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It is my favourite time of year. The International buskers Festival finished today and we managed to see almost all of the acts over the 10 day sor so they were on in the city. We took a lunch and cushions and moved around the various pitches enjoying the entertainment. The weather was mostly fabulous for the shows. I only took a camera for the last couple of days. My favourite acts were FUSE (a space themed trapeze act), The Topp Twins (classic Kiwi girls), Klirr Deluxe (very clever Geman/French act with spinning plates and other tricks) and Senmaru )Traditional Japanese juggling/balance tricks). We even went to the late evening shows for the aerial acts (FUSE and Tumble Circus).
Ojarus from Japan were strange and very talented. They were a unique form of clowning and a unique form of headgear!
Green was… very green
Senmaru from Japan was one of my favourites. Very talented traditional style show. He was amazing!
The Chipolatas from England were very cute and quick and had a show with lots of catchy music
DANGER! from the Daredevil Chicken Club…
These crazy chickens are responsible for the word "cloaca" entering my childs vocabulary. I will regret explaining that joke to her in the weeks to come I am sure.
Space cowboy who also swallowed swords
Just the Two of Us from Holland. Skilled acrobats…
who also did a very funny gag putting one of them entirely into a giant balloon
The Human Knot! One of those horribly bendy people ramming himself through tennis and squash racquets and a toilet seat (with a lot of toilet humour!) I like this photo for the bonus guy in the background with the "I'm Sexy" t shirt.
The Human Knot up a pole juggling knives. Danger!
Look at this guys costume. He was from The Mat & Charlie show, a mix of comedy, mystery and acrobatics using a giant wheel.
Another person picked from the audience to wear silly pants and was unlucky enough to also be strapped and spun on the giant wheel!


