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From the Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (Drs Mapstone, Rösler, Gitelman, and Weintraub, and Ms Hays), Division of Psychology, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Drs Mapstone and Weintraub and Ms Hays) and Neurology (Drs Gitelman and Weintraub), Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill; and the Department of Neurology, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt-Main, Germany (Dr Rösler). Dr Mapstone is now with the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
Visual attention can be distributed focally, in the direction of gaze, or globally, throughout the extrapersonal space. Aging, and especially Alzheimer disease (AD), may influence global attention, resulting in shifts of gaze to attend to the global workspace.
To determine if subjects who have AD and cognitively intact older subjects shift their gaze more often than young subjects while viewing a dynamic stimulus that emphasizes global attention.
Experimental study of eye fixation patterns in response to a simulated driving scene with stationary and moving distractors.
Urban, medical school, National Institute on Aging–funded Alzheimer's Disease Center.
Thirteen subjects with mild probable AD, 13 age-comparable cognitively intact older control subjects, and 11 young control subjects.
Main Outcome Measure
Proportion of eye fixations within and outside of a central region of interest encompassing the "road" surface.
Young controls made significantly more eye fixations (mean number of eye fixations, 47.5) than either of the other 2 groups (older controls mean, 33.2; patients with AD mean, 32.2). However, 76% of their fixations remained within the central region of interest. Older controls and subjects with AD made proportionately fewer fixations within this region (48% and 49%, respectively) than young controls and moved their eyes more often to the periphery but did not differ from one another.
Young controls maintain central eye position regardless of peripheral distraction. Older controls move their eyes to the periphery, presumably to widen the window of attention. Subjects with mild AD did not experience an additional disadvantage beyond that associated with aging.
THE LIMITED information processing capacity of the brain creates a situation where only parts of the environment can become the focus of attention at any given time. In the visual modality, global attention encompasses the entire extrapersonal space and is used for the rapid detection of novel events. Such events can then attract a more focused sort of attention for detailed assessment. These shifts of visual attention can occur overtly, through shifts in gaze, or covertly, without eye movements.
Shifts between global and local allocation of attention have been studied experimentally in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).1,2 In these and other studies, the stimuli have been static or appear suddenly in one of several cued or uncued locations. One common daily circumstance in which there is a premium on rapid and dynamic covert shifts of attention between local and global levels occurs while driving an automobile. In this situation, it is necessary to maintain eye position within a relatively circumscribed area, "on the road," while global attention and covert shifts of attention move flexibly within the extrapersonal space to detect events related to traffic and road conditions. Alterations of attention in part account for a higher frequency of motor vehicle collisions in older drivers in situations where there is great demand on attentional resources, such as at intersections and traffic circles.3,4 Aging and, to a greater extent, AD may influence the ability to inhibit shifts of gaze5,6 causing gaze to be diverted to extraneous locations and objects.
The goal of this study was to characterize visual attention strategies in subjects with mild probable AD in response to a dynamic scene that places a premium on sustained global allocation of attention. We used virtual reality methods to create a dynamic scene of the view from the driver's perspective in a moving automobile. We selected this task because it represents a highly familiar situation that perhaps has more ecological face validity than other paradigms that have been used to study visuospatial attention in elderly patients with AD. Eye movements were recorded while subjects viewed this dynamic visual scene and eye fixation patterns were analyzed to determine where subjects focused their gaze and whether shifts in gaze were more common in patients with AD and cognitively intact older control subjects (ONCs) without dementia. This study was not conducted to evaluate driving ability per se, but the results may have implications for assessing driving safety in older individuals.
The subjects consisted of 13 patients with mild probable AD, 13 age- and education-matched cognitively intact ONCs, and 11 young control subjects (YNCs). The patients and ONCs were recruited from the Clinical Core subject registry of the Northwestern Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Ill. They had all undergone neurologic and neuropsychological examinations to verify the absence of neurologic disease, cognitive deficits, and alterations in daily living activities in the ONC group and to establish the diagnosis of "probable AD" in the patient group.7 The absence of dementia and preservation of daily living activities in the ONC group was also verified in an interview with a designated informant, as part of the Northwestern Alzheimer's Disease Center registry procedures for enrolling subjects. Young controls were recruited from advertisements placed around the university and were screened using a telephone interview for exclusion criteria prior to participation. Exclusion criteria for the present study were (1) use of psychoactive medications, (2) unusual corrective lenses that might interfere with the collection of eye movement data, (3) corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40 in either eye, and (4) visual field deficits on neurologic examination.
The following neuropsychological tests had been administered to the patients with AD and ONCs as part of the Northwestern Alzheimer's Disease Center Clinical Core methods for establishing a diagnosis: Mini-Mental State Examination, Digit Span, Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, the Boston Naming Test, Verbal Fluency (animal list generation), and the word list and constructions subtests from the battery of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease, and Judgment of Line Orientation.8- 12 The YNCs were graduate students and did not undergo additional testing. The study was approved by the institutional review board of Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill. All subjects gave informed consent.
An infrared-based eye tracking system (model RK-426PC; ISCAN, Burlington, Mass) recorded eye position, sampling at a rate of 60 Hz, while subjects looked at an animation simulating the view from the perspective of the driver in a moving automobile. The animation was displayed on a 21-in monitor subtending a visual angle of 23°. Eye position was recorded in 2-dimensional space and saved to a personal computer (Macintosh; Apple Computers, Cupertino, Calif) for analysis using custom-designed software (ILAB, Chicago, Ill)13 running in the MATLAB environment (Mathworks, Natick, Mass). A standardized calibration procedure preceded the experimental task to ensure accuracy of eye position within the display.
Movement of a car down a 2-way street was simulated by displaying 300 still frames of digitized images at the rate of 15 frames per second, approximating a speed of 30 mph. Subjects viewed three 20-second simulations that differed with respect to the density of stationary distractors flanking the street (eg, buildings, pedestrians, trees, etc). In addition, moving vehicles approached from the periphery at each of 2 intersections, but the traffic lights in the direction of simulated travel remained green so that automatic motoricity responses related to slowing or braking would not be provoked. Although the simulations were not representative of real driving conditions, they could be compared with light traffic situations that might be encountered in rural or suburban areas during daytime hours.
Based on reports by Cole and Hughes,14 a region of interest (ROI) for a primary location of attentional focus for safe driving was operationally defined as the area occupied by the street in the direction of the heading on the display monitor (Figure 1). In the experimental task this ROI occupied the same relative visual position on the screen throughout the 20-second duration of each simulation. Subjects were instructed to view the simulations as if they were safely driving to emphasize reliance on a more global attentional strategy.
Eye fixation patterns superimposed on the experimental scene. A, Eye fixation locations (circles) and scan paths (lines) from a young control subject averaged over the three 20-second experimental trials and displayed on 1 frame from the simulation. The relative position of the road remained fixed throughout the trials. Circle size is proportional to fixation duration. Most fixations remain within a constricted region on the road in front of the subject. B, Similar data from an older control subject. Fixations frequently leave the region of interest of the road surface. C, Eye fixations from a subject with Alzheimer disease, shows a pattern similar to that of the older control subject. The scan path tracings that fall beyond the main scene in parts B and C indicate that some eye fixations went to areas in the black frame surrounding the simulation on the computer screen.
