of deriving may include dividing the input channel into a sequence of successively smaller bandwidth sub-channels.
An associated receiver for detecting pulse energy present in an input channel includes means for deriving a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths for the input channel, and means for determining a temporal and spectral extent of pulse energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths. The receiver preferably includes first structure for applying each of a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths to an input signal, and second structure for determining a temporal and spectral extent of pulsed energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths. The first structure may include a sub-channelizer operative to divide the input channel into a sequence of successively smaller bandwidth sub-channels. The second structure may include a detector operative to obtain data from one of the sub-channels and produce detected samples.
The receiver may also include a filter operative to integrate a fixed number of the detected samples. The filter may, for example, be a video filter. A comparator can then compare an output of the filter against a threshold to determine the presence of pulse energy. The receiver may also include a noise estimator operative to form a value of the threshold based on an estimate of a noise density of at least part of the input channel.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of detecting a signal in an input channel of a receiver involves applying each of a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths to the same input signal. Specifically, the method involves determining the temporal and spectral extent of signals of potential interest within particular frequency bands of the data channel, determining whether the temporal and spectral extent of signals meet predetermined criteria, and outputting only sections of the particular frequency bands' spectra occupied by those signals meeting the predetermined criteria. This allows for improved sensitivity for detecting pulsed energy in a data channel in the presence of noise. The step of outputting may involve generating at least one packet where information in the packet specifies a time and frequency region where energy was detected. The outputting step may further involve compressing a packet relative to the data rate of a data channel, by selecting data in a time and frequency region around detected pulses. In this manner, the output can be substantially compressed while retaining, to a great degree, the information present in the input channel signal.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, a system for detection of at least one type of signal includes a sensor operative to collect and output signals, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter operative to convert signals obtained from the sensor and output digital information, a channelizer operative to obtain the digital information and channelize the digital information, by frequency, into at least one channel of information, and a processor operative to derive a plurality of pre-detection bandwidths for the channelizer and operative to determine a temporal and spectral extent of pulse energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths. The channelizer preferably channelizes the digital information based on the temporal and spectral extent of pulse energy in each of the plurality of pre-detection bandwidths.
As a result of implementing various aspects of the present invention, spectral and temporal areas of interest within an input are identified based on channelization. By deriving a number of sub-channels, for example, based on detection parameters, an improved sensitivity and accuracy is obtained. Identification of temporal and spectral areas of interest within an input may be based on threshold analysis. For example, in a fixed mode, stored parameters such as leading edge, trailing edge, etc. may be stored in a memory such as a register. In an automatic mode, for example, a background noise estimator may be used. In addition, spectral and temporal areas of interest may be identified based on a process of cascaded filtering and tie-together, which provides an adaptive design for achieving high performance levels. Further, areas of interest may be selected by identification and padding of data in packet form. Also, areas of interest may be selected and/or output by a reconstruction that is simple and meets advanced frequency selectivity requirements because sub-channels, for example, may contain the entire input spectrum, alias free, or may use selected middle 'sweet spots' from each sub-channel.
Radar (radio detection and ranging) and sonar (sound navigation ranging) are examples of systems that detect pulsed energy in the presence of background noise. Radar terminology is used throughout the present, although the principals and techniques apply to a wide variety of applications.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent when considered in connection with a detailed description of preferred embodiments, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawing figures. This summary does not limit the invention, which is instead defined by the appended claims.
The present invention may be more completely understood by referring to the detailed description of a preferred embodiment and considering the drawing figures where like reference characters represent like parts:
Architecture associated with the preferred embodiment of the present invention is herein be referred to as a MAtched Detector Channelizer with Adaptive Threshold (MADCAT). Such a MADCAT system provides a near-matched bandwidth detection, capable of detecting a wide variety of signal types and pulse widths with high sensitivity. The detected signals may include non-modulated, simple modulated, linear frequency modulated (FM), binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals, and others, alone or in various combinations of signal types.
The MADCAT methods provide fine channelization by detecting and determining the temporal and spectral extent of signals of potential interest within particular frequency band(s). MADCAT is optimized for detecting pulsed energy in the presence of noise. Referring to
The output waveform, as shown on the right side of
The MADCAT provides detection sensitivity within a few decibels of the theoretical limit for unmodulated pulses, over the frequency range of a channel, and for a large range of pulse widths. The output packets from a MADCAT are compressed, relative to the data rate of the channel, by selection of data in a time and frequency region around detected pulses, and through lossless data compression techniques. High sensitivity is achieved through the use of sub-channelization, detection, and integration of the data stream. Compression is achieved by sub-channel selection, tie-together logic, and data formatting.
