text:
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
|Democratic People's Republic of Korea
|First nuclear weapon test
|October 9, 2006
|Last nuclear test
|January 6, 2016[1]
|Largest yield test
|6–40 kt
(Yield is disputed; the North Korean government never announced a number.)[2]
|Total tests
|4, possibly 6[3][4]
|Current stockpile (usable and not)
|15–22 nuclear weapons equivalents? (rough 2015 ISIS estimate)[5]
|Current strategic arsenal
|10–16 nuclear weapons? (rough 2015 estimate)[5]
|Cumulative strategic arsenal in megatonnage
|<0.5 (2011 ISIS estimate)[6]
|Maximum missile range
|4,000 km (BM25 Musudan)
|NPT party
|Yes, but withdrew in 2003
|Weapons of mass destruction
|By type
|By country
|Nuclear weapons
|Nuclear-armed states
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction concerns North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea or DPRK), which declared in 2009 that it had developed a nuclear weapon, and possessed a small stockpile of relatively simple nuclear weapons. North Korea may also have a chemical weapon and/or biological weapons capability.[7] Since 2003, North Korea is no longer a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.[8]
On October 9, 2006, North Korea announced it had successfully conducted its first nuclear test. An underground nuclear explosion was detected, its yield was estimated as less than a kiloton, and some radioactive output was detected.[9][10][11]
On January 6, 2007, the North Korean government further confirmed that it had nuclear weapons.[12]
In April 2009, reports surfaced that North Korea has become a "fully fledged nuclear power", an opinion shared by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director General Mohamed ElBaradei.[13] On May 25, 2009, North Korea conducted a second nuclear test, resulting in an explosion estimated to be between 2 and 7 kilotons.[14] The 2009 test, like the 2006 test, is believed to have occurred at Mantapsan, Kilju County, in the north-eastern part of North Korea.[15]
On February 11, 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey detected a magnitude 5.1 seismic disturbance,[16] reported to be a third underground nuclear test.[17] North Korea has officially reported it as a successful nuclear test with a lighter warhead that delivers more force than before, but has not revealed the exact yield. Multiple South Korean sources estimate the yield at 6–9 kilotons, while the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources estimates the yield at 40 kilotons.[18][19][20]
On January 6, 2016 in Korea, the United States Geological Survey detected a magnitude 5.1 seismic disturbance,[21] reported to be a fourth underground nuclear test.[22] North Korea claimed that this test involved a hydrogen bomb. This claim has not been verified. Within hours, many nations and organizations had condemned the test.[23] Expert U.S. analysts do not believe that a hydrogen bomb was detonated. Seismic data collected so far suggests a 6-9 kiloton yield and that magnitude is not consistent with the power that would be generated by a hydrogen bomb explosion. "What we're speculating is they tried to do a boosted nuclear device, which is an atomic bomb that has a little bit of hydrogen, an isotope in it called tritium," said Joseph Cirincione, president of the global security firm Ploughshares Fund.[24]
On February 7, 2016, roughly a month after the alleged hydrogen bomb test, North Korea claimed to have put a satellite into orbit around the Earth. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe had warned the North to not launch the rocket, and if it did and the rocket violated Japanese territory, it would be shot down. Nevertheless, North Korea launched the rocket anyway, claiming the satellite was purely intended for peaceful, scientific purposes. Several nations, including the United States, Japan, and South Korea, have criticized the launch, and despite North Korean claims that the rocket was for peaceful purposes, it has been heavily criticized as an attempt to perform an ICBM test under the guise of a peaceful satellite launch. China also criticized the launch, however urged "the relevant parties" to "refrain from taking actions that may further escalate tensions on the Korean peninsula".[25]
Other nations and the U.N. have responded to North Korea's ongoing missile and nuclear development with a variety of sanctions; most recently, on March 2, 2016, the U.N. Security Council voted to impose additional sanctions against North Korea.[26]
- 1 History
- 2 Nuclear weapons
- 3 Biological and chemical weapons
- 4 Delivery systems
- 5 Exports related to ballistic missile technology
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
The nuclear program can be traced back to about 1962, when North Korea committed itself to what it called "all-fortressization", which was the beginning of the hyper-militarized North Korea of today.[27] In 1963 North Korea asked the Soviet Union for help in developing nuclear weapons, but was refused. The Soviet Union agreed to help North Korea develop a peaceful nuclear energy program, including the training of nuclear scientists. Later, China, after its nuclear tests, similarly rejected North Korean requests for help with developing nuclear weapons.[28]
Soviet specialists took part in the construction of the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center[29] and began construction of an IRT-2000 research reactor in 1963, which became operational in 1965 and was upgraded to 8 MW in 1974.[30] In 1979 North Korea indigenously began to build in Yongbyon a second research reactor, an ore processing plant and a fuel rod fabrication plant.[31]
North Korea's nuclear weapons program dates back to the 1980s. Focusing on practical uses of nuclear energy and the completion of a nuclear weapon development system, North Korea began to operate facilities for uranium fabrication and conversion, and conducted high-explosive detonation tests.[27] In 1985 North Korea ratified the NPT, but did not conclude the required safeguards agreement with the IAEA until 1992.[32] In early 1993, while verifying North Korea's initial declaration, the IAEA concluded that there was strong evidence this declaration was incomplete. When North Korea refused the requested special inspection, the IAEA reported its non-compliance to the UN Security Council. In 1993, North Korea announced its withdrawal from the NPT, but suspended that withdrawal before it took effect.[32]
Under the 1994 Agreed Framework, the U.S. government agreed to facilitate the supply of two light water reactors to North Korea in exchange for North Korean disarmament.[33][34] Such reactors are considered "more proliferation-resistant than North Korea's graphite-moderated reactors",[35] but not "proliferation proof".[36] Implementation of the Agreed Framework floundered, and in 2002 the Agreed Framework fell apart, with each side blaming the other for its failure. By 2002, Pakistan had admitted that North Korea had gained access to Pakistan's nuclear technology in the late 1990s.[37]
Based on evidence from Pakistan, Libya, and multiple confessions from North Korea itself, the United States accused North Korea of non-compliance and halted oil shipments; North Korea later claimed its public confession of guilt had been deliberately misconstrued. By the end of 2002, the Agreed Framework was officially abandoned.
In 2003, North Korea again announced its withdrawal from the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty.[32] In 2005, it admitted to having nuclear weapons but vowed to close the nuclear program.[38][39]
On March 17, 2007, North Korea told delegates at international nuclear talks that it is preparing to shut down its main nuclear facility. The agreement was reached following a series of six-party talks, involving North Korea, South Korea, China, Russia, Japan, and the United States begun in 2003. According to the agreement, a list of its nuclear programs will be submitted and the nuclear facility will be disabled in exchange for fuel aid and normalization talks with the United States and Japan.[40] This was delayed from April due to a dispute with the United States over Banco Delta Asia, but on July 14, International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors confirmed the shutdown of North Korea's Yongbyon nuclear reactor and consequently North Korea began to receive aid.[41] This agreement fell apart in 2009, following a North Korean missile test.
In February 2012, North Korea announced that it would suspend uranium enrichment at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center and not conduct any further tests of nuclear weapons while productive negotiations involving the United States continue. This agreement included a moratorium on long-range missiles tests. Additionally, North Korea agreed to allow IAEA inspectors to monitor operations at Yongbyon. The United States reaffirmed that it had no hostile intent toward the DPRK and was prepared to improve bilateral relationships, and agreed to ship humanitarian food aid to North Korea.[42][43][44] The United States called the move "important, if limited", but said it would proceed cautiously and that talks would resume only after North Korea made steps toward fulfilling its promise.[42] However, after North Korea conducted a long-range missile test in April 2012, the United States decided not to proceed with the food aid.[45]
Nuclear weapons[edit]
The Korean Central News Agency claims that "The Bush administration's DPRK policy that stemmed from its ignorance of the DPRK resulted in making the DPRK a nuclear weapons state."[46] North Korea had been suspected of maintaining a clandestine nuclear weapons development program since the early 1980s, when it constructed a plutonium-producing Magnox nuclear reactor at Yongbyon. Various diplomatic means had been used by the international community to attempt to limit North Korea's nuclear program to peaceful power generation and to encourage North Korea to participate in international treaties.[32] During the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students held in the DPRK in 1989, South Korean activist and "Flower of Reunification" Lim Su-kyung implied that the DPRK was not seeking nuclear weapons, saying: "The slogan 'Let us build a new world free from nuclear weapons!' will not be materialized by words alone. I'd like you to resolutely struggle against the anti-reunification forces, and give us support and encouragement. I, too, want to live in a country free from nuclear weapons; in my own land, and not infested with foreign forces and foreign army troops."[47]
In May 1992, North Korea's first inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) uncovered discrepancies suggesting that North Korea had reprocessed more plutonium than declared. IAEA requested access to additional information and access to two nuclear waste sites at Yongbyon.[32][48][49] North Korea rejected the IAEA request and announced on March 12, 1993, an intention to withdraw from the NPT.[32]
In 1994, North Korea pledged, under the "Agreed Framework" with the United States, to freeze its plutonium programs and dismantle all its nuclear weapons programs in return for several kinds of assistance, including construction of two modern nuclear power plants powered by light-water reactors.
By 2002, the United States believed that North Korea was pursuing both uranium enrichment technology and plutonium reprocessing technologies in defiance of the Agreed Framework. North Korea reportedly told American diplomats in private that they were in possession of nuclear weapons, citing American failures to uphold their own end of the "Agreed Framework" as a motivating force. North Korea later "clarified" that it did not possess weapons yet, but that it had "a right" to possess them, despite the Agreed Framework. In late 2002 and early 2003, North Korea began to take steps to eject International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors while re-routing spent fuel rods for plutonium reprocessing for weapons purposes. As late as the end of 2003, North Korea claimed that it would freeze its nuclear program in exchange for additional American concessions, but a final agreement was not reached. North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003.
On October 9, 2006, North Korea demonstrated its nuclear capabilities with its first underground nuclear test, detonating a plutonium based device[50] and the estimated yield was 0.2–1 kiloton.[11] The test was conducted at P'unggye-yok, and U.S. intelligence officials later announced that analysis of radioactive debris in air samples collected a few days after the test confirmed that the blast had taken place.[50] The United Nations Security Council condemned the test in Resolution 1874.