Eye fixations are accepted as a valid measure of attentional allocation15- 19 and constituted the dependent variable in this study. A fixation was defined as eye position remaining within a 6-pixel horizontal by 4-pixel vertical area on the display for at least 100 milliseconds.20,21 The mean total number of fixations and mean fixation duration within the ROI were calculated for each of the three 20-second animations and a grand mean was derived for each measure for each subject. Three separate 1-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with planned contrasts of group means (YNCs vs ONCs, ONCs vs subjects with AD) were used to compare the groups for the average total number of fixations, average duration of fixations, and average percentage of fixations that fell within the defined ROI while viewing the animations.
Table 1 lists demographic information, Mini-Mental State Examination scores, and scores from the delayed recall condition of the Logical Memory subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised for the 2 older subject groups. Subjects with AD and ONCs did not differ significantly from one another for age. Mean years of education differed among the 3 groups (F2,34 = 6.5, P = .004), but post hoc comparisons showed that the only statistically significant difference was between the YNCs and the subjects with AD (P = .005). Scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination were normal for ONCs (mean [SD], 28.2 [1.5]) and in the mildly impaired range for subjects with AD (24.3 [3.1], P = .003). Subjects with AD also had abnormal scores on the delayed recall condition of the Logical Memory subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, consistent with their prominent amnestic disorder. All ONCs scored within the normal range on the neuropsychological battery and were performing normally in all activities of daily living, as corroborated by their designated informants.
Although this study was not aimed at predicting actual driving skill, subjects were asked about their driving experience because this could potentially influence performance. All subjects had driving experience, and 10 of the 13 subjects with AD were continuing to drive at the time of the study. Three subjects with AD had not driven for the previous 2 to 3 years, 1 because of physical limitations, and 2 who were relying on others for transportation over the same interval. All ONCs and YNCs were current drivers, but many stated that they often relied on public transportation.
Group mean scores for each dependent variable are given in Table 2. The omnibus ANOVAs for average total number of fixations and average percentage of fixations within the ROI were statistically significant (F2,34 = 5.01, P = .01; and F2,34 = 3.85, P = .03, respectively). Although mean fixation duration was briefer in the YNCs than in the other 2 groups, the difference was not statistically significant. This is perhaps because of the large variability in this measure in the 2 older groups.
The planned comparisons revealed that the YNCs made significantly more eye fixations overall while viewing the simulations than the ONCs (P = .01). In addition, significantly more of the eye fixations of the YNCs fell within the ROI when compared with those of the ONCs (P = .02). That is, a greater proportion of eye fixations of ONCs fell outside the ROI, directed at the periphery of the scene. There was no statistically significant difference between the ONCs and the subjects with AD on any of the 3 dependent measures.
Patients with mild probable AD and cognitively intact ONCs make frequent eye movements to the periphery of a dynamic scene that simulates the driver's view in a moving automobile. Younger controls, in contrast, make more frequent eye movements but the excursions are small and the eyes remain within a circumscribed area analogous to the surface of the road directly ahead of them.
The infrequency of eye movements made by YNCs outside the ROI, even in the presence of peripheral distractors, leads us to suspect that they were able to attend to the periphery without also shifting gaze, although we did not specifically test their awareness of events in the periphery. In contrast, subjects with mild AD and ONCs moved their eyes, presumably along with their attention, to locations in the periphery, suggesting diminished capacity for the flexible interplay between covert and overt shifts of attention. This interpretation may be challenged by many reports of the absence of a significant impairment of covert shifts of attention in cognitively intact ONCs.22,23 However, these studies used static stimulus displays with targets that occurred in predictable locations. The dynamic scene used in our study places rapidly changing demands on the attentional system and may, therefore, reduce the efficiency of covert shifts of attention in nondemented older subjects.
One measure of the visuospatial allocation of attention that has been applied to driving is the useful field of view (UFOV).24,25 The UFOV is defined as the area of the visual field in which information can be most readily processed without eye or head movements. It is tested by having subjects maintain central fixation and monitor central events while responding to targets that suddenly appear in a stationary display at various eccentricities from fixation. This window of visual attention reflects 3 different factors—visual processing speed, the ability to divide attention, and freedom from distractibility. Although deficits in each of these domains can occur with aging, these components can operate independently of each other and additively to alter the UFOV.25 Several studies have shown that the percentage of reduction in the UFOV, combined with overall mental status scores, has a high predictive value for motor vehicle collisions in elderly persons.4,26- 28 Recently, patients with AD were found to be impaired relative to age-matched controls on all components of the UFOV.29
One consequence of a reduction in the UFOV during an activity such as driving or other similar attention-demanding activities might be an increase in the number of overt changes in eye position needed to attend to peripheral events.30 Although YNCs made more fixations than the 2 older subject groups while viewing the dynamic experimental scene, these fixations remained within a limited area. Thus, small deviations in eye position within the ROI could have been sufficient for the YNCs to covertly monitor the full extent of the scene in the periphery. In contrast, although the ONCs and the subjects with AD made fewer fixations, more fixations left the ROI in a way that may have diverted focal attention away from the direction in which the road was heading. These results are, in part, consistent with the UFOV model and demonstrate the effects of aging on visual attention to a dynamic stimulus.
There are several limitations of our study. The sample size is small because of a need to use subjects with mild dementia and also to fulfill inclusion-exclusion criteria for recording accurate eye data. Thus, the results may not generalize to a larger sample. In addition, the driving scene was used as a metaphor for a condition in which both global and local modes of attention were required in quick succession. Therefore, this was not a study of driving—actual driving skill was not measured—and so findings cannot be directly translated to predictions for driving safety. We also did not inquire about differential experiences in driver training. Older subjects may have learned to drive before standardized driver education courses were instituted and the instruction to drive safely during this task may have evoked different strategies in each subject group based on prior training. Finally, the experimental task excluded many features of driving that further increase the attentional load in the naturalistic setting, including street sounds, the sound of a car radio or a cellular phone, the presence of a passenger, information in rearview and side view mirrors, and unexpected events. Despite these limitations, however, the similarity in visual attention strategies between nondemented ONCs and older subjects with mild dementia in our study may provide information that helps to explain why some patients with AD may retain the ability to drive safely, at least in the early stages.31- 34
The age-related changes in visual attention demonstrated in this study may have several roots. First, this may reflect an alteration of the neurologic mechanisms of attention in aging. Second, it may represent increased caution in older subjects, who may need to compensate for generally reduced reaction time by more extensive scanning with the eyes. Furthermore, while attention strategies may differ in younger and older individuals, the changes may not necessarily be adverse for activities such as driving. One way to explore the relationship between these findings and driving safety would be to compare fixation patterns in individuals with good and poor driving records. The findings of our study may have some implications for how elderly individuals can correct for reduced flexibility in shifting among different forms of attentional allocation. For example, training older individuals to detect targets in the periphery, while maintaining central fixation, could possibly improve global attention.
