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Paper Chase is a research database designed to offer abstracts of research articles published in journals that have a highly rated impact factor as determined by ISI Impact Factor and PageRank. Abstracts are organized by date, with the most recently published papers listed first.
Paper Chase
A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension.
From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School (D.L.B., L.M.), Boston University School of Public Health (R.D.), and Harvard Clinical Research Institute (R.D., L.M.) - all in Boston; Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta (D.E.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Henry Ford Hospital (W.W.O.), and Wayne State University and the Detroit Medical Center (J.M.F.) - all in Detroit; Baptist Cardiac and Vascular Institute, Miami (B.T.K.); New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York (M.B.L.); Medtronic CardioVascular, Santa Rosa, CA (M.L., M.N., S.A.C.); University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.O.); Prairie Heart Institute, Springfield, IL (K.R.-S.); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.A.C., R.R.T.); and University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago (G.L.B.).
Prior unblinded studies have suggested that catheter-based renal-artery denervation reduces blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension.
We designed a prospective, single-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Patients with severe resistant hypertension were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to undergo renal denervation or a sham procedure. Before randomization, patients were receiving a stable antihypertensive regimen involving maximally tolerated doses of at least three drugs, including a diuretic. The primary efficacy end point was the change in office systolic blood pressure at 6 months; a secondary efficacy end point was the change in mean 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure. The primary safety end point was a composite of death, end-stage renal disease, embolic events resulting in end-organ damage, renovascular complications, or hypertensive crisis at 1 month or new renal-artery stenosis of more than 70% at 6 months.
A total of 535 patients underwent randomization. The mean (±SD) change in systolic blood pressure at 6 months was -14.13±23.93 mm Hg in the denervation group as compared with -11.74±25.94 mm Hg in the sham-procedure group (P<0.001 for both comparisons of the change from baseline), for a difference of -2.39 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], -6.89 to 2.12; P=0.26 for superiority with a margin of 5 mm Hg). The change in 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure was -6.75±15.11 mm Hg in the denervation group and -4.79±17.25 mm Hg in the sham-procedure group, for a difference of -1.96 mm Hg (95% CI, -4.97 to 1.06; P=0.98 for superiority with a margin of 2 mm Hg). There were no significant differences in safety between the two groups.
This blinded trial did not show a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension 6 months after renal-artery denervation as compared with a sham control. (Funded by Medtronic; SYMPLICITY HTN-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01418261.).
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T. Marzetti uDip Sweepstakes
Eligibility : T. Marzetti uDip Sweepstakes is open only to legal residents of the fifty (50) United States and the District of Columbia who are 18 years of age or older as of the date of entry (the "Entrants").
Promotion Period : begins on August 15, 2009 and ends on November 31, 2009 (the "Promotion Period").
How To Enter : Visit www.udipsweepstakes.com and follow the instructions.
Prize (s):
Bake Shop Game
Daily highest score gets a coupon for one (1) free Marzetti Caramel Apple Dip and the all time Top Score will receive an iPod classic 80 GB
Recipe Contest
Kitchenaid Mixer
Recipe published on Marzetti.com, uDipsweepstakes.com, in newsletters and in the 2010 Marzetti® Caramel Apple Dip recipe book 12 Marzetti® Apple Dip coupons
Grand Prize
(2) iPod classic 120 GB
(1) Bose SoundDock Series II Digital Music System
(1) iHome iHM77 Mini Speakers – portable
(1) Incase Sports+B5Arm band for iPod classic 120GB
(1) iTunes
(1) Anti Glare Film for iPod
(1) Griffin car charger for iPod
(1) Apple Remote for iPod
(1) iHome iP9 Dual Alarm Clock Radio for iPod
(1) iMac 24-inch, 2.66 GHz
(1) Office for Mac
(1) iWork
(1) iLife
(1) Mac OSX Leopard
(1) Apple wireless key-board
(1) Apple wireless mightymouse
(1) Final Cut Studio 2
(1) Mobile Me
(1) Photoshop Elements
(1) Canon Pixma MP620 WiFi All-In-One
Instant Win Prizes
(5) iMac® 2.66 GHz, 20" Monitor
(15) iPod classic® 120 GB
(1) iPod classic 80 GB
(16) iPod nano® 8 GB
(11) iPod shuffle® 2 GB
(25) $50 iTunes® gift card.
(35) $25 iTunes® gift card.**
Design Contest
iMac 20-inch, 2.66 GHz
Wacom Bamboo Tablet
12 free coupons
Winner's School of Choice:
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(1) Canon G10 Camera
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About the AuthorJosee launched SweepstakesMag.com on February 2008 as a hobby and now, this is a part of her life. She carefully hand-pick all the sweepstakes to be posted on the site in order to provide you with the best ones. On top of that, she is a stay at home mom who lives in Canada and she and her husband have 4 children (7, 6, 3 and 1 year old).
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text:
AOL Kicks Off AIM-Mashup Contest
- Dec 01, 2006 6:04 PM EST
- [num] Comments
AOL just announced the Web AIM Mashup Competition, which is giving $5,000 to the developer who comes up with the best idea for integrating Web AIM into a site using newly open APIs. From the press release:
Developers are asked to design a graphical user interface or submit a written explanation in order to clearly convey their mashup concept using the new Web AIM APIs. Contest entries will be judged on creativity, ease of use, market potential and ability to be shared with other users online. All submissions are due by December 6, 2006.
The tools you need are at http://developer.aim.com/, so get to work guys. If $5K isn't enough incentive, do your developing on your own and let AOL buy you out later with the gobs of money they're making.
- Categories:
- IM & Video Conferencing,
- News & Events


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Festival: Belgrave Survival Day.
Celebrate the survival of the worlds oldest continuing culture at the 6th Belgrave Survival Day. Musical acts are: Benny Walker and band with a mix of soul, Blues and reggae; Deadly award nominee Miss Lady Lash with her mix of hip hop and urban blues. Other acts and speakers on the day will be the HICSA children's choir and hip hop, Gnarnayarrahe Waitairie with story telling and digeridoo meditation, traditional dance group Jindi Worobak, Uncle Bill Nicholson and Aunty Dot Peters. 12 noon-4:30pm. Borthwick Park, Benson St, Belgrave (next to the Belgrave Pool). We will also be celebrating the 150th anniversary of the opening of Corranderrk an Aboriginal mission in Healsville with an outdoor museum and speakers with knowledge of Corranderrk.


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How to Sharpen Hollow Chisel Mortising Bits
How to Sharpen a Spokeshave
Drawbore Your Mortise-and-Tenon Joinery
Veneering Unplugged
Finishing Technique for Greene and Greene Furniture
Get Sharp Fast
Capture More Dust from Your Router Table
Unstuck From Super Glue
The Coolest Cutting Board Ever?