An exemplary detector law performance is illustrated in
Non-coherent integration improves the pulse width performance of the sub-channel detector. A detection law is applied to the signal, which then is processed by a video filter. In the preferred embodiment, the video filter is an integrator, which adds up a fixed number of detected samples. The output of the video filter is compared against a threshold to determine the presence of pulse energy. The detection and integration operations are optimized for achieving a high level of MADCAT performance.
An exemplary MADCAT utilizes an integrator length of ten taps (N), which provides 1.8 dB of integration loss. This combination is chosen, for example, so that only two levels of sub-channels are needed. In such a case, the input to the MADCAT is processed with the detector/integrator as an additional level of sub-channelizing. Such a three-level design yields good sensitivity over three orders of magnitude of pulse width. The lower end of the pulse width range is determined by the bandwidth and sample rate of the MADCAT input, for example approximately sixteen nanoseconds. In the exemplary embodiment, the levels in MADCAT are spaced factors of nine apart in order to provide an overlap region in pulse width between levels, which in this example puts the upper end of the pulse width range at approximately thirteen microseconds.
An object of the sub-channelizer design is to reduce size (e.g., gate count) and power consumption. A major factor in achieving size reduction is implementing the sub-channelizers as transmultiplexers. Another object is the achievement of size reduction in the design and implementation of prototype filtering. A transmultiplexer is used to efficiently implement uniform filter banks, where a bank of filters implements an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) for a cost of one filter, the prototype filter. Each of the resulting filter outputs has a frequency response identical to that of the prototype filter, at uniformly distributed center frequencies.
Maximally decimated filter banks are known, e.g., P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Multirate Digital Filters, Polyphase Networks, and Applications: A Tutorial", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 78, pp 56-93, January 1990, incorporated herein in its entirety. In this publication, filter banks have M channels, where each channel is decimated by M. The filter banks effect simplified polyphase filters, and can be designed to have "perfect reconstruction" by a suitable synthesis filter bank. Ideally, such a system is only subject to quantization effects in the filters.
The MADCAT is an 'oversampled filter bank,' where the outputs are decimated by less than the number of sub-channel outputs, e.g., twelve sub-channels, decimated by nine. This results in a higher output data rate compared with a conventional maximally decimated filter bank, but the MADCAT improves alias avoidance and frequency selectivity, and simplifies reconstruction because the MADCAT sub-channels contain the entire input spectrum, alias free. The prototype filter meets advanced frequency selectivity requirements while being easy to implement because the reconstruction process is not a complicating factor. A reconstruction filter bank is used for selecting the middle 'sweet spots' from each sub-channel, generating the reconstructed output. Since aliasing cancellation is not required, the preferred reconstruction filters are voltage complementary with adjacent filters. The crossover points for the reconstruction filters are the 6 dB points, so that a signal, which crosses sub-channels, is coherent with itself in the reconstruction process. As a result, the signal voltages add, not the signal powers.
By comparison with the above-mentioned Vaidyanathan reference, the MADCAT reconstruction process is not a perfect reconstruction. Some passband ripple occurs, and some images of aliased signal energy are present. When the sub-channelizer decimates, images of signals in the stopband are generated, and these images are attenuated by at least 60 dB. The reconstruction process does not attempt to cancel these images, but instead adds images during the upsampling process. However, the reconstruction filter bank has better stopband rejection than the sub-channelizer, so that the sub-channelizer's 60 dB of stopband rejection is the limiting factor in the frequency domain dynamic range. In addition, the MADCAT oversampled sub-channelizer can include cascading of sub-channelizer filter banks, which also helps to reduce power consumption.
Prototype Filter
The sub-channelizer provides maximal flexibility in the selection of the prototype filter, where important criteria are passband and stopband frequency ranges, passband ripple, and stopband rejection. Power consumption is reduced while meeting design goals.
