text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 14, 2001
|Filing date
|Sep 8, 1998
|Priority date
|Sep 8, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Paul A. Sechrist
|Original Assignee
|Uop Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (72), Classifications (50), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to exchangers for indirect heat exchange and the heating of reactants to control temperature conditions in a reaction process.
In many industries, like the petrochemical and chemical industries, contact of reaction fluids with a catalyst in a reactor under suitable temperature and pressure conditions effects a reaction between the components of one or more reactants in the fluids. Most of these reactions generate or absorb heat to various extents and are, therefore, exothermic or endothermic. The heating or chilling effects associated with exothermic or endothermic reactions can positively or negatively affect the operation of the reaction zone. The negative effects can include among other things: poor product production, deactivation of the catalyst, production of unwanted by-products and, in extreme cases, damage to the reaction vessel and associated piping. More typically, the undesired effects associated with temperature changes will reduce the selectivity or yield of products from the reaction zone.
Many arrangements seek to overcome the negative effects of heating or chilling by supplying heat to the reaction. More traditional methods employ multiple stages of heating or cooling between adiabiatic reaction stages. Other methods use in situ heating via simultaneous reactions or indirect heat exchange to maintain an isothermal or other temperature with the reaction zone. U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,311 provides an example of indirect heat exchange with a heat exchange fluid to control the temperature profile within a reaction zone.
A variety of processes can employ indirect heat exchange with a reaction zone to control temperature profiles within the reaction zone. Common examples are of hydrocarbon conversion reactions include: the aromatization of hydrocarbons, the reforming of hydrocarbons, the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, and the alkylation of hydrocarbons.
Briefly, in catalytic reforming, a feedstock is admixed with a recycle stream comprising hydrogen and contacted with catalyst in a reaction zone. The usual feedstock for catalytic reforming is a petroleum fraction known as naphtha. Reforming may be defined as the total effect produced by dehydrogenation of cyclohexanes and dehydroisomerization of alkylcyclopentanes to yield aromatics, dehydrogenation of paraffins to yield olefins, dehydrocyclization of paraffins and olefins to yield aromatics, isomerization of n-paraffins, isomerization of alkylcycloparaffins to yield cyclohexanes, isomerization of substituted aromatics, and hydrocracking of paraffins. A catalytic reforming reaction is normally effected in the presence of catalyst particles comprised of one or more Group VIII noble metals (e.g., platinum, iridium, rhodium, palladium) and a halogen combined with a porous carrier, such as a refractory inorganic oxide. The halogen is normally chlorine. Alumina is a commonly used carrier. Further information on reforming processes may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,526 (Peters et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,095 (Peters); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,626 (Winter et al), the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
Catalytic dehydrogenation is another example of an endothermic process. In catalytic dehydrogenation, a feedstock is admixed with a recycle stream comprising hydrogen and contacted with catalyst in a reaction zone. Feedstocks for catalytic dehydrogenation are typically petroleum fractions comprising aromatic of paraffinic hydrocarbons. The dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene to produce styrene is well known. Paraffinic feedstock ordinarily have from about 3 to about 18 carbon atoms. Particular feedstocks will usually contain light or heavy paraffins. A catalytic dehydrogenation reaction is normally effected in the presence of catalyst particles comprised of one or more Group VIII noble metals (e.g., platinum, iridium, rhodium, palladium) combined with a porous carrier, such as a refractory inorganic oxide. Alumina is a commonly used carrier. Dehydrogenation conditions include a temperature of from about 400� to about 900� C., a pressure of from about 0.01 to 10 atmospheres and a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of from about 0.1 to 100 hr−1. Generally, for normal paraffins, the lower the molecular weight the higher the temperature required for comparable conversions. The pressure in the dehydrogenation zone is maintained as low as practicable, consistent with equipment limitations, to maximize the chemical equilibrium advantages. The preferred dehydrogenation conditions of the process of this invention include a temperature of from about 400-700� C., a pressure from about 0.1 to 5 atmospheres, and a liquid hourly space velocity of from about 0.1 to 100 hr−1.
The effluent stream from the dehydrogenation zone generally will contain unconverted dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons, hydrogen and the products of dehydrogenation reactions. This effluent stream is typically cooled and passed to a hydrogen separation zone to separate a hydrogen-rich vapor phase from a hydrocarbon-rich liquid phase. Generally, the hydrocarbonrich liquid phase is further separated by means of either a suitable selective adsorbent, a selective solvent, a selective reaction or reactions or by means of a suitable fractionation scheme. Unconverted dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons are recovered and may be recycled to the dehydrogenation zone. Products of the dehydrogenation reactions are recovered as final products or as intermediate products in the preparation of other compounds. Additional information related to the operation of dehydrogenation catalysts, operating conditions, and process arrangements can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,677,237; 4,880,764 and 5,087,792, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Another process example are processes for the production of hydrogen and carbon oxides by reforming methane in the presence of steam or carbon oxides have been practiced for many years. The steam reforming process is particularly well known and involves passage of a mixture of feedstock and steam over a steam reforming catalyst. Typical steam reforming catalyst comprises nickel and may include cobalt on refractory supports such as alpha alumina or calcium aluminate. The strong endothermic nature of the primary steam reforming reaction requires a supply of heat to maintain the reaction. Those skilled in the art routinely balance the endothermic heat requirements of the primary reforming with a partial oxidation of hydrocarbons to provide a secondary reforming reaction that supplies heat for the primary reforming stage and generates additional synthesis gas. Extensive and highly developed teachings detail methods of indirectly exchanging heat between primary and secondary reforming. The operation of an adiabatic reformer for synthesis gas production is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,231. U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,275 sets forth another basic arrangement that uses a secondary reforming reaction to supply hot gas for heating the primary reforming reaction. Patents U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,810,472; 4,750,986; and 4,822,521 disclose particular arrangements of heat exchange reactors that indirectly exchange heat between hot gases from the secondary reforming stage and the primary reforming stage. U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,389 shows a variety of tube chamber designs for supplying heat to a primary reforming reaction from a secondary reforming reaction zone. As established by the above referenced patents, the art currently relies exclusively on tube arrangements, and most commonly relies on double walled tubes referred to as "bayonet tubes, for exchanging heat between the primary and secondary reforming zones. The geometry of tubular reactors poses layout constraints that require large reactors and vast tube surface to achieve high heat transfer efficiencies.
Other process applications accomplish indirect heat exchange with thin plates that define channels. The channels alternately retain catalyst and reactants in one set of channels and a heat transfer fluid in adjacent channels for indirectly heating or cooling the reactants and catalysts. Heat exchange plates in these indirect heat exchange reactors can be flat or curved and may have surface variations such as corrugations to increase heat transfer between the heat transfer fluids and the reactants and catalysts. Many hydrocarbon conversion processes will operate more advantageously by maintaining a temperature profile that differs from that created by the heat of reaction. In many reactions, the most beneficial temperature profile will be obtained by maintaining substantially isothermal conditions. In some cases, a temperature profile directionally opposite to the temperature changes associated with the heat of reaction will provide the most beneficial conditions. For such reasons it is generally known to contact reactants with a heat exchange medium in cross flow, cocurrent flow, or countercurrent flow arrangements. A specific arrangement for heat transfer and reactant channels that offers more complete temperature control can again be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,311; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other useful plate arrangements for indirect heat transfer are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,106 and 5,405,586.
Supplying the heat for indirect heat exchange can be done directly by the combustion of a fuel. The use of catalysts to control the direct combustion of a fuel for heating purposes is well known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,359 shows an arrangement of coated plates for the combustion of fuel in a multistage combustor. The '359 patent deals with the problem of overcoming localized hot spots on the plates that can deactivate the catalyst.
It is an object of this invention to improve the efficiency of heating reactants in a process that uses direct fuel combustion.
It is a further object of this invention to more closely match the heating requirements of the reaction with the combustion of the fuel.
Another object of this invention is to control the introduction of combustion reactants into a system for in-situ heating of reactants in a reaction zone by combustion of fuel in a heating zone that communicates thermally with the reaction zone.
It has now been discovered that modifications to the method and apparatus for indirectly heating reactants in the reaction zone can improve conversion and/or yields and simplify equipment. The invention works with catalytically promoted combustion of the fuel and controls the catalytic combustion rate in the channels that generate the heat for indirect exchange with the reaction zone. The combustion zone has an arrangement of inner gas distribution channels and outer combustion channels that contain a combustion catalyst. The combustion reactants are referred to as the combustion reactant, usually an oxygen containing gas, and the fuel stream. One combustion reactant flows through the inner heating channels and the other combustion reactant flows through the outer heating channels. Metering perforations in the plates that separate the inner heating channel from the outer heating channel distribute combustion gas to the channel containing the fuel stream.
In particular this invention provides a highly efficient utilization of the plate and channel reaction and heating configuration. Controlling the combustion of a fuel in channels that indirectly heat a reaction zone by indirect heat exchange across a heat exchange surface can moderate temperatures thereby improving conversion, selectivity or both. Temperature moderation by varying the combustion rate of the fuel can also reduce catalyst deactivation in the reaction zone. Direct combustion at variable catalytic rates can also eliminate separate equipment for preheating the feed such as charge heaters or additional exchangers. Overall the invention can also conserves heat by eliminating the need for a separate heater in the process and removing the heat losses associated therewith.
The invention has application to any configuration of heat exchanging reaction zone, but finds its most beneficial use in an arrangement that employs a plurality of plates to define narrow channels. The plates ordinarily define alternate channels with one group of channels for heating and converting reactants and another group of interleaved channels for catalytically combusting a fuel. The arrangement can also extend the reaction channels to include an upstream section that indirectly preheats the feed against the combusted fuel. Typically the upstream preheat section of the reaction channels contains no catalyst and the downstream portion of the reaction channels may contain a particulate catalyst or a catalytic coating on the walls of the channels.
