text: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the Department of Defense's (DOD) continuing efforts to protect U.S. military forces against chemical and biological weapons, including its plan to inoculate all U.S. military forces against anthrax. GAO noted that: (1) in examining DOD's experience in preparing its forces to defend against potential chemical and biological agent attacks during the Gulf War, GAO identified numerous problems; (2) specifically, GAO found: (a) shortages in individual protective equipment; (b) inadequate chemical and biological agent detection devices; (c) inadequate command emphasis on chemical and biological capabilities; and (d) deficiencies in medical personnel training, and supplies; (3) while many deficiencies noted during the Gulf War remain unaddressed today, DOD has increasingly acknowledged and accepted the urgency of developing a capability to deal with the chemical and biological threat to its forces; (4) both Congress and DOD have acted to provide greater protection for U.S. forces; (5) their actions have resulted in increased funding, and the fielding of more and better chemical and biological defense equipment; (6) DOD must address remaining critical deficiencies if U.S. forces are to be provided with the resources necessary to better protect themselves; (7) DOD is now embarking on a major effort to protect U.S. forces from the threat of the deadly biological agent anthrax; (8) its program to immunize millions of active and reserve forces against anthrax, ensuring that each receives the prescribed vaccinations in the proper time sequence, will be a challenge; and (9) however, if DOD considers lessons learned from previous, smaller-sized immunization programs and from the medical record-keeping errors in the Gulf War and Bosnia in formulating detailed implementation plans, it can reduce the risks and improve the prospects for successfully managing the program. --------------------------- Indexing Terms ----------------------------- REPORTNUM: T-NSIAD-98-83 TITLE: Chemical and Biological Defense: Observations on DOD's Plans To Protect U.S. Forces DATE: 03/17/98 SUBJECT: Military operations Biological warfare Chemical warfare Combat readiness Immunization services Military personnel Hazardous substances Medical records Defense capabilities IDENTIFIER: Persian Gulf War Desert Shield DOD Operation Joint Endeavor Bosnia ****************************************************************** ** This file contains an ASCII representation of the text of a ** ** GAO report. Delineations within the text indicating chapter ** ** titles, headings, and bullets are preserved. Major ** ** divisions and subdivisions of the text, such as Chapters, ** ** Sections, and Appendixes, are identified by double and ** ** single lines. The numbers on the right end of these lines ** ** indicate the position of each of the subsections in the ** ** document outline. These numbers do NOT correspond with the ** ** page numbers of the printed product. ** ** ** ** No attempt has been made to display graphic images, although ** ** figure captions are reproduced. Tables are included, but ** ** may not resemble those in the printed version. ** ** ** ** Please see the PDF (Portable Document Format) file, when ** ** available, for a complete electronic file of the printed ** ** document's contents. ** ** ** ** A printed copy of this report may be obtained from the GAO ** ** Document Distribution Center. For further details, please ** ** send an e-mail message to: ** ** ** ** <[email protected]> ** ** ** ** with the message 'info' in the body. ** ****************************************************************** Cover ================================================================ COVER Before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. Senate For Release on Delivery Expected at 10:00 a.m., EST Tuesday, March 17, 1998 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE - OBSERVATIONS ON DOD'S PLANS TO PROTECT U.S. FORCES Statement of Mark E. Gebicke, Director, Military Operations and Capabilities Issues, National Security and International Affairs Division GAO/T-NSIAD-98-83 GAO/NSIAD-98-83T (703231) Abbreviations =============================================================== ABBREV DOD - Department of Defense FDA - Food and Drug Administration USAMRIID - U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases ============================================================ Chapter 0 Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee: We are pleased to be here today to discuss the Department of Defense's (DOD) continuing efforts to protect U.S. military forces against chemical and biological weapons, including its plan to inoculate all U.S. military forces against anthrax. As we learned from the Gulf War, U.S. forces were inadequately prepared for surviving and operating in a chemically or biologically contaminated environment. More recently, we found that deficiencies in medical record-keeping have hampered the conduct of epidemiological research to the point that DOD cannot provide precise, accurate, and conclusive answers regarding the causes of Gulf War veterans' illness. Today, we will first briefly discuss the fundamental shortcomings in DOD's protection of its forces against chemical and biological warfare.\1 Then, we will discuss DOD's proposed anthrax immunization program. -------------------- \1 Appendix I provides a list of the unclassified GAO reports on DOD's chemical and biological capabilities. We have also issued three classified reports on this topic. SUMMARY ---------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:1 In examining DOD's experience in preparing its forces to defend against potential chemical and biological agent attacks during the Gulf War, we identified numerous problems. Specifically, we found shortages in individual protective equipment, inadequate chemical and biological agent detection devices, inadequate command emphasis on chemical and biological capabilities, and deficiencies in medical personnel training and supplies. While many deficiencies noted during the Gulf War remain unaddressed today, DOD has increasingly acknowledged and accepted the urgency of developing a capability to deal with the chemical and biological threat to its forces. Both the Congress and DOD have acted to provide greater protection for U.S. forces. Their actions have resulted in increased funding, and the fielding of more and better chemical and biological defense equipment. DOD must address remaining critical deficiencies if U.S. forces are to be provided with the resources necessary to better protect themselves. For example, DOD needs to decide on major policy and doctrine issues, improve and increase its capability to detect toxic agents, provide forces with improved and sufficient numbers of individual protective equipment, and deal with problems of collective protection and decontamination. DOD is now embarking on a major effort to protect U.S. forces from the threat of the deadly biological agent anthrax. Its program to immunize millions of active and reserve forces against anthrax, ensuring that each receives the prescribed vaccinations in the proper time sequence, will be a challenge. However, if DOD considers lessons learned from previous, smaller-sized immunization programs and from the medical record-keeping errors in the Gulf War and in Bosnia in formulating detailed implementation plans, it can reduce the risks and improve the prospects for successfully managing the program. PROTECTING FORCES AGAINST CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS POSES CONTINUING CHALLENGES ---------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:2 In 1996, we reported that military units then designated for early deployment faced many of the same chemical and biological defense problems that Gulf War veterans had experienced.\2 During the Gulf War, units and individuals deployed to the theater without all of the chemical and biological detection, decontamination, and protective equipment needed to operate in a contaminated environment. Some units did not have sufficient quantities or the needed sizes of protective clothing, and chemical detector paper, and decontamination kits in some instances had passed their expiration dates. While the 6-month Operation Desert Shield buildup time allowed DOD to correct some of these problems, had chemical or biological weapons been used during this period, some units might have suffered significant, unnecessary casualties. We further reported that DOD's progress in chemical and biological research and development was slower than planned, training of Army and Marine Corps forces was inadequate, there was little evidence that joint training and exercises included chemical and biological defense elements, stocks of vaccines for biological agents were in short supply, and medical units lacked necessary chemical and biological defense equipment and training. We believe these deficiencies were a result of, and would not be corrected without, changes in emphasis on the part of senior military leadership. We have also reviewed DOD's ability to protect critical ports and airfields overseas. Although I cannot fully discuss our findings in this open hearing because of their sensitive nature, I can say that there are deficiencies in doctrine, policy, equipment, and training for the defense of critical ports and airfields. The Congress and DOD have taken action that has improved U.S. forces' ability to survive and operate if chemical and biological agents are used against them. For example, DOD has requested and the Congress has approved increased funding for chemical and biological defense. Numerous efforts are currently underway that should provide our servicemembers with new chemical and biological defense equipment and capabilities over the next 5 years. These include the production and fielding of improved protective masks, body garments, and systems to better detect biological and chemical agents. In addition, several commanders in chief recently increased their emphasis on various aspects of chemical and biological defense by, for example, increasing stocks of chemical defense equipment and incorporating more chemical and biological defense scenarios in major military exercises. Still, DOD must address remaining critical deficiencies that affect its ability to protect forces from chemical and biological attack. DOD's doctrine and policy are inadequate regarding responsibility for the chemical and biological defense of overseas airfields and ports critical to the deployment, reinforcement, and logistical support of U. S. forces in the event of a conflict. As a result, questions are unresolved regarding the provision of the force structure and equipment needed to protect these facilities. Also, unresolved doctrinal, policy, and equipment questions persist regarding the return of chemically or biologically contaminated strategic lift aircraft and ships and the protection of both essential and nonessential civilians in high-threat areas overseas. Moreover, DOD has insufficient quantities of biological agent vaccines to protect U.S. forces, and servicemembers deployed in high-threat areas overseas normally have no biological agent detection capability. Also, collective protection facilities and equipment and agent detection systems are generally insufficient to protect the force. -------------------- \2 Chemical and Biological Defense: Emphasis Remains Insufficient to Resolve Continuing Problems (GAO/NSIAD-96-103, March 29, 1996). DOD'S PROGRAM TO IMMUNIZE FORCES AGAINST ANTHRAX ---------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:3 Anthrax is an infectious disease that afflicts certain animals, especially cattle and sheep. The anthrax vaccine was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1970 to protect veterinarians, meat packers, wool workers, and health officials who might come in contact with anthrax. (FDA licensure of a vaccine means that it has been tested and proven to be safe and effective in humans.) The vaccine has been routinely administered to populations at risk for several years. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff considers anthrax to be the greatest biological weapons threat to U.S. military forces. After a 3-year study, the Secretary of Defense concluded that vaccination is the safest way to protect U.S. forces against a threat that is 99-percent lethal to unprotected individuals. Accordingly, in December 1997, DOD announced plans to vaccinate all U.S. military personnel (including active, reserve, and national guard servicemembers) against the biological warfare agent anthrax. The Michigan Biologic Products Institute is under contract with DOD to supply the vaccine for the DOD immunization program. While the vaccine will be centrally procured, administering the vaccinations will be decentralized at multiple DOD facilities worldwide. Initially, DOD planned to begin administering the program in the summer of 1998 to about 165,000 servicemembers and DOD mission-essential personnel located in Southwest Asia and Northeast Asia, which are the areas with the greatest biological warfare threat from anthrax. Prior to beginning the immunizations, DOD wanted time to (1) perform testing of the vaccine to ensure its sterility, safety, potency, and purity; (2) implement a system to track personnel who receive the vaccinations; (3) approve plans to administer the immunizations and inform military personnel of the program; and (4) have the program reviewed by an independent expert. However, DOD accelerated the anthrax vaccination schedule. In March 1998, DOD began immunizing forces stationed in the Persian Gulf because of the possibility of hostilities occurring in that region. DOD plans to vaccinate the remaining active and reserve force over the next several years. In addition, DOD plans to decide whether the program should be extended to others, such as host nation personnel, civilian contractors, and dependents. In accordance with the FDA licensure regimen for this vaccine, DOD plans to provide an initial series of three vaccinations at 2-week intervals, a second series of three vaccinations at 6-month intervals, and annual booster vaccinations to maintain immunity against anthrax. DOD recognizes that immunizing the entire force with multiple vaccinations will be difficult and involves significant administrative and logistical issues. DOD's program will involve administering anthrax vaccinations to about 2.4 million personnel around the world--a total of about 14.4 million vaccinations for the current force. In addition, personnel entering military service will also be immunized. Thus, DOD envisions the program to continue indefinitely. PERSONNEL DATA SYSTEMS TO IDENTIFY SERVICEMEMBERS REQUIRING VACCINATIONS MUST BE ACCURATE -------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:3.1 To ensure that all servicemembers receive the required vaccinations, it is important for DOD to have accurate and reliable personnel data systems showing where all servicemembers are located, especially those deployed to overseas locations. Our work in examining the Operation Joint Endeavor medical surveillance program in Bosnia surfaced concerns about the accuracy of the deployment database used for determining which servicemembers required postdeployment medical assessments. More specifically, DOD officials expressed concerns about the accuracy of the DOD-wide database that was used to identify Air Force and Navy personnel who deployed to Bosnia. Air Force officials told us that the Air Force had supplied information to DOD's database on servicemembers it planned to deploy but that many of them never deployed and the database was not corrected. We were also told that data on servicemembers assigned to two Navy construction battalions that deployed to Bosnia did not appear in the database. DOD officials told us that they were concerned about the accuracy of the deployment database and planned to address the problem. SUFFICIENT COMMAND EMPHASIS NEEDED TO ENSURE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION -------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:3.2 Because DOD plans to administer anthrax vaccinations in a decentralized manner at multiple locations involving both operational and medical personnel, high-level commanders need to emphasize the importance of the program to ensure that it is carried out within the time schedule for administering the vaccinations. Careful attention to the administration of vaccines is critical because the vaccinations must be given at specific intervals over an 18-month period to achieve maximum protection. In the past, a lack of command emphasis hindered DOD's successful implementation of medical programs. For example, we found that the Army had not done many postdeployment medical assessments of active duty personnel who had deployed to Bosnia. We also found that assessments done were, on average, not done within the 30-day time frame DOD established. Our work disclosed that it took an average of 98 days to complete the assessments. In addition, the Bosnia medical surveillance plan also required servicemembers to undergo a tuberculin test at about 90 days following departure from the theater. Our work disclosed that the test took an average of 142 days. These problems occurred because command officials did not emphasize the importance of the assessments and medical personnel did not have the authority to require servicemembers to go to medical clinics for assessments. Reliance upon unit commanders to require servicemembers to get the assessments was not effective for the Bosnia deployment. MEDICAL RECORDS DOCUMENTING VACCINATIONS MUST BE COMPLETE -------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:3.3 Medical records documenting all care (including vaccinations) for servicemembers are essential for the delivery of high-quality medical care. DOD regulations require documentation in a servicemember's permanent medical record of all immunizations and visits made to health units. The Presidential Advisory Committee on Persian Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses and the Institute of Medicine reported problems concerning the completeness and accuracy of medical record-keeping during the Gulf War. Research efforts to determine the causes of what has become known as veterans' Gulf War illnesses have been hampered by, among other things, incomplete medical records showing immunizations and other health services provided to servicemembers while deployed. The Institute of Medicine characterized DOD's medical records as fragmented, disorganized, and incomplete. We tested the completeness of medical records for selected active duty Army servicemembers who had deployed under Operation Joint Endeavor. We found that many of the medical records were incomplete in that they lacked documentation on (1) medical surveillance assessments conducted, (2) tick-borne encephalitis vaccinations given, and (3) visits made to in-theater health units. More specifically, we found that 19 percent of the postdeployment in-theater medical assessments and 9 percent of the postdeployment home unit medical assessments were not documented in the medical records. These documentation problems were attributed to the fact that this was a paper-based system that relied upon servicemembers to hand carry assessment forms from the theater to their home unit, which maintained the permanent medical record. Regarding the documentation of tick-borne encephalitis vaccine in Bosnia, servicemembers deploying to regions where the threat of this disease was prevalent were given the choice of being inoculated with this investigational drug vaccine.\3 We found that 141 (24 percent) of the 588 medical records reviewed for servicemembers who had received the vaccine lacked required documentation. Our tests of the completeness of the permanent medical records for servicemembers' visits made to battalion aid stations in Bosnia showed similar problems. Specifically, we found that there was no documentation in the medical records for 44 (29.3 percent) of the 150 visits we reviewed. Army officials mentioned that permanent medical records were still paper-based and that information was subject to being misfiled or lost. They also pointed out that servicemembers had deployed to the theater with only an abstract of their permanent medical records and that any medical documentation generated in the theater was to have been routed back to the servicemembers' home units for inclusion into their medical records. DOD officials told us that a solution to these documentation problems would be the development of a deployable, computerized patient record. DOD has a project underway to have a paperless computerized medical record for every active duty servicemember by fiscal year 2000. -------------------- \3 An investigational drug is a new drug or product regulated by FDA that has not been licensed for general use in the United States. CENTRALIZED DATABASE FOR MONITORING PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION MUST BE ACCURATE -------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:3.4 Without an adequate centralized monitoring system, DOD will not have reasonable assurances that the program is being implemented as planned. For Operation Joint Endeavor, DOD established a centralized database to track the services' progress in implementing its medical surveillance program. Medical units processing medical assessments were required to send copies of assessment forms to the DOD office maintaining the centralized database in the United States. In testing the completeness of the centralized database for in-theater and home unit postdeployment medical assessments conducted for 618 servicemembers, we found that the database understated the number of assessments done. More specifically, it omitted 12 percent of the in-theater medical assessments and 52 percent of the home unit medical assessments. DOD officials told us that they plan to use a new automated system for tracking implementation of the anthrax immunization program from locations around the world. The automated system is still being developed. EFFICIENT INVENTORY CONTROLS ARE NECESSARY TO ENSURE SUFFICIENCY OF VACCINE SUPPLY -------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:3.5 To ensure that military personnel will receive vaccinations in a timely manner and to effectively manage the program, it is important for DOD to maintain an efficient inventory control system. This system is needed to ensure that (1) sufficient supplies of vaccines will be available at the various worldwide immunization sites; (2) vaccines that are older than their 1-year shelf life are destroyed; and (3) records of vaccines received, administered, and destroyed are kept to allow for monitoring and tracking. For the Bosnia deployment, DOD experienced problems in accounting for the inventory of the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. DOD had to comply with strict FDA regulations regarding its use because it was still being tested as an investigational new drug. Regulations required DOD to fully account for vaccine inventories, including the number of doses administered and the number of doses destroyed. In the spring of 1996, officials from the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) went to Bosnia to review the procedures being used to administer the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. These officials found that no record of vaccine disposition was being maintained and recommended that all vaccination sites perform a physical inventory and maintain data on vaccines on hand, used, and destroyed. USAMRIID officials met with considerable resistance from some medical personnel responsible for administering the vaccine about the need to keep proper records. They told us that some of the personnel seemed more interested in administering the vaccine than in keeping necessary records. Our work on the Bosnia deployment in 1997 showed that the problems identified by USAMRIID had not been corrected. More specifically, DOD could not account for more than 3,000 (20 percent) of the total number of doses sent to Bosnia. Since our report was issued in April 1997, officials from the Office of the Army Surgeon General informed us that most of the missing doses had been destroyed and only 242 doses remained unaccounted for. CONCLUSIONS ---------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:4 In conclusion, we believe that DOD has moved in the right direction in increasing its emphasis on improving its chemical and biological defense capabilities. Increased emphasis by the commanders in chief in their areas of responsibility, a DOD-wide spending increase leading to increased numbers of fielded chemical and biological detection and protective equipment, and planned procurements of equipment over the next several years will make U.S. forces better prepared to deal with chemical and biological weapons than in the past. However, greater diligence and more action is needed by DOD to maintain progress toward achieving a level of protection for our forces that will enable us to achieve wartime objectives. This latest initiative to immunize the forces against anthrax represents a clear recognition of this threat to U.S. servicemembers. But DOD must overcome past deficiencies in its medical record-keeping practices and make sure supplies of vaccine are available if this new program is to be successful. In this regard, we reiterate that DOD needs to have the means to (1) identify those servicemembers that require immunization, (2) ensure sufficient command emphasis to guarantee that those identified for immunization are immunized, (3) maintain an accurate medical record of immunizations for each servicemember, (4) manage large-scale immunizations through accurate central databases, and (5) ensure that vaccine inventories are appropriately controlled to ensure that sufficient supplies are on hand. -------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 0:4.1 This concludes my prepared remarks. We would be happy to respond to any questions the Committee may have. RELATED GAO REPORTS ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE Gulf War Illnesses: Public and Private Efforts Relating to Exposures of U.S. Personnel to Chemical Agents (GAO/NSIAD-98-27, Oct. 15, 1997) . Combating Terrorism: Status of DOD Efforts to Protect Its Forces Overseas (GAO/NSIAD-97-207, July 21, 1997). Gulf War Illnesses: Improved Monitoring of Clinical Progress and Reexamination of Research Emphasis Are Needed (GAO/NSIAD-97-163, June 23, 1997). Defense Health Care: Medical Surveillance Improved Since Gulf War, but Mixed Results in Bosnia (GAO/NSIAD-97-136, May 13, 1997). Chemical and Biological Defense: Emphasis Remains Insufficient to Resolve Continuing Problems (GAO/NSIAD-96-103, Mar. 29, 1996). *** End of document. ***