An IDFT of order 4 is generally a largest order that can be done using trivial multiplications. The transmultiplexers 110, 120 split their respective inputs into four sub-channels and only three of the sub-channels are retained. Each output is decimated by three, yielding a combined output data rate equal to the input data rate. An output data rate equal to that of the input data allows combining the output data onto a single data bus. The next transmultiplexer in the cascade operates on the combined data bus in a time-multiplexed fashion.
The Remez exchange technique, as implemented by Parks and McClellan, is a well-known method for approximating a finite impulse response (FIR) linear phase filter. The Parks-McClellan algorithm uses the Remez exchange algorithm and Chebyshev approximation theory to design filters with optimal fits between the desired and actual frequency responses. The filters are optimal in the sense that the maximum error between the desired frequency response and the actual frequency response is minimized. Filters designed this way exhibit an equiripple behavior in their frequency response, and hence are sometimes called equiripple filters.
In MADCAT, the Remez exchange technique is used to generate floating-point FIR coefficients that meet the criteria shown by example in
A basic operation in MADCAT detection is comparing the output of a post-detection integrator with a threshold value, to determine when energy is present. The thresholding portion of the MADCAT augments this comparing operation with hysteresis and automatic threshold determination.
In the
The fixed mode requires that the noise density in the input data be known or predetermined. The automatic mode utilizes a background noise estimator (BNE) 131 to automatically set the threshold values. The BNE 131 sets thresholds based on the noise density present in the input data. In order to tolerate pulsed energy during the noise estimation process, the BNE logic uses median filters, such as in the configuration shown in
Power consumption is reduced using the detection integrator and by time multiplexing the median filters. The post-detection integrator output used for detection is the input to the median filter tree. The integrator performs a mean-of-noise-values operation that helps reduce the variance of the noise estimates without adding extra logic. By comparison, noise estimation that uses mean methods produces low variance noise estimates but is susceptible to corruption by pulse activity.
Cascading median filters also reduces power consumption. General k-order statistics may be used in a method for pulse activity rejection in noise estimating. A median filter is a special case of k-order statistics. The length of the filter required to provide low CFAR loss and good pulse activity rejection is greater than 20 taps, when taking advantage of the post-detection integrator. If the integrator were not used, the filter length would be more than 100 taps, which is difficult to implement directly. By cascading smaller filters, CFAR loss is increased only slightly, and implementation is made much simpler. An optimum k-order statistic in the direct implementation may be, for example, in the 60-75 percentile range. When cascading smaller filters, use of the mid-point, or median filtering, results in the best performance.
The threshold logic produces two bits per sub-channel (e.g., weak detect, strong detect) in each level. The outputs from each level are based on the same periods of time and frequency position as outputs from other levels. Tie-together logic merges information from all three levels into a single set of detect/no-detect flags. Tie-together results are used in the selection of pre-detection ("pre-D") data for the MADCAT output.
Tie-together combines detection information representing the same time and frequency ranges, as seen by detectors with different resolutions.
None—all nine of the output detects indicate no detect.
Check for Integrator Stretching—an occurrence when the upper level has detected energy when the lower level has not. The upper level has a longer integrator than the lower level. It is possible that the upper level integrator has stretched a short but high power pulse. If this condition is preceded or followed by strong detects in both levels, integrator stretching is assumed, and the outputs are set to 'no' detects. If integrator stretching is not found, the output is set to the upper level inputs.
Flood—Activity is found in the lower level, but not enough information is available to determine the exact frequency limits. To be conservative, all nine output detects are set to either 'weak' or 'strong,' as indicated in Table 1.
Kernel Outputs vs Maximum of Inputs
Maximum Upper Level Detect
Check for Integrator Stretching
Lower Level
Flood Weak
Flood Weak
Flood Strong
Flood Strong
Upper—The upper level has stronger detects than the lower level. The nine output detects are set to correspond to the same frequency ranges as the nine input detects from the upper level.
Table 1 shows the behavior of the preferred tie-together hardware. The following discussion describes the same operations in more general terms.