The fuel for heating the reaction section may be any transportable material that can enter the heating channels at suitable conditions to provide controlled catalyst combustion and readily exit the channels after at least partial combustion of the fuel. Gas phase fuel streams are preferred. Light gas streams comprising hydrogen and/or hydrocarbons are particularly preferred. Methane provides a particularly useful heating fluid. In some cases the fuel fluid can comprise the feed or the reactant components from the reaction channels. In most cases the addition of oxygen or air to the fuel stream will combust the fuel by oxidation. A wide variety of combustion promoting catalysts and more particularly oxidation catalysts are known to those skilled in the art for incorporation into the heating channels. The invention can send fuel to outer or inner subchannels in the heating channels. The fuel channels will typically retain a catalyst. The catalyst may reside in the channels as particles or a coating on the walls of the channels. Particles are usually preferred since they do not interfere with the metering openings on the walls of the channels.
The channels for containing the fuel metering, combustion and reaction functions constitute an essential requirement of this invention. The heating and reaction channels may take on a many different configurations that suit the particular process and fuel combustion. A number of different methods may be used in combination with the fuel metering to vary the rate at which the combustion catalyst promotes combustion of the fuel in the heating channels. The operation may vary process conditions such as residence time/space velocity. The concentration of fuel reactants may also vary by the introduction of additional fuel or diluents. Another variation method may increase the amount of catalyst present in the heating channels. Increasing or decreasing the loading of catalytically active material on a catalyst base over the length of the heating channels will vary the combustion rate. In addition to changing the catalyst through a change in metals loading the type of catalyst may also vary over the length of the heating channels. Furthermore, the method of this invention may simply change the amount of a uniform catalyst by varying the volume of catalyst per unit of flow length along the channels. From a mechanical standpoint the inherent increasing or decreasing sector width of a radial flow reactor can provide a ready means of varying the volume of catalyst per unit flow length along the heating channels. U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,586 shows a radial flow reactor arrangement with indirect heat exchange that may be modified in accordance with this invention to include variation in combustion of a fuel.
Where provided, a preheat portion of the reaction channel may comprise a portion along a continuous length of the channels or a separate run of channel that preheats the reactants before contacting any catalyst. In vertically extending channels, short loading of catalyst in the reaction channels can provide a space above or below the primary reforming section in which to preheat feed.
The heating channels and reaction channels may pass fluids in cross, cocurrent or countercurrent flow. Countercurrent flow will provide the greatest heat input into the reaction portion of the reaction channels. Cocurrent flow will maximize heating in the preheat portion of the reaction channels. A higher catalyst loading in the preheating section of the reaction channels can provide a rapid heating of the entering reactants.
Mechanical elements for this invention will typically comprise tubes or plates. A series of concentric tubes can provide an inner combustion channel and an outer fuel channel disposed in a bed of reaction catalyst. Preferably the mechanical elements will comprise flat thin plate elements that define the necessary channels.
Distribution chambers along the channel paths may provide sites for intermediate injection of reactants or heating medium. Distribution chambers may be provided at the ends of channels or along the mid points as desired. One arrangement of such manifolds uses two or more separate stacks of heat exchange plates or "reaction stacks" to conduct different reactions and heat exchange steps in isolated banks. For example, one arrangement of alternating narrow channels in a reaction stack may contain catalyst for the heating channels only while a downstream reaction stack contains catalyst in both the reaction and heating channels. A system of manifolds passes the isolated preheated feed and heating fluid effluent to another section of heating channels and reaction channels that again indirectly contact the heating fluid with the reactants. Integration of the manifolds with external pipes can further enhance process control and the addition or withdrawal of heating fluid or reactants.
Suitable plate arrangement may use relatively smooth plates with intermediate spacers placed intermittently between the plates to preserve the channel space and to introduce turbulence for promoting heat transfer. A spiral wound arrangement of narrowly spaced apart channels can provide a high degree of contacting and heat exchange. A preferred form of the heat exchange elements is relatively flat plates having corrugations defined therein. The corrugations serve to maintain spacing between the plates while also supporting the plates to provide a well supported system of narrow channels. Additional details on the arrangement of such plates systems are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,311; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Plate arrangements will preferably incorporate perforated plates. Most advantageously perforated plates would allow the controlled quantities of the reactants to flow directly from the inner heating channel to the outer heating channels that contain the additional combustion reactant and optionally a combustion catalyst. Perforated plates would disperse the introduction of the reactants over a desired portion of the outer heating channels. U.S. Ser. No. 08.999,877 filed Nov. 11, 1997 shows an arrangement of perforated plates that meters reactants across channels defined by the plates. Those skilled in the art will recognize other variations in plate configurations that can provide additional benefits to the integration of the heating and reaction channels.
Plate arrangements may also vary the catalyst loading in the heating channels. Plates can occupy a portion of the channels to reduce catalyst loading in only a portion of the heating channels. A thick plate may extend through a portion of the heating channels and solidly displace catalyst from a portion of the heat exchange channel. Pairs of solid plates may extend over a portion of the heat exchange channels to define sub-channel void volumes.
Accordingly in a process embodiment this invention is a process for contacting reactants with a catalyst in a reaction zone and indirectly heating the reactants by catalytic combustion of a fuel. The process passes a reactant stream through a plurality of reaction channels and heats the reactant stream under conditions to chemically react the reaction stream. A heating fuel stream passes through a plurality of first heating channels and a combustion gas passes through a plurality of second heating channels. A plurality of perforated partitions separate the first heating channels from the second channels and meter the combustion gas from the second plurality of heating channels to the first plurality of heating channels to control the distribution of the combustion gas into contact with the heating fuel. Combusting the heating fuel in the first heating channels indirectly heats the reactant stream in the reaction channels. A reacted stream is recovered from at least one of the reaction channels or the first heating channels.
In an apparatus embodiment this invention is a reactor apparatus for the combustion of a fuel to indirectly heat reactants. The apparatus comprises a first plurality of spaced apart plates defining a plurality of reaction channels and partially defining a plurality of heating channel groups between each reaction channel. At least one intermediate plate divides each heating channel group into a fuel subchannel and a metering subchannel. Each intermediate plate retains a metering device for metering a combustion gas from the metering subchannel into the fuel subchannels. A plurality of reaction inlets and a plurality of reaction outlets each respectively communicate with the opposite ends of the plurality of reaction channels. A plurality of combustion gas inlets communicate with the metering subchannels. A plurality of fuel inlets and combustion gas outlets each respectively communicate with the opposite ends of the fuel subchannels.
Additional embodiments, arrangements, and details of this invention are disclosed in the following detailed description of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of vertical plate channel exchanger incorporating an arrangement of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a section of FIG. 1 taken at lines 2—2.
FIG. 3 a schematic drawing of a flat plate element showing a typical corrugation pattern.
FIG. 4 is an isometric view of single corrugated plates containing perforations.
FIG. 5 is an isometric view of corrugated plates forming heating channels.
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of heating and reaction channels formed by corrugated plates.
The invention may apply to any type of heat exchanger reaction arrangement. Suitable reactor arrangement include shell and tube and plate type exchanger arrangements using concentric tubes to define metering and fuel subchannels of the heating channel groups. For most exchanger arrangements the pressure drop between the heating and reaction channels will not exceed 700 kPa. Restriction of pressure drop most significantly affects plate exchanger arrangements that use relatively thin plates to maximize heat transfer.
In accordance with one of its primary benefits this process maintains a relatively low ΔT between the exothermic heating zone and the endothermic reaction zone. In general the temperature variation between the heating channels and the reaction channels will not exceed 100� C. More typically, temperature difference between the heating channels and the reaction channels will not exceed 50� C. and will may in many cases not exceed 25� C. Uniformity of temperature is primarily controlled in this invention by varying the distribution of the combustion gas into the fuel channels and varying the catalytic combustion over the length of the heating channels.
This invention may be useful for any endothermic process that catalytically combusts a fuel within heat exchange channels to maintain the temperature of the reactant stream. The invention is particularly beneficial in the preheating of the reactant stream to the desired reaction temperature within the heat exchange zone. This invention may be especially useful in auto thermic processes where the conversion of a reactant or a portion of an endothermically reacted stream provides fuel for an exothermic reaction that heats the endothermic reaction.
Many reactions for the production of hydrocarbon and chemical products meet these requirements. A suitable endothermic process is the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons. Examples of applicable auto thermic process include the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, production of raw ammonia synthesis gas, production of raw hydrogen streams, and the production of synthesis gas for conversion to organic compounds.
Looking at synthesis gas its production ordinarily includes a primary reforming step of reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock with steam to give a gas containing carbon oxides, hydrogen, methane, and unreacted steam. In the production of synthesis gas, a fluid hydrocarbon such as natural gas is converted to a hot reformed gas mixture containing principally hydrogen and carbon monoxide in this process according to reaction (1) as follows:
that is generally known as primary reforming and is widely used in the production of synthesis gas or pure hydrogen. This endothermic reaction is carried out in the practice of this invention by passing a gaseous mixture of fluid hydrocarbon and steam through a preheat section of a reaction channel that is free of catalyst and a catalytic section of reaction channel. A suitable catalyst composition such as solid catalyst granules deposited on an inert carrier material fills the catalytic section of the reaction channels.
The necessary heat is supplied to the reaction channels by a secondary reforming reaction that oxidizes a fluid hydrocarbon fuel such as a side stream from the fluid hydrocarbon feedstream or a portion of the primary reforming effluent stream. Oxidation supplies the heat to the primary reformer by indirect heat exchange across heat exchange plates.