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a1 From The Molteno Institute for Research in Parasitology, Cambridge.
A Previous paper (Bishop, 1932) dealt with the cultivation of a Hexamita sp. found in the horse-leech (Haemopis sanguisugae = Aulastomum gulo). The present paper deals with the morphology and method of division of the Hexamita above referred to, which I now name H. gigas n.sp. Dobell (1909) gave a detailed history of the nomenclature of the genus, and Wenyon (1926) has dealt with the same subject and given a list of the then known species and their hosts. Two species have since been described: H. pulcher, by Becker (1926), from the caecum of the ground squirrel Citellus tridecemlineatus, and Octomitus (= Hexamita) pitheci described and figured by da Cunha and Muniz (1928) from the intestine of Macacus rhesus. Apart from the two species (Hexamita nodulosa and H. inflate) described by Dujardin (1841) from stagnant water, and in which he saw but six flagella, a single species only has been described hitherto from a non-vertebrate host. This species, Octomitus (= Hexamita) periplanetae, a small flagellate 5–8 μ in length, from the gut of the cockroach, was described by Bělař (1916); a similar flagellate from the gut of Blatta orientalis has been found by me.
(Received December 10 1932)
1 A study begun during my tenure of a Beit Memorial Fellowship and completed since I became a Yarrow Fellow.
Former Beit Memorial Research Fellow, Yarrow Fellow of Girton College.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Plague
by Albert Camus
The Plague Language and Communication Quotes
How we cite our quotes: Citations follow this format: (Part.Chapter.Paragraph). We used Stuart Gilbert's translation.
Quote #28
But it could be expressed only in the conventional language with which men try to express what unites them with mankind in general; a vocabulary quite unsuited, for example, to Grand's small daily effort, and incapable of describing what Grand stood for under plague conditions. (2.8.33)
Language, the narrator argues, is often an exercise in connecting with others. People use language to try to make their experiences universal. But the plague in Oran cannot be expressed this way – it is an individual experience of suffering.
Quote #29
"I'd come to realize that all our troubles sprang from our failures to use plain, clear-cut language. So I resolved always to speak—and to act—quite clearly, as this was the only way of setting myself on the right track. That's why I say there are pestilence and there are victims; no more than that." (4.6.33)
Tarrou identifies what The Plague has been hinting at thus far in the narrative – that language is the real problem here. However Tarrou confuses simplicity of language with simplicity of thought. In trying to make clear his language, Tarrou tries to narrow the world into two very simple words: "pestilence" and "victims." This is an impossibly narrow-minded interpretation, even if the language is clear.
Quote #30
"He was a man who knew what he wanted."
"Well, he never talked just for talking's sake." (5.5.30-32)
The Spaniard recognizes Tarrou's control over his own expression; this suggests that Tarrou was successful in his attempt to "always speak clearly," and in fact he may be the only character in The Plague who communicates successfully.