The most straight-forward tie-together condition is when exactly one of the tie-together levels detects an event. In such an instance, the tie-together output simply reformats the detect in the time/frequency spacing of level 2, where 81 sub-channels of frequency provide a time resolution of 1.296 microseconds (e.g., for sampling at 62.5 MHz, for every 81 inputs there is an output; there is a spacing of 1.296 microseconds coming out of level 2). A more complicated input condition is when more than one level detects activity in the same time/frequency space. If both levels are reporting 'weak' detects, then the tie-together forms the union of the detects. This generates more output data, but also preserves information from barely detected signals. If only one of the levels indicates a 'strong' detect, then the tie-together output is primarily created from the level with the 'strong' detect. When more than one level is indicating a 'strong' detect, then the tie-together attempts to form an output that is the intersection of all the levels with 'strong' detect. There are limits to the intersection determination. For time, Level 2 has a long integrator compared with Level 1 and can indicate detects for a longer time than the actual pulse width. The integrators on all three levels are preferably each 10 taps long. Level 2's integrator covers a longer period of time because Level 2 runs at a slower clock rate. For example, Level 2 runs at 1/81 of the input clock rate and Level 1 runs at 1/9 of the input clock rate. A short event with high amplitude can be stretched up to ten frames by the integrator. This stretching operation adds up to five frames before and after the actual pulse. In correcting integrator error, tie-together only shortens a Level 2 detect by a maximum of, e.g., ten 1.296 microsecond frame times, five frames on each of the leading and trailing edge.
For frequency determination, if the level with coarse frequency resolution has a detect, tie-together checks to see if a 'strong' detect is found on the next level at a frequency within the coarse frequency range. For example, for Level 0, this means there is a 'strong' detect in Level 1. For Level 1, this means that only the nine Level 2 sub-channels derived from the respective Level 1 sub-channel qualify for this operation. When a qualifying 'strong' detect is found, the finer frequency resolution information is used in the tie-together output.
Pre-D Collection
Pre-D collection is the process of separating detected energy from the surrounding noise in both time and frequency. Sub-channel reconstruction uses the Level 2 sub-channelizer as its source of pre-D. Sub-channels are gated on and off as determined by the tie-together result. The individual sub-channels are reconstructed to form the composite waveform. Features of the sub-channelizer that simplify reconstruction are channel overlap and oversampling. These features enable the sub-channelizer to allow cascading of sub-channelizer elements. Each sub-channel output has a large-enough alias-free bandwidth to allow the next level to further sub-channelize the data, with no gaps in frequency coverage. This continuous, alias-free frequency coverage allows optimum sub-channel reconstruction.
Sub-channel reconstruction may proceed without a necessity of waiting for the end of a pulse before selecting particular sub-channels. The output from tie-together is padded in time and frequency to form detect bits. These detect bits are used to gate-off the selected pre-D samples, which can be done immediately after the detection operation has been performed. A short delay line between the Level 2 sub-channelizer and the packet formation process is required, only needing to compensate for the detection, integration, tie-together, and padding delays. There is no need to compensate or account for sub-channelizer delay and longest pulse delays, since the MADCAT does not use sub-band tuning
A fundamental operation performed by the MADCAT is the representing of an entire section of the radio frequency (RF) environment, by using only a portion of the input data. This is achieved by only sending digital data samples in the time and frequency regions around detected pulses. MADCAT also utilizes several other compression techniques.
Compression techniques are conventionally divided into lossless and lossy, depending on whether or not the original signal can be exactly reconstructed in a subsequent process. Lossless techniques take advantage of redundancies in the input data stream. Lossy techniques allow a certain amount of degradation to occur in areas that will not cause a large effect on the intended use of the data. Lossy techniques are generally more efficient and/or offer a higher performance compared with lossless techniques. The preferred MADCAT embodiment performs all compression in hardware. The MADCAT utilizes both lossy and lossless compressions.
The MADCAT performs one type of lossy compression, pre-D selection. This compression utilizes pre-detection data that is obtained from the Level 2 output of the sub-channelizer. The data is complex, consisting of in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) pairs. With an eight-bit input (10 bit output from the channelizer), the MADCAT produces 13 bit I and 13 bit Q values. Pre-D selection determines which of these samples are saved. This compression operation uses multiple programmable settings that allow careful control of the degree of degradation that occurs. Since no signal can have a finite energy distribution in both time and frequency, the operation of selecting pre-D information around a pulse detect is a lossy one. By carefully selecting the time and frequency extents of the pre-D data that is saved, high-quality compression is achieved with very little loss of data fidelity.