This study emphasizes the need to distinguish age-associated from dementia-related changes in visuospatial attention. The debate over driving and the elderly population has evolved into a highly charged issue in this country, in part because our society places such a premium on personal independence and the freedom conferred by having an automobile. It is clear that a visual acuity test is insufficient to assure safe driving and that cognitive deficits impair the strategic deployment of attention that is necessary for successful driving.14 The many components of visuospatial attention, each of which may show differential vulnerability to aging and to different stages of AD, may provide a sensitive probe for deficits that could impair driving safety.
Accepted for publication May 4, 2001.
This work was supported in part by grants RO1-AG14068 (Dr Weintraub) and AG13854 from the National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Md, to the Northwestern Alzheimer's Disease Center, and by a Buehler Summer Gerontology Fellowship to the Northwestern University Medical School (Dr Mapstone).
We thank Marsel Mesulam, MD, for his helpful comments on the manuscript and Kathy Schelble for technical assistance in recruiting and testing the subjects.
Corresponding author: Sandra Weintraub, PhD, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 E Superior St, Searle 11-467, Chicago, IL 60611 (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).
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Man found dead in office of Twin Peaks hotel
Sep 29, 2011, 9:23 p.m.
LAKE ARROWHEAD, Calif. Authorities say they are investigating the death of a man whose body was found in the office of a hotel near Lake Arrowhead as a homicide. The San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department says 56-year-old Daniel Rubalcava was found dead at about 10:40 p.m. Wednesday in the ...
Keenum throws for 471 yards, Houston beats UTEP
Sep 29, 2011, 9:18 p.m.
EL PASO, Texas Case Keenum threw for 471 yards and two touchdowns and Charles Sims ran for 111 yards and had an 84-yard scoring reception in Houston's 49-42 victory over UTEP on Thursday night. Keenum completed 30 of 46 passes to help Houston improve to 5-0 overall and 1-0 ...
LA Kings agree with Doughty on 8-year deal
Sep 29, 2011, 9:13 p.m.
Filipino maid wins landmark HK case on residency
Sep 29, 2011, 9:07 p.m.
HONG KONG A Filipino maid in Hong Kong has won the right to apply for permanent residency in a landmark legal victory for hundreds of thousands of foreign maids fighting for equal treatment. The Court of First Instance rejected arguments by Hong Kong government lawyers that the foreign maids ...
Watchdog: Regulators bowed to banks on bailout
Sep 29, 2011, 9:07 p.m.
WASHINGTON Federal regulators bowed to pressure from big banks seeking a quick exit from the financial bailout program and did not uniformly apply the government's own conditions set for repaying the taxpayer funds, a new watchdog report says. The report was issued Friday by the office of Christy Romero, ...
AztecsMountain West in waiting game on Air Force
Sep 29, 2011, 9:04 p.m.
China denies int'l baby trafficking reports
Sep 29, 2011, 9:03 p.m.
BEIJING Officials in south China's Hunan province have dismissed claims that more than a dozen babies were seized from parents who violated the country's one-child policy and sold to orphanages who arranged to have them adopted overseas. A four-month investigation into the allegations, first reported in May by the ...
Steve Martin takes top honor at Bluegrass Awards
Sep 29, 2011, 9:01 p.m.
Today in History
Sep 29, 2011, 9 p.m.
Today is Friday, Sept. 30, the 273rd day of 2011. There are 92 days left in the year. Today's Highlight in History: On Sept. 30, 1955, actor James Dean, 24, was killed in a two-car collision near Cholame, Calif. On this date: In 1777, the Continental Congress - forced to ...
This Week in the Civil War
Sep 29, 2011, 9 p.m.
----- This Week in The Civil War, for week of Sunday, Oct. 2: William Tecumseh Sherman and Robert Anderson. Robert Anderson was the Union colonel and commander at Fort Sumter, S.C., when a Confederate bombardment in April 1861 opened the Civil War. Afterward, he rose through the command and was ...
Flames double up Coyotes 4-2
Sep 29, 2011, 9 p.m.
REGION: Blue Angels to delight air show crowds
Sep 29, 2011, 9 p.m.
The Blue Angels, the U.S. Navy's precision flying machines, will showcase this weekend's air show at Miramar Marine Corps Air Station. The free, three-day event runs from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Friday, Saturday and Sunday. There will be a twilight show Saturday from 5:30 to 9 p.m. The Blue ...
While Bush is here, he can admire his trophy
Sep 29, 2011, 8:58 p.m.
Authorities say Calif. fugitive fired at deputies
Sep 29, 2011, 8:55 p.m.
Typhoon moves to Vietnam after hitting China
Sep 29, 2011, 8:49 p.m.
Asia stocks down after mixed US economic data
Sep 29, 2011, 8:47 p.m.
Border & BajaBorder Governors conference suffers from low turnout
Sep 29, 2011, 8:46 p.m.
Graham leads Pittsburgh past No. 16 USF, 44-17
Sep 29, 2011, 8:45 p.m.
Taiwan professor detained for spying for China
Sep 29, 2011, 8:45 p.m.
TAIPEI, Taiwan A prosecutor says a Taiwanese political science professor has been detained for providing data on visiting Chinese activists to Beijing. Huang Mou-hsin says Wu Chang-yu of Central Police University was detained Friday pending filing of formal charges. Taiwan's United Daily News quoted unidentified sources as saying Wu ...
17 Indian officials convicted of raping villagers
Sep 29, 2011, 8:44 p.m.
NEW DELHI Seventeen Indian police and forest officials have been convicted of gang raping a group of tribal villagers in the southern state of Tamil Nadu in 1992. Press Trust of India says another 100 officials were found guilty Thursday of brutally beating dozens of people from the village ...
Rangers, improbable Rays in ALDS rematch
Sep 29, 2011, 8:43 p.m.
Fire out at Shell refinery in Singapore
Sep 29, 2011, 8:40 p.m.
Tests to determine if oil present on sunken tanker
Sep 29, 2011, 8:36 p.m.
LOS ANGELES The Coast Guard has hired a diving company to determine if oil is present aboard a World War II tanker sunken off the Central California coast. In a statement Thursday, the Coast Guard says the S.S. Montebello sank about six miles off the coast of Cambria north ...
PREP GIRLS GOLF: Fallbrook eyeing Avocado East repeat after downing Escondido
Sep 29, 2011, 8:30 p.m.
FALLBROOK ---- After stumbling once already this season, Fallbrook High's girls golf team took one giant step forward on Thursday. The defending Avocado East League champion Warriors remained in contention to repeat the first such title in school history with a 231-235 victory over Escondido at the Fallbrook Golf Club. ...
