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Timeline of natural history
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(Redirected from Timetable of the Precambrian)
See also: Geologic time scale and Timeline of evolutionary history of life
For earlier events, see Timeline of the formation of the Universe.
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Main articles: History of the Earth and Geological history of Earth
This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and biological events from the formation of the Earth to the arrival of modern humans. Times are listed in millions of years, or megaanni (Ma).
- 1 The earliest Solar System
- 2 Hadean Eon
- 3 Archean Eon
- 4 Proterozoic Eon
- 5 Phanerozoic Eon
- 5.1 Paleozoic Era
- 5.2 Mesozoic Era
- 5.3 Cenozoic Era
- 6 Etymology of period names
- 7 References
- 8 See also
The earliest Solar System[edit]
Main articles: Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Nebular hypothesis
In the earliest solar system history, the Sun, the planetesimals and the jovian planets were formed. The inner solar system aggregated more slowly than the outer, so the terrestrial planets were not yet formed, including Earth and Moon.
- c. 4,570 Ma: A supernova explosion (known as the primal supernova) seeds our galactic neighborhood with heavy elements that will be incorporated into the Earth, and results in a shock wave in a dense region of the Milky Way galaxy. The Ca-Al-rich inclusions, which formed 2 million years before the chondrules,[1] are a key signature of a supernova explosion.
- 4,567±3 Ma: Rapid collapse of hydrogen molecular cloud, forming a third-generation Population I star, the Sun, in a region of the Galactic Habitable Zone (GHZ), about 25,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.[2]
- 4,566±2 Ma: A protoplanetary disc (from which Earth eventually forms) emerges around the young Sun, which is in its T Tauri stage.
- 4,560–4,550 Ma: Proto-Earth forms at the outer (cooler) edge of the habitable zone of the Solar System. At this stage the solar constant of the Sun was only about 73% of its current value, but liquid water may have existed on the surface of the Proto-Earth, probably due to the greenhouse warming of high levels of methane and carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere. Early bombardment phase begins: because the solar neighbourhood is rife with large planetoids and debris, Earth experiences a number of giant impacts that help to increase its overall size.
Hadean Eon[edit]
Main article: Hadean
- 4,533 Ma: Hadean Eon, Precambrian Supereon and unofficial Cryptic era start as the Earth–Moon system forms, possibly as a result of a glancing collision between proto–Earth and the hypothetical protoplanet Theia. (The Earth was considerably smaller than now, before this impact.) This impact vaporized a large amount of the crust, and sent material into orbit around Earth, which lingered as rings, similar to those of Saturn, for a few million years, until they coalesced to become the Moon. The Moon geology pre-Nectarian period starts. Earth was covered by a magmatic ocean 200 kilometres (120 mi) deep resulting from the impact energy from this and other planetesimals during the early bombardment phase, and energy released by the planetary core forming. Outgassing from crustal rocks gives Earth a reducing atmosphere of methane, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, and water vapour, with lesser amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, then carbon dioxide. With further full outgassing over 1000–1500 K, nitrogen and ammonia become lesser constituents, and comparable amounts of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapour, and hydrogen are released.
- 4,500 Ma: Sun enters main sequence: a solar wind sweeps the Earth-Moon system clear of debris (mainly dust and gas). End of the Early Bombardment Phase. Basin Groups Era begins on Earth.
- 4,450 Ma: 100 million years after the Moon formed, the first lunar crust, formed of lunar anorthosite, differentiates from lower magmas. The earliest Earth crust probably forms similarly out of similar material. On Earth the pluvial period starts, in which the Earth's crust cools enough to let oceans form.
- 4,404 Ma: First known mineral, found at Jack Hills in Western Australia. Detrital zircons show presence of a solid crust and liquid water. Latest possible date for a secondary atmosphere to form, produced by the Earth's crust outgassing, reinforced by water and possibly organic molecules delivered by comet impacts and carbonaceous chondrites (including type CI shown to be high in a number of amino acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)).
- 4,300 Ma: Nectarian Era begins on Earth.
- 4,250 Ma: Earliest evidence for life, based on unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life, found in Earth's oldest mineral deposits located in the Jack Hills of Western Australia.[3]
- 4,100 Ma: Early Imbrian Era begins on Earth. Late heavy bombardment of the Moon (and probably of the Earth as well) by bolides and asteroids, produced possibly by the planetary migration of Neptune into the Kuiper belt as a result of orbital resonances between Jupiter and Saturn.[4] "Remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[5][6] According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."[5]
- 4,030 Ma: Acasta Gneiss of Northwest Territories, Canada, first known oldest rock, or aggregate of minerals.
Archean Eon[edit]
Main article: Archean
Eoarchean Era[edit]
Main article: Eoarchean
- 4,000 Ma: Archean Eon and Eoarchean Era start. Possible first appearance of plate tectonic activity in the Earth's crust as plate structures may have begun appearing. Possible beginning of Napier Mountains Orogeny forces of faulting and folding create first metamorphic rocks. Origins of life.
- 3,930 Ma: Possible stabilization of Canadian Shield begins
- 3,920–3,850 Ma: Final phase of Late Heavy Bombardment
- 3,850 Ma: Greenland apatite shows evidence of 12C enrichment, characteristic of the presence of photosynthetic life.[7]
- 3,850 Ma: Evidence of life: Akilia Island graphite off Western Greenland contains evidence of kerogen, of a type consistent with photosynthesis.[citation needed]
- 3,800 Ma: Oldest banded iron formations found.[citation needed]. First complete continental masses or cratons, formed of granite blocks, appear on Earth. Occurrence of initial felsic igneous activity on eastern edge of Antarctic craton as first great continental mass begins to coalesce. East European Craton begins to form - first rocks of the Ukrainian Shield and Voronezh Massif are laid down
- 3,750 Ma: Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt forms
- 3,700 Ma: Graphite found to be biogenic in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland[8] Stabilization of Kaapval craton begins: old tonaltic gneisses laid down
Paleoarchean Era[edit]
- 3,600 Ma: Paleoarchean Era starts. Possible assembly of the Vaalbara supercontinent; oldest cratons on Earth (such as the Canadian Shield, East European Craton and Kaapval) begin growing as a result of crustal disturbances along continents coalescing into Vaalbara - Pilbara Craton stabilizes. Formation of Barberton greenstone belt: Makhonjwa Mountains uplifts on the eastern edge of Kaapval craton, oldest mountains in Africa - area called the "genesis of life" for exceptional preservation of fossils. Narryer Gneiss Terrane stabilizes: these gniesses become the "bedrock" for the formation of the Yilgarn Craton in Australia - noted for the survival of the Jack Hills where the oldest mineral, a zircon was uncovered.
- 3,500 Ma: Lifetime of the Last universal ancestor: split between bacteria and archaea occurs as "tree of life" begins branching out - varieties of Eubacteria begin to radiate out globally. Fossils resembling cyanobacteria, found at Warrawoona, Western Australia.[citation needed]
- 3,480 Ma: Fossils of microbial mat found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia.[9][10] First appearance of stromatolitic organisms that grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces.
- 3,460 Ma: Fossils of bacteria in chert.[citation needed] Zimbabwe Craton stabilizes from the suture of two smaller crustal blocks, the Tokwe Segment to the south and the Rhodesdale Segment or Rhodesdale gneiss to the north.
- 3.400 Ma: Eleven taxa of prokaryotes are preserved in the Apex Chert of the Pilbara craton in Australia. Because chert is fine-grained silica-rich microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or microfibrious material, it preserves small fossils quite well. Stabilization of Baltic Shield begins.
- 3.340 Ma: Johannesburg Dome forms in South Africa: located in the central part of Kaapvaal Craton and consists of trondhjemitic and tonalitic granitic rocks intruded into mafic-ultramafic greenstone - the oldest granitoid phase recognised so far.
- 3,300 Ma: Onset of compressional tectonics.[11] Intrusion of granitic plutons on the Kaapvaal Craton.
- 3,260 Ma: One of the largest recorded impact events occurs near the Barberton Greenstone Belt, when a 58 km (36 mi) asteroid leaves a hole almost 480 km (300 mi) across – two and a half times larger in diameter than the Chicxulub crater.[12]
Mesoarchean Era[edit]
- 3,200 Ma: Mesoarchean Era starts. Onverwacht series in South Africa form - contain some of the oldest microfossils mostly spheroidal and carbonaceous alga-like bodies.
- 3,200–2,600 Ma: Assembly of the Ur supercontinent to cover between 12–16% of the current continental crust. Formation of Limpopo Belt.
- 3,100 Ma: Fig Tree Formation: second round of fossilizations including Archaeosphaeroides barbertonensis and Eobacterium. Gneiss and greenstone belts in the Baltic Shield are laid down in Kola Peninsula, Karelia and northeastern Finland.