Customize Your Router for Centered Mortises
The Essential Tool Chest
Speed Up Handplane Honing with Your Ruler
Workbench Tool Storage Solutions
Installing a Vise
Simple Cabinetry with Pocket Hole Joinery
The Simple Art of Spoon Carving
Simple Tape Trick for Tight Fitting Through-Mortises
Smoothing Plane Tips and Techniques
Hinge Mortises on the Tablesaw
A Woodworker's Guide to Grain Direction
Woodworking for bulldozer work: A good tradecomments (2) July 5th, 2011 in blogs
One of my summer/fall projects is to build a post & beam shed to store lumber and cord wood. I wanted to place it to the right of my shop, creating a small courtyard between the shed and house.
There was a bank where I wanted to build the shed, so I grabbed a shovel to see if I could move it back a few feet. It didn't take very long to realize, like much of the land in CT, it was pretty much solid rock. When a neighbor stopped by one day he offered to bring over his four wheel drive tractor to dig it out a bit. Seeing the ledge, he said he had a back-up plan of bringing his bulldozer over if the tractor couldn't break it up. I was pretty excited about that idea.
The next weekend he went to work at it with the tractor and bulldozer duo. He even helped me cut down a tree and dug the root ball out to allow a little more space for the shed. When the job was done I tried to pay him for the work, but he refused. He just asked if I could take a look at an antique baby sleigh he had rescued from a collapsing barn a few years ago. He said he would be happy to call it even if I could repair it for him.
I do love a good trade (thanks again Ron!). Ron liked the sleigh repair so much, he's thinking of taking the restoration one step further and having an Amish friend re-upholster the seat. I'm one step closer to the shed project getting under way. Next, I'll build a retaining wall with all the rocks we dug out of the bank, and then on to the fun part - cutting those timber frame joints!
posted in: blogs, repair, antique, Bulldozer, trade, post and beam
Comments (2)
Years ago one fellow left his new John Deere backhoe and dozer at my place for a week. He told me to use them to my heart's content. Like a kid with a new sandbox toy I took them out to my back field and played. I dug holes with the backhoe and filled them back in and leveled them with the dozer.... for an entire day. We have to grow old but we never have to grow up.
Posted: 4:38 pm on July 11th
Posted: 11:05 am on July 7th
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School has started, and the best thing you can do for your child is to get a card from your Summit County Library. That library card will open up a whole new world to you and your child. If she or he needs to read a particular book for English class, you can check out a copy from the library or download the book to your computer and transfer it to an MP3 player or iPod or read the e-book title on your e-reader or iPad. There are also videos and music that can be downloaded simply by going to the library's website at www.summitcountylibraries.org and clicking on the "Downloadable" button.Need to do research for a school report or paper? With your library card, you can do your research from school or home by searching the library's online databases from any computer. Just go to the library's home page and click the "Research Options" button. Under the Ebsco databases you can use the "KidsSearch - Middle School & Elementary" to find articles and encyclopedic information dealing with geography, animals, states, etc.; or you can click on "Student Research Center - High School & Middle School" to find radio and TV transcripts, country reports, newspapers, maps, flags and more.If you're going back to college and need help with your research paper, try using our Gale Online Databases, particularly "Expanded Academic ASAP." This database provides access to scholarly journals, newspapers and news magazines dealing with arts and humanities, science and technology and social sciences. Also try our "General Reference Center" from Gale, which gives you access to reference books, magazines and newspapers covering current events, popular culture, arts and sciences, sports, hobbies and much more.If you're planning on going to law school or graduate school, don't forget that the library has books to help you study for your entrance exams. We have books to study for the Graduate Management Test, the Graduate Record Exam and the Law School Admissions Test. We also have books to help you get your GED (General Education Development Test) or study for your ACT or SAT tests to help you get into college. Finally, if you want to apply for a government job, we have books to study for exams leading to postal, police and firefighter jobs.Are you trying to start a business or looking for a job and need to find out about a particular company? Check out our "Business & Company ASAP" from Gale. It gives you online access to companies, markets and industries and offers information on market trends, mergers and acquisitions, current management theory and company overviews. You can access business and trade journals, newspapers and company directory profiles. All this is available by simply getting a library card. We have three library facilities in Breckenridge, Frisco and Silverthorne. You may get a card at any one of them by showing proof of living, working or owning property in Summit County for 30 days with your Colorado driver's license with local address, rent receipt or lease agreement, motor vehicle registration or checking account. Please feel free to call the main library at (970) 668-5555 for more information.
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November 1, 2012
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┌── William Hinshaw │ 1779-1869 ┌── Mines Hinshaw ──┤ │ 1824-1906 │ │ └── Lorohame Beeson │ 1786-1839 Isabelle Hinshaw ───┤ B: 1859 │ ┌── Adam Brower D: 1942 │ │ └── Mary Brower ────┤ 1826-1886 │ └── Charity Foust M: Nereus Chamness
|Isabelle Hinshaw [ID 00839]
|Click here to switch to Ahnentafel view:
(Isabelle Hinshaw)2,127,205,a (Isabella Hinshaw)b,c,d,e,f (Isabel Hinshaw)g,h
Born Apr 14 1859, Marlborough MM, North Carolina.2,127,205,i,j,h,c,d,k,e,f
At Marlborough MM on 10-20-1875, Isabelle was "received by request".2
She married Nereus Chamness, Dec 1 1881, Guilford County, North Carolina.b (Dec 12 1881).l,102,205,m (Dec 13 1881, Randolph County).g,127 Nereus, son of David S. Chamness & Elizabeth D. Pickett, was born Sep 13 1859, Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina.127,205,l,i,k,e,f,m (Sep - 1856).d
Isabelle and family were shown in the 1900 census (Jun 12 1900), Appling County, Georgia:d
Isabelle and Nereus were shown in the 1920 census (Jan 13-14 1920), Waycross District, Ware County, Georgia:e
The following article was published in the "Southeast Georgian" on August 2, 1928:s
Old Mallette Home is Bought By Cribb
H. L. Cribb, of Clinch county, has purchased the antebellum home of N. Chamness in Camden County. The home was built in 1845 by Gideon Mallette and si [sic] located between Folkston and Kingsland on the St. Marys river. There is a 300-acre farm surrounding the home.
Isabelle and family were shown in the 1930 census (Apr 30 1930), Franklinville Township, Randolph County, North Carolina:f
Nereus died Jan 5 1944, Randolph County, North Carolina; age 84; buried Providence Friends PM Cemetery, Providence Township, Randolph County, North Carolina.127,i,a
Photo: Isabelle Hinshaw and Nereus Chamness (photo taken in Randolph County, North Carolina) u
2. "Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy", by William Wade Hinshaw, in many well-stocked libraries.