Survey shows China manufacturing stagnant in Sept
Sep 29, 2011, 8:29 p.m.
Report: Buckeyes player involved in assault
Sep 29, 2011, 8:25 p.m.
COLUMBUS, Ohio Ohio State's student newspaper is reporting that Buckeyes running back Jaamal Berry was treated and released at a hospital after what a police report termed an "assault" on another student. The Ohio State Lantern, citing information from Ohio State police, reported Thursday that Berry was confused and ...
Calif pot dispensaries, massage parlors shut down
Sep 29, 2011, 8:20 p.m.
SAN DIEGO A San Diego building owner has agreed to shut down four pot dispensaries and 12 massage parlors that were operating out of his property in a settlement with the city attorney's office. San Diego City Attorney Jan Goldsmith says the businesses were a blight to the local ...
Classical MusicFall for the Arts
Sep 29, 2011, 8:15 p.m.
Arts Month San Diego ends today, just in time to start observing National Arts and Humanities Month, which begins Saturday. A celebration jointly organized by the Port of San Diego, the San Diego Commission for Arts and Culture and the San Diego Foundation will take over downtown's Broadway Pier on ...
PREP FOOTBALL: Elsinore enjoying time in spotlight
Sep 29, 2011, 8:15 p.m.
WILDOMAR — The limelight hasn't shined at Elsinore High a whole lot over the years. These days, the Tigers can't escape it. They won the first section title in the program's 83-year history last season, they're ranked No. 1 in the CIF Southern Section Eastern Division, they're in the state ...
Ribeiro, Lehtonen send Stars past Panthers
Sep 29, 2011, 8:14 p.m.
SAN MARCOS: Teen girl hit, injured by SUV
Sep 29, 2011, 8:11 p.m.
A 13-year-old girl suffered possible head injuries and a broken leg after she was hit by a sport utility vehicle when she reportedly darted into traffic near San Marcos Middle School on Thursday afternoon, a San Diego sheriff's sergeant said. The teen was reportedly illegally crossing the street at Mission ...
Asia stocks muted after mixed US economic data
Sep 29, 2011, 8:01 p.m.
ESCONDIDO: Family of man killed by officer sues city
Sep 29, 2011, 8 p.m.
The wife and children of a reportedly suicidal man who was shot and killed by police officers this year filed a $30 million wrongful death lawsuit against the Escondido Police Department this week. The complaint filed Tuesday in federal court claims that officers violated the constitutional rights of Van Dinh ...


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text: I'm having problems with my header. I've tried adjusting the padding and changing the logo size but the border below the drop the main menu does not disappear when you're on one of the pages. My logo is a little big, but I want it that size. How do decrease the height of the header and remove the bottom border when a page is being accessed?


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A continuation of my previous post: Wet. Wild. Water. Sadly, not a post about getting high.
While we were at the Kalahari over Mother's Day weekend we not only went to the water park, but got to enjoy the theme park as well.
I like to think of myself as an adventurous daring person. In my mind, I really am. I want to seek out adventure at every turn. I'm a person who rarely says no and is always up for something new and exciting. Until I get there. And freak out. Like a place with lots of people I don't know that I'm supposed to speak to. Or someplace where everyone is gorgeous and I'm self conscious or simply some place very high.
The first thing that I see when we walk into the theme park is the ropes course. Without even batting an eye I tell tell the H, "lets go." So we get strapped into these harnesses and hooked up this rope attached to the metal tracks above us and we're sent on our way. Just like that. So we climb up the stairs and get to the first obstacle. Okay, I think I can do this. It's a straight wooden bar with a metal railing on the side. I can feel my heart pounding. But I have something to hold on to. I'll be okay. I make it across and as I stand on this tiny metal platform with nothing to hold onto, in the air, so I start to panic. A lot. I look ahead and there's no way I can go across there's nothing to hold on to.
This family of four with two children Bear's age start coming up behind us. I force the H to continue on without me so he goes across the second obstacle. And I'm still standing there waiting for them all to go ahead and the mom tries to convince me to keep going. Her kids are going across. She's looking at me probably wondering what is wrong with me that I'm up there with my knees rattling in the first place. So I go across the second obstacle. I hold onto these ropes reaching out from one to the other as the wooden boards below me move as I walk across each one.
And then I stop.
And they keep going.
And I keep shaking waiting for each group to go by so I can just turn around and go back.
And the tears are welling up in my eyes as I'm so embarrassed watching all these people go by me.
But I can't. I'm terrified.
So I get back down. And I watch the H from below.
And when he gets back I decide we should go on the rock climbing wall. My goal is to make it at least up to the first elephant. Mind you this elephant is probably only 7-8 feet off the ground so not even that much higher than me. And it's hard. Really really hard. My fingers are going numb. I do however enjoy repelling. I could have bounced up and down all night.
Feeling defeated we go back to the hotel after we go on the go carts. The next morning I seem to have entirely forgotten how the evening went and we take Bear down to the theme park before we start our water activities for the day. First, the ferris wheel. Bear seems very skeptical about this having been on a ferris wheel with me before and recalling mommy gripping the sides for dear life starring at her feet. However, this is a very fast moving ferris wheel. And Bella's there smiling it up so I have to keep up appearances.
It was not frightening, but it was the longest ferris wheel ride of my life. I think the lady forgot when she loaded us on because we went around for what seemed like at least 10 minutes.
Bear and I ride the go carts together and apparently my attempts to bypass people are labeled by Bear as me "not being in control."
We go to the rock wall and I make it much higher than last time, but although Bear tries he never makes it higher than the first two steps up. We have to work on not giving up so easily.
Then I convince Bear to go on the ropes course with Daddy. So the two of them get all suited up and start heading up the stairs with me watching for the bottom. I however could not miss this photographic opportunity so I suit up and chase them up. Bear is terrified. I am terrified. I use him for encouragement. He makes me brave. I want him to be brave. And adventurous. I want him to have the same drive I have, but also the courage to fulfill on it. So I go across the first obstacle and wait for him.
And then I go across the second.
And this is where I turned back the last time. But I go across the third.
And then I go across the fourth and I climb up the rope stairs and I'm standing at the top of the second level thinking I could maybe actually finish this. But Bear starts to cry. He wants to get back down. And I know that I instilled this fear in him. That even though I'm pretending to be brave right now, I've made him this way. And we head back down and I still wish that I had just gone ahead and completed it myself. Maybe next time I will. Maybe next time he can complete it with me.
Do your kids have an adventurous spirit? Are you secretly afraid of heights but seem to always forget that?


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- Report: #263476
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Great Seneca Financial
Great Seneca Financial39 Lewis St. Greenwich, Connecticut U.S.A.
Great Seneca Financial Inflated charge on credit report that I have no knowledge of. Ripoff Greenwich Connecticut
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text:
My main index page only shows post excerpts for gallery posts. In my case everything works great except for the fact that the page link navigation shows up.