- 3,000 Ma: Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica: possible formation of Humboldt Mountains in Queen Maud Land. Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use water as a reducing agent, thereby producing oxygen as a waste product. The oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore - over time oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rises, acting as a poison for many bacteria. As Moon is still very close to Earth and causes tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high, the Earth is continually wracked by hurricane-force winds - these extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary processes. Rise of Stromatolites: microbial mats become successful forming the first reef building communities on Earth in shallow warm tidal pool zones (to 1.5 Gyr). Tanzania Craton forms.
- 2,940 Ma: Yilgarn Craton of western Australia forms by the accretion of a multitude of formerly present blocks or terranes of existing continental crust.
- 2,900 Ma: Assembly of the Kenorland supercontinent, based upon the core of the Baltic shield, formed at 3100 Ma. Narryer Gniess Terrane (including Jack Hills) of Western Australia undergoes extensive metamorphism.
Neoarchean Era[edit]
- 2,800 Ma: Neoarchean Era starts. Breakup of the Vaalbara: Breakup of supercontinent Ur as it becomes a part of the major supercontinent Kenorland. Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons join together.
- 2,770 Ma: Formation of Hamersley Basin on the southern margin of Pilbara Craton - last stable submarine-fluviatile environment between the Yilgarn and Pilbara prior to rifting, contraction and assembly of the intracratonic Gascoyne Complex.
- 2,750 Ma: Renosterkoppies Greenstone Belt forms on the northern edge of the Kaapvaal Craton.
- 2,736 Ma: Formation of the Temagami Greenstone Belt in Temagami, Ontario, Canada.
- 2,707 Ma: Blake River Megacaldera Complex begins to form in present-day Ontario and Quebec - first known Precambrian supervolcano - first phase results in creation of 8 km long, 40 km wide, east-west striking Misema Caldera* - coalescence of at least two large mafic shield volcanoes.
- 2,705 Ma: Major komatiite eruption, possibly global[11] - possible mantle overturn event.
- 2,704 Ma: Blake River Megacaldera Complex: second phase results in creation of 30 km long, 15 km wide northwest-southeast trending New Senator Caldera - thick massive mafic sequences which has been inferred to be a subaqueous lava lake.
- 2,700 Ma: Biomarkers of cyanobacteria discovered, together with steranes (sterols of cholesterol), associated with films of eukaryotes, in shales located beneath banded iron formation hematite beds, in Hamersley Range, Western Australia;[13] skewed sulfur isotope ratios found in pyrites show a small rise in oxygen concentration in the atmosphere;[14] Sturgeon Lake Caldera forms in Wabigoon greenstone belt — contains well preserved homoclinal chain of greenschist facies, metamorphosed intrusive, volcanic and sedimentary layers (Mattabi pyroclastic flow considered third most voluminous eruptive event); stromatolites of Bulawayo series in Zimbabwe form — first verified reef community on Earth.
- 2,696 Ma: Blake River Megacaldera Complex: third phase of activity constructs classic east-northeast striking Noranda Caldera which contains a 7-to-9-km-thick succession of mafic and felsic rocks erupted during five major series of activity. Abitibi greenstone belt in present-day Ontario and Quebec begins to form: considered world's largest series of Archean greenstone belts, appears to represent a series of thrusted subterranes.
- 2,690 Ma: Formation of high pressure granulites in the Limpopo Central Region.
- 2,650 Ma: Insell Orogeny: occurrence of a very high grade discrete tectonothermal event (a UHT metamorphic event).
- 2,600 Ma: Oldest known giant carbonate platform.[11] Saturation of oxygen in ocean sediments is reached as oxygen now begins to dramatically appear in Earth's atmosphere.
Proterozoic Eon[edit]
Main article: Proterozoic
Paleoproterozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Paleoproterozoic
Siderian Period[edit]
- 2,500 Ma: Proterozoic Eon, Paleoproterozoic Era, and Siderian Period start. Oxygen saturation in the oceans is reached: Banded iron formations form and saturate ocean floor deposits - without an oxygen sink, Earth's atmosphere becomes highly oxygenic. Great Oxygenation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis - various forms of Archaea and anoxic bacteria become extinct in first great extinction event on Earth. Algoman Orogeny or Kenoran: assembly of Arctica out of the Canadian Laurentian Shield and Siberian craton - formation of Angaran Shield and Slave Province.
- 2,440 Ma: Formation of Gawler Craton in Australia.
- 2,400 Ma: Huronian glaciation starts, probably from oxidation of earlier methane greenhouse gas produced by burial of organic sediments of photosynthesizers. First cyanobacteria. Formation of Dharwar Craton in southern India.
- 2,400 Ma: Suavjarvi impact structure forms. This is the oldest known impact crater whose remnants are still recognizable. Dharwar Craton in southern India stabilizes.
Rhyacian Period[edit]
- 2,300 Ma: Rhyacian period starts.
- 2,250 Ma: Bushveld Igneous Complex forms: world's largest reserves of platinum-group metals (platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhodium and ruthenium), as well as vast quantities of iron, tin, chromium, titanium and vanadium appear – formation of Transvaal Basin begins.
- 2,200–1800 Ma: Continental Red Beds found, produced by iron in weathered sandstone being exposed to oxygen. Eburnean Orogeny, series of tectonic, metamorphic and plutonic events establish Eglab Shield to the north of West African Craton and Man Shield to its south – Birimian domain of West Africa established and structured.
- 2,200 Ma: Iron content of ancient fossil soils shows an oxygen built up to 5–18% of current levels.[15] End of Kenoran Orogeny: invasion of Superior and Slave Provinces by basaltic dikes and sills – Wyoming and Montana arm of Superior Province experiences intrusion of 5 km thick sheet of chromite-bearing gabbroic rock as Stillwater Complex forms.
- 2,100 Ma: Huronian glaciation ends. Earliest known eukaryote fossils found. Earliest multicellular organisms collectively referred to as the "Gabonionta" (Francevillian Group Fossil); Wopmay orogeny along western margin of Canadian Shield.
- 2,090 Ma: Eburnean Orogeny: Eglab Shield experiences syntectonic trondhjemitic pluton intrusion of its Chegga series – most of the intrusion is in the form of a plagioclase called oligoclase.
- 2.070 Ma: Eburnean Orogeny: asthenospheric upwelling releases large volume of post-orogenic magmas – magma events repeatedly reactivated from the Neoproterozoic to the Mesozoic.
Orosirian Period[edit]
- 2,050 Ma: Orosirian Period starts. Significant orogeny in most continents.
- 2,023 Ma: Vredefort impact structure forms.
- 2,005 Ma: Glenburgh Orogeny (2,005–1,920 Ma) begins: Glenburgh Terrane in western Australia begins to stabilize during period of substantial granite magmatism and deformation; Halfway Gneiss and Moogie Metamorphics result. Dalgaringa Supersuite (2,005–1,985 Ma), comprising sheets, dykes and viens of mesocratic and leucocratic tonalite, stabilizes.
- 2,000 Ma: The lesser supercontinent Atlantica forms. The Oklo natural nuclear reactor of Gabon produced by uranium-precipitant bacteria.[16] First acritarchs.
- 1,900 - 1,880 Ma: Gunflint chert biota forms flourishes including prokaryotes like Kakabekia, Gunflintia, Animikiea and Eoastrion
- 1,850 Ma: Sudbury impact structure. Penokean orogeny. First eukaryotes. Bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) emerge before, or soon after, the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.[17]
- 1,830 Ma: Capricorn Orogeny (1.83 - 1.78 Gyr) stabilizes central and northern Gascoyne Complex: formation of pelitic and psammitic schists known as Morrissey Metamorphics and depositing Pooranoo Metamorphics an amphibolite facies
Statherian Period[edit]
- 1,800 Ma: Statherian Period starts. Supercontinent Columbia forms, one of whose fragments being Nena. Oldest ergs develop on several cratons[11] Barramundi Orogeny (ca. 1.8 Gyr) influences MacArthur Basin in Northern Australia.