The following reactions occur in the heating channels that contain the secondary reforming zone:
Reactions (2), (3), and (4) are exothermic reactions that tend to occur quite rapidly in the secondary reaction space. As the resulting gas mixture passes through the catalyst bed of the secondary reformer zone, the remaining methane is converted by reaction with steam in accordance with reaction (1) above and by the reaction with oxygen according to reaction (2) above so that very little methane remains in the product gas of the process. The strongly endothermic reaction (1) is a relatively slow reaction that occurs throughout the passage of the gases through the catalyst bed of the secondary reforming zone, thereby cooling the gases from the high temperatures reached by reactions (2), (3), and (4) that occur toward the feed end of the secondary reaction zone. In the practice of the invention, the proportions of oxygen and of the fluid hydrocarbons feed passed to the integrated primary-secondary reformers maintain an essentially, or completely, autothermal process with essentially no external fuel requirement. A advantageous feature of the invention is the flexibility of being able to bypass a portion of the hydrocarbon feedstream directly to the secondary reforming reaction space at the feed end of the secondary reforming zone.
Typical operating temperatures for the production of a raw synthesis gas are in range of from 420—950� C. The specific operating pressures employed are principally influenced by the pressure requirements of the subsequent processing operations in which the reformed gas mixture is employed. Any super atmospheric pressure can be used in the practice of most reforming operations and is suitable for most applications of the apparatus and process of this invention. Operating pressures within the process usually lie within a range of from 2 to 10 MPa. In the production of synthesis gas for ammonia production the effluent from the primary reforming step reacts catalytically with an oxygen and nitrogen containing mixture, typically air, to convert additional portions of methane and introduce nitrogen into the product stream. After the shift reaction and CO2 removal, the raw ammonia synthesis gas will have a desirable hydrogen to nitrogen ratio of approximately 2.5 to 3.0.
The reactant stream contacts a catalyst in each of the reaction channels. Catalysts employed in steam reforming are well known. Specific examples of reforming catalysts that can be used are nickel, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, chromia, molybdenum oxide and rhodium based catalyst on an α-alumina support. The catalyst can be employed with promoters and can also have been subject to various special treatments known in the art for enhancing its properties. Promoted nickel oxide catalysts are generally preferred, and the catalytic section of the primary reformer channels are packed with solid catalyst granules, usually comprising the catalytic agent deposited on a suitable inert carrier material. The secondary reforming zone contains a catalyst material that typically is the same as the primary reforming zone catalyst.
As an alternate to a particulate catalyst, the catalyst may also be coated on the surface of the plates in the various reforming zones. It may be particularly advantageous to coat the primary reforming catalyst onto the plates to provide an upper catalytic section and a lower catalyst-free section that is maintained in heat exchange relationship across the channel defining plates with the catalytic secondary reforming section.
FIG. 1 depicts schematic flow arrangement and conceptual reactor details for a steam reforming process arranged in accordance with this invention. A synthesis gas feed comprising natural gas and steam in a steam to methane proportion of from 1.5 to 4 enters the process via line 11 and undergoes heat exchange in a conventional heat exchanger 13 with a synthesis gas product stream carried by a line 15. The preheated feedstream passes via lines 19 and 25 to a distribution space 21 in a heat exchange reactor 23. Distribution space 21 disperses the heated synthesis gas to a plurality of primary reforming reaction channels 29 that are defined by imperforate plates 33. Short loading of reforming catalyst 45 into channels 29 maintains an optional catalyst free preheating zone in an upper portion 29′ and the catalyst for the reforming reaction in lower portions 29″. A screen material located at the bottom of channels 29 permits gas flow while holding the catalyst in place. Collection space 27 collects the effluent from the primary reforming zone from the bottom of channels 29.
A line 31 recovers the primary reforming effluent from collection space 27. A line 15′ can by-pass a desired portion of the primary reforming zone effluent from line 31 directly to the product of line 15. A line 35 may divert a portion of the primary reforming feed to line 31 for direct input to the secondary reforming reaction zone. A line 38 may also provide additional fuel to the secondary reaction zone as required. A line 12 delivers the remainder of the effluent from line 31 along with any diverted feed or additional fuel to the fuel channels 47 of the groups of heating channels 39 that form the secondary reforming zone. Line 37 provides air or other oxygen containing gas to the metering channels 48 of heating channel 39 for combustion of the fuel in the fuel channels 47.
A manifold system 16 at the top of the channels distributes the gas streams to the groups of heating channels 39 while permitting free flow of the incoming primary feed from the distribution space 21 to the reaction channels 29. FIG. 2 shows in more detail the manifold arrangement for distributing the entering primary feed to the reaction channels, the entering combustion fuel to the fuel channels, and the entering combustion gas to the metering channels. Incoming fuel from lines 12 flows into a series of fuel distribution chambers 17. Fuel distribution chamber 17 distributes the incoming fuel to the open tops 18 of fuel channels 47. A blank off 20 occludes the top of the metering channels where they register with the fuel distribution chamber 17 to prevent fuel from entering the metering channels. Crossover connectors 22 transfer the entering fuel through the inlet space for reactant channels 29 and across all of the fuel distribution chamber 17. Divider plates 24 separate the fuel distribution chambers 17 from chambers 26 for the distribution of combustion gas to the metering channels 48. Combustion gas entering from lines 37 flows across the open inlets 28 of metering channels 48. Blank offs 32 at the top of the fuel channels 47 again prevent the entry of combustion gas into the fuel channels 47 while crossovers 30 communicate the combustion gas to all of the chambers 26. Crossovers 22 and 30 occupy less than the total area above reaction channels 29 to permit free flow of reactants thereto.
The metering channels 48 combine O2 with the primary reactor effluent or fuel in a manner to avoid the presence of oxygen and other combustibles in general or localized proportions that fall within potential explosive ranges. The metering arrangement eliminates the need for specialized header designs to maintain safe proportions of the mixtures by including packing or other volume displacement material to minimize the volume of oxygen and fuel mixtures.
Perforated plates 44 typically divide each heating channels groups 39 into a pair of fuel channels 47 that bound both sides of a central metering channel 48. The fuel channels 47 preferably contain a combustion catalyst over at least part of their length to promote combustion of the fuel. In the case of steam reforming, contact with a suitable secondary reforming catalyst in the fuel channels 47 directly produces heat for indirect heating of the reactants in the primary reforming zone contained within the reaction channels 29. As the hot gases pass upwardly through heating channels 39, the large surface area provided by the plates 33 that define the reaction and heating channels efficiently transfer heat into the reaction channels 29. The combustion catalyst may extend over only part of the fuel channel length. Different loadings of combustion catalysts may be used in upper and lower part of the fuel channels to facilitate a variation in combustion along the length of the fuel channels. The different loadings may change the quantity or the combustion of the catalyst along the length of the fuel channels. Variation in the perforation pattern along the perforated plates 44 may also facilitate altering the combustion rate in different portion of the fuel channels. Any open volume in the fuel subchannel 47 may be loaded with an inert material in the upper portion of fuel subchannels 47 to equalize pressure drop along fuel subchannels 47.
A manifold arrangement (not shown) collects the secondary reforming zone effluent from the heating channels 48 for withdrawal from the process by lines 15 and 53. Preferably closed ends 51 at the bottoms of metering channels 48 completely close the channel to fluid flow so that all of the combustion gas exits through perforation in the plates. Prior to removal, line 15 passes the secondary reforming effluent through exchanger 13 for heating of the primary reforming feed in the manner previously described. Line 15 may also receive a portion of the primary effluent directly from line 31.
FIG. 1 shows only one possible method of increasing or decreasing the amount of catalyst to vary the catalytic promotion of fuel combustion in a heat exchange type reactor. For example filling the heat exchange channels with an increasing proportion of inert material can effect a desired increase in the combustion activity at the bottom of the channels without the use of the perforated plates. Such a method would apply equally well to the filling of tubes in a tube and shell heat exchanger or to a plate type heat exchanger.
Suitable plates for forming layers of channels in the plate type heat exchange zones of this invention will comprise any plates that allow a high heat transfer rate. Thin plates are preferred and usually have a thickness of from 1 to 2 mm. The plates are typically composed of ferrous or non-ferrous alloys such as stainless steel. Preferred alloys for the plates will withstand extreme temperatures and contain high proportions of nickel and chrome. The plates may be formed into curves or other configurations, but flat plates are generally preferred for stacking purposes. Again each plate may be smooth and additional elements such as spacers of punched tabs may provide fluid turbulence in the channels. Preferably each plate has corrugations that are inclined to the flow of reactants and heat exchange fluid.
FIGS. 3 and 4 show the preferred corrugation arrangement for the plates 33 that divide the reaction channels 29 from the heating channels groups 39 and the plates 44 that divide the heating channels groups 39 into metering channels and fuel channels. FIG. 3 shows corrugations defined by ridges 55 and valleys 54. The corrugation pattern can serve at least two functions. One function is to structurally support adjacent plates. The other function is to promote turbulence for enhancing heat exchange efficiency in the narrow reaction channel. The frequency or pitch of the corrugations may be varied as desired to promote any varying degree of turbulence. Therefore, more shallow corrugation angles as shown by the ridges 55 and valleys 54 in plate section 56 will produce less turbulence. Whereas greater corrugation pitches, as shown by the ridges and valleys in plate sections 57 and 58 may provide increased turbulence where desired. The pitch of the corrugations and the frequency may also be varied over a single heat exchange channel to vary the heat transfer factor in different portions of the channel. Preferably, the channels may contain a flat portion 60 about their periphery to facilitate closure of the channels about the sides and tops where desired.
FIG. 3 also shows the holes 50 which would only appear on the perforated plate 44. Smaller holes are preferred with diameters in the range of from 0.5 to 2 mm. The frequency of the holes may be varied as desired to provide the overall combustion gas input and any variation in combustion gas input over the fuel channels.