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kiwi boy
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Crib Goch in full winter conditions many a year ago. Little did I know what I was letting myself in for. Especially as this was my first traverse on the ridge. Central trinity and a perfect blue sky day on a winter grade II up to carn mor dearg
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 10, 2002
|Filing date
|Jun 13, 1997
|Priority date
|Jun 17, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Franz Dankwart-Eder
|Original Assignee
|Erich Jaeger Gmbh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (28), Classifications (8), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of Provisional application No. 60/020,135, filed Jun. 20, 1996.
This invention pertains to a method and a test assembly for measurement and display of stimulus-evoked potentials of the brain, especially for monitoring analgesia and anesthetic depth.
During surgery it has to be assured that the patient will not wake up from general anesthesia and especially that pains during surgery or other surgical manipulations will neither be perceived during surgery nor remembered postsurgically by the patient. The fright caused by an experience like this may result in a so-called post-traumatic stress syndrome. For this reason, it is of great interest to measure and display suitable parameters which determine anesthetic depth and analgesia to enable anesthetists to control anesthesia more precisely than previously and to reduce patient strain to a minimum. In particular, undesired awakenings of the patient during anesthesia have to be realized as early as possible.
We know different methods to detect wake stages during general anesthesia. The most important (1) are the so-called PRST-score, calculated from changes of blood pressure, heart rate, sweating and tear production, and (2) the isolated forearm method, during which one of the patient's forearms is isolated against anesthesia by interrupting the blood flow by means of, for example, a hemomanometer cuff. To monitor conciousness the patient will then be examined whether he is able to adhere to simple commands during surgery. Furthermore, an EEG processing method is known, which evaluates EEG frequency and amplitude changes occurring during wake and anesthetic stages. However, the PRST score is not always a reliable method to detect intraoperative wake stages. The isolated forearm method can only be applied over a short period of time and is consequently not suited to indicate motor responses of the patient during long-lasting procedures. The processed EEG and its resulting parameters (median frequency and spectral cut-off frequency) are not optimally suited for this purpose, too.
Stimulus-evoked EEG signals, such as visually evoked potentials, somato-sensory evoked potentials and auditory evoked potentials, which will undergo dose-dependent suppression during general anesthesia, are better suited to fulfill this task. With midlatency auditory evoked potentials this dose-dependent effect becomes especially obvious. Auditory evoked potentials consist of a series of positive and negative voltages generated at different sites along the auditory pathway which can be picked up by electrodes at the skull. They reflect collection, transmission and processing of acoustic information from the cochlea via the brain stem to the cerebral cortex. Early auditory evoked potentials are generated by structures of the peripheral auditory pathway and the brain stem. They give evidence of stimulus transduction and primary stimulus transmission. It is known that early auditory evoked potentials remain almost stable during anesthesia in contrast to dose-dependent suppressed midlatency auditory evoked potentials.
In general, stimulus evoked potentials are well suited for monitoring anesthetic depth as well as for recording further neurophysiological functions. Change of the time course of the measured potentials in comparison to the unchanged potentials make it possible to draw conclusions for the neurophysiologic function to be observed. Previously, it has been difficult to apply this method practically. This was due to the fact that there were no satisfying possibilities for measuring and evaluating the potentials, especially when the measurement could not be performed under laboratory conditions but, for example, in the operating room. Under suboptimal conditions many difficulties may occur. Maybe the staff is not familiar with recording of evoked potentials or the anesthetist does not know how to interpret the recorded curves. It needs experienced experts to assess the results and to operate the equipment mentioned. Furthermore, the electrodes have to be applied simply and quickly. Other problems may occur by interference due to specific instruments in the operation room and by signals of other equipment induced into the electrodes. Besides, attending measures on the patient may give rise to movement artifacts.
Amplifier circuits, normally used for recording cerebral potentials, may be a further source of problems. They normally consist of an instrumentation amplifier, which transfers the incoming signal (typically 0.5 to 10 μV) via a high-pass filter, a mid-amplifier, a low-pass filter and a post-amplifier to an A/D converter coupled with an evaluation unit. Patient and analysis unit must be isolated from each other by, for example, an isolation amplifier, type BF or CF, to prevent inadmissible currents from passing through the electrodes if external voltages are applied.
In known circuits, this isolation unit is located either after the first amplifier stage, i.e. after a gain between 10 and less than 100, or after total gain of up to 106 or after the A/D converter. This results in various disadvantages. In the first case extremely small signals pass through lines which impose a capacitive load on the driving amplifier and consequently may give rise to signal distortion. Furthermore, interference decoupling is limited, even with low driver impedance. However, if isolation is intended to be introduced after total gain, decoupling of interference will be good; indeed, the required number of components does not allow for the desired miniaturization of the circuit. Consequently, the distances to the recording sites are longer than desired for optimal recording. Besides, coupling of the output signals into the input circuit can not definitely be avoided in small sized amplifiers with high gains (from about 5000 onwards). Gains, as high as those required for measurement of evoked potentials, may cause a feedback from the amplifier output to its input, either via direct capacitive coupling or via the supply voltage. This feedback is especially disturbing if the terminating impedance of the input amplifier is high or asymmetrical. A feedback loop will change the frequency vs. time behavior of the amplifier system so that instabilities may occur which may give rise to amplifier oscillations. This is aggravated by the fact that these effects will often only give rise to minimal changes of the entire amplified signal, but will have considerable effect on the portion to be measured, which is "hidden" in the entire signal. For example, the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) having a signal amplitude of 1 μVss cannot be recognized in the spontaneous EEG, which has an amplitude of 20 μVss to 50 μVss. The BAEP can best be measured by means of averaging, provided that the spontaneous portion of the EEG averaged over time does not correlate with BAEP and that the BAEP portions occur time-synchronous after the stimulation signal. This cannot be assured, if the time behavior of the amplifier is subject to change or non-linearities due to intermodulation distortion occur. The recording signals are distorted or disappear during averaging. Another side-effect is that common mode rejection deteriorates due to positive feedback on the input. Furthermore, the system can encounter an unfavorable operation point for a short period due to common mode interference such as mains hum, monitor interference and transients. Often these instabilities are hardly visible in a single signal sweep but show their effects after averaging. The signal to noise ratio can deteriorate considerably so that the measured signals can not be analyzed any more.
The invention is intended to avoid the problems mentioned and to provide a method, and a test assembly, which allow easy, reliable and trouble-free measurement of neurophysiological signals, so that correct measurements can be performed which can be reliably assessed and which do not require experienced experts for operating the instrument being part of the test assembly.
This task is fulfilled by the features states with the patent claims.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the time trend of the evoked potentials from the brain stem (BAEP) will be displayed with a higher resolution as compared to the information signals during measurement and display of the potentials related to the function measured (MLAEP).
It is of special importance, that the reference curve or other curve (i.e. availability of reference or other curve data) are displayed during the measurement or simultaneously with the information signals. Just as the information curve, the display is automatically controlled by the computer integrated in the evaluation unit.
The invention allows for easy and reliable evaluation of the recorded signals, even under sub-optimal conditions, e.g. during surgery. This is especially useful for monitoring anesthetic depth. As the curve of the brainstem evoked potentials does not change during anesthesia and can be evaluated reliably due to a higher time resolution, it can be taken as a standard for the quality of the recorded information signals. Deterioration of the reference curve can be assumed to be due to bad recording conditions.
The evaluation of the signals will be most favorable and informative due to the fact that according to this invention the evoked stimuli will be repeated periodically or stochastically and that the actual information curve is displayed after a predefined time or number of recording periods but has been averaged over a considerably greater period of time or a considerably higher number of previous recording periods. In this context it is useful that for averaging over a predefined number of recording periods the average values of the signals recorded over a considerably lower number of recording periods will be compared automatically with each other and will be averaged themselves whereby averages that differ greatly from the majority of the other averages will be neglected. By correlating sub-groups, artifacts can be detected more easily and can be eliminated.
It may be of special advantage, if the time trend of the variation of a characteristic peak of the midlatency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEP) and/or the latency of this peak and/or the automatically calculated quotient of these two factors is displayed.
Furthermore it is useful that the time trend of a variable instrument factor is calculated by the evaluation unit and displayed simultaneously with the time trend of the recorded values. This is an additional feature which assures good quality of the measurement.
For evaluating the evoked potentials the typical amplification should be between 105 and 106. According to a further aspect of the invention, the total gain of the amplifier part between the electrodes and the isolating amplifier is considerably higher than 100 but less than 104. The post-amplifier between the isolation amplifier and the evaluation unit takes over the remaining amplification. If, for example, the gain prior to the isolation amplifier is between 1000 and 4000, a post-amplification of more than 25, but typically between 100 and 1000, is required. This allows for the best possible compromise between the highest achievable common mode rejection (gain as high as possible before isolation stage) and a minimal coupling into the input (gain as low as possible before isolation stage). With gains of about 1000, the common mode rejection ratio can amount to 150 dB.
At the same time, the input and output circuits will be decoupled after 1000 fold gain due to the isolation stage, so that instabilities of the amplifier will no longer be expected. The output signal with the highest amplitude will then be decoupled from the supply voltage of the input circuit. At the same time, the output signal will be treated as a common mode signal by the input circuit. A further improvement can be achieved if the ground of the output circuit is connected to earth. This will considerably simplify operation of the test assembly.
The direct test assembly furthermore provides the advantage that the required amplifier circuit can be optimally miniaturized without having to cope with disadvantages such as long leads to the recording sites, signal distortion, insufficient noise decoupling and noise signals, etc.
Reliability can also be improved with further steps of development by connecting an impedance circuit for recording electrode impedance to the inputs of the amplifier circuits which, after having exceeded a limit value and/or after having reached a certain difference between e.g. the active and the reference electrode, will generate a warning signal. Wrong electrode impedances which are mainly due to the contact between electrodes and skull can cause recording errors in connection with the invention-type amplifier of the invention.
As already mentioned, the invention is not only suitable for determining anesthetic depth but also for recording any visually evoked potentials. The following description of the invention is mainly based on measurements of auditory evoked potentials for monitoring anesthetic depth.
FIG. 1 illustrates the time trend of auditory evoked potentials recorded with a patient in wake condition
FIG. 2 illustrates curves of the recorded potential according to FIG. 1 and corresponding to the invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates dose-dependent changes of MLAEP-curves.
FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are various curves used for explanation of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic of the amplifier circuit of a test assembly complying with the invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic circuit configuration for recording of electrode impedance of the test assembly.
FIG. 9 is a typical layout of the amplifier circuit input stage according to FIG. 2.
As is known, the time trend of auditory evoked potentials measure before and during surgery yields important information about the patient's level of anesthesia. The acoustic stimulus may be a simple click applied via headphones with a suitable typical reproduction rate of 9 to 10 Hz. This especially records evoked potentials of up to 100 ms after stimulus onset, whereby we have to differentiate between the brain stem acoustically evoked potentials (BAEP) and mid-latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEP). FIG. 1, shows the trend of the potentials recorded with the patient at wake. The first five peaks of a supraliminal stimulus of 60 dB are between 1.5 ms and 6 ms in healthy individuals, whereas the MLAEP peaks Na, Nb and N1 are between approximately 10 ms and 100 ms (N and P stand for negative and positive). As is known from literature, the MLAEP signals will be suppressed in dependency of dose during anesthesia. The amplitude of MLAEP-specific peaks decreases with increasing level of anesthesia while latencies will be expanded. In contrast to raw-EEG data it is therefore possible to realize this change of anesthetic depth already several minutes before waking-up will be indicated. This makes it possible to take early measures to prevent the patient from waking up during anesthesia. However, for correct and reliable recording and analysis of the MLAEP signals a possibility for comparison is required. The method described in this specification provides this possibility because the early BAEP signals will remain almost constant independent of the level of anesthesia.
As it is quite difficult to evaluate the measurement of the BAEP signals occurring only shortly after stimulus onset (see FIG. 1), the BAEP curve is displayed with a higher time and amplitude resolution. FIG. 2 shows an example. Here the BAEP curve is "stretched" so that the width of the BAEP curve between 0 and 10 ms will be similar to the width of the MLAEP curve between 20 and 100 ms. This actually implies that it is considerably wider than the MLAEP curve when recording takes place with the same time resolution (FIG. 1).
FIG. 3 shows a dose-dependent increase of latencies and a decrease of MLAEP amplitudes using increasing concentrations of isofluorane as an example. The curves of FIG. 3 are calculated by the computer of the evaluation unit and are displayed on, for example, a monitor. (For other cases, the invention allows to provide the curves only within the computer for automatic evaluation without having them made available visually). In practice, it is normally preferred to display not only the current BAEP and MLAEP curves recorded with narcotized patients during surgery, but also the curves recorded presurgically with patients in wake condition (FIG. 2) as well as other curves, such as the last five BAEP and MLAEP curves which subsequently occur at regular intervals, e.g. at one-minute intervals, so that in the medium run a trend can be observed (e.g. for the last five minutes prior to the current curves). The mentioned curves can be displayed simultaneously and may, for example, correspond to FIG. 3. Here, the respective current recording curve is displayed as the lowest curve, below the wake curve serving as a reference. In between, we see the previously recorded curve (e.g. over the last 10 minutes). While the bottom curve is the sliding average described in the following, the center curves indicate a medium-termed trend of varying recording signals.
The recording signals have to be averaged by the computer of the evaluation unit due to their small size and the superimposed spontaneous EEG potentials. For the BAEP curves a minimum of 1000 averages is usually required in order to assure that the information will be analyzed reliably. Even more reliable are 2000 to 4000 averages, whereas for the MLAEP a total of 500 or 1000 will be sufficient. Assuming a stimulation frequency of approximately 10 Hz and 1000 averages, a signal will be provided every two minutes. As with such long time intervals the respective changes of the signals can only be recorded with a coarse time resolution, the recording distance is decreased in compliance with the invention by determining and displaying the current curves, especially the current information curve as a sliding average. The sliding average is calculated by averaging the mean value of, for example, the last 1000 curves after every 100 sweeps. Preferably, the last 1000 artifact-free values are taken (artifacts are errors due to patient movements or external disturbances).
The effect on the trend display of the recorded signal amplitudes is shown in FIG. 4 with a sudden change in amplitude and in FIG. 5 with a linear change in amplitude, respectively. The upper curve of each figure represents the time trend of the actual amplitude. Below, we see the trend with a sliding average. The lowest curve shows the trend of a simple average over 100 s. As will be understood, the sliding average method is closer to the actual trend of the recording signal and will respond earlier to changes.
A trend can also be displayed automatically as a separate diagram, as shown in FIG. 6. In this case the original curves described above, i.e. the time trend of the measured stimulus-evoked potentials, have not necessarily been made available visually; it may be sufficient to manage and analyze these curves in the computer (FIG. 7). This makes it possible to display only the trend of the automatically analyzed amplitudes and latencies and/or other information. Please see the upper curve of FIG. 6 as an example. It shows the change in time of the quotient of a specific amplitude, here peak Nb (see FIG. 1), and the related latency, whereas the actual curves of latency or amplitude are displayed therebelow. Among the relevant parameters, amplitude and latency of peak Pb are especially informative. Other characteristic information is derived from, for example, the product of latency and difference of amplitudes of specific peaks.
As shown by the graph at the bottom of FIG. 6, it is furthermore possible to display the time trend of information about the quality of the recorded signals in visual relation to the displayed recorded and/or trend values. Here, the quality of the recorded signals is calculated from electrode impedance and electrode DC voltage, frequency of artifacts, and BAEP-quality. After having measured each of these components, an assessment factor is assigned to the individual components, which are considered when calculating recording quality. Assessment factors between 1 and 10 are assigned to, for example, electrode impedances within a range of 0 and >30 k Ω, electrode direct voltage within a range of 0 and >100 m V, artifact frequency within a range of 0 and >9% and to BAEP quality.
BAEP quality can be calculated from different factors, especially from changes in correlation with the wake curve, from reliability of detecting peak V (see FIG. 1) and from deviation between smoothed and non-smoothed curves. The assessment factors may, for example, appear in the trend display individually or as a weighed product.
Furthermore, it may be useful to display automatically calculated time and/or amplitude markings and/or other numbers in connection with the shown curves.
Success of the described method will depend largely on the reliability of the recordings. In case of monitoring of anesthesia the anesthetist will in most cases not be able to interpret the curves. If the recorded signals are distorted, for example, due to artifacts, the anesthetist may draw wrong conclusions. The system described so far will automatically check the reliability of recordings by measuring the electrode impedance in regular intervals, checking the DC voltage at the electrodes by artifact detection and suppression as well as reference comparison.
An electrode impedance check is a common feature during long-term recording of biological signals. The measurement is performed at a fixed frequency of, for example 100 Hz, or with direct current. When exceeding a limit value, a warning signal will be generated.
Regular measurement of electrode direct current is known, too. With the system described this feature is required because considerably high direct voltages (up to 500 mV) may be produced at the electrode side if bad electrodes or different electrode material is used. This may generate voltages when cables and/or electrodes are displaced due to changes in capacities between cables and changes of the electrode/skin contact. These voltages will be superimposed on the signal to be measured. As a result, movement artifacts will occur, which may disturb signal recording. If the direct voltages become too high, they can saturate DC-coupled amplifiers so that the signal will be distorted, or decreased or may disappear completely.
As mentioned above, signals with artifacts are to be neglected during averaging. Often measurements are distorted due to signals which are within the transfer range of the recording signal but do not correspond to its shape in a way that analysis errors will occur. For example, the actual course of the recorded potentials can be distorted by a superimposed 50 Hz or 60 Hz mains interference signal.
Resulting recording errors can be avoided by means of frequency analysis, which is especially effective with constant frequency interference and/or by means of cross correlation with a known "good" curve. For the system described, the constant BAEP signal which is independent of dose, is especially suited. In case of dose-dependent signals, such as the MLAEP, frequency analysis as well as cross-correlation between partial sum signals are to be preferred. Consequently, the automatic comparison of frequency contents and/or cross correlation to reference and/or partial sum signals is a further important criterion for assessing recording quality.
Besides, the BAEP curve may be used as a reference for assessing the recording conditions. Interference signals can be immediately detected in the BAEP curve. Comparison of the currently recorded BAEP curve with a known "good" curve, such as the curve measured before surgery, allows for an assessment of the recording conditions and consequently of recording quality. This comparison may be performed either visually or automatically by the processing system.
Furthermore, good and reliable recording of the signals to be displayed in particular depends on the amplification method used. During recording of evoked potentials, i.e. of voltages between 0.5 and 10 μV, which are additionally superimposed by spontaneous EEG potentials, the amplifiers have to be as linear as possible, low noise and free of intermodulation. In addition, a high common mode rejection is required. The transmission lines from the site of recording to the amplifier have to be as short as possible and must be protected against interference potentials. An amplifier circuit, meeting these requirements, can be see in FIG. 7. It contains an instrumentation amplifier stage 1 which serves as an input stage, amplifies the incoming signal and transfers it via a high-pass filter 2, a mid-amplifier 3, a low-pass filter 4 and a post-amplifier 5 via an A/D (analog to digital) converter 6 to an evaluation unit 7 normally represented by a PC or other computer. So far, the amplifier of the described system is equal to known circuits. With the invention, the isolation stage 8, which is employed for galvanic and physical isolation between the amplifier unit at the patient side and the amplifier unit at the side of the evaluation system, is connected to the output of the amplifier stage 3 after high pass filter 2. This provides the advantages already mentioned above. Gain of the pre-amplifier unit stage 3 is set in a way that the full-scale output signal will always amount to at least some milivolts at a full-scale input range of, for example, 10 μV. On the one hand, this value assures that signal distortion due to crossover distortions of amplifier stage 3 will remain below the relevant limits. On the other hand it is guaranteed that the signal to noise ratio is sufficient and that the output signals will not considerably interfere with the input signals. In other words: Total gain of the amplifier unit connected between the electrode assembly and isolation stage 8 is to be considerably higher than 100, but less than 104 and should preferably amount to approximately 1000 to 2000 and maximally to 4000.
Isolation stage 8 is an active circuit. It can, for example, be an isolation amplifier functioning on the basis of capacitive coupling and signal modulation, which can be bought as an integrated circuit (type ISO, manufactured by Burr Brown). Instead, an optoelectronic decoupling amplifier or a circuit functioning on the basis of signal modulation and demodulation before and after magnetic decoupling (e.g. isolation amplifier AD 215, manufactured by Analog Device) can be used.
In our example, the electrode assembly consists of the two recording electrodes A and Ref, each connected to the two inputs of input stage 1 and to a ground electrode Gnd. The recording electrode A is referred to as the active electrode, which is attached to a position where the brain potentials can be recorded best. The electrode Ref serves as a reference electrode and is attached to the patient at a position where the potentials will have no effect. The ground electrode Gnd can be attached at any position desired.
High pass 2 and low-pass 4 are set in a way such that the frequency spectrum of the BAEP and MLAEP curve will provide any desired information. It is possible to record and transfer both signals in the same frequency band, e.g. between 10 Hz and 3 kHz. Consequently, transfer will be optimal for both signals. In this case, the high-pass 2 will be set to 10 Hz and the low-pass 4 to 3 kHz. If both signals are transferred via the same channel, only a minimum amplifier expenditure is required. Evaluation unit 7 filters the recorded signals so that the BAEP and MLAEP signals will be presented with prime quality. For the BAEP signals this is a frequency range typically of 100 to 3000 Hz, for MLAEPs a range of 10 to 200 Hz. Good recording results will be achieved with digital filtering or other methods of digital processing.
A further method for preprocessing recording signals is to record and process BAEP and MLAEP potentials via two separate channels.
Reliable recording, amplification and display of the recorded can best be assured if impedances of the electrodes connected to the patient are correct. The impedance circuit intended to be used with the test assembly described so far will provide a further improvement as compared with commonly used circuits.
For impedance measurement the invention uses the input terminating resistors of the amplifier for applying a test current. FIG. 8 shows a preferably used model consisting of a two-channel assembly, making it possible to measure impedance of all electrodes of two separate amplifier circuits 10 and 11. The impedances of electrode A1 and Ref1 of the amplifier 10 are referred to as Z1 and Z2, whereas Z3 and Z4 stand for the electrode impedance of the pickup electrodes A2 and Ref2 of the amplifier 11. Z5 is the impedance of the common ground electrode Gnd. The inputs of each of the two amplifiers 10 and 11 can be grounded via the input terminating resistances R1, R2, R3 or R4 respectively. Between ground and each of the input terminating impedances there is a first switch S11, S21, S31 or S41. A second switch S12, S22, S32 or S42 can be connected between the connection of the input terminating resistances with the first switches and a test current generator 12 (see FIG. 8).
Voltage of generator 12 can either be taken off directly or via a voltage divider represented by resistors Rx and Ry in FIG. 8. Voltage divider Rx/Ry is to be preferred, as probably existing interferences from the decoupled generator 12 can be better kept off the amplifier input lines.
With a recording frequency (of the recorded signal) of typically 100 Hz the electrode impedances will normally be below 100 k Ω (higher impedances are not suitable for recording evoked potentials), while the input terminating resistors are normally within a range of 10 and 100 M k Ω.
For measuring, for example, impedance of the active electrode A1 of the first channel, switch S11 is opened, S12 is closed and the test current generator 12 is switched on. The test current I1 now passes to the input of the active electrode A1 via the resistance R1.
The test current generates a voltage drop of I1 Z1 across Z1, which is amplified by amplifier 10. The subsequent electronic assembly makes it possible to determine electrode impedance. The measurement of electrode impedances Z2, Z3 and Z4 is performed similarly.
For recording impedance Z5 of the ground electrode Gnd, three possibilities can be used. Those possibilities are a short circuit of an input to ground, taking off the voltage at Z5 via a separate amplifier, or taking off the voltage by part of one of the amplifiers 10 or 11.
According to the first possibility, one of the inputs A1, Ref1, or A2 or Ref2 is grounded via a further switch S6. The example in FIG. 8 shows switch S6 connected to the input of amplifier 11, which is connected to the reference electrode Ref2. Here, the test current can be fed into electrode A1 or Ref1 or both electrodes simultaneously. Amplifier 11 is now able to measure the voltage drop across electrode impedance Z5. It can also be considered to allow the test current to pass to the active electrode A2, which will result in a voltage drop at the input of amplifier 11 proportional to the sum of the impedances Z3 and Z5.
According to the second possibility, the voltage across Z5 can be picked up and amplified by an additional operational amplifier 13 connected in parallel to one of the amplifier 10 or 11. The example in FIG. 8 shows one of the inputs of amplifier 13 connected to the input of amplifier 11 which is connected to reference electrode Ref2. The test current can be fed into one or several inputs which are connected to electrodes A1, Ref1 or A2. For picking up the voltages at one of the other inputs the test current will be fed into one or more of the remaining inputs (see example).
According to the third possibility, the voltage across Z5 can be picked up at one of the amplifiers 10 or 11 themselves, if its input stage is suited for this task. An example can be seen in FIG. 9.
The input stage consists of two operational amplifiers 15 and 16 one input of each is connected to one of the two electrodes A and Ref and the remaining inputs are interconnected. The outputs of the two amplifiers 15 and 16 are connected with a common output OUT3 for the impedance test signal via one resistance R each. Voltage at Z5 corresponds to a common mode voltage at the inputs and/or the electrodes A and Ref of the amplifier unit. This common mode voltage is led to output OUT3 via the resistances R. Voltage can also be taken off directly at the output of one of the two operation amplifiers 15 or 16, if the differential signal between A and Ref is considerably smaller than the common mode signal caused by the voltage drop across Z5.
For recording the test signals the switches S11, S21, S31 and S41 are closed whereas switches S21, S22, S32 and S42 (FIG. 8) are opened.
The described test assembly can be expanded to any desired number of channels or reduced to a single channel. With assemblies of two or more channels it can be useful to connect several Ref inputs of the amplifiers to one common electrode, which will considerably reduce the expenditure required for electrode impedance recording. For the interconnected Ref inputs a buffer my be introduced.
The described assembly has the advantage that the input impedance of the instrumentation amplifiers serving as an amplifier circuit for evoked potentials is clearly defined during recording and that interferences are not induced to the input circuit via the generator and the input resistances.
As a conclusion, by the method described a miniaturized pre-amplifier is created which is sufficiently insensitive against interference from the test environment.
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|New York University
|EEG operative and post-operative patient monitoring system and method
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|Picker Int Gmbh
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|D. Schwender et al, "Do Auditory Evoked Potentials . . . " Theoretical Surgery, 8/93, pp. 29-37.
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|Citing Patent
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|Mar 15, 2005
|Danmeter A/S
|Monitoring auditory evoked potentials
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|Oct 24, 2006
|Teradyne, Inc.
|Low-spur low-distortion digital-to-analog converter
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|The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
|Neuron signal analysis system and method
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|Compumedics Limited
|Methods and apparatus for monitoring consciousness
|Sep 14, 2009
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|Edan Instruments, Inc.
|Fully differential non-inverted parallel amplifier for detecting biology electrical signal
|Mar 12, 2013
|University Of Maryland, Baltimore
|Methods for treating central pain syndrome and other pain related pathologies
|Jan 12, 2012
|May 5, 2015
|Widex A/S
|Hearing aid adapted for detecting brain waves and a method for adapting such a hearing aid
|Mar 4, 2013
|Aug 25, 2015
|Mortara Instrument, Inc.
|Impedance measurement system
|May 11, 2012
|Oct 13, 2015
|Saluda Medical Pty Limited
|Method and apparatus for application of a neural stimulus
|May 11, 2012
|Jul 5, 2016
|Saluda Medical Pty Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for controlling a neural stimulus
|May 11, 2012
|Jul 12, 2016
|Saluda Medical Pty Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for measurement of neural response
|Nov 19, 2002
|Jul 3, 2003
|Hideo Eda
|Device for presenting stimulus to test subjects for measuring brain function
|Dec 9, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|David Burton
|Methods and apparatus for monitoring consciousness
|Feb 19, 2003
|Jul 14, 2005
|Peter Tass
|Device for locating the target spot of electrodes used for brain stimulation particularly deep brain stimulation
|Apr 29, 2005
|Nov 17, 2005
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Catheter with temporary stimulation electrode
|Apr 18, 2006
|Oct 19, 2006
|Wilhelm Florin
|Method for operating a measuring instrument
|Mar 25, 2010
|David Burton
|Methods and apparatus for monitoring consciousness
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|University Of Maryland, Baltimore
|Methods for Treating Central Pain Syndrome and Other Pain Related Pathologies
|Mar 26, 2009
|Sep 30, 2010
|Cordial Medical Europe B.V.
|Hearing screening system for a subject or a patient, and a method for hearing screening
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|System and method for determination of a brainstem response state development
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|B. Braun Melsungen Ag
|Method for selecting parameters from an eeg signal for monitoring narcosis
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|May 4, 2006
|Universit�tsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf K�rperschaft des �ffentlichen Rechts
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|Oct 24, 2006
|May 3, 2007
|John Bell
|Neurologic system and associated methods
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|Sensodetect Ab
|System and method for determination of a brainstem response state development
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|Sensodetect Ab
|System and method for determination of a brainstem response state development
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 2, 2003
Owner name: VIASYS HEALTHCARE GMBH, GERMANY
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:ERICH JAEGER GMBH;REEL/FRAME:013907/0434
Effective date: 20021204
|Jun 28, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 11, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 6, 2007
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Effective date: 20061210