102. Family Group sheets gathered at the 1992 Hinshaw reunion, submitted by attendees.
127. Family group sheets from Randy Hunter ()
205. "Hinshaw Family": a collection of family group sheets by Edna Harvey Joseph; LDS FHL microfilm #1572018 items 8-10 and #1572019 items 1-4
(a) North Carolina Death Collection, 1908-1996; http://www.ancestry.com.
(b) Guilford County, North Carolina marriages; USGenWeb Archives:
(c) 1880 census, Franklinsville Township, Randolph County, North Carolina; roll T9-0978, ED 216, page 95B, line #11, dwelling #13, family #13.
(d) 1900 census, Militia District 1364, Appling County, Georgia; roll T623-178, ED 104, page 13A-B, line #47, dwelling #255, family #262.
(e) 1920 census, Waycross District, Ware County, Georgia; roll T625-283, ED 150, page 9A, line #79, dwelling #179, family #180.
(f) 1930 census, Franklinville Township, Randolph County, North Carolina; roll T626-1715, ED 15, page 19A, line #45, dwelling #411, family #469.
(g) North Carolina Marriage Collection, 1741-2000; http://www.ancestry.com.
(h) 1870 census, Franklinsville P.O., Franklinsville Township, Randolph County, North Carolina; roll M593-1156, page 366, line #12, dwelling #283, family #265.
(i) Contribution from Waldo Hinshaw citing: "Providence Cemetery Listing",
"Piedmont North Carolina Cemeteries, Volume IV". Mr & Mrs L S Hornaday Jr.
Published 1991 by L S Hornaday, Burlington, NC 27217.
(j) 1860 census, Cedar Falls P.O., Eastern Division, Randolph County, North Carolina; page 595, line #12, dwelling #1053, family #1053.
(k) 1910 census, 6th Ward, Waycross, Ware County, Georgia; roll T624-214, ED 176, page 271B, line #96, dwelling #123, family #124.
(l) Chamness Family Database: http://bgwilliams.apexhosting.com/uscham.htm.
(m) RootsWeb WorldConnect data by Leigh Bellows ().
(n) Contribution from Allen Randolph Carney ().
(o) 1930 census, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois; roll T626-437, ED 514, page 8A, line #1, dwelling #97, family #135.
(p) World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918; http://www.ancestry.com.
(q) 1920 census, Waycross District, Ware County, Georgia; roll T625-283, ED 150, page 9A, line #77, dwelling #178, family #179.
(r) Georgia Deaths, 1919-98; http://www.ancestry.com.
(s) Contribution from Tara D. Fields () citing:
"Southeast Georgian", Vol 25 #39; Aug 2 1928.
(t) 1930 census, Franklinville Township, Randolph County, North Carolina; roll T626-1715, ED 15, page 19A, line #43, dwelling #410, family #468.
(u) Photo courtesy of Allen Randolph Carney ().
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The Antlers's Ruminations on Mortality
The Antlers' new "Hospice" (The Antlers) is a deeply moving album that brings to mind "Funeral" by Arcade Fire and "Songs in A&E" by Spiritualized—recent recordings whose theme is death or mortal illness. The trio plays two sets here this afternoon and another tomorrow.
Written by singer and multi-instrumentalist Peter Silberman, who began "Hospice" as a solo project, the album follows the story of a contentious relationship between a hospice worker and a terminally ill cancer patient. Shifting points of view give the narrative a resonance that allows it to become a rumination on mortality. It's a beautiful, disquieting work.
Mr. Silberman, who is 22 years old, is reluctant to divulge too much about how he came to write "Hospice," fearing the broader message of the album might be lost in specifics. When he admitted he found himself visiting a children's cancer ward a few years ago, he wouldn't tell me why.
"There's real people involved," he conceded in a soft, halting voice. "I could go into personal details about my life but I'd rather not. The story is an allegory. Some of the songs are literal and autobiographical. Others are representative."
The music of "Hospice" ranges from whispery Antony Hegarty-like ballads to raging rock. A few of the songs sound as if they intend to reflect communications sent from a zone between life and death.
Writing and recording "Hospice" had a profound effect on Mr. Silberman, who withdrew from friends during the creative process. "You think about your own mortality," he told me. "That old cliché—live every day like it's your last on earth. And don't be rash. Life can take you in unexpected directions."
"Hospice" was released earlier his month. You can sample it at the band's MySpace page.


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Hina gets discharged, resumes shoot
Well, the doctors pronounced her hale and hearty as she got discharged from the hospital, but the poor darling had to shoot immediately. When contacted, she said, "I am fine now and taking care of myself. I got discharged day before yesterday and I have already shot a track. I came home, got ready for the shoot, and started with my work."
When asked about taking rest, Khan said, "Yes, I am taking care. But work comes first!", this as she was rushing away for the dance rehearsals for the upcoming Star Parivaar awards. Hina, your committment to your work is well-appreciated, but don"t forget that your fans would rather see you happy and healthy! So take care!


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KISSIMMEE, Fla. — Astros owner Drayton McLane arrived at Osceola County Stadium for the first day of his 19th spring training full of his all-but-trademarked excitement for the season ahead as he engages in the process of trying to sell the team.
McLane said that no sale was imminent but that they are in talks with several parties, maintaining that the buyer would likely be a group rather than an individual.
The Astros lowered player payroll by approximately $10 million, largely a result of trading Roy Oswalt and Lance Berkman, with the former still being under contract for 201
1 and the latter having an option year, which the Yankees ultimately did not exercise.
McLane addressed the money the club did spend as business as usual, citing the long-term contract for Wandy Rodriguez and the improvements being made to Minute Maid Park including a video board and new Press Club luxury seating where the lower level press box used to be.
McLane announced in November that the team he bought from John McMullen in 1992 and the team's share in a regional sports network to launch in 2012 were for sale.
"Ever since we announced in November that we were putting the team up for sale, we would continue to manage the team as if we were going into the next 20 years," McLane sai
"We want to hand it off where it has not only good players at the major league level but really good minor league players coming through."
McLane attended but did not speak at a team meeting before pitchers and catchers went out to the practice fields for their first official workouts.


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Fertility rates in US appear to be leveling off a sign of improving economy says UNH
�Birthrates are stabilizing after years of dropping and dropping and dropping,� said Ken Johnson, a demographer with the Carsey Institute at the University of New Hampshire. �It�s more evidence the effect of the recession is beginning to wane.�
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National editor's pick of the top news stories in the nation and world at this hour:
Petraeus resigns as CIA chief because of affair
David Petraeus, the four-star general who was appointed CIA director a year ago, shocked the nation Friday by resigning after admitting that he showed "extremely poor judgment" by having an extramarital affair. "After being married for over 37 years, I showed extremely poor judgment by engaging in an extramarital affair," Petraeus said in a statement issued Friday. "Such behavior is unacceptable, both as a husband and as the leader of an organization such as ours. This afternoon, the president graciously accepted my resignation." A retired U.S. Army general who served as the top U.S. commander in Iraq and Afghanistan, Petraeus was sworn in as head of the CIA in September 2011. The White House said in a statement that Petraeus "has provided extraordinary service to the United States for decades" and "was one of the outstanding General officers of his generation."