- 1,780 Ma Colorado Orogeny (1.78 - 1.65 Gyr) influences southern margin of Wyoming craton - collision of Colorado orogen and Trans-Hudson orogen with stabilized Archean craton structure
- 1,770 Ma Big Sky Orogeny (1.77 Gyr) influences southwest Montana: collision between Hearne and Wyoming cratons
- 1,765 Ma As Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent slows, Yapungku Orogeny (1.765 Gyr) begins affecting Yilgarn craton in Western Australia - possible formation of Darling Fault, one of longest and most significant in Australia
- 1,760 Ma Yavapai Orogeny (1.76 - 1.7 Gyr) impacts mid- to south-western United States
- 1,750 Ma Gothian Orogeny (1.75 - 1.5 Gyr): formation of tonalitic-granodioritic plutonic rocks and calc-alkaline volcanites in the East European Craton
- 1,700 Ma Stabilization of second major continental mass, the Guiana Shield in South America
- 1,680 Ma Mangaroon Orogeny (1.68 - 1.62 Gyr), on the Gascoyne Complex in Western Australia: Durlacher Supersuite, granite intrusion featuring a northern (Minnie Creek) and southern belt - heavily sheared orthoclase porphyroclastic granites
- 1,650 Ma Kararan Orogeny (1.65 Gyr) uplifts great mountains on the Gawler Craton in Southern Australia - formation of Gawler Range including picturesque Conical Hill Track and "Organ Pipes" waterfall
Mesoproterozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Mesoproterozoic
Calymmian Period[edit]
- 1,600 Ma: Mesoproterozoic Era and Calymmian Period start. Platform covers expand. Major orogenic event in Australia: Isan Orogeny (1,600 Ma) influences Mount Isa Block of Queensland - major deposits of lead, silver, copper and zinc are laid down. Mazatzal Orogeny (1,600 Ma - 1,300 Ma) influences mid- to south-western United States: Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon, Vishnu Schist and Grand Canyon Series, are formed establishing basement of Canyon with metamorphosed gniesses that are intruded by granites. Belt Supergroup in Montana/Idaho/BC formed in basin on edge of Laurentia.
- 1,500 Ma: Supercontinent Columbia splits apart: associated with continental rifting along western margin of Laurentia, eastern India, southern Baltica, southeastern Siberia, northwestern South Africa and North China Block - formation of Ghats Province in India. First structurally complex eukaryotes (Hododyskia, colonial formamiferian?).
Ectasian Period[edit]
- 1,400 Ma: Ectasian Period starts. Platform covers expand. Major increase in Stromatolite diversity with widespread blue-green algae colonies and reefs dominating tidal zones of oceans and seas
- 1,300 Ma: Break-up of Columbia Supercontinent completed: widespread anorogenic magmatic activity, forming anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite suites in North America, Baltica, Amazonia and North China - stabilization of Amazonian Craton in South America Grenville orogeny(1,300 - 1,000 Ma) in North America: globally associated with assembly of Supercontinent Rodinia establishes Grenville Province in Eastern North America - folded mountains from Newfoundland to North Carolina as Old Rag Mountain forms
- 1,270 Ma Emplacement of Mackenzie granite mafic dike swarm - one of three dozen dike swarms, forms into Mackenzie Large Igneous Province - formation of Copper Creek deposits
- 1,250 Ma Sveconorwegian Orogeny (1,250 Ma - 900 Ma) begins: essentially a reworking of previously formed crust on the Baltic Shield
- 1,240 Ma Second major dike swarm, Sudbury dikes form in Northeastern Ontario around the area of the Sudbury Basin
Stenian Period[edit]
- 1,200 Ma: Stenian Period starts. Red alga Bangiomorpha pubescens, earliest fossil evidence for sexually reproducing organism.[18] Meiosis and sexual reproduction are present in single-celled eukaryotes, and possibly in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.[19] Supercontinent of Rodinia(1.2 Gyr - 750 Myr) completed: consisting of North American, East European, Amazonian, West African, Eastern Antarctica, Australia and China blocks, largest global system yet formed - surrounded by superocean Mirovia
- 1,100 Ma: First dinoflagellate evolve: photosynthetic some develop mixotrophic habits ingesting prey - with their appearance, prey-predator relationship is established for first time forcing acritarchs to defensive strategies and leading to open "arms" race. Late Ruker (1.1 - 1 Gyr) and Nimrod Orogenies (1.1 Gyr) in Antarctica possibly begins: formation of Gamburtsev mountain range and Vostok Subglacial Highlands. Keweenawan Rift buckles in the south-central part of the North American plate - leaves behind thick layers of rock that are exposed in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska and creates rift valley where future Lake Superior develops.
- 1,080 Ma: Musgrave Orogeny (ca. 1.080 Gyr) forms Musgrave Block, an east-west trending belt of granulite-gneiss basement rocks - voluminous Kulgera Suite of granite and Birksgate Complex solidify
- 1,076 Ma: Musgrave Orogeny: Warakurna large igneous province develops - intrusion of Giles Complex and Winburn Suite of granites and deposition of Bentley Supergroup (including Tollu and Smoke Hill Volcanics)
Neoproterozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Neoproterozoic
Tonian Period[edit]
- 1,000 Ma: Neoproterozoic Era and Tonian Period start. Grenville orogeny ends. First radiation of dinoflagellates and spiny acritarchs - increase in defensive systems indicate that acritarchs are responding to carnivorous habits of dinoflagellates - decline in stromatolite reef populations begins. Rodinia starts to break up. First vaucherian algae. Rayner Orogeny as proto-India and Antarctica collide (to 900 Ma.) Trace fossils of colonial Hododyskia (1500 Ma - 900 Ma): possible divergence between animal and plant kingdoms begins. Stabilization of Satpura Province in Northern India. Rayner Orogeny (1 Gyr - 900 Myr) as India and Antarctica collide
- 920 Ma: Edmundian Orogeny (ca. 920 - 850 Myr) redefines Gascoyne Complex: consists of reactivation of earlier formed faults in the Gascoyne - folding and faulting of overlying Edmund and Collier basins
- 920 Ma: Adelaide Geosyncline laid down in central Australia - essentially a rift complex, consists of thick layer of sedimentary rock and minor volcanics deposited on easter margin - limestones, shales and sandstones predominate
- 900 Ma: Bitter Springs Formation of Australia: in addition to prokaryote assemblage of fossils, cherts include eukaryotes with ghostly internal structures similar to green algae - first appearance of Glenobotrydion (900 - 720 Myr), among earliest plants on Earth
Cryogenian Period[edit]
- 850 Ma: Cryogenian Period starts, during which Earth freezes over (Snowball Earth or Slushball Earth) at least 3 times. Rift develops on Rodinia between continental masses of Australia, eastern Antarctica, India, Congo and Kalahari on one side and Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia, West African and Rio de la Plata cratons on other - formation of Adamastor Ocean.
- 800 Ma: With free oxygen levels much higher, carbon cycle is disrupted and once again glaciation becomes severe - beginning of second "snowball Earth" event
- 750 Ma: First Proterozoa appears: as creatures like Paramecium, Amoeba and Melanocyrillium evolve, first animal-like cells become distinctive from plants - rise of herbivores (plant feeders) in the food chain. First Sponge-like animal: similar to early colonial foraminiferan Horodyskia, earliest ancestors of Sponges were colonial cells that circulated food sources using flagella to their gullet to be digested. Kaigas glaciation (ca. 750 Ma): first major glaciation of Earth - almost entire planet is covered with ice sheets up to more than a kilometer thick and identified from units in Namibia and the South China Block
- 720 Ma: Sturtian glaciation continues process begun during Kaigas - great ice sheets cover most of the planet stunting evolutionary development of animal and plant life - survival based on small pockets of heat under the ice
- 700 Ma: Fossils of testate Amoeba first appear: first complex metazoans leave unconfirmed biomarkers - they introduce new complex body plan architecture which allows for development of complex internal and external structures. Worm trail impressions in China: because putative "burrows" under stromatolite mounds are of uneven width and tapering makes biological origin difficult to defend - structures imply simple feeding behaviours. Rifting of Rodinia is completed: formation of new superocean of Panthalassa as previous Mirovia ocean bed closes - Mozambique mobile belt develops as a suture between plates on Congo-Tanzania craton
- 660 Ma As Sturtian glaciers retreat, Cadomian orogeny (660 - 540 Myr) begins on north coast of Armorica: involving one or more collisions of island arcs on margin of future Gondwana, terranes of Avalonia, Armorica and Ibera are laid down
- 650 Ma First Demosponges appear: form first skeletons of spicules made from protein spongin and silica - brightly coloured these colonial creatures filter feed since they lack nervous, digestive or circulatory systems and reproduce both sexually and asexually
- 650 Ma: Final period of worldwide glaciation, Marinoan (650 - 635 Myr) begins: most significant "snowball Earth" event, global in scope and longer - evidence from Diamictite deposits in South Australia laid down on Adelaide Geosyncline
Ediacaran Period[edit]
- 635 Ma: Ediacaran period begins. End of Marinoan Glaciation: last major "snowball Earth" event as future ice ages will feature less overall ice coverage of the planet
- 633 Ma: Beardmore Orogeny (633 - 620 Ma) in Antarctica: reflection of final break-up of Rodinia as pieces of the supercontinent begin moving together again to form Pannotia
- 620 Ma: Timanide Orogeny (620 - 550 Ma) affects northern Baltic Shield: gneiss province divided into several north-south trending segments experiences numerous metasedimentary and metavolcanic deposits - last major orogenic event of Precambrian
- 600 Ma: Pan-African Orogeny (600 Ma) begins: Arabian-Nubian Shield formed between plates separating supercontinent fragments Gondwana and Pannotia - Supercontinent Pannotia (600 - 500 Ma) completed, bordered by Iapetus and Panthalassa oceans. Accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows for the formation of ozone layer: prior to this, land-based life would probably have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to permit colonization of the land
- 575 Ma: First Ediacaran-type fossils.