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$0.99"Arthur calls Camelot his 'curse'. He might be right, but I have to believe it is worth fighting for, or what is the point of my existence?"Lancelot and Arthur return home to find Guinevere shattered and a Camelot they barely recognise. A traitor's challenge for the throne forces Arthur back on the road and racing once more to Avalon. However, they soon learn they are facing a threat more terrible
$3.95"I was once called, Wolf. Now I am damned to a half life of madness, grieving and broken. If I have to return to my King, he will want the greatest Knight of Camelot, but I am not that creature. I am a man who has learnt to hate what he once loved. How can I help my betrayer kill my fey father, even if it is to save Camelot and her people?"Lancelot, alone and shattered is found by the only person
Lancelot's Challenge: Book 4 in The Knights Of Camelot Series"Such small words — 'I think you should prepare yourself for the worst'. When I heard them I assumed my life would end, but I will not lose Arthur so easily and the fight is worth winning, I just have to hope the cost is worth paying."Lancelot and Arthur face their final battle to bring peace to their war torn world, but their fates twist once more and Arthur lies on the edge of death. In
Lancelot's Burden: The Knights Of Camelot Book 5"Peace, the scent captured me and held me... But only for a moment. Now, Tancred and I must fight for the gods of Albion against the Titans. Peace - a firefly's brief flash of life."Camelot's Champion is now the King of Albion and his fate unfolds rapidly. He is bound on a quest. Taranis has charged him to find items containing the power necessary to defeat the Titans before they wake and destroy
$4.95When a series of terrible murders coincide with each waxing and waning moon, DI Falcon Grey is the man charged with finding the perpetrator. He already knows who, or rather what, is killing the young women and how they are being selected. He also knows his young detective constable, Bethan Dar, is about to be targeted and if he can't stop the evil she will be next.When Falcon's ex-lover, Marcus,
Lancelot and the Wolf Special Edition"King Arthur has dominated my life for decades and now I am banished from his side. I am not certain either of us can survive this torment..."Lancelot, the greatest Knight of Camelot is almost flogged to death, exiled, and stripped of the King's grace. He travels from England to Europe to begin a lonely, desperate life when he meets someone who will alter his perspective forever. Suddenly, he is
Betrayal Of Lancelot: The Knights Of Camelot Book 7"I have lived a life which should surprise no one. War is my constant companion. Drink my closest friend and loneliness a burden weighing heavily on my back. I am alone. I am alone..."Lancelot du Lac, Knight of Camelot, King of Albion is now a lonely man staring out over a cityscape of glass and metal towers. Time is his only enemy; he has too much of it and drifts through years, decades,
Passion Of Lancelot: Book 8 In The Knights Of Camelot Series"I am home. I still find it hard to believe. I am home and I have hope. I know the gods are waiting, I know I have to stop the evil trying to steal my peace, but for now – for now I just want to rebuild my family. With luck they will allow me that at least."Lancelot might be home but all is not well. His betrayal of Tancred has driven a permanent chasm between the men – one which might never allow
Lancelot's Curse: The Knights Of Camelot Book 6"I have no words for the grief the gods have inflicted upon my tired soul. My future is only darkness and my past... My past is gone forever. I have love burned into me and denied me."Lancelot and his companions are forced to flee Albion to protect Rhea from Taranis. Nimue tears the veil between the worlds and the travellers discover they are returned to the forest in which Lancelot and Tancred
$7.95Lancelot's Challenge"Such small words - 'I think you should prepare yourself for the worst'. When I heard them I assumed my life would end, but I will not lose Arthur so easily and the fight is worth winning, I just have to hope the cost is worth paying." Lancelot and Arthur face their final battle to bring peace to their war torn world, but their fates twist once more and Arthur lies on the edge
$2.99Esme's life is turned upside down when she discovers she has inherited the family curse and a six hundred year old vampire. She is forced to flee her mundane life, learn how to save herself and her lover from insane devil worshipers and eventually combat demons in the darkest pits of Hell.
Lancelot: The Lost Years: The Spear"The voices of the past are often too strong to resist. I have been away from Camelot and Albion for five long centuries. Occasionally though, a soul brushes against mine and I feel it... I feel love in all its forms regardless of the cost. No one can replace Arthur or Tancred, but there are souls in this long lonely life that make it bearable, even happy, and I live only for those candle flashes