Obama invites leaders to White House to talk fiscal cliff
President Barack Obama said Friday that he is inviting leaders of both parties to the White House next week to talk about how to avoid going over the "fiscal cliff," but he insisted that making the wealthiest Americans pay more taxes must be part of the solution. "I'm not wedded to every detail of my plan. I'm open to compromise. I'm open to new ideas," Obama said in remarks in the East Room of the White House. "I'm committed to solving our fiscal challenges, but I refuse to accept any approach that isn't balanced." In his first public comments since election night, Obama said, "This was a central question during the election. ... The majority of Americans agree with my approach." House Republicans aren't convinced, pointing out that they, too, were re-elected, on their own promise not to raise taxes. House Speaker John Boehner said Friday that Congress is prepared to work with Obama to avert tax cuts expirations and spending cuts due to take effect Jan. 1, but he underscored that Republicans won't agree to higher income-tax rates.
Iran claims U.S. drone was in its airspace
A day after the U.S. announced that Iran had fired on one of its drones in international airspace, Iran claimed the drone was in Iranian airspace. "Last week, an unknown aircraft entered Iran's airspace in the Persian Gulf," said Gen. Ahmad Vahidi, Iran's defense minister. "It was forced to leave on time by a wise and strong reaction on the part of the Iranian armed forces." The Pentagon said Thursday that the unarmed drone was about 16 miles off the Iranian coast on Nov. 1 when it came under fire. It was not hit. Iranian lawmaker Mohammad Saleh Jokar also claimed Friday on a state-owned news website that Iranian fighters shot at the U.S. drone because it had entered Iranian airspace. "Violation of the airspace of Iran was the reason for shooting at the American drone," Jokar said. "This showed Iran has the necessary readiness to defend against any invasion."
11,000 flee Syria in a single day
At least 11,000 Syrian refugees have poured into Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon in the past 24 hours, U.N. officials said Friday. Trying to escape fighting between the government and rebels, some people desperately climbed over razor-wire border fences with children in their arms. Some 9,000 people escaped to safety in Turkey, including 70 who were wounded, the U.N. said. Panos Moumtzis, the U.N. refugee agency's regional coordinator for the region, described the flood of people as "the highest that we have had in quite some time." Whereas an average of 2,000 to 3,000 people normally flee Syria per day, the escalation brings the number of Syrian refugees registered with the agency to more than 408,000. An estimated 36,000 people have been killed since the uprising against President Bashar Assad began in March 2011. Assad, in remarks broadcast Friday on the English-language Russia Today channel, denied that his country was in a state of civil war, blamed the conflict on terrorists and said, "The problem is not between me and my people."
French ex-minister says tycoon is her baby daddy
The French are different. When Rachida Dati, the unmarried justice minister under Nicolas Sarkozy, turned up pregnant a few years ago, she said it was nobody's business who the father was. Now the 46-year-old is suing a 68-year-old multimillionaire owner of luxury hotels and casinos to compel him to take a paternity test to prove that he is the father of her 3-year-old. The hotel tycoon, Dominique Desseigne, a friend of Sarkozy's and a widowed father of two, is reportedly planning to refuse to give up his DNA. The French press is all over the story, with Le Monde suggesting that Dati entertained no fewer than eight lovers while seeing Desseigne. And Le Point ran a five-page spread entitled "The Incredible Story of Rachida Dati," prompting her to announce Friday that he she will sue the magazine's director "and his band of so-called journalists." "What bothers them about me?" she asked on RTL radio. "That I have a life ... that I'm a free woman?" She did allow, "I have a complicated private life."
The Wire, a summary of top national and world news stories from the Associated Press and other wire services, moves weekdays. Contact Karl Kahler at 408-920-5023; follow him at twitter.com/karl_kahler.


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If you've bounced over here from Facebook you've no doubt arrived to check out the bountiful booty of prizes for the 'twisted' giveaway in celebration of reaching 10,000 Facebook "likes" but if you're here only because you receive my blog posts in… Read more
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20 Plus Prizes for 10,000 'Likes'
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October 2, 2013
Nope, it's not a mistake. I'm holding a gave-away, not give-away but more about that in a minute or three. This is a petit post, a mini recap from the recent Walk to Defeat ALS event in Vancouver Washington. You know . . . the walk I kept… Read more
Sweet Hope Cookies Giveaway with Strings Attached
September 16, 2013
UPDATE Over the last three days 31 angels, saints, awesome people donated a total of 1345.13 to the Walk to Defeat ALS, bringing my total raised to 3,235.13. That means I'm only 1764.87 away from reaching my goal of 5000 dollars by this Saturday… Read more
Mini Candy Giveway Winner
September 5, 2013
In past giveaways, I've chosen winners randomly by writing out each entry on separate slips of paper, dumping them into my standing mixing bowl, beating until well-blended and then drawing a name. Another time I handed the responsibility of choosing… Read more
Cookies ARE Ice Cream Giveaway
September 2, 2013
Have you seen these? . Yes, they look like Rolos but they're Rolo Minis, part of a revolutionary life-altering movement toward tiny versions of familiar and awesome candies like Milky Ways and Reese's Peanut Butter Cups which makes them perfect… Read more


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Hello all!
I'm hoping I can get an answer here. I have spent days trying to find
current articles/posts/etc on this, but I cant seem to find anything current
(under a year old).
Here is my situation. I currently has a sanx which is just a machine with 2
JBODs as one big drive. This machine exports a home directory using NFS to 5
mail servers that mount this rw over gigabit switch. I am using LVS to load
balance the mail servers.
Problem : This machine is flaky after previous sysadmin. We want to split
our current fileserver, making two replicated servers out of the 2 JBODs
(just a box of drives).
Ok, so my plan so far was to move our mail data to a temporary raid and use
NFS like we our currently. Then I was going to build a single /dev/sda using
1 JBOD and a linux box, and a second server with a duplicate setup and use
DRBD to replicate the drives using a flip cable and gigabit cards between
the two using a 10.10.10.x network.
That part all seems fine to me. Now comes the part where I have to figure
out which filesystem to use (XFS or ReiserFS3.6) and which "fileserver" to
In my quest I have come across coda, GFS, openssi, openafs, nfsv3 (what we
are using now) and nfsv4. From what I have read it sounds like I would like
to use reiserfs for the filesystem and openafs to share the files between my
5+ mail servers.