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PLEASANTON -- East Bay residents looking to beat the heat this weekend will have fewer options for cooling off, thanks to the closures of two popular swimming lakes due to toxic bacteria buildups.
Extremely high levels of E. coli prompted the complete closure on Friday of Pleasanton's Shadow Cliffs Lake to swimmersuntil further notice, East Bay Regional Park District officials said.
Lifeguards told swimmers to leave the water after test samples taken from the lake's north beach showed levels of the harmful bacteria at about four times the state's daily maximum standard. District officials had closed portions of the lake's south beach on Wednesday, but allowed visitors to swim in other areas.
"We got the results back from the lab (Friday) and they were higher than we were comfortable with," said district water management supervisor Hal MacLean. "We're going with the numbers and if they remain high, we'll remain closed. It's day-to-day."
MacLean said it's the first time the district has ever had to close a beach due to bacteria, adding the district would re-sample the water every day until it is safe to reopen.
Readings from Thursday's tests showed E. coli at the lake's south beach at 6,100 E. coli colonies per 100 milliliters, and 1,000 at the north beach, according to the district. The state standard for daily maximum exposure is 235.
"We've said 'wow, this is high' before, but it's never been this bad," MacLean said.
District officials suspect a combination of drought conditions, low water levels and animal waste are to blame for the high bacterial content.
"The geese are congregating more at the beach now that the lawns are dead," MacLean said. "We think that's it."
MacLean said the district intends to treat the lake next week with an oxidizer and direct geese away from the swim area in an attempt to lower the levels.
Residents won't find relief over at Oakland's Lake Temescal either. It remains closed to swimmers until at least Monday due to blooms of a toxic blue-green algae. The lake will reopen once the blooms subside.
"We're concerned about the health of our patrons," MacLean said. "It unfortunate that we have to do this especially with the hot weather but we think keeping people safe is more important than having those people get sick."
MacLean said that people experiencing signs of stomach distress, rashes, cramps or diarrhea after swimming should contact the Alameda County Environmental Health Department at 510-567-6700.
Contact Jeremy Thomas at 925-847-2184. Follow him at Twitter.com/jet_bang.