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Reload the page and try again.
There are so many class choices and for your major as well
Health & Safety:
I wish we had better security guards that were actually armed in case of emergency
Overall Experience:
You can apply for work study
Overall Experience:
I have made a lot of friends that I will stay friends with forever
Campus Housing:
Some issues take a long time to get resolved but once they do its great
Greek Life:
We don't have Greek Life at AJU
Overall Experience:
Class sizes are small and easier to learn in.
I have not had any internships yet, although I know there are a lot of opportunities for them.
I had an amazing experience with the admissions process. The admissions team was very invested in the ease with which I was able to navigate through this process. I was treated as a person not a collection of numbers.
Business program. I definitely enjoy it, however, I am mostly taking intro level classes right now.
Overall Experience:
My professors are for the most part amazing and passionate about teaching and very available to answer questions and deal with concerns.
Overall Experience:
I am a freshmen so I have not really reached this level yet. However, many of the professors are still leaders in their respective fields, so I can imagine that would provide much assistance during the job application process.
Health & Safety:
The campus is really small, and although it is not gated and there is not really security to get in, it feels pretty safe.
Off-Campus Dining:
LA has some of the best and most diverse food. You can find almost anything.
Campus Food:
Not very many selections, there's only a few places on campus and off-campus food is pretty far away.
Party Scene:
There is no nightlife here. All the parties are in Hollywood or somewhere in the city
I have a few federal scholarships, but not nearly enough to cover my schools tuition
Off-Campus Housing:
I live with my mom and I feel like I live with a room mate because we never seen each other.
Party Scene:
Not too much going on campus. Need to head off campus.
Too strict for my taste.
Party Scene:
Hollywood is close by, so people go to the clubs there for nightlife.
Greek Life:
We don't have greek life, so we go to UCLA for it.
Local Area:
I love LA and the San Fernando Valley and it has been a treat to live there.
Larisa, the Director of Financial Aid is a great asset to the University and creates a smooth and easy financial aid process.
Health & Safety:
It's too sheltered in my opinion.
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Scar Removal Q&A
Hit + Scar Removal
How Do I Get Rid of This Forehead Scar?
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Forehead scar surgery results not as expected, what should I do?At 3 yrs old I trip & hit my forehead against metal door.(photo)
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1 month ago I was assaulted with a belt buckle causing a upper right lip split thru my teeth & a cut under my nose. I didnt get stitches for the... READ MORE
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quote: Android isn't just open - it's gaping - hey don't shout at me - that's Jason talking.
quote: ...the danger to the owners of certain Samsung phones is minimal given that they would have to accidentally hit the call button after the reset code came up to complete the wipe on those devices
quote: Android has always been a cesspool of malware. It's almost as bad as a pre-SP1 Windows XP box. Seems like every month there is a new exploit on that P.O.S. OS.
quote: You think Windows became the dominant platform and driver of software development by having Microsoft examine every single executable that can be run on the OS and not allow anything else?