So am I correct in my understanding that OpenAFS is basically NFS only more
advanced? Is it faster? Are there any reasons I should just stick with NFS?
I have about 13,000 mail accounts, about 2.8 million files (we use maildir).
The end result that we want is that we have a server with a fast raid10,
probably using reiserfs, that is replicated using DRBD to a live spare in
case the primary pukes, and that is exporting a single mail directory to 5+
mail servers with rw access.
Sorry if this is so long winded, I just wanted to try to paint a detailed
picture of what I am dealing with.


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Fri 20/Apr 2012
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The American producer doesn't make tracks for dance floors. But they sure seem to work well on them. RA's Nick Connellan explains.
What's life like as one of the planet's most popular DJs? RA's Will Lynch shadows Seth Troxler for five days at Miami WMC 2012, finding out how extremely high and low things can get.
RA's Nick Connellan discusses the often harsh reality that inspires the Swedish artist's "messy" work for Crime City Disco .
RA sits down with one of Japan's most respected selectors.
The dark prince of ambient has a laugh with RA's Todd L. Burns.


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The Water Environment Federation (WEF) WaterBlog is hosted by water quality experts and features discussions about the latest ideas, trends, and news in the profession.
Young professionals should consider involvement with the Water Environment Federation and the Students and Young Professionals Committee because of the networking and leadership opportunities they provide.
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I was honored to speak on behalf of the public water sector in the Water Leaders session at the WEFTEC® 2012 conference. The following excerpts from my comments appear in the January issue of WE&T and cover the 'lucky seven' principles that I believe should guide the future of the water sector.
Posted by: George S. Hawkins, general manager of DC Water, which provides drinking water delivery and wastewater collection and treatment for a population of more than 600,000 in the nation's capital.


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Hello, I have a problem with printing faxes by faxrcvd. I use SUSE Linux 6.0. with hylafax 4.0pl2 and faxrcvd.sh, v 1.33 1998/02/12 At the end of the file "faxrcvd" I have written /usr/bin/tiff2ps $FILE | lpr to print all incoming faxes. The problem is, that the printer only prints the first site of a incoming fax. How can i print all sites? Can anybody help me? Mit besten Grüßen Michael Anwort bitte an firstname.lastname@example.com


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SHE knows she's one of the most unloved Singaporean beauty queens.
Especially now that her dirty little secret has tumbled out - the one she had hoped no one would learn about.
Miss Singapore World 2009 Ris Low Yi Min was sentenced in May to 24 months of supervised probation after being convicted of credit card fraud.
Sounding almost resigned, Ris said yesterday that she was waiting for the pageant organisers to inform her whether she will still be allowed to represent Singapore in the Miss World pageant in South Africa in December.
'I'm sad and disappointed,' she told The New Paper over the phone.
'I don't know who leaked this information about me. Now I may have to give up my dream (of participating in an international pageant).'
Lawyer Adrian Wee told The New Paper that it was up to Ris' probation officer to decide whether to allow her to travel to South Africa.
'Such decisions are usually determined on a case-by-case basis,' he said.
But even if Ris is allowed to leave Singapore, she may still be barred from taking part in the Miss World pageant.
The Miss World website states that pageant contestants must not have been charged or convicted in any court of law in any country.
Ris said she had used the credit cards fraudulently in 'a moment of folly'.
She said: 'When you are young and do something, you don't really think of the consequences.
'At the time, I didn't even think I would be joining a beauty pageant or that I would become a beauty queen.'
Ris said the pageant organisers were initially unaware of her offences.
'I told them about it only after I had won. I didn't know it was part of the contract,' she said.
She added that the organisers were 'shocked and angry' when they heard about it. The New Paper's repeated phone calls and e-mails to the pageant organisers, ERM World Marketing Pte Ltd, went unanswered yesterday.
Ris said: 'I regret what I did. I disappointed my parents, because I did it (credit card fraud) even though I wasn't in any need of money.'
At 19 and with a future still ahead of her, she is optimistic of putting this setback behind her.
'My friends have been very supportive through this period. I could really see their care and concern for me. My parents have also stood by me,' she said.
The first-time offender had faced five charges of misappropriation, cheating using illegally obtained credit cards and impersonating their users' identities.
Another 60 charges were taken into consideration for sentencing.
She had obtained the credit cards while she was working at a well-known medical group here.
According to court documents, Ris spent more than $2,400 on at least three credit cards on at least four separate occasions in April and May last year.
Among the items she bought were a $698 Samsung handphone and two gold anklets worth $980 in all.
She also visited Equinox, an upscale restaurant at Swissotel the Stamford, twice within the same week - spending almost $400 on food and drinks each time.
The New Paper understands that her former employer filed a police report in April last year after she was caught using credit cards belonging to patients who visited the clinic where she worked.
A spokesman for the medical group confirmed that she joined the group in December 2007 and left in May last year.
She also confirmed there was a civil case involving Ris, but declined to comment on it.
When The New Paper learnt of Ris' legal troubles about a month ago and confronted her, she denied it.
Then My Paper broke the story yesterday. Now, it looks like few are prepared to forgive and forget.
This article was first published in The New Paper
The following 1 member(s) liked the above post:
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FIRST it was ex-Miss Singapore World 2009 Ris Low who gave up her throne over a credit card conviction.
Netizens were aghast with her command of English and some even commented on her lack of intelligence.
Now, they have turned on Low's replacement Pilar Carmelita Arlando, with even harsher comments, saying that she has zero IQ!
Just as the 20-year-old diploma student was getting ready for the Miss World finals in South Africa, a video clip of her being interviewed by Razor TV caught the attention of the people.
She appeared to be ignorant over general issues pertaining to her country.
In the interview, Arlando ' who is pursuing her Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Management course ' and a few other pageant contestants were asked to answer five questions pertaining to the country.
She got three correct, one of which was on her second attempt.
But what became the big joke was that she had thought that the Merlion had actually existed but became extinct in 1965, Sin Chew Daily reported.
"I have no idea. (laugh) Hmm ... Merlion ... 1965?" she answered.
In fact, the Merlion is just an imaginary creature created as a trademark for the Singapore Tourism Board.
Arlando also got the age of the republic wrong. When asked how old Singapore is this year, she answered: "Oh dear, 47... 48... 49?"
And she only managed to mention the name Yusof Ishak in her second attempts to answer the question: "Name Singapore's first President."
The beauty queen, however, is quite sensitive to the opening of a new shopping mall and the transportation route.
The two questions she got right were to name the shopping mall that had just opened and the MRT station near Raffles City.
Arlando, who had been one of the favourites to win the crown, only managed to become second runner-up.