The MADCAT controls the selection process with parameters for frequency padding and time padding. Frequency padding determines how many sub-channels above and below each detect are to be saved. The frequency padding operation is performed prior to the time padding. Time padding has two parameters, pre-cursor and post-cursor. The pre-cursor padding determines how many frames of data are included before each detect, and the post-cursor padding determines how many frames of data are included after each detect. Pre-cursor padding and post-cursor padding are applied to sub-channels after the frequency padding so that sub-channels added during the frequency padding will also have pre-cursor and post-cursor selection. There are two areas in the MADCAT where lossless compressions are applied, on the packet header structures and on the I/Q data samples. In order to reconstruct the original data stream from selected Level 2 I/Q data samples, the locations in time and frequency where the samples belong must be communicated to the reconstruction process. The output data stream is formed into packets. Each packet contains a header, indicating where the packet is in time, and where I/Q pairs are to be found in the latter part of the packet. Each packet represents a frame, which is a set of 81 sub-channels from Level 2 of the sub-channelizer. Each I/Q pair in a frame represents a different frequency, but all the I/Q pairs in the frame occur at the same time. If none of the I/Q pairs in a frame will be output, then no packet is generated.
A compression removes the time tag when the preceding frame generated a packet. A new packet type indicates that this packet contains no time tag, the time tag for this packet being one higher than the previous packet. When no activity is present in the frame, the MADCAT will not generate a packet. The next packet must then contain a time tag.
In a typical MADCAT application using selected real data files, first-order Markov statistics were generated on the detect bits as a function of time, resulting in a 90% occurrence of a frame with activity being preceded by another frame with activity. Analysis of selected real data files indicates that the detect bits are unchanged from the previous packet about 75% of the time. A single bit is added to indicate that the current packet's detect bits are identical to the previous packet. When this 'delta frame encoding' bit is set, the detect bits are not present; otherwise the detect bits are included.
When it is necessary to send the detect bits, a form of run-length encoding is used. A run is a contiguous series of adjacent I/Q pairs, all of which are selected for output. Usually, just a few runs of detect bits are encountered within a frame. Instead of sending all 81 detect bits, runs are encoded as a starting position, a Huffman encoded run length, and a bit to indicate whether the present run is the last one. The run start location is not encoded, as the center frequencies of the pulses are assumed to be uniformly distributed. The run lengths, being related to pulse width, show a distribution where smaller runs are more common. The tie-together process also effects this distribution. For example, in Level 1, detects with frequency padding are visible in run length histograms, and a trend was determined using selected real data file statistics. As a result, smaller codes were assigned to more common run lengths using Huffman encoding. Analysis of the number of runs in each frame showed a rapidly decreasing probability with an increasing number of runs. If the number of runs in a packet was Huffman encoded in a conventional manner, the code lengths would be 1 bit code for 1 run, 2 bit code for 2 runs, 3 bit code for 3 runs, etc. By comparison, the MADCAT does not encode the number of runs in a packet, but instead has a bit in each start position/run length set that indicates if more sets are present, or if this is the last set. The MADCAT operation provides the same compression result as the Huffman encoded count of runs, but uses a simpler technique.
The above described compression techniques concern reducing the overhead of the packet header. The MADCAT also utilizes most significant bit (MSB) encoding for reducing the bits per I/Q sample. MSB encoding is lossless. In conducting performance analyses of selected real data files for the MADCAT and analysis of pulse counts versus power level histograms for various other systems, the present inventor determined that more pulses are found at lower power levels. MSB compression takes advantage of this situation by reducing the number of bits per I/Q pair when the MSBs are not required. Instead of using 26 bits per pair (13 bits for I, 13 bits for Q), an encoded data size is sent, followed by an I/Q pair. The data size is Huffman encoded since the data size distribution favors smaller values.
Field Summary
of Bits
Packet Type
The first three bits of each packet indicate
the packet type
Time long
Indicates the frame number the I/Q data in
this packet represents
Time Short
Lower bits of the frame number
Run length
An encoded run length; implies size of run start
Run start
Which sub-channel a run starts on
1 = This is the last run length/start;
0 = more runs follow
Sample size
Encoded size of the next I/Q pair
In-phase sample
Quadrature sample
Background Noise Estimate for Level 2
sub-channel XX
In the packet format diagrams of
Packet Format Detail
32 bit CDI word
MSB □time
MSB □run
MSB □run
. . .
field□ LSB
length□ LSB
start□ LSB
When packing information into 32-bit words to be used by, for example, a command and data interface (CDI), the MADCAT continues a field that is not completed at bit 0 of a CDI word, starting at bit 31 of the next CDI word. Packet types 0-5 all represent pre-D data (I/Q sample pairs) as well as additional information regarding the locations of these samples in time and frequency.