FIG. 5 shows a typical cross-section of a corrugated plate arrangement for the heating channel groups wherein the corrugations of plates 62 and 67 extend in an opposite direction to the corrugations of plate 65 and 64, and plates 65 and 67 contain perforations. Together the plates define a metering channel 66 and fuel channels 68. FIG. 6 further depicts the cross section of FIG. 5 in an idealized arrangement for the perforated plates and imperforate plates to define the heating channel groups and reaction channels. The space between imperforate plates 62 and 64 define reaction channels 63. The space bordered by perforated plates 65 and 67 define metering channels 66. The spaces between imperforate plate 62 and perforated plate 65 and between imperforate plate 64 and perforated plate 67 define the fuel channels 68.
In general, the invention relies on relatively narrow channels to provide the efficient heat exchange across the plates. The corrugations maintain a varied channel width defined by the height of the corrugations. In general, the channel width should be less than one inch on average with an average width of less than � inch preferred. In the case of corrugations, the average channel width is most practically defined as the volume of the channels per the cross-sectional area parallel to the primary plane of the plates. By this definition corrugations with essentially straight sloping side walls will have an average width that equals half of the maximum width across the channels.
Varying the depth of the corrugations over the length of the corrugated plate provides another method of varying the catalyst loading along the length of the heating channels. In such an arrangement the corrugations can change from deep at one end to shallow at the opposite end. Preferably the plate continuously varies the corrugation depth over its length as opposed to using step changes. In either case stacking the plates on top of each other while reversing the location of the deep and shallow corrugations produces heating channels having a narrow channel width at one end and a relatively wide channels width at the opposite end. The stacking interleaves the heating channels with reaction channels having a reversed channel width configuration. The reversed configuration puts the narrow reaction channels opposite the wide heating channels and the narrow heating channels opposite the wide reaction channels. In this manner the heating channels can hold less catalyst at the inlet and more catalyst at the outlet. This type of arrangement also varies the catalytic activity in the reaction channels as well as the heating channels. The average width of the heating channels relative to the reaction channels may be further adjusted by the addition of intermediate plates to provide additional channels width where desired. It may also be advantageous to reduce the width of the corrugation on the perforated plates to define metering channels with a relatively smaller width than the reaction channels and the fuel channels.
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|Catalyst, method of making, and reactions using the catalyst
|Jul 27, 1998
|Nov 12, 2002
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Long life hydrocarbon conversion catalyst and method of making
|Jan 27, 2000
|May 6, 2003
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Catalyst structure and method of fischer-tropsch synthesis
|Jan 27, 2000
|Sep 9, 2003
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Method and apparatus for obtaining enhanced production rate of thermal chemical reactions
|Aug 15, 2002
|Sep 23, 2003
|Velocys, Inc.
|Process for cooling a product in a heat exchanger employing microchannels for the flow of refrigerant and product
|Jan 3, 2002
|Dec 9, 2003
|Battelle Memory Institute
|Catalyst structure and method of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
|Aug 16, 2000
|Jan 20, 2004
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Method for gas phase reactant catalytic reactions
|Jun 6, 2002
|Jul 13, 2004
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Catalyst, method of making, and reactions using the catalyst
|Aug 15, 2002
|Nov 29, 2005
|Velocys, Inc.
|Process for conducting an equilibrium limited chemical reaction in a single stage process channel
|Feb 14, 2002
|Nov 29, 2005
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Methods of conducting simultaneous exothermic and endothermic reactions
|Aug 8, 2003
|Feb 21, 2006
|Velocys, Inc.
|Process for cooling a product in a heat exchanger employing microchannels
|Aug 15, 2002
|Mar 21, 2006
|Velocys, Inc.
|Multi-stream microchannel device
|Sep 19, 2003
|May 16, 2006
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Catalyst structure and method of fischer-tropsch synthesis
|Jun 6, 2000
|Oct 24, 2006
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Microsystem process networks
|Aug 11, 2005
|Aug 14, 2007
|Velocys, Inc.
|Process for conducting an equilibrium limited chemical reaction in a single stage process channel
|Mar 11, 2003
|Nov 20, 2007
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Microchannel reactors with temperature control
|Oct 22, 2002
|Jul 29, 2008
|Catalysts, in microchannel apparatus, and reactions using same
|Dec 9, 2004
|Oct 7, 2008
|Fuelcell Energy, Inc.
|High performance internal reforming unit for high temperature fuel cells
|Aug 12, 2005
|Nov 11, 2008
|Man Dwe Gmbh
|Method and tube bundle reactor for carrying out endothermic and exothermic gas phase reactions
|May 17, 2004
|Dec 30, 2008
|In situ mixing in microchannels
|Apr 20, 2005
|Jan 13, 2009
|Precision Combustion, Inc.
|Stacked catalytic reactor
|Sep 30, 2005
|Mar 10, 2009
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Microchannel apparatus comprising plural microchannels and methods of conducting unit operations
|Jun 10, 2005
|Mar 17, 2009
|Fina Technology Inc.
|Method for reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides in steam generation
|Apr 7, 2008
|Jun 29, 2010
|Microchannel apparatus comprising structured walls, chemical processes, methods of making formaldehyde
|Aug 24, 2010
|Velocys, Inc.
|Multi-stream microchannel device
|Sep 21, 2005
|Sep 28, 2010
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Integrated reactors, methods of making same, and methods of conducting simultaneous exothermic and endothermic reactions
|Apr 26, 2011
|Integrated combustion reactors and methods of conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions
|Jan 24, 2012
|Velocys, Inc.
|Process for upgrading a carbonaceous material using microchannel process technology
|May 4, 2004
|Apr 17, 2012
|Meggitt (Uk) Ltd.
|Heat exchanger core
|Sep 27, 2010
|Oct 15, 2013
|Velocys, Inc.
|Integrated reactors, methods of making same, and methods of conducting simultaneous exothermic and endothermic reactions
|Dec 15, 2008
|Feb 11, 2014
|Velocys, Inc.
|In situ mixing in microchannels
|Oct 9, 2009
|Jun 10, 2014
|Velocys, Inc.
|Process and apparatus employing microchannel process technology
|Feb 11, 2004
|Jun 10, 2014
|Velocys, Inc.
|Process for conducting an equilibrium limited chemical reaction using microchannel technology
|Mar 9, 2010
|Sep 2, 2014
|Fuelcell Energy, Inc.
|Internally reforming fuel cell assembly with staged fuel flow and selective catalyst loading for improved temperature uniformity and efficiency
|Jun 28, 2010
|Mar 8, 2016
|Velocys, Inc.
|Microchannel apparatus comprising structured walls, chemical processes, methods of making formaldehyde
|Jun 6, 2002
|Jan 9, 2003
|Tonkovich Anna Lee Y.
|Catalyst, method of making, and reactions using the catalyst
|Sep 15, 2001
|Apr 10, 2003
|Shahrokh Etemad
|Stacked catalytic reactor
|Feb 14, 2002
|Apr 17, 2003
|Tonkovich Anna Lee
|Integrated reactors, methods of making same, and methods of conducting simultaneous exothermic and endothermic reactions
|Aug 15, 2002
|Feb 19, 2004
|Mathias James Allen
|Multi-stream microchannel device
|Aug 15, 2002
|Feb 19, 2004
|Tonkovich Anna Lee
|Process for conducting an equilibrium limited chemical reaction in a single stage process channel
|Aug 8, 2003
|Mar 25, 2004
|Mathias James A.
|Process for cooling a product in a heat exchanger employing microchannels
|Sep 19, 2003
|Apr 1, 2004
|Yong Wang
|Catalyst structure and method of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
|Oct 11, 2002
|Apr 15, 2004
|Scott Blanchet
|Fuel reformer
|Oct 22, 2002
|Apr 22, 2004
|Manzanec Terry J.
|Catalysts, in microchannel apparatus, and reactions using same
|Dec 17, 2003
|Sep 23, 2004
|Fina Technology, Inc.
|Method for reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides in steam generation
|Sep 12, 2002
|Dec 2, 2004
|Silversand Fredrik A
|Device and method for performing catalytic reactions in a plate heat exchanger
|Feb 11, 2004
|Aug 11, 2005
|Tonkovich Anna L.
|Process for conducting an equilibrium limited chemical reaction using microchannel technology
|Apr 20, 2005
|Sep 1, 2005
|Shahrokh Etemad
|Stacked catalytic reactor
|Jun 10, 2005
|Oct 13, 2005
|Fina Technology, Inc.
|Method for reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides in steam generation
|Feb 14, 2005
|Oct 27, 2005
|Oliver Marquardt
|Integrated reactor for the thermal coupling of reactions and method for controlling the temperature field in such a reactor
|Aug 11, 2005
|Jan 5, 2006
|Tonkovich Anna L
|Process for conducting an equilibrium limited chemical reaction in a single stage process channel
|Sep 26, 2005
|Feb 9, 2006
|Tonkovich Anna L Y
|Method and apparatus for obtaining enhanced production rate of thermal chemical reactions
|Aug 12, 2005
|Feb 23, 2006
|Manfred Lehr
|Method and tube bundle reactor for carrying out endothermic and exothermic gas phase reactions
|Sep 30, 2005
|Jun 1, 2006
|Wegeng Robert S
|Microsystem process networks
|Dec 9, 2004
|Jun 15, 2006
|Zhiwen Ma
|High performance internal reforming unit for high temperature fuel cells
|Dec 15, 2005
|Jul 6, 2006
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Multi-stream microchannel device
|Sep 21, 2005
|Jul 13, 2006
|Tonkovich Anna L
|Integrated reactors, methods of making same, and methods of conducting simultaneous exothermic and endothermic reactions
|May 4, 2004
|Nov 16, 2006
|Meggitt (Uk) Ltd.