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Mary HallFebruary 08,2013Mary Hall
Mary (Duffy) Hall, 83, of Rutland, died Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, at Rutland Regional Medical Center.
A full obituary will be published in a future edition of the Rutland Herald.
Arrangements are pending at the Miller & Ketcham Funeral Home in Brandon.MORE IN ObituariesGeorge F. Washburn III
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10(3), 1290-1299; doi:10.3390/ijms10031290
Origin of Homochirality in Biosystems
DNRF center "Glass and Time", Roskilde University, Postbox 260 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
Received: 12 January 2009 / Revised: 12 March 2009 / Accepted: 18 March 2009 / Published: 18 March 2009
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origin of Life)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [187 KB, uploaded 19 June 2014] |
AbstractExperimental data for a series of central and simple molecules in biosystems show that some amino acids and a simple sugar molecule have a chiral discrimination in favor of homochirality. Models for segregation of racemic mixtures of chiral amphiphiles and lipophiles in aqueous solutions show that the amphiphiles with an active isomerization kinetics can perform a spontaneous break of symmetry during the segregation and self-assembly to homochiral matter. Based on this observation it is argued that biomolecules with a sufficiently strong chiral discrimination could be the origin of homochirality in biological systems.
Keywords: Origin of chirality; Origin of Life; Prebiotic self-assambly
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Toxvaerd, S. Origin of Homochirality in Biosystems. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 1290-1299.View more citation formats
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Toxvaerd S. Origin of Homochirality in Biosystems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2009; 10(3):1290-1299.Chicago/Turabian Style
Toxvaerd, Søren. 2009. "Origin of Homochirality in Biosystems." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10, no. 3: 1290-1299.
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Data Visualization
Interaction Design
Movie Design
Acme Coffee Pods
A Five Euro Rainy Day?
Autism: UX/UI for children
All You Can Tweet
Viaggio in Gran Garabagna
Design NO Stop
Intro to Social Media
Iron Sky
Master Relational Design
Quirke titles - BBC One
Wallet Ballet
Hello, I'm Andrea and I'm
a Communication Designer!
I'm currently based in Milan and this is
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Get in touch to talk about projects, collaborations, cars, coffee, pizza,
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Andrea Molteni
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Skype: anmolteni


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Take a sneak peek at the new NIST.gov and let us know what you think!
(Please note: some content may not be complete on the beta site.).
Sick Leave for Family Purposes
There are several instances when employees may use sick leave for family care, bereavement, and adoption. Click on one of the following links for more information:
Who is a Family Member?
A family member is defined as:
Sick Leave to Care for a Family Member
Employees may use a total of up to 104 hours a year to:
If you are a part-time employee or on an uncommon tour of duty, the amount you can use will be prorated.
Your supervisor may advance you sick leave up to 104 hours in any leave year if you are a full-time employee. Part-time employees or employees with an uncommon tour of duty may be advanced sick leave equal to their basic entitlement.
Sick Leave to Care for a Family Member with a Serious Health Condition
Employees are entitled to use a total of up to 12 workweeks (480 hours) of sick leave each leave year to care for a family member with a serious health condition. Note that there are limitations on the amount of sick leave for this purpose if you have already used sick leave for other family care purposes. You are entitled to use a total of 12 weeks of sick leave each year for all family care purposes.
You have the same limitations on the amount of sick leave you can use to care for a family member that apply to the use of sick leave for general family care or bereavement purposes; that is, you may use up to 104 hours of sick leave (including advanced sick leave) for this purpose.
Sick Leave for Adoption
You may use sick leave for pusposes related to the adoption of a child which may include appointments with adoption agencies, social workers, and attorneys; court proceedings; required travel; and any other activities necesary to allow the adoption to proceed.
You may not use sick leave for custody hearings. You cannot use sick leave if you voluntarily choose to be absent from work to bond with or care for an adopted child. You may request annual leave or leave without pay.
The amount of sick leave you may use for adoption purposes is limited only by the amount of accrued sick leave available to you, and the hours that you can support as adoption-related. Your supervisor has the discretion to advance you up to 30 days (240 hours) of sick leave for this purpose if you are a full-time employee (less for those not on a full-time work schedule). He or she may also require you to submit evidence of eligibility before approving sick leave for this purpose.