On January 6, 2007, the North Korean government further confirmed that it had nuclear weapons.[12]
In February 2007, following the six-party talks disarmament process, Pyongyang agreed to shut down its main nuclear reactor.[51] On October 8, 2008, IAEA inspectors were forbidden by the North Korean government to conduct further inspections of the site.[52]
On April 25, 2009, the North Korean government announced that the country's nuclear facilities had been reactivated,[53] and that spent fuel reprocessing for arms-grade plutonium has been restored.[54]
On May 25, 2009, North Korea conducted its second underground nuclear test. The U.S. Geological Survey calculated its origin in proximity of the site of the first nuclear test. The test was more powerful than the previous test, estimated at 2 to 7 kilotons.[14] The same day, a successful short range missile test was also conducted.[50][55]
On February 12, monitors in Asia picked up unusual seismic activity at a North Korean facility at 11:57am (02:57 GMT), later determined to be an artificial quake. with an initial magnitude 4.9 (later revised to 5.1).[56][57] The Korean Central News agency subsequently said that the country had detonated a miniaturized nuclear device with "greater explosive force" in an underground test.[58] According to the Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, the estimated yield was 7.7–7.8 kilotons.[59]
In December 2015, Kim Jong-un suggested that the country had the capacity to launch a hydrogen bomb, a device of considerably more power than conventional atomic bombs used in previous tests.[60] The remark was met with skepticism from the White House and South Korean officials.[61]
On January 6, after reports of a magnitude 5.1 earthquake originating in northeast North Korea at 10:00:01 UTC+08:30, the country's regime released statements that it had successfully tested a hydrogen bomb. Whether this was in fact a hydrogen bomb has yet to be proven.[62] Experts have cast doubt on this claim.[63] A South Korean spy expert suggested that it may have been an atomic bomb and not a hydrogen bomb.[64] Experts in several countries, including South Korea have expressed doubts about the claimed technology because of the relatively small size of the explosion. Senior Defense Analyst Bruce W. Bennett of research organization RAND told the BBC that "... Kim Jong-un is either lying, saying they did a hydrogen test when they didn't, they just used a little bit more efficient fission weapon – or the hydrogen part of the test really didn't work very well or the fission part didn't work very well."[65]
On 9 March 2016, North Korea released a video of Kim Jong Un visiting a missile factory.[66] The image was met with doubts. IHS Jane's Karl Dewey said that "It is possible that the silver sphere is a simple atomic bomb. But it is not a hydrogen bomb." Furthermore, he said that "a hydrogen bomb would not only be in two parts but also be a different shape".[67]
Nations across the world, as well as NATO and the United Nations, have spoken out against the testing as destabilizing, as a danger to international security and as a breach of UN Security Council resolutions.[68] China, one of North Korea's only allies, also denounced the test.[69]
Fissile material production[edit]
Plutonium facilities[edit]
North Korea's plutonium-based nuclear reactors are located at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, about 90 km north of Pyongyang.
- One Soviet-supplied IRT-2000 research reactor, completed in 1967.[70] Uranium irradiated in this reactor was used in North Korea's first plutonium separation experiments in 1975.[71] Nevertheless, the primary purpose of the reactor is not to produce plutonium and North Korea has had trouble acquiring enough fuel for constant operation. The U.S. Department of Energy estimated that this reactor could have been used to produce up to 1–2 kg of plutonium, though the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee said that the amount was no more than a few hundred grams.[72]
- A newer nuclear reactor with a capacity of 5MWe. This gas-graphite moderated Magnox type reactor is North Korea's main reactor, where practically all of its plutonium has been produced. A full core consists of 8,000 fuel rods and can yield a maximum of 27–29 kg of plutonium if left in the reactor for optimal burnup.[73] The North Korean Plutonium Stock, Mid-2006, it is estimated to be able to produce 0.9 grams of plutonium per thermal megawatt every day of its operations. The material required to make a single bomb is approximately four to eight kilograms.[74] Often, North Korea has unloaded the reactor before reaching the maximum burnup level. There are three known cores which were unloaded in 1994 (under IAEA supervision in accordance with the Agreed Framework), 2005, and 2007.
- In 1989, the 5MWe reactor was shut down for a period of seventy to a hundred days. In this time it is estimated that up to fifteen kilograms of plutonium could have been extracted. In 1994, North Korea unloaded its reactors again. The IAEA had these under full surveillance until later being denied the ability to observe North Korean power plants.[75] Under normal operation, the reactor can produce about 6 kg of plutonium per year although the reactor would need to be shut down and the fuel rods extracted to begin the plutonium separation process. Hence, plutonium separation stages alternate with plutonium production stages. Reprocessing (also known as separation) is known to have taken place in 2003 for the first core and 2005 for the second core.
- Two Magnox reactors (50MWe and 200MWe), under construction at Yongbyon and Taechon. If completed, 50MWe reactor would be capable of producing 60 kg of plutonium per year, enough for approximately 10 weapons and 200MWe reactor 220 kg of plutonium annually, enough for approximately 40 weapons. Construction was halted in 1994 about a year from completion in accord with the Agreed Framework, and by 2004 the structures and pipework had deteriorated badly.[76][77]
- Fuel reprocessing facility that recovers uranium and plutonium from spent fuel using the PUREX process. Based on extended Eurochemic reprocessing plant design at the Mol-Dessel site in Belgium.[78] In 1994 its activity was frozen in accord with the Agreed Framework.[32] On April 25, 2009, North Korean news agency KCNA, reported the resumption of reprocessing of spent fuel to recover plutonium.[79]
On March 12, 1993, North Korea said that it planned to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and refused to allow IAEA inspectors access to its nuclear sites. By 1994, the United States believed that North Korea had enough reprocessed plutonium to produce about 10 bombs with the amount of plutonium increasing.[80] Faced with diplomatic pressure after UN Security Council Resolution 825 and the threat of American military air strikes against the reactor, North Korea agreed to dismantle its plutonium program as part of the Agreed Framework in which South Korea and the United States would provide North Korea with light water reactors and fuel oil until those reactors could be completed.
Because the light water reactors would require enriched uranium to be imported from outside North Korea, the amount of reactor fuel and waste could be more easily tracked, making it more difficult to divert nuclear waste to be reprocessed into plutonium. However, the Agreed Framework was mired in difficulties, with each side blaming the other for the delays in implementation; as a result, the light water reactors were never finished. In late 2002, after fuel aid was suspended, North Korea returned to using its old reactors.
In 2006, there were eight sites identified as potential test explosion sites for current (and future) tests according to a statement by the South Korean Parliament. These sites are distinguished from a number of other nuclear materials production facilities in that they are thought to be most closely identified with a military, or potentially military purpose:[81]
1. Hamgyong Bukdo (North Hamgyong) Province – 2 Sites:
- Chungjinsi – Nuclear fuel storage site, military base and unidentified underground facility
- Kiljugun – Extensive military buildup with motorized troop formations and construction of new advanced underground facility – Site of May 25, 2009, Nuclear Test.
- Phunggyere – Site of October 9, 2006, Nuclear Test
2. Chagangdo Province – 1 Site: Kanggyesi – Production center of North Korea's advanced equipment and munitions since 1956. Also, extensive intelligence of highly advanced underground facility.
3. Pyongan Bukdo (North Pyongan) Province – 4 Sites:
- Yongbyonsi – 2 Sites – Location of Yongbyon Nuclear Research Center, and the facility's Experimental Test Explosion facility and two unidentified underground facilities. In addition, there is a gas-graphite reactor, HE test site, nuclear fuel fabrication site, nuclear waste storage site
- Kusungsi – Between 1997 and September 2002, approximately 70 test explosions of North Korean munitions took place. Also, existence of underground facility
- Taechongun – 200MWe Nuclear Energy Plant construction site. Location of unidentified underground facility and nuclear arms/energy related facilities known to exist
4. Pyongan Namdo (South Pyongan) Province – 1 Site: Pyongsungsi – Location of National Science Academy and extensive underground facility whose purpose is not known.
Highly enriched uranium program[edit]
North Korea possesses uranium mines containing an estimated 4 million tons of high grade uranium ore.[82]
Prime minister Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan allegedly, through Pakistan's former top scientist, Abdul Qadeer Khan, supplied key data, stored on CDs, on uranium enrichment and information to North Korea in exchange for missile technology around 1990–1996, according to U.S. intelligence officials. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime minister Shaukat Aziz acknowledged in 2005 that Khan had provided centrifuges and their designs to North Korea.[83] In May 2008, Khan, who had previously confessed to supplying the data on his own initiative, retracted his confession, claiming that the Pakistan Government forced him to be a "scapegoat". He also claimed that North Korea's nuclear program was well advanced before his visits to North Korea.[84]
Highly enriched uranium (HEU) program was publicized in October 2002 when the United States asked North Korean officials about the program.[85] Under the Agreed Framework, North Korea explicitly agreed to freeze plutonium programs (specifically, its "graphite moderated reactors and related facilities"). The agreement also committed North Korea to implement the Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, in which both Koreas committed not to have enrichment or reprocessing facilities. The United States argued North Korea violated its commitment not to have enrichment facilities.
In December 2002, claiming North Korean non-compliance, the United States persuaded the KEDO Board to suspend fuel oil shipments, which led to the end of the Agreed Framework. North Korea responded by announcing plans to reactivate a dormant nuclear fuel processing program and power plant north of Pyongyang. North Korea soon thereafter expelled United Nations inspectors and announced a unilateral "withdrawal" from the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
In 2007, a Bush administration official assessed that, while there was still a "high confidence" that North Korea acquired materials that could be used in a "production-scale" uranium program, there is only a "mid-confidence" level such a production-scale uranium (rather than merely plutonium) program exists.[86][87]
Stockpile estimates and projections[edit]
Institute for Science and International Security[edit]
For 2013, the Institute for Science and International Security gives a mid-range estimate of 12 to 27 "nuclear weapon equivalents", including plutonium and uranium stockpiles. By 2016, North Korea is projected to have 14 to 48 nuclear weapon equivalents. (For uranium weapons, each weapon is assumed to contain 20 kilograms of weapons-grade uranium.)[6]
As of 2012, the Federation of American Scientists estimates North Korea has fewer than 10 plutonium warheads.[88]
As of January 2013, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates North Korea has 6 to 8 warheads.[89]
Biological and chemical weapons[edit]
North Korea acceded to the Biological Weapons Convention in 1987, and the Geneva Protocol on January 4, 1989, but has not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention.