She is, however, lucky as Low was forced to relinquish her crown while first runner-up Claire Lee had a chronic back problem.
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Articles on this page are available in 1 other language: Spanish (17) (learn more)
Brief Summary
The Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis) is a medium to large, stocky frog with adult lengths snout to vent from 5.0- 13.5 cm (2.0-5.4 in). The ground color on the dorsum is green to brown; the upper lip stripe is faint or absent in front of the eye; the head and face is usually green. The skin is rougher with more tubercles, and dorsal spots are generally smaller and more numerous than in other leopard frogs. Dorsolateral folds are broken toward the rear of the body, angling inward. The eyes are higher on the head and more upturned than other Arizona leopard frogs. The hind feet are webbed, and males have a swollen and darkened thumb base. In adults (and some juveniles), the rear surface of the thigh is speckled with "salt and pepper" markings, or small dots each densely covered with light-tipped tubercles, usually on a dark ground color. (Stebbins 1985; Brennan and Holycross 2006). The venter is a dull whitish or yellowish color, while gray mottling usually occurs on the throat and sometimes on the chest. The groin and lower abdomen are often yellow. Platz (1988) notes that the "posterior surfaces of thighs have numerous small papilla, each surrounded by cream colored skin...adults have mottled venter and males along southern Arizona border have vestigial oviducts."
Found in mountain regions of central and southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Western Jalisco, Mexico from 1066-2408 m (3500-7900 ft), (Platz and Mecham 1979; Sredl et al. 1997).
They are highly aquatic habitat generalists. Adults become active in February (Jennings 1988, 1990), and eggs are laid in spring and sporadically through the summer and fall. Males usually call above water, but may also advertise below water (Degenhardt et al. 1996). Their call consists of a 1-3 second long, low-pitched, hollow snore (Brennan and Holycross 2006). Home ranges for males (dry season mean = 161.0 m2; wet season mean = 375.7 m2) tend to be larger than those for females (dry season mean = 57.1 m2; wet season mean = 92.2 m2). Post-metamorphic Chiricahua leopard frogs are generally inactive from November-February, however, a detailed study of wintertime activity or habitat use has not been done. Although microsites for these hibernacula have not been studied, they likely over-winter near breeding sites. (Sredl, in Lannoo 2005). Life span and age at first reproduction are unknown, although preliminarily, skeletochronology of Chiricahua leopard frogs indicate that they can live =/
Comprehensive Description
This leopard frog attains an adult snout-vent length of 57-95 mm. Its body is fairly stocky, with rugose skin on the back and sides. Dorsolateral folds are present but interrupted posteriorly and displaced medially. The supralabial stripe is incomplete in adults. Vocal sacs are small and external. Grey mottling on the throat may extend onto the chest. The venter is variably melanistic with yellowish pigmentation in the groin region. The posterior of the thigh and the area surrounding the cloaca is covered with small tubercles.
- Platz, J. E. and Mecham, J. S. (1963). ''Rana chiricahuensis.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 347.1-347.2.
Presently, Chiricahua leopard frogs inhabit two known ranges. One extends from central Arizona along the Mogollon Rim to western New Mexico.
The other range is from the montane section of southeastern Arizona adjacent to Sonora to the southwest corner of New Mexico and parts of Mexico, including the Sierra Madre, northern Durango, and Chihuahua.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
- Platz, J., J. Mecham. 1979. Rana chiricahuensis, a new species of leopard frog (Rana pipens complex) from Arizona. Copeia, 3: 383-390.
- Southwest Center Species Database, 2003. "Chiricahua Leopard Frog" (On-line). Accessed 10/05/04 at http://www.sw-center.org/swcbd/species/lfrog/index.HTML.
Range Description
Global Range: (20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)) This species occurs from southeastern Arizona (drainages of the Madrean Archipelago and surrounding desert grasslands, south of the Gila River in Cochise, Santa Cruz, Pima, and Graham counties) and extreme southwestern New Mexico (Hidalgo County) in the United States, south along the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, where the southern range limit is poorly defined due to taxonomic uncertainties. Also included in L. chiricahuensis are additional populations in the upper Gila River drainage in extreme eastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, whereas populations previously ascribed to L. chiricahuensis in central Arizona and westward along the Mogollon Rim to portion of southwestern New Mexico have been determined through DNA evidence to be L. fisheri, previously thought to be extinct and limited to southern Nevada (Hekkala et al. 2011). Elevational range extends from about 1,000 to 2,710 meters.
The frog formerly known as Rana subaquavocalis is known from areas within a 10-km radius in the Huachuca Mountains; current known range is limited to aquatic habitats in Tinker, Brown, Ramsey, and Miller canyons and several residential ponds in the area, Cochise County, Arizona (Platz 1993, Platz and Grudzien 1993, Platz et al. 1997, Arizona Game and Fish Department 2001, Platz and Grudzien 2003). It currently exists in several canyons on the east side of the Huachuca Mountains (Goldberg et al. 2004) and ranges in elevation from 4,925 to 6,001 ft. (1502 - 1830 m) (Sredl et al. 1997).
National Distribution
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
Distribution and Habitat
Discontinuously distributed in Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora and Chihuahua. Populations occur in the montane areas of the Mogollon Rim and along the eastern base of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Rana chiricahuensis is found at elevations from 1000-2600 m, and occurs in a variety of permanent aquatic habitats which provide adequate depth for predator escape.
- Platz, J. E. and Mecham, J. S. (1963). ''Rana chiricahuensis.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 347.1-347.2.
Physical Description
These frogs are similar in appearance to a small, extremely stocky bullfrogs with spots. They are olive to dark green in color, with charcoal spots. The groin features a yellowish pigmentation which may extend onto the posterior and abdomen. Lithobates chiricahuensis reaches a maximum size of 50-135 mm, with males generally smaller than females. Tadpoles are small and dark-colored.
Range length: 50 to 135 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Length: 14 cm
Sierra Madre Oriental Pine-oak Forests Habitat
This taxon is found in the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests, which exhibit a very diverse community of endemic and specialized species of plants, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. These high mountains run north to south, beginning in the USA and ending in Mexico. The Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests are a highly disjunctive ecoregion, owing to the fact that they are present only at higher elevations, within a region with considerable expanses of lower elevation desert floor.
The climate is temperate humid on the northeastern slope, and temperate sub-humid on the western slope and highest portions of the mountain range. Pine-oak forest habitat covers most of the region, even though most of the primary forest has been destroyed or degraded. However, the wettest portions house a community of cloud forests that constitute the northernmost patches of this vegetation in Mexico. The forests grow on soils derived from volcanic rocks that have a high content of organic matter. The soils of lower elevations are derived from sedimentary rocks, and some of them are formed purely of limestone. In the northernmost portions of the ecoregion, the forests occur on irregular hummocks that constitute biological "islands" of temperate forest in the middle of the Chihuahuan Desert. To the south, from Nuevo León southward until Guanajuato and Queretaro, the ecoregion is more continuous along the mainstem of the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Dominant tree species include the pines: the endemic Nelson's Pine (Pinus nelsonii), Mexican Pinyon (P. cembroides), Smooth-bark Mexican Pine (P. pseudostrobus), and Arizona Pine (P. arizonica); and the oaks Quercus castanea and Q. affinis. In mesic environments, the most common species are P. cembroides, and Alligator Juniper (Juniperus deppeana), but in more xeric environments on the west slopes of the mountains, the endemic P. pinceana is more abundant. Gregg's Pine (P. greggii) and Jelecote Pine (P. patula) are endemic.
Many mammalian species wander these rugged hills. Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Puma (Puma concolor), Cliff Chipmunk (Tamias dorsalis), Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu), Coati (Nasua narica), Jaguar (Panthera onca) and Coyote (Canis latrans) are a few of the many diverse mammals that inhabit this ecoregion. Some threatened mammals found in the ecoregion are: Bolaños Woodrat (Neotoma palatina VU); Diminutive Woodrat (Nelsonia neotomodon NT), known chiefly from the western versant of the Sierra Madre; Chihuahuan Mouse (Peromyscus polius NT); and Mexican Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris nivalis EN).
A considerable number of reptilian taxa are found in the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests, including three endemic snakes: Ridgenose Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi); Fox´s Mountain Meadow Snake (Adelophis foxi); and the Longtail Rattlesnake (Crotalus stejnegeri VU), restricted to the central Sierra Madre. An endemic skink occurring in the ecoregion is the Fair-headed Skink (Plestiodon callicephalus). The Striped Plateau Lizard (Sceloporus virgatus) is endemic to the ecoregion. The Sonoran Mud Turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense VU) is found in the ecoregion and ranges from southwestern New Mexico south to northwestern Chihuahua.
The following anuran taxa occur in the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests: Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus); Cane Toad (Rhinella marina); Elegant Narrow-mouthed Toad (Gastrophryne elegans); New Mexico Spadefoot Toad (Spea multiplicata); Sinaloa Toad (Incilius mazatlanensis); Pine Toad (Incilius occidentalis); Southwestern Toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus); Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii); Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne olivacea); Great Plains Toad (Anaxyrus cognatus); Plateau Toad (Anaxyrus compactilis); Texas Toad (Anaxyrus speciosus); Sonoran Desert Toad (Incilius alvarius), found only at lower ecoregion elevations here; Rana-ladrona Silbadora (Eleutherodactylus teretistes); Sabinal Frog (Leptodactylus melanonotus); Mexican Leaf Frog (Pachymedusa dacnicolor); Montezuma Leopard Frog (Lithobates montezumae); Yavapai Leopard Frog (Lithobates yavapaiensis); Northwest Mexico Leopard Frog (Lithobates magnaocularis); Bigfoot Leopard Frog (Lithobates megapoda), who generally breeds in permanent surface water bodies; Mexican Cascade Frog (Lithobates pustulosus); Tarahumara Frog (Lithobates tarahumarae VU); Western Barking Frog (Craugastor augusti); Lowland Burrowing Frog (Smilisca fodiens); Taylor's Barking Frog (Craugastor occidentalis); Blunt-toed Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus modestus VU), found only at the very lowest elevations of the ecoregion; Shiny Peeping Frog (Eleutherodactylus nitidus); California Chorus Frog (Pseudacris cadaverina); Rio Grande Frog (Lithobates berlandieri); Madrean Treefrog (Hyla eximia); Mexican Treefrog (Smilisca baudinii); Dwarf Mexican Treefrog (Tlalocohyla smithii); Canyon Treefrog (Hyla arenicolor); Northern Sheep Frog (Hypopachus variolosus); Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis). There are three salamanders found in the ecoregion: the endemic Sacramento Mountains Salamander (Aneides hardii), found only in very high montane reaches above 2400 meters; Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum); and the Tarahumara Salamander (Ambystoma rosaceum).
Chihuahuan Desert Habitat
This taxon is found in the Chihuahuan Desert, which is one of the most biologically diverse arid regions on Earth. This ecoregion extends from within the United States south into Mexico. This desert is sheltered from the influence of other arid regions such as the Sonoran Desert by the large mountain ranges of the Sierra Madres. This isolation has allowed the evolution of many endemic species; most notable is the high number of endemic plants; in fact, there are a total of 653 vertebrate taxa recorded in the Chihuahuan Desert. Moreover, this ecoregion also sustains some of the last extant populations of Mexican Prairie Dog, wild American Bison and Pronghorn Antelope.
The dominant plant species throughout the Chihuahuan Desert is Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata). Depending on diverse factors such as type of soil, altitude, and degree of slope, L. tridentata can occur in association with other species. More generally, an association between L. tridentata, American Tarbush (Flourensia cernua) and Viscid Acacia (Acacia neovernicosa) dominates the northernmost portion of the Chihuahuan Desert. The meridional portion is abundant in Yucca and Opuntia, and the southernmost portion is inhabited by Mexican Fire-barrel Cactus (Ferocactus pilosus) and Mojave Mound Cactus (Echinocereus polyacanthus). Herbaceous elements such as Gypsum Grama (Chondrosum ramosa), Blue Grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and Hairy Grama (Chondrosum hirsuta), among others, become dominant near the Sierra Madre Occidental. In western Coahuila State, Lecheguilla Agave (Agave lechuguilla), Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), Purple Prickly-pear (Opuntia macrocentra) and Rainbow Cactus (Echinocereus pectinatus) are the dominant vascular plants.
Because of its recent origin, few warm-blooded vertebrates are restricted to the Chihuahuan Desert scrub. However, the Chihuahuan Desert supports a large number of wide-ranging mammals, such as the Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana), Robust Cottontail (Sylvilagus robustus EN); Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Grey Fox (Unocyon cineroargentinus), Jaguar (Panthera onca), Collared Peccary or Javelina (Pecari tajacu), Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni), Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys sp.), pocket mice (Perognathus spp.), Woodrats (Neotoma spp.) and Deer Mice (Peromyscus spp). With only 24 individuals recorded in the state of Chihuahua Antilocapra americana is one of the most highly endangered taxa that inhabits this desert. The ecoregion also contains a small wild population of the highly endangered American Bison (Bison bison) and scattered populations of the highly endangered Mexican Prairie Dog (Cynomys mexicanus), as well as the Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus).
The Chihuahuan Desert herpetofauna typifies this ecoregion.Several lizard species are centered in the Chihuahuan Desert, and include the Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum); Texas Banded Gecko (Coleonyx brevis), often found under rocks in limestone foothills; Reticulate Gecko (C. reticulatus); Greater Earless Lizard (Cophosaurus texanus); several species of spiny lizards (Scelopoprus spp.); and the Western Marbled Whiptail (Cnemidophorus tigris marmoratus). Two other whiptails, the New Mexico Whiptail (C. neomexicanus) and the Common Checkered Whiptail (C. tesselatus) occur as all-female parthenogenic clone populations in select disturbed habitats.
Representative snakes include the Trans-Pecos Rat Snake (Bogertophis subocularis), Texas Blackhead Snake (Tantilla atriceps), and Sr (Masticophis taeniatus) and Neotropical Whipsnake (M. flagellum lineatus). Endemic turtles include the Bolsón Tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus), Coahuilan Box Turtle (Terrapene coahuila) and several species of softshell turtles. Some reptiles and amphibians restricted to the Madrean sky island habitats include the Ridgenose Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi), Twin-spotted Rattlesnake (C. pricei), Northern Cat-eyed Snake (Leptodeira septentrionalis), Yarrow's Spiny Lizard (Sceloporus jarrovii), and Canyon Spotted Whiptail (Cnemidophorus burti).
There are thirty anuran species occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert: Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Rana chircahuaensis); Red Spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus); American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus); Canyon Treefrog (Hyla arenicolor); Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans); Rio Grande Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides); Cliff Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus marnockii); Spotted Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus guttilatus); Tarahumara Barking Frog (Craugastor tarahumaraensis); Mexican Treefrog (Smilisca baudinii); Madrean Treefrog (Hyla eximia); Montezuma Leopard Frog (Lithobates montezumae); Brown's Leopard Frog (Lithobates brownorum); Yavapai Leopard Frog (Lithobates yavapaiensis); Western Barking Frog (Craugastor augusti); Mexican Cascade Frog (Lithobates pustulosus); Lowland Burrowing Frog (Smilisca fodiens); New Mexico Spadefoot (Spea multiplicata); Plains Spadefoot (Spea bombifrons); Pine Toad (Incilius occidentalis); Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii); Couch's Spadefoot Toad (Scaphiopus couchii); Plateau Toad (Anaxyrus compactilis); Texas Toad (Anaxyrus speciosus); Dwarf Toad (Incilius canaliferus); Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne olivacea); Great Plains Toad (Anaxyrus cognatus); Eastern Green Toad (Anaxyrus debilis); Gulf Coast Toad (Incilius valliceps); and Longfoot Chirping Toad (Eleutherodactylus longipes VU). The sole salamander occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert is the Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum).
Common bird species include the Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia), Merlin (Falco columbarius), Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), and the rare Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo albonotatus). Geococcyx californianus), Curve-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostra), Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Scott's Oriole (Icterus parisorum), Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata), Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens), Worthen's Sparrow (Spizella wortheni), and Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus). In addition, numerous raptors inhabit the Chihuahuan Desert and include the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) and the Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi).
Arizona Mountains Forests Habitat
This taxon is found in the Arizona Mountain Forests, which extend from the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona to south of the Mogollon Plateau into portions of southwestern Mexico and eastern Arizona, USA. The species richness in this ecoregion is moderate, with vertebrate taxa numbering 375 species. The topography consists chiefly of steep foothills and mountains, but includes some deeply dissected high plateaus. Soil types have not been well defined; however, most soils are entisols, with alfisols and inceptisols in upland areas. Stony terrain and rock outcrops occupy large areas on the mountains and foothills.
The Transition Zone in this region (1980 to 2440 m in elevation) comprises a strong Mexican fasciation, including Chihuahua Pine (Pinus leiophylla) and Apache Pine (P. engelmannii) and unique varieties of Ponderosa Pine (P. ponderosa var. arizonica). Such forests are open and park-like and contain many bird species from Mexico seldom seen in the U.S.. The Canadian Zone (above 2000 m) includes mostly Rocky Mountain species of mixed-conifer communities such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmanni), Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and Corkbark Fir (A. lasiocarpa var. arizonica). Dwarf Juniper (Juniperus communis) is an understory shrubby closely associated with spruce/fir forests. Exposed sites include Chihuahua White Pine (Pinus strobiformis), while disturbed north-facing sites consists primarily of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) or Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides).
There are a variety of mammalian species found in this ecoregion, including the endemic Arizona Gray Squirrel (Sciurus arizonensis), an herbivore who feeds on a wide spectrum of berries, bark and other vegetable material. Non-endemic mammals occurring in the ecoregion include: the Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys spectabilis NT); Desert Pocket Gopher (Geomys arenarius NT). In addition, there is great potential for restoring Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus) and Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) populations in the area because of its remoteness and juxtaposition to other ecoregions where these species were formerly prevalent.
There are few amphibians found in the Arizona mountain forests. Anuran species occurring here are: Red-spotted Toad (Anaxyrus punctatus); Southwestern Toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus); New Mexico Spadefoot Toad (Spea multiplicata); Woodhouse's Toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii); Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens); Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis VU); Madrean Treefrog (Hyla eximia), a montane anuran found at the northern limit of its range in this ecoregion; Boreal Chorus Frog (Anaxyrus woodhousii); Western Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata); and Canyon Treefrog (Hyla arenicolor). The Jemez Mountains Salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus NT) is an ecoregion endemic, found only in the Jemez Mountains of Los Alamos and Sandoval counties, New Mexico. Another salamander occurring in the ecoregion is the Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum).
A number of reptilian taxa occur in the Arizona mountains forests, including: Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum NT), often associated with cacti or desert scrub type vegetation; Narrow-headed Garter Snake (Thamnophis rufipunctatus), a near-endemic found chiefly in the Mogollon Rim area; Sonoran Mud Turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense NT).
Permanent aquatic habitats with well-oxygenated water and aquatic vegetation are necessary for the survival of this species. It usually occurs at altitudes of 1,000-2,600 m. Lithobates chiricahuensis inhabits a wide variety of springs, streams, lakes, and ponds, as well as man-made habitats. The Nature Conservatory's Mimbres River Preserve is currently the home of one of the largest populations of this species.
Range elevation: 1000 to 2600 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams
- The Nature Conservatory, 2004. "An Elemental Fact: The Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Rana chiricahuensis)" (On-line). Accessed 10/05/04 at http://nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/newmexico/science/art1163.html.
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
Comments: Habitat includes montane and river valley cienegas, springs, pools, cattle tanks, lakes, reservoirs, streams, and rivers. The species requires permanent or semi-permanent pools for breeding (Jennings and Scott 1993; USFWS 2000, 2011).
The following information refers to the frog formerly known as Rana subaquavocalis:
Habitats are found in pine-oak, oak woodland, and semi-desert grassland areas of the Huachