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PA02.06. Tracking the transitions in Guggulu Kalpana : An extensive review through Brihat Trayi and Laghu Trayi
Bhapkar, Vedvati
Ancient Science of Life
2013;32(Suppl 2):S51.
Guggulu Kalpana enjoys a coveted position in the arena of Ayurvedic therapeutics. Guggulu Kalpana is widely used in Charak Samhita & Sushruta Samhita and its notable collection is described in Ashtanga Sangraha. Out of laghu trayi, Sharangadhara Samhita has described Guggulu kalpas at length. Though its present form is closely related to Guti Vati Kalpana, it has not been the case always. Present study was attempted to track these transitions in Guggulu Kalpana during period of Brihat Trayi and Laghu Trayi and propose the importance of this journey in the view of current Ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics.
A comprehensive review of Brihat Trayi and Laghu Trayi was done. Opinions of their critics as well as contemporaries were also taken into consideration. These views were collated on the basis of current trends and researches in Guggulu Kalpana.
Amongst other categories, main usage of Guggulu Kalpana was seen in form of Kwatha and Guti Vati Kalpana. Though used in great deal, Brihat Trayi doesn't describe Guggulu in every respect. Different point of view regarding preparation of Guggulu Kalpana was observed in all these treatises. Various functional limitations and constant improvisations seemed to have shaped the Guggulu Kalpana in its today's form.
Current status of Ayurvedic pharmaceutics in general and Guggulu Kalpana in particular, is greatly influenced by Sharangadhara Samhita. It mainly shows use of Guggulu in GutiVati form. The Brihat Trayi treatises, however display its use in Conjunction of Kwatha Kalpana chiefly. This paradigm shift in the pharmaceutics of Guggulu Kalpana highlights the buoyant and pliant nature of Ayurveda. The difference in choice of kalpana is explained on the basis of soluble alkaloid content and insoluble resinous gum content of Guggulu. Thus, this study is helpful to understand the progression of Ayurvedic therapeutics and prospective avenues for its advancement.
Related Articles
Neutraceuticals in Ayurveda with special reference to Avaleha Kalpana
Baragi, Pramod C.
Patgiri, B. J.
Prajapati, P. K.
Ancient Science of Life
The use of Neutraceuticals has drastically risen in recent years. Dr Stephan De Felice coined the term Neutraceuticals from "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical" in 1989. Related terms are "functional food" and "dietary supplement". In Ayurvedic pharmaceutics there are some secondary preparations like Avaleha Kalpana (Medicated semisolid preparation), Asavarista Kalpana (fermented preparation), Sneha Kalpana (Medicated fatty preparation), Ksheerapaka Kalpana (Medicated milk preparation) etc. which can be correlated with Neutraceuticals. In this paper "Neutraceuticals" and "Avaleha Kalpana" have been correlated and discussed.
Neutraceuticals; Functional food; Avaleha Kalpana
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A comparative pharmacological evaluation of Taila (oil) and Ghrita (ghee) prepared with Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)
Vaghamshi, Ranjita
Jaiswal, Mundeep
Patgiri, B. J.
Prajapati, P. K.
Ravishankar, B.
Shukla, V. J.
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia wild miers) is a well-known medicinal plant, which is abundantly used in different ayurvedic formulations utilizing varieties of media. The drug has properties like Rasayana (rejuvenating property), Krimighna (anthelmintics), and Kushtghna (used in skin disorders), as described in ayurvedic literature. Taila (oil) and Ghrita (ghee) are used as media in Ayurvedic Sneha (oleaginous) formulations. Both the test drugs, Guduchi Taila and Ghrita, are prescribed in Vatrakta (gout) and also indicated for Kushtha (skin disorder). With all these details, the Guduchi Taila and Guduchi Ghrita samples, prepared by using Taila and Ghrita as media, have been subjected to comparative pharmacological investigations, to assess the impact of the media on the expression of pharmacological activity. The formulations have been evaluated for immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-stress activities. Both the formulations have been found to be active in most of the experiments, however, with the change of media, their results vary at different levels. Taila prepared from Guduchi was found to have an immunostimulating activity. The formulation prepared with Ghrita exhibited an anti-stress effect with an immunosuppressing activity.
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia wild miers); Guduchi Taila; Guduchi Ghrita; Immunomodulation; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-stress
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A clinical review of different formulations of Vasa (Adhatoda vasica) on Tamaka Shwasa (asthma)
Gupta, Ankit
Prajapati, P. K.
Vasa (Adhatoda vasica Linn.) is a well known and easily available drug in almost all the seasons. Easy availability of any drug gains popularity among physicians as well as pharmaceuticals and this is the reason why almost every Kalpana of Vasa is found described in the Ayurvedika text. The different dosage forms of Vasa like Kvatha, Avaleha, Sneha, and Sandhana have been used for the treatment of Shwasa Roga. A number of research studies have been performed on different formulations of Vasa and its effect on Shwasa Roga. Therefore, a review study has been carried out on the Vasa extract, Vasa Avaleha (prepared from Svarasa and Kvatha), Vasa Ghrita, Vasarishta, and Vasakasava on Shwasa Roga, to know which formulation is better. It was found in the review that Vasa Ghana, Vasa Ghrita (1), and Vasa Avaleha have shown good results on Tamaka Shwasa.
Ghana (extract); Avaleha; Shwasa; Asava; Arishta; Tamaka Shwasa; Adhatoda vasica
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A progressive review of Sandhana kalpana (Biomedical fermentation): An advanced innovative dosage form of Ayurveda
Chaudhary, Anand
Singh, Neetu
Dalvi, Madhuri
Wele, Asmita
Sandhana kalpana (biomedical fermented formulations) are one of the best dosage forms of Ayurveda in practice since thousands of years. In order to prepare these medicaments, certain sets of conditions are prearranged, which lead to fermentation. Thus, products bequeath with self-generated ethyl alcohol, which potentiate these preparations (Asava–Arishta), pharmaceutically and therapeutically. Commonly, medicinal and commercial components of these formulations are prompting many researchers to contribute in manufacturing, quality control, safety, and efficacy of these formulations. To cope up with this, literature related to Asava–Arishta has been surveyed from the Vedic period to recent publications of Government of India, ie, Ayurvedic Formulary of India, and presented briefly here. In this review paper, we have discussed pioneering facts such as nature and amount of carbohydrate, type of containers, optimum temperature, variety and relevance of initiator of fermentation, manufacturing, regulatory rules, and business aspects of Asava-Arishta. After going through this basic information, any academician or researcher may show a way to further strengthen this dosage form.
Asava; Arishta; ethyl alcohol; fermentation; quality control; Sandhana kalpana
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The effect of ghee (clarified butter) on serum lipid levels and microsomal lipid peroxidation
Sharma, Hari
Zhang, Xiaoying
Dwivedi, Chandradhar
Ghee, also known as clarified butter, has been utilized for thousands of years in Ayurveda as a therapeutic agent. In ancient India, ghee was the preferred cooking oil. In the last several decades, ghee has been implicated in the increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Asian Indians due to its content of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol and, in heated ghee, cholesterol oxidation products. Our previous research on Sprague-Dawley outbred rats, which serve as a model for the general population, showed no effect of 5 and 10% ghee-supplemented diets on serum cholesterol and triglycerides. However, in Fischer inbred rats, which serve as a model for genetic predisposition to diseases, results of our previous research showed an increase in serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels when fed a 10% ghee-supplemented diet. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 10% dietary ghee on microsomal lipid peroxidation, as well as serum lipid levels in Fischer inbred rats to assess the effect of ghee on free radical mediated processes that are implicated in many chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease. Results showed that 10% dietary ghee fed for 4 weeks did not have any significant effect on levels of serum total cholesterol, but did increase triglyceride levels in Fischer inbred rats. Ghee at a level of 10% in the diet did not increase liver microsomal lipid peroxidation or liver microsomal lipid peroxide levels. Animal studies have demonstrated many beneficial effects of ghee, including dose-dependent decreases in serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides; decreased liver total cholesterol, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters; and a lower level of nonenzymatic-induced lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate. Similar results were seen with heated (oxidized) ghee which contains cholesterol oxidation products. A preliminary clinical study showed that high doses of medicated ghee decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters in psoriasis patients. A study on a rural population in India revealed a significantly lower prevalence of coronary heart disease in men who consumed higher amounts of ghee. Research on Maharishi Amrit Kalash-4 (MAK-4), an Ayurvedic herbal mixture containing ghee, showed no effect on levels of serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), LDL, or triglycerides in hyperlipidemic patients who ingested MAK-4 for 18 weeks. MAK-4 inhibited the oxidation of LDL in these patients. The data available in the literature do not support a conclusion of harmful effects of the moderate consumption of ghee in the general population. Factors that may be involved in the rise of CAD in Asian Indians include the increased use of vanaspati (vegetable ghee) which contains 40% trans fatty acids, psychosocial stress, insulin resistance, and altered dietary patterns. Research findings in the literature support the beneficial effects of ghee outlined in the ancient Ayurvedic texts and the therapeutic use of ghee for thousands of years in the Ayurvedic system of medicine.
Anhydrous milk fat; cholesterol; clarified butter; coronary artery disease; ghee; lipid peroxidation; vanaspati; vegetable ghee.
