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Women in Africa
Women in Africa are women who were born in, who live in, and are from the continent of Africa. The culture, evolution and history of African women is related to the evolution and history of the African continent itself.
Numerous short studies have appeared for women's history in African nations.[1][2][3][4] [5][6] Several surveys have appeared that put the sub-Sahara Africa in the context of women's history.[7][8]
There are numerous studies for specific countries and regions, such as Egypt, Ethiopia, Morroco, Nigeria.[9] and Lesotho.[10]
Scholars have turned their imagination to innovative sources for the history of African women, such as songs from Malawi, weaving techniques in Sokoto, and historical linguistics.[11]
- 1 Algeria
- 2 Angola
- 3 Benin
- 4 Botswana
- 5 Burkina Faso
- 6 Burundi
- 7 Cameroon
- 8 Cape Verde
- 9 Central African Republic
- 10 Chad
- 11 Comoros
- 12 Republic of the Congo
- 13 Djibouti
- 14 Democratic Republic of the Congo
- 15 Egypt
- 16 Equatorial Guinea
- 17 Eritrea
- 18 Ethiopia
- 19 Gabon
- 20 Gambia
- 21 Ghana
- 22 Guinea
- 23 Guinea-Bissau
- 24 Ivory Coast
- 25 Kenya
- 26 Lesotho
- 27 Liberia
- 28 Libya
- 29 Madagascar
- 30 Malawi
- 31 Mali
- 32 Mauritania
- 33 Mauritius
- 34 Morocco
- 35 Mozambique
- 36 Namibia
- 37 Niger
- 38 Nigeria
- 39 Rwanda
- 40 São Tomé and Príncipe
- 41 Senegal
- 42 Seychelles
- 43 Sierra Leone
- 44 Somalia
- 45 South Africa
- 46 South Sudan
- 47 Sudan
- 48 Swaziland
- 49 Tanzania
- 50 Togo
- 51 Tunisia
- 52 Uganda
- 53 Western Sahara
- 54 Zambia
- 55 Zimbabwe
- 56 States with limited recognition
- 57 See also
- 58 References
- 59 External links
During the 1962 Algerian War of Independence, Algerian women fought as equals alongside men. They thus achieved a new sense of their own identity and a measure of acceptance from men. In the aftermath of the war, women maintained their new-found emancipation and became more actively involved in the development of the new state. Algeria is regarded as a relatively liberal nation and the status of women reflects this.[12] Unlike other countries in the region, equality for women is enshrined in Algerian laws and the constitution.[12] They can vote and run for political positions.[13]
In rural Angola, as in many African economies, most of the population engaged in agricultural activities. Women in Angola performed much of the agricultural labor. Marriage generally involved family, political, and economic interests as well as personal considerations. The household was the most important unit of production and was usually composed of several generations. The women grew and prepared most of the food for the household and performed all other domestic work. Because of their major role in food production, women shared relatively equal status with men, who spent much of their time hunting or tending cattle.
The state of the rights of women in Benin has improved markedly since the restoration of democracy and the ratification of the Constitution, and the passage of the Personal and Family Code in 2004, both of which overrode various traditional customs that systematically treated women unequally. Still, inequality and discrimination persist. Polygamy and forced marriage are illegal but still occur.[14] Enforcement of the law against rape, the punishment for which can be up to five years in prison, is hampered by corruption, ineffective police work, and fear of social stigma. Police incompetence results in most sexual offenses being reduced to misdemeanors. Domestic violence is widespread, with penalties of up to 3 years in prison, but women are reluctant to report cases and authorities are reluctant to intervene in what are generally considered private matters.[15]
Burkina Faso[edit]
Cape Verde[edit]
Central African Republic[edit]
The Central African Republic had the first female prime minister in Africa, Elisabeth Domitien, the first female presidential candidate in Africa, Jeanne-Marie Ruth-Rolland and currently has a female president, Catherine Samba-Panza. Women have long been involved in the politics of the Central African Republic however they have always remained underrepresented.
Women in Chad are the mainstay of its predominantly rural-based economy and they outnumber the men.[16]
Despite their lower economic status, women in Comoros who are married to farmers or laborers often move about more freely than their counterparts among the social elite, managing market stands or working in the fields. On Mwali, where traditional Islamic values are less dominant, women generally are not as strictly secluded. Women constituted 40.4 percent of the work force in 1990, a figure slightly above average for sub-Saharan Africa.
Girls are somewhat less likely than boys to attend school in Comoros. The World Bank estimated in 1993 that 67 percent of girls were enrolled in primary schools, whereas 82 percent of boys were enrolled. In secondary school, 15 percent of eligible Comoran girls were in attendance, in comparison with about 19 percent of eligible boys.
Although the 1992 constitution recognizes their right to suffrage, as did the 1978 constitution, women otherwise play a limited role in politics in Comoros. By contrast, in Mahoré female merchants sparked the movement for continued association with France, and later, for continued separation from the Republic of the Comoros.
Comoros accepted international aid for family planning in 1983, but it was considered politically inexpedient to put any plans into effect. According to a 1993 estimate, there were 6.8 births per woman in Comoros. By contrast, the figure was 6.4 births per woman for the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.
Republic of the Congo[edit]
Democratic Republic of the Congo[edit]
Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have not attained a position of full equality with men, with their struggle continuing to this day. Although the Mobutu regime paid lip service to the important role of women in society, and although women enjoy some legal rights (e.g., the right to own property and the right to participate in the economic and political sectors), custom and legal constraints still limit their opportunities.[17] From 1939 to 1943, over 30% of adult Congolese women in Stanleyville (now Kisangani) were so registered. The taxes they paid constituted the second largest source of tax revenue for Stanleyville.[17]
From the earliest preserved archaeological records, Egyptian women have been thought to be considered nearly equal to men in Egyptian society, regardless of marital status but "women's rights law" has been introduced in an attempt to improve the status of women.
Equatorial Guinea[edit]
Embet Ilen (c. 1801-1851) was a woman important in Eritrean politics.[18]
There have been few studies concerning women in Ethiopia, but many observers have commented on the physical hardship that Ethiopian women experience throughout their lives. Such hardship involves carrying loads over long distances, grinding corn manually, working in the homestead, raising children, and cooking. Female genital mutilation is also practiced by many of the ethnic groups.[19]
The social roles of women in Ghana have varied throughout history.
Ivory Coast[edit]
Women in Ivory Coast formed less than half the country's population in 2003.[20] Their social roles and opportunities have changed since the time of French colonialism.
From independence in 1961, the status of women under the law was inferior to that of men, and this continued until the 1990s. The legal changes following the death of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny brought improvement in legal and educational opportunities for women at all levels, and women have been moving into the highest levels of business and government.
Cultural traditions and practices, too, have usually marked women for inferior status. While adherence to traditional roles persists, this continuity—as well as the traditions themselves—vary greatly with place and social context. Ivory Coast has more than 60 ethnic groups, usually classified into five principal divisions: Akan (east and center, including the "Lagoon peoples" of the southeast), Krou (southwest), Mandé (Mandé west and Mandé northwest groups), and Senufo-Lobi (north center and northeast). Each of these groups has its own traditional roles for women, as do the religions practiced in the country (Christian 20-30%, Muslim 15-20%, indigenous 35-50%).
Today's northern Ivory Coast was at the periphery of the Mali Empire and the great medieval states of the Sahel, while with Portuguese (from the 1460s) and later French colonial expansion, women of the southern regions experienced wars of colonialism and resistance firsthand. In the 1970s, Ivory Coast was considered the economic leader of West Africa, but since the 1990s, poverty and conflict have increased, at times affecting women disproportionately. The interplay of all these experiences has transformed the social roles of women in Ivorian society.
The history of the evolution of the traits of women in Kenya can be divided into women living within traditional Swahili culture, women in British Kenya, and women living in independent Kenya from 1963 onwards.[21]
Elizabeth A. Eldredge has published a study of the economic role of women in Lesotho.[22]
Although a small country, it has a different trajectoy as a colohy of American blacks. There is a substantial literature.[23]Veronika Fuest, "'This is the Time to get in Front': Changing Roles and Opportunities for Women in Liberia." African Affairs 107.427 (2008): 201-224.[24][25]
The roles and status of Libyan women had then become the subject of a great deal of discussion and legal action in Libya after the change of rule, as they have in many countries of the Middle East. Some observers suggested that the regime made efforts on behalf of female emancipation because it viewed women as an essential source of labour in an economy chronically starved for workers. They also postulated that the government was interested in expanding its political base, hoping to curry favour by championing female rights. Since independence, Libyan leaders have been committed to improving the condition of women but within the framework of Arabic and Islamic values.[26] Central to the revolution of 1969 was the empowerment of women and removal of inferior status.[27]
Women in Madagascar generally live longer than men, whom they outnumber. Marrying young, they are traditionally subservient to their husbands. Roughly a third have their first child before the age of 19, and those who wish to delay having children may not have access to contraceptives. Abortion is common, with an estimated 24 percent of women having had one. Although they are constitutionally equal to men, they have unequal property rights and employment opportunities in certain areas.
The status and social roles of Women in Mali have been formed by the complex interplay of a variety of traditions in ethnic communities, the rise and fall of the great Sahelien states, French colonial rule, independence, urbanisation, and postcolonial conflict and progress. Forming just less than half Mali's population, Malian women have sometimes been the center of matrialinial societies, but have always been crucial to the economic and social structure of this largely rural, agricultural society. Their role, too, has been shaped by the conflicts over religion, as animist societies gave way gradually to Islam in the 1100–1900 period. Women are today equal before the law in Mali, yet live with deep seated social and economic roles which may limit their actions.
Factors that conditioned the role of women in Mauritanian society in the late 1980s included the impact of Islam and sharia (Islamic law); West African influences that allowed women substantial independence in some social and economic areas; economic modernization, which challenged customary behavior patterns in some areas; and Mauritania's rapid pace of urbanization, which subjected traditional nomadic customs to new scrutiny. Many women in such urban centers as Nouakchott, for example, were born in the rural interior of the country and found their childhood training challenged by changing urban social conditions.
As in other industrializing countries, the role of women in Mauritius is changing rapidly. A major force for change has been the rapid influx of women into the many jobs created in the 1980s in the export processing zones. Although low-paying for the most part, the jobs allow women formerly confined to the roles of mother and wife to gain a certain degree of personal and social freedom.
The African women of Morocco once lived in an era known as the Aljahilia or the Period of Ignorance prior to the introduction of Islam in Morocco. Upon the arrival of Islam, Moroccan women received the right to live, the right to be honored and to be respected as a mother, and the right to own business and be able to work. From the 1940s until Moroccan declaration of independence from the tutelage of France in 1956, Moroccan women lived in family units that are "enclosed households" or harem, The tradition of their harem lifestyle for women gradually ended upon Morocco's independence from France in 1956.[28]
Women in Niger are African women who live in or are from the Western African country known as Niger. These women belong to a population in which 98% are practitioners of Islam. Most of the laws adopted by the government of Niger to protect the rights of Nigerien women are most of the time based on Muslim beliefs.[29]
The social role of women in Nigeria differs according to religious and geographic factors. Women in Nigeria can be subdivided in women in Northern Nigeria and women in Southern Nigeria.[9]
Claire Wallace, Christian Haerpfer and Pamela Abbott write that, in spite of Rwanda having the highest representation of women in parliament in the world, there are three major gender issues in Rwandan society: the workloads of women, access to education and gender-based violence. They conclude that the attitudes to women in Rwanda's political institutions has not filtered through to the rest of Rwandan society, and that for men, but not women, there are generational differences when it comes to gender-based attitudes.[30]
São Tomé and Príncipe[edit]
The traditional division of labour in Senegal saw Senegalese women as responsible for household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. They were also responsible for a large share of agricultural work, including weeding and harvesting, for such common crops as rice. In recent decades, economic change and urbanization has led to many young men migrating to the cities, such as Dakar. Rural women have become increasingly involved in managing village forestry resources and operating millet and rice mills.[31]