|Heat exchanger core
|Jul 3, 2007
|Jan 31, 2008
|Tonkovich Anna L
|Integrated combustion reactors and methods of conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions
|Dec 15, 2008
|Aug 6, 2009
|Velocys Inc.
|In Situ Mixing in Microchannels
|Apr 7, 2008
|Oct 8, 2009
|Soumitra Deshmukh
|Microchannel Apparatus Comprising Structured Walls, Chemical Processes, Methods of Making Formaldehyde
|Apr 9, 2009
|Oct 15, 2009
|Simmons Wayne W
|Process for converting a carbonaceous material to methane, methanol and/or dimethyl ether using microchannel process technology
|Dec 3, 2009
|Simmons Wayne W
|Process for upgrading a carbonaceous material using microchannel process technology
|Apr 22, 2008
|Jul 15, 2010
|Xenophon Verykios
|Highly heat integrated reformer for hydrogen production
|Apr 22, 2008
|Jul 22, 2010
|Xenophon Verykios
|Highly heat integrated fuel processor for hydrogen production
|Mar 9, 2010
|Sep 9, 2010
|Zhiwen Ma
|Internally reforming fuel cell assembly with staged fuel flow and selective catalyst loading for improved temperature uniformity and efficiency
|Jun 28, 2010
|Oct 21, 2010
|Velocys Inc.
|Microchannel apparatus comprising structured walls, chemical processes, methods of making formaldehyde
|Jul 19, 2010
|Dec 2, 2010
|Velocys, Inc.
|Multi-Stream Microchannel Device
|Apr 14, 2011
|Silva Laura J
|Process for treating heavy oil
|Sep 27, 2010
|Sep 29, 2011
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Integrated reactors, methods of making same, and methods of conducting simultaneous exothermic and endothermic reactions
|Sep 12, 2002
|Mar 27, 2003
|Catator Ab
|Device and method for performing catalytic reactions in a plate heat exchanger
|Apr 22, 2008
|Dec 4, 2008
|Helbio S.A. Hydrogen And Energy Production Systems
|Highly heat integrated reformer for hydrogen production
|U.S. Classification
|422/198, 422/236, 423/659, 422/655
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 19, 2001
Owner name: UOP LLC, ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SECHRIST, PAUL A.;REEL/FRAME:011409/0714
Effective date: 19980818
|Feb 14, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 29, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 25, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Take a sneak peek at the new NIST.gov and let us know what you think!
(Please note: some content may not be complete on the beta site.).
NIST Authors in Bold
|Kamran Sayrafian; Hamid Mahboubi; Jalal Habibi; Amir Aghdam;
|Distributed Coverage Optimization in a Network of Static and Mobile Sensors
|June 17, 2013
|This paper proposes efficient schemes to increase sensing coverage in a network composed of both mobile and static sensors. The proposed deployment techniques properly assign a virtual weight to every point in the sensing field, based on the information received from the other sensors regarding their sensing radii, and the location of the static ones. The multiplicatively weighted Voronoi (MW-Voronoi) diagram is used to discover the coverage holes corresponding to different mobile sensors with different sensing ranges. According to the proposed strategies, the mobile sensors move out of the area covered by static sensors, to a point from where it can cover the coverage holes of the static sensors. As a result, under the proposed strategies coverage holes in the network are reduced. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategies developed in this paper.
|The 2013 American Control Conference
|Washington D.C., DC
|June 17-19, 2013
|Research Areas:
|Health IT, Information Technology, Sensors, Wireless
|PDF version:
|Click here to retrieve PDF version of paper (282KB)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fact: when we toured the hospital where I was supposed to deliver Harper (it turned out to be booked the day I went into labor so we high tailed it to another hospital), I really wanted to know if Bravo was a part of their cable package. I couldn't … [Read more...]
Where to Find Replacement Pads for a Shu Uemura Eyelash Curler
If you have the iconic Shu lash curler (and by now you should), then you probably know that they don't offer replacement pads for it. I know this because once a year I go hunting everywhere for something that fits its unique design and size and … [Read more...]
I Still Love CoverGirl LashBlast Fusion
Still using it, still loving it. I'm asked above all else which mascara I use, partly because of my long Latisse lashes, but also because of how well I can layer CoverGirl's LashBlast Fusion mascara to build a really full, clump-free lash that … [Read more...]
Anastasia Lash Genius Waterproof Topcoat for Your Lashes
Anastasia has one of the most innovative, best ideas around with Lash Genius. It's a clear waterproofing topcoat to use over any mascara. Since waterproof mascara is so hard to remove, most women don't use it daily but would like their formula to … [Read more...]
Scandal Queen FAIRYDROPS Mascara
A client last week was so excited about this mascara that she couldn't wait to show me her gorgeous red and rose gold tube. It's called FAIRYDROPS mascara by Scandal Queen $24 and now I'm dying to try it. She loved how it grabbed onto each and every … [Read more...]
How to Get Huge Lashes
If you see me out somewhere I'm probably wearing no less than 7 coats of mascara. You'd never know it because my lashes are never thick or clumpy, just long and defined and I know it's due to the formula I've been buying pretty consistently now for … [Read more...]
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text:
Theatrical Museum of Greece
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Museum and Study Centre of the Greek Theatre is a museum in Athens, Greece. It was founded by the historian of the Greek Theatre, Yiannis Sideris in 1938.
Coordinates: 37°58′54″N 23°44′04″E / 37.98167°N 23.73444°E
|This article related to a museum in Greece is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
By Nick Patterson Herald Writer
The first day of the NHL draft came and went without any Everett Silvertips being selected, as expected.
The first round took place Friday in Los Angeles. Everett has three players who are likely to be selected in this year's draft — goaltender Kent Simpson and defensemen Alex Theriau and Radko Gudas — but none were ranked as potential first rounders.
Rounds 2 through 7 take place today. Simpson, Theriau and Gudas are expected to be picked somewhere in the mid-rounds.
A total of seven WHL players were selected in the first round. Everett's U.S. Division rival Portland had the first two WHLers selected as center Ryan Johansen was picked fourth overall by the Columbus Blue Jackets and left wing Nino Niederreiter was taken fifth overall by the New York Islanders.
Left wing Taylor Hall, the two-time Memorial Cup Most Valuable Player for the Ontario Hockey League's Windsor Spitfires, was the first overall pick by the Edmonton Oilers.
Nick Patterson's Silvertips blog: http://www.heraldnet.com/silvertipsblog


text:
Disclaimer: Yes, I've searched the archives but I'm a new WordPress user, and it was all Greek to me!
I am using wordpress for a book blog and I'd like to put my amazon referral links into my posts. When I do it with the code amazon provides, the navigation on the right side of my page, and any content (including the comments links, and the WordPress info at the bottom of the page) after I paste the Amazon code in, disappears!
If there is a link to this that explains for new users how to do this, I'd greatly appreciate it, but in searching the site and looking for it, I wasn't able to find the specific instructions I need on how to embed my referral links. (I confess to not knowing how to use plugins, so I was hoping to just be able to use the code Amazon provides...)
Thanks in advance,


text:
Hi guys (esmi!)
I seem to have created a problem with the layout on a page of mine. It has small unorderd lists within a bigger list....
Now the page displays fine, but it gets a bit of traffic so I like to update it from time to time, but when I open it in wordpress (in either view) the list has lots of extra code inserted <ol/>'s usually.
I understand not to switch between editors but this seems to be a problem from the start.
anyone know what I've done wrong in my code and how I can make it stable?
Many thanks!


text:
Popular terms
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This page is updated frequently with new Clamping Device-related patent applications.
Clamping Device topics: Clamping Device, Ratcheting Mechanism, Biodegradable, Water Pipe, Wastewater, Clamping System, Clamping Mechanism, Fastening Device, A Fastening Device, Longitudinal Axis, Longitudinal Direction, Cross Section
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This listing is a sample listing of patent applications related to Clamping Device for is only meant as a recent sample of applications filed, not a comprehensive history. There may be associated servicemarks and trademarks related to these patents. Please check with patent attorney if you need further assistance or plan to use for business purposes. This patent data is also published to the public by the USPTO and available for free on their website. Note that there may be alternative spellings for Clamping Device with additional patents listed. Browse our RSS directory or Search for other possible listings.


text: As we get closer to the First annual Salt Shakerz Invitational (June 25, 26 in NYC — (get more info at laxoften.com) the Shakerz want to give LAS readers a continuing taste of what to expect at the tourney by highlighting the different teams that will be coming to the tournament. This week we're focusing on the Machine. The Shakerz are very excited and grateful that they will be making the trip to NYC. Primarily a Masters Level team, the Machine, who were previously known as the "Black and Gold Machine" and the "Big Red Machine", is excited to extend its reach onto Randall's Island this summer for the 2011 SSZ Invitational!


text:
Arundhati Bhattacharya, Vinod Rai, KV Kamath among potential successors to Raghuram Rajan
Among the long list of former bureaucrats said to be in the running are recently retired finance secretaries Ratan Wattal and Sumit Bose.
KV Kamath says NPA worries over-blown, resolution in short-term
Veteran banker and president of the BRICS-promoted New Development Bank KV Ka...
Infosys to source 100% power from renewables by 2018: Ramadas Kamath
"The Paris accord was an important milestone for the global community. I...
India will post double digit growth despite bottlenecks: KV Kamath
"India is one of outlier in what is happening around the world. In economic context we are stable. We have both the deficits under control."
Our internal growth target is 10%-12%: Ullas Kamath, Jyothy Laboratories
It will be better than what it used to be and now that rainfall is more than normal, in the coming quarters we will be able to do much better than the industry.
No shareholding restrictions on BRICS Bank loans: KV Kamath
Kamath said the requirements for the infrastructure sector in India and several other emerging markets were huge in the range of $1-2 trillion.