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Rao, V. Nageswar
Shankar, T.
Dixit, S.K
Ray, A.B
Ancient Science of Life
Nowadays many drug industries are manufacturing a number of oil formulations and which are not assessable to know the specific Pakas (stage) of oil preparation. In Ayurveda five stages have been mentioned for medicated oils, these Ama, Mridu, Madhya Khara and Dadgha Paka, Medicated oils obtained by Mridu, Madhya Khara and Dadgha Paka, are considered to be of therapeutic value and are advocated for clinical usage but those obtained by Ama and Dadgha pakas are not recommended. Most of the pharmacies are marketing the oils only by name but are not mentioning the Paka. In order to standardize these pakas with scientific explanation a oil preparation called Ksheerabala taila is selected for the study.
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Review of research works done on Tamra Bhasma [Incinerated Copper] at Institute for Post-Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar
Chaudhari, Swapnil Y.
Jagtap, Chandrashekhar Y.
Galib, R.
Bedarkar, Prashant B.
Patgiri, Biswajyoti
Prajapati, Pradeep Kumar
The metal, Tamra though mentioned in Ayurveda with a wide range of therapeutic utilities; is attributed with Ashta Maha Dosha. Hence, one should be cautious while using Tamra Bhasma. Considering the significance of Tamra in therapeutics, many studies have been carried out at different centers of India. Aim of the present study was to compile such available research works done on Tamra in the Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana (RS and BK), IPGT and RA, Jamnagar and provide brief information about pharmaceutical, analytical, and pharmacological studies. Total eleven studies on Tamra Bhasma, which revalidated the impact of classical guidelines, safety issues, and therapeutic utilities, were screened from PG Department of RS and BK, Institute for Post-Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar. All studies revealed that Tamra Bhasma is safe clinically, experimentally at Therapeutic Equivalent Dose (TED) levels as no toxic hazards were reported during the treatment period. In all aspects (pharmaceutical, pharmacological, and clinical) Somnathi Tamra Bhasma has proven to be better than Tamra Bhasma. The clinical efficacy of Tamra Bhasma has been evaluated in Shvasa, Kasa, Yakrit Pliha Vriddhi, Grahani, etc. conditions. Satisfactory responses with a decrease in the intensity of signs and symptoms were reported in all the studies. Though certain limitations were observed in these researches, the results can be considered as a lead for further well stratified studies covering larger population. No adverse effects were reported in any of these studies.
Bhasma; Grahani; Rasa Shastra; safety; Somanathi Tamra; Tamra toxicity
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PA03.19. Clinical study on the effect of Moorchita Tila Taila Shamana Sneha and Navaka Guggulu in Hyperlipidemia – A comparative study
Kumar, JM Prajwal
Guled, Sidram
Shantharam, KS
Hegde, Gajanana
Ancient Science of Life
2013;32(Suppl 2):S88.
Hyperlipidemia is a disorder which is identified as a potential risk factor for multitudes of diseases like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and even hypertension. Hyperlipidemia is term used to denote raised serum levels of cholesterol or triglycerides or both. Though, there is no precise terminology for Hyperlipidemia mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics, A detailed study of Hyperlipidemia reveals its similarity to Asthayi Medo Dhatu Vriddhi on the basis of its Pathophysiology.
For Group A Moorchita Tila Taila 15ml twice daily as Shamana Sneha with Ushna jala for 30 days. For Group B Navaka Guggulu in Tablet form 500mg, 1 tab thrice daily for 30 days.
Both the groups A and B showed reduction in serum Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL–C and VLDL–C and Group A showed slight increase in HDL levels.
Shamananga snehapana can be safely carried out in patients of Hyperlipidemia. Comparing both the groups, Group A treated with Moorchita Tila Taila Shamana Sneha showed better results in reducing serum lipid values than Group B treated with Navaka Guggulu
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A comparative study on Vamana Karma with Madanaphala and Krutavedhana in Ekakushtha (Psoriasis)
Patel, Jaimin R.
Bhatted, Santoshkumar
Vamana Karma (therapeutic emesis) is the best therapy for the elimination of vitiated Kapha Dosha. In the present clinical practice Madanaphala (Randia dumetorum) is mainly used for Vamana Karma. Apart from Madanaphala, five other drugs, and in total 355 formulations are described in Charaka Samhita; one of them is Krutavedhana (Luffa acutangula) kalpa (formulations). Krutavedhana is specially indicated in Gadha (compact) Dosha condition like Kushtha (skin diseases), Garavisha (slow poison), and so on, for Vamana Karma. The present study aimed to observe the effect on Vamana Karma and by that its effect on Ekakushtha (Psoriasis). Krutavedhana Beeja Churna (seed powder) was given with Madhu (honey) and Saindhava (rock salt) as Vamana Yoga (emetic formulation), to compare it with Madanaphala Pippali Churna (seed powder). After the Sansarjana Krama (special dietetic schedule), Panchatikta Ghrita (medicated ghee) was given as Shamana Sneha (pacifying oleation). An average dose of Krutavedhana was 5.9 g. Krutavedhana could produce a good number of Vega (bouts), Pittanta Lakshana (bile coming out at the end of Vamana), and Pravara Shuddhi (maximum cleansing) in a majority of patients. Madanaphala is the best among all Vamaka (emetic) drugs, but Krutavedhana showed a similar to higher effect on Vamana Karma in terms of Antiki, Maniki, Vaigiki, and Laingiki Shuddhi (cleansing criteria). Vamana Karma by Krutavedhana showed better relief in Matsyashakalopamam (silvery scale), Kandu (itching), and Rukshataa (dryness), while Madanapahala showed better relief in Krishnaruna Varna (erythema). After completion of the Shamana (pacifying) treatment, both the groups showed nearly the same effect on Asvedanam (lack of perspiration), Matsyashakalopamam, Kandu, Rukshataa, Krishnaruna Varna, and Mahaavaastu (bigger lesion).
Ekakushtha; Krutavedhana; Madanaphala; Panchatikta Ghrita; Psoriasis; Vamana Karma
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Pharmaceutical preparation of Saubhagya Shunthi Churna: A herbal remedy for puerperal women
Shukla, Khushbu
Dwivedi, Manjari
Kumar, Neeraj
International Journal of Ayurveda Research
In the last few decades, there has been exponential growth in the field of herbal remedies. Pharmacopoeial preparations like avleha or paka (semi-solid), swarasa (expressed juice), kalka (mass), him (cold infusion) and phanta (hot infusion), kwatha (decoction) and churna (powder) form the backbone of Ayurvedic formulations. Newer guidelines for standardization, manufacture, and quality control, and scientifically rigorous research will be necessary for traditional treatments. This traditional knowledge can serve as powerful search engine that will greatly facilitate drug discovery.
The aim of the present study is to standardize Saubhagya Shunthi Paka in churna (powder) form. The powder form makes this traditional drug more stable for long-term storage and hence, easier to preserve.
Materials and Methods:
Saubhagya Shunthi Paka is an ayurvedic formulation containing Shunthi (Zingiber officinalis) as one of its chief ingredients. The basic preparation of this drug is a semisolid. We checked the microbial load and nutrient values (using International Standard IS and Association of Official Analytical chemists AOAC methods)
The powdered form of Saubhagya Shunthi Churna yielded a weight loss of approximately 17.64% of the total weight of ingredients. The total energy of Churna (calculated based on nutrient content) was found higher over Paka.
Saubhagya Shunthi Churna may be a good therapeutic and dietary medicine for Indian women, which may be easily prepared at home.
Ayurveda; Churna (powder); saubhagya shunthi paka; paka (semi-solid); puerperium
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Bhaishajya Kalpanaa - The Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics - An Overview
Savrikar, SS
Ravishankar, B
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines
In Ayurvedic therapeutics, drug therapy is given prime importance. There is a very well developed sub-discipline entirely devoted to drug formulations known as "Bhaisajya Kalpanaa". Considering its importance, different aspects of this discipline have been presented in this review to familiarize the readers, especially those who have just started studying Ayurveda, with concept of ayurvedic pharmaceutics. The Ayurvedic drug formulation is based on what is known as "Pancavidha Kasaaya" concept. According to this concept there are five basic forms of formulation known as 1-'Swarasa' the expressed juice, 2-'Kalka', a fine paste obtained by grinding fresh or wet grinding dried plant material 3- 'Kwaatha', the decoction, 4- 'Sheeta' or 'Hima', the cold water infusion and 5- 'Faanta', the hot water infusion. Different aspects of their preparation and use have been discussed. Further from the above basic forms, a number of other formulations are derived; a brief description of each of them has been given along with brief outlines of drug formulations meant for specific routes. The third part of the review is devoted to discussion of influence of different factors on the expression of pharmacological activity.
Ayurvedic pharmaceutics; Bhaisajya Kalpanaa; Pancavidha Kasaaya; Ayurvedic formulations Traditional systems of medicine
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Quality control evaluation of Keshamasi, Keshanjana and Keshamasi eye ointment
Dhiman, Kartar Singh
Shukla, Vinay J.
Bhalodia, Nayan R.
Sharma, Vinay R.
Keshanjana (collyrium) is a well known Ayurvedic preparation prepared out of Keshamasi (ash prepared by scalp hairs) mixed with Goghrita (cow's ghee). This medicine is indicated for the treatment of Shushkakshipaka (dry eye syndrome) in the classical literature of Ayurveda; hence, it was under taken for standardization and clinical evaluation in an extra-mural research project from Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Department of AYUSH, New Delhi.
To develop standard quality parameters for the Keshamasi, Keshanjana and Keshamasi ointment.
Materials and Methods:
Scalp hairs of male and females collected from saloons were converted to classical Masi Kalpana and mixed with cow ghee and petrolatum in the ratio of 1:5 to prepare the Keshanjana and Keshamasi ointment respectively. Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) were adopted and recorded accordingly. The raw material, furnished products and plain Goghrita were subjected for quality control parameters i.e., physico-chemical evaluation, anti-microbial study, particle size analysis, heavy metal analysis through inductive couple plasma spectroscopy with high performance thin layer liquid chromatography fingerprints.
Rancidity was negative in all the samples, indicating that the physico-chemical parameters are in acceptable range. Lead and zinc were present in most of the samples; while all samples are were free from microbial contamination.
As no standards are available to compare the results of the current study, the observations cannot be compared. Thus the profile generated in the current study can be considered as standard to refer in future studies.
Keshamasi; Keshanjana; ointment; quality control profile
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Dendrimeric Systems and Their Applications in Ocular Drug Delivery
Yavuz, Burçin
Bozdağ Pehlivan, Sibel
Ünlü, Nurşen
The Scientific World Journal
Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the most attractive and challenging research area for pharmaceutical scientists and ophthalmologists. Absorption of an ophthalmic drug in conventional dosage forms is seriously limited by physiological conditions. The use of nonionic or ionic biodegradable polymers in aqueous solutions and colloidal dosage forms such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, microspheres, microcapsules, microemulsions, and dendrimers has been studied to overcome the problems mentioned above. Dendrimers are a new class of polymeric materials. The unique nanostructured architecture of dendrimers has been studied to examine their role in delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents. Dendrimers can enhance drug's water solubility, bioavailability, and biocompatibility and can be applied for different routes of drug administration successfully. Permeability enhancer properties of dendrimers were also reported. The use of dendrimers can also reduce toxicity versus activity and following an appropriate application route they allow the delivery of the drug to the targeted site and provide desired pharmacokinetic parameters. Therefore, dendrimeric drug delivery systems are of interest in ocular drug delivery. In this review, the limitations related to eye's unique structure, the advantages of dendrimers, and the potential applications of dendrimeric systems to ophthalmology including imaging, drug, peptide, and gene delivery will be discussed.
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Novel Nanomicellar Formulation Approaches for Anterior and Posterior Segment Ocular Drug Delivery
Cholkar, Kishore
Patel, Ashaben
Vadlapudi, Aswani Dutt
Mitra, Ashim K
Recent patents on nanomedicine
One of the most challenging areas of pharmaceutical research is ocular drug delivery. The unique anatomy and physiology of the eye impedes drug permeation to deeper ocular tissues. Nanosized carrier systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, suspensions, dendrimers, and nanomicelles are being explored for ocular drug delivery. In this review, we have focused on application of emerging nanomicellar carrier systems in ocular drug delivery. Nanomicelles are nanosized vesicular carriers formed from amphiphilic monomer units. Surfactant and polymeric micellar nanocarriers provide an amenable means to improve drug solubilization, develop clear aqueous formulations and deliver drugs to anterior and posterior ocular tissues. Nanomicelles due to their amphiphilic nature encapsulate hydrophobic drugs and aid in drug delivery. Various methods are employed to develop nanosized micellar formulations depending upon the physicochemical properties of the drug. Nanomicellar carriers appear to be promising vehicles with potential applications in ocular drug delivery. In this review, we attempted to discuss about the progress in ocular drug delivery research using nanomicelles as carriers from the published literature and issued patents. Also, with regards to ocular static and dynamic barriers which prevent drug permeation, a brief discussion about nanomicelles, types of nanomicelles, their methods of preparation and micellar strategy to overcome ocular barriers, delivering therapeutic levels of drugs to anterior and posterior ocular tissues are discussed.
Barriers; conjunctival/scleral pathway; drug delivery; nanotechnology; nanomicelles; patents; posterior segment; retina-choroid
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Simultaneous quantification of tumor uptake for targeted and non-targeted liposomes and their encapsulated contents by ICP-MS
Cheng, Zhiliang
Zaki, Ajlan Al
Hui, James Z
Tsourkas, Andrew
Analytical chemistry
Liposomes are intensively being developed for biomedical applications including drug and gene delivery. However, targeted liposomal delivery in cancer treatment is a very complicated multi-step process. Unfavorable liposome biodistribution upon intravenous administration and membrane destabilization in blood circulation could result in only a very small fraction of cargo reaching the tumors. It would therefore be desirable to develop new quantitative strategies to track liposomal delivery systems to improve the therapeutic index and decrease systemic toxicity. Here, we developed a simple and non-radiative method to quantify the tumor uptake of targeted and non-targeted control liposomes as well as their encapsulated contents simultaneously. Specifically, four different chelated lanthanide metals were encapsulated or surface-conjugated onto tumor-targeted and non-targeted liposomes, respectively. The two liposome formulations were then injected into tumor-bearing mice simultaneously and their tumor delivery was determined quantitatively via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), allowing for direct comparisons. Tumor uptake of the liposomes themselves and their encapsulated contents were consistent with targeted and non-targeted liposome formulations that were injected individually.
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Effect of Purificatory Measures Through Cow's Urine and Milk on Strychnine and Brucine Content of Kupeelu (Strychnos Nuxvomica Linn.) Seeds
Mitra, Swarnendu
Shukla, V J
Acharya, Rabinarayan
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines
Strychnos nux vomica Linn.(Loganaceae) commonly known as Nux vomica (Kupeelu), is a poisonous plant and its seeds are used widely in Ayurvedic system of medicine since time immemorial. Ayurveda advocates that nux vomica seeds are to be administered in therapeutics only after going through certain purificatory measures (Shodhana). There are more than six media: cow's urine (Go mutra), cow's milk (Go dugdha), cow's ghee (Go ghrita), Kanji (thin gruel), castor oil (Eranda taila) and fresh ginger juice (Ardraka swarasa) etc., which have been reported in different classical texts of Ayurveda for proper processing of nux vomica seeds. In this study, an attempt has been made to purify the seeds by using three different methods as described in ancient treatise by using cow's urine and cow's milk as media alone and together. This study revealed that all the methods studied reduced the toxicity of strychnine and brucine contents in comparison to the raw seeds as determined by HPTLC. Out of these three methods maximum reduction in strychnine and brucine contents was found when the seeds were purified by keeping them in cow's urine for seven days followed by boiling in cow's milk for three hrs.
Kupeelu; Strychnos nuxvomica; Shodhana; strychnine; Ayurveda; brucine; Cow's milk; Cow's urine
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Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances
Schwendener, Reto A.
Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines
Liposomes and liposome-derived nanovesicles such as archaeosomes and virosomes have become important carrier systems in vaccine development and the interest for liposome-based vaccines has markedly increased. A key advantage of liposomes, archaeosomes and virosomes in general, and liposome-based vaccine delivery systems in particular, is their versatility and plasticity. Liposome composition and preparation can be chosen to achieve desired features such as selection of lipid, charge, size, size distribution, entrapment and location of antigens or adjuvants. Depending on the chemical properties, water-soluble antigens (proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, haptens) are entrapped within the aqueous inner space of liposomes, whereas lipophilic compounds (lipopeptides, antigens, adjuvants, linker molecules) are intercalated into the lipid bilayer and antigens or adjuvants can be attached to the liposome surface either by adsorption or stable chemical linking. Coformulations containing different types of antigens or adjuvants can be combined with the parameters mentioned to tailor liposomal vaccines for individual applications. Special emphasis is given in this review to cationic adjuvant liposome vaccine formulations. Examples of vaccines made with CAF01, an adjuvant composed of the synthetic immune-stimulating mycobacterial cordfactor glycolipid trehalose dibehenate as immunomodulator and the cationic membrane forming molecule dimethyl dioctadecylammonium are presented. Other vaccines such as cationic liposome–DNA complexes (CLDCs) and other adjuvants like muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A and listeriolysin O are mentioned as well. The field of liposomes and liposome-based vaccines is vast. Therefore, this review concentrates on recent and relevant studies emphasizing current reports dealing with the most studied antigens and adjuvants, and pertinent examples of vaccines. Studies on liposome-based veterinary vaccines and experimental therapeutic cancer vaccines are also summarized.
adjuvants; antigens; archaeosomes; liposomes; therapeutic cancer vaccines; vaccines; veterinary vaccines; virosomes
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A tumor vasculature targeted liposome delivery system for combretastatin A4: Design, characterization, and in vitro evaluation
Nallamothu, Ramakrishna
Wood, George C.
Pattillo, Christopher B.
Scott, Robert C.
Kiani, Mohammad F.
Moore, Bob M.
Thoma, Laura A.
AAPS PharmSciTech
The objective of this study was to develop an efficient tumor vasculature targeted liposome delivery system for combretastatin A4, a novel antivascular agent. Liposomes composed of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), cholesterol, distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-polyethylene-glycol-2000 conjugate (DSPE-PEG), and DSPE-PEG-maleimide were prepared by the lipid film hydration and extrusion process. Cyclic RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptides with affinity for αvβ3-integrins expressed on tumor vascular endothelial cells were coupled to the distal end of PEG on the liposomes sterically stabilized with PEG (long circulating liposomes, LCL). The liposome delivery system was characterized in terms of size, lamellarity, ligand density, drug loading, and leakage properties. Targeting nature of the delivery system was evaluated in vitro using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Electron microscopic observations of the formulations revealed presence of small unilamellar liposomes of ∼120 nm in diameter. High performance liquid chromatography determination of ligand coupling to the liposome surface indicated that more than 99% of the RGD peptides were reacted with maleimide groups on the liposome surface. Up to 3 mg/mL of stable liposomal combretastatin A4 loading was achieved with ∼80% of this being entrapped within the liposomes. In the in vitro cell culture studies, targeted liposomes showed significantly higher binding to their target cells than non-targeted liposomes, presumably through specific interaction of the RGD with its receptors on the cell surface. It was concluded that the targeting properties of the prepared delivery system would potentially improve the therapeutic benefits of combretastatin A4 compared with nontargeted liposomes or solution dosage forms.
targeted liposome delivery system; combretastatin A4; tumor vasculature targeting; liposome characterization
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Hiremath, Shobha G
Joshi, Damodar
Ray, A.B.
Ancient Science of Life
In ancient days, Physicians having the comprehensive knowledge of Bhaishajya Kalpana, used to prepare the drugs themselves to treat their patients. So there was no doubt in obtaining genuine drug with desired therapeutic effect. But in recent years, the growing population and their life style, industrialization etc have forced physicians to depend on market preparations. As such we find the necessity of standardization of these preparations. The quality assessments of a drug, which is a chemical irrespective of the system is possible by 'Thin Layer Chromatographic technique' using known Chemical constituents as reference standards. A herbal preparation 'Kutajarishta', has been standardized by using this technique and the significance of the findings is discussed.
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Uptake of Home-Based Voluntary HIV Testing in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sabapathy, Kalpana
Van den Bergh, Rafael
Fidler, Sarah
Hayes, Richard
Ford, Nathan
PLoS Medicine
Kalpana Sabapathy and colleagues conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the acceptability of home-based voluntary counseling and testing for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa with some encouraging results.
Improving access to HIV testing is a key priority in scaling up HIV treatment and prevention services. Home-based voluntary counselling and testing (HBT) as an approach to delivering wide-scale HIV testing is explored here.
Methods and Findings
We conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies published between 1 January 2000 and 24 September 2012 that reported on uptake of HBT in sub-Saharan Africa, to assess the proportion of individuals accepting HBT and receiving their test result.
Our initial search yielded 1,199 articles; 114 were reviewed as full-text articles, and 19 publications involving 21 studies (n = 524,867 individuals offered HBT) were included for final review and meta-analysis. The studies came from five countries: Uganda, Malawi, Kenya, South Africa, and Zambia.
The proportion of people who accepted HBT (n = 474,377) ranged from 58.1% to 99.8%, with a pooled proportion of 83.3% (95% CI: 80.4%–86.1%). Heterogeneity was high (τ2 = 0.11). Sixteen studies reported on the number of people who received the result of HBT (n = 432,835). The proportion of individuals receiving their results out of all those offered testing ranged from 24.9% to 99.7%, with a pooled proportion of 76.7% (95% CI: 73.4%–80.0%) (τ2 = 0.12). HIV prevalence ranged from 2.9% to 36.5%. New diagnosis of HIV following HBT ranged from 40% to 79% of those testing positive. Forty-eight percent of the individuals offered testing were men, and they were just as likely to accept HBT as women (pooled odds ratio = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.56–1.26) (τ2 = 0.33). The proportion of individuals previously tested for HIV among those offered a test ranged from 5% to 66%. Studies in which <30% of individuals had been previously tested, local HIV prevalence was <10%, incentives were provided, or HBT was offered to household members of HIV-positive individuals showed higher uptake of testing. No evidence was reported of negative consequences of HBT.
HBT could substantially increase awareness of HIV status in previously undiagnosed individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, with over three-quarters of the studies in this review reporting >70% uptake. It could be a valuable tool for treatment and prevention efforts.
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Editors' Summary
Knowledge of HIV status is crucial for both the prevention and treatment of HIV. However, according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (the UN agency responsible for HIV/AIDS), in low-and-middle-income countries only ten percent of those who need voluntary counseling and testing, because they may have been exposed to HIV infection, have access to this service. Even in health care settings in which voluntary counseling and HIV testing is routinely offered, such as to pregnant women, the number of people who use these services is low. This situation is partly because of the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV, which makes people reluctant to volunteer to come forward to be tested for HIV. To help overcome this problem, one important strategy in encouraging people to be tested for HIV is to offer them the opportunity to be counseled and tested at home—home-based voluntary counseling and testing (HBT). Using the HBT approach, people are visited in their home by health workers regardless of their perceived risk of HIV. HBT has obvious advantages and upholds the "3 Cs" principles of HIV testing: that testing is confidential, accompanied by counseling, and conducted only with informed consent.
Why Was This Study Done?
The HBT approach has received widespread international support, and the World Health Organization has recently published guidance to service providers and policy makers about the delivery of HBT. However, the acceptability of HBT, that is, whether those offered HBT actually take up the offer and are tested, remains unknown, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, the world region with the highest prevalence of HIV. So, in this study, the researchers systematically compiled all of the available studies on this topic from sub-Saharan Africa to determine the acceptability of HBT and also to and identify any factors associated with the uptake of HBT.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
The researchers searched several databases to identify suitable peer-reviewed studies from Africa published between January 2000 and September 2012. The researchers included studies that described any intervention to provide HIV testing at home and also reported the proportions of participants accepting HIV testing out of all individuals offered a home-based HIV test. Because different types of studies were included (such as randomized controlled trials, observational cohort studies, and cross-sectional surveys), the researchers tested the quality of included studies. Then they pooled all of the studies together to calculate the overall proportion of people who accepted HIV testing at home and the proportion who received their result.
Using these methods, the researchers included 21 studies from five African countries: Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zambia, comprising a total of 524,867 people. Overall, the proportion of people who accepted HBT ranged from 58.1% to 99.7%, with a pooled proportion of 83.3% accepting HBT (474,377 people). In the eight studies that separated data by gender, men were as likely as women to accept testing (78.5% versus 81.5%). Over three-quarters of everyone who accepted HBT received their result (77% in 16 studies reporting on this), and, importantly, the proportion of people with previously undiagnosed HIV was high (40%–79% of those diagnosed HIV-positive), emphasizing the value of HBT. The researchers also found that providing incentives, local HIV prevalence being less than 10%, and targeting HBT to household members of HIV-positive individuals may be factors associated with increased uptake of HBT, but further research is needed to verify the results of this subgroup analysis.
What Do These Findings Mean?
These findings suggest that voluntary counseling and testing for HIV at home is highly acceptable in five countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with the majority of those tested receiving their test result, highlighting the importance of this approach in the diagnosis of HIV. Therefore, by increasing uptake of testing, HBT may provide an effective tool for governments and health service providers to increase access to HIV treatment and prevention. However, testing is just the first step in the management of HIV, and this study does not address the follow-up of those who tested positive using the home-based approach, such as access to treatment, as well as repeated HBT for ongoing knowledge of HIV status. The option of self-testing was examined in only one of the studies included in this review, but the researchers identify that self-testing at home with the support HBT staff is an important area of future research. Overall, HBT has the potential to substantially increase awareness of HIV status in previously undiagnosed men and women in sub-Saharan Africa.
Additional Information
Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001351.
The World Health Organization provides extensive information on HIV testing and counseling, and the World Health Organization's guidance on home-based testing mentioned in this summary is also available
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS gives the latest facts and figures about the global status of HIV and about reducing stigma and discrimination around HIV
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Phototriggerable Liposomes: Current Research and Future Perspectives
Puri, Anu
The field of cancer nanomedicine is considered a promising area for improved delivery of bioactive molecules including drugs, pharmaceutical agents and nucleic acids. Among these, drug delivery technology has made discernible progress in recent years and the areas that warrant further focus and consideration towards technological developments have also been recognized. Development of viable methods for on-demand spatial and temporal release of entrapped drugs from the nanocarriers is an arena that is likely to enhance the clinical suitability of drug-loaded nanocarriers. One such approach, which utilizes light as the external stimulus to disrupt and/or destabilize drug-loaded nanoparticles, will be the discussion platform of this article. Although several phototriggerable nanocarriers are currently under development, I will limit this review to the phototriggerable liposomes that have demonstrated promise in the cell culture systems at least (but not the last). The topics covered in this review include (i) a brief summary of various phototriggerable nanocarriers; (ii) an overview of the application of liposomes to deliver payload of photosensitizers and associated technologies; (iii) the design considerations of photoactivable lipid molecules and the chemical considerations and mechanisms of phototriggering of liposomal lipids; (iv) limitations and future directions for in vivo, clinically viable triggered drug delivery approaches and potential novel photoactivation strategies will be discussed.
lipid-based nanoparticles; drug delivery; laser; cancer therapy; photodynamic therapy; liposomes; phototriggering; cancer nanomedicine
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A Liposomal Drug Platform Overrides Peptide Ligand Targeting to a Cancer Biomarker, Irrespective of Ligand Affinity or Density
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One method for improving cancer treatment is the use of nanoparticle drugs functionalized with targeting ligands that recognize receptors expressed selectively by tumor cells. In theory such targeting ligands should specifically deliver the nanoparticle drug to the tumor, increasing drug concentration in the tumor and delivering the drug to its site of action within the tumor tissue. However, the leaky vasculature of tumors combined with a poor lymphatic system allows the passive accumulation, and subsequent retention, of nanosized materials in tumors. Furthermore, a large nanoparticle size may impede tumor penetration. As such, the role of active targeting in nanoparticle delivery is controversial, and it is difficult to predict how a targeted nanoparticle drug will behave in vivo. Here we report in vivo studies for αvβ6-specific H2009.1 peptide targeted liposomal doxorubicin, which increased liposomal delivery and toxicity to lung cancer cells in vitro. We systematically varied ligand affinity, ligand density, ligand stability, liposome dosage, and tumor models to assess the role of active targeting of liposomes to αvβ6. In direct contrast to the in vitro results, we demonstrate no difference in in vivo targeting or efficacy for H2009.1 tetrameric peptide liposomal doxorubicin, compared to control peptide and no peptide liposomes. Examining liposome accumulation and distribution within the tumor demonstrates that the liposome, and not the H2009.1 peptide, drives tumor accumulation, and that both targeted H2009.1 and untargeted liposomes remain in perivascular regions, with little tumor penetration. Thus H2009.1 targeted liposomes fail to improve drug efficacy because the liposome drug platform prevents the H2009.1 peptide from both actively targeting the tumor and binding to tumor cells throughout the tumor tissue. Therefore, using a high affinity and high specificity ligand targeting an over-expressed tumor biomarker does not guarantee enhanced efficacy of a liposomal drug. These results highlight the complexity of in vivo targeting.
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Local Targeted Therapy of Liver Metastasis from Colon Cancer by Galactosylated Liposome Encapsulated with Doxorubicin
Zhao, Chen
Feng, Qiang
Dou, Zengpei
Yuan, Wei
Sui, Chenguang
Zhang, Xinghua
Xia, Guimin
Sun, Hongfang
Ma, Jie
PLoS ONE
Since regional drug administration enables to maintain a high drug concentration within tumors, we compared the plasma concentration and biodistribution of doxorubicin (Dox) from drug-loaded conventional liposomes by local or systemic administration. The results demonstrated that drug concentration was substantially improved in liver as well as a decrease in blood and other organs by spleen injection mimicking portal vein perfusion (regional administration). To further investigate the targeted therapeutic effect of galactosylated liposome encapsulated doxorubicin (Dox) by regional administration, liver targeting liposomes were prepared by incorporating galactosylated-DPPE to conventional liposomes. Liposome uptake and targeting were verified in vitro and in vivo by fluorescence microscopy and xenogen IVIS imaging system, respectively. The results showed that galactose targeted liposomes presented a stronger specific cell uptake by human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells compared to the non-targeted liposomes. In vivo fluorescence imaging showed that the intra-hepatic deposition of conventional and galactosylated liposomes via spleen injection was more than that via tail vein administration, and galactosylated liposomes had higher fluorescent intensity over conventional liposomes in the liver post spleen administration. The anti-tumor effect of various drug administration routes for both liposomal formulations was evaluated using a murine liver metastasis model of colon cancer. The results indicated that tumor progression in the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes was significantly suppressed by Dox-loaded galactosylated liposomes via spleen injection, while no significance was observed in non-targeted formulations. Our data indicated that local perfusion of galactosylated liposomal doxorubicin had a great promise for the treatment of liver metastasis from colon cancer.
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Fahr, Alfred
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Liposomes are frequently used as pharmaceutical nanocarriers to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs such as temoporfin, cyclosporine A, amphotericin B, and paclitaxel to their target site. Optimal drug delivery depends on understanding the release kinetics of the drug molecules from the host liposomes during the journey to the target site and at the target site. Transfer of drugs in model systems consisting of donor liposomes and acceptor liposomes is known from experimental work to typically exhibit a first-order kinetics with a simple exponential behavior. In some cases, a fast component in the initial transfer is present, in other cases the transfer is sigmoidal. We present and analyze a theoretical model for the transfer that accounts for two physical mechanisms, collisions between liposomes and diffusion of the drug molecules through the aqueous phase. Starting with the detailed distribution of drug molecules among the individual liposomes, we specify the conditions that lead to an apparent first-order kinetic behavior. We also discuss possible implications on the transfer kinetics of (1) high drug loading of donor liposomes, (2) attractive interactions between drug molecules within the liposomes, and (3) slow transfer of drugs between the inner and outer leaflets of the liposomes.
Related Articles
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Scholarships and Other Sources of Funding
Education Abroad Scholarships
Many scholarship opportunities exist to support Education Abroad. Scholarships include those offered by the International Studies Office or by specific abroad programs, those offered by various departments and schools throughout U.Va., and national and international competitive scholarships. We recommend you also utilize additional scholarship databases in your research.
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OFFICE and PROGRAM-SPECIFIC SCHOLARSHIPS
Students can apply online for all International Studies Office scholarship opportunities by clicking here.
Dee Family Global Scholarship
The Dee Family Global Scholarship was created to support undergraduate and graduate participation in study or research in countries with the lowest scores on the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). To apply, please complete the Dee Family Global Scholarship application.
ISO Scholarship
The International Studies Office wishes to support those students who demonstrate the interest and inclination to become global citizens. The ISO Scholarship Committee reviews applications thoroughly and makes awards based on a number of factors, including financial need, quality of the application, and academic merit. Students must be participating in credit-bearing programs abroad to be eligible for this scholarship. Scholarship award amounts vary and depend upon the qualifications of the applicant pool. Students may receive a total of up to $4,000 of ISO Scholarship support within two years. To apply, please complete the Education Abroad Scholarship application.
IWL Study Abroad Scholarship
The Institute of World Languages (IWL) aims to support undergraduate students who have demonstrated a sincere devotion to their language education, as well as a deeper interest in, and commitment to the learning of any world language taught at the University of Virginia. Scholarship award may go up to $3000 and be commensurate with the number and quality of applications. Applicants who are determined to study abroad for a summer or longer are encouraged to apply. Complete the Education Abroad Scholarship application to apply.
IWL Research Abroad Award
The Institute of World Languages (IWL) aims to support undergraduate students who have demonstrated exceptional abilities in the acquisition of any world language and culture, as well as great scholarly promise and potential to carry out a research project abroad. Award amounts may go up to $3000 and be commensurate with the number and quality of applications. Applicants who are determined to conduct research abroad are encouraged to apply. Complete the IWL Research Abroad Award application to apply.
Lyon Program Scholarship
Scholarships range from $250 to $2,000 and are determined by both financial need and academic merit. Students should complete the Education Abroad Scholarship application to be considered for this scholarship.
CLAS Education Abroad Scholarship
The College of Arts & Sciences (CLAS) aims to support undergraduate CLAS students pursuing education abroad as a means to develop the knowledge, skills, attitude, and actions of a global citizen. Preference will be given to students who have not previously traveled abroad. Scholarship award amounts vary from $500 to $2,500 and depend upon the qualifications of the applicant pool. To apply, please complete the Education Abroad Scholarship application.
Sue and Lee Piepho Scholarship
The Sue and Lee Piepho Scholarship supports undergraduate student participation in education abroad. Awards will be based on financial need and the quality of the application. Preference will be given to students studying in Great Britain, China, or Germany. To apply, please complete the Education Abroad Scholarship application.
Wyatt Family Summer Scholarships for Spanish Majors
Wyatt Family Summer Scholarships for Spanish Majors aims to support students pursuing a total immersion experience so they can improve their language skills early in their major and bebetter prepared to complete their upper level courses on-grounds. Students are encouraged to attend our two established UVA summer Spanish programs in Costa Rica and Valencia, but may go to any ISO/department approved program. Preference may be given to students who have not been abroad before. Scholarship award amounts range from $2000 to $3000 and depend upon the qualifications of the applicant pool. To apply, please complete the Education Abroad Scholarship application.
Robert Denommé Study Abroad Scholarship
The French Department aims to support undergraduate students studying in Francophone countries for a semester or longer. Scholarships range from $1000 to $3000.
Chinese Language Studies in Taiwan
Two scholarships are available to support Chinese language studies in Taiwan in the summer of 2016.
- Huayu Enrichment Scholarship: The HES Scholarship, offered by the Ministry of Education of the republic of China (Taiwan) offers a 2 month stipend of NT$25,000 per month.
- MTC Scholarship: The MTC Scholarship waives tuition for study at the National Taiwan Normal University's Mandarin Training Center.
Application instructions are available here. In addition to completing the scholarship application, students must complete the UVA Education Abroad Application for their preferred study abroad program.
Community-Based Research Grant
Community-Based Research Awards for undergraduates provides students the opportunity to develop research projects that apply their academic skills, experiences, and ideas to real world problems. Interdisciplinary work is encouraged.
Deborah J. Kane Scholarship
The Deborah J. Kane Scholarship for third year college students in the humanities and social sciences provides money for travel overseas to pursue an educational experience with preference given to "untravelled" students wishing to study in Mexico, Central America, or South America.
Ellen Bayard Weedon Travel Grants
Each year the Grants Committee of the East Asia Center allocates money to the Ellen Bayard Weedon Travel Grants to defray the cost of travel to East Asia by students. These funds may be used to cover all or part of a round trip airfare between Charlottesville and East Asia. Applicants must intend to spend at least two weeks in East Asia pursuing study or research. View other eligibility criteria and application instructions on the East Asia Center Grants & Awards page.
Francis Lazenby Travelling Fellowship
The Francis Lazenby Travelling Fellowship of about $3,000 is awarded each year to one Classics major for Education Abroad during either semester or the summer.
Harrison Undergraduate Research Award
The Center for Undergraduate Excellence is home to the Harrison Undergraduate Research Award . The program funds outstanding undergraduate research projects carried out in the academic year or summer.
IRC Study Abroad, Travel & Learn Award Programs
The goal of this Travel & Learn Award is to strengthen the international character and interactions of IRC student members while ensuring a strong focus on academics. The award specifically provides up to $1000 travel expenses for qualified study abroad expenses during the January Term, Spring Break or Summer Session.
Jefferson Public Citizens
The JPC award supports student stipends, student travel, and project costs for both domestic and international projects.
Leslie Anne Baltz Fellowship
The fellowship was created to assist a third or fourth year major in art history or studio art who plans to spend a year, semester, summer, or January term studying in Italy. To apply, please contact Lawrence O. Goedde , McIntire Department of Art.
Lidner Center Fellowships for Study Abroad
The Lindner Center for Art History offers fellowships for art history majors studying abroad for a semester, year, summer, or January term. The declaration of a major must be made by the date of application. To apply, please contact Lawrence O. Goedde , McIntire Department of Art.
Murphy Fund for International Study
The Murphy Scholarship was developed to assist College of Arts and Sciences students pursue an international study experience.
Sally and Bruce Nelson Travel Grants for Southeast Asia
Thanks to the generosity of the Nelson family, each year the Asia Institute will allocate money to be used to defray the cost of travel to Southeast Asia by students. These funds may be used to cover all or part of a roundtrip airfare between Charlottesville and Southeast Asia. More information is available here.
Research and Travel Grants
Small Research and Travel Grants are available to College of Arts and Sciences students.
School of Architecture International Funding
There are sources of need-based funding open only to students majoring within a discipline in the School of Architecture - Architecture, Architectural History, and Urban and Environmental Planning - who want to apply for any of the School of Architecture's international programs. Applications for these need-based funds are due to Holly Richters in Campbell Hall 225 (email@example.com) by 5:00pm on the same day as the application deadline for the program in question. For more information click here.
School of Nursing International Scholarship
Thanks to the generosity of the School of Nursing Alumni Association, donors to the School of Nursing Endowment for International Initiatives and the Maxine D. Woodard, RN International Scholarships, School of Nursing students can apply for grants to help defray some of the costs of international academic and exchange programs.
U.Va. Alumni Association Ridley Scholarship
The Ravenell (Ricky) Keller III Scholarship Award was established to perpetuate the memory of Ravenell "Ricky" Keller. Ricky believed quite fervently in the value of travel to broaden one's perspective. He felt strongly that foreign experiences are integral and would have wanted to provide financially deserving, talented African-American students with the opportunity to participate in Education Abroad programs at the University of Virginia. Please contact email@example.com for further information.
Ben-Gurion University Scholarship
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, in Beer-Sheva, Israel offers scholarships for tuition to two U.Va. undergraduates to study there during Spring Semester 2016. One scholarship is for a student whose focus is the social sciences or humanities, the other is for a student who focus is the natural sciences. All U.Va. undergraduates are encouraged to apply. A scholarship committee reviews the applications and makes awards on a number of factors, including quality of the application and academic merit. To apply, please complete the Education Abroad Scholarship Application online. For further information, please contact Gabriel Finder, Director of the Jewish Studies Program.
NATIONAL and INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE SCHOLARSHIPS
Boren Undergraduate Scholarship (NSEP)
The National Security Education Program (NSEP) is a unique scholarship opportunity for U.S. undergraduates to study abroad. Created in 1991, NSEP awards scholarships to American students for study of world regions critical to U.S. interests (including, Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Eurasia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East).
Bridging Scholarship
The Association of Teachers of Japanese Bridging Project offers scholarships to American undergraduates participating in Education Abroad programs in Japan.
BUTEX Scholarship
Students studying abroad in the UK for at least one semester are eligible to apply for a BUTEX Scholarship.
Critical Languages Scholarships
The Critical Languages Scholarships for Intensive Summer Institutes offer intensive overseas study in critical foreign languages: Arabic, Azeri, Bangla/Bengali, Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Punjabi, Russian, Turkish, and Urdu.
The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) is a publicly-funded independent organization of higher education institutions in Germany that offers funding support for international research and study.
Diversity Abroad Network Scholarships
The Diversity Abroad Network "Diversity Network" will offer summer scholarships in the amount of $500 for full-time students attending a member institution in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom or the United States. Economically disadvantaged students, African-American/Black, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, multiracial/ethnic or Indigenous/Native-American, students with disabilities and first generation college undergraduate students are strongly encouraged to apply. You are also encouraged to look for other scholarship via the Diversity Abroad Network at http://www.diversitynetwork.org/scholarships.
Freeman Awards for Study in Asia (Freeman-ASIA) are designed to support American undergraduates with demonstrated financial need who are planning to study overseas in East or Southeast Asia. The program's goal is to increase the number of Americans with first-hand exposure to and understanding of Asia and its peoples and cultures.
Established in 1946 and sponsored by the U.S. Department of State, the Fulbright Program offers opportunities for students, scholars, and professionals to participate in international education programs.
Gilman International Scholarship
The Gilman International Scholarship Program was established by the International Academic Opportunity Act of 2000. This scholarship provides awards for U.S. undergraduates who are receiving federal Pell Grant funding to participate in Education Abroad programs worldwide.
Project GO
Project GO is an initiative funded by the Department of Defense bringing together the National Security Education Program, 24 U.S. universities, the Defense Language Office, the military to promote global awareness and language proficiency among future military officers. Find more information on the Project GO website.
Rotary International
Rotary International sponsors a number of funding programs to "foster peace by building understanding through person to person contact, friendship, study, and cross-cultural exchange."
United Negro College Fund Special Programs Corporation
UNCFSP offers several funding opportunities for minority students participating in a variety of programs.
Whitaker International Fellows and Scholars Program
The Whitaker International Fellows and Scholars Program sponsors emerging leaders in U.S. biomedical engineering (or bioengineering) to undertake a self-designed project that will enhance their own careers within the field. In the first four years of the Whitaker Program, 100 grants have been awarded to Fellows and Scholars to conduct projects in over 20 countries worldwide.
Laura W. Bush Traveling Fellowship
The fellowship will help fund a proposal designed by the applicant to conduct brief work in a foreign country related to the mandate of UNESCO – using education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and/or communication and information to build strong ties among nations.
The fellowship is intended for American college/university students who express an interest in international collaboration but as of yet had not been afforded many opportunities to travel abroad.
The length of time for the travel is expected to be between 4 and 6 weeks and should include interaction with individuals from other nations. During his/her travel, the recipient should be willing to participate in public diplomacy events arranged with the pertinent U.S. State Department Consulate, Mission, and/or Embassy.
Following the travel, the recipient agrees to submit a report describing experiences and analyzing objectives achieved; share his/her experiences with others; and be available to make a presentation to the U.S. National Commission for UNESCO.
To apply, students should go directly to the fellowship website and follow instructions there.
OTHER Sources of FundingStudents are encouraged to research other scholarship opportunities as well as other sources of funding. There are some resources available in the Education Abroad Library (Minor Hall 216) as well as online:
- The Center for Undergraduate Excellence offers information and support in applying for a number of scholarship and funding opportunities.
- www.studyabroadfunding.org: Worldwide database of Education Abroad scholarships, grants, and fellowships searchable by country or subject.
- University of Minnesota Education Abroad scholarship database.
- Michigan State University list of scholarships.
- www.diversitynetwork.org.
- http://fundforeducationabroad.org/applicants/
- www.gofundme.com is a crowdfunding & fundraising resource
- Going on a non-UVA program? Some programs offer grants and scholarships for attending their program. Check with your program provider for more information!

subset: commoncrawl


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Chemito Moreno Starts Training For April 21, Mijares Next?
By Ricardo Archibold Mendez
WBA bantamweight champion Anselmo 'Chemito' Moreno (32-1-1, 11KOs) has begun training for his next fight, according to the boxer's wife, Laguna Rouss. Moreno is getting ready for a possible fight on April 21 in Mexico, which according to a recent report on BoxingScene.com will feature IBF champion Abner Mares in the main event. Last week, Moreno passed a few routine medical examinations and the boxer has begun his camp under the supervision of his coach Celso Chavez. While no opponent has been confirmed, Rouss mentioned the possibility of Moreno facing former champion Cristian Mijares (44-6-2, 20KOs).
[QUOTE=boxycom;11753595]great news! WBA bantamweight champ Chemito Moreno is a really crafty, fine fighter whose style reminds the skills of hall-of-famers like pernell whitaker and ismael laguna (my personal opinion). i'd like to see chemito against donaire or arce (which is…Comment by Ringlife on 02-06-2012
Moreno beat Vic and Vic beat the crap out Mijares pointless fight if you ask me.Comment by ShoulderRoll on 02-06-2012
This would be a really good fight if it was the Cristian Mijares of several years ago. As of now it is only mildly interesting though, Mijares' reflexes aren't the same.Comment by Burat Mo on 02-06-2012
Please don't fight a fighter not his prime, fight Rigondeaux instead. Heredia did something to Marquez he's a suspect :burnup:Comment by crold1 on 02-06-2012
Mijares got gypped in the first cermeno fight and has really only lost once since Vic. This could be an interesting chess match but Moreno is too good right now.Post a Comment - View More User Comments (8)


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Great plugin. I'm hoping to move to it from the seemingly abandoned wp-minify plugin. My main use would be minifying and combining JS and CSS.
I saw on another closed thread that you were planning to allow the exclude list to apply when in "auto" mode. I'd just like to voice my support for this feature as it would make the plugin as easy to use as I am used to from wp-minify. Having to manually manage the list of combined/minified files is a bit of a chore when all you want is "include all but one file". It also makes it less flexible because you then have to add CSS/JS files added in the future, eg. by the site owner adding a plugin, whereas developers often have no knowledge of this happening.
Thank you


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How Do I Get Back Together With Some OneFebruary 5, 2013 0 Comments
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As Jeremiah tells it, it wasn't long before his EX was calling to talk and not long after that they were back together.
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A woman who is engaged with someone specifically and she's not looking away is not going to be as easy to seduce
She has her legs closer together and seems to be outside of a group, looking around a little bit.
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There are some situations where it might be just as well to forgive and forget about her cheating on you and get back together to see if you can work things out.How to get your ex back ? - Yahoo! Answers
My boyfriend and I have been together for 7 years now. We had fights every now and then but it usually went away. 4 weeks ago, I caught him flirting with my best friends and we had a big fight and broke up after that. Now I really miss him. Can someone tell me how to get my ex back?How To Get Back With Someone You Love
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If you are still in love and want to get back together like I did it can be done.Do you sit around and think about him or her all the time?Well don't sit around moping about what could have been.You can get your ex back and be happy again.How To Get Ex Back - YouTube
How To Help Someone Who Is Depressed - Band Back Together
When you know that someone that love dearly is suffering from depression, it's hard to know how to help, or if you should even bother trying.
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Why most people ruin their chances of getting back together, just by making a handful of small mistakes during the breakup period... How to know if a relationship is worth saving... when someone breaks up with us, our gut instinct is to fight to get them back...Get Back Together 123
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Let me tell you a little bit about this fellow. He is quite a character. He is not someone you would think, on the surface, would be so good with relationship advice.


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- American Mathematical Association of Two-Year CollegesLayout Artist, 2011 - present
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Most of the time small stocks that Jim recommend to sell go higher. Although Skullcandy has lots of competition, but stock that has a name, no debt and only $150 million, can triple in a heart beat. I am agree that Skullcandy not in the best market cycle right now, but retail business can grow very fast in clothing, shoes bags or ... So it could be another Lululemon 10 Billion company.
I agree with VP on his evaluations. Nothing wrong with Jim. But if you listen to him, you will also know he recommends that you do your own homework. I know Fire safety got burned on ZAGG, and I'm sorry to hear that. SKUL at these levels are not like when ZAGG and SKUL were in the high teens. Much different landscape and stock purchase now.


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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2016
Origins Available: French, German
The Lemay family name dates back to the time of Medieval France. It comes from an early member of the family from Normandy who was a person born in the month of May. A May birth was considered lucky as the month was a festive time in which the beginning of the growing season was celebrated.
The surname Lemay was first found in Normandy (French: Normandie), the former Duchy of Normandy, where the family anciently resided at Leme, a village in the department of l'Aisne, in the arrondisement of Vervins. By the 12th century the family name also moved south to Aquitaine and Languedoc. A branch was formed in Anjou at Poitiers.
History has changed the spelling of most surnames. During the early development of the French language in the Middle Ages, a person gave his version of his name, phonetically, to a scribe, a priest, or a recorder. Some variables were adopted by different branches of the family name. Hence, there spelling variations of the name Lemay, some of which include LeMay, Lemay, Lemais, Lemaise, Lemmais, Lemmaise, Lemaises, Lemet, Lemez, Lemait, Lemaits, Dumay, Dumais, Dumez and many more.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Lemay research. Another 205 words (15 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Lemay History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
More information is included under the topic Early Lemay Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
In the 1700s, land incentives were finally given out by France to 2,000 migrants. Early marriage was encouraged in New France, and youths of 18 took fourteen-year-old girls for their wives. The fur trade was developed and attracted migrants, both noble and commoner from France. 15,000 explorers left Montreal in the late 17th and 18th centuries, leaving French names scattered across the continent. The search for the Northwest passage continued. Migration from France to New France or Quebec, as it was now more popularly called, continued until 1759. By 1675, there were 7000 French in Quebe c. By the same year the Acadian presence in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island had reached 500. In the treaty of Utrecht, Acadia were ceded by France to Britain in 1713. In 1755, 10,000 French Acadians refused to take an oath of allegiance to England and were deported. They found refuge in Louisiana. Meanwhile, in Quebec, the French race flourished, founding in Lower Canada, one of the two great solitudes which became Canada. Many of this distinguished family name Lemay were prominent in social, cultural, religious and political affairs in France and New France. Amongst the settlers in North America with this distinguished name Lemay were
Lemay Settlers in United States in the 19th Century
Lemay Settlers in United States in the 20th Century
Lemay Settlers in Canada in the 17th Century
Lemay Settlers in Canada in the 20th Century
Lemay Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century
Other References
The Lemay Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Lemay Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
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- Report: #1169175
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Mr. J. Strosahl
Mr. J. StrosahlNationwide USA
Mr. J. Strosahl element 5 GmbH - share-itFounded in 1994, Digital River is headquartered in Minneapolis with offices in major U.S. cities as well as Cologne, Germany; London, England; Shannon, Ireland; Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Taipei, Taiwan; and Tokyo, Japan. For more Dutch co-creator - software writer & inventor seeks reembursements for development incentives of element 5 - share it FTP program since 2002 - THE NETHERLANDS Colone Nationwide
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As .root internet specialist I tested the element 5 / share it software extensively. After multiple consulations with element 5 / share it founder Mr. J. Strohsahl as to enhance the software, making it safer to use, less in size, faster in use.
At that time element 5 / share it was not a company in the official registeries in Germany, nor Switserland were Mr. Strohsahl worked 24-7 from his garage.
We than agreed that I was to buy a global distribution licence, which I did. This was in 2002 and paid via banktransfer to Mr Strohsahl. I than got extra add-ons to work on, of which one developed into AddThis / another case in the same scandal.
Mr. Strohsahl than disapeared from the scene, until a few years later when Element 5 / Share It GmbH was founded in Cologne, Germany.
The bankaccount of this firm was
Deutsche Postbank AG
The account had been frozen for conory of the inventors, Mr Strohsahl and me.
Queries: Twitter @Studiotherapie
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 08/12/2014 01:14 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Mr-J-Strosahl/nationwide/Mr-J-Strosahl-element-5-GmbH-share-itFounded-in-1994-Digital-River-is-headquartered-1169175. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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- Report: #863148
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Direct General
Direct General1281 Murfreesboro Pike #150 nashville, Tennessee United States of America
Direct General Company does not honor its claims nashville, Tennessee
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 04/03/2012 09:10 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Direct-General/nashville-Tennessee-/Direct-General-Company-does-not-honor-its-claims-nashville-Tennessee-863148. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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In the three months we've been married so far, one of my favorite things to do is still to don my little red apron and work in my little redly (I think I just made up a word) decorated kitchen, trying new recipes. I still even enjoy doing dishes, believe it or not! And my loving and patient husband has been so graciously trying everything I make. May I call myself successful if he liked both of the vegetarian meals I made this week?🙂
But it's taken a little bit to get used to the old oven in our apartment. Electric burners are not too hard to adjust to, but I didn't get away without a few burnt things to add to my "newlywed stories". One happened to be on our one month anniversary, when I had gone all out on making dinner special for my hubby. I'd even put out a white tablecloth and candles and set the table to be so romantic! And as the crowning touch of our anniversary dinner, I'd worked hard to put together an apple crisp for dessert. I knew it was one of J's favorites, so I peeled all the apples and put it all together and had it in the oven when he got home so he wouldn't know. I could picture the delight and surprise on his face when I pulled it out of the oven after dinner.
But, unfortunately, there was surprise but not delight….and there were tears on MY face when we got done with dinner. Everything had been wonderful and romantic, and just as we were finishing, I checked on the apple crisp. It was done, so I shut the oven door and turned it off to keep warm until we were ready for dessert.
Or so I thought.
I didn't know that this knob, unlike the other knobs for the burners, didn't click off when you turned it all the way around. Unknowingly, I had turned the knob to "broil" instead of "off." You can probably already guess what happened. A few minutes later, I started smelling a burnt smell. I thought it was rather odd, since the oven was supposed to be cooling down and no longer cooking. I jumped up to check it and when I opened the oven door, I saw a blackened apple crisp with the top literally in flames. I pulled it out, blew out the little flames, and promptly burst into tears.
My wonderful hubby just hugged me and told me it was all right and how happy he was that I'd thought to make it for him. After all the tears and a few more hugs, we managed to scoop the burnt top off and salvage some of the apple crisp in the bottom of the dish. It tasted almost perfect with a little vanilla ice cream to mask the still lingering slightly burnt taste.
(I was able to laugh as I told this story later…and my hubby likes to tell the story as coming out of the oven with "six foot flames"….it really wasn't that bad. Just slightly traumatic to my pride and romantic hopes.)
I'm happy to say that I've not turned the knob to "broil" accidentally since. My brain has sufficiently been retrained to turn the knob back around to "off" now. And I have also made apple crisp successfully since then….in the crockpot.🙂
A few of the other recipes I've been trying successfully lately are below. Feel free to check them out! Do you have any "newlywed stories" about cooking to share?
Feta and Chive Sour Cream Scones
Vegetarian "Meatballs" (I made these for meatball hoagies instead of serving with pasta)
Spicy Italian Stuffed Zucchini
Honey Whole Wheat English Muffin Bread
Best Ever Chocolate Oatmeal No Bake Bars


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Hooray for quick skillet dinners! This one is so fantastically easy that it kind of feels like cheating. Between the Italian sausage and marinara sauce, the dish has all of the seasoning built in, so you don't even have to measure out any extra herbs or spices. You're pretty much just heating it all together and then it's ready to eat!
You can bulk this recipe out further and probably make about 6 decent sized servings by stirring in some cooked pasta (I'd use 1/2 lb. dry), or by spooning this mixture over a bed of rice. It's a pretty filling mix of ingredients, so I just skipped both and ate it plain. Not a fan of chickpeas? White beans would probably be pretty awesome in this, too.
Want to try a vegetarian version? I think sautéed eggplant or mushrooms would be a great replacement for the sausage, but you'll want to add a teaspoon or so of Italian seasoning blend to make up for the lost spices. You'll also need a little olive oil to sauté them in. I really can't wait to try it with eggplant!
Sausage & Kale Skillet
- ½ (19 oz.) package Italian Sausage $2.25
- 1 bunch kale $0.99
- 1 (15 oz.) can chickpeas $1.00
- 1 cup marinara sauce $0.88
- 1 cup shredded mozzarella $0.90 (sale!)
- Squeeze the sausage from the casings into a large skillet (freeze the remaining links for later use). Cook the sausage over medium heat until fully brown. Break the sausage up into pieces as it cooks. It's okay if it sticks to the bottom of the skillet a little as it cooks.
- While the sausage is cooking, remove the woody stems from the kale, then slice it crosswise into thin strips. Rinse the kale well, then add it to the skillet. Stir it into the sausage and continue to cook until it is fully wilted (this happens within a few minutes).
- Drain and rinse the chickpeas. Add the chickpeas to the skillet and stir to combine. Pour the marinara sauce over the skillet, then top with the shredded cheese. Place a lid on the skillet and let it simmer until the cheese is melted (about 5-10 minutes).
Step by Step Photos
This is all you need for this super quick skillet! I used only half of the sausage (the rest went in the freezer), half of the cheese, and about half of the jar of marinara. I used Lacinato kale (or dinosaur kale) because that's what I had on hand. You can definitely use curly kale in its place with no modifications.
Squeeze half of the sausage into a large skillet and cook it over medium heat until fully browned. I didn't add any extra oil to the skillet because sausage has quite a bit on its own. It's okay if some of it sticks to the bottom of the skillet, it will dissolve off later.
For most kale, the stem is super tough and woody, so you'll want to remove them (especially for curly kale). Just take a sharp knife and run it along the stem to cut it out. Then, stack the leaves and cut across into thin strips.
This particular bunch of kale had really soft stems, so I didn't even bother removing them. Stack the leaves and cut across into strips. This will be slightly more difficult with curly kale because it's so fluffy, but you can still do it. It's easiest if you cut each leave into two long pieces when removing the stem. After chopping the kale, make sure to rinse it really, really well.
After the sausage has browned, stir in the kale. Continue to cook and stir until the kale has wilted. This happens pretty fast. It's okay if the kale is still a little wet from rinsing. The water will turn into steam and help it wilt, plus it will help dissolve the browned bits of sausage off the bottom of the skillet.
Drain and rinse the chickpeas, then add them to the skillet.
Pour the marinara over top… (you can stir it in, if you want).
Lastly, sprinkle the shredded cheese over top, cover it with a lid, and let it simmer until the cheese has melted.
And now it's ready to eat! It may not be the prettiest dish in the world, but OMG is it ever flavorful and filling!
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54 Comments
Ultra Delicious!
My husband and 11 year old twins loved this dish served over pasta. I used chicken spinach sausages and cheddar, since had those. I'm glad I found your site.
This was great! I didn't have marinara at home, so I used tomato sauce & crushed tomatoes, added about 1.5 teaspoons of Italian seasoning, some garlic salt, cracked pepper, and about a teaspoon of sugar to try to make up for it. It was still awesome! I had frozen kale and didn't even thaw it; I just stirred in a bunch at the same time you added yours and it worked great. This seems like a recipe that can be adapted quite a bit based on what you have in the cupboards at any given time (or what's on sale). So simple and very filling just on its own (as I've been eating it). Thanks, yet again!
This was unbelievably fast and easy, and super flavorful! I used hot Italian sausage instead because I prefer spicy over sweet. I served it over pasta and used Parmesan cheese because it's what I happened to have at the moment.
Anyone else who's trying to do the low-carb thing: this tastes awesome on spaghetti squash. Definitely recommend!
Loved this recipe. It was delicious and so easy. I've made this several times, and my refused to eat it because he HATES chickpeas. Last night I made this and used white beans, and I think it was even more delicious. I also had a bag of mixed greens (I think it was spinach, kale, and chard) and it worked fabulously in this.
Time was running short tonight, so threw this together for my folks. I was a little worried as to how something so quick and simple would come out, but my mother was happy, so I'm happy.
Only change is I used chicken sausage (sweet Italian), so browning it didn't yield much fat for cooking down the kale, so I poured in a tablespoon or so of olive oil.
With extra marinara, I could see this going great on pasta.
I have a bunch of frozen kale. How much of the frozen kale would you use to substitute for fresh kale? Should I thaw and squeeze the water out or just dump it in as is?
Love your recipes!
This was delish! To make it go even further, I added half a package of $.99 spaghetti to it, and it was amazing! Four HUGE portions with leftovers!
Gorgeous! Swapped kale for spinach, so tasty!
I've made this recipe twice in the past week and LOVE it. So much flavor and so easy to make. I used hot Italian sausage, and it gave it a nice extra kick. Thanks for posting this!
Just made this recipe for the first time tonight! Sooo easy and way more satisfying than the boring pasta + canned sauce combo I usually do. I thought I wasn't going to like the kale, but cooking it in the sausage gave it a lot of flavor and made it painless to get some vegetables in. :) I served mine over cooked pasta to bulk it up a bit.
Just a note for anyone who tends to eat larger portions, I found this to be more of a 3 serving recipe than 4 (even with the pasta).
This was a great! I had a zucchini that was going to go bad so I sliced it and cooked it with the sausage. It was a fantastic addition! Thanks!
This recipe was meant to be! I found chickpeas for 50c per can after! I can't believe how easy it was. I used turnip greens instead of kale, from frozen too, and it was perfect. This recipe isn't too fussy but there's a lot of flavor! My boyfriend was impressed too! Made 4 big portions! Yum!!
Hi Beth! I don't have chick peas. Do think blackeye peas could be substituted instead? The kale,sausage, and mushrooms taste wonderful so far. We may not add the marinara sauce and cheese.
This recipe is great! I made it with turkey Italian sausage and it was fantastic! Thank you for the quick healthy recipe!
I made a manly version with:
2lbs of sausage
1 can chick peas
1 can white beans
3 cups sauce
1lb shells
Never paired up Italian sausage and kale, and it is amazing. Ended up with a full-sized pot to eat on all week. I work in the Permian Basin on long hours, so these type of simple, economic, and healthy skillet meals are life savers. Thanks Beth!
Hi Beth! What kind of herb is that in the finished picture?
My husband loves this and it has now been added to our rotation. Thanks :)


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Hosta 'Shining Tot'
This cultivar is a hybrid of
H. venusta and H. 'Rock Master' that was
registered by
Paul Aden in 1982
but the originator is unknown. It forms a miniature size (5.5 inches high) mound of ovate shaped, slightly wavy foliage of smooth
texture. In August, it produces pale purple flowers on 12 inch
high scapes.
According to
The Hostapedia by
Mark Zilis
(2009), "Over the years, 'Shining Tot' has
proven to be a premier dwarf-size hosta. It can be successfully
grown in troughs, as well as in the shaded rock garden.
Hybridizers have found it to be a superior breeding plant,
producing dwarf-size seedlings with good substance. Overall, it
is much like
H. pulchella in both foliage and flower."