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RALEIGH, NC – Jim Rutherford, President and General Manager of the National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes, today announced that the team has placed forwards Radek Dvorak and Jeff Skinner on injured reserve. Dvorak's placement on injured reserve is retroactive to Oct. 25, and Skinner's is retroactive to Oct. 24.
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This chapter presents subjective assessments of the AMD forces ability to meet the operational capabilities required for the Army Vision 2010 patterns of operation discussed in Chapter 3. These assessments are the foundation for the key capabilities shortfalls identified at the conclusion of this chapter and the investment recommendations articulated in Chapter 7.
Assessments are presented as RED, AMBER, and GREEN. RED, AMBER, and GREEN ratings express the adequacy of AMD systems and systems improvements to meet required capabilities across all levels of war (strategic, operational and tactical), with added considerations of funding constraints, postulated growth in threat capabilities, and the fielding of technology enhancements.
RED -- inadequate capability or quantity to meet mission needs.
AMBER -- limited capability or quantity to meet mission needs.
GREEN -- adequate capability and quantity to meet mission needs.
The baseline for the assessments is the Army Vision 2010 patterns of operations. Complete descriptions of the AMD forces conceptual participation in these patterns are articulated in Chapter 3. In addition, since air and missile defense is inherently a joint operation, references to other service AMD elements appear in the assessment discussions. For purposes of clarity, the term (acronym) "air and missile defense (AMD)" will herein denote Army AMD systems and operations. Multiservice AMD systems/operations will appear as "joint AMD." While addressing the contributions of all services in joint AMD operations, the narrative and assessments focus on the adequacy or inadequacy of the Army elements. This process provides for the isolation of operational shortfalls in fielded Army systems and the identification of recommendations for specific materiel improvements. These recommendations will be further considered in terms of needs of the Army/maneuver force and fielded/demonstrated capabilities of the other services systems.
The assessments are not scenario specific. However, there are two underlying premises in discussing the operational setting: forward presence forces and pre-positioned equipment are not assumed, and the AMD force will have the capability to execute the National Military Strategy scenario.
The assessments present snapshots in time. Four time periods are targeted: FY99 (the budget year), FY05 (the end of the FY00-05 POM), FY10 (the year of Army Vision 2010/Joint Vision 2010), and FY14 (the end of the FY06-14 Extended Planning Period [EPP]). Though assessments are not made beyond FY14, the impacts of these assessments - evaluations of the adequacy or inadequacy of the fielded/emerging systems during the FY99-14 timeframe - will help to focus technology to meet AMD Force 2025 requirements. The assessments rate the system capabilities and quantities in those years against the required operational capabilities for each Army Vision 2010 pattern of operation. Systems and system improvements that are assessed are limited to those that have achieved FUE, are funded to meet FUE in the projected timeframes, or have high-level Congressional or Army support. In addition, systems and system improvements not funded through procurement/fielding are annotated as "unfunded."
Capabilities and mission enablers realized through programs outside AMD (e.g., JTIDS and EPLRS for AMD connectivity and data distribution) are assumed to be in place when and as needed. Exceptions to this assumption will be noted.
Virtually all AMD systems contribute to the execution of each required capability at some time and in some area within the theater of operations. In an attempt to focus on the key systems and system improvement drivers, "solutions" are constrained to those deemed most applicable to meeting the capability.
The following paragraphs describe the specific assessments of the patterns of operation. Accompanying figures summarize the assessments of each required capability for each pattern over time, with succinct rationale for the assessments and assessment changes. Amplifying narrative follows the figures. Such data are not repeated, though many of the required capabilities and solutions appear in more than one pattern, unless additional information is necessary.
The order of presentation of the required operational capabilities within each pattern does not imply prioritization. Each capability is treated as equally important. However, some capabilities cannot be achieved unless other capabilities are previously executed.
Gain Information Dominance
Gain Information Dominance encompasses the ability to attain and sustain friendly force information operations while simultaneously denying this ability to threat forces. From mission onset, attainment requires the gathering, synthesizing, and sharing of data by the various components of the joint force.
Mission planning and execution results in the fusion and coordination of air picture and threat warning data from available sensor sources. Long- range air picture information, provided by the consortium of national sensors and satellites, joint sources such as the Air Force and Navy AWACS platforms, and JTAGS, assists in creating early warning, situation awareness, and intelligence for the force commanders. The shorter-range sensors of ground-based systems, augmented with Aerostat, provide added intelligence on low-level, smaller signature threats (CMs, UAVs, helicopters) that may be "invisible" to other sensors. The synergy of capabilities allows for the creation and distribution of a common, accurate area air picture.
Integrated service command and control centers, such as the AAMDC and the Navy Combat Intelligence Center in initial operations, perform joint, force-level AMD operations, coordination, and control, and exchange time-sensitive operational data. Interoperable command and control centers throughout the joint force and the ground force, with requisite connectivity and responsiveness, provide integrated battle management and execution. The ability to remove the threat "eyes" or communications flow and to degrade the continuity of operations is fundamental to the attainment of information supremacy. In conjunction with offensive air and deep attack strikes against command, control, and communications complexes, AMD forces will engage the UAV RISTA platforms, denying them intelligence data on friendly force locations, movements, and intentions. Warnings of threat aerial activity will trigger passive defense measures, further preventing threat situational awareness.
Assessments of specific capabilities are shown in Figure 6-1.
The Sentinel, FAAD C2, and JTAGS systems provide aerial situational awareness and warning. Collectively, they offer adequate detection and expedient alerting of air and missile threats. Their connectivity to other service and national sensors further facilitates information intelligence gathering and data correlation. FAAD C2 P3I funding shortfalls, however, will decrease future distribution capabilities. Cueing to attack operations elements is achievable through JTAGS and back-tell from PATRIOT/THAAD.
The AMD Brigade TOCs provide integration with the supported force and the joint elements. Though common off-the-shelf items, they provide automated connectivity for near-real-time transmission of critical operational data. They are limited (AMBER) by a lack of standardization or commonality. In addition, AMD Brigade TOC capabilities are further restricted by the absence of automated capabilities in the battalion TOCs. The development and fielding of the AMDPCS to brigades and battalions will enhance engagement and administrative/logistical operations and result in the requisite interoperability across the force. However, integration of all components remains limited by communications equipment shortfalls.
Data from the AMD sensors, with augmenting or complementary data from AMD weapon system radars and joint AMD sensors, facilitate protection of the critical command, control, and communications nodes and the conduct of offensive and defensive information warfare. PATRIOT provides a good capability (GREEN) against air and missile threats, to include long-range, high- altitude UAVs. While generally positioned in the theater and corps areas, PATRIOT could move forward to extend air and missile defense to corps maneuver forces and to increase counter-UAV capabilities. However, PATRIOT cannot keep pace with rapid maneuvering forces; additionally, such a move forward would likely result in a weakening in the rear defense, as generally there will be insufficient PATRIOT units to protect all critical assets. Avenger and Bradley Linebacker, though range limited, have capabilities against CMs, UAVs, and helicopters. The STC capability in both systems enhances the sensor-to-shooter link. Engagements by Stinger-based platforms are hampered by a lack of organic positive identification means. The Avenger, Bradley Linebacker, and Stinger MANPADS must still visually identify targets before engagements. The key systems that could support the realization of information supremacy-- MEADS (after FY99) and the advanced weapon system(s) -- are unfunded.
Project the Force
AMD Force operations during Project the Force focus on mission planning and actions from the United States, or other staging bases, to early entry and initial buildup in the theater of operations. Mission planning must encompass pre-deployment, en route, and post-deployment actions. Key considerations are what are needed, when, and where. Threat, strategic transport availability, system capabilities, and interoperability needs are driving factors. Simulation, analysis, and rehearsal are major contributors to force readiness prior to deployment.
Protection of the force projection base is of paramount importance. The threats ability to threaten that base, whether real or perceived, may significantly influence deployment flow. AMD forces must be alerted to and prepared for any possibilities of threat aerial actions.
The initial AMD force to deploy must be modular, tailorable, versatile, interoperable, and lethal. In scenarios with littoral operations, it is likely that the Navy Aegis will provide initial TMD protection of the deploying forces. The airlifted Army AMD force will be among the first deployed Army elements and, with Navy (and, perhaps, Marine) AMD systems, will operate in task-organized forces to establish the multilayered protection to counter the threat spectrum. As buildup of forces and equipment continues, the deployed Army, Air Force, and Marine AMD forces and C2 elements will maintain the full dimensional defense of the later arriving deployers into APODs and SPODs. Additional Army AMD forces, most likely the highest percentage of committed AMD assets in theater, will expand defenses of critical assets and the deployed force commensurate with and in response to the Joint Force Commanders directives.
Assessments of specific capabilities appear in Figure 6-2.
While unfunded, the fielding of an initial NMD capability by 2003 would result in the protection of the United States against the specified threat for that initial capability -- a few missiles launched in a political terrorist leverage situation. However, even if fully funded, this initial NMD system would provide only a limited capability (AMBER) against accidental, unauthorized, or intentionally limited ICBM attacks. The initial NMD system does not have the additional missiles and sensors and the sensor netting required to counter such attacks.
The fielding of the AAMDC and the Brigade TOCs begins to enable the automated technical and functional integration within the AMD force, with joint AMD weapons systems and C2 elements, and with the supported force. This fielding expedites defense planning and design and attains interoperability. The IPB development is coordinated with other members of the joint AMD force and with the supported force to achieve a common picture of the battlefield. The fielding of the AMDPCS to brigades and battalions enhances interoperability.
Avenger and Stinger MANPADS teams can achieve rapid deployability requirements for movement with early arriving forces. Avenger with STC is capable against CMs, fixed-wing aircraft, and other short-range, low-altitude aerial threats. While able to engage todays threat, Stinger MANPADS teams cannot receive "cueing" data -- three-dimensional pointing information that directs the gunner to the target -- and are therefore unable to detect and engage the future reduced signature threat. Avenger and Stinger MANPADS teams also have limited capabilities against the longer-range aerial platforms that can threaten the force. The PAC-3 has the capability to engage short-range TBMs, CMs, high-flying UAVs, and fixed-wing aircraft, but requires a significant commitment of strategic lift resources for a sustained firing capability. The rapid, deployable, multimission systems, such as MEADS (after FY99) and the conceptual advanced weapon system(s), are unfunded.
Defense of the force against the various attack and surveillance platforms is achievable throughout the battlespace. PATRIOT and THAAD provide rear area forces and assets with capable defense (GREEN) against the missile threat. PATRIOT is also capable against aircraft and standoff helicopters. Stinger Block II (FUE 2007) will improve range capabilities against CMs and advanced UAVs. Bradley Linebacker can move with and protect the maneuvering force against low-altitude aerial threats through the FY10 timeframe. However, there is no overarching layer of missile defense in the forward area. MEADS, the complementer to divisional AMD systems and the projected TBM and CM killer in the forward area, is unfunded after FY99. Increases in threat capabilities and lack of corresponding improvements in fielded Bradley Linebacker, Avenger, and Stinger MANPADS systems continue to limit (AMBER) the overall capability of the AMD force against the threats.
Force warning and alerting to facilitate passive defense of the force is provided by the JTAGS, Sentinel, and Aerostat systems and distributed by FAAD C2. The JTAGS processes data on TBMs and predicts ground impact points. The Sentinel P3I program allows extended range detection of low-flying, reduced signature platforms such as CMs and UAVs. Aerostat, with its elevated sensor, provides extended range surveillance data on CMs. FAAD C2 provides digitized connectivity with the force.
Protect the Force
Protect the Force is arguably the most joint of the patterns of operation. From initial entry through redeployment, Protect the Force encompasses the host of AMD weapons and control systems. Each services systems bring some unique capabilities to the overall defense. Virtually all may participate during the course of the operationsome from the start and others not until well into the buildup. Sustained interoperability is key to ensuring maximum engagement opportunities and mission success.
Layered defense is achieved by the synergy of joint AMD weapons systems and the C4I architecture. Critical C2 assets, logistical complexes, and troop assembly areas are prime targets for missile attacks. Synchronized joint AMD forces minimize threat aerial operations and maximize friendly force freedom of action in the air and on the ground. Upper-tier systems (i.e., Army THAAD and/or Navy Theater-Wide TBM Defense) and lower-tier systems (e.g., PATRIOT, MEADS) provide defense of the designated assets. Army Avengers and Bradley Linebackers and Marine Hawk may also be integrated to provide defense against such other aerial threats as CMs, UAVs, and helicopters. The Air Force, Navy, and Marine fighters add capabilities against threat aircraft. Aerostat, Sentinel, JTAGS, and other service sensors contribute to the common air picture and enhance the engagement timelines and force survivability.
Defense in depth is extended to the forward areas of the battlefield and throughout the battlespace. The corps and divisional AMD units move with and support the maneuvering forces and their sustainment organizations and facilities. PATRIOT and MEADS extend the defense in depth and altitude and against TBMs.
Assessments of specific capabilities are in Figure 6-3.
The initial fielding of the PAC-3 system in 1999 provides capabilities against the short-range TBMs. While the THAAD UOES provides some capabilities against MRBMs, it is not until 2006, with the fielding of the objective THAAD system, that the objective two-tiered (PAC-3 lower tier and THAAD upper tier), near-leakproof defense of CINC critical assets in the theater area is achieved. Defense of the maneuver forces in the corps and division areas against TBMs is limited. PATRIOT lacks the tactical mobility and sufficiency of numbers (fire units) to extend protection of the dispersed force from theater through the forward areas. MEADS, the Land Component Commanders primary TMD system for the forward areas, is unfunded in the POM.
Defense against CMs is limited throughout the theater. The PAC-3, while able to provide the required defense of support complexes and facilities likely to be targeted by CMs, may more likely be positioned for its TBM defense capabilities rather than for CM defense. In addition, the PAC-3 missile procurement (1200 missiles) is insufficient to counter the combined TBM and CM threats. In the forward areas, Bradley Linebacker and Avenger STC have some capability against CMs. However, CMs will generally not target the Bradley Linebacker-accompanied armored units unless they are massed. In addition, neither Avenger STC nor Bradley Linebacker can destroy a CM armed with a WMD warhead at sufficient range to limit or deny NBC dispersion effects upon friendly forces. The fielding of the deployable prototype Aerostat in 2005 will provide surveillance and precision tracking data, facilitating over-the-horizon engagements by ground-based weapon systems. The Aerostats limited availability (only two systems projected/funded for fielding) and status (deployable prototype) may restrict its full integration and surveillance capabilities. The Stinger MANPADS teams (without cueing) have no capability (RED) to acquire and engage CMs.
The AMD systems have an adequate capability (GREEN) through 2005 to counter running helicopters, lethal UAVs (that must fly over and conduct top-down attacks of targets), reconnaissance UAVs, and fixed-wing aircraft. After 2005, projected threat improvements (e.g., increased standoff ranges, reduced signatures, and low-level ingress) will overmatch fielded systems. Bradley Linebacker, Avenger STC, and PAC-3 have limited capability (AMBER) against standoff helicopters. The fielding of the unfunded MEADS and the conceptual advanced weapon system(s) (e.g., CADEWS), in concert with Bradley Linebacker, Avenger STC, and PAC-3, would provide an adequate capability (GREEN) against threats to forward maneuver forces.
Limited interoperability is achieved with the supported force and the joint AMD forces prior to 2005. The fielded AMD Brigade TOCs have some capability to synchronize command, control, and situational awareness and to interoperate with joint air control elements. As previously cited, PAC-3 can interoperate via JTIDS. Evolution to common hardware/software and a digitized environment, as envisioned for the 21st-century Army, begins after 2005 with the fielding of the brigade and battalion AMDPCS. The AMDPCS, with its common hardware and software, modularity, and reconfigurable capabilities, will provide automated mission planning and staff functions, and will significantly enhance integrated battle management and execution. Capability limitations (AMBER) are a reflection of quantities fielded versus system capabilities.
Shape the Battlespace
Shape the Battlespace creates an environment affording mobile and quick-reacting friendly forces flexibility of actions while constricting threat options and actions. Defense of forces against threat missiles is gained through a common, integrated C2 architecture, shared air intelligence, and timely synchronized engagements of threat platforms by capable, lethal AMD forces. Air intelligence results in a common air picture and precise calculations and targeting data for location of TBM launch points. Conversely, enemy observation is denied or restricted, thereby reducing targeting capabilities and visualization of the battlefield.
The AMD forces are essential players in the Armys decide, detect, deliver imperatives of Shape the Battlespace. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine air defense and air control elements contribute to the understanding of the friendly and threat third-dimension activities and the potential threat to the commanders concept of operations. The AMD sensors provide early warning of approaches by threat observation or attack platforms, permitting force dispersal and concealment and preparing AMD and other force weapons for engagements. The creation of a detailed, common air picture allows unambiguous situational awareness. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine systems defend against missile attacks, provide long-range fires, and conduct deep-attack missions to limit threat capabilities and isolate the battlefield.
Assessments of specific capabilities are in Figure 6-4.
The AMD systems are paramount contributors to the domination of the expanded third- dimension battlespace. The PAC-3 and THAAD systems in the theater and corps support areas can limit or deny the threats use of TBMs and CMs to degrade preparations for friendly force decisive operations. Bradley Linebacker and Avenger STC can detect and engage CMs and UAVs in the forward areas. Collectively, these systems enable simultaneous operations in the defended airspace and assure the commander freedom of maneuver, fires, and other airspace operations.
The AMD Brigade TOCs and the PATRIOT/THAAD TOCs facilitate situation awareness and the required integration of airspace operations with the joint AMD C2 elements. Fielding of the AMDPCS will provide the objective interoperability to realize near-perfect knowledge of friendly airspace operations (thus, theoretically, eliminating fratricide of friendly air platforms), enhanced knowledge of threat actions, and optimized engagement operations.
The JTAGS SBIRS modification enhances launch point cueing for TMD attack operations, early cueing of TMD active defense weapons, and alerting the force of TBM threats for passive defense. The SBIRS modification allows precise determination of launch points and can transmit this data to Army attack operations systems (e.g., MLRS, ATACMS, Apache) and to other joint AMD systems. The TBM launch point cueing re-quirements can also be met by PAC-3 and THAAD. However, PAC-3 and THAAD warnings, while accurate, are not nearly as timely as warnings provided by JTAGS.
Decisive Operations
Operations, combat power is concentrated to successfully overwhelm the threat. While operations continue throughout the theater, the focus of Decisive Operations is the forward area. Maneuvering forces must retain flexibility of action and overwhelming superiority in tempo to meet mission objectives. Maneuvering forces receive continuous support by integrated fires from air and ground systems.
The joint AMD force extends protection from the rear to the forward areas. Air Force aircraft provide air superiority against threat aircraft and attack threat artillery, missile, and C2 sites. Marine air defense systems defend their forces and may complement or extend the air and missile defense of Army forces. Army PATRIOT and THAAD in rear areas of the corps and theater maintain protection of critical C2 and logistical nodes and move forward, as directed, to extend overwatch. The survivable, agile, mobile Army AMD forces move with the force and provide close-in defense against the low-flying attackers. Interoperable C2 and operations centers maintain an unambiguous picture of the airspace and are capable of expeditiously positioning or repositioning AMD assets to maximize responsiveness to threat activities.
Assessments of specific capabilities are in Figure 6-5.
There is virtually no capability in the forward areas against TBM, CM, and rocket attacks. While PAC-3 can move to forward support positions in the corps, it is generally too far back to counter TBM and CM attacks against maneuvering forces. Bradley Linebackers (positioned to defend concentrations of forces) and Avenger STC systems can engage CMs, though range limited. However, they are incapable of counteracting the effects of a CM with a WMD warhead, even if they successfully destroy the platform.
In addition, while Sentinel and FAAD C2 are survivable in forward positions and can sustain operations with the supported force, they must conduct operations from stationary positions. Sentinel must make frequent moves to enhance survivability, creating gaps in defense coverage during these periods. FAAD C2 nodes cannot conduct C2 on the move. Thus, the potential exists for operational degradation of the defense.
Sustain the Force
Sustain the Force is a continuing operation from deployment to redeployment. Significant planning, however, must precede deployment. Loading designs must maximize capabilities with minimum equipment and transportation assets. Units will be tailored to fit the mission. Logistics must be defined and determined to meet demands at the right time. Continuous interoperability between the various elements of the force is key to facilitating resupply efforts in the most efficient, effective, and timely manner.
Logistical complexes, embarkation and debarkation ports, and resupply points will be critical force assets and must be protected from air and missile attacks. The greatest threat periods will be during the initial buildup, the early hours and days of the operation, and during reconstitution and redeployment. During these times, large concentrations of personnel, equipment, and supplies in relatively small areas become lucrative targets for threat missiles. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine AMD components will provide the requisite warning, counterattack, and overarching defense of logistical facilities to ensure the unimpeded flow of operations.
Assessments of specific capabilities are in Figure 6-6.
Protection of the key logistical points and deploying and reconstituting or redeploying forces is generally adequate in the rear areas and limited in the forward areas. Automated AMD Brigade TOCs and the voice-dependent force operations centers achieve connectivity (AMBER) between the supporting and supported forces. Digitized integration, to facilitate anticipatory logistics flow and expedited administrative/logistical actions, should be possible with the fielding of the AMDPCS. The PAC-3 and THAAD systems are effective against the various air and missile threats. Bradley Linebacker, Avenger STC, and Stinger MANPADS have capabilities against aerial threats, and Bradley Linebacker and Avenger STC have some capability against CMs. However, without MEADS and sufficient Bradley Linebackers and Avenger STC available to protect both maneuver forces and other assets, forward logistical positions are vulnerable to TBM and CM attacks.
Inherent in all sustainment operations is the maintaining of individual and unit training proficiency. Employing distance learning training and the suite of training aids, devices, simulations, and simulators (TADSS) will enhance individual skills and unit capabilities. Training strategies, TADSS, and training deficiencies are in Annex A.Shortfalls
Figure 6-7 presents a roll-up of those required capabilities for which AMD has inadequate or limited capabilities. The identified shortfalls are not in priority order, and they exist during the FY99-14 timeframe. The primary contributor to these shortfalls is the lack of adequate funding for AMD programs.Summary
As reflected in the assessment snapshots, the AMD force generally achieves some capabilities to meet the required operational capabilities and execute Army Vision 2010 operations. These AMD capabilities are further enhanced by the complementary capabilities of other joint AMD weapons systems and C2 elements. However, an adequate capability (GREEN) is likely not achievable. Systems availability and quantities and threat capabilities and presence will influence the operation. Funding remains the driving factor. Without the unfunded AMD programs (MEADS, advanced weapon system(s)), adequate quantities of Avenger STC, and the successful development, procurement, and fielding of the projected joint systems, AMD execution of the National Military Strategy in the post-2005 timeframe will be very difficult to sustain.
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Delta held No. 8 Puxico scoreless in the second half en route to a 69-7 win in the opening round. Shea Smith led the Bobcats (7-1) with 23 points. Oran outscored No. 7 Meadow Heights 33-6 in the opening half and won easily. Tiffany Glastetter scored 19 points for Oran.
Jessica Welker led St. Vincent with 13 points in a 53-47 win over No. 5 Chaffee.
Mindy Hendrix scored 24 points in a losing effort for Chaffee. Tasha Lincoln led Woodland with 21 points but it was not enough in a 59-44 loss to Greenville.
ORAN -- St. Vincent held host Oran to just 10 first-half points and held on for a road win.
Eric Clements scored 15 points to lead the Indians (6-4), who picked up their fourth straight win.
Kody Campbell led Oran (3-6) with 13 points.
Ethan Watkins hit a 3-pointer with 6 seconds left in regulation to force overtime, and Scott City controlled the overtime period in a home win.
Jamie Pinkston led the Rams (6-4) with 23 points. Alex King added 20.
D.D. Gillespie led Scott County with 28 points.
ADVANCE --Advance avenged an overtime loss to Kelly in the fifth-place game at the Southeast Missourian Christmas Tournament with a road win.
Alex Steil led the Hornets (6-5) with 20 points.
Jordan Felter led Kelly with 10 points.
PUXICO -- Zalma fell behind 50-10 at halftime and lost on the road.
Daniel Schrader and Kyle Conley led Zalma with six points apiece.
CHAFFEE -- Woodland outscored Chaffee 25-14 in the fourth quarter to post a road win.
Seth Gaines led the Cardinals (4-6) with 19 points.
Andrew Hendrix led Chaffee with 16 points.


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Mississippi Senator Roger Wicker delivered this week's Republican Weekly Address that is viewable on YouTube. The Senator served in the US House of Representatives from 1995 to 2007 and has served in the United States Senate since then. His address focused on the Budget Control Act and how it will affect the military and American jobs.
"The National Debt, a staggering $16 Trillion, is unsustainable and we need to change course. The goal of the Budget Control Act was to have a long term debt reduction plan that seriously addressed federal spending, soaring entitlement programs and healthcare costs.
A bi-partisan committee was formed to help devise a plan to control the nation's spending. To help ensure the committee was successful, they were charged with a fall back plan that would include cuts across the board, with most of the cuts falling on the military. This is known as budget sequestration, and unfortunately the committee failed.
"Under sequestration, army units would receive less training before they deploy to the Middle East, Marine Corps troop levels would be cut by 10%, leaving our Marines without sufficient manpower to meet even one major overseas operation, the Navy fleet would drop to 230 ships, the lowest level since World War I, and the Air Force would lose vital maintenance funds, required to keep our fighters, bombers, and remotely piloted aircraft flying around the world."
According to Wicker, cuts won't stop with the military.
"According to multiple forecasts, up to 1 million jobs are at risk. One report estimates that my home state of Mississippi alone could lose over 11,000 jobs."