For example, if my settings show 20 images per page and I have 60 pictures, I should normally get the links for 3 pages below the images. When displaying an excerpt it creates unlinked links for the pages plus a forward arrow at the top of the post.
Is it possible to prevent this?


text:
Man denies lewd conductSeptember 03,2014Area man denies
Lewdness charge
A Bridgewater man charged with molesting a woman after a party in Shrewsbury denied a felony charge Tuesday.
Andrew J. Stevens, 26, pleaded innocent in Rutland criminal court to a charge of lewd and lascivious conduct, which carries a potential maximum penalty of five years in jail. He was freed on $25,000 bail.
He was arrested Monday after a woman told Vermont State Police that Stevens followed her as she was leaving a party Sunday night on Cheerio Hill Road in Shrewsbury and grabbed her from behind, according to court records.
The woman managed to free herself, police said, but Stevens grabbed her again and knocked her to the ground and shoved his hands under her clothes.
When she tried to call for help, the woman said Stevens put his hand over her mouth.
Eventually, the woman was able to call for help and was released, police said.
Police said Stevens, who said he drank at least eight beers at the party, denied assaulting the woman said he followed the woman to her car because he wanted to ask her to have sex.MORE IN This Just InBENNINGTON A Sandgate man with a previous conviction for a sex crime against a child in New... Full StoryThousands of Vermonters will have the chance to get their drivers licenses back starting Thursday. Full StoryA Castleton man, who police said has had several incidents at Fowler Services, denied striking... Full Story
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Robots Movie dubbed in Bahasa Malay
By Stephanie Ciccarelli
October 12, 2006
Surprised to hear that the voice acting role that was written specifically for Robin Williams in the feature CGI animated film Robots is now being performed by someone across the ocean and in the Malay language?
Meet the Malay voice actor who is dubbing Robin Williams' role "Fender" in the Malay version of the CGI film "Robots".
Well, as we've discovered before, it's no secret that audio content can be translated and localized to meet the needs of an audience.
Take Fox TV's lineup in Japan, for example. There are dubbed versions of the popular television series 24, Lost, and Desperate Housewives, to name a few American programming exports.
Films are also dubbed for audiences in countries that speak languages other than those spoken in a given program or film. The practice of making international cinema and audio visual content accessible to all through dubbing has been around for decades - but, that's another story :)
Now, back to the Malay version of "Robots".
An article was published by The Star Online eCentral in Malaysia about AC Mizal, a singer, emcee, and actor, stepped boldly into the sizable shoes of Robin Williams' when voicing the character Fender, a comical robot whose speedy vocal deliveries are matched only by his hilarious sense of humor.
The voice-overs took roughly 3 weeks to record. According to AC, he decided to perform the voice acting role of Fender in part because his children were enamored with the movie and he was inspired to try something new.
Sources say that the Malaysian-dubbed version of the hit movie Robots will premiere on Star Movies, Astro Channel 42, on Oct 29 at 10 p.m.
Do you have a favorite dubbed movie? Is there anyone out there who has dubbed for film or television?
- Muhammad Hazim B. Azahari
- February 20, 2007 2:32 AM
Kenapa astro tidak buat cerita "Robits" dalam Bahasa Melayu pada 20 Febuari 2007.Posted by:


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The former Millwall man has played 10 matches for Pompey since moving to Fratton Park in October.
He told the club's official website: "I'm very happy to be here for the rest of the season and now I can fully focus on my football and helping Pompey to climb the table."
- Sports & Recreation
- American Football
- Pompey


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(HOLLYWOOD, CA) -- Adult Entertainment Superstar Gianna Lynn comes to Tampa to make a special set of appearances this weekend!
Always indemand exotic beauty Gianna Lynn has been tapped to be the Featured Dancer and headline three days of partying in Tampa, Florida! 2001 Odyssey gentlemen's club is celebrating their 40th anniversary while Nightmoves Magazine joins the festivity for their 20th! Gianna has starred in dozens of internet sex scenes and adult DVDs, one of which is the forthcoming XXX epic, Operation Tropical Stormy. A popular performer, Lynn has made the cover of several magazines, appeared on red carpets and was even showcased on TLC's Miami Ink! Beginning August 1st, Nightmoves and Odyssey have joined together for a wild weekend of events and to ensure revelry is at its sexiest, the sultry superstar of triple x, Gianna Lynn has been brought in!
''I'm excited they called me to come out to this special event,'' said Lynn. ''I know it's a really important time for 2001 Odyssey and Nightmoves, I'm going to make sure this weekend is going to rock, Gianna Lynn style!''
Gianna will kick-start the weekend with a special radio appearance 6pm (EST) Friday on 102.5 The Bone's Cowhead Show , before hitting the 2001 Odyssey for a night of fun and Feature Dancing! Lynn will perform one show that night as well as sign autographs, pose for pictures and make available her latest hot selling DVDs! Saturday night the Filipina beauty will keep the party going by returning to the 2001 Odyssey to once again grace the stage and incite festivity! 2001 Odyssey is located at 2309 N Dale Mabry Hwy in Tampa, more info can be found on their website 2001nude.com or by calling (813) 877-6406
Gianna will not only be making the club appearances but will also attend the exclusive mansion pool party set up for August 3rd! The party, which begins at 1pm, is set to be packed with the sexy 2001 Odyssey girls as well as several other dancers from clubs all across Tampa! This V.I.P. pool party will be fully catered, feature live entertainment and of course have one of the baddest brunettes in adult entertainment, Gianna Lynn, hanging out in a bikini! Tickets for this event and location info are available by calling Nightmoves Magazine, 813-814-1505.
Tampa is going to rock this weekend with several events celebrating 2001 Odyssey and Nightmoves' anniversaries with a triple X-tra special appearance by the electrifying Gianna Lynn!
August 1st and 2nd, 2008 Gianna Lynn appearing at 2001 Odyssey 2309 N Dale Mabry Hwy Tampa, FL 33607 813-877-6406 www.2001nude.com
August 3rd, 2008 Gianna Lynn appearing at Nightmoves/2001 Odyssey Pool Party for info contact the Nightmoves office 813-814-1505
For more Gianna Lynn, please visit www.GiannaLynn.com and Myspace.com/IslandJewels
To book Gianna Lynn for Video Productions: L.A. Direct Models www.LADirectModels.com 818.752.5080
To book Gianna Lynn for Feature Dancing: Lee Network www.LeeNetwork.net 727.367.1002
To interview Gianna Lynn please contact Alexander (Monstar) Raymond at 818.730.7254 or email@example.com
Closer to Reality
Alison Tyler at HQNYC
Jump to Mainstream
Submission Crosses Over
Exxxotica College Discount
Amy Schumer's Black Book
Pedophile Olympic Coaches Exposed
Teri Weigel on Rock'N'SeXXXy
Sabrina Deep Bukkake Tour Update
Ella Nova Covers Hairy Teens
Layton Benton to Exxxotica
Alice Polls Her Clients
August Ames Covers Beautiful Tits 3
NightMoves Call for Sponsors
Vivid Hosts Texxxas Parties
Clubs & Appearances Section Index
Dani Daniels in Houston
GFE at Sheri's Ranch
Jenevieve Hexxx at Trixie's
Carnal Comedy at Sapphires
ED Expo Returns to NO
Kendra Sunderland at Sapphire NYC
Gentlemen's Club Live Feed
Leya Falcon at AFFLV
Morgan, Lindemulder Headline Exxxotica
Cindy Starfall Appearances
Priya in NYC
Tony Batman to Big Easy
Elizabeth Bentley Hits Circuit
Allie Haze in Columbus
Vivid NYC Nommed
Raven Bay at Exxxotica
Little Sassee Cassee in OK
Dee, Michaels in Alabama
Nikki Benz Headlines Ohio
Galaxy Stars to Exxxotica
Caribbean Playground Party
Throwback Expo Registration Rates!