The U.S. Department of Defense believes North Korea probably has a chemical weapons program and is likely to possess a stockpile of weapons.[7] The United States believes that North Korea maintains a biological weapons capability and infrastructure, and has the munitions production capacity to deploy biological agents if it chose to do so.[90]
North Korea reportedly acquired the technology necessary to produce tabun and mustard gas as early as the 1950s.[91] The United States estimates North Korea's likely stockpile of chemical weaponry from at least a few hundred tons, to at most a few thousand tons.[92]
In 2009 the International Crisis Group reported that the consensus expert view was that North Korea had a stockpile of about 2,500 to 5,000 tonnes of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, sarin (GB) and other nerve agents.[93] The South Korean government also estimated the stockpile as about 2,500 to 5,000 tonnes in 2010.[90]
North Korea may have also begun the production of binary agents. Binary agents are toxic only when the two chemicals (normally physically separated) are combined. By creating binary agents, North Korea can increase their safety when handling hazardous material.[92] North Korean military units conduct regular nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) training exercises in a chemical environment. North Korean chemical and biological warfare units are equipped with decontamination and detection equipment.[92] In 2010, the Omaha World-Herald reported that North Korea has chemical weapons which could cause millions of casualties in South Korea, where gas masks are only provided to the military and top government officials.[94]
On June 6, 2015, a North Korean defector to Finland who is working in China claims to have 15 gigabytes of electronic evidence that he claims documents how the country is testing chemical and biological agents on its own citizens.[95] The same day, photo releases of Kim Jong-un visiting the Pyongyang Bio-technical Institute were scrutinised by experts such as Melissa Hanham of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, who claims that this factory is an anthrax-producing factory.[96] However, an official spokesperson for the National Defence Commission denied the allegations on the Korean Central News Agency, challenging the US Congress to inspect the Institute, saying: "Come here right now, with all the 535 members of the House of Representatives and the Senate as well as the imbecile secretaries and deputy secretaries of the government who have made their voices hoarse screaming for new sanctions. Then they can behold the awe-inspiring sight of the Pyongyang Bio-technical Institute."[97]
Delivery systems[edit]
In the 1960s, DPRK first received shipments of short-range ballistic missiles from its main ally, the Soviet Union. The first weapons of this kind to be delivered were the tactical FROG-series.[98] In the late 1970s or early 1980s, the DPRK received several longer range Scud-B missiles from Egypt (which in turn received those missiles from the USSR, Bulgaria and Poland). The USSR had refused to supply Scuds to North Korea.[98] A local production basis was established, and the first modified copy was named Hwasong-5. With time, more advanced types of missiles were developed. Eventually North Korea equipped itself with ballistic missiles, capable of reaching Japan. In the 1990s, North Korea sold medium-sized nuclear capable missiles to Pakistan in a deal facilitated by China.[99]
Early 2000s[edit]
North Korea's ability to deliver weapons of mass destruction to a hypothetical target is somewhat limited by its missile technology. As of 2005, North Korea's total range with its Nodong missiles estimated as 900 km with a 1,000 kg payload,[98] enough to reach South Korea, and parts of Japan, Russia and China. It is not known if this missile is capable of carrying the nuclear weapons North Korea may have developed.
The BM25 Musudan is a North Korean designed intermediate-range ballistic missile with range capabilities of up to 1,550 miles (2,490 km), and could carry a nuclear warhead. As of 2010, Western sources had no indication that the missile system had ever been tested, or was operational.[100][101] North Korea has also developed the Taepodong-1 missile, which has an estimated range of up to 5,000 km.[98]
With the development of the Taepodong-2 missile, with an expected range of 5,000–6,000 km,[102] North Korea could hypothetically deliver a warhead to almost all countries in Southeast Asia, as well as the western side of North America. The Taepodong-2 missile was unsuccessfully tested on July 4, 2006. U.S. intelligence estimates that the weapon will not be operational for another 11 years. The Taepodong-2 could theoretically hit the western United States. A few Taepodong-2 missiles may exist, but launch procedures are lengthy and visible.[98]
In an online interview published in 2006, the Japanese Ministry of Defense's analyst Takesada argued that North Korea's desire of unification is similar to North Vietnam, and warned of the possibility of North Korea's compulsory merger with South Korea by threats of nuclear weapons, taking advantage of any possible decrease in the U.S. military presence in South Korea, after North Korea deploys several hundred mobile ICBMs aimed at the United States.[103]
On April 5, 2009, North Korea launched the Unha-2 space booster (allegedly based on the long-range Taepodong-2). Although the launch was more successful than the 2006 test, the third stage still failed to separate properly. The UN Security Council condemned the launch as a violation of previous Security Council resolutions.[104]
On July 2, 2009, North Korea test fired a series of at least four surface-to-ship cruise missiles into the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Two days later, on July 4, they proceeded to test fire a further seven Scud-type ballistic missiles into the same sea.[105] The tests are seen by world powers as a symbol of defiance to the United Nations set over North Korea after their nuclear test on May 25, 2009.[106] These launches came only a week after U.S. President Barack Obama extended U.S. economic sanctions against North Korea.[107] This is also a response to the UN sanctions that were imposed in June 2009, after Pyongyang's nuclear test in May 2009, as well as the new UN resolution that any nation can inspect a North Korean vessel that the investigating nation believes is carrying weaponry.[107] It was speculated that the test firing of missiles was an act of defiance against the United States national holiday, Independence Day.[105]
Operational delivery systems[edit]
There is evidence that North Korea has been able to miniaturize a nuclear warhead for use on a ballistic missile.[109] Re-entry technology to protect the warheads en route to their targets is lacking.[110] An April 2012 display of missiles purporting to be ICBMs were declared fakes by Western analysts, and indicated North Korea was a long way from having a credible ICBM.[111] In December 2012, North Korea placed a (possibly non-functional) satellite into orbit for the first time.[112] Various North Korean rocket tests continued into the 2010s, for example in 2013, in 2014, and in an allegedly successful satellite launch in 2016.[26] North Korea performed no tests of medium-range missiles sufficiently powerful to reach Japan in 2015, but South Korea's Yonhap news agency believes that at least one missile fired during North Korea's March 2016 missile tests is likely a medium-range Rodong missile.[113] North Korea appeared to launch a missile test from a submarine on 23 April 2016; while the missile only traveled 30 km, one U.S. analyst noted that "North Korea's sub launch capability has gone from a joke to something very serious".[114] An August 2016 North Korean missile test of a Rodong missile that flew 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) landed about 250 kilometres (160 mi) west of Japan's Oga Peninsula, in international waters but inside Japan's exclusive economic zone, prompting Japan to condemn the "unforgivable act of violence toward Japan's security".[115][116]
As of 2016, North Korea is known to have approximately 300 Rodong missiles whose maximum range is 800 miles.[116]
Operational / successfully tested[edit]
- KN-1 – a short-range anti-ship cruise missile. Its range is estimated to be around 160 kilometers, and is most probably an improved version of the Soviet Termit missile (NATO codename "Styx").
- KN-2 Toksa – a short-range, solid-fueled, highly accurate mobile missile, modified copy of the Soviet OTR-21. Unknown number in service, apparently deployed either in the late 1990s or early 2000s (decade).
- Hwasong-5 – initial Scud modification. Road-mobile, liquid-fueled missile, with an estimated range of 330 km. It has been tested successfully. It is believed that North Korea has deployed some 150–200 such missiles on mobile launchers.
- Hwasong-6 – later Scud modification. Similar to the Hwasong-5, yet with an increased range (550–700 km) and a smaller warhead (600–750 kg). Apparently this is the most widely deployed North Korean missile, with at least 400 missiles in use.
- Rodong-1 – larger and more advanced Scud modification. Liquid-fueled, road-mobile missile with a 650 kg warhead. First production variants had inertial guidance, later variants featured GPS guidance, which improves CEP accuracy to 190–250 m.[117] Range is estimated to be between 1,300 and 1,600 km.
- Musudan – believed to be a modified copy of the Soviet R-27 Zyb SLBM. Originally believed to have been tested as the first or second stage of Unha, but debris analysis showed that the Unha used older technology than it is believed the Musudan uses.[98] Also known under the names Nodong-B, Taepodong-X, Hwasong-10 (HS-10) and BM25, predicted to have a range of 2,500–4,000 km assuming R-27 technology is used.[118] A DoD report puts BM25 strength at fewer than 50 launchers.[119]
Untested / failed[edit]
- KN-08 – Road-mobile ICBM. Also called the Hwasong-13 (HS-13). Maximum range >3,400 miles. The US Defense Department estimates at least 6 KN-08 launchers are in deployment.[119] A modified version, the KN-14, was unveiled at a parade marking the 70th anniversary of the Workers Party of Korea.
Technology demonstrators[edit]
- Taepodong-1 – three-stage technology demonstrator. First stage was adapted from a Rodong-1. Second stage was adapted from a Hwasong-6. A satellite launch was attempted in 1998. The satellite failed to reach orbit, but the first two stages apparently functioned adequately. The U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency concluded that the Taepodong-1 was a test-bed for a series of long-range ballistic missiles and SLVs.[120] The US National Air and Space Intelligence Center made a similar assessment.[121]
- Taepodong-2 – Three-stage technology demonstrator.[122] First test occurred in 2006, when the missile failed 40 seconds after launch. Estimates of the range vary widely – from 4,500 to 10,000 kilometers (most estimates put the range at about 6,700 km).