text:
Pueblo, Colo. (AP) Investigators have determined that a natural gas leak from a pipeline under the street led to a deadly explosion that leveled a restaurant and a neighboring store.
Pueblo Fire Department Spokesman Woody Percival says the gas "took the path of least resistance" and passed through the soil, building up in the Branch Inn's basement.
Restaurant staff smelled an odor but assumed it was sewer gas. Percival said Thursday the chemical additive that gives natural gas a rotten egg smell was likely filtered or altered, making the odor unrecognizable when it got to the basement and ignited.
Twenty-two-year-old Ashley r. Johnson was killed and seven people were injured in the Nov. 13 blast. A classic boutique was also destroyed.


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3535 National Ave., San Diego, CA 92113Request Info Save Property Edit Property
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3535 National Ave. is an office property for lease in San Diego, CA.
- 4 Free standing buildings from ±2541 ti ±7599
- Divisible to ±1500 SF
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text:
OAKLAND -- In his first game of the season, Steve Kerr was treated to a front-row seat to the Stephen Curry Show, and it did not disappoint.
Curry poured in 39 points and banked in a buzzer-beating shot from just behind the midcourt stripe before halftime as part of a triple-double in the Warriors' 122-110 win against the Indiana Pacers on Friday.
"Great coaching," Kerr joked.
Replied a smiling Curry, "A hundred percent. He inspired me from the jump."
Curry finished with eight 3-pointers to go along with 12 assists and 10 rebounds. To improve to 40-4, the Warriors needed every bit of those contributions as they struggled to put away the Pacers after taking a 17-point lead in the first quarter.
Curry's performance was mind-bending when also considering a shot he made that didn't count. He launched one just a few steps from the opposite 3-point line and swished it just after the first-quarter buzzer.
The 48-footer that came before halftime gave the Warriors a 64-51 lead.
"Steph hits half-court shots all the time in practice, so when he does hit one (in a game), the coaches don't even blink," Kerr said.
Said Curry: "I felt pretty confident in the second one just because I had already done it once."
Despite the Warriors racing to a 25-8 lead, the Pacers kept hanging around. Golden State, after all, was on its way to committing 17 turnovers in the game before they face the San Antonio Spurs at Oracle Arena on Monday.
The Warriors couldn't get a comfortable lead until Draymond Green ripped away the ball for a steal and passed it to Curry for a 3-pointer that made it 109-96 with 4:15 left.
The outburst came with Kerr sitting in the lead chair after he announced earlier in the day he was returning from his leave of absence. Luke Walton resumed his role as Kerr's lead assistant after having led the team to a record-setting start, though he was asked to draw up a play heading into the fourth quarter.
"We do what we do," Kerr said. "The only difference tonight was me leading the huddle instead of Luke. But we play the same way, and the messages are the same."
Kerr received a standing ovation before the game and responded by mouthing a "thank you."
"The warm welcome that he got, it was amazing," Green said.
Curry's eight 3-pointers enabled him to already surpass the 200 mark for 3-pointers this season, making it four straight seasons in which he's done so. With 204 3-pointers this season, he's on pace to break his own NBA single-season record of 286.
When Curry collected his 10th rebound in the fourth quarter, it marked his second triple-double of the season and the seventh of his career.
He walked off the floor earning a standing ovation of his own, having finished 11 for 19 from the field.
Green added 22 points and 11 rebounds, Klay Thompson scored 18 points, and Leandro Barbosa had 13 off the bench.
Myles Turner led Indiana with 31 points and eight rebounds off the bench, and former Warriors guard Monta Ellis added 18 points on 8-for-14 shooting.
But with Green providing the defense, All-Star starting forward Paul George was held to 12 points on 5-for-15 shooting and two rebounds.
Green after finishing fifth among Western Conference frontcourt players in the All-Star voting expressed how he wasn't disappointed, saying he was happy just to be in the position to be discussed as a starter.
"To be where I was, I can't ask for anything more," said Green, who fell behind San Antonio's Kawhi Leonard and Dallas' Zaza Pachulia in the final vote.
Green along with Thompson will have to wait until next week when the All-Star reserves are announced based upon voting by the league's coaches.
Curry will start the game for a third straight season.
"It's a huge honor and something I'm very appreciative of, because it's 100 percent because of (the fans)," Curry said.
For more on the Warriors, see the Inside the Warriors blog at www.ibabuzz.com/warriors. Follow Diamond Leung on Twitter at twitter.com/diamond83.


text:
This home was sold for $3.5 million and includes 6 bedrooms, grand foyer with two staircases, library, home theater, gym, elevator, and a salon. Captin Construction builds some of the finest... Read more
For Sale: $2,900,000 For Sale: $3,950,000 Sold For: $5,500,000 (8,000+ sq.ft) For Sale: $2,990,000 (seen in an episode of The Sopranos) (12,000+ sq.ft) For Sale: $3,900,000 (12,600 sq.ft) Fo... Read more
Here is a list of the best home builders and architects in New Jersey. I hope you like them. Custom Home builders: 1. Polo Master Builders 2. Toll Brothers 3. Pinnacle Custom 4. Byron Hill H... Read more
Location: 77 Beverly Park, Beverly Hills, CA Price: $50,000,000 Square Feet: 30,000 This mega-mansion was built by developer George Santo Pietro who was once married to Jeopardy letter turne... Read more
Who: Hubert and Norma Humphrey ( founder of Global Equity Lending, among other companies) Location: 2015 Trammel Road, Cumming, GA Price: $45,000,000 Square Feet: 47,000 House Name: Le Reve... Read more
Developer: Antares Developers Price: $28,000,000 Location: Greenwich, CT Square Feet: 35,000 House Name: Lake Carrington This newly built mega-mansion is on the market for a whopping $28 mil... Read more
PRICE TAG : $42.5 million !!!!! Completion Date: December 2008 This 32,000 square foot mega mansion sits just off of closter dock road in the affluent suburb of Alpine, NJ. This home is situ... Read more


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Party Images in the American ElectorateTaylor and Francis 2010; US$ 42.95
Party affiliation has long been the driving force behind electoral politics in the United States. Despite this fact, scant attention has been devoted to the American electorate?s party images?the "mental pictures" that individuals have about the parties which enable citizens to translate events in the larger political environment into terms meaningful... more...
Dynamics of American Political PartiesCambridge University Press 2009; US$ 24.00 US$ 19.68
Dynamics of American Political Parties examines the process of gradual change that inexorably shapes and reshapes American politics. more...
Parties and Elections in AmericaRowman & Littlefield Publishers 2011; US$ 77.99
Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Proces s covers all elements of parties and the electoral process, including local, state, and national party organizations; American party history and party systems; state and local nominations; state and local elections; presidential nominations; and presidential elections. Separate chapters are... more...
SplitSAGE Publications 2006; US$ 24.00
Talk of politics in the United States today is abuzz with warring red and blue factions. The message is that Americans are split due to deeply-held beliefs?over abortion, gay marriage, stem-cell research, prayer in public schools. Is this cultural divide a myth, the product of elite partisans? Or is the split real? Yes, argue authors Mark Brewer... more...
Parties and Elections in AmericaRowman & Littlefield Publishers 2015; US$ 67.99
Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process introduces students to every aspect of political parties and the electoral process, from state and national party systems to nominations, campaigns, and elections. In the latest edition, the authors incorporate coverage of the most recent elections and examine how campaign finance, demographic... more...
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The 50 most powerful women in Hollywood
According to celebuzz.com, women are ruling Hollywood.
The website looked at social following, net worth, resumes and celebrity lists from other publications to create their own list of the 50 most powerful women in Hollywood. »Read Full Article
On Tap Today: Start the Year Right
Congratulations, you've made it to 2013...and hopefully you're not too hungover, because today's your first chance to start this year off right.
So if your resolution is to be a little more cultured this year, there's no better place to hit up than the Milwaukee Art Museum, which is open on this first day of 2013...although the Rembrandt exhibit is in its final days. »Read Full Blog Post(2)