- 560 Ma: Trace fossils, e.g., worm burrows, and small bilaterally symmetrical animals. Earliest arthropods. Earliest fungi.
- 555 Ma: The first possible mollusk Kimberella appears.
- 550 Ma: First possible comb-jellies, sponges, corals, and anemones.
- 544 Ma: The small shelly fauna first appears.
Phanerozoic Eon[edit]
Main article: Phanerozoic
Paleozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Paleozoic
Cambrian Period[edit]
- 541 ± 1.0 Ma: beginning of the Cambrian Period, the Paleozoic Era and the Phanerozoic (current) Eon. End of the Ediacaran Period, the Proterozoic Eon and the Precambrian Supereon. Time since the Cambrian explosion the emergence of most forms of complex life, including vertebrates (fish), arthropods, echinoderms and molluscs. Pannotia breaks up into several smaller continents: Laurentia, Baltica and Gondwana.
- 540 Ma: Supercontinent of Pannotia breaks up.
- 530 Ma: First fish.
- 525 Ma: First graptolites.
- 521 Ma: First trilobites
- 505 Ma: Deposition of the Burgess Shale.
Ordovician Period[edit]
- 485.4 ± 1.7 Ma: Beginning of the Ordovician and the end of the Cambrian Period.
- 485 Ma: First jawless fish.
- 450 Ma: Plants and arthropods colonize the land. Sharks evolve.
Silurian Period[edit]
- 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma: Beginning of the Silurian and the end of the Ordovician Period.
- 420 Ma: First creature took a breath of air. First ray-finned fish and land scorpions.
- 410 Ma: First toothed fish and nautiloids.
Devonian Period[edit]
- 419.2 ± 2.8 Ma: Beginning of the Devonian and end of the Silurian Period. First insects.
- 395 Ma: First of many modern groups, including tetrapods.
- 360 Ma: First crabs and ferns.
- 350 Ma: First large sharks, ratfish and hagfish.
Carboniferous Period[edit]
- 358.9 ± 2.5 Ma: Beginning of the Carboniferous and the end of Devonian Period. Amphibians diversify.
- 330 Ma: First amniotes evolve.
- 320 Ma: First synapsids evolve.
- 315 Ma: The evolution of the first reptiles.
- 305 Ma: First diapsids evolve.
Permian Period[edit]
- 298.9 ± 0.8 Ma: End of Carboniferous and beginning of Permian Period. By this time, all continents have fused into the supercontinent of Pangaea. Beetles evolve. Seed plants and conifers diversify along with temnospondyls and pelycosaurs.
- 275 Ma: First therapsids evolve.
- 251.4 Ma: Permian mass extinction. End of Permian Period and of the Palaeozoic Era. Beginning of Triassic Period, the Mesozoic era and of the age of the dinosaurs.
Mesozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Mesozoic
Triassic Period[edit]
- 252.17 ± 0.4 Ma: Mesozoic era and Triassic Period begin. Mesozoic Marine Revolution begins.
- 245 Ma: First ichthyosaurs.
- 240 Ma: Cynodonts and rhynchosaurs diversify.
- 225 Ma: First dinosaurs and teleosti evolve.
- 220 Ma: First crocodilians and flies.
- 215 Ma: First turtles. Long-necked sauropod dinosaurs and Coelophysis, one of the earliest theropod dinosaurs, evolve. First mammals.
Jurassic Period[edit]
- 201.3 ± 0.6 Ma: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event marks the end of Triassic and beginning of Jurassic Period. The largest dinosaurs, such as Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus evolve during this time, as do the carnosaurs; large, bipedal predatory dinosaurs such as Allosaurus. First specialized pterosaurs and sauropods. Ornithischians diversify.
- 190 Ma: Pliosaurs evolve, along with many groups of primitive sea invertebrates.
- 180 Ma: Pangaea splits into two major continents: Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south.
- 176 Ma: First stegosaurs.
- 170 Ma: First salamanders and newts evolve. Cynodonts go extinct.
- 165 Ma: First stingrays.
- 161 Ma: First ceratopsians.
- 155 Ma: First birds and triconodonts. Stegosaurs and theropods diversify.
Cretaceous Period[edit]
- 145 ± 4 Ma: End of Jurassic and beginning of Cretaceous Period.
- 130 Ma: Laurasia and Gondwana begin to split apart as the Atlantic Ocean forms. First flowering plants.
- 115 Ma: First monotremes.
- 110 Ma: First hesperornithes.
- 106 Ma: Spinosaurus evolves.
- 100 Ma: First bees.
- 90 Ma: the Indian subcontinent splits from Gondwana, becoming an island continent. Ichthyosaurs go extinct. Snakes and ticks evolve.
- 80 Ma: Australia splits from Antarctica. First ants.
- 70 Ma: Multituberculates diversify.
- 68 Ma: Tyrannosaurus rex evolves.
- 66 ± 0.3 Ma: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous Period marks the end of the Mesozoic era and the age of the dinosaurs; start of the Paleogene Period and the current Cenozoic era.
Cenozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Cenozoic
Paleogene Period[edit]
- 63 Ma: First creodonts.
- 60 Ma: Evolution of the first primates and miacids. Flightless birds diversify.
- 56 Ma: Gastornis evolves.
- 55 Ma: the island of the Indian subcontinent collides with Asia, thrusting up the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. Many modern bird groups appear. First whale ancestors. First rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, sirenians, proboscideans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, and mako sharks. Angiosperms diversify.
- 52 Ma: First bats.
- 50 Ma: Africa collides with Eurasia, closing the Tethys Sea. Divergence of cat and dog ancestors. Primates diversify. Brontotheres, tapirs, rhinos, and camels evolve.
- 49 Ma: Whales return to the water.
- 40 Ma: Age of the Catarrhini parvorder; first canines evolve. Lepidopteran insects become recognizable. Gastornis goes extinct. Basilosaurus evolves.
- 37 Ma: First Nimravids.
- 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma: End of Eocene, start of Oligocene epoch.
- 35 Ma: Grasslands first appear. Glyptodonts, ground sloths, peccaries, dogs, eagles, and hawks evolve.
- 33 Ma: First thylacinid marsupials evolve.
- 30 Ma: Brontotheres go extinct. Pigs evolve. South America separates from Antarctica, becoming an island continent.
- 28 Ma: Paraceratherium evolves.
- 26 Ma: Emergence of the first true elephants.
- 25 Ma: First deer. Cats evolve.
Neogene Period[edit]
- 23.03 ± 0.05 Ma: Neogene Period and Miocene epoch begin
- 20 Ma: Giraffes and giant anteaters evolve.
- 18-12 Ma: estimated age of the Hominidae/Hylobatidae (great apes vs. gibbons) split.
- 15 Ma: First mastodons, bovids, and kangaroos. Australian megafauna diversify.
- 10 Ma: Insects diversify. First large horses.
- 6.5 Ma: First members of the Hominini tribe.
- 6 Ma: Australopithecines diversify.
- 5.96 Ma - 5.33 Ma: Messinian Salinity Crisis: the precursor of the current Strait of Gibraltar closes repeatedly, leading to a partial desiccation and strong increase in salinity of the Mediterranean Sea.
- 5.4-6.3 Ma: Estimated age of the Homo/Pan (human vs. chimpanzee) split.
- 5.5 Ma: Appearance of the genus Ardipithecus
- 5.33 Ma: Zanclean flood: the Strait of Gibraltar opens for the last (and current) time and water from the Atlantic Sea fills again the Mediterranean Sea basin.
- 5.333 ± 0.005 Ma: Pliocene epoch begins. First tree sloths and hippopotami. First large vultures. Nimravids go extinct.
- 4.8 Ma: The mammoth appears.
- 4.5 Ma: appearance of the genus Australopithecus
- 3 Ma: Isthmus of Panama joins North and South America. Great American Interchange.
- 2.7 Ma: Paranthropus evolve.
- 2.6 Ma: current ice age begins
Quaternary Period[edit]
- 2.58 ± 0.005 Ma: start of the Pleistocene epoch, the Stone Age and the current Quaternary Period; emergence of the genus Homo. Smilodon, the best known of the sabre-toothed cats, appears.
- 1.9 Ma: Oldest known Homo erectus fossils. This species might be evolved some time before, up to 2 Ma ago.
- 1.7 Ma: Australopithecines go extinct.
- 1.8-0.8 Ma: colonisation of Eurasia by Homo erectus.
- 1.5 Ma: earliest possible evidence of the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus
- 1.2 Ma: Homo antecessor evolves. Paranthropus dies out.