In April 2009, the United Nations named the Korea Mining and Development Trading Corporation (KOMID) as North Korea's primary arms dealer and main exporter of equipment related to ballistic missiles and conventional weapons. The UN lists KOMID as being based in the Central District, Pyongyang.[123] However, it also has offices in Beijing and sales offices worldwide which facilitate weapons sales and seek new customers for North Korean weapons.[124]
KOMID has sold missile technology to Iran[125] and has done deals for missile related technology with the Taiwanese.[126] KOMID representatives were also involved in a North Korean deal to mass-produce Kornet anti-tank guided missiles for Syria[127] and KOMID has also been responsible for the sale of equipment, including missile technologies, gunboats, and multiple rocket artilleries, worth a total of over $100 million, to Africa, South America, and the Middle East.[128]
North Korea's military has also used a company called Hap Heng to sell weapons overseas. Hap Heng was based in Macau in the 1990s to handle sales of weapons and missile and nuclear technology to nations such as Pakistan and Iran. Pakistan's medium-range ballistic missile, the Ghauri, is considered to be a copy of North Korea's Rodong 1. In 1999, intelligence sources claim that North Korea had sold missile components to Iran.[129] Listed directors of Hap Heng include Kim Song in and Ko Myong Hun.[130] Ko Myong Hun is now a listed diplomat in Beijing[131] and may be involved in the work of KOMID.[132]
A UN sanctions committee report stated that North Korea operates an international smuggling network for nuclear and ballistic missile technology, including to Myanmar (Burma), Syria, and Iran.[133]
Export partners[edit]
Many countries have bought North Korean ballistic missiles or have received assistance from North Korea to establish local missile production.
- Pakistan
- North Korean entities continued to provide assistance to Pakistan's ballistic missile program during the first half of 1999 in return for nuclear weapons technology.[134] Such assistance was critical to Islamabad's efforts to produce ballistic missiles. In April 1998, Pakistan flight-tested the Ghauri MRBM, which is based on North Korea's Nodong missile. Also in April 1998, the United States imposed sanctions against Pakistani and North Korean entities for their role in transferring Missile Technology Control Regime Category I ballistic missile-related technology.[135]
- Egypt
- Egypt has received technologies and assistance for manufacture of both the Hwasong-5 and Hwasong-6, and may have provided guidance systems or information on longer-range missiles to North Korea from the Condor/Badr program.
- Iran
- Iran was one of the first countries to buy North Korean missiles. Iran has established local production for the Hwasong-5 (Shahab-1), Hwasong-6 (Shahab-2) and the Rodong-1 (Shahab-3). Iran also possesses some 19 land-based BM25 Musudan missiles, according to a leaked, classified U.S. State Department cable,[136] however Iran has never displayed these missiles causing some U.S. intelligence officials to doubt the missiles were transferred to Iran.[100]
- Syria
- Syria originally obtained the SCUD-B from North Korea. North Korea may have assisted Syria in development of the SCUD-C and/or the SCUD-D. As of 2013, Syria relies on foreign assistance from multiple countries, including North Korea, for advanced missile components and technologies.[137]
- United Arab Emirates
- 25 Hwasong-5s were purchased from North Korea in 1989. The Military of the United Arab Emirates were not satisfied with the quality of the missiles, and they were kept in storage.[138]
- Vietnam
- Acquired Hwasong-5/6 missiles in 1998.
- Yemen
- Known to have bought Hwasong-5 missiles from the DPRK in the 1990s—a total of 15 missiles, 15 TELs with 15 HE warheads.
Former export partners[edit]
- Libya
- Libya during the reign of Muammar Gaddafi had been known to receive technological assistance, blueprints and missile parts from North Korea.[139]
Rejection by a potential export partner[edit]
- Nigeria
- In January 2004, the Nigerian government announced that North Korea had agreed to sell it missile technology, but a month later Nigeria rejected the agreement under U.S. pressure.[140]
See also[edit]
- Korean conflict
- North Korea–Pakistan relations
- Nuclear power in North Korea
- Foreign relations of North Korea
- North Korea–United States relations
- Index of Korea-related articles
- Sohae Satellite Launching Station
- 2002 State of the Union Address
- List of North Korean nuclear tests
- ^ "North Korea Announces That It Has Detonated First Hydrogen Bomb". New York Times. 5 January 2016.
- ^ Park, Jeffrey (May 26, 2009). "The North Korean nuclear test: What the seismic data says". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- ^ Geoff Brumfiel (February 3, 2012). "Isotopes hint at North Korean nuclear test". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.9972.
- ^ De Geer, Lars-Erik (2012). "Radionuclide Evidence for Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in North Korea in April/May 2010". Science and Global Security. 20 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1080/08929882.2012.652558.
- ^ a b North Korean Plutonium and Weapon-Grade Uranium Inventories, ISIS, 2015
- ^ a b "North Korea's Estimated Stocks of Plutonium and Weapon-Grade Uranium" (PDF). August 16, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ a b Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Defense. 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ "North Korea leaves nuclear pact". CNN.com. Jan 10, 2003.
- ^ Burns, Robert; Gearan, Anne (October 13, 2006). "U.S.: Test Points to N. Korea Nuke Blast". The Washington Post.
- ^ "North Korea Nuclear Test Confirmed by U.S. Intelligence Agency". Bloomberg. October 16, 2006. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
- ^ a b North Korea's first nuclear test Yield estimates section
- ^ a b "Usher in a great heyday of Songun Korea full of confidence in victory". The Pyongyang Times. January 6, 2007. p. 1.
- ^ Richard Lloyd Parry (April 24, 2009). "North Korea is fully fledged nuclear power, experts agree". The Times (Tokyo). London. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
- ^ a b [1] North Korea's Nuclear test Explosion, 2009. SIPRI
- ^ "North Korea's new nuclear test raises universal condemnation". NPSGlobal Foundation. May 25, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
- ^ 2013-02-12 02:57:51 (mb 5.1) NORTH KOREA 41.3 129.1 (4cc01) (Report). USGS. February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
- ^ "North Korea appears to conduct 3rd nuclear test, officials and experts say". CNN. February 12, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
- ^ Choi He-suk (February 14, 2013). "Estimates differ on size of N.K. blast". The Korea Herald. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
- ^ "Nuke test air samples are a bust". 15 February 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
- ^ "How Powerful Was N.Korea's Nuke Test?". The Chosun Ilbo. February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
- ^ M5.1 - 21km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea (Report). USGS. January 6, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
- ^ "North Korea claims fully successful hydrogen bomb test". Russia Today. January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
- ^ "N Korean nuclear test condemned as intolerable provocation". Channel News Asia. Mediacorp. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ Windrem, Robert. "North Korea Likely Lying About Hydrogen Bomb Test, Experts Say". NBC News. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ "North Korea fires long-range rocket despite warnings". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
- ^ a b http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/02/world/un-north-korea-sanctions-vote/index.html
- ^ a b John Pike. "Nuclear Weapons Program". globalsecurity.org.
- ^ Lee Jae-Bong (December 15, 2008 (Korean) February 17, 2009 (English)). "U.S. Deployment of Nuclear Weapons in 1950s South Korea & North Korea's Nuclear Development: Toward Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (English version)". The Asia-Pacific Journal. Retrieved April 4, 2012. Check date values in:
- ^ James Clay Moltz and Alexandre Y. Mansourov (eds.): The North Korean Nuclear Program. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-92369-7
- ^ "Research Reactor Details – IRT-DPRK". International Atomic Energy Agency. 30 July 1996. Retrieved 14 February 2007.
- ^ http://www.znf.uni-hamburg.de/MasterSchoeppner.pdf
- ^ a b c d e f g "Fact Sheet on DPRK Nuclear Safeguards". iaea.org.
- ^ The U.S.-North Korean Agreed Framework at a Glance, Fact Sheet, Arms Control Association.
- ^ [2], additional text.
- ^ "Non-Proliferation Treaty". Dosfan.lib.uic.edu. October 21, 1994. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ [3], additional text.
- ^ Washington Post, "North 'bribed its way to nuclear statehood'", Japan Times, July 8, 2011, p. 4.
- ^ "North Korea Confirms It Has Nuclear Weapons". Fox News. 11 February 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ Traynor, Ian; Watts, Jonathan; Borger, Julian (20 September 2005). "North Korea vows to abandon nuclear weapons project". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ N. Korea Plans to Shut Down Nuke Facility. Newsmax. March 17, 2007.
- ^ "UN confirms N Korea nuclear halt". BBC News. July 16, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
- ^ a b Steven Lee Myers; Choe Sang-Hun (February 29, 2012). "North Korea Agrees to Curb Nuclear Work; U.S. Offers Aid". The New York Times. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
- ^ "DPRK Foreign Ministry Spokesman on Result of DPRK-U.S. Talks". Korean Central News Agency. February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ "U.S.-DPRK Bilateral Discussions". U.S. Department of State. February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ^ "US stops food aid to North Korea after missile launch". Reuters. April 13, 2012.
- ^ "To React to Nuclear Weapons in Kind Is DPRK's Mode of Counteraction: Rodong Sinmun". Korean Central News Agency. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^ Flower of Reunification (DPRK film [unknown publisher]; official English translation), c. 1989 (Part 3/7)
- ^ http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/71870.pdf
- ^ http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22944/Hecker-Lee-Braun_North_Koreas_Choice.pdf
- ^ a b c "North Korea's nuclear tests". BBC News.
- ^ Glenn Kessler, Far-Reaching U.S. Plan Impaired N. Korea Deal: Demands Began to Undo Nuclear Accord, The Washington Post, p. A20, September 26, 2008.
- ^ Demetri Sevastopulo (October 10, 2008). "Bush removes North Korea from terror list". Financial Times. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ^ "N. Korea Says It Has Restarted Nuclear Facilities list". Fox News. Associated Press. April 25, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
- ^ Russia Today (April 26, 2009). "North Korea: return of the nukes". RT. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ "N. Korea Says It Conducted 2nd Nuclear Test". Fox News. Associated Press. May 25, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ "朝鲜(疑爆)Ms4.9地震" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on August 9, 2014.
- ^ "Press Release: On the CTBTO's detection in North Korea". CTBTO. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ <no by-line.--> (February 12, 2013). "North Korea confirms 'successful' nuclear test". The Telegraph. London, England. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
- ^ "How Powerful Was N.Korea's Nuke Test?". The Chosun Ilbo. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ "North Korea has a hydrogen bomb, says Kim Jong-un". The Guardian. Reuters. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ Sang-hun, Choe (10 December 2015). "Kim Jong-Un's Claim of North Korea Hydrogen Bomb Draws Skepticism". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ "News from The Associated Press". hosted.ap.org.
- ^ Siobhan Fenton (January 6, 2016). "North Korea hydrogen bomb test: Experts cast doubt on country's claims". The Independent.