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Brea, CA
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Sunday, July 21, 2013 7:00 PM
Brea Improv, Brea, CA
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Bryan Callen
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Bryan Callen is a comedian, actor, and current co-host of the wildly popular FOX Sports podcast The Fighter and the Kid, with UFC star Brendan Schaub. Callen got his start as an original cast member of MAD TV. He then went on to play numerous roles on the small and big screen including, Old School, Bad Santa, Sex and the City, Entourage, Californication, 7th Heaven, King of Queens, Stacked, Las Vegas, West Wing, CSI, and The Hangover II.
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Panasonic AE900
- High quality image, competitive price, low noise operation, high contrast ratio, 3 LCD configuration, HDMI input
- Lacks high brightness
Bottom Line
Perhaps the best projector available at the moment in terms of price, quality and features.
Price$ 3,299.00 (AUD)
We have been blown away with past Panasonic projectors such as the PT-AE700 and its successor, the AE900, provides all that the previous model was capable of and more. The AE900 has had an upgrade, sporting an increase of contrast ratio of 5500:1, a higher brightness of 1100 ANSI lumens, 2X optical zoom as well as a learning remote control. The result of all this is an impressive projector with a very competitive RRP, capable of producing some of the best visuals we have seen yet.
The design is very similar to that of the AE700, although it is slightly larger in size at 335 x 270 x 95mm and 3.6 Kg. One significant difference is the placement of the heat exhaust, being placed at the front of the unit. This allows users to position the projector on a bookshelf without worrying about heat issues. There is a set of controls on top of the unit which gives access to the internal menu system, which can also be accessed through the learning remote control. For users not familiar with learning remotes, they are remote controls which can be programmed to function with many devices. By pointing and executing a command from another remote, Panasonic's remote can 'learn' the function and store/assign it to one of its own buttons. With a quick examination of the included manual, we were able to assign a DVD players control and a set-top box control to Panasonic's remote.
The AE900 accepts a variety of Hi-Def inputs such as HDMI and component inputs. It also has ports for VGA, S-Video, composite and the European standard SCART connector. This provides ample connectivity for most users, and we found no problems hooking up any of our Hi/Low-Def components. Once plugged in, we were on our way to an optimized image within a few button presses. The brightness of the projected image isn't as intense as we have seen with projectors such as Epson's EMP-TW600 , although it is capable of producing a comfortably viewable image with some general ambient lighting present. Image adjustment options such as noise reduction, contrast, brightness and colour temperature are all very helpful in optimizing the image.
Once set up, we found the image qualities to be one of a kind. The Panasonic AE900 uses a 3-LCD configuration, which of course dismisses possibilities of any rainbow effect (as present in DLP systems) and the dot pitch is low enough that we could not notice any signs of the flyscreen effect. The colours were well expressed, although appeared washed out at the largest throw size of 150". The most comfortable viewing experience was found at 120", which is a very reasonable projection size, although for the best viewing experience, we do recommend that user's project in a dim lit or completely isolated environment.
The advertised contrast ratio of 5500:1 is one of the highest we have seen. We were able to confirm this with the projectors ability to clearly render dark scenes, showing many a shade of black in movie scenes which we had previously never seen.
Our expectation of Panasonic's projector range has always been high, and once again they have managed to produce a projector which raises the bar. We were impressed with all areas of the projector but the brightness. The upshot: With unmatched image quality and a competitive price, Panasonic's AE900 is hard to beat.
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Bell Curve
Wrong Directions. Salary: $39,450
You've mixed up your patients' charts and sent home someone trying to lose weight with a meal plan designed for a patient who's trying to gain weight. They'll figure it out eventually, right?
The New Fad Diet? Salary: $48,300
You work for a D-list celebrity who's trying to lose weight after her pregnancy. You have to literally put chains on the refrigerator and take midnight emergency calls to keep her from cheating on her diet. She's losing weight, but you're losing your mind.
A Diet's a Diet. Salary: $56,000
You love healthy Japanese food but work for the California Sumo Association. Part of your job is beefing these guys up with a 20,000 calorie-per-day meal plan that includes chankonabe. While you worry about the many diseases and health problems that plague the sport, it's your job to keep these guys plump.
Diets for Diabetics. Salary: $61,780
You work at a medical clinic and treat people living with diabetes. The work is stressful, but you love the feeling of seeing people reach their goals and getting off of medications.
Health Master. Salary: $78,100
You have your own practice, television show, and radio program. You advise the president about what type of dressing to use. Even NASA has asked you to develop a meal plan for their astronauts. They're sick of that chalky ice cream stuff.


text:
Editor's note: The phone number to call for information has been corrected since this item was originally published.
Alzheimers experts have worked with Home Instead Senior Care to develop a person-centered care program for seniors with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
The CARE program incorporates a hands-on approach to help families deal with the difficult behavioral changes that are associated with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
Free Alzheimer's CARE training workshops are being held July 18 and July 24 from 2-4 p.m. at the Home Instead Senior Care office, 3208 N. Tucson Blvd.
Caregivers will learn how to manage behaviors, encourage engagement and to care for themselves while caring for their loved one.
For more information, call 520-770-9943.


text:
(If any tax is payable it will be calculated and shown at checkout.)
Preview (read now) Add to my own site Give this ebook to a friend Add to my wishlist Author's page Publisher's page
morePrior to her stunning first novel, Fugitive Pieces, Anne Michaels had already won awards and critical acclaim for two books of poetry: The Weight of Oranges (1986), which won the Commonwealth Prize for the Americas, and Miner's Pond (1991), which received the Canadian Authors Association Award and was short-listed for the Governor General's Award and the Trillium Award. Although they were published separately, these two books, along with Skin Divers, a collection of Michaels's newest work, were written as companion volumes.
Poems brings all three books together for the first time, creating for American readers a wonderful introduction to Anne Michaels's poetry. Meditative and insightful, powerful and heart-moving, these are poems that, as Michael Ondaatje has written, "go way beyond games or fashion or politics . . . They represent the human being entire."
From the Hardcover edition. less
Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group; October 2013
208 pages; ISBN 9780307559135
Download in secure EPUB
Title: Poems
Author: Anne Michaels
208 pages; ISBN 9780307559135
Download in secure EPUB
Title: Poems
Author: Anne Michaels
Buy, download and read Poems (eBook) by Anne Michaels today!
More Poetry
Milk and Honey 2015 US$ 9.99 208 pages
Citizen 2014 US$ 9.99 160 pages
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Job Posting - Catering & Events Intern
The Fort Worth Museum of Science and History hosts events of varying size, complexity and purpose throughout the year. As Catering and Events Intern for the Museum of Science and History, you will be responsible for coordinating and implementing both corporate and social events. This is a key service and revenue generating position within the Museum, requiring extensive, effective interaction with staff throughout the Museum on a daily basis while exceeding guest and client expectations.
Job Posting - Planetarium Intern
Partial Solar Eclipse - October 23, 2014
Viewing of a Partial Solar Eclipse
Thursday, October 23, 2014
2:00 to 7:00 p.m.
Job Posting - Assistant to the Museum President
Assistant to the Museum President (Full-time, Exempt)
Total Lunar Eclipse - October 8, 2014
Live Streaming of a Total Lunar Eclipse
Job Posting - Education Facilitator
Education Facilitator- Part Time
**Schedules available from one (1) day per week or three (3) days per week for the 2016-2017 school year
The Education Department is seeking a qualified, enthusiastic facilitator for the 2015-16 fall/spring school year. This program will work with Pre-school and Kindergarten children throughout the school year. The Education Department's inquiry-based discovery approach offers children a unique opportunity for learning in a creative, informal environment, using age-appr
Job Posting - Museum School Class Assistant
Museum School Class Assistant - Part time
The ideal Museum School Assistant is enthusiastic and enjoys assisting adults and working around children while always remaining in the background. Applicants must be age 16 or older to assist in the school-age class program. It is a job that is most appropriate for a junior/senior high school student or a college student who might be considering a career path in education, but not necessary.
Job Postings - FT Concessions Manager
Concessions Manager, Full time-Exempt
The Concessions Manager is responsible for overseeing all Concessions operations especially associated with the Omni IMAX Theater. This position sets the example and ensures the highest level of guest experience in concessions and reports to the Executive Vice President of Operations.


text:
Just trying this template and I like the look of it, but I have a large white space next to the top story on the front page. Any idea how I use this space?
Thanks in anticipation
Just trying this template and I like the look of it, but I have a large white space next to the top story on the front page. Any idea how I use this space?
Thanks in anticipation
Since posting last night I have realised that I need to add a 'featured image' but having done that I still have the large white space. Would like to know how to fix this.
Unless you post a link to your site, no way for anyone to offer much help except to suggest that you use Firebug to look at the CSS code that is creating that space and modify it in a Child Theme or custom CSS option or plug-in.
Sorry, that was dumb. Here is the link.
It's the space to the right of the top story. There is a 'featured image' selected (and they show for all the other stories) but just won't show in that spot.
Looks like the code is missing a closing tag for the anchor tag - just before the image tag:
<a class="attachment-home-featured wp-post-image" alt="Media Helping Media on Posterous" src="http://www.mediahelpingmedia.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Unpost200.jpg" height="119" 200"="" title="Click to read: "Goodbye Posterous I am moving to WordPress"
Thanks, appreciate that.
Do you know which file I need to edit and what I need to add to fix that?
Sorted the problem out. The team at http://webdevstudios.com/ spotted the problem and sent me the solution. It was a bit of code that needed to be fixed in the home.php script. Looks great now. http://www.mediahelpingmedia.org/blog/. Big thanks to Brad and Jess at webdev Studios.
Here is the code that needed to change...
In home.php on line 22:
<a href="<?php the_permalink(); ?>" title="Click to read: "<?php the_title(); ?>"">
try changing to this:
<a href="<?php the_permalink(); ?>" title="Click to read: <?php the_title(); ?>">
" are messing up the link. That should fix the issue
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
Pixels Exclusive: Introducing the hottest summer accessory of 2016... round beach towels! FREE WORLDWIDE SHIPPING.
Fine Art America has expanded to 14 fulfillment centers in 5 countries!
David Bowie Remembered - A Collection of Unpublished Portraits by Terry O'Neill
Now shipping framed prints from Canada! Need your order in time for Christmas? Check out our Holiday Shipping Deadlines.
Live from New York... it's Anne Geddes! Watch Anne create one of her iconic holiday images live from her studio in NYC at 10:00 AM EST today.
Holiday procrastinators... purchase a gift certificate and get it delivered right to your inbox.
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Check out our Holiday Gift Guide! Need your order in time for Christmas? Check out our Holiday Shipping Deadlines.
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Every purchase includes a 30-day money-back guarantee. We sell thousands of products each week to buyers from all over the world. Take a look at these unfiltered reviews!
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We ship all over the world, including the United States.
We have the largest print-on-demand fulfillment network in the world with 15 manufacturing centers in five different countries.
Place your order today, and it will be on its way to you within 2 - 3 business days.
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About Stella Sherman
I know that art for me is a relaxation and a joy! Color, shapes, and space in which I put my subject become meaningful to myself and meaningful to others. I found great joy in my education where I earned a bacleor of art degree in Studio Art at the University of Maine. I graduated in 2008 at the Orono campus. Growing up in the state of Maine I observed many subjects that I sketched on paper and later painted on canvas.
My landscapes and portraits are real places and real people. I have the experience of people coming up to me and thanking me for putting my original paintings into prints and greeting cards. People buy my paintings, cards, and look forward to new pieces I am working on. They share their story of what my painting means to them, and the comfort it gives them each time they look at it. I share with them my process in putting the pain


text: hello there, i have more than 13 wordpress sites and i want to have a new blog which can generate image posts every half an hour, this means that i can upload like 24 images to the plugin then it can post one post image every half an hour! any suggestions or could anyone make me something like this??


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View our tour map including stops and attractions throughout the city.
> Go to Key West Map
Buying tickets online is quick, easy, and saves you money.
> Go to Key West Tickets
Test Your Knowledge
and You Could Win!
Take our fun quiz for a chance to win discounts and prizes. > Go to Trolley Quiz
Connect with Old Town Trolley for exclusive offers,
promotions, videos & more.
> Go to Key West Social Media
Visit our photo gallery and see the beauty and charm of Key West that awaits you.
> Go to Key West Photos
Save!! with the Ultimate Key West Tour, Attraction, Shopping and Dining Package!
> Go to Key West Packages
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Sightseeing Tours | Tour Reviews | Route & Stops | Things to Do | Attractions | Hometown Pass | Buy Tickets | Save on Packages
Historic Tours of America® 201
Front Street, Key West, Florida 33040
Copyright ©
Old Town Trolley Tours and Transportainment are registered
trademarks of Historic Tours of America® and Ghosts & Gravestones and
Frightseeing are registered service marks of Historic Tours of America®


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Book your room at Bojatours Lux
Collect 200 points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
Situated in the city center, this hotel is close to Millenium Bridge, Delta City, and Trg Republike. Also nearby are Podgorica City Stadium and University of Montenegro.
Hotel Features
In addition to a restaurant, Hotel Bojatours Lux Podgorica features a health club. Other amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access and free parking.
Room Amenities
In addition to complimentary wireless Internet access and air conditioning, guestrooms feature minibars along with hair dryers and phones.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Bojatours LuxKralja Nikole 10 Podgorica 81000
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Bojatours Lux Podgorica features a health club and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This Podgorica hotel also offers shopping on site, an elevator (lift), and air conditioning in public areas. Complimentary parking is available on site.
- Total number of rooms - 20
- Number of floors - 4
- Fitness facilities
- Health club
- Elevator/lift
- 24-hour front desk
- Restaurant
- Shopping on site
Room Amenities
- Balcony
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Minibar
- Kitchen
- Hair dryer
- Jetted bathtub
- Television
- Satellite TV service
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast.
Hotel Bojatours Lux Podgorica has a restaurant on site.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include a health club and a fitness center.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 14:00:00
Check-out time is 12:00:00
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.


text: Hi, Now in the GFS2 -nmw git tree. Thanks, Steve. On Wed, 2007-03-21 at 09:23 +0000, Patrick Caulfield wrote: > Currently if the lockspace removal fails the misc device associated with a > lockspace is left deleted. After that there is no way to access the orphaned > lockspace from userland. > > This patch recreates the misc device if th dlm_release_lockspace fails. I > believe this is better than attempting to remove the lockspace first because > that leaves an unattached device lying around. The potential gap in which there > is no access to the lockspace between removing the misc device and recreating it > is acceptable ... after all the application is trying to remove it, and only new > users of the lockspace will be affected. > > Signed-Off-By: Patrick Caulfield <pcaulfie redhat com>


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Golden Globes
Jana Kramer, Husband Mike Caussin Separate: Report
Taylor Swift and Tom Hiddleston Have 'Major Argument'
Jessica Alba Regrets Her Tattoos: 'I'm Not Into Them Now'
Hope Solo Suspended for Calling Swedish Players 'Cowards'
'Bachelor in Paradise' Stars Josh, Amanda: We've Moved in Together!
Ryan Lochte Is Joining 'DWTS' After Rio Scandal
Rachel McAdams, Jamie Linden Go On Cute Shopping Date
Duchess Kate Middleton: Prince George Makes a 'Mess' in Kitchen
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text: Gallery: Cats And Dogs that Look Less Ridiculous In Fan Gear than You Do By Gavin Evans Gavin Evans is a contributor for Complex Media. Share Tweet 0 20. Vancouver Canucks Somebody's got a void in her life. Watch Now Tags: Lists, College Football, College Basketball, MLB, NBA, NCAA, NFL, NHL Like Follow Chat SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER Enter Show Comments


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $25.28 (44% off)
Sorry, this product is no longer in stock.
Seems to work
Posted by MikeMember on Sep 25, 2011
Even though I've only taken it a few times, I've already start to notice signs of increasing testosterone.
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Great PCT treatment, induce natural levels of testosterone
Great stuff!!!
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this is an excellent product
gained 10% strength increase within 3 weeks
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does not cause mood swings, acne nor irritability. highly recommended by a very satisfied user
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Posted by Reviewer2800719 on Dec 26, 2011
excellent! recommend
Decent strength gain
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Completed 1 bottle with some decent strength gain.
Posted by 5085175130339416570 on Jan 19, 2013
So far so good. Think it is making a difference. Need to give it another 30 days or so
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