Looking forward to serve BRICS nations: KV Kamath
Seasoned banker KV Kamath today thanked the Modi government for appointing him as the first president of New Development Bank.
New Development Bank's first loan will be in Chinese currency:KV Kamath
The NDB will have an initial authorised capital of $100 billion and initial subscribed capital of $50 billion equally shared among the five founders.
Not here to compete with IMF, World Bank: NDB chief KV Kamath
Kamath denied the NDB was being propped by Russia or China, saying all member nations had equal say in the functioning of the bank.
KV Thomas gets third term as PAC Chairman
The senior leader, representing the Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency was first nominated in August 2014 as Chairman of the PAC, one of the most important finance committees in the Parliament. He was renominated for another term last year.
CAG report on the AgustaWestland to be examined: PAC Chairman KV Thomas
In the first meeting of the newly-constituted PAC, a strong demand was made by members of BJP to take up the CAG report on the VVIP chopper deal.
Henkel, if at all, will come in as strategic investor: Ullas Kamath, Jyothy Labs
Window has been kept open till March 2017 for Henkel to exercise option for 26% in Jyothi Labs
BRICS-promoted bank to start operations by April, says KV Kamath
Kamath will be taking over the mantle of the multilateral development institution next month in Shanghai, where it is headquartered.
ICICI Bank names MK Sharma to succeed KV Kamath as Chairman
MK Sharma, a former vice chairman of Hindustan Unilever, was an independent director on the ICICI Bank board from 2003 to 2011.
KV Kamath to take charge of BRICS Bank next month
Kamath, 67, will have a five-year term at the institution, which is likely to be operationalised within one year.
KV Kamath appointed as the chief of BRICS Bank; tenure likely to be of five years
India is looking to tap it to meet its large infrastructure financing requirement and has been an active supporter of the new entity.
KV Kamath set to step down, Infosys starts hunt for next chairman
The hunt for K V Kamath's successor will mark one of the biggest leadership transitions in the history of the 34-year-old company.
Government will have to be a key player in infrastructure development: KV Kamath
'Less than a 200 basis points cut is really not going to move the needle in terms of getting the consumer to spend again.'
When we lowered prices, I got threatening calls from brokers, says Nithin Kamath, Zerodha
Zerodha is an online broking firm that formed its strong base in the initial phase, giving tough competition to its rivals and brokers.
Can IDFC's Rajiv Lall be the next KV Kamath?
In the 1990s, KV Kamath gave a new face to a lumbering term-lending institution. Can Rajiv Lall work the same magic on IDFC in an era of cut-throat competition?
KV Kamath reduces stake in ICICI Bank, sells more than half his holding
The shares were sold in four transactions in June and November last year, according to ICICI Bank's annual report for 2014-15.
KV Kamath relinquishes ICICI Bank post, gets set for job as BRICS head
The bank has appointed MK Sharma as the non-executive, part-time chairman, post RBI approval. Sharma's appointment is for three years.
Budget 2015 puts emphasis on long-term planning: KV Kamath
"The overall themes are a commitment to fiscal discipline, measures to facilitate ease of doing business and, thereby, job creation, and a determined approach to simplify taxation."
KV Kamath's successor likely in 2-3 weeks, Infosys may name R Seshasayee as interim Chairman
Process of evaluating candidates for position of non-executive chairman is still at an early stage, but a successor is expected to be finalised soon.
KV Kamath steps down from Infosys, R Seshasayee appointed non-executive chairman
Seshasayee is currently a member of Infosys' nominations committee that also includes Lehman, Mazumdar-Shaw and Carol M Browner.
KV Kamath showers fulsome praise on Modi government for 1st-year reforms
Kamath said that lower inflation and moderating commodity prices also paved the way for policies to become more supportive of the growth.
Power Grid operationalises 1,200 kV test station at Bina
Power Grid Chairman and Managing Director I S Jha inaugurated the commencement of power flow through 1200kV NTS established at Bina, Madhya Pradesh by the company.
Expect NPAs to come down post June quarter: KV Brahmaji Rao, PNB
In an exclusive chat with ET Now, KV Brahmaji Rao, Executive Director, PNB, said the bank aims to recover Rs 5,000 crore in near term.
BRICS Bank's newly-appointed presient KV Kamath to quit current posts shortly
Seasoned banker Kamath, who has been chosen to be the first head of the BRICS Bank or NDB, said, "I am honoured and humbled, I look forward to nomination of BRICS Bank."
KV Kamath to resign from various boards and join BRICS Bank in next 10 days: Finance Secretary
Kamath will largely operate from China in his new role at Shanghai-based BRICS Bank, taking him back to one of his favourite countries.
Industry wrong in criticising Modi government for its woes, says KV Kamath, chairman, ICICI Bank
Any other reason that they come up with are imaginary, he added. "There is no policy paralysis," Kamath told ET in an interview. "I can say this explicitly."
AgustaWestland: PAC has not taken any decision , says KV Thomas
"Only after the Committee meets, decision would be taken on what all subjects should be examined by PAC in the Financial Year 2016-17," he said.
Most NPAs will turn productive in the short run: K V Kamath, BRICS Bank
China's NPAs used to be 50% of its GDP and it has been cleaned up. In India, it is less than 10% and nothing to get worried about.
New RBI bank norms a positive: KV Kamath, ICICI Bank
'Going back to 2007-2008, these norms were part of the Raghuram Rajan Committee on financial sector reforms,' says Kamath.
No breakdown of governance at Infosys: KV Kamath
Kamath said the board will evaluate the performance of the newly elected presidents as it prepares to identify CEO SD Shibulal's successor.
Narayana Murthy epitomises highest standards of corporate governance: KV Kamath, Infosys
It epitomises the highest standard of corporate governance with no conflict and allowing the baby of to be conceived, looked after, nurtured and led to grow.
First BRICS bank loan to India likely for solar project: Kamath
Kamath, 68, said the bank is also looking for water projects and thereafter road projects to fund. The bank will release the first set of loans by April this year.
BRICS Bank to begin funding of projects from April: Kamath
The bank was expected to finalise 10 to 15 projects during this financial year, he said. "We will do a full plate of projects in the next 9 to 10 months of this year," he said.
Tata Group betting big on Singapore: ASEAN resident director, KV Rao
Singapore with its proximity, the attractive international headquarter programme that offers better tax incentives, makes for the perfect hub.
KV Kamath welcomes Infosys' CEO designate Vishal Sikka
Sikka, who will also be the company's MD, quit SAP in May. He comes in at a time when Infosys has had four straight years of narrowing margins.
Sonia Gandhi condoles the death of former Army Chief KV Krishna Rao
He was "a brave son of India who played an exemplary role during the 1971 Bangladesh War and always led by example," Gandhi said.
Confidence level of industry improving: KV Kamath, ICICI Bank
"It is the collective wisdom of the marketplace that there is action and we will move with speed. That improves the confidence level of industry."
Gujarat development model worth replicating: KV Kamath
ICICI Bank chairman KV Kamath said that the development model implemented by the Gujarat Chief Minister was something the whole country could be proud of.
Look beyond textbooks to undo the damage: KV Kamath
Textbooks were written when you did not have to deal on a real-time basis with several markets. So it is time to push them to the back of the table.
India well equipped to tackle any QE tapering by Fed: KV Kamath, Infosys
We are not an over-leveraged country. So the impact of QE2 on us is indirect in a way, says KV Kamath.
Corporate governance should go beyond form filling: KV Kamath
Companies should make corporate governance a part of their internal process where it does not remain a mere form filling or box ticking exercise.
As founders step aside, chairman-designate KV Kamath gets hands-on at Infosys
"He has also been involved in account reviews and met with the HR and talent supply teams to understand key concerns", says another source.
Black money has been going out & coming back: KV Chowdary, CVC
In an interview with ET, KV Chowdary explains how the ill-gotten wealth seeks out attractive returns, including avenues back home.
KV Kamath on observations, conversations and ideas that have shaped his decisions
"Something happens to economies when they go beyond a per capita level of 500 dollars to 1,000 dollars. People's aspirations change."


text:
Entertainment Photos
Football fans party it up in Tailgate Town at Frisco's Toyota Stadium
Photo: Brad Loper/Staff Photographer
A North Dakota State Bison Championshop flag flies over the fans waiting for the team to march throughTailgate Town at NCAA Division I Football National Championship against the Towson Tigers at Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas on Saturday, January 4, 2014.
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text:
Why you may not need locksmiths in Stockport & how to fit door locks yourself
Today's game is about how to source and fit door locks yourself, be sure to check back soon for full annotated images and the step-by-step guide of how door locks can be fitted with relative ease.
Changing your door locks need not be an expensive operation, people commonly think that they need to enlist the help of a professional locksmith service, Back before I learned how to do it I would regularly get the locksmiths in Stockport to help out with my Lock replacement and maintenance jobs that would come up from time to time. While locks themselves can be quite expensive depending on the quality and the security level that you require, the actual fitting of them is very easy to carry out.
How I learned I didn't need a locksmith and did it myself
I've lived in a number of areas in the United Kingdom given my lifetime, as such I've used a wide range of locksmith services including locksmiths in Northampton and when I was locked out of my car I have also hired any auto locksmiths. The truth is, there are really only two screws that you need to listen in order for your luck to come free from your door. This of course can be different when it comes to old-fashioned locks, but the majority of houses these days have new style locks that can be taken out very quickly and very cheaply.
After watching the above video, you really can see just how easy it is to change a standard luck. Replacing your locks whether they are broken or simply damaged, it's just as easy as removing them it Is simply a case of repeating the above operation in reverse. Car locksmiths Stockport and Manchester which I have direct experience of using, provide a slightly different service, I would not recommend changing your car locked yourself. Auto locksmith in car locksmiths do indeed provide a valuable service, this is partially because many security systems these days are electronic and rely on specific codes to be activated within cars this can be a tricky operation if you don't know what you're doing.