- ^ "News from The Associated Press".
- ^ no by-line.--> (6 January 2016). "North Korea nuclear H-bomb claims met by scepticism". BBC News Asia. BBC. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ http://national.suntimes.com/national-world-news/7/72/2727151/north-korea-says-mini-warheads-true-nuclear-deterrent
- ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/08/asia/north-korea-nuclear-warheads/index.html
- ^ no by-line.-->. "N Korean nuclear test condemned as intolerable provocation". Channel News Asia. Mediacorp. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ "North Korea's Hydrogen Bomb Claim Strains Ties With China". The New York Times. January 7, 2016.
- ^ Joo, Seung-Hoo (2000). Gorbachev's Foreign Policy Toward the Korean Peninsula, 1985–1991: Power and Reform. E. Mellen Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7734-7817-6.
- ^ Albright, David; Berkhout, Frans; Walker, William (1997). Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium, 1996: World Inventories, Capabilities, and Policies. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-19-828009-5.
- ^ The North Korean Plutonium Stock, February 2007, by David Albright and Paul Brannan, Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS), February 20, 2007.
- ^ Albright, David; Brannan, Paul (June 26, 2006)
- ^ "Weapons of Mass Destruction". Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ "International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).". International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
- ^ Busch, Nathan E. (2004). No End in Sight: The Continuing Menace of Nuclear Proliferation. University Press of Kentucky. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-8131-2323-3.
- ^ Siegfried S. Hecker (12 May 2009). "The risks of North Korea's nuclear restart". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
- ^ "FSI - CISAC - North Korea's Choice: Bombs Over Electricity". stanford.edu.
- ^ "Defiant NKorea resumes nuclear program". Brisbane Times. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
- ^ Bodansky, Yossef; Forrest, Vaughn S. (August 11, 1994). Pyongyang and the US nuclear gambit. Congressional Documents. GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^ 북한내 핵실험 가능 추정지역 최소 8곳 [Minimum of eight nuclear test in North Korea can be estimated]. BreakNews (in Korean). October 6, 2006. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
- ^ Nuclear Weapons Program – North Korea History section paragraph 1. Federation of American Scientists. Accessed 5 April 2013.
- ^ "Khan 'gave N Korea centrifuges'". BBC News. August 24, 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ "ABC News: ABC Exclusive: Pakistani Bomb Scientist Breaks Silence". ABC News. ABC News (USA). May 30, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ "N Korea 'admits nuclear programme". BBC News. October 17, 2002. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
- ^ Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (March 1, 2007). "U.S. Had Doubts on North Korean Uranium Drive". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- ^ Kessler, Glenn (March 1, 2007). "New Doubts on Nuclear Efforts by North Korea". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- ^ "Nuclear weapons: Who has what?". CNN. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
- ^ Daily chart: Mutually assured ambiguity. The Economist (2013-06-03). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ a b "Arms Control and Proliferation Profile: North Korea". Arms Control Association. April 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "North Korean Military Capabilities". Archived from the original on September 11, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
- ^ a b c "DPRK – Chemical Weapons Program". GlobalSecurity. 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ Jon Herskovitz (18 June 2009). "North Korea chemical weapons threaten region: report". Reuters. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ N. Korea threat beyond neighbor, Omaha World-Herald, 28 November 2010
- ^ Ryall, Julian (4 July 2015). "Defector says North Korea tests germ warfare on disabled". The Age. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^ Asher-Schaprio, Avi (9 July 2015). "Did North Korea Really Publish Pictures of a Biological Weapons Facility?". VICE News. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^ "Kim Jong-un invites entire US government to visit pesticide plant". The Daily Telegraph. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f Markus Schiller (2012). Characterizing the North Korean Nuclear Missile Threat (Report). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-7621-2. TR-1268-TSF. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2005). Asian Strategic And Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 817062245X.
- ^ a b John Pomfret and Walter Pincus (December 1, 2010). "Experts question North Korea-Iran missile link from WikiLeaks document release". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
- ^ http://www.isis-online.org/publications/dprk/DPRKplutoniumFEB.pdf
- ^ "North Korea warned about missile". BBC News. June 18, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
- ^ "Nikkei Interview Article Computer Translation". Excite-webtl.jp. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ "The North Korean Rocket Launch: International Reactions and Implications". James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ^ a b "North Korea missile tests defy UN". BBC News. July 4, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ Choe Sang-Hon (July 2, 2009). "North Korea Test-Fires 4 Short-Range Missiles". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ a b Steve Chao (July 2, 2009). "North Korea fires series of missiles". Al Jazeera. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ BBC News - How potent are North Korea's threats?
- ^ SHANKER, THOM (April 11, 2013). "Pentagon Says Nuclear Missile Is in Grasp for North Korea". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ "Could North Korean Missiles Hit the U.S.?". Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- ^ Eric Talmadge (April 26, 2012). "Analysts say North Korea's new missiles are fakes". The Independent. London. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
- ^ North Korean space scientist to U.S. people: 'Trust us', CNN: "international experts generally agreed that KMS 3-2 was in space, but most were skeptical that it was operational"
- ^ JACK KIM; JU-MIN PARK (17 March 2016). "Defiant North Korea fires ballistic missile into sea, Japan protests". Reuters. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
- ^ Don Melvin; Jim Sciutto (23 April 2016). "North Korea launches missile from submarine". CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ^ Choe Sang-Hun (2 August 2016). "North Korea Fires Ballistic Missile Into Waters Off Japan". New York Times. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ a b "Japan: North Korea missile launch an "unforgivable act of violence"". 27 July 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ John Pike. "Rodong-1". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ "Facts about North Korea's Musudan missile". AFP. GlobalPost. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
IHS Jane's puts the estimated range at anywhere between 2,500 and 4,000 kilometres … potential payload size has been put at 1.0-1.25 tonnes.
- ^ a b http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_Democratic_Peoples_Republic_of_Korea_2015.PDF
- ^ Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat (PDF). National Air and Space Intelligence Center (Report). Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency. April 2009. NASIC-1031-0985-09. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
- ^ http://38north.org/2015/03/jschilling031215/
- ^ "komid-un". CNN. April 25, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ KOMID Overseas at the Wayback Machine (archived August 29, 2010)[dead link]
- ^ KOMID and Iran at the Wayback Machine (archived October 11, 2010)[dead link]
- ^ KOMID and Taiwan at the Wayback Machine (archived November 19, 2010)[dead link]
- ^ "KOMID and Syria". Breitbart.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ KOMID's $100 million sales[dead link]
- ^ "Hap Heng in Macau". CNN. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ 印務局 Internet Team. "Ko Myong Hun and Kim Song In". Bo.io.gov.mo. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ "国家简介-国际-朝鲜民主主义人民共和国大使馆". People's Daily. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ "Ko and Komid". China Daily. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ McElroy, Damien (November 12, 2010). "North Korea 'runs international nuclear smuggling network'". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ "South Asia - Powell says nuclear ring broken". BBC News.
- ^ "Report to Congress, January – June 1999. Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions. Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ William J. Broad; James Glanz; David E. Sanger (28 November 2010). "Iran Fortifies Its Arsenal With the Aid of North Korea". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Syria - Country Profiles - NTI". NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative.
- ^ Bermudez, Joseph S. (1999). "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK: First Ballistic Missiles, 1979–1989". James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "IISS report". Iiss.org. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ North Korea Missile Milestones – 1969–2005 Archived December 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
- Federation of American Scientists guide to North Korean chemical weapons
- Jonathan D. Pollack, "North Korea's Nuclear Weapon Development: Implications for Future Policy" Proliferation Papers, Paris, IFRI, Spring 2010
- North Korea's missile arsenal– Key facts (based on South Korean defense ministry data); AFP, June 1, 2005
- North Korea: Problems, Perceptions and Proposals– Oxford Research Group, April 2004
- Second nuclear test conducted by North Korea on May 25, 2009
- Nuclear Files.org Information on the North Korean nuclear program including links to source documents
- Annotated bibliography for the North Korean nuclear weapons program from the Alsos Digital Library
- A.Q. Khan hand in North Korea bomb, by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, October 10, 2006
- The February 13 Action Plan and the Prospects for the North Korean Nuclear Issue – analysis by Narushige Michishita, IFRI Proliferation Papers n° 17, 2007
- North Korean International Documentation Project Contains primary source documents related to the DPRK's efforts to obtain nuclear technology dating back to the mid-1960s
- TIME Archives A Collection of stories regarding North Korea's Nuclear Program
- Chung Min Lee, "The Evolution of the North Korean Nuclear Crisis: Implications for Iran", Proliferation Papers, Paris, IFRI, Winter 2009
- Norris, Robert S. and Kristensen, Hans M., "North Korea's nuclear program, 2005", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2005
- Normalizing Japan: Supporter, Nuisance, or Wielder of Power in the North Korean Nuclear Talks – An analysis of Japan's role in the Six-Party Talks by Linus Hagström.
- Critiquing the Idea of Japanese Exceptionalism: Japan and the Coordination of North Korea Policy – An analysis of Japan's role in the nuclear talks prior to the commencement of the Six-Party Talks. Also by Linus Hagström.
- North Korea: Economic Sanctions
- Chronology of U.S. – North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy
- North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy Congressional Research Service.
- IISS North Korea's Ballistic Missile Programme
- List of all sanctions against North Korea


text:
Noticed the advertisements on my site were not displaying so I went in and checked it out. Further noticed my advertising "sets" had become undefined. So I went into to reset the definitions and when I attempted to restore those definitions and I save the adset I get:
Fatal error: Call to undefined method stdClass::get_network_property_defaults() in /home/wiskicom/public_html/wp-content/plugins/advertising-manager/lib/Advman/Admin.php on line 91

subset: commoncrawl


text:
George Austin">
SOMERSET — After resident Jerry Waksler questioned the selectmen about what is being done to collect over $500,000 in taxes owed on the former Montaup Electric property, Selectmen Chairman Donald Setters, Jr. said the owner of the property has made a decision not to pay taxes and to put that money into cleaning up the property, which he said is a benefit to the town.
"So that money has been well spent," Setters said.
The property is owned by Somerset Riverside 1606 LLC, which is run by William Thibeault of Everett.