- 0.79 Ma: earliest demonstrable evidence of the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus
- 0.7 Ma: last reversal of the earth's magnetic field
- 0.64 Ma: Yellowstone caldera erupts
- 0.6 Ma: Homo heidelbergensis evolves.
- 0.3 Ma: Approximate age of Canis lupus. Middle Stone Age begins in Africa.
- 0.25 Ma: Neanderthals evolve.
- 0.2 Ma: Middle Paleolithic begins. Appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa
For later events, see Timeline of human prehistory.
Etymology of period names[edit]
|Root word
|Reason for name
|2500 Ma
|Greek sidēros
|ref. the banded iron formations
|2300 Ma
|Gk. rhyax
|lava flow
|much lava flowed
|2050 Ma
|Gk. oroseira
|mountain range
|much orogeny in this period's latter half
|1800 Ma
|Gk. statheros
|continents became stable cratons
|1600 Ma
|Gk. calymma
|platform covers developed or expanded
|1400 Ma
|Gk. ectasis
|platform covers expanded
|1200 Ma
|Gk. stenos
|much orogeny, which survives as narrow metamorphic belts
|1000 Ma
|Gk. tonos
|The continental crust stretched as Rodinia broke up
|850 Ma
|Gk. cryogenicos
|In this period all the Earth froze over
|Ediacara Hills
|stony ground
|place in Australia where the Ediacaran biota fossils were found
|Latin Cambria
|ref. to the place in Great Britain where Cambrian rocks are best exposed
|485.4 Ma
|Celtic Ordovices
|Tribe in north Wales, where the rocks were first identified
|443.8 Ma
|Ctc. Silures
|Tribe in south Wales, where the rocks were first identified
|County in England in which rocks from this period were first identified
|358.9 Ma
|Lt. carbo
|Global coal beds were laid in this period
|Perm Krai
|Region in Russia where rocks from this period were first identified
|252.17 Ma
|Lt. trias
|In Germany this period forms three distinct layers
|Jura Mountains
|Mountain range in the Alps in which rocks from this period were first identified
|Lt. creta
|More chalk formed in this period than any other
|Gk. palaiogenos
|"ancient born"
|Gk. neogenos
|"new born"
|2.58 Ma
|Lt. quaternarius
|This was initially deemed the "fourth" period after the now-obsolete "primary", "secondary" and "tertiary" periods.
- ^ Amelin,Yuri, Alexander N. Krot, Ian D. Hutcheon, & Alexander A. Ulyanov (Sept 2002), "Lead Isotopic Ages of Chondrules and Calcium-Aluminum-Rich Inclusions" (Science, 6 September 2002: Vol. 297. no. 5587, pp. 1678 - 1683)
- ^ According to isotopicAges, the Ca-Al-I's (= Ca-Al-rich inclusions) here formed in a proplyd (= protoplanetary disk]).
- ^ Courtland, Rachel (July 2, 2008). "Did newborn Earth harbour life?". New Scientist. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
- ^ Taylor, G. Jeffrey (2006), "Wandering Gas Giants and Lunar Bombardment: Outward migration of Saturn might have triggered a dramatic increase in the bombardment rate on the Moon 3.9 billion years ago, an idea testable with lunar samples" [1]
- ^ a b Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
- ^ Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 112: 14518–21. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481. Retrieved 2015-10-20. Early edition, published online before print.
- ^ Mojzis, S, et al. (1996), Evidence for Life on Earth before 3800 million years ago", (Nature, 384)
- ^ Yoko Ohtomo, Takeshi Kakegawa, Akizumi Ishida, Toshiro Nagase, Minik T. Rosing (8 December 2013). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025. Retrieved 9 Dec 2013.
- ^ Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). "Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom". AP News. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- ^ Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology (journal). 13 (12): 1103–24. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. PMC 3870916. PMID 24205812. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d Eriksson, P.G.; Catuneanu, Octavian; Nelson, D.R.; Mueller, W.U.; Altermann, Wladyslaw (2004), "Towards a Synthesis (Chapter 5)", in Eriksson, P.G.; Altermann, Wladyslaw; Nelson, D.R.; Mueller, W.U.; Catuneanu, Octavian, The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events, Developments in Precambrian Geology 12, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 739–769, ISBN 978-0-444-51506-3
- ^ "Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast". AGU. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
- ^ Brocks et al. (1999), "Archaean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes", (Science 285)
- ^ Canfield, D (1999), "A Breath of Fresh Air" (Nature 400)
- ^ Rye, E. and Holland, H. (1998), "Paleosols and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen", (Amer. Journ. of Science, 289)
- ^ Cowan, G (1976), A natural fission reactor (Scientific American, 235)
- ^ Bernstein H, Bernstein C (May 1989). "Bacteriophage T4 genetic homologies with bacteria and eucaryotes". J. Bacteriol. 171 (5): 2265–70. PMC 209897. PMID 2651395.
- ^ Butterfield, NJ. (2000). "Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes". Paleobiology. 26 (3): 386–404. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (2012). DNA repair as the primary adaptive function of sex in bacteria and eukaryotes. Chapter 1: pp.1-49 in: DNA Repair: New Research, Sakura Kimura and Sora Shimizu editors. Nova Sci. Publ., Hauppauge, N.Y. ISBN 978-1-62100-808-8 https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=31918


text:
rovi corp (ROVI:NASDAQ GS)
ROVI On Other Exchanges
BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Alan L. Earhart *
Independent Director, Chairman of Audit Committee and Member of Corporate Governance & Nominating Committee
*Data is at least as current as the most recent Definitive Proxy.
The information and data displayed in this profile are created and managed by Capital IQ, a Standard & Poor's company. Bloomberg.com does not create or control the content. For inquiries, please contact Capital IQ directly by clicking here.
MOST CONNECTED PEOPLE TO Alan L. Earhart
|Eddy W. Hartenstein
|123 Relationships
|Gerald D. Held
|89 Relationships
|Richard P. Wallace
|71 Relationships
|David L. House
|62 Relationships
|John W. Gerdelman
|54 Relationships
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Apna Ghar sex abuse: Girl child born to challenged inmate
Top Stories
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- Aruna Shanbaug's 42-year struggle ends, fellow nurses, kin bid adieu
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- 'What happened to Modi asking Bangladeshi infiltrators to pack up'
Confirming allegations of woman and children of Rohtak-based shelter home Apna Ghar being sexually abused, a deaf and mute inmate recently gave birth to a girl.
Twenty-one-year-old Reema (name changed) who stayed at Apna Ghar for over two years was among six inmates who were shifted to a shelter in Bhiwani when a National Commission of Protection of Child Rights team raided Apna Ghar in May and it came to light that inmates were being sexually abused by in-charge Jaswanti Devi and others, including Haryana Police officers.
Several charges, including rape, forcibly causing miscarriage and violation of certain sections of the Juvenile Justice Act were slapped against Jaswanti and six others by the CBI on August 7.
According to sources, Reema had given birth to the girl child at Rohtak's Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS) on September 16.
The hospital confirmed the birth of the child, who weighs 2.6 kg, at 9.29 pm. After staying in the hospital for three days, Reema and her child had returned to the Bhiwani-based shelter , Swadhar being run by Haryana women and child development department. Reema was found to be pregnant when she was medically examined on May 30.
According to sources, a CBI team has obtained DNA samples of the newborn, which will be matched with those arrested in connection with the case. The agency will file an application in the CBI court for obtaining DNA samples of the accused.
In a similar case that took place at a shelter home in Chandigarh, a mentally-challenged girl had given birth to a girl after she was sexually exploited by the home's security guard. Based on DNA samples, the security guard was found to be the child's father.
Another inmate dies
A 10-year-old mentally-challenged inmate, Kajal, who was shifted from Apna Ghar to Hanumante Bal Ashram in Bhiwani, died on Tuesday night at Rohtak PGIMS under mysterious circumstances. She was among the eight inmates, who were transferred to the ashram in Bhiwani.
... contd.


text:
Well... You guys all know I've been in between. I haven't worshipped the movies but I haven't thought they were complete crap which I'm unable to watch either... So to my conviction of the third movie: LOVED IT, LOVED IT, LOVED IT, LOVED IT!!!!!
I just couldn't stop crying. I was still crying on the subway on the way home. Jeez... I never knew it could have such an effect on me. I was not really excited about it, since I was expecting to become disappointed, which I really wasn't! Ok, some parts are so-so, but it is a very good movie. I've gotta go see it again. tata!


text:
Hrithik Roshan goes back to his school life
Hrithik wished to meet his favourite English teachers, Mrs Mosses and Mrs Beindish, who are now retired. But the ex-star student's wish was granted after his favourite teachers came to meet Hrithik.
Well, as a kid, the major complaint against him was his childhood tantrums to avoid going to the school. His patent excuse was to fall sick. But revisiting his school after so many years, had made the star emotional.