Packet type 1 shown in
Regarding the run length field, in order to determine which Level 2 sub-channel a particular I/Q sample pair represents, a set of detect flags are employed. The detect flags consist of 81 bits that represent sub-channel 00 (the most negative frequency) through sub-channel 80 (the most positive frequency). If a bit in the detect flags is set to 1, then the I/Q sample for that sub-channel is in the latter portion of the packet. Otherwise, no I/Q pair is included. The number of bits set in the detect flags determines how many I/Q pairs are in the packet, where the order of I/Q pairs proceeds from the lowest sub-channel to the highest. In order to compress the packet, detect flags are not sent directly but, instead, are described in terms of runs, which are contiguous strings of detect flags set to 1. A run has a start position and a run length. In order to provide more compression, the run start fields may be shared between two run lengths. Table 4 shows a run start combining arrangement.
Run Start Encoding
Other run
Run start
with Code
for run
The first run length is implied by the run start being in the lower set of addresses. The higher addresses represent the second run length, and the start address is the one's complement of the run start field. The actual code used to represent the run length is a variable length code uploaded to the MADCAT. Access to or knowledge of the code table is required to interpret pre-D packets. The codes are preferably generated using Huffman encoding techniques.
There are two forms used for the run start field. The first form is simply the starting sub-channel of a run, and the second form allows sharing of a run length code. For example, a run length of one can start at 81 possible positions (sub-channels 0 through 80). Using seven bits to encode the run start leaves 47 run start values that are unused, so these 47 values are used to represent another run length. The example in Table 4 uses a run length of 35, which has 47 possible start positions. The run starts for the second run length count backwards from the maximum value. In this example, a run length of 35 that starts at sub-channel 0 is given a binary code value of 111 1111. This amounts to creating the one's complement of the start address. The uncompressor identifies the run length code, which has an associated run start size. In this example, seven bits are used for the run start size. The seven bit value is examined and a value of 80 or less indicates a run length of 1. If the value is larger than 80, the second run length of 35 and an inverted run start value are indicated. This somewhat complicated scheme improves compression by eliminating wasted run start addresses and shortens the code table. By combining run lengths, all combinations of run start addresses are used without redundancy. This also shortens the number of run length codes that are required. By reducing the code table to approximately half the number of entries, one bit per code is saved. It is noted that the sharing of run length codes is optional. Each run length can be assigned a unique value so that inverting of start addresses is not used. The run length codes are stored in RAM, set using initialization commands. These codes are optimized based on pulse statistics in the RF environment, and Huffman codes can be used as long as the 23-bit maximum code length is observed. Software tools can be used to provide generation of run length statistics from output data. From these statistics, new code tables can be generated.
The number of bits in the I and Q samples are encoded into the variable-length sample size field. As with the run size, the sample size field contains codes uploaded to the MADCAT. The code for the sample size field is preferably generated using Huffman encoding techniques. An additional constraint on the length of the sample size codes is that the sum of the sample size code and the I/Q values must not exceed 32 bits. The code for 13 bit I/Q data must be 6 bits or less, code for 12 bit I/Q data must be 8 bits or less, code for 11 bit I/Q data must be 10 bits or less, etc. Since the worst-case encoding for 13 items is 12 bits, there is no restriction of sample size codes for I/Q sizes of one to ten bits.
Pre-D data values are the Level 2 sub-channelizer outputs, with MSB compression. MSB compression removes the most significant bits, which are identical to the sign bit. The encoded I/Q size indicates how many bits are actually sent in the output. The reconstruction process sign extends each value to 13 bits, which is the maximum MADCAT output word size. Referring to the packet format description of
Sub-Channel Reconstruction
The output data stream contains selected I/Q values from the Level 2 sub-channelizer. Processing of the signals contained in the output requires putting the signal back into original form by using the reconstruction process. Sub-channel reconstruction is a process of recreating a channel from output information. Channel reconstruction is a process of recreating the original signal from a series of reconstructed channels.
The present description of sub-channel reconstruction assumes that the lossless compressions described above have been decoded. The lossy compressions cannot be undone, and some information must be substituted for the missing data. Reconstruction operations may be performed either in software or in a real-time hardware implementation. The output data stream is the result of previous sub-channelizing, decimation, and selection. The data samples that were not included in the selection process must be substituted-for in the reconstruction process. The reconstruction process has two modes of operation, substituting zero-valued data or substituting Gaussian noise. Zero-valued data is used when no further degradation of the output waveform is desired, and is the mode of operation preferably used in the MADCAT.
By comparison, Gaussian noise is generally used when reconstruction is being done for a system that assumes noise to be present in the input energy and that has software which expects to see a full spectrum of noise. In such a case, noise is added in a manner similar to zero-padding, because the software needs to have a steady noise floor to extract pulse parameters. By adding noise at frequencies not included in the output, the time domain waveform of a signal is changed. Since the added noise is not identical to the noise found in the original waveform, the reconstructed waveform is not identical to the original waveform.
To complete the reconstruction process, the decimation and sub-channelization processes must be undone. A combination of upsampling, filtering, and summation are used in reconstruction in a process that is very similar to sub-channelization. First, the data stream is upsampled, the Level 2 outputs having been decimated by 81. The upsampling process inserts 80 pairs of zeros between each I/Q pair, reproducing the MADCAT's 62.5 MSps input data rate. The upsampling creates many images of the sub-channel, and these images are filtered-out by a series of bandpass filters. The filtered sub-channels are summed to form the reconstructed waveform.
Channel Reconstruction
Channel reconstruction is a process similar to sub-channel reconstruction, except that different filter bandwidths and different upsampling rates are used, and the output is real-only, not complex. The preferred channel reconstruction filter is a 7680-tap symmetric FIR filter. The order of this filter is large to account for sub-channel alignment between adjacent channels. The sub-channels of a channel do not line up with the next channels, so the channel reconstruction process cannot rely on the filter shape in the sub-channel reconstruction process. The transition band is about 0.4 sub-channels wide, so that a higher clock rate must be used compared with the sub-channel reconstruction. An IDFT of order twenty is used in the channel reconstruction process, and the data are upsampled by twelve to produce 750 MSps data. The preferred channel reconstruction process produces 16-bit signed data. Alternatively, the channel reconstructor may produce 8-bit-offset data. An IDFT is used to reconstruct and upsample by 24, to produce 1500 MSps data, supporting 470 MHz bandwidth.
Delays produced in the MADCAT and in the two reconstruction processes are accounted-for in the channel reconstruction process. If the input data were digital data, the reconstructed data would be precisely aligned in time and phase with the input data.
The MADCAT is implemented on a single VME board, using five Xilinx XCV1000 field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and associated support logic for the FPGAs. Non-volatile storage of configuration data is provided by a flash memory. A small-scale programmable device manages the flash and coordinates reprogramming of the flash via a personal computer's parallel printer port. Test points are provided for all of the main internal data buses. Each test point is buffered so that any attached test equipment does not affect the MADCAT operation. The main power supply provides power used by the flash, buffers, and FPGA I/O.
The output from the MADCAT board is a stream of compressed packets that are transmitted to remote computers via a command and data interface (CDI). The computers store the data, in real time, to a RAID, so that the packet data can be uncompressed and analyzed in non-real time.
A determination of MADCAT FPGA utilization was made, for each FPGA. The utilization determination was made by dividing the number of logic elements used in each FPGA by the number of elements available. The resultant values are expressed in Table 5 as a percentage of each FPGA that is utilized.
MADCAT FPGA Utilization
BNE, Detect, Integrate & Threshold
Connected Regions
Packet Format
Command & Data interface
These values are not the same as the gate counts used in estimating ASIC power consumption. As shown in Table 5, the MADCAT design will fit into two FPGAs. The preferred MADCAT divides the operation into five FPGAs in order to allow for observation of data between processing steps and to provide for a modular development process.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention has been described herein in detail, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made, including a use of equivalent and similar apparatus and methodology, without departing from the spirit of the invention or from the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|Sep 29, 2008
Owner name: LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ANDERSON, ROBERT;REEL/FRAME:021601/0739
Effective date: 20030711
|Feb 14, 2012
|Certificate of correction
|Apr 27, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4