How to fit an electric curtain track
This guide will hopefully provide you with the resources on how you can fit your own both electric and non-electric curtain tracks. Just as you don't always need a locksmith to change your locks, you don't need a painter and decorator or perhaps a handyman to fit your own curtain rails and curtains tracks.
The hardest part of the entire operation is actually fitting the curtain rail holders into your wall, it is common practice to first drill a hole using an electronic drill and then putting in plastic brackets that will support the screws that follow. The good thing about electric curtain track systems is that they are generally very light, this is even more true for standard curtain rails which generally tend to be made of lightweight aluminum materials.
How you can fit and electric curtain track yourself
Have a look at the above video, hopefully it will show you exactly how to complete this operation yourself, I give this particular task a girl myself last week and I have to say it will get pretty well. Don't forget that part of the task is to hang your own curtains as well, I bought swish curtains which work very well with my lightweight curtain rails. If you are using heavy curtains then you may need to purchase it perhaps a reinforced curtain rail or track because standard ones may not be up to the task.


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There were 75 bookings at the San Joaquin County Jail in the 24 hours ending at 8 a.m. Friday. At that time, there were 1,431 people held at the jail, which has an official capacity of 1,411. When the jail is full, some inmates may be released early.
Weapons arrest: Officers were flagged down about 9:15 p.m. Thursday on a report of a disturbance near Pacific Avenue and Knoles Way. A boy was arrested after officers found he was in possession of a loaded handgun. The boy's name was not released because he is a minor.
Weapons arrest: Police conducted a traffic stop for a Vehicle Code violation shortly after 10:45 p.m. Thursday in the 1000 block of North Wilson Way. The driver, 23-year-old Kevin Brasley, was arrested on suspicion of numerous gun possession crimes after officers found a loaded handgun in the car, police said.
Weapons arrest: Officers conducted a traffic stop about 7:10 p.m. Thursday near East Bianchi Road and Calandria Street. The vehicle was towed after officers determined the driver, 24-year-old Latrice Knight, was not licensed to drive. A loaded handgun was found when authorities searched the vehicle. Knight was arrested on suspicion of gun possession.
The California Highway Patrol responded to 13 noninjury accidents and one injury accident in the 24 hours ending at 8 a.m. Friday.
The Stockton Fire Department responded to 95 calls for service in the 24 hours ending at 8 a.m. Friday, including five vehicle accidents, 68 medical calls and two structure fires.
Location, ST | website.com


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Definition of burnet saxifrage in English:
burnet saxifrage
A slender white-flowered European plant of the parsley family.
- Pimpinella saxifraga, family Umbelliferae.
Example sentences
- At the southern end of the field, as the slope increases, herb species increase with meadow vetchling, betony and burnet saxifrage present.
- On small outcrops of nutrient-rich basalt, one can find endemic basalt musky saxifrage (Saxifraga moschata basaltica) and rock burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga rupestris), the relic alpine saxifrage, and other rare species, including alpine woodsia, rose root, and least willow.
- The Burnet Saxifrage, sometimes cultivated for kitchen use, is neither a Burnet nor a Saxifrage.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: bur¦net saxi|frage
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- Report: #337377
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Citibank, N.A.
Citibank, N.A.4050 Regent Blvd, MS N2A-215 Irving, Texas U.S.A.
CitibankCitibank, N.A. Citibank HELOC Cap SCAM Irving Texas
*Consumer Comment: HELOC...
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The letter starts out with the first lie, "Citibank, N.A. is committed to each of its mortgage customers and to helping each of our homeowners with their financing needs."
Citibank froze the HELOC of all customers based on and arbitrary computer model that showed their home had dropped below some value which they would not share with me.
HERE IS THE RUB: If you want them to reconsider the freeze on your account, and POSSIBLY have them reinstate your LOC, you have to hire their exclusive appraiser (LSI) at your cost.
When you call LSI (866-612-9276), you will learn that appraisals are provided on the following schedule:
* Below $500,000 => $350
* up to $1,500,000 => $550
* $1.5M to $3M => $750
* Above that you will be quotes a price
LSI will only schedule an appraisal after you pre-pay via credit card over the phone.
Now I can only imagine that Citibank gets a handsome kickback from LSI in exchange for being the exclusive appraiser....HOW DO YOU SPELL "SCAM"?
SO...Let's say you pay for this SCAM appraisal....Citibank underwriting will not even tell you what Loan to value (LTV) ratio they will give you. For example, if your appraisal comes back at $2M, you have no idea if they will give you up to $1.3M (or 65% LTV) or $1.4M (70% LTV). It is a complete crap shoot at the whim of some bean counter that couldn't figure out how to get it right the first time.
I am so completely disgusted with Citibank that without any regard for their "customers" decides to freeze accounts and potentially screw up the credit of tens of thousands of families. Unlike so many others, I am lucky I didn't bounce any checks or that I am not in the middle of a construction project.
Shark byte
Santa Monica, California
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 06/05/2008 10:15 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Citibank-NA/Irving-Texas-75063/CitibankCitibank-NA-Citibank-HELOC-Cap-SCAM-Irving-Texas-337377. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report.
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#1 Consumer Comment
AUTHOR: Robert - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Thursday, June 05, 2008POSTED: Thursday, June 05, 2008
While it seems unfair, the costs you quoted is within the normal range of costs to get an appraisal, and does not appear to be a RipOff
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Northshore Boat-N-Fishing Show
Friday, Mar. 18 Sunday, Mar. 20, 2016
3-8 Fri, 10-8 Sat, 11-4 Sun at Northshore Harbor Center, Slidell
100 Harbor Center Blvd.
Slidell, LA 70461
Local Phone:
(985) 641-4825
The 5th annual Northshore Boat-N-Fishing Show at the Northshore Harbor Center in Slidell includes boat and outdoor gear exhibitors, kids' activities, lectures with professional fishing guides and marina owners, door prizes and family fun.
Presented by Lakeshore Marina & Yacht Harbor and Marsh & Bayou Magazine, the Northshore Boat-N-Fishing Show opens on Friday, March 18, from 3 p.m. until 8 p.m.; Saturday, March 19, from 10 a.m. until 8 p.m.; and on Sunday, March 20, from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. General admission is $10 with plenty of free parking. Coupons and information can be found at http://www.boat-n-fishing.com/
Seminars will be held throughout the show, and everyone can learn tips on fishing, kayaking, cooking, boat maintenance and other topics that can enhance their outdoor experience.
Redfish anglers will have the opportunity to enter the Louisiana Saltwater Series' redfish tournament. Tournament director Sam Barbera recently announced that this will be the first time that the series has allowed a "trailer to your launch" tournament. All teams will have a boat check very early on Saturday morning, and then they can drive and launch to any location and have to be back to the parking lot by 3 p.m.
The weigh-in will be live, on stage as part of the show. After teams have weighed in their fish, they will be available for show attendees to talk to and maybe pick up a tip or two. For entry information, go to the website, http://www.lasaltwaterseries.com/
The event features the second "Rice and Spice Jambalaya cook off", sponsored by Pontchartrain Ace Hardware, in cooperation with Toyota of Slidell. The winning team will carry home a first place trophy, along with a Cajun Classic 20-gallon cooking pot setup, valued at $500.
All teams will be judged by experienced cooking judges, as well as judged by attendees on Saturday afternoon in the "Peoples Choice." This means that everyone attending the show on Saturday from noon until the jambalaya runs out will have an opportunity to sample all of the entries and vote on their favorite team.
Teams can register at Pontchartrain Ace, located at 13320 Pontchartrain Drive in Slidell. An entry fee is $50 per team. Contact Mike Siebenkittel at Ace, 985.643.4672 to enter.
Northshore Harbor Center
I-10 East from New Orleans Exit #261 - Oak Harbor Blvd - South 3 miles
3-8pm Fri, 10am-8pm Sat, 11am-4pm Sun
No. years event has taken place:
submit event
site map
1-800-634-9443 St. Tammany Parish Tourist & Convention Commission


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Urgent high quality communications from across the chemical sciences.
Impact Factor 6.567 100 Issues per Year Indexed in Medline
A silver-containing
Corresponding authors
Ecoglass Research Group, Division for Green Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Kansai, Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan.
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Chem. Commun., 2001, 2090-2091
Received 11 Jul 2001, Accepted 03 Sep 2001
First published online 01 Oct 2001
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FEB 04, 2013 - Mashable
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Ready to take your career to the next level? If so, you're in the right place -- our Dream Job series explores what recruiters at awesome startups are looking for in candidates. Check out previous stories to learn how to score a gig at Birchbox or Klout.
Today, we're going to talk about Fab, the ecommerce site with a special focus on design. The company famously pivoted from Fabulis, a gay social network, to a flash sales site for design-driven products. Now, the site is less focused on the steep discounts that once drew visitors but remains a design haven for its customers -- 65% are return
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Native peoples of Mexico and Central and South America have used hot peppers for at least 9,000 years, while those living in the present United States started cultivating them at least 5,000 years ago. But until Christopher Columbus returned from the New World in 1493 bearing chiles, Europeans had never felt
Today, cayenne and its relatives are believed to be the most widely consumed spice in the world. More than 2 million acres are devoted to pepper production, and more than 25 percent of the world's population consume peppers every day.
What is cayenne?
At least 1,700 varieties of peppers have been identified. All belong to the genus Capsicum of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), whose many members also include tomatoes, eggplants, and potatoes. Bell peppers, pimento, paprika, and cayenne peppers all belong to C. annuum, one of the most diverse cultivated plant species and the source of most peppers grown commercially and in home gardens. Tabasco peppers, grown commercially in the Gulf states and New Mexico, are a different species, C. frutescens. Other domesticated species include C. chinense, (from the Amazon region, not China) and C. pubescens and C. baccatum, from the Andes.