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San Francisco, CA -- September 12, 2001 -- Silicon Valley Bank (the "Bank"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Silicon Valley Bancshares, announced it provided StarMine with $1 million in equipment financing.
San Francisco-based StarMine provides independent, objective ratings of Wall Street securities analysts by measuring analysts on stock-picking performance and the accuracy of earnings predictions. StarMine leverages its analyst ratings to generate superior predictions of company earnings and stock price movement.
"StarMine is pleased to be involved with a financial institution that understands our business so well," said Steve Solodoff, chief financial officer of StarMine. "We look forward to that Silicon Valley Bank helping us accelerate our growth through all phases of our business life cycle."
"We are delighted to be working with one of the most innovative providers of software to the investment banking community," said Chris Wagner, senior vice president in Silicon Valley Bank's San Francisco office.
About StarMine® StarMine's (www.starmine.com) mission is to provide the most trusted and objective ratings of Wall Street securities analysts by measuring their stock-picking performance and the accuracy of their earnings predictions.
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Many of the world's largest money managers are StarMine clients, including 7 of the top 35 firms, and their real-world feedback on previous products has contributed to the proprietary metrics that drive StarMine Professional.
A privately held company founded in 1998, StarMine is based in San Francisco with offices in New York, Boston, and Denver. StarMine investors include venture capital firms Hummer Winblad Venture Partners and American Century Ventures.
About Silicon Valley Bank Silicon Valley Bank serves emerging growth and middle market companies in targeted niches, focusing on technology and life sciences, while also addressing other specific industries in which it can provide a higher level of service and better manage credit through specialization and focus.
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KARASMATIC444, May 17, 2013
Posted May 17, 2013
so fuging stupid.
goodson was a passenger in the car? was it his car?
no that was warrick dunn..lol.
why was he taken to the hostpital?
why was he taken to the hostpital?
That's what I want to know
why was he taken to the hostpital?
i don't know...but apparently it wasn't anything serious because they released him soon after and he went to be processed.
He was intoxicated and more than likely refused the breathalyzer so they had to draw blood.
God what idiots. Riding dirty and parked in the left of center lane of a 4 way road.
@SethWalderNYDN: Was told they were stopped on the left center lane of Interstate 80 W at 3:15 a.m. #nyj
If he was the passenger, they couldn't have probable cause to do a breathalyzer or draw blood. The passenger can't be charged with DUI, only the driver. That said, maybe the cops aren't sure about who was driving and are covering the possibility they switched seat?. Who knows...
Mike Badson
I'll show myself out
Mike Badson
I'll show myself out


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A helping hand
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To Magda, Aflac was more than just a company; it turned out to be a tremendous friend and helper to her family in their time of need. Having help with her finances, Magda could focus on what matters most: Her family.Learn more about Aflac's solutions


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A plant virus substrate induces early upregulation of BMP2 for rapid bone formation
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The Morning Leverage: American Capital, Nigerian Energy
From this morning's LBO Wire:
American Capital's infrastructure arm has committed to invest up to $130 million in African power project developer Azura Power Holdings, Jonathan Shieber reports. The publicly traded private equity firm will invest cash to help finance Nigeria's first new power plant built under the nation's privatization plan enacted by President Goodluck Jonathan.
More stories available to LBO Wire subscribers: Sankaty Advisors closes its second midmarket debt fund at $1.38 billion, just shy of its $1.5 billion hard cap…Garrison Investment Group closes a new fund to make senior secured loans to lower midmarket companies…and Great Hill Partners makes an equity investment in DR Media Holdings, the operator of car dealer review website DealerRater.
(LBO Wire is a daily newsletter with comprehensive analysis of all the investments, deals, fundraisings and personnel moves involving private equity firms. For a two-week trial, visit our homepage, scroll to the bottom and click "try for free.")
Elsewhere on the Web:
Apax Partners is planning to launch a $300 million fund dedicated to midmarket buyouts in Israel, Dan Dunkley reports for LBO Wire's U.K. sister publication Private Equity News (subscription required).
Italian luxury shoemaker Alberto Moretti has secured funding from a newly formed private equity firm, according to Reuters.
Also from Reuters: Thoma Bravo is exploring a sale of Hyland Software and LANDesk Software, which together could be worth more than $2 billion.
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2Pac Estate In Talks To Sell Sex Tape Song For A Million Bucks
October 16, 2011 | News
As TMZ first reported, an anti-hangover drink company called NOHO has offered to pay $1,000,000 for the rights to the unreleased song 2Pac was rapping along with in the sex tape he is in.
Now TMZ is saying that a rep for Pac's people reached out to NOHO and the two sides are trying to work out a deal.
The only issue is that neither 2Pac's estate or NOHO have possession of the sex tape and know what song is actually in the video. But the estate is saying that if they cannot actually determine what the song is, they do have another unreleased music that they may sell for the right price.


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Narragansett is a resort community with all of the amenities of year-round living. It is known for its great outdoor environment with pristine beaches, sport fishing and outdoor activities. Its spectacular beaches include the Town Beach, Scarborough State Beach, the Roger Wheeler State Beach and the private Dunes Club.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the IDX Program of the State-Wide Multiple Listing Service, Inc. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Residential Properties Ltd. - Providence are marked with the MLS logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers. Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed. Copyright© 2016 State-Wide MLS, Inc. All rights reserved. Data last updated 08/24/16


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6501-Malone University Chorale Presents Singing Valentines
6501-January 15, 2013
Anyone can deliver a valentine on Valentine's Day. How much more fun to really surprise your special someone with a singing valentine from the Malone University Chorale? The Malone University Chorale will deliver their beloved "Singing Valentines" throughout the Stark County area (Canton, Massillon, North Canton, Canton South, and Louisville) on Thursday, February 14.
For a fee of $15, an ensemble of members from the Malone University Chorale, dressed in formal attire, will visit a recipient's home or office, present a flower, card, and then serenade the recipient with either a friendship or love song. The choirs are also offering the option of sending a "Singing Telegram" over the phone for a fee of $5 to anyone in the continental United States. Proceeds will benefit the Malone University Chorale.
Singing Valentines will be delivered within a 20-minute radius of Malone between the hours of 9 a.m. and 9 p.m.
Call the University's Department of Music at 330-471-8230. To order a "Singing Valentine" or "Singing Telegram," call the Valentine Hotline at 330-471-8230 Mondays through Fridays between 1 – 7 p.m. Or order online here.
Orders will be taken through February 12.
Malone University, a Christian university for the arts, sciences, and professions in the liberal arts tradition, affiliated with the Evangelical Friends Church, awards both undergraduate and graduate degrees in more than 100 academic programs. Malone has been recognized by the prestigious Templeton Foundation as a leader in character development, as one of Northeast Ohio's Top Workplaces by the Cleveland Plain Dealer, and is ranked among the top colleges and universities in the Midwest under the category Regional Universities according to U.S. News & World Report's America's Best Colleges 2015
Suzanne Thomas, APR
Director of University Relations
Malone University
2600 Cleveland Avenue N.W., Canton, OH, 44709
Phone: 330-471-8239
Cell: 330-324-2424
Categories: choralvocal


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More Information
Commission split over homeless shelter
Published: Tuesday, February 18, 2014 at 10:51 p.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, February 18, 2014 at 10:51 p.m.
SARASOTA - The search for a suitable location for a homeless shelter was nearly held up Tuesday by a divided City Commission.
• Closing a city street for a special event will now, in some cases, require a vote of the City Commission. The City Commission voted unanimously Tuesday to pass an ordinance requiring Commission approval of any street closure for a special event lasting more than 72 hours.
The ordinance also requires notice to residents affected by the closure and a public hearing before the vote. The ordinance was adopted in part to address disputes over street closures during special events such as the Chalk Festival.
• The City Commission refused Tuesday to expedite a proposed change to the city's zoning code requested by a developer seeking to buy the former Sarasota Quay property.
The developer, GreenPointe LLC, is contracted to buy the 14-acre property and plans to build on it. But a development agreement approved for the area in 2007 will expire in 2017, and the project is not close to starting.
Sarasota attorney Charles Bailey, representing GreenePointe, said the developer can't apply to extend the development agreement unless the city approves an amendment to its zoning code raising the time limit. He requested the limit be raised from 10 years to 30.
Without the zoning amendment, Bailey said, the site plan will expire and the developer may start the development process all over again. The commission voted 4-1 to deny the request, with Caragiulo voting to approve it.
Timothy Litchet, director of Neighborhood and Development Services for Sarasota, said representatives of GreenPointe told him they don't expect to build exactly according to the development plan. He said they did not tell him what changes they do expect.
For months, the commissioners have been split between those who support the recommendations of homelessness expert Robert Marbut and those who want to put the brakes on his plans. Ever since Marbut told city and county officials that they needed a large shelter for adults struggling to get off the street, some commissioners have balked at locating it in the city.
That fault line flared up again Tuesday, when a routine funding item for Marbut's contract and continued homelessness studies was called out for a debate. The commissioners were expected to approve more than $76,000 to extend Marbut's contract through November and pay for environmental and public safety studies of the two remaining shelter locations being considered: 1330 North Osprey and 1800 North East Ave.
Instead, Commissioner Susan Chapman and Vice Mayor Willie Shaw voted against funding Marbut's efforts, urging the commission to reconsider putting a shelter in the city.
Shaw has repeatedly said he doesn't want the shelter in his district, while Chapman has pushed for a location outside city limits and has at times questioned the wisdom of such shelters wherever they are.
"Initially we picked Mr. Marbut because he was supposed to be an expert on best practices," Chapman said. But she has lost confidence in Marbut's methods and data, she said, citing articles that told different stories of homelessness efforts elsewhere.
Chapman suggested the commission deny funding to Marbut's studies and look in a different direction.
"No one at this table is talking about abandoning our homelessness efforts," she said. But she has heard from many residents who have "serious concerns" about locating a shelter in the city, and people who fear the transients they see congregating downtown.
Shaw again questioned the fairness of using city money to locate a shelter within its limits, where, he said, it would further burden his district.
"I find it a slap in the face, adding insult to injury to this city's residents," he said.
Ultimately, the funding for Marbut and his study passed 3-2, with Shaw and Chapman opposed. Commissioners Paul Caragiulo and Suzanne Atwell, along with Mayor Shannon Snyder, have been reluctant to push for or against any particular shelter location, but voted together that Marbut should continue his work.
"We can't continue to throw sand in the machinery," Atwell said. "This is not the time to pit the city against the county. The homelessness issue is bigger than all of us."
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Share Photo
FILE - In this Thursday, Nov. 22, 2012, file photo, a customer makes a purchase in the Times Square Toys-R-Us store in New York. U.S. retail sales rose 0.3 percent in November from October, the Commerce Department said Thursday. That offset a 0.3 percent decline in October from September. (AP Photo/John Minchillo, File)


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At DFW Lounge Rentals we offer beautiful and comfortable lounge packages that consist of both conventional and modular components. Their design gives it a stylish, but yet a warm transitional look that is at home in any environment.
You can choose either to assemble a conventional seating set with a sofa, love seat and lounge chair. Or you can go for a modular design that allows you to piece sections together according to your location's needs.
Feel free to contact us at (214) 277-4322. We look forward to hearing from you soon!
*Prices are subject to change without notice.


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Game of Thrones is a site for the HBO-series based on George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire.
New to the series? Read our spoiler-free review of A Game of Thrones.
Read our Privacy Policy.
Copyright © HBO
A raven in the woods. Dark wings, dark words, as they say…
The Westeros network consists of several different sites, including a forum and a wiki, for all your A Song of Ice and Fire needs.


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On Sep 14, 2:11 pm, Scott Coffey
> I have a client with a remote location that uses a Perle remote
> control unit to connect terminals and printers attached to the '400.
> I've removed/replaced all of the devices except for an IBM (Lexmark)
> 4320 twinax connected printer. They want to keep the printer. Does
> anyone know of a solution (print server, twinax to parallel) that will
> allow me to eliminate this last twinax device and get rid of the
> remote line/control unit?
We moved a load of twinax printers (4247's, 6400's, etc.) off of Perle
494 controllers and onto their own individual Axis 5670e print
servers. However, we only did this with those printers that had both
parallel and twinax connectors. They worked well, most of the time,
but were not as robust as when attached to the Perle. Anyway, would
it be such a bad thing if they kept that one printer attached to the
You can find Axis at www.axis.com. When I started looking to replace
our Perle's (forced to do so by head office) a few years ago, I
emailed Axis and found them very helpful. They even provided flash
updates specifically for some problems/requirements we had.
There are probably other solutions out there, but that is what we went
Hope that helps.


text:
Most months follow a 4 entry pattern: Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced, and Special Topic.
I've curated and cleaned up my best articles from five years of material here as the Videogame Developer's Strategy Guide, part of the Complete Game Dev Kit.
Topics and formats vary, and I tend to release new entries in a cluster near the end of each month. If there's something you'd like to see covered let me know! I'm reachable on Twitter daily as @GameDevsLikeYou.
Happy developing!


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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
Usually, I tackle a project by recognizing a need, and then go about problem solving. In this case, I had a want... and it took me a few ...
A couple of organization tools really helped me with this space. A small desk The peg board !! (big time) Plastic see through bins Door hanging basket system. ...
There are also a few handy accessories in this space. Bobbin Rack mini shelf portable / hang-able pin cushion patterns on a string Bobbin Rack I made this ...
This is one of my least elegant solutions... but also one of my cheapest :-) A closet space can be pretty dim, making it hard to see thread ...
The nice thing about this space is that I created a little over 2 years ago, and it is still working for me now. It is a pleasure ...
Sewetby ashley.brown.92372
DIY Double Closet Hanging Rodby EYSpace
Almost TOOL-LESS DIYers CUSTOM SHELVESby sunshiine
Easy Extra Closet Shelf by EYSpace
DIY hanging closet rodby EYSpace
Join 2 million + to receive instant DIY inspiration in your inbox.
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© 2016 Autodesk, Inc.


text: IO9 drew attention to the above commercial for the documentary "Adventures in Space and Time" about the start of Doctor Who. It looks like it is going to be wonderful. Check out the photos on the IO9 site. See also the new book that IO9 drew attention to, Doctor Who: The Vault: Treasures from the [Read More…]


text: The companion coloring book to "The Glorious Mysteries" audio CD. Fascinating illustrations, with insightful explanations drawn from Scripture, inspire children's imaginations to rejoice with the fulfillment of all Jesus promised to His faithful apostles—and to us! Large illustrations illuminate Jesus' Resurrection, His Ascension into Heaven, the Descent of the Holy Spirit, the Assumption of His mother Mary into Heaven, and her Crowning as Queen-Mother in His never-ending Kingdom. Bonus pages include coloring pages about the History of the Rosary and the Miracle of Lepanto! Little boys will love coloring pages of ships and soldiers! Artwork created by a team of former Disney animators led by John Webber. Text by Ken, Virginia, and Clara Davison, reviewed for theological accuracy by Fr Juan Diego Brunetta, OP.


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Definition of wobble in English:
verb[no object]
- He pushed to the side, legs wobbling, and his hands found the door.
- It then started wobbling from side to side and he became frightened.
- My legs wobbled slightly, just adjusting to the floor beneath my feet.
- Once upon a time, when a band was super-catchy, whole throngs of scenesters were known to wobble a leg up and down in time to the music.
- Midway through round 3 Frazier caught Ellis with a brutal left hook to the chin, Ellis is wobbled for a brief second and you see the wind taken from his sail.
- But it's wobbling in the direction of the same package leisure industry which gave us the gym.
- The little animal then staggered, wobbled and limped around for a few seconds before turning for the last time to his rescuers and wandering off back into nature.
- I walked straight up towards Brandon, who wobbled down the hall in the opposite direction.
- 'You cannot harm us,' said the priestess of Elle, though her hands shook and her voice wobbled as well.
- She met his eyes, her voice wobbled and she was shaking.
- So we're given the impression of Connor's leg shaking and his voice wobbling.
- He has wavered, wobbled, and wiggled about the war since it began.
- It is therefore odd to watch him waver and wobble over an issue that is not only outrageously unjust, but also flagrantly illegal.
- Milutin M. Milankovich, a Serbian mathematician, developed the idea that the Earth's rotational wobbles and orbital deviations have combined to affect in a cyclic way global climatic changes.
- Georgia, which placed third last year, had a few wobbles on balance beam in the final rotation but held on to second place.
- It was built on the track of an elephant trail and it was so rough that it rattled our bones and sent the radio antenna into a series of harmonic wobbles.
- The high notes are no longer there, everything below mezzo-forte is weak, and the stability of the voice betrayed by occasional wobbles.
- Far more troubling is the fearsome wobble in her voice that she only occasionally brings under control.
- With a slight wobble in his voice, he said his prostate cancer had spread to other parts of his body.
- I understand that the wobble is not yours but a secondary, sympathetic wobble to Tony Blair's.
- Other candidates either showed no detectable wobble, or else the results were indeterminate.
- Asked about the now-famous spring wobble, she says she 'and lots of the people who feel close to the PM, who support him and believe what he is doing, rallied round'.
Mid 17th century (earlier as wabble): of Germanic origin; compare with Old Norse vafla 'waver'; related to the verb wave.
A German word first used in English in the mid 17th century. Wobble is related to wave (Old English) and waver (Middle English) which come from Old Norse, and until the mid 19th century was generally spelled wabble. To throw a wobbly is to have a fit of temper or panic. This is a recent expression recorded only from the 1960s, first of all in New Zealand, although throw a wobbler appears in the 1930s, in a US dictionary of underworld and prison slang. Wave did not come to be used for hair until the mid 19th century and the expression to make waves dates only from the 1960s. Mexican wave describing a wavelike effect when spectators stand, raise their arms, and sit again in successive crowd sections, originated at the World Cup football competition held in Mexico City in 1986.
Words that rhyme with wobblebobble, Chernobyl, cobble, gobble, hobble, knobble, nobble, squabble
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: wob·ble
Definition of wobble in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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text: We all just got back from our annual camping trip (well, last week anyway) in Big Sur. Here are a few of the sketches I did while we were there. It was a wonderful and relaxing time as always, and our friends at the Big Sur Campgrounds & Cabins were simply awesome, as always. More to come!


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I developed voice / sound generated Art. It reacts to the human voice. It reacts to sounds.
It creates very abrupt graphic animated visuals. What is magical about it, is the size it holds in a space.
The environment lives and is reactive to what is going on. It is a way of visualizing sound and the human voice.
My objectives with Voice Generated Graphics Interactive Projection Art:
– Performance Art
– Live Musical / Theatrical Performances
– Festivals
– Clubs / Tasteful Parties
– Interactive Rooms
– Galleries
– Museums
– Public Spaces
– Urban Development
– Retail
– Events
– Conventions
– Anywhere where humans interact
I create an infinite amount of composition by just speaking.
The Future is Now.
Remember the days of creating vector art using a software?
Well those days are over when you start creating graphics with your voice.
I want to create interactive installations or displayed on huge led screens for Music Festivals and Clubs with a cutting-edge.
If you know anyone who may be interested, please send them this link and my portfolio page: willpowerstudios.com/portfolio
It was created at NUMA in Paris, a co-working startup space. They have an amazing 3 projector setup, for presentation and conferences. Working with Hackerloop made it possible for me to create my art utilizing their space. It made me so happy, thankful, and grateful.
The process of writing the code to create this project.
I am then looking at some graphics generated by sound, via this app I wrote in Processing.
Check out these graphics created by sound and by my voice:


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Enter here to win a pair of tickets to see
at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards on
17th June 2013
at the Indigo2 in London.
To be in with a chance of winning this amazing prize simply answer the question below
This competition is now closed.
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Our Brandermill Pickup Location, Good Health Herbs, is a retail natural health store owned and operated by Renee Wiest and located in Market Square, of the Brandermill Community, in Midlothian, VA. Renee is a Master Herbalist and received her education at Trinity College of Natural Health. Good Health Herbs opened in August of 2006 and carries a full range of products that include herbals, vitamins & minerals, cleanse and detox products, weight loss products, homeopathics and more. We offer health consultations by appointment, Zyto Compass health assessment scan, Ion Cleanse and Ceragem thermal massage.
We believe that wholesome organic food is the foundation of health. In our desire to promote a healthy lifestyle for our customers, we have partnered with Fall Line Farms and local farmers to offer a healthy local alternative.
Hours are: Tuesday-Friday 10 am-5 pm, Saturday 9-12:30 pm. Closed Sunday & Monday.
4948 Millridge Parkway East
Midlothian, VA 23112
Our Volunteer Site Coordinators at this location are Crickett Brown and Doug Keadle:
Doug Keadle
Retired from Dominion Resources after 23 years of mainly installing pollution control equipment at fossil power stations.
Prior to that, traveled the USA with a construction company.
Married to Susie, a retired Chesterfield County school teacher.
One child, a son, married, and my daughter-in-law encouraged me to participate in my first 10K event, the 2012 Ukrops Monument Avenue 10K (see photo). Note: I never used the word "run".
We enjoy fresh local food, like I remember from my grandparents farm in West Virginia, and Fall Line Farms sure comes through for supplying it.
Crickett Brown (not pictured)
* wife to Michael (10/92), Computer Programmer with the Corporate Office of CarMax
* Homeschooling mom to Erin (98), Holly (00), Claire (03), Wesley (05), Lydia (09)
* building in Powhatan so that we can have a hobby farm