The government's rural development agency aims to organize village women and involve them more actively in the development process. Women play a prominent role in village health committees and prenatal and postnatal programs. In urban areas, despite women's second-class status within Islam, cultural change has led to women entering the labour market as office and retail clerks, domestic workers and unskilled workers in textile mills and tuna-canning factories.[31]
However, in traditional societies, women of the nobility used to be influent in the political scenes. That's partly due to the fact that matrilineage was the means for prince to be kings (particularly in Wolof kingdoms). Such lingeer as Yacine Boubou, Ndate Yalla and her sister Njembeut Mbodji are hailed as inspirations for contemporary Senegalese women.
Non-government organizations are also active in promoting women's economic opportunities. Micro-financing loans for women's businesses have improved the economic situation of many.[32]
Women in Seychelles enjoy the same legal, political, economic, and social rights as men.[33] Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal.[33][34] Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most current expenditures and looking after the interests of the children.[33] Unwed mothers are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to support their children.[34] Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.[33] Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.[33]
Sierra Leone[edit]
Since the founding of Sierra Leone in 1787 the Women in Sierra Leone have been a major influence in the political and economic development of the nation. They have also played an important role in the education system, founding schools and colleges, with some such as Hannah Benka-Coker being honoured with the erection of a statue for her contributions[35] and Lati Hyde-Forster, first woman to graduate from Fourah Bay College being honored with a doctor of civil laws degree by the University of Sierra Leone[36]
During regular, day-to-day activities, women in Somalia usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. The guntiino is traditionally made out of plain white fabric sometimes featuring with decorative borders, although nowadays alindi, a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa, is more frequently used. The garment can be worn in many different styles and with different fabrics. For more formal settings such as weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac, a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of cotton, polyester or saree fabric. The dirac is related to the short-sleeved Arabian kaftan dress. It is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Known as the gorgorad, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. The dirac is usually sparkly and very colorful, the most popular styles being those with gilded borders or threads. The fabric is typically acquired from Somali clothing stores in tandem with the gorgorad. In the past, dirac fabric was also frequently purchased from South Asian merchandisers.
Notable women in the country include the Federal Minister of Social Development Maryam Qaasim, Federal Foreign Minister Fowsiyo Yussuf Haji Aadan, and former Foreign Minister of the Somaliland region Edna Adan Ismail.
South Africa[edit]
In general, all racial and ethnic groups in South Africa have long-standing beliefs concerning gender roles, and most are based on the premise that women in South Africa are less important, or less deserving of power, than men. Most African traditional social organizations are male centered and male dominated. Even in the 1990s, in some rural areas of South Africa, for example, wives walk a few paces behind their husbands in keeping with traditional practices. Afrikaner religious beliefs, too, include a strong emphasis on the theoretically biblically based notion that women's contributions to society should normally be approved by, or be on behalf of, men. The British diaspora tends to be the most liberal group, including on issues pertaining to gender roles.
South Sudan[edit]
Women in South Sudan are women who live and are from South Sudan. Since South Sudan's official declaration of independence on 9 July 2011, 5 out of 29 ministerial positions in the Government of South Sudan had been occupied by South Sudanese women. 10 out of 28 deputy ministers were held by women. The women of the Republic of South Sudan had also been active in liberation causes, by "providing food and shelters" to soldeiers and by "caring for children" and by "caring for wounded heroes and heroines" during their political struggle prior to the country's independence. An example was their formation of the Katiba Banat ("women battalion").[37]
Sudan is a developing nation that faces many challenges in regards to gender inequality. Freedom House gave Sudan the lowest possible ranking among repressive regimes during 2012.[38] South Sudan received a slightly higher rating but it was also rated as "not free".[38] In the 2013 report of 2012 data, Sudan ranks 171st out of 186 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI).[39] Sudan also is one of very few countries that are not a signatory on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).[40]
Despite all of this, there have been positive changes in regards to gender equality in Sudan. As of 2012, women comprise 24.1% of the National Assembly of Sudan.[41] Sudanese women comprise a larger percentage of the national parliament than many Westernized nations. Though, gender inequalities in Sudan, particularly as they pertain to Female Genital Cutting and the disparity of women to men in the labor market, have received attention in the international community.
Women in Tanzania fit a variety of different social roles.
Since the January 2011 revolution in Tunisia and protests across North Africa and the Middle East region (MENA) began, many Western news sources have published articles discussing the unprecedented role that Tunisian women played in the protests. Many of these articles highlight some of the secular freedoms instituted by Habib Bourguiba in 1956, such as access to higher education, the right to file for divorce, and certain job opportunities. In fact, he made these reforms while still declaring that Tunisia was an Islamic State. It is true that women in Tunisia have enjoyed these freedoms and rights, rights that are often denied to women in neighboring countries. However, women in Tunisia live within an oscillating society that at times encourages strict abidance to Islamic law.
The roles of Ugandan women were clearly subordinate to those of men, despite the substantial economic and social responsibilities of women in Uganda's many traditional societies. Women were taught to accede to the wishes of their fathers, brothers, husbands, and sometimes other men as well, and to demonstrate their subordination to men in most areas of public life. Even in the 1980s, women in rural areas of Buganda were expected to kneel when speaking to a man. At the same time, however, women shouldered the primary responsibilities for childcare and subsistence cultivation, and in the twentieth century, women had made substantial contributions to cash-crop agriculture.[42]
Western Sahara[edit]
States with limited recognition[edit]
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[edit]
Women in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic are women who were born in, who live in, or are from the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in the region of the Western Sahara. In Sahrawi society, the women share responsibilities at every level of its community and social organization.[43] Article 41 of the Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ensures that the state will pursue "the promotion of women and [their] political, social and cultural participation, in the construction of society and the country's development".
See also[edit]
- ^ for brief guide to the historiography see HIST 4310, Twentieth Century African Women's History by J. M. Chadya
- ^ Nancy Rose Hunt, "Placing African women's history and locating gender." Social. History (1989) 14#3, 359-379.
- ^ Penelope Hetherington, ."Women in South Africa: the historiography in English." International Journal of African Historical Studies 26#2 (1993): 241-269.
- ^ Kathleen Sheldon, Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa (Scarecrow press, 2005).
- ^ Margaret Jena Hay, "Queens, Prostitutes and Peasants: Historical Perspectives on African Women, 1971-1986," Canadian Journal of African Studies 23#3 (1988): 431-447.
- ^ Nancy Rose Hunt, "Introduction: Gendered Colonialisms in African History," Gender and History 8#3 (1996): 323-337.
- ^ Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, African Women: A Modern History (1997)
- ^ ; M.J. Hay and Sharon Stitcher, Women in Africa South Of the Sahara (1995).
- ^ a b Bolanle Awe, Nigerian women in historical perspective (IbDn: Sankore, 1992).
- ^ Elizabeth A. Eldredge, "Women in production: the economic role of women in nineteenth-century Lesotho." Signs 16.4 (1991): 707-731. in JSTOR
- ^ Kathleen Sheldon, 'Women's History: Africa" in Kelly Boyd, ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1308–11.
- ^ a b Lowe, Christian (6 August 2009). "Algeria's women police defy danger and stereotypes". Reuters. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ Slackman, Michael (26 May 2007). "Algeria's quiet revolution: Gains by women". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ "Human Rights Violations in Benin". ALTERNATIVE REPORT TO THE UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
- ^ "2010 Human Rights Report: Benin". Us Department of State. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
- ^ "Rural Poverty in Chad". Rural poverty portal. International fund for agricultural development. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ a b Alden Almquist. "The Status of Women". Zaire: A country study (Sandra W. Meditz and Tim Merrill, editor). Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress of the USA (December 1993). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr.; Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong; Mr. Steven J. Niven (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. pp. 151–. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
- ^ Abate, Yohannis. "The Role of Women". A Country Study: Ethiopia (Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, editors). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (1991). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[1].
- ^ "Overview: Côte d'Ivoire Data extracted "from the publication Country Profiles for Population and Reproductive Health, Policy Developments and Indicators 2005, produced jointly by UNFPA and Population Reference Bureau."". United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ Gatwiri Kariuki, Claris. "WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN THE KENYAN SOCIETY" (PDF). Issue 296 December 22– 28, 2010. The African Executive. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ Elizabeth A. Eldredge, "Women in production: the economic role of women in nineteenth-century Lesotho." Signs 16.4 (1991): 707-731.
- ^ Mary H. Moran, Civilized women: gender and prestige in Southeastern Liberia (Cornell University Press, 1990).
- ^ Jacqui Bauer, "Women and the 2005 election in Liberia." Journal of Modern African Studies 47#2 (2009): 193-211.
- ^ Jennifer Pedersen, "In the rain and in the sun: women's peace activism in Liberia." in Handbook on Gender and War (2016): 400.
- ^ Helen Chapin Metz (2004). Libya. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 111–115. ISBN 978-1-4191-3012-0.
- ^ "Libya", Peter Malcolm, Elizabeth Losleben. Marshall Cavendish, 2004. ISBN 0-7614-1702-8, ISBN 978-0-7614-1702-6. p. 73, 76, 78
- ^ "Women in Morocco". THIRDEYEMOM. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
- ^ "Islam and Women in Niger". The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Abbott, Pamela; Haerpfer, Christian; Wallace, Claire (Winter 2008). Women in Rwandan politics and society. International Journal of Sociology. 38. M. E. Sharpe (Routledge). pp. 111–125. doi:10.2753/IJS0020-7659380406.
- ^ a b "Culture of Senegal". Retrieved August 13, 2011.
- ^ "Senegal's women find a way out of poverty". Toronto Star. 18 April 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Tartter, Jean R. "Status of Women". Indian Ocean country studies: Seychelles (Helen Chapin Metz, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (August 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Seychelles (2007) Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (March 11, 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Hafkin, Nancy Jane (1976). Edna G. Bay, ed. Women in Africa: Studies in Social and Economic Change. Stanford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0804710114.
- ^ Fyle, Magbaily C. (2005). Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone (New ed.). Scarecrow. p. 71. ISBN 978-0810853393.
- ^ Mabor, Beny Gideon. Women and Political Leadership in Africa: A demand In South Sudan transitional democracy, Sudan Tribune.
- ^ a b "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF). Freedom House. p. 17. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
- ^ MDG, Report (2009). "Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals". Economic Commission for Africa.
- ^ CEDAW. "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination". United Nations.
- ^ Human Development Report (2012). "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World". United Nations Development Programme.
- ^ Uganda country study. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 1990). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Donati, Simone. Saharawi, Terra Project Photographers.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women of Africa.
- Overall status of women in Africa, United Nations University
- "The Status of Women" in Indigenous African Societies
- Women and African History
- The Role and Place of Women in Sub-Saharan African Societies by Agnes Loteta Dimandja, July 30, 2004
- WOMEN IN AFRICA AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA by Rosalyn Terborg-Penn and Andrea Benton Rushing (editors)
- CHEBE STRESSED THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN AFRICAN SOCIETY by Chichi Nwoko-Ud
- Women in Society (South Africa)