Cayenne belongs to C. annuum var. annuum Longum group. The fruits of the Longum group typically are long, narrow, tapering, and pendent. Up to a foot long and as wide as 13/4 inches at the top, cayenne contains up to 1.5 percent pungent principles composed mainly of capsaicin. In reference to its pungency, the word "cayenne" is derived from a Greek word meaning "to bite."
Early years in the Old World
Europeans found Columbus's new "pepper" more pungent than the sought-after black pepper (Piper nigrum) for which he had set sail in 1492. Cayenne soon traveled to Asia in the hands of Portuguese traders. It was cultivated in India, then reintroduced to Germany by the 1540s. The first botanical illustration and description of cayenne appeared in 1542 in Leonhart Fuchs's herbal, Historia Stirpium (see "An Herbal's Renaissance," June/July 1999).
Half a century later, "ginnie" (Guinea) peppers were being widely grown in Europe as a seasoning, which, according to the English herbalist John Gerard, "warmeth the stomacke, and helpeth greatly, the digestion of meates."
Medicinal Use
Cayenne's history as a healing herb is a long one. The ancient Mayans used it to treat sore gums. In addition to using it as a digestive aid, Europeans adopted it as a topical counterirritant and gargle. Samuel Thomson (1769–1843), a self-styled physician whose Thomsonian system of herbal medicine advocated heroic purges as the key to health, promoted cayenne's ability to restore digestive powers. "A teaspoonful of Cayenne may be taken in a tumbler of cider and is much better than ardent spirits," he wrote. "There is scarce any preparation of medicine that I make use of, in which I do not put some of this article." As more effective drugs were developed over the next century, the use of cayenne in medicine fell out of favor, but it was again vigorously promoted in the 1970s by the herbal practitioner John Christopher, author of School of Natural Healing. Herbalists' claims that cayenne aids digestion, strengthens the heart and nervous system, and improves peripheral circulation have not been scientifically verified, however. Consequently, in Germany, which has the most stringent regulatory system for herbal medicine, cayenne may not be sold to treat these conditions.
Inside Cayenne
Red peppers are rich sources of antioxidants including vitamins C and E as well as the yellow to red pigments called carotenoids.
Antioxidants are believed to enhance health by neutralizing free radicals, unstable molecular fragments formed in cells during the body's normal metabolic activities. Free radicals can damage cell membranes and disturb metabolic pathways. Consumption of carotenoids in food has been associated with a reduction in the risk of contracting certain cancers by increasing the activity of specialized cells that destroy foreign substances entering the body. Carotenoids may also help reduce problems associated with age-related diseases.
In 1937, the Hungarian-born scientist Albert Szent-Gyîrgyi won the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for the first extraction of vitamin C—from peppers, one of the vitamin's richest vegetable sources. Although fresh peppers may contain as much as 340 mg/100 g, processing, drying, and storage reduce the amount. (The vitamin E content of fresh red peppers is moderate compared with that of other vegetables.)
Cayenne's Bite
Cayenne contains capsaicin, the substance that makes your eyes water and your nose run when you take a mouthful of food containing it. Paradoxically, pure capsaicin and its analogs are ingredients of topical creams used to relieve pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, arthritis, and shingles. It is also under study as a topical treatment for psoriasis, vitiligo, intractable itching, phantom pain syndrome, postsurgical pain, and sciatica. Although a single application of a capsaicin cream itself causes pain, repeated applications over several weeks result in densensitization of the painful area.
Consult your physician to learn which form and dosage may be appropriate for your condition. Do not substitute powdered red peppers of any sort for commercial products containing capsaicin as you have no way of knowing how much capsaicin you are receiving.
The Flame Factor
The hotness of peppers depends on its capsaicin content. At the turn of the century, Wilbur L. Scoville, a Detroit pharmacist, developed a method for quantifying a pepper's pungency, relying on a panel of five experienced human taste testers to agree on the heat (measured in Scoville units) of an alcoholic extract of the ground fruit. Habaneros contain 100,000 to 300,000 units; cayennes, 30,000 to 50,000; jalapeños, 2,500 to 5,000; and paprika and bell peppers, 0.
Pure capsaicin, rated at 15 million Scoville units, has to be evaluated in diluted form, as it is far too hot for the human tongue to tolerate. Today, high-pressure liquid chromatography has largely replaced human testers, whose sensitivity to capsaicin becomes dulled after a while (see "Cayenne's bite," above). The assay measures capsaicin in parts per million. One part per million of capsaicin equals 15 Scoville units or 1 ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) pungency unit.
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Tractor-trailer overturns on Route 103Staff Report | December 03,2012Kevin O'Connor / Staff Photo
Chester police closed a portion of Route 103 Monday morning so workers could remove a tractor-trailer that overturned in the westbound lane. Police are investigating the accident and say they'll issue more details later in the day.MORE IN This Just InPolice said a Rutland man knocked out another mans teeth. Full StoryWEST PAWLET Pancake-breakfast fundraiser season will kick off Sept. 11. Full StoryOmya is hosting an educational tour at a Middlebury quarry.
Scheduled 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Full Story
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Hey everybody,
I'd like to change something in the featured post slider in the showcase template of the twentyeleven theme. If a featured post has no featured image, the first lines of the post are displayed in the slider, followed by a regular text-link "Continue reading".
If the post has a small image though, both the image and the text snippet appear. Now the "continue reading" link is moved to a dark box in the bottom left corner of the featured post slider. How can I have just a regular text-link at the end of the post snippet also in this case?
Btw: I'm using a child-theme.
Your help would be much apprechiated! Thanks,


text:
I recently spotted that this has been happening for some months now, so predates the move to 3.4 although it's definitely not fixed with the new release.
Every image I'm adding to WordPress is creating additional, unwanted copies which appear in my media library. Even if I re-use an image that's already *in* the library, another copy is made and attached to the new blog post. At a quick glance, I have around 50+ copies of one image in particular (a little film strip logo I use for movie reviews).
I've tried erasing the new ones, but unless I then go to the post and manually change it to point at the original I end up with a broken link to the image.
Why is this happening, and more importantly, can I stop it?


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SAN JOSE (AP) - The mother of a California teenager who stowed away on a flight to Hawaii told Voice of America that her son had recently learned that she was alive after being told by his father she had died.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - While much of California remains in the grips of extreme drought, spring storms have eased pressure slightly and reduced the number of rural communities considered at risk of running dry.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department used a camera-laden surveillance plane to observe the city of Compton during a test program two years ago that wasn't revealed to city leaders or residents, according to a report.
ANAHEIM (AP) - Eleven elementary school students and their driver were injured when a school bus jumped a curb Thursday and rammed into trees in Southern California, authorities said.
HAYWARD (AP) - A 100-year-old Hayward woman has received her high school diploma some eight decades after she dropped out.
• MAN'S BODY FOUND IN SONOMA COUNTY LANDFILL: PETALUMA (AP) - Sonoma County authorities say a body has been found in a Petaluma landfill.
SACRAMENTO (AP) - State senators participated in a two-hour ethics training session Wednesday, the fallout from a series of legal cases involving Democratic lawmakers this year that have damaged the Legislature's image.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Two former Los Angeles County sheriff's deputies were charged with planting guns at a medical marijuana dispensary, resulting in the arrest of a man who was sentenced to six months in jail, authorities announced Wednesday.
MOUNTAIN VIEW (AP) - Trips down memory lane are now available on Google's digital maps.
SACRAMENTO (AP) - Nearly 20 years after California became the first state to ban the use of race and ethnicity in college admissions, a proposal to reinstate affirmative action has sparked a backlash that is forging a new divide in the state's powerful Democratic Party and creating opportunity for conservatives.
OAKLAND (AP) - To cope with drought conditions, the East Bay Municipal Utility District will begin diverting water from the Sacramento River for the first time ever.
SAN JOSE (AP) - Long flights can leave anyone a little unsteady, but a teenager who defied the odds, surviving a flight from California to Hawaii tucked in a jetliner's wheel well, was disoriented, thirsty and could barely walk after the freezing, low-pressure ordeal, airport officials said Wednesday.
SANTA CRUZ (AP) - Santa Cruz is imposing water rationing for residential customers in an effort to reduce consumption by 25 percent because of California's drought.
SAN FRANC ISCO (AP) - The first images of the newly discovered wreckage of a steamship that sank in San Francisco Bay in 1888, killing 16 people, were released Wednesday by federal ocean scientists.
WESTMINSTER (AP) - Authorities say a man found dead at an Orange County home that was tented for fumigation did not live there.
Page 253 of 641
SACRAMENTO (AP) - Frustrated by the rising cost of prescription drugs, California health advocates hope sunlight and a dose of shame will discourage drugmakers from raising ...
SACRAMENTO (AP) - A for-profit company that operates online charter schools in California has reached a $168.5 million settlement with the state over claims it ...
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - Donald Trump has promised to liven up this year's Republican National Convention. But some of America's biggest corporations are bailing ...
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - San Francisco, say goodbye to those squeaky, Styrofoam-like coffee cups that have long been a staple of picnic outings.
NEW YORK (AP) - Joey "Jaws" Chestnut beat his own record in regaining the Mustard Yellow International Belt on Monday, downing a stomach-churning 70 hot dogs ...
OAKLAND (AP) - It's known as Mary Jane, ganja, Chronic and even the sticky icky and has been featured in countless movies, including one that ...
FULLERTON (AP) - One man was killed and another was wounded after California Highway Patrol officers say they opened fire after a motorist they were following ...
FREMONT (AP) - Tesla Motors shipped fewer autos to customers in the past three months, making it unlikely to meet prior expectations for delivering 80,000 ...
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