text:
Kelly Graves To Throw Out First Pitch At Safeco Field Wednesday
May 14, 2010
SPOKANE, Wash. - Gonzaga University women's basketball head coach Kelly Graves will throw out the ceremonial first pitch at Wednesday's Seattle Mariners game against the Toronto Blue Jays at Safeco Field. Graves catcher of the ceremonial first pitch with be former Bulldog Vivian Frieson; the Zags first player to be drafted by the WNBA.
The game has a start time of 7:10 p.m. and can be seen on Fox Sports Net.
Graves, who just finished his 10th year at the helm, has turned the Bulldogs into one of the elite programs in the country. He has guided the Zags to an unprecedented six-straight West Coast Conference regular-season titles (2005-10) and now four-straight post season appearances.
Graves helmed the Zags to a perfect 14-0 mark in WCC play in 2009-10, a 29-5 overall record, their first-ever NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen appearance and their highest ranking in school history (No. 12) en route to his fifth West Coast Conference Coach of the Year honor in the last eight seasons.
Graves has a 197-114 overall record at Gonzaga during his 10 year reign and a 98-42 West Coast Conference mark.
Frieson, a forward from Seattle, Wash., graduated in May from GU with a degree in public relations. She was a two-time All-West Coast Conference and WCC All-Tournament honoree and is only one of eight Bulldogs to end their careers scoring 1,000 points and grabbing over 600 rebounds. She averaged 12.5 points and a team-best 7.4 rebounds while averaging 28.6 minutes per game in her final season at GU.
In Gonzaga's Sweet Sixteen NCAA Tournament run this past season, Frieson averaged 16.0 points, 8.7 rebounds, 3.0 assists, 3.0 blocks and 2.0 steals per contest. Arguably her biggest shot of her career came with 18 seconds left in the Zags NCAA Tournament second round game versus Texas A&M that catapulted them to the 72-71 win and to their first-ever Regional Semifinal appearance.
In her four seasons in a Bulldog uniform, Frieson averaged 8.6 points, 5.7 rebounds, 1.6 assists, 1.2 steals and 1.0 block per contest.
04/20/2016 - Cheslek Invited to Phoenix Mercury Training Camp
04/18/2016 - DI-AAA ADA Recognizes Wiltjer, Cheslek
03/21/2016 - Women's Basketball Season Ends in WNIT Second Round
03/19/2016 - Women's Basketball Meets Utah in WNIT Second Round
03/17/2016 - Zags Advance to WNIT Second Round
03/15/2016 - Zags and UCR Faceoff in WNIT
03/14/2016 - Women's Basketball Meets UC Riverside in WNIT First Round
Baseball05/30/2016Women's Soccer05/26/2016Women's Rowing05/17/2016Baseball04/24/2016


text:
- Report: #767723
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Blue Dolphin Group LLC
Blue Dolphin Group LLC1127 High Ridge Road, #335 Stamford, CT 06905 Internet United States of America
Blue Dolphin Group LLC M2 Media Group, LLC Magazines Never Received Internet
*UPDATE Employee: if you need assistance we are happy to help
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Corporate Advocacy Program™
On July 15, 2011, I sent an email to email@example.com, "Hi, I ordered my subscription over 6 weeks ago and haven't received the magazine. When will it be sent?"
On July 16, 2011, email@example.com responded, "Hello, According to our records, we forwarded your order to the Fulfillment House on 06/06/2011 . Standard delivery time for most magazines is 6 to 10 weeks, depending on the date an order is placed and the publication's frequency. Some monthly magazines and those published less frequently may take a little longer. If a magazine is only published 10 times per year it will generally take 10 weeks or more to receive your first issue. Sincerely,Blue Dolphin Customer Support"
Today, August 20, 2011, I sent an email to email@example.com, email@example.com, "Hi, I still have not received the subscription. Please send me a refund." In addition, I sent an email through Eversave.com's website hosted customer support email system regarding my payment for this product and the lack of delivered product.
Blue Dolphin does not provide its phone number, but the one email response was timely. Eversave.com and Bluedolphin.com (aka bluedolphin-magazines.com and M2 Media Group, LLC) appear to be working together in this fraudulent scheme. By the time the customer realizes that the magazine isn't arriving, it's to late to successfully file a fraud claim with the credit card company.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 08/20/2011 09:57 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Blue-Dolphin-Group-LLC/internet/Blue-Dolphin-Group-LLC-M2-Media-Group-LLC-Magazines-Never-Received-Internet-767723. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 UPDATE Employee
if you need assistance we are happy to help
AUTHOR: BlueDolphin Mags - (United States of America)
SUBMITTED: Monday, August 22, 2011POSTED: Monday, August 22, 2011
Unfortunately I'm not able to find your account with the given information. If you still need help we'll
need more information from you; your BLUEDOLPHIN member ID or order
Once we have this information we are
happy to look at your order.
You can reach us at firstname.lastname@example.com
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text:
- Report: #126006
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Fundamental Consumer Strategies, FCS
Fundamental Consumer Strategies, FCSP.O Box 625 Charleston Nevis, India India
Fundamental Consumer Strategies, FCS RIP OFF Charleston, Nevis India
*Consumer Suggestion: I GOT MY MONEY BACK TODAY
*Consumer Suggestion: Lets all help each other
Ripoff Report
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line of defense
on the Internet.
If your business is
willing to make a
commitment to
customer satisfaction
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Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
I doubt the company will return the call, as they have not to anyone else. She was suprised to find that there were so many complaints about this company and seemed concerned (*SEEMED*). She told me to call back (1-866-581-5774) between 9 and 5 eastern time to speak with a supervisor, so I will do that tomorow to see what he has to say and I will probly end up posting another complaint on this site. I have gone to my bank and the paperwork will be signed tomorow for fraud. I am calling the BBB and going to send something to a congressman about this. I worked collections and then was on the other side working for a debt consolidation company and I hated to see people like FCS and AIG take advantage of people like me and all of you. I would like to get any and all information about this company that I can before I take it any higher. This company thought they were messing with people who wouldnt do anything about his, but, THEY PISSED ME OFF.
I have 2 children I need to support and they messed with that. I have given you all the information I have collected today and hope that I will have more in the near future to pass along to you. Please feel free to contact me Together we can get this taken care of, it will take work and Im willing to do just that.
Hermiston, Oregon
CLICK here to see why Rip-off Report, as a matter of policy, deleted either a phone number, link or e-mail address from this Report.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 01/05/2005 07:00 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Fundamental-Consumer-Strategies-FCS/Charleston-Nevis-India/Fundamental-Consumer-Strategies-FCS-RIP-OFF-Charleston-Nevis-India-126006. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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- Only search one name at a time if Company has many AKA's.
#1 Consumer Suggestion
AUTHOR: Edward - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Tuesday, January 11, 2005POSTED: Tuesday, January 11, 2005
Are you an owner, employee or ex-employee with either negative or positive information about the company or individual, or can you provide "insider information" on this company?
#2 Consumer Suggestion
Lets all help each other
AUTHOR: Michael - (U.S.A.)
SUBMITTED: Thursday, January 06, 2005POSTED: Thursday, January 06, 2005
And if we get the money back, I will once again pt my email on every single report on here and anyone that emails me back I will tell you what was done. but for now I do not know how to get the money back.
I have tried everything that has been sugested in these reports, and have came up empty handed. No matter how much I call and complain or what I say, I get no where. So please if anyone out there thinks they are on the right track to getting their money back please email me and like I said, I will do what I can to help. I do thank everyone that has made sugestions but they have not worked for me. I hope everyone gets there money back, and these people fry in hell for all the lives they have messed up.
Are you an owner, employee or ex-employee with either negative or positive information about the company or individual, or can you provide "insider information" on this company?
Advertisers above have met our
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text:
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) -
The CMA with the Crown Commercial Service has worked with Builtintelligence to produce a procurement e-learning tool. It is designed to help procurers and supply chain professionals understand why bid-rigging is harmful, learn how to spot tell-tale signs that suggest a bid may be illegal, deal with suspect bids and know where to go for further help.
British Medical Association (BMA) -
This report argues that the independent sector should be subject to the same robust standards as NHS providers and that managers must be wary of the health service becoming fragmented. It calls for government and policy makers to implement a series of recommendations aimed at protecting the NHS from being destabilised. It also urges commissioners and health service managers to consider the possible negative effects of privatisation on training and recruitment.
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) -
This report outlines provisional findings of an investigation into the private healthcare market and finds that the lack of price competition is harming customers. The CMA are currently consulting on possible remedies to address the concerns it has identified.
The King's Fund -
Mergers of trusts in the NHS are often instigated by national bodies so that NHS trusts can gain foundation trust status or failing providers can be rescued from financial difficulties. This report looks at 20 mergers between 2010 and mid-2015 and finds that significant sums of money are being spent on such mergers (£2 billion on just 12 mergers over this period), often based on faulty argumentation and a lack of evidence that mergers offer lasting solutions. It concludes that the Department of Health, Monitor and the Trust Development Authority should support service improvement and transformation where possible, rather than instigate merger. If a merger is contemplated, there needs to be a more realistic assessment of the costs and benefits.