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Look at your stats, the number of games that all of the other prospective Captains are measured over. They're meaningless, unless over the same representational number of games. Winning things is about stability & confidence, we have that at the moment & in time Beckham will retire, leaving Paul Terry to pick up the reins. Nor am I a Chelsea supporter, in fact I dislike them for their money but I am realistic.


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text: Having same issue as someone in previous post, which is marked as "RESOLVED" but there is no fix in the post. I just bought a license for Gravity Forms, cURL is enabled and working on server, but I get the error referenced in the title. Any workarounds/solutions? Help is greatly appreciated.


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What a way to ring in the new year!
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Mega Millons is played in 41 states and the District of Columbia.
The winning numbers drawn Tuesday evening were: 6, 18, 36, 40 and 49. The Mega Ball was 7.


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ATLANTA (AP) -- A federal appeals court says it's not within the power of Congress to make people enter into contracts to buy "an expensive product from the time they are born until the time they die."
The court in Atlanta is siding with the 26 states that sued to block the health care law, rejecting the provision requiring people to buy insurance.
Another appeals court has upheld it and the White House says it's confident Friday's ruling won't stand.
The panel, in its divided ruling, didn't go as far as a lower court that had rejected the entire overhaul as unconstitutional.
Government attorneys are expected to ask the full 11th Circuit to review the ruling. They can also appeal to the Supreme Court, which legal observers think will have the final say.
A group representing small businesses Friday urged the Supreme Court to strike down the rest of the health care overhaul. The National Federation of Independent Business has argued that the law would cost small businesses millions of dollars.
(Copyright 2011 by the Associated Press. All rights reserved.)