Tanya Tate at Comic Con
Bridget the Midget at Vivid Houston
Ideal Image Supperclub Party
Angela Sommers in Houston
Starfall to Exxxotica
Prinzzess at Treasure Chest
Danica Dillon in Bath
Library Girl at Exxxotica
ED Awards Host Thea Vidale
National Porn Star Day
Strippers Ready for Baseball
Karaoke XXX Needs New Location
ED Expo to Big Easy
Layla Price at Foxxx Booth
Nikki Phoenix Party
Viva Las Vicki
Kendra Lust in Detroit
Starr Sisters in Houston
Nikki Phoenix Update
Vegas Heat Party
XBIZ Rooftop Party


text:
Dan Seals, who was England Dan in the pop duo England Dan and John Ford Coley and later had a successful country career, has died of complications from cancer. He was 61.
Longtime manager Tony Gottlieb says Seals died Wednesday evening at his daughter's home in Nashville. He was diagnosed with lymphoma in April 2007.
England Dan and John Ford Coley had hits including "I'd Really Like to See You Tonight" and "Nights Are Forever," both in 1976.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Seals had country hits like "Bop," "You Still Move Me," "Love on Arrival," and a duet with Marie Osmond, "Meet Me in Montana."
His older brother, Jimmy, was the Seals in Seals & Crofts, who recorded the hits "Summer Breeze" and "Diamond Girl" in the 1970s.
Seals performed at Jimmie Rodgers Festival in 1999.


text:
Prog Neurol Surg [journal]
228 results
- Preface. [Introductory Journal Article]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:IX-XI.
- Technology for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation. [Journal Article, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:1-19.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been in use for over 50 years to treat patients suffering from chronic pain who have failed conservative treatments. Despite this long history, the devices being used have changed very little. In fact, current PNS technology was developed specifically for spinal cord stimulation. The use of technology developed for other applications in PNS has led to an unnecessary number of device complications and the limited adoption of this promising therapy. The following chapter provides an overview of PNS technology throughout the years, outlining both the benefits and limitations. We will briefly explore the electrophysiology of PNS stimulation, with an emphasis on technology and indication-specific devices. Finally, design and technical requirements of an ideal PNS device will be discussed.
- Regulation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Technology. [Journal Article, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:225-37.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
The number of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) indications, targets, and devices is expanding, yet the development of the technology has been slow because many devices used for PNS do not have formal regulatory approval. Manufacturers have not sought Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for PNS devices because of a perceived lack of interest amongst practitioners and patients. Without FDA approval, companies cannot invest in marketing to educate the implanters and the patients about the benefits of PNS in the treatment of chronic pain. Violation of this has resulted in governmental investigation and prosecution. Most of the PNS devices currently used to treat chronic pain are FDA approved for epidural spinal cord stimulation. Many of the complications seen in PNS surgery can be attributed to the lack of purpose-built hardware with FDA approval. Despite the lack of regulatory approval, there are insurance companies that approve PNS procedures when deemed medically necessary. As the targets and indications for PNS continue to expand, there will be an even greater need for customized technological solutions. It is up to the medical device industry to invest in the design and marketing of PNS technology and seek out FDA approval. Market forces will continue to push PNS into the mainstream and physicians will increasingly have the choice to implant devices specifically designed and approved to treat chronic peripheral nerve pain.
- Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation in Neurovascular Headaches. [Journal Article, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:106-16.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
The interest for the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) in neurovascular headaches dates back to 1908 when Sluder presented his work on the role of the SPG in 'nasal headaches', which are now part of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and cluster headache (ICHD-III-beta). Since then various interventions with blocking or lesional properties have targeted the SPG (transnasal injection of lidocaine and other agents, alcohol or steroid injections, radiofrequency lesions, or even ganglionectomy); success rates vary, but benefit is usually transient. Here we briefly review some anatomophysiological characteristics of the SPG and hypotheses about its pathophysiological role in neurovascular headaches before describing recent therapeutic results obtained with electrical stimulation of the SPG. Based on results of a prospective randomized controlled study, SPG stimulation appears to be an effective treatment option for patients with chronic cluster headaches; efficacy data indicate that acute electrical stimulation of the SPG provides significant attack pain relief and in many cases pain freedom compared to sham stimulation. Moreover, in some patients SPG stimulation has been associated with a significant and clinically meaningful reduction in cluster headache attack frequency; this preventive effect of SPG stimulation warrants further investigation. For migraine attacks, the outcome of a proof-of-concept study using a temporary electrode implanted in the pterygopalatine fossa was less encouraging; however, an ongoing multicenter trial is evaluating the efficacy of long-term SPG stimulation against sham stimulation for acute and preventive treatment in patients with frequent migraine.
- Stimulation of the Dorsal Root Ganglion. [Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:213-24.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation has recently emerged as a new neuromodulation modality that stays on the intersection of the peripheral and central nervous system. With DRG location within the spinal column and with electrodes for DRG stimulation placed through the intraspinal epidural space, it may make more sense to group DRG stimulation together with more commonly used spinal cord stimulation (SCS) rather than peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), particularly if one agrees that the stimulation delivered to DRG partly works downstream at the spinal cord level. Based on current experience, it appears that DRG stimulation of the spinal cord is as effective as SCS in relieving various neuropathic pain syndromes including pain due to failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndromes, and chronic postsurgical pain. In addition to its efficacy, DRG stimulation of the spinal cord is associated with a lower rate of migrations and lack of positional side effects that may be seen with SCS and PNS. Here we summarize the knowledge base and clinical evidence for DRG stimulation of the spinal cord, and present hypotheses of its mechanism of action.
- Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. [Journal Article, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:94-105.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very frequent affliction that affects about 1-5% of the adult population in its severe form. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most commonly used treatment and is highly effective, but its use is limited by low long-term adherence rates and overall poor acceptance among the patients. Therefore, there is a need for developing alternative approaches to OSA treatment, including a more 'natural' concept of maintaining an open airway through neuromodulation. Here we review the concept, scientific rationale, and technical details of hypoglossal nerve stimulation. We also review results of published clinical studies with several hypoglossal stimulation devices that are being investigated today. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation appears to be a very promising treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. If its efficacy is confirmed, it will probably be complementary with CPAP therapy and initially aimed at patients unable or unwilling to use CPAP. Once it becomes a standard therapy, its advantages might prove sufficient to challenge CPAP as the first-line therapy.