Setters said the owner of the property has done "an incredible job" in cleaning up the site that was a power plant run on coal, oil and jet fuel for many years. He said that when the site is sold, the town will be paid the taxes because there will be a municipal lien certificate on the property.
Town Administrator Dennis Luttrell said the town is still in negotiations with the owner of the property for payment of the taxes and so he could not get into details about the issue. But Waksler wanted to know when the town would see some money from the owner of the property and if town services are being provided while the taxes are owed.
Waksler, who has asked about the issue in the past, said all he gets is lip service when he asks about when the taxes on the former Montaup Electric property will be paid to the town. He said all he hears is that the town will get 14 percent interest on the taxes when they are paid because of the late charge.
Luttrell said the owner of the property does not get town services while the taxes are owed, not even water. Town Counsel Clement Brown said all water lines to the site have been shut off.
Setters said whoever buys the property will want to pay the back taxes owed because without that payment, the permits needed from the town to redevelop the site will not be given.
"We will get our money," Setters said.
Setters said the selectmen are extremely hopeful and optimistic that something positive is going to happen in the redevelopment of the site to benefit Somerset.
Setters said the town is doing everything it can under the law to get the owner of the property to pay the taxes.
Once the taxes are paid on the property, the town will be eligible for $250,000 to $275,000 in state aid for every year the power plant has been shut down to help Somerset transition through a time when it has lost a lot of revenue from two power plants in town. The Montaup Electric plant has been closed for about three years.
Luttrell said the owner of the property has been given a waiver by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection to do asbestos abatement. Brown said water may be needed for asbestos removal.
After a power plant was run on the property for many years, former owner NRG sold the property to another company that removed recyclable materials from the property and then went bankrupt. After a bank put the property up for auction, the present owner purchased the property in March.
Location, ST | website.com


text:
- Report: #273290
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Complaint Review: E.G.A. Emporio Jackets
E.G.A. Emporio JacketsNuremberg And Erlangen, Germany
E.G.A. Emporio Jackets They appeared in Germany, now. City: Nuremberg. Driving an AUDI A3 Nuremberg And Erlangen Germany
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They appeared in Germany, Nuremberg an tried to sell fake leather jackets.
The story, the two guys told me, was very similar to what the author Bowie, Maryland wrote.
I was the idiot, who payed 300 Euro for 3 of these fake jackets.
Hope, someone will be more clever than me and give them handcuffs instead of money!
(Sorry for my poor Englisch!)
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text:
This is an up-to-date 6.2 Combat Rogue Rotation for World of Warcraft WoD. There are many ways you can go about using your rotation depending on what you're doing. For instance, someone looking for a combat rogue rotation pvp 6.2 would use a totally different rotation than someone else looking for a combat rogue rotation pve 6.2, so there is no go-to combat rogue rotation unless you're using an addon to help you out. So, with that in mind I've come up with a basic 6.2 combat rogue wod rotation that will help my fellow players get started. If you have any questions or suggestions on the rotation, please let me know.
Note: This is your basic rotation. For more advanced
Click Here For an Addon With Premade 6.2 Rotations
(check out the video below if you want to implement macros into your combat rogue spell rotation)
Single Targets
Cast whenever you are stealthed.
Revealing Strike
Cast, then recast so you always have the debuff up on the target.
Sinister Strike
Cast as long as the previous two skills don't need to be used.
Slice n Dice
Cast, then recast so the buff is always up.
Always use at max combo points.
Crimson Tempest
Keep using your single target rotation, but switch out Eviscerate with Crimson Tempest as your finisher.
Copy & Paste Macros From Here >>


text:
Definition of kiwi fruit in English:
kiwi fruit
(also kiwifruit)
noun (plural same)
A fruit with a thin hairy skin, green flesh, and black seeds. Also called Chinese gooseberry.
- This fruit is obtained from the eastern Asian climbing plant Actinidia chinensis (family Actinidiaceae).
Example sentences
- Junior's fruit platter came with grapes, apples, bananas and kiwi fruit.
- Good sources of vitamin C include peppers, Brussels sprouts, sweet potatoes, oranges and kiwi fruit.
- Back in 1953, there were no avocados, no kiwi fruit, and not a suspicion of mozzarella and tomato pizza.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: ki·wi fruit
Definition of kiwi fruit in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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text:
- Report: #978489
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Panther Expedited Services
Panther Expedited Services4942 panther pkwy Seville, Ohio United States of America
Panther Expedited Services Jeff Young Company will screw over there owners Seville, Ohio
*General Comment: Just curious.
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Go and get a load and it cancels don't expect much you barely get 2 loads a week even if your a team if you are a solo
It is worse we took our trucks out of panther in 2012 and its the best move I made they will not take care of or help the owner in anyways
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 12/06/2012 05:14 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Panther-Expedited-Services/Seville-Ohio-/Panther-Expedited-Services-Jeff-Young-Company-will-screw-over-there-owners-Seville-Ohio-978489. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 General Comment
Just curious.
AUTHOR: Marty - (USA)
SUBMITTED: Thursday, December 06, 2012POSTED: Thursday, December 06, 2012
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Stockholm 2016: Inga Sempé's lighting collection for Swedish brand Wastberg now includes a translucent glass table lamp, as well as a taller version of the previously launched w103 light. More »
The Enlightened 50s lighting exhibition illuminates London's Galerie Kreo
Modernist lamps by mid-century French designers including Pierre Guariche and Jean-Boris Lacroix are on show at Galerie Kreo in London's Mayfair. More »
Tango lighting collection by Paul Matter features satellite-shaped shades
Petra Krausová's Cassia lamps for Lasvit form twinkling installation at Maison&Objet
Maison&Objet 2016: Czech designer Petra Krausová has used traditional glass-blowing production and finishing techniques to create a constellation of pendants for lighting brand Lasvit (+ movie). More »
Sugary treats influence Campana brothers' Candy Collection lamps for Lasvit
Maison&Objet 2016: colourful sweets sold at Brazilian markets influenced these glass lights designed by Humberto and Fernando Campana for Czech brand Lasvit (+ movie). More »
Campana brothers to present mushroom-like Fungo chandelier for Lasvit at Maison&Objet
Maison&Objet 2016: misshapen glass bubbles appear to be sprouting from this chandelier by Brazilian design duo Humberto and Fernando Campana, which will be shown at Paris trade fair Maison&Objet this week. More »
David Derksen's Moiré lights rotate to create moving patterns
Northmodern 2016: Dutch designer David Derksen's collection of wall lamps feature perforated discs that can be turned to reveal a shifting moiré effect (+ slideshow). More »
Levity lights by Studio Truly Truly feature flexible looped LEDs
Northmodern 2016: Dutch design firm Studio Truly Truly has created a collection of lamps featuring bendy LED lights arranged in loops (+ slideshow). More »
MIT researchers develop energy-efficient incandescent light bulbs
The warm glow of traditional light bulbs could return to homes and replace cold-looking LEDs, thanks to research conducted by a team at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). More »
HCWD launches white-concrete version of portable LED Brick lamp
New York-based HCWD Studio has released a white-concrete version of its cordless brick-shaped lamp, which is activated by movement rather than a switch (+ movie). More »
Marie Hesseldahl's Snap lamp clamps onto flat surfaces
Ewan Cashman's Pumpal light resembles an oversized spinning top
Rachel Harding's Wonderfluoro lights create rainbow-coloured visual effects
London designer Rachel Harding has created a range of framed fluorescent lamps that cast multicoloured diffracted light (+ slideshow). More »
Designers create winter installation for Montreal featuring 30 glowing seesaws
A team of Canadian designers and artists has created an installation in Montreal consisting of 30 illuminated seesaws. More »
Mathieu Lehanneur designs solar-powered Clover street furniture for Paris
French designer Mathieu Lehanneur has created a tree-like street lamp with accompanying twig-shaped seating for the 2015 Paris Climate Conference. More »
Bocci transforms Berlin courthouse into satellite studio and showroom
Rockwell Group creates canopy of 650 pulsating lanterns inside New York's Winter Garden
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Danish homeware brand Lyngby Porcelain has put a 1978 blown-glass lamp design by Dutch designer Gijs Bakker back into production. More »
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Tue 2nd Apr at 8:00pm
Larkin Poe
@ All Saints Arts Centre, Lewes
Also appearing: Support
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Larkin Poe
Describing themselves as "roots-rock'n'soul", Atlanta GA roots group Larkin Poe are sister duo Rebecca & Megan Lovell, augmented by musicians, Robby Handley (bass, keys and harmony vocals), and Marlon Patton (drums & percussion). After years of being fercely independent, with five self-released EPs and touring for three years without label support, they eventually decided to sign with RH Music.
"Violins and mandolins have been laid down in favour of slick electric guitars, their snappy vignettes of tough love bristling with a Seventies classic pop rock sheen of sinuous riffs, snappy handclaps and cheeky call and response vocals" - The Telegraph.
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Venue Facts
Venue: All Saints Arts Centre
39 Friars Walk
East Sussex
Website: brighton.co.uk/commune/allsaints
Enquiries: 01273 477583
→ Lewes 4 min walk


text:
Hello everyone,
I planned on updating a small bit of HTML in one of our themes (just replacing an image on the sidebar), and when I clicked on "Update File", all of the text in the theme disappeared. Thankfully I saved the text, but no matter how many times I tried to paste it back into the text box, it would disappear when updated. And of course, now the sidebar on our site is missing.
The website is http://www.toughpigs.com/
Thanks in advance for your help!


text:
Opened 3 years ago
Closed 2 years ago
Last modified 2 years ago
#20477 closed New feature (fixed)
Allow list of modules for FORMAT_MODULE_PATH
|Reported by:
|Owned by:
|localization, format files
|Triage Stage:
|Has patch:
|Needs documentation:
|Needs tests:
|Patch needs improvement:
|Easy pickings:
Currently the FORMAT_MODULE_PATH setting (see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/i18n/formatting/#creating-custom-format-files) only allows a string as a value. This is not optimal because it prevents us from shipping custom format strings with reusable apps.
Imagine the following situation:
- You have created a reusable app that provides a new custom format string for displaying person names
- You have created a reusable app that heavily relies on the format string for SHORT_DATE to be in a specific format and thus provides a formats folder
- In your django project you would like to override some of the other standard format strings
So in this situation you would have one project and two apps each having a formats folder. But we can only set FORMAT_MODULE_PATH to one path.
The code that currently loads those format strings is actually able to deal with a list (see https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/django/utils/formats.py#L67), because first it loads Django's standard formats (see https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/django/utils/formats.py#L46) and then it loads the module defined in FORMAT_MODULE_PATH. It then reverses the list, so that our setting overrides the values of Django's default.
In order to solve this problem, we have copied all this format string loading code and basically just changed line 47, turning the if-clause into a for loop (see https://github.com/bitmazk/django-libs/blob/master/django_libs/format_utils.py#L51).
Now we can set the setting like so:
After working with Django professionally since more than 2 years, I would love to make this my first contribution. If I provided a patch (with tests and documentation), would there be any chance that it will be merged?
Change History (11)
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by claudep
- Needs documentation unset
- Needs tests unset
- Patch needs improvement unset
- Triage Stage changed from Unreviewed to Accepted
Yes, it makes sense for me.
comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by mbrochh
- Owner changed from nobody to mbrochh
- Status changed from new to assigned
comment:3 Changed 3 years ago by Martin Brochhaus <mbrochh@…>
Created pull request: https://github.com/django/django/pull/1236
I actually only replaced one line of Django code with a few more lines. The change is quite trivial.
The original code was not yet covered by the test suite, so I added new tests and increased the test coverage for utils/formats.py.
I also updated to docs.
Hope this is all good :)
comment:4 Changed 3 years ago by Martin Brochhaus <mbrochh@…>
- Has patch set
comment:5 Changed 3 years ago by Martin Brochhaus <mbrochh@…>
Update: I added some comments to the pull request to make codereview easier.
comment:6 Changed 3 years ago by timo
- Patch needs improvement set
There are comments on the pull request indicating it needs improvement.
comment:7 Changed 3 years ago by timo
- Easy pickings unset
comment:8 Changed 3 years ago by mbrochh
@timo I have done the requested improvement: https://github.com/django/django/pull/1236
comment:9 Changed 2 years ago by Tim Graham <timograham@…>
- Resolution set to fixed
- Status changed from assigned to closed


text:
Wine Details
Wine Description
(From 2009 Vintage) Light straw in color. Delicate aromas of orange blossoms, pear and honey. Full-bodied in the mouth, with crisp acidity and flavors of apples and pears.
Winemaker's Notes
This wine is a beautiful golden color, with aromas of apples, roasted nuts, toasted coconut and smoky oak. It is very full in the mouth with lots of weight on the palate. The flavors of this wine run towards apples and pears with less of the tropical characteristics normally present. It also has a softer acid structure than normal and a buttery/oaky flavor.Alcohol Level: 12.5%


text:
Professional photography
Comments (5)
At what point do we contact them? It says before the birth, if possible... but how soon? Will they "assign" us a photographer (I did the search and there are several in my area)? I guess I'm just wondering how this works, for those of you who have done this before?
Married to my love 9 yrs Mom to angelWhitney Jill02-11-10. BABY BLOG (triploidy); Gianna Noelle 5.5.2011 FamilyBlog
I contacted them when I was sure that our diagnosis was definitely fatal. They had me in the system and then I called when it was "time". Two days before my scheduled c-section. Then we had the hospital call that morning when we were ready for her to come.
Hope this helps!
Prenatal Fatal Diagnosis? CTT Despite Fatal Diagnosis Craft/Quilt blog Buttons and Butterflies Charity/Loss blog Butterly Kisses
I can't tell you how this is "supposed" to work but I can tell you how I did it! :) As soon as I was ready to contact someone, I went to the website (like you did) and found the photographer *I* wanted (go to their websites and see what you like). When I found one whose pictures I felt comfortable with and liked (maybe make a list of top 3 or 5), I emailed (or call) them and just explained my situation to them and asked if they would be willing to come to the hospital when I needed them. They even offered maternity pictures (I hear they do that a lot). I just kept them updated through email (not that anything was going on but just to keep them in the loop) and when I was in active labor and we knew the baby was coming, my DH called and she came right away. I'm sure your photog will, but make sure to meet with them beforehand. I felt so much more comfortable with mine since we had a meeting and she took maternity pics. Let us know if you need any other info!
my Potter's Syndrome angel Tyler Andrew born 11/26/09
I agree with Brittany. I did not pick or meet my gal and I think it would have made the day a little more "comfortable". Don't get me wrong. She did great and was very intuned to us. I just wish we had sat down and talked about what type of photos I wanted ahead of time. Even though I tried to tell her what I wanted, I was still a bit "fuzzy" after the adrenaline of anxiety before delivery.
I am so glad you are getting everything ready!! One other piece of advice. Ask her to take as many as possible. No matter how many you have, they will never be enough. You will be amazed how you will "drink" them in!
Prenatal Fatal Diagnosis? CTT Despite Fatal Diagnosis Craft/Quilt blog Buttons and Butterflies Charity/Loss blog Butterly Kisses
I had a scheduled c-section, so my case is a bit different. I knew it would be scheduled when I received the diagnosis because it was a repeat. I contacted the local rep, who assigned the photographers. I had one for maternity and one for the "day". I spoke with both on the phone ahead of time to discuss what kind of photos I wanted.
My photos turned out fabulous. My "girls" (the photographers) were awesome. They were so kind and so understanding. I could feel their love for me and our family. I still talk to them via email and facebook, six months later.
They gave me a gift that I will forever cherish. I hope you have the same experience!


text:
Property Details
- Category: Homes – White Sound / Central Elbow Cay
- Beds: 4
- Baths: 4
- Sleeps: 10
- Stories: 2
- Unit Size: 2624 sq feet
4B/4B (1K, 2Q, 2 Doubles, 2 Futons in Loft) This elegant and spacious Beach house sits directly on a lovely swimming Atlantic Ocean beach and features a beachside freshwater pool. A wraparound deck gives all en suite bedrooms accessibility to pool and beach. Large Anderson sliding doors frame the Ocean in the two masters (King, Queen). Third and fourth bedrooms enjoy serene garden views (2 Doubles, Queen), but private deck leads them to pool and beach. All bedrooms include a private sitting area, deck entrance and 10-ft ceilings. Upstairs is a semi-enclosed loft (2 Queen futons). A dream room for children, teens or the odd guest, includes a 42′ flat screen TV w/ net flix, DVD player complete with movie collection, game table and board games and even a view of Ocean. Loft designed to give a sense of privacy from the main house. Living room boasts a wall of windows dramatizing the 18-foot ceilings and capturing all the water views. Very comfortable seating with island accents. The owners are avid readers so guests enjoy a lovely book collection. In the heart of this wonderful home is the kitchen with island. It is a gourmet chefs delight featuring all stainless steel appliances, separate wine/beverage fridge, filtered reverse osmosis drinking water, side-by-side fridge and freezer with ice and water dispenser. Guests love the high quality pots and pans, and all kitchen gadgets (ex. Cuisinart) and ensures chefs are happy by even stocking popular cooking spices. Large dining room table with all the amenities for hosting the best dinner parties in Abaco! As a courtesy the owner offers use of the washer and dryer and asks that you limit use to 2 loads per week and sign a damage waiver. They also have a back-up generator, just in case there are any power outages. There is a VHF radio as well as a telephone for your convenience. The pool area transitions the home from the tropically landscaped yard (lots of palms and of course, hibiscus!) to the cascading dunes, tidal pools and offshore reefs. The deck beckons guests with furnishings for alfresco dining, reading, relaxing, sunning or napping. There is a lattice-covered outside shower. An oversized gas Weber BBQ, screened entry porch with 2 ceiling fans and rattan settee, complete this island home. Truly the perfect home for 4 couples or 2 families with children as the large floor plan and ample bedding create a luxurious and fun home for everyone. This house is not to be believed; very upscale especially for the Out Islands. Wireless Internet. The homeowner is offering a complimentary 4-seater golf cart rental for a booking with 4 or more persons based on availability with a one week rental or more.
Check out this amazing aerial video. Hibiscus
Rates & Availability
- Communications
- Free Wifi
- Local Phone
- Entertainment
- DVD Player
- Flat Screen TV
- Stereo / CD
- Included Services
- Satellite
- Inside Amenities
- Dishwasher
- Hair Dryer
- Microwave
- Kitchen Equipment
- Coffee Maker
- Gas Grill
- Optional Services
- Golf Cart Reservation
- Other Amenities
- Balcony/Deck
- Central A/C
- Reading Material
- Washer/Dryer
- Outside Amenities
- Automatic Generator
- Community Dock
- Outdoor Dining
- Outdoor Lounge Area
- Outside Shower
- Private Pool
- Restrictions
- No Smoking
- Suitability
- Family Friendly
- View And Location
- Beachfront
- Ocean View
- Waterfront
- White Sound
|Homes – White Sound / Central Elbow Cay
A&E Liquors
Category:Grocery Store
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|A&E Liquors
|Grocery Store
|637 ft.
White Sound Atlantic Ocean Beach
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|White Sound Atlantic Ocean Beach
|706 ft.
Papa Nasty's BBQ Grill
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|Papa Nasty's BBQ Grill
|1343 ft.
Tiny Travelers
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|Tiny Travelers
|1437 ft.
Hope Town Lighthouse
Category:Tourist Attraction
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|Hope Town Lighthouse
|Tourist Attraction
|1437 ft.
Jarrett Park
Category:Park And Recreation Area
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|Jarrett Park
|Park And Recreation Area
|1437 ft.
Hope Town Canvas and Bike Shop
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|Hope Town Canvas and Bike Shop
|1437 ft.
Captain Plug's Adventures
Category:Water Sports
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|Captain Plug's Adventures
|Water Sports
|1437 ft.
Back to Basics Yoga & Block Therapy
Category:Fitness Center
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|Back to Basics Yoga & Block Therapy
|Fitness Center
|1437 ft.
The Foodstore Limited
Category:Grocery Store
Address: Elbow Cay, Hope Town
|The Foodstore Limited
|Grocery Store
|1685 ft.
Hibiscus House – Hopetown Hideaways
This is truly an amazing house!! We had the best time ever in the Abacos!! Our property Manager Steve Thompson is fantastic!! We enjoyed our stay and can't wait to return! Hope Town Hideaways is the agent to use in the Abacos!
Thank you for taking the time to leave a great review. We are happy you enjoyed your stay at Hibiscus House and do hope to see you again soon.
~Hope Town Hideaways
Another great time!
Another great time for us on Elbow. Been going since 2005 and Hibiscus was the best house yet for our family. Also, Rising Tide was a great caretaker. Keep up the great job!!! Thanks!
Thank you for taking the time to leave a great review. We are happy you enjoyed your stay at Hibiscus and do hope to see you again soon.
~Hope Town Hideaways
Great Trip
Hibiscus was in a great location and a well cared for home. We had a wonderful experience and look forward to coming back.
Thank you for taking the time to leave a great review. We are happy you enjoyed your stay at Hibiscus and do hope to see you again soon.
~Hope Town Hideaways
Hibiscus Week
Our week at Hibiscus was absolutely fabulous! The house is located about midway on the island, on the Atlantic side, and we had a nice sandy beach right in front of the house where we could swim, snorkel and sunbathe. The teenagers enjoyed climbing and exploring on and around the rock formations and beach. We were two families of four, and the layout of the house was perfect for everyone to have both their own space, and to congregate as a group. The kitchen was small, but well-equipped. The web pictures of the property were accurate. The folks we dealt with at Hopetown Hideaways were extremely helpful, and went out of their way to ensure that we had a wonderful, stress-free holiday.
Hello Lea,
Thank you very much for your wonderful review. It was a pleasure working with you to secure your rental at Hibiscus and we are delighted to know that your stay was well enjoyed.
We were most happy to assist you with your family vacation to Hope Town.
Come and see us again soon!
Mary & The Hideaways Team
Hibiscus reveiw
The house and location are great. It would be nice to have some shade on the east deck.
Dear Arlene,
Thank you for the review of Hibiscus house.
It is a great beach and pool house. I agree with you regarding the shade and I believe the homeowner did have two big canvas umbrellas – I will double check to see if the hurricane ate them and they need to be replaced or whatever but I promise next time you come we will have some shade for you so you can enjoy that beach deck even longer.
See you soon (in the shade),
Peg and Hideaways Team


text:
One cry, and I stumble from bed, (13)
One cry, and I stumble from bed, (13)
Now we're back on track. Mom may not be thrilled about the thought of a
new baby changing her way of life, but at least she's prepared to do
everything she can to make sure that her child is fed and happy. After
all, that's what mothers do.
The who, what, where, when, and why of all your favorite quotes.
Go behind the scenes on all your favorite films.
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text:
LG: The Plan
Iron Man 2 themed LG spot.
Advertising Agency: Young & Rubicam New York, USA
Executive Creative Directors: Scott Vitrone, Ian Reichenthal
Global Creative Director: Darren Moran
Creative Director: Gabe Hoskins
Art Director: Gabe Hoskins
Copywriter: James Maravetz
Executive Producer: Jessica Dierauer
Production Company: Biscuit Filmworks
Director: Tim Godsall
Director of Photography: Matthew Libatique
Executive producer: Holly Vega
Line Producer: Rick Jarjoura
Editing House: Arcade Editorial
Editor: Geoff Hounsell
Asst Editor: Hayley Mann
Producer: Ali Reed, Deanne Mehling
Published:May 2010
5 comments
Jon-Paul MountfordMay 10, 2010 - 4:03
Tedious movie tie-in number 001?
Tedious movie tie-in number 001?
I instantly hated the guy, Quick put him in the line of fire!


text:
Skip to comments.Munch masterpieces destroyed?
Posted on 04/28/2005 2:35:50 PM PDT by aculeus
The Munch masterpieces "The Scream" and "Madonna" have been incinerated, according to newspaper Dagbladet, citing criminal sources and a top secret police report.
The paper claimed Thursday that the paintings were destroyed in order to get rid of damning evidence as the police investigation closes in on the culprits behind the robbery.
Investigation leader Iver Stensrud of the Oslo police said he had no knowledge of the supposedly secret report acknowledging the destruction of the paintings.
"This is completely unknown to Oslo police. I basically have no comment and normally we do not use Dagbladet as a reliable source here at the Oslo police," Stensrud told NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting).
Three people are in custody in connection with the Munch robbery, but none of them are linked to crime via technical evidence, and the pair that carried out the heist are considered to be at large.
Dagbladet cited both criminal and police sources in their reportage, and said that police expect new arrests in the case shortly.
(Aftenposten English Web Desk/NTB)
This is an article from www.aftenposten.no. Updated: 28. april 2005 kl.12:00 © Aftenposten Multimedia.
Publisher: Aftenposten Multimedia A/S, Oslo, Norway.
Burned or 'relocated' to a police chief's basement?
The Night Fox would never burn a painting. I can see burning a forgery to throw off the police.
It's enough to make someone scream.
Its not like they were a grandma moses or a norman rockwell.
"The scream" always made me think the person was being burned alive. Life imitates art.
Dammmmmmmmm...I want to Scream!!!!!!!
Art ping.
Please let me know if you want on or off the art ping list.
Reserving judgment for now on the veracity of this.
no loss
I love that pic...just found it and posted it.
Munch never painted a masterpiece.
I visited the Munch Museum in Norway. The man was obviously miserable and he wanted to share the experience with the viewers of his work. The most depressing experience of my life. They should hand out Prozac at the door.
I read that that The Scream was painted shortly after A large volcanic explosion (Krakatoa?) and that the sky really was that red at sunset.
There's apparently some dispute about whether or not "the Scream" and "the Madonna" by Edvard Munch were actually destroyed.
I don't have the link, but according to the Louisville (Kentucky) Courier-Journal, the Norwegian police are "disputing" "sensational newspaper reports."
That's hilarious!
Good PING to the VK's - come and see art imitating us!!
I've always felt that the scream represented liberals. Perhaps its fitting that the painting goes down in flames, just like Liberalism.
[Freepmail me to get on or off the Kitty Ping List.]
Better put Mr. Bean on the case.
Interesting. I hate "The Scream," but I'm not in favor of vaporizing it. If fingerprints were the real concern, that means they planned to sell it right away - but how could anybody possibly buy it now? Even the most corrupt collector would know he could never show it to anybody. Curiouser and curiouser.
Well, maybe better to be miserable than crazy, LOL! Try taking a walk through the Salvador Dali Museum!!
I'm still LOL since I found that.
Much more likely that the paintings would be ransommed than sold. I seriously doubt that they have been destroyed.
Anyone who has seen his work in this museum will bear out my hard-nosed critique that Dali's work is stunning.
You know Frank, threads like this make me wonder why I am at this site to begin with. Endless comments filled with negative vitriol. Were it not for your list, I wouldn't have bothered at this point.
What are you talking about?
LOL! Good picture.
I like Dali's work. What that says about me... I would like to plead the 5th.
Munch's work reminds me of something I did in HS. I hated the finished product, but it was a lot of fun to do. My teacher told me it was the best thing I ever produced. LOL I swear, I do not understand why the artsy fartsy crowd likes "art" that is like fingernails on a chalkboard to me.
I'm talking about all the 'no loss' comments.
I find the Dali museum fascinating, but I do think the guy was "crazy" in a way.
Have you ever seen one of his TV interviews that he did years ago?
The guy was just unbelievably bizarre.
I happen to like The Scream and have a copy in my office. But I respect that other people don't. It is not as if they burned it personally. It is not as if they advocated burning it. They just don't perceive it as a loss. That is their opinion and they are entitled to express it and you are entitled to disagree with it and defend your point of view.
You didn't do that. Instead you insulted everyone on this thread.
If you can not deal with differences of opinion then you are right. This is not the site for you.
I'd vouch for the authenticity of that image as a genuine Butt-Munch.
My definition of art?
If it looks like I could have done it, it isn't art.
It's not just the art department by any means. In Lit or composition classes, every time I'd make a strong, careful, consciencous effort on an assignment I'd score somewhere near a "C". If I gave up and decided to fill the pages with utter nonsense I'd score an "A" without fail.
Horrors. I feel so terribly guilty now.
Thank you for the most delightful insight into your personality.
This is art. A guy with a light bulb head.
Somehow, this must be America's fault.
However, he also painted powerful religious masterpieces. He also painted in the classical manner when moved to do so.
In interviews and on TV, Dali loved to mystify and shock the public. It helped sell his paintings for huge sums.....that's why I said above he was crazy like a fox.
He was a complex individual, to be sure, but it was undoubtedly part of the inborn temperment of a true artistic genius.
If you stand in front of some "weird" Dali painting for a while as I have, and go beyond your first view, you'll begin to notice scores of carefully crafted (sometimes hidden) details in the foregrounds, backgrounds, corners, and upper areas. They have definite symbolisms which make you want to read books on him to see what they mean. Fascinating stuff.
Some of his paintings fool the eye. By squinting your eyes or standing back a ways, you'll see a subject in the painting totally change to something else. It's lots of fun to participate in Dali's little games.
Dali was indeed an artistic genius, albeit with his own unconventional style.....as well as an incredibly masterful draftsman, illustrator and mechanic of surreal perspective, arts which he mixed in with the emotional sides of his paintings.
I always feel that the so-called "mad" artists actually are those losers who paint with urine/defecation, and who desecrate Christ's image. These poseurs are truly the ones who are mentally and morally twisted.
I hope if you ever get to St. Petersburg, you'll visit the Dali Museum. It's quite an experience.
Let me know and I'll join you and give you the Cook's tour, LOL.
In fact, it's routinely flung at entire peoples or collections of such, be it Europeans or the dreaded Arabs. A thread on hunger in Zimbabwe today pullulated with racist sentiment. (I didn't speak out against it; now there is something I feel slightly shameful about. Your guilt trip I'll pass on, however.)
It's the perfect portrait of me when my computer suddenly crashes after I've almost finished crafting a particularly long and brilliant comment to be posted on FR.
I think everyone can relate to "The Scream" in his/her own way.
......which is why it's still so popular after all these many decades and was deemed important enough to be hung in a museum to attract the public.
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I am using the latest version of WordPress for a new project and I am trying to figure out how I can allow guests to post entries.
Ideally, I am looking for something easy to use like a form to record the "poster name", email, entry and IP and allow me to approve each submittion for display.
I don't mind hacking it in if there is a hack available.