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Re: [CD] CD Proposal: SF-EXEC (Software flaws in multiple executables)
On Tue, 13 Jun 2000, Steven M. Christey wrote: > *3) If P1 and P2 are not fixed by the same patch or set of patches, > then they must remain SPLIT. Some opinion. Bill Fithen


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with hexane.
Hexene is an alkene with a molecular formula C6H12. The prefix "hex" is derived from the fact that there are 6 carbon atoms in the molecule, while the "-ene" suffix denotes that there is an alkene present—two carbon atoms are connected via a double bond. There are several isomers of hexene,[1] depending on the position and geometry of the double bond in the chain. One of the most common industrially useful isomers is 1-hexene, an alpha-olefin. Hexene is used as a comonomer in the production of polyethylene.
See also[edit]
|This article about a hydrocarbon is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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LAKE STEVENS — Duke Dolphin had 182 rushing yards on 23 carries and four touchdowns to lead Lake Stevens to the Wesco North win. Dolphin added five receptions for 58 yards as the Vikings racked up 391 yards of offense, compared to 143 by Monroe.
At Lake Stevens H.S.
Lake Stevens714714—42
Lake Stevens—Preslar 3 pass from Nelson (Morgan kick)
Lake Stevens—Dolphin 16 run (Morgan kick)
Lake Stevens—Dolphin 13 run (Morgan kick)
Monroe—Moore 8 run (Roppo kick)
Lake Stevens—Nelson 7 run (Morgan kick)
Lake Stevens—Dolphin 33 run (Morgan kick)
Monroe—Floresca-Cravens 13 pass from Roppo (Mulholland pass from Floresca-Cravens)
Lake Stevens—Dolphin 2 run (Morgan kick)
Records—Monroe 2-1 league, 2-4 overall. Lake Stevens 2-1, 5-1.


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The Cozy Woodland Rectangle Play Panel Set of 5 is a great way to create controlled play space in any room! Children will be able to move to different discovery areas without needing to leave the room, creating a safer and more controlled environment.
One set of two Cantilever Feet and connector clips included to help panels stand.
Mix and match different PlayPanels to create your own discovery and activity centers.
Size: Each Panel 31" x 48"
Item CF900-921
Made by Children's Factory
SensoryEdge specializes in waiting room toys, classroom rugss, children's furniture, and sensory based products. In addition to a great selection, we have many great reasons to buy from us. We have been the leader in this industry for more than a decade and we are still a fast growing company because we always put the customer first. A customer-centered shopping experience has always been our goal and we pride ourselves in giving you a great experience from start to finish. Shop with us today and see the SensoryEdge difference.
Here are just a few of the reason why you should buy from us:
The bottom line at SensoryEdge is we love our customers, and our customers love us!


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- Report: #334907
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: US Gold Line Processing
US Gold Line Processingusgoldline.com Clearwater, Florida U.S.A.
US Gold Line Processing Harrassing phone calls Clearwater Florida
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2 hours later, they called again asking if I would give them the info. I am not going to change my mind! They hung up, called 2 hours later and went thru it again. I told them each time to take my number off the list. They called a fourth time, and I told them I was going to file a complaing with FCC for harrassment. So we'll see what happens.
London, Ohio
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 05/26/2008 01:09 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/US-Gold-Line-Processing/Clearwater-Florida/US-Gold-Line-Processing-Harrassing-phone-calls-Clearwater-Florida-334907. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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- Please call us for FREE help:
- (866) 873-0030
Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated
685 N Valley Ave, Collinsville, AL
- Nursing Home
- Skilled Nursing Facility
Payment Options
- Medicare Yes
- Medicaid Yes
- Veteran's Benefits No
- Long Term Care Insurance No
- Subsidy Available No
Are You the Community Manager?
If you are associated with Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated , click the Claim Listing button to contact a representative about a free listing with our referral program.
- Nationwide Network of Care Advisors
- Work with 25,000 families each month
- Market your community with Photos, Videos, FAQ
User Reviews
Do you reside in or have a loved one in Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated ?
To be the first to provide feedback on Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated click here...
Description of Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated in Collinsville, AL
Number of Beds : 200
Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated, located in Collinsville, Alabama provides the following services: Nursing Home and Skilled Nursing Facility. It accepts the following payment methods: Medicare and Medicaid. Note that there are no hospitals within a 10 miles distance. The zipcode (35961) in Alabama, where Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated is located, has an above average safety rating based on recent crime statistics.
Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated is a nursing home. It provides medical nursing service for seniors with serious illnesses or disabilities twenty-four hours a day, delivered by registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and certified nurse aids.
Nursing care facilities cater to several types of patients: some patients require short-term rehab while recovering from surgery; others require long-term nursing and medical supervision. In addition, some nursing homes offer specialized care programs for Alzheimer's or other illnesses, or short-term respite care for frail or disabled persons when a family member requires a rest from providing care in the home. Please note that you can help compare nursing homes by looking at the Medicare ratings of a given facility (Medicare has a 5-star rating system for comparing nursing homes). There are various ways for paying for care in a nursing home. Make sure you know your loved one's Medicare and Medicaid eligibility, and understand how you can use tools like long term care insurance to pay for nursing home care.
Also, Collinsville Nursing Home Incorporated is a skilled nursing facility (SNF). It is primarily engaged in providing skilled nursing care and related services for residents who require medical or nursing care; or rehabilitation services for the rehabilitation of injured, disabled, or sick persons.
Skilled nursing facilities cater to patients who either need short-term rehab while recovering from surgery; or require long-term nursing and medical supervision. Skilled Nursing facilities are very often associated with area hospitals.
Source: SNAPforSeniors, Inc.
- Fire Sprinkler System
Demographic Profile for Collinsville, AL, 35961
Cost Of Living
Compared to the National Average
Provided By EPA; Closer to 100 is better
Annual Crime
Nearby Drug Stores
Kilgore Express Pharmcy Inc588 S Valley Ave
Distance: 2.8 miles
(256) 524-2981
Crossville Drugs15192 Al Highway 68
Distance: 8.1 miles
(256) 528-7124
St Clair Pharmacy Llc270 Industrial Blvd
Distance: 8.9 miles
(256) 526-6337
Nearby Churches
Adkins James Rev69 S Grand Ave
Collinsville, AL
Distance: 1.2 miles
(256) 524-3130
Nearby Parks
Cherokee Rock VillageCounty Road 70
Leesburg, AL
Distance: 6.7 miles
Cedar Point Campground2510 U.S. 411
Leesburg, AL
Distance: 8.3 miles
Leesburg ParkLeesburg, AL
Distance: 8.3 miles


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nissan altima gas mileage 2010
Are you looking forward to purchase nissan altima gas mileage 2010? Then you may log on to obd2-diagnostic.com. In the present day we are one among the prominent dealers of nissan altima gas mileage 2010. We assure guarantee on all the products sold through our website. In the present scenario, we are dealing with many brand names such as Mercedes, Volkswagen, and BMW. By logging on to our site you can see the different products that are on for sale. You can even get description of each product from our website. If you need to know more, the dedicated sales service crew that we are maintaining would be happy to serve you throughout the day. Don't hesitate to place your orders today itself and receive the product within five or seven days. Your orders are dispatched within few days after the amount is received and keep in mind that all the transactions are performed safely. We also offer 20 to 50 per cent discount on all the products that we sale. Enjoy a safe deal with us by booking a product today itself.
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Bovey Tracey claim lead
Bovey Tracey moved ahead of Bradninch at the top of the Francis Clarke Devon League Division table following a 74-run win at Budleigh Salterton.
Skipper Peter Bradley clattered a maiden Premier Division ton as Bovey cruised to 255 or five in their 50 overs.
Along the way there was a stand of 85 for the first wicket wit Matt Laidman and another of 81 with Chris Bradley (26) for the third.
There were two wickets each for Lloyd Murrin and Joel Murphy.
Budleigh were facing an uphill struggle in reply at 67 for four, having lost Bob Dawson and Gammy Amarasinghe in the space of nine balls.
James Burke kept going to make 50, but after he was fifth out at 17 with 25 overs gone it was always Bovey's game.
Matt Kidd got among the wickets at both ends of the order to finish with five for 38 as Budleigh were limited to 181 for nine in reply.
Bradninch are only two points behind in second spot as they preserved their unbeaten sequence with an eight-run win over Torquay, Mark Tweddle's 43 after coming in at 70 for four proved crucial as Bradninch recovered from a going over by Callum Wilson to make 166 all out.
Wilson, playing at Torquay while studying in the area took five for 34 on his debut.
Torquay looked to be cruising at 105 for two in reply with Nick Watkin (25) and Tim Western (33) among the runs.
Dan Milligan (3-35) and Gary Chappell (2-25) upset the applecart as Torquay slowed to 158 all out.
Plymouth and Sidmouth were involved in a high-scoring affair on the Fortfield which ended in the city side's favour, but not by much.
James Toms larruped 129, and Chris Barr made 64, as Plymouth hoisted a hefty 316 for six.
Sidmouth were 192 for seven then 212 for nine in reply, but a tenth wicket stand of 70 between Will Murray (45) and Miles Dalton (27no) got them up to 282 all out.
At the bottom of the table, Sandford won for the first time when they defeated Heathcoat by six wickets.
Heathcoat made 169 all out with three balls of their 50th over to go - Jack Menheneott making 34 to help haul them round from 96 for six.
Sandford won at a gallop with nearly 10 overs to play with, George Greed hitting 44 not out and Matt Theedom 35.
Defending champions North Devon lost again, this time to Exmouth. David Lye hit 107 in Exmouth's 281 for six, then Max Curtis took three for 35 against his last club as North Devon dipped out for 198.


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Paul Ott Carruth
Position: RB
6-1, 220lb (185cm, 99kg)
Born: July 22, 1961 in Hattiesburg, MS
College: Alabama (College Stats)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 7 (8135th overall since 1960)
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text:
Lobbyists representing Elizabethtown Community Hospital, 2010:
|Lobbying Firm Hired
|Subsidiary (Lobbied For)
|Wilson, Elser et al
|Elizabethtown Community Hospital
Betke, Alex
Hoffman, Jerry
Marrello, Lisa
Shapiro, Kenneth L
Shenker, Cynthia D
Search database by:
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*Each quarterly filing is treated as a separate report.
Feel free to distribute or cite this material, but please credit the Center for Responsive Politics. For permission to reprint for commercial uses, such as textbooks, contact the Center: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
|at Flyers
Tyler Bozak scored on a penalty shot then got the winning goal 1:51 into overtime.
St. Louis, the former Lightning captain swapped for Ryan Callahan, received an ovation when he hopped over the boards for his first shift 38 seconds in. He created a surge of excitement when he fired a hard shot on goal from the top edge of the left circle. Before the game, his jersey was flying off the racks in the team store at Madison Square Garden.
"I know this is going to be a challenge for me, but I love challenges and I like to rise to the occasion," St. Louis said after his 20 minutes, 11 seconds of ice time. "This is a chance to play the game in one of the biggest markets, and I know what comes with it. … I always felt if I was going to leave Tampa, the first place I'd want to play would be in New York. It's been in the back of my mind for a long time, but I wouldn't trade those 14 years in Tampa for anything."
Canadiens add Vanek
MONTREAL — The Canadiens acquired winger Thomas Vanek from the Islanders in a deadline day deal. Montreal gave up forward prospect Sebastien Collberg, a 2014 second-round pick and a fifth-rounder. The picks will change hands only if Montreal makes the playoffs.
Vanek, 30, who will be an unrestricted free agent this summer, becomes the Canadiens' leading scorer with 53 points. He is in the final season of a $50 million, seven-year contract.
In other deals of note:
• The Predators traded forward David Legwand, who was expansion Nashville's first pick in 1998, to the Red Wings for Patrick Eaves, a prospect and a third-round pick. Legwand is the Predators' career leader in points, goals, assists, winning goals and overtime points.
• The Blue Jackets traded their highest-paid player, winger Marian Gaborik, to the Kings for right wing Matt Frattin and two conditional picks.
• In a swap of goalies, the Panthers sent Tim Thomas to the Stars for Dan Ellis, who was with the Lightning in 2010-11.
• The Devils traded center Andrei Loktionov and a conditional third-round pick in 2017 to the Hurricanes for left wing Tuomo Ruutu.
• The Flyers traded defenseman Andrej Meszaros to the Bruins for a 2014 third-round pick.
• The Sabres traded forwards Matt Moulson and Cody McCormick to the Wild for forward Torrey Mitchell and two second-round picks.
|Maple Leafs
|at Rangers
First Period—None. Penalties—van Riemsdyk, Tor (goaltender interference), 19:21.
Second Period—1, Toronto, Bozak 13 (penalty shot), 1:44. Penalties—None.
Third Period—2, Tor, Kadri 16 (Kulemin), 2:00. 3, NYR, McDonagh 10 (D.Moore, Boyle), 5:34 (sh). 4, NYR, D.Moore 5 (Stepan), 6:53 (sh). Penalties—Richards, NYR (tripping), 5:18; Kreider, NYR (hooking), 12:47; Kulemin, Tor (slashing), 19:03; Brassard, NYR (slashing), 19:03.
Overtime—5, Tor, Bozak 14 (Kessel, Ranger), 1:51. Penalties—None. Shots on Goal—Tor 11-5-10-3—29. NYR 12-9-13-3—37. Power-play opps—Tor 0 of 2; NYR 0 of 1. Goalies—Tor, Bernier 23-16-7 (37 shots-35 saves). NYR, Lundqvist 22-20-4 (29-26). A—18,006. T—2:40.
|at Flyers
First Period—1, Phi, Giroux 22 (Couturier, Read), 6:48. 2, Phi, Voracek 17 (Giroux, Simmonds), 8:22 (pp). Penalties—Brouwer, Was (slashing), 8:09; Erskine, Was, major-game misconduct (fighting), 11:59; Wilson, Was, minor-major-misconduct (instigator, fighting), 11:59; Lecavalier, Phi, major-game misconduct (fighting), 11:59; Simmonds, Phi (cross-checking, slashing), 11:59; L.Schenn, Phi, major (fighting), 11:59.
Second Period—3, Phi, Giroux 23, 5:26. 4, Phi, Hall 5 (Raffl, L.Schenn), 11:52. 5, Was, Ward 19 (Green, Ovechkin), 14:06 (pp). Penalties—L.Schenn, Phi (tripping), 12:23; Backstrom, Was (interference), 16:02.
Third Period—6, Was, Ovechkin 44 (Backstrom, Carlson), 6:35 (pp). 7, Was, Brouwer 17 (Hillen, Backstrom), 9:25. 8, Phi, Voracek 18 (Hartnell), 11:51. 9, Was, Laich 7 (Green, Alzner), 14:00 (pp). 10, Phi, Downie 4 (Read, B.Schenn), 19:08 (en). Penalties—Downie, Phi (elbowing), 4:53; Chimera, Was (roughing), 7:43; Rinaldo, Phi (roughing), 7:43; Streit, Phi (hooking), 12:11. Shots on Goal—Was 3-5-17—25. Phi 13-10-7—30. Power-play opps—Was 3 of 4; Phi 1 of 2. Goalies—Was, Holtby 19-14-3 (18 shots-14 saves), Grubauer (11:52 second, 11-10). Phi, Mason 26-15-5 (25-21). A—19,919. T—2:38.