- Sacral Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Bowel Disorders. [Journal Article, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:200-12.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
Defecation problems occur in patients of all ages, but are more prevalent in the elderly, postpartum women, and patients with chronic and debilitating medical conditions. Most of the time, these problems respond to medical therapy and nonsurgical options, but it is not uncommon for patients to require surgical intervention. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) presents an alternative for patients with bowel dysfunction combining proven therapeutic benefits and limited surgical risks. Here we describe the common indications for SNS, patient selection, technical details of the procedure, published outcomes, and complications that can arise. Based on our review, SNS is an effective treatment option for fecal incontinence and may reduce the patients' clinical symptoms and help restore their quality of life. Future research studies may expand the role of this modality for other bowel disorders.
- Carotid Sinus/Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Resistant Hypertension and Heart Failure. [Journal Article, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:83-93.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of resistant hypertension remains high and is expected to increase. Moreover, there are limitations to therapeutic interventions aimed at treating resistant hypertension and heart failure despite the wide availability of therapeutic agents and dietary and lifestyle modification. Device-based therapy by baroreflex activation via carotid sinus/nerve stimulation is currently undergoing investigation, and promising findings from clinical trials have been published. Baroreflex activation therapy may represent a new approach for treatment of these conditions by reducing sympathetic drive and increasing parasympathetic activity. Here we describe a new technology which is designed to deliver carotid sinus stimulation to electrically activate the carotid baroreceptors and baroreflex, thereby reducing blood pressure and improving cardiac function. The theory, surgical techniques, and clinical trials of carotid sinus stimulation are highlighted.
- Sacral Neuromodulation for Genitourinary Problems. [Journal Article, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:192-9.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a minimally invasive therapeutic option for many voiding dysfunction conditions. It is approved by the US FDA for refractory overactive bladder with and without incontinence and nonobstructive retention. Since SNM has shown a favorable response for these approved indications, other therapeutic applications have been proposed for various conditions such as painful bladder syndrome, chronic pelvic pain and neurological voiding dysfunction in both adult and pediatric age groups. SNM therapy with the most commonly used dedicated SNM device (InterStim) involves insertion of electrode(s) in the third and/or fourth sacral foramen next to the nerve root. The electrode is then connected to a battery-operated pulse generator. All patients need to have a test trial period before definitive device insertion. Here we discuss SNM therapy in functional urinary disorders and the technique of device insertion with the potential pitfalls.
- Trigeminal Ganglion Stimulation. [Journal Article, Review]
- Prog Neurol Surg 2015.:76-82.
- AbstractPublisher Full Text
Facial pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, commonly identified as trigeminal neuralgia, should not be confused with trigeminal neuropathic pain. The latter is caused by an accidental and nonintentional nerve lesion. When the first-line pharmacological treatment fails to provide satisfactory pain relief, surgical treatment, such as microvascular decompression and neurodestructive interventions (radiofrequency or cryotherapy), is not indicated. The logical choice of technique becomes neuromodulation, but it may be challenging to perform in the facial area. Although the initial results of trigeminal ganglion stimulation were promising, they often were of short duration because of lead migration and inadequate stimulation coverage in the trigeminal nerve distribution. To ensure accurate placement and proper anchoring, a custom-made electrode was developed and produced, and its stereotactic implantation is guided by electromagnetic navigation. This technique has been used at our center for several years; the published results show at least 30% of pain relief in 75% of the patients and considerable reduction in medication use.


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License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
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Dr. Glauser graduated from University of the Pacific, San Francisco.
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- Additional Information
- Dr. James Russell Glauser DDS is a male dentist and practices in Orthodontics.
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- Dr. James Glauser has 3 office locations.
Dr. James Glauser practices Orthodontics near Mesa, AZ.
Additional practice locations include: Queen Creek, AZ and Gilbert, AZ.
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Mendy Harlow, Executive Director
Email Mendy • 360-275-3575, Ext. 23
Mendy is responsible for managing the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's habitat restoration projects. She writes grants and manages projects that restore salmon habitat or lead to acquisition and protection of properties that preserve habitat. She is also responsible for expanding revenue-generating projects for the group. Mendy holds a Bachelors of Science degree in Wildlife, Watershed and Rangeland Resources with an emphasis on Wildlife Biology from The University of Arizona.
Tamara Cowles, Stewardship Coordinator
Email Tamara • 360-275-3575, Ext. 24
Tamara joined the Salmon Center in September 2014 as a Natural Resource Projects Assistant. She is currently working on Knotweed Control and Riparian Enhancement projects. She graduated from Centralia College 2007 with an ATA in Civil Engineering Technology and then went on to complete a BA/BS at Evergreen State College in 2012. Tamara enjoys hiking, mushroom picking, and photography.
Clayton David, Salmon & Steelhead Biologist
Email Clayton • 360-275-3575, Ext. 25
Clayton joined the Salmon Center in April 2014. Being an avid outdoorsman and fisherman, Clayton is dedicated to helping recover and protect the native salmon and steelhead runs in Hood Canal. His primary projects include the Hood Canal Steelhead Project, Union River Summer Chum Project, and monitoring the Union River Estuary Restoration. His other responsibilities consist of managing college interns, who assist with data collection, and coordinating efforts with other project entities, such as NOAA Fisheries and WDFW. Clayton graduated with his BA of Environmental Science from Western Washington University's Huxley College of the Environment in 2013.
Seth Elsen, Program Development Lead
Email Seth • 360-275-3575, Ext. 12
Seth joined the Salmon Center in August 2013, first as communications manager and now program development lead. He has worked with state, tribal and federal agencies in natural resources, and is an enrolled member of the Brothertown Indian Nation of Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Minnesota, Morris with a Bachelors of Arts in Resource Management and Policy, Political Science, and American Indian Studies. Growing up on Hood Canal, Seth enjoys salmon and steelhead fishing, camping, and hiking.
Kim Gower, Project Administrator
Email Kim • 360-275-3575, Ext. 11
Kim is responsible for general business operations and the day-to-day functions of the organization. Among her duties, Kim assists in grant and program administration and other administrative support. In addition, she researches projects and grants, and provides support for volunteer and education activities.
Sarah Heerhartz, Project Manager
Email Sarah • 360-275-3575, Ext. 13
Sarah joined the Salmon Center in 2015 as a project manager. She is a native of the Pacific Northwest, raised in Seattle. Sarah earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Creative Studies – Biology from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2004. She worked for three years as a research scientist studying salmon habitat restoration with the Wetland Ecosystem Team at the University of Washington before attending graduate school. She earned her MS in 2010 and PhD in 2013 in Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University of Washington. Sarah's graduate research focused on the ecological effects of shoreline armoring, particularly for juvenile salmon, and evaluation of habitat enhancements and restoration in urbanized ecosystems. In her free time, Sarah enjoys climbing, skiing, surfing, and exploring the natural wonders of the Pacific Northwest and beyond.
Kevan Moore, Community Organizer
Email Kevan • 360-275-3575, Ext. 31
Kevan joined the Salmon Center in December 2015 as a Community Organizer. He is focused on community outreach while working on the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park project, writing grants and recruiting volunteers and members. He grew up in Michigan and graduated from the Evergreen State College with a BA in Communications. A lifelong outdoor enthusiast, he previously worked as a journalist and editor.
Michelle Myers, Education & Habitat Projects Coordinator
Email Michelle • 360-275-3575, Ext. 22
Michelle joined the group in January 2009, and is responsible for educational outreach by providing support for K-12 classrooms, mentoring after-school clubs, and coordinating educational camps/events. Michelle also coordinates salmon habitat restoration projects and manages field and reporting logistics. Michelle has worked in the natural resources with state, tribal and federal entities and holds a Bachelors of Science degree in Biology from Seattle Pacific University. She enjoys exploring all the natural treasures the Hood Canal has to offer with her dog Blaze.
Julian Sammons, Project Manager
Email Julian • 360-275-3575, Ext. 15
Julian has worked with the organization as an intern and staff member since August of 2012. He graduated from The Evergreen State College with a Bachelors of Science in fall of 2013. He is responsible for managing the Hood Canal Onsite Septic System Nitrogen Reduction project, as well as the lab located at the Salmon Center. He is also responsible for managing the organization's Geographic Information Systems data, producing maps, collecting field data, and conducting spatial analysis using data from our projects. He has designed and coordinated planting efforts for our habitat restoration projects as well. He also surveys and treats invasive weeds on rivers throughout the Hood Canal, and organizes and obtains landowner consent for invasive weed treatments and native plantings.
Robin Jensen, Finance Manager
Email Robin • 360-275-3575, Ext. 14
Robin is responsible for overseeing financial operations, including financial reporting. She is a Master Gardener Intern in Kitsap County and enjoys gardening, pets and hiking. She has a background in non-profit administration and management, and holds a Bachelor's degree in Sociology from UC Santa Barbara and an MBA from University of Washington.
Joanne Tejeda, Publicity & Design
Email Joanne • 360-275-3575 Ext. 16
Joanne joined The Salmon Center in August 2015 as Newsletter Editor and assists with design and layout of posters, signage, artwork and printing for special events. She brings 10 years experience in the printing industry, bi-lingual skills from working with the Hispanic community, and holds a Desktop Diploma from Art Institute of Seattle and a Bachelor of Science degree in Geology from Wayne State University in Detroit. She enjoys trilliums, window painting, logo design & liturgical clipart, fiddling on her violin and bicycling to work.
Kelly R. S. Johnson, Sustainability Coordinator – AmeriCorps
Email Kelly • 360-275-3575, Ext. 10
Kelly joined The Salmon Center on October 1st as one of the two AmeriCorps Sustainability Coordinators and will serve Mason County through August 15. 2016. Her current responsibilities include: maintaining the Farm at Water's Edge, teaching nutrition education for the LinkUp afterschool program at Pioneer, and contributing to Mason County's burgeoning Food Policy Council. Prior to moving to WA, she travelled various parts of the world working on different farms with a short stint at Hendrix College in AR to study Anthropology. A former KY resident, she hopes to experience all the outdoor adventure that the Pacific Northwest has to offer.
Zoë Moskwa, Sustainability Coordinator – AmeriCorps
Email Zoë • 360-275-3575, Ext. 10
Zoë joined the Salmon Center in October 2015 as one of the two AmeriCorps Sustainability Coordinators and will be serving until August 2016. Her primary responsibilities include managing the Farm at Water's Edge, community U-Pick Garden, and various environmental and nutrition programs for the youth community in Mason County. She graduated with honors from Salve Regina University in May 2015 with a BA in Environmental Science. As a passionate environmentalist, Zoë is looking forward to exploring all three of Washington's National Parks and assisting as much as possible with our salmon research projects.
Christine VanDeen, Education and Outreach Intern
Christine joined the team in 2016 and will be serving through the summer as an Education and Outreach intern. She was born and raised on the Kitsap peninsula in Washington, but now attends Coastal Carolina University where she will graduate next May with a BS in Marine Science (and possibly a minor in Biology). She loves spending her time home out hiking and camping. Her interest in fish and the environment started when she was young, playing in tide pools around the Puget sound, She always knew she wanted to do something involving the ocean for her career.


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The Rough Guide to the iPad (3rd edition)
Whatever you want to do, The Rough Guide to the iPad 3rd edition has it covered: from FaceTime video-calling to to iPhoto image editing to HD TV streaming. This book tells you everything you need to know about the 3rd generation iPad.
The Rough Guide to the iPad covers everything from buying advice, and the low-down on the features you get straight out of the box, to advanced tips and reviews of the most useful apps. This new edition covers all the latest software developments, including syncing via iCloud, iBooks 2, multitouch gestures, iTunes Music Match and advanced photo editing. And of course, all you need to know about the glorious new retina display.
If you are new to iPad or looking to upgrade to the latest model, this Rough Guide will show you how to make the most of the world's most iconic tablet.
Now available in ePub format.less
272 pages; ISBN 9781409364016
Read online, or download in secure EPUB
Title: The Rough Guide to the iPad (3rd edition)
Author: Peter Buckley
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Catalogue entry
P07235 Location Piece 1973
Not inscribed
Lead over composite board, with aluminium letters and arrows, and metallic meters, 21 1/8 x 21 1/8 x 1 (53.5 x 53.5 x 2.7)
Purchased from the artist through the Sonnabend Gallery (Grant-in Aid) 1974
Exh: Robert Morris, Sonnabend Gallery, New York, March-April 1974 (no catalogue)
This is a multiple, number 3 out of an edition of 17, which was published by Robert Morris and fabricated in his New York studio. In the last years Morris has begun to remake a few of his earlier pieces in editions of from 3 to 17.
The first version of this piece, now in the Mr and Mrs Robert C. Scull collection, New York, was made in 1963 and measures 24 x 24in (61 x 61cm). It is in oil paint on a wood panel, with metallic meters. The letters and arrows are painted, whereas in the multiple they are in aluminium, in relief.
The four arrows point upwards to the ceiling, down to the floor and sideways towards the two adjacent walls. The meters alongside them are meant to be adjusted to show the distance in feet in these four main directions and thereby tabulate the location of this work on the wall surface. When first shown at the Sonnabend Gallery in 1974, three of these pieces were hung in one of the gallery spaces, each noting different measurements.
Published in:
Ronald Alley, Catalogue of the Tate Gallery's Collection of Modern Art other than Works by British Artists, Tate Gallery and Sotheby Parke-Bernet, London 1981, p.545, reproduced p.545