Monitor -
This survey indicates that too few NHS patients say that they are being offered a choice about where they receive care, indicating that more work needs to be done to promote patient choice across the NHS. 40 per cent of respondents to NHS England and Monitor's annual survey into patient choice said they were offered a choice of hospital or clinic for their first outpatient appointment by their GPs. The survey indicated that, where patients are offered a choice, they are much more likely to be able to go to the hospital or clinic they want.
House of Commons Library -
This briefing sets out policy on maximum waiting time standards and patient choice in the English NHS.
National Institute for Health Research -
Evidence from the Birthplace in England Research Programme supported a policy of offering 'low risk' women a choice of birth setting, but a number of unanswered questions remained. This project aimed to provide further evidence to support the development and delivery of maternity services and inform women's choice of birth setting: specifically, to explore maternal and organisational factors associated with intervention, transfer and other outcomes in each birth setting in 'low risk' and 'higher risk' women.
Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) -
This paper investigates how changes in hospital choice sets affect levels of patient demand for elective hospital care. It exploits a set of reforms in England that opened up the market for publicly-funded patients to private hospitals. Impacts on demand are estimated using variation in distance to these private hospitals, within regions where supply constraints are fixed. It finds that the reforms increased demand for publicly-funded procedures. For public hospitals, volumes remained unchanged but waiting times fell. Taken together, the results provide new insights into how individuals make choices about their care and the scope of competition between hospitals.
The King's Fund -
After 100 days in office, the new government's plans for health and social care are beginning to take shape. We take a look at the measures that have been outlined so far and focus on financial control and productivity; devolution; quality and safety; primary care; seven-day services; mental health and learning disabilities; public health; social care; patient engagement; leadership; and regulation.
House of Commons Library -
This briefing provides information on the background, negotiation process and controversial points of the proposed EU-US free trade agreement, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.


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Finally gave up and paid the exorbitant fee. I need the connection too much to make due with sipping from the public lounge at odd hours. So here are Tuesday and Wednesday; Thursday will have to be later on today, because I'm running two games tomorrow and I should really get some sleep at some point.
George choked and spluttered to the surface, tasting chlorine, pee, and used Band-Aids. Becky floated nearby. She regarded him solemnly.
"The octopus is one of the smartest creatures in the ocean," she said. Behind her, painted numbers announced the depth. Ten feet, twenty... George stopped at the middle five thousands.
"It is a voracious predator, strong and tough," Becky went on. "Its beak can shear through bone."
The pool deepened into shadows. George could no longer see the bottom.
"It has protective camouflage," said Becky. "You never see it coming."
Something slipped around George's ankle.
Thursday, August 13, 2009
Interesting Facts About the Octopus
Posted by Nathaniel Lee at 2:41 AM
Labels: flitterfic
3 comments:
- Fritz said...
Hi Nathaniel,
I've been lurking for a couple of weeks and have enjoyed your rich imagination. I've also found your flitterfic to be great for thinking up a short response scene I can use as a writing exercise in editing.
Thanks! Fritz
- August 15, 2009 at 1:37 PM
- Scattercat said...
That's great to hear! Hopefully you're still around after the GenCon drought...
- August 18, 2009 at 7:48 PM
- Fritz said...
Still around and glad to see two more flitterfics.
- August 19, 2009 at 12:17 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Liverpool Message Board
you are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the posts
The next Stevie G.
Fair points guys and I agree that £20m doesn't buy you much these days. It's a rumour but we'll have to see. I would hope that we could at least add £10m to that figure by flogging Carroll alone.
On the side though have you notived that bar the odd exception there is a general slowing down of big spending now. "Them" only bought van Persie, City didn't do anything of note apart from the now forgotten Swansea winger (yes I've actually forgotten his name and I bet he's kicking himself now). We're still up there as far as spending goes, it's just that we have a need to do more I guess.
Loki, Colin, a little game for you guys. Out of interest who do you think we need / or like to have? One rule though the likes of Cavani and players of that ilk are out of reach to almost everyone and therefore shouldn't count. Sadly I doubt this board will be able to tackle the game but we'll see.Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
Colyn...dont think I will play this game mate as my knowledge of other clubs players isnt that extensive and thats what we sposed to employ "scouts" for isnt it. Theres a guy plays wing for Wigan that Ive seen a few times this season he looks the biz but cant recall his name he had a good game against us. Tom Ince of course Id like to see with us..its easy for me to say What we need but not so easy for me to come up with Who we need. Price as u say would always also be a factor we have to consider when we look to bring in who we need as we need imo a monster personality centre back a good wide man and another striker.


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Marijuana Blog
Cannabusiness: Budding Pot Industry Is Boosting Denver's Housing Market
According to a Real Estate Special Report by CNN Money, the housing market in Denver is absolutely on fire—and it's due to Colorado's legalization of recreational marijuana in 2012.
"Home prices have shot up by double-digits, inventory has fallen dramatically and multiple offers with bidding wars have become common," the report stated. "In March, Denver experienced the second-largest jump in annual home prices at 10 percent, just behind San Francisco, according to the S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Index."
CNN Money pointed out that pot isn't the only force driving the market, but legalization has created massive job growth, bringing a flood of people to the area.
"The pot industry is creating jobs we didn't have before," Kelly Moye, a Re/Max real estate agent in Denver, explained. "It's brand new, it adds a whole new factor to the area; you have real estate needs, housing needs, job needs."
Of course the boom isn't great for everyone. First-time buyers and those trying to avoid the skyrocketing prices face stiff market competition. Denver's normal housing market has around 24,000 listings—but according to Moye, right now, there are only around 4,000.
Moye predicts that the market has room to run for five to seven years, "barring any major economic disasters."
Ninja Dabbin'.
7 States Where Medical Marijuana Is Legal But Barely Accessible
With New York State beginning to accept applications for medical marijuana providers last week, criticism of the hyper-strict program negotiated by Gov. Andrew Cuomo has been plentiful. Hinged on concerns about arbitrary regulations and insufficient patient access, advocates for medical marijuana access worry the program will be too small and restrictive to be effective.
However, New York is not the only state facing hurdles in implementing medical marijuana laws. In states across the country, legislators are struggling to enact the regulations necessary for legalized medical marijuana programs to function properly, leaving patients with long wait times and a slew of confusing procedures. Here are seven other states that are struggling to translate their marijuana legalization laws as they exist on paper into the real world.
In 2012, Massachusetts's voters approved via ballot initiative the legalization of medical marijuana and state-regulated dispensaries, but overcomplicated licensing procedures allowed not a single dispensary to open. Two dozen lawsuits followed a two-and-a-half-year wait for the law to be enforced.
Read More: http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/7-states-where-medical-marijuana-is-legal-but-barely-accessible-20150609
Master Kush (Hybrid)
Extracted courageously from Afghanistan's Hindu Kush region, the Master Kush strain of marijuana is a variety that stays compact and is forgiving to the inexperienced marijuana gardener. It grows powerfully in just about any medium including coco, soil, hydroton, water and even air. When explored through toking, Master Kush cannabis presents a highly potent smoking experience that is sweet, citrusy, earthy and smoothed. The high will enliven your creativity, spark your passion for living - and increase your appetite.
Lawsuits Announced Against Washington's Harmful Medical Marijuana Bill
A team of attorneys will soon file a series of lawsuits to place an injunction on, and overturn Washington State's Senate Bill 5052, a recently signed law that will drastically reduce the rights of medical cannabis patients in the state while closing dispensaries and establishing an illegal patient registry.
Signed by Governor Jay Inslee in April, Senate Bill 5052 – which takes full effect in July, 2016 – will drastically reduce the amount of cannabis patients can possess and cultivate, making felons out of those who possess currently allowable limits. The measure will also lead to the closure of nearly every medical cannabis dispensary in the state, and will establish an illegal patient registry that is in clear violation of federal HIPAA laws.
The lawsuits will seek to place an immediate injunction on the new law, preventing it from taking effect while the group works to overturn it permanently.
The group of renowned attorneys who will be working on the lawsuits include Sensible Washington co-founders and longtime criminal defense attorneys Douglas Hiatt and Jeffrey Steinborn (who have 70 years combined legal experience), and attorney Aaron Pelley of Pelley Law LLC, among others.
Hiatt tells us that the group will be filing two to three separate lawsuits that will seek to fully dismantle the new law, in order to protect the rights that patients currently have, and to prevent the state from establishing the patient database.
They group plans to make a formal announcement in the coming days.