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I had my booking in appointment today with the midwife. It's a different one to the one I had last time, and I like her a lot more. She didn't do anything really but she did take blood and filled in the usual long questionnaire on health etc.
Then she felt my tummy because I told her I was already at my belly button.
"Oh no" she laughs, "you'll not even be over your pubic bone yet."
"No, really," I tell her. "It's the fibroids. I started to feel it the same week I took the test".
She takes a look....
I'm measuring 22 weeks!!!!! And I'm only 9+6.
She isn't too concerned, just said something to watch out for.
I have the same consultant as last time which is again really good news. And a scan coming up on Friday, then another on August 13th.


text:
Take-home vehicles may be costing Ulster, report says
KINGSTON — Ulster County's take-home vehicle program likely costs the county more than it saves, according to a report released Thursday.
The county should consider scrapping many of the take-home vehicles set aside for emergency response and special equipment use, the Ulster Comptroller's Office found.
"Instead of providing a benefit, it appears our sample (of take-home cars) may be a cost burden to the county," the county comptroller's office concluded in a 19-page report.
The report said take-home vehicle recipients routinely failed to follow the county's standard operating procedures, with Sheriff's employees directed to ignore the county procedures altogether.
"Few of the individuals assigned a take-home vehicle are following the current (procedures)," the comptroller said.
Thirty seven of the county's take-home vehicles are assigned to the Sheriff's Office, while the remaining 45 are scattered across 10 other county departments. Ulster spends $369,000 a year on commuting miles for all 82 vehicles, the comptroller's office estimated.
The Sheriff's Office, though, said its take-home vehicles save Ulster $342,000 annually on vehicle purchases, overtime and maintenance.
The comptroller's investigation uncovered instances of poor reporting and oversight:
The report also detailed how better enforcement or new policies could save money:
The biggest source of contention, though, is whether Sheriff's employees are subject to the county's vehicle policy.
The Sheriff's office insists its employees are not, and asked the Legislature to formally exempt them from the county policy.
The county executive's office insists the policy applies to the Sheriff's office, and said the Legislature cannot modify the procedures since that falls under the executive's purview.


text:
Community Hospital opened its doors and local Shriners opened their hearts to kids in need of medical help. Children with orthopedic health issues were seen Saturday at a free clinic.
Kids who have a problem with their bones or muscles were able to get an exam. Here's how it works; if a doctor decides the child has a serious medical problem Shriners pays for them to get the treatment they need.
Most children seen today were referred to the Shriner Hospital in Salt Lake City. And one was sent as far as Chicago for free care.
More then twenty children were seen at today's free clinic. There are 21 Shriner's Hospitals in North America.


text:
Spring Hill College to host 13th annual Zoghby-DeVaney Golf Tournament Sept. 23
MOBILE, Ala. — Spring Hill College will host the 13th annual Zoghby-DeVaney Memorial Scholarship Golf Tournament at 1 p.m. Sunday, Sept. 23 at the Spring Hill College Golf Course.
The tournament's format will be a four-player scramble. There is a full day of events on tap, beginning with Mass in St. Joseph Chapel at 11 a.m. Player registration and lunch provided by Naman's Catering follow immediately at 11:45 a.m. The day will conclude with the awards dinner, sponsored by Carrabba's Italian Grill.
Sponsorships for the tournament are available and cover a variety of opportunities from donation of goods for prizes, to sponsorship levels including Friends of the Tournament ($100), Hole Sponsorships ($250), Four-player Team Sponsorships ($500), and Gold Sponsorships ($1,000).
In addition to team registration, individuals may register for $150, and players under 30 may register at a discounted $100 per player. Proceeds from the tournament fund a scholarship for children, grandchildren and siblings of alumni from Mobile or Baldwin County.
In 1995, the Mobile Chapter of the Spring Hill College National Alumni Association named its scholarship golf tournament to honor distinguished alumnus, jurist and professor, the Hon. Michael E. Zoghby. In the summer of 1997, James DeVaney, recipient of the Zoghby scholarship, died in an automobile accident. In honor of his memory, the Mobile Alumni Chapter added his name to the scholarship.


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Why? Because you can! And pickle, and jam, or otherwise celebrate the resurgence of the domestic arts our forebears held so dear. Put on your best apron and step into our kitchen, won't you?
This pumpkin butter is enhanced with maple and spice. Throw everything in the slow cooker and stir occasionally -- it's a fun treat for any October gathering.
Not your run-of-the-mill butter -- made with fresh fall apples and pumpkin, and simple to prepare in your crockpot. And bourbon makes it all that much better!
Peach Butter made in your crockpot and flavored with vanilla. Very easy, includes instructions on canning or freezing the butter.
Classic apple butter is updated with a heavy dose of maple syrup and a hefty kick of bourbon.
Sublime sweet-tart floral nectarine Meyer lemon butter.
Warren pears are smooth, sweet, and buttery. The brown sugar caramelizes, which lends the pear butter a lightly toasted flavor with rummy overtones.
Pear Butter is perfect simply spread on a sliced muffin or a scone. Feel free to play with the spices and tailor them to your tastes!
Pear honey: Not actually honey but a sweet jam with a hint of ginger -- use it as a breakfast spread, on a cheeseplate or with roasted meats.
Pear butter in the crockpot: fabulous and fuss-free! From chopped pears to smooth, dark, subtly spiced spread, the slow cooker is the perfect tool.
Pumpkin preserve, the best jam for fall.


text:
I haven't had an energy drink at all this pregnancy. Actually... I may have had a small red bull before I found out I was pregnant.... but anyways. I drink 8-10 cups of water every day and usually I'll have one soda. Is an energy drink ok to have? Just one? Or is that against the rules? :(
energy drinks while pregnant?
Posted 01/24/2013
and btw thanks a lot now i want one....
Proud mama to Emma Rose - Feb. 4th 2013
Posted 01/24/2013
Would you give your baby redbull in a bottle? Even just a little bit? It's not just the caffeine to be concerned about. Read all ingredients!
Posted 01/24/2013
I personally wouldn't, being that those things are so bad for you even when you're not pregnant. But, to each their own, I suppose.
Posted 01/24/2013
Before getting pregnant I drank 2-3 sugar free Nos a day...haven't had one all pregnancy...I actually told my family when they come to the hospital to see the baby I want one and a few different foods you aren't allowed while pregnant...mmmm energy drinks.
Bretny · Original Poster
Posted 01/24/2013
Gee, thanks for making me feel bad LuvbeMom. Lol. And thanks everyone :) its 160 mg caffeine. I just wont have any other sodas or caffeine or anything today. Lol
Posted 01/24/2013
I wouldn't but that's just me. I've also extremely limited my caffeine intake while pregnant. I think none is the best way to go for a developing human being :)
Baby BOY arrived 9/28/14
Rainbow Baby GIRL arrived 2/28/13
Silver (.)(.)
Baby BOY arrived 9/28/14
Posted 01/24/2013
I use to love monster energy drinks, although the caffeine is low enough for me to have them, it's the other chemicals that personally make me turn away from them now. I also plan on not drinking them ever again because I got migraines like crazy when I got my BFP and quit drinking them. I hate migraines. However, when it comes down to it, it's your body, your baby, your choice. To be on the safer side I'd try having a few mouthfuls of someone else's energy drink. Really though, it comes down to how you feel.
FTM to R (2/8/13) (c-section)
Gold ( o Y o ) (2/14)
"Not broken, just bent, we can learn to love again." -Pink
Posted 01/24/2013
I have been craving Redbull since about 3 months along. Never broke down and got one! I am 38w4d today and just assume wait now :) maybe SO will have one waiting for me after delivery! ;-) (If I'm feeling okay) haha
Posted 01/24/2013
I heard something a long time ago about energy drinks having St. John's wart in them, which can make you miscarry.
Posted 01/24/2013
Most of those drinks are also filled with nutritional supplements that aren't regulated or approve for pregnancy use. I'd avoid them, but if you had one I'm sure its nothing to worry about.
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SLIS Connecting, the journal of The University of Southern Mississippi's School of Library and Information Science (SLIS), is an open access, refereed e-journal. The purpose of SLIS Connecting is to share news, information, and research with LIS students, alumni, faculty, professionals, and scholars through regular columns, selected faculty publications, invited student papers, and peer-reviewed student research papers. There are no fees associated with reviewing or publishing in SLIS Connecting and no fees associated with downloading articles and columns. The authors published in SLIS Connecting are the copyright holders of their articles.
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BITSAT 2015 Seat Allotment
BITSAT 2015 Seat Allotment includes details about the seat allocation schedule and procedure after the BITSAT 2015 Counselling. The Seat Allotment is made as per the BITSAT 2015 scores of the candidates as well their branch preference. The Seat Allotment for BITSAT 2015 is computerized and accommodates the flexible admission system of BITS across its campuses. Check your BITSAT 2015 Seat Allotment after entering your BITSAT 2015 Application Number and password. Board Toppers can check their Seat Allotment details below separately. Result of third iteration for admission to Integrated First degree programs have been announced on July 21. Candidates can check it below on this page.
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- Report: #387245
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Prestige Sales USA
Prestige Sales USAPost Office Box 82430, Phoenix, Arizona U.S.A.
Prestige Sales USA Sold me two books which were to be given to needy children Phoenix Arizona
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He said that in exchange for doing this he would wash our windows after church on Sunday, today. When he did not show up, I became suspicious. I checked the company name through Google and found your web site.
I plan on stopping payment on my check the first thing tomorrow morning.
Saint Louis, Missouri
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 11/02/2008 03:16 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Prestige-Sales-USA/Phoenix-Arizona-85071/Prestige-Sales-USA-Sold-me-two-books-which-were-to-be-given-to-needy-children-Phoenix-Ariz-387245. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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XClio Godspeed One Advanced Mid Tower Case
Final Thoughts
I was pleased to see the Godspeed One Advanced made it to me in great shape. I had heard some issues with the clear plastic in the door cracking during shipping that seemed quite common on that chassis. Not this time, I received a flawless chassis. My time with XClio is always nice. They build chassis' that are simple yet easy to use, and the tool-less setup of this chassis made this experience even easier, aside from the top fan debacle.
Speaking of which, that brings me to the down side of things. The fan placed in the top is a nice idea, but their proximity to the PSU really limits choices in power plants. Then there are the expansion slots, sharp as razors they are, and it got me pretty good. The lack of a front intake or rear exhaust fan was a bit of a disappointment, especially since I had to remove the top two. However, in XClios defense the two 180mm door fans create quite a breeze. Combined with the 120mm of my power supply, the three fans kept temperatures at normal levels.
I almost feel bad picking on the Godspeed One Advanced chassis as it is a lot of ideas packed into a mid tower. The controllers were top notch, the lighting is bright, and even after a bit of reorganizing it turned out to be all right. The reason I feel bad is due to the budget minded pricing of this chassis. While I wasn't able to locate it everywhere, as with most chassis, I was able to find the XClio Godspeed One Advanced for $49.99 over at Newegg, plus shipping of course. With all you do get, for under $50 I can overlook noise levels and the lack of a couple fans for all the options you get with this chassis from XClio.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
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What is mind-body medicine?
Mind-Body Medicine focuses on the interactions between mind and body and the powerful ways in which emotional, mental, social and spiritual factors can directly affect health.
The scientifically-validated techniques CMBM teaches enhance each person's capacity for self-care and self-awareness. These techniques include meditation, guided imagery, mindful eating, biofeedback, and the use of drawings, journals and movement to express thoughts and feelings.
Up to 80% of all illnesses are related to chronic stress. Mind-body Medicine relieves and also prevents stress.
Thousands of studies published since 1960 demonstrate the efficacy of mind-body medicine in relieving insomnia, anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and in lowering blood pressure and stress hormone levels, relieving pain and improving immune functioning.
Easy to learn and easy to teach, mind-body medicine skills have the capacity to change your practice and your life.
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It can be used with individuals and families, groups, and entire populations.
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Our Trainings
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SOUTH BERWICK, Maine — This year's joint South Berwick-Rollinsford holiday parade steps off at 3 p.m. Saturday from downtown South Berwick.
This year's theme is "The Sights and Sounds of Christmas."
The parade will begin downtown, travel along Main Street, wind its way through downtown Rollinsford, N.H., and will end at the VFW Legion Hall on Foundry Street in Rollinsford.
The South Berwick Fire Department will be collecting new, unwrapped toys as well as monetary donations at the holiday parade. The Fire Department will wrap and distribute toys to community children in need while monetary donations help the fire department to provide food baskets to families in need during the holidays.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article
Location, ST | website.com


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The excitement and glamour of a visit to London's west end and a theatre experience provides the perfect opportunity for spectators to let themselves loose in the drama and bright lights of some of the best theatrical productions on the planet.
Theatre gift experiences offer a glitzy present for a couple for a birthday or for you and your partner on your anniversary. With a selection of classic tale theatre for two to choose from, musical enthusiasts can choose from the likes of the star-studded, jazz-vibe Chicago to the moving social commentary of Willy Russell's Blood Brothers. Theatre tickets for two is a guaranteed relaxing yet stimulating night out in the capital.
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As a "Sin" stock , Diageo should prove pretty defensive through the economic downturn. Many of its products (e.g. Johnny Walker) may suffer from some trading down, as consumer continue to drink but drink less expensive products than the Diageo brands but underlying sales grew by 6 percent in its July-September first quarter after an 8 percent sales rise in its previous financial year to June 2008. Chief Executive Paul Walsh said despite the recent turmoil on financial markets the group had not seen any significant adverse changes in its markets. Diageo also has great margins and offers a good dividend. One to have in the portfolio, in my view.
As per our Terms of Use, Stockopedia is a financial news & data site, discussion forum and content aggregator. Our site should be used for educational & informational purposes only. We do not provide investment advice, recommendations or views as to whether an investment or strategy is suited to the investment needs of a specific individual. You should make your own decisions and seek independent professional advice before doing so. Remember: Shares can go down as well as up. Past performance is not a guide to future performance & investors may not get back the amount invested.
Diageo plc (Diageo) is a drinks business company. The Company is a provider of beverage alcohol of various brands in spirits, beer and wine. The Company produces its brands from more than 200 sites in over 30 countries. Diageo owns manufacturing production facilities across the globe, including maltings, distilleries, breweries, packaging plants, maturation warehouses, cooperages, vineyards, wineries and distribution warehouses. Diageo's brands are also produced at plants owned and operated by third parties and joint ventures at a number of locations around the world. Its geographical segments are North America, Europe, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, Asia Pacific and Corporate. It offers products under various brands, including Johnnie Walker, Smirnoff, Captain Morgan, Baileys, Tanqueray, Guinness, Crown Royal, Yeni Raki, JeB, Buchanan's, Bundaberg, Ypioca, Cacique, Windsor, Bell's, JeB, Grand Old Parr, Shui Jing Fang, Ciroc and Bulleit Bourbon, among others. more »
2 Posts on this Thread show/hide all
|28th Oct '08
|1 of 2
The key pre-Christmas trading period is still to come, and economic conditions continue to deteriorate, but on a relative basis, Diageo should hope up well (as very few stocks will have a good earnings period between now and Xmas, I suspect).
|| Link | Share
|30th Oct '08
|2 of 2
Everyone's going to trade down - branded labels like this will suffer big-time once the cycle really kicks in.
|| Link | Share


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ABI Research expects growth of 10% in mobile telecoms capital expenditure (CapEx) in Latin America, rising to US$6.1 billion. Upgrades and expansion of 3G WCDMA and 4G LTE coverage will result in radio access network-related spending capturing 40% of CapEx. Investment in small cell base stations is garnering momentum with 40% year-on-year growth in 2014 to US$484 million.
"Mobile telecom capital expenditure in Latin America is expected to grow rapidly in 2014 as investment in 4G LTE starts to accelerate. Significant amounts of capital expenditure are still required to build out 4G LTE coverage. In particular, mobile cellular CTOs are prioritizing investment in the core network functions as Internet packet traffic and value-added 3G and 4G services are playing an increasingly prominent role in the telecom services of the region," stated Jake Saunders, VP for core forecasting at ABI Research.
ABI Research estimates population coverage stood at just 34% at the end of 2013. This should change over the next two years as LTE subscriber adoptions grow from 2.33 million to 23 million. There is pent-up demand for access to Internet services in Latin America that cannot be addressed by DSL and cable Internet services.
Examples of these investment plans include:
While some of the economies in Latin America have troubled leadership and a mixed bag of economic growth, when it comes to mobile voice and broadband demand, the telcos are struggling to keep up.
ABI Research's, "Mobile Operator CAPEX" Market Data focuses on the regional and global mobile operator capital expenditure which includes base station and core network spend. It is part of ABI Research's Mobile Deployments, CAPEX, and Traffic Market Research.
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qsns to wp
1)is there way to edit / alter the menu
2) is there way to edit / alter the menu so that"page" listing does not appear in the menu but just a link to a page with
the "page" listings ( for example if there are 100 pages the list and the menu will be tooo long
3) if there are say, 200 "page" items how to paginate the list
and set how many appear per page of the list ?
4) Can the page items be moved up or down in the listing?
5) is there way to fix or stick certain posts so that they or *only they* always
appear on front page ?
6) Can there be news submission along with image submission in the same form ( for approval by guest without registration ?
7) Even though comments are ebnabled for the "pages" - cannot see the comment box ?
( though it is seen for the post pages )