Hogs Breath (Sativa)
Great for stress relief, pain relief and treating anxiety, Hog%u2019s Breath is the winner of the 2002 Cannabis Cup for best indica. It was bred from Hindu Kush and Afghani in Tennessee. The buds are light and dark green with orange hairs and a healthy amount of crystals on the dense buds. The taste has been described as cheddar and provides an overall tingly mind and body high. The THC content is up to 13% and CBD up to 0.47%.
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I cant set the "Private! options" in the user profile. Regardless what I enter and save the value is changed to the current timestamp when i open the profil again and my own pages get hidden.
One more thing: It seems the plugin creates a "_*" folder inside the plugin directory. I had to give write access to the web server to the plugin folder to get rid of error messages. The created folder is empty.
Thanks for help


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Severe storms moved through much of Maine prompting a tornado warning in Cumberland and York counties. Check out photos of the storms and the damage.
Photos: Severe storms move through MaineUPDATED 12:24 PM EDT Jul 29, 2014
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Dining, Restaurants in Seaside, Oregon and Gearhart
Updated Weekly
(Seaside, Oregon) - The oldest tourist resort on the Oregon coast has a few more surprises in store – delicious surprises.
It's here where candy stuffs and fast foods rule the "Million Dollar Walk" of Broadway, but there's so much more lurking in the town's culinary roster. Ethnic foods from various lands, gourmet markets, and other cutting edge opps for the foodie are now popping up all over, and the town's dining landscape is actually brimming with such restaurants.
Seafood, of course, is a big staple in Seaside, and then there's the quiet class of some of other eatery possibilities. There's even some monstrous gourmet ice cream to top off your north Oregon coast experience.
Bell Buoy of Seaside/ Buoy's Best Fish House. That ancient sign - that quaint bit of old time Americana on the roadside of 101 in Seaside - is also a signpost to great grub. It's famous as a fresh seafood market, but in recent years Bell Buoy added a much-lauded restaurant: Bell Buoy's Best Fish House. There, you can grab all manner of seafood melts, cocktails, shooters and baskets of yummy stuff. Let your tummy bask in the warm glow of excellent melts with local Dungeness crab, shrimp, smoked salmon and oysters, as well as delicious seafood cocktails of a large variety. All is quite reasonably priced. And whatever you do, DON'T miss their tuna melts! 1800 S. Roosevelt Dr., Seaside, Oregon. (503) 738-6348. You can order this yummy stuff online as well, at www.bellbuoyofseaside.com.
Zinger's Homemade Ice Cream. Dive into scrumptious homemade ice cream - plus they make their own fudge. Of note is their take on chocolate with malted milk balls in it. It's quite a mouthful. Or the powerful fresh fruit taste of the marionberry, using real Marion County berries. Also spectacular are the other fruit flavors, such as the tangy (and very real) strawberry, and the seriously wowing (but only periodically available) mango. All the fruity ones have chunks of the real thing inside, waiting to surprise. Sugar free and diabetic options are available, but mostly Zinger's specializes in frozen excess. Singles are actually the size of two scoops and doubles - well, they're twice as large. 210 Broadway. Seaside, Oregon. (503) 738-3939. www.zingersicecream.com
Also: Oregon Coast Seafood Restaurant Guide -
Dining Nearby – Restaurants in Cannon Beach and Nehalem
Fultano's Pizza. Gourmet Italian and a Family Price. This one delivers to local hotels, and they feature slices for lunch. There's a special thin crust recipe that's especially tasty, crunchy and yet still tender in a way that manages to combine both those latter qualities seamlessly.
There are many of the standbys, as well as gourmet varieties like the Margherita (garlic and herb olive oil, three cheeses, red onion and more), a Greek-themed specialty, a Goat Cheese pizza, and specialties with Teriyaki Chicken, Linguica, BBQ Chicken and a variety of seafood selections. One item features a distinctive sausage with mashed grapes for the sauce, providing a subtle, sweet tang. The sausage is spicy and zippy, making a nice balance to the slight sweetness.
One must-try is their pasta (about $10). They have a homemade tomato sauce that stacks up against anything Europe could dish out. This is one stunning, mother-of-all sauces, and their penne pasta with meatballs is a seriously addictive dish. 200 N. Hemlock and Second Street. www.CBfultanos.com (503) 436-9717. (15 mins drive from Seaside, Oregon)
Stephanie Inn Dining Room. Four-star restaurant inside hotel. Soaring wood ceiling accentuated by a chandelier, w/ historic atmosphere. Seating times and days change seasonally and reservations are required. $59 per person for a masterful four-course prix fixe dinner in an innovative Northwest cuisine style, featuring fresh, seasonal and local ingredients. Their wine list has numerous awards from Wine Spectator Magazine. The menu changes nightly. Sample menu: Tomato Basil Soup with gorgonzola cream; Seared Beef Tenderloin with Duchess potatoes, grilled onions and peppercorn reduction sauce. 2740 South Pacific. Cannon Beach (five mins drive from Seaside, Oregon). 800-633-3466. www.stephanieinn.com
Public Coast Brewing Co. OPENING SPRING 2016 will serve up tasty original craft beers, great food and provide warm and efficient service in a top-quality family-friendly environment. Home to the former Lumberyard Restaurant, the space is currently being transformed into a fully operational brewery. The lineup will include house-brewed craft beer and root beer along with a good selection of other carefully selected beers on tap. The coastal Northwest inspired menu will reach beyond the typical pub grub: a variety of locally caught fish & chips; hand-pattied beef burgers; homemade sausages and fresh salads. Counter-style quick service ordering keeps things moving. Grab a tasting tray as you wait for your meal. Ample indoor seating with seasonal patio, wrap-around bar and large windows onto the beer making process, and a kid's play area make Public Coast a great spot for families and beer fans alike. Cannon Beach, Oregon. 503-436-0285.
The Wayfarer Restaurant and Lounge. Legendary upscale classic, ocean view. Breakfast $6 to $15 range. Lunch: appetizers; large sandwiches include meats, seafoods and burger around $13. Tacos, filet and fries, wild forest mushroom and cheese ravioli. Dinner includes potato crusted halibut cranberry and brown butter sauce, a cedar planked honey mustard salmon, steamer clams - $25 to $30. Filet mignon, steaks, wild mushroom chicken. 1190 Pacific Drive. Cannon Beach (five mins drive from Seaside, Oregon). 503-436-1108. www.wayfarer-restaurant.com/
San Dune Pub. With a historical, even slight maritime vibe, the San Dune Pub is a classy staple among locals, regulars and tourists alike. A super friendly staff serves up fine microbrews as well as scrumptious grub in the American and seafood vein with homemade sauces. Appetizers in the $3 - $9 range include hummus, cheese bread, various tots/fries, hot wings or calamari. Plenty of burgers in varied incarnations like chili, bacon, cheese, teriyaki, BBQ, chipotle, veggie or chicken come with tons of interesting additions. Got seafood? There's strips, chips, burgers, tacos and more with fishies or oysters. Wraps and ciabatta sandwiches around $8 include chicken, Caesar, pesto, turkey and bacon/swiss, among others. Soups and salads abound. Less than ten minutes from the surfing paradise of Short Sands, weekends abound with live music frivolity. 127 Laneda Ave., Manzanita, Oregon. 503-386-5080. www.sandunepub.com (25 mins drive from Seaside)
Also: Oregon Coast Seafood Restaurant Guide -
Unusual Travel Articles TravelParanormal.com allows you to submit your own creepy tale or debunk one - or see up-to-the-minute news headlines about travel and the paranormal.
News Headlines from All Over Oregon Need to scan Oregon headlines? Constantly updated news from all over Oregon: a comprehensive, up-to-the-minute display of news headlines from a variety of media
Seaside Oregon Dining Restaurants in Seaside, Oregon Seaside Places to Eat, Food, Drink


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Things that go bump in the night, an overbearing boss, or anxiety filled days–all of these and more affect the way we think and act. Sometimes we are frozen in our fears and don't realize it. Fear is something we live with unknowingly, yet it can be a motivator in our relationships, work, and our life with Christ.
Fear and anxiety can lock us into beliefs that support our fears and anxiety. Codependent relationships, dead end jobs, and destructive habits all participate in the cycle of fear and anxiety. Are you recognizing fear and anxiety that is present in your life? What can you do?
Here are 7 ways to begin addressing the fear and anxiety in your life:
1. Eat well balanced, nutritious meals. Eliminate harmful substances.
2. Learn mind body techniques to help relax and reduce stress response.
3. Get enough sleep, rest, and relaxation.
4. Develop a relationship with God. Practice prayer and Christian meditation.
5. Exercise regularly. At least 30-45 minutes of exercise a day.
6. Counteract negative self talk and mistaken beliefs with positive reality and God's Word.
7. Connect with other people in meaningful relationships, sharing life, love, laughter and serving one another.
Begin addressing your fear today by asking God to help you! Surrender your fear and anxiety to him, begin one of the steps above, and do not let fear or anxiety take one more day of your life!
Need some help? Join us at our next Healing is a Choice Workshop.