text:
The Swansea forward has given the nod ahead of Alvaro Negredo on Friday evening as La Roja overcame the Eastern Europeans in Mallorca.
"I am very pleased and very grateful," he told reporters after the game.
"I appreciate the confidence that the coach has given me."
Goalscorer Negredo came of the bench to join captain Xavi on the scoresheet, and later made a heartwarming goal dedication.
"My goal is dedicated to María de Villota," he told reporters.
"It's a sad day for all of her family and she deserves this dedication.
"I did not know her but it has been an example of overcoming."
Negredo then commented on the fact that he was initially overlooked in the starting XI for Michu.
"I'm very happy, trying to make the most of the chances I get but the most important thing is winning."
"We all want to play, we have that excitement.
"Today he went for Michu, another day he goes with me."
- Alvaro Negredo


text:
Custody case and grandparents
My reasoning would be -
You really have no idea where your ex is. How do you know they wouldn't help him take your son? At the end of the day, they are his parents. They will side with him.
Jessica (39)
Married to Chris (42) and mommy to Madison 6/09 and Jackson 4/12
I agree 100% with JessSuch26
I'd ask if you can all do something together so that you can be present. It sounds like they are nice people who just want to see their grandchild and that's wonderfull, but at the end of the day you would never forgive yourself if something did happen.
Baby #2 comming May 2014
I dont think I personally would let him go overnight because I would just be a wreck waiting for the morning to come. I would explain your situation and concerns in complete honesty to them. I like to think from one mother to another they might understand. Then maybe invite them to lunch or a picnic at a park near them so they can spend the whole day with your son, but you can be present too. good luck, hope everything works out in the best interest of your boy :)
If you think I've got my hands full, you should see my heart ~ mama to Dylan, Trenton & Jacoby
"What's your bean situation???"
Any written contract is legit if they sign it (and that is for anything)- notarized it better.
I have been going through custody issues with my ex husband as well. I didn't have a lawyer but I picked up a few helpful things.
I live in Maine, so I am not sure what the laws are- but grandparents do have rights here. They may have to take you to court, but they will get awarded visitation.
Even if your ex did come back and make an attempt to take your kiddo, he can only see him for the amount of time you have in a written, court approved agreement. Anything more than that and you can have him arrested for kidnapping. Not a pleasant thing to go through but it is an option.
On that same note, you can't withhold your son from him if he does reappear and want to see him within the limits of your agreement. Although he broke the terms by moving, I think if you haven't modified them he still has that right to see him.
Although yes family may side with family, if you haven't had issues with them in the past I wouldn't see an issue with letting them take him, especially if your son used to see them a lot. They may not want to be a part of the crappy choices their kid has made but still want to see their grandkid.
My ex has turned into such a scumbag lately... well he is known for making bad choices, but he makes zero effort to see our son, and we are moving 800 miles away in a few weeks. I don't really get along with his dad, but I know that he loves my ds and that he should be able to see him. I also know if they try anything funny the police and an amber alert are just a quick phone call away.
I don't feel like they should be punished for my ex being a loser, and if they are good to my kiddo and respect the choices I make for him than I would be hurting my ds by depriving him of the rest of his family.
Plus I want to avoid more court. If they see him they won't take me to court for visitation (I'm not sure if they would or not, but I rather not cross that bridge if I don't have to).
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 4 years 3 months : Week 2.
Your growing child
Your 4 1/4-year-old: Learning to share
Your 4 1/4-year-old: Playing make-believe
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Your 4 1/4-year-old: Male and female
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Skip to Main Content
Knowledge evolution is a major challenge in knowledge management. When knowledge evolution is conveyed in the form of data streams, a combined approach of deductive and inductive reasoning can leverage the clear separation between the evolving (streaming) and the static parts of the knowledge at the conceptual and technological level. In particular, the notion of RDF streams is the "glue" for the interoperability of inductive and deductive reasoning techniques with methods and systems for processing data streams. In this paper, we show our combined approach applied to social network analysis, we give experimental evidence of good performances, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for extracting trends from micro-blogs and feeds.


text:
If you watched WWE NXT (and you would have been a fool to miss it), you would have noticed that Michael Cole was bashing Daniel Bryan and his internet fans all night long. A whole lot of people have complained about it, saying it would have been ok if someone like Matt Striker would have said something like that (though Matt knows a whole lot about wrestlers from around the world, ala Mike Tenay, so actually it wouldn't have made sense) and that Cole should have been putting over Daniel Bryan throughout the show. However, what those fans do not know is the real reason behind this.
As we all should know, Cole is NOT over with the online wrestling community. How many times have we read an article bashing Cole and saying he does a horrible job at announcing? How he should go back to Smackdown and how his stupid sayings are just plain annoying. It shouldn't shock anyone that Cole is striking back against these fans and dissing their golden boy.
And that is what Bryan Danielson is. The golden boy for us online wrestling community fans. He's probably one of the most gifted wrestlers of our time and we want to see him skyrocket to the top in the WWE. I mean, since Danielson has been signed to WWE, the community hasn't stopped bashing WWE's decisions of how they used this guy.
First, he was sent down to FCW. The fans bashed WWE for this, though it was Danielson himself that decided he wanted to go down to Flordia and get back in shape after his impressive dark match with Chavo. When he had his name changed, the fans once again were outraged and mocked WWE for this decision, though Danielson doesn't really care about this change. And how can one forget about the uproar that us fans made when we saw The Miz of all people get named as the pro for Mr. Danielson. We took this as a slap to the face of Danielson and a way to show him he is nothing, though Miz is the most charismatic wrestlers and one of the most over heels at this present time while Danielson does need work on doing a promo by himself (which I will touch upon in my next article and I hope you all read it). Danielson, though, doesn't seem to mind any of this and is looking forward to working with the Miz.
Now what seems like Cole burying Daniel Bryan throughout the telecast seems like a mockery to the online wrestling community. But Cole is smart, he isn't as dumb as he looks. He knows how these fans hate him and he's going to use it to get himself over. And on Tuesday night, he did just that. He verbally slapped Daniel Bryan around and probably gave him a bigger lashing than what Miz or even Jericho gave him. He called him a nobody, that he hadn't heard of the guy until his name came up on NXT, and how wrestling in high school gyms is nothing like wrestling in sold out arenas. That pissed off the whole community of online wrestling fans.
As with everything else in the WWE, this is nothing more than a work, and a work that was perfectly played off. How do I know this is a work and not Cole just talking out of his ass? Easy thanks to the WWE Universe twitter account:
"Michael Cole has requested his @WWEUniverse profile be removed from our site, not wanting to associate with "online fans" any longer."
He's going to attack these fans and mock them after the years of abuse he had to suffer reading the tarnishing articles about himself. This is the perfect opportunity to get himself over. The online wrestling fans will feel they are attacking their boy while casual fans will think Cole has a point that Daniel Bryan has not paid his dues in the WWE and shouldn't be handed things.
If Cole continues to play this off not only on NXT, but on Raw, I feel this could do big things for his on air character. No longer will we have the "vintage" announcer, but an announcer with an axe to grind and one with an agenda. He'll have something to focus on and we can finally have the good versus evil announce team that we have been dying for. So I say bravo, Cole, bravo for your performance and hopefully to the future success you have in your announcing career. You found your nitch boy, so run with it, run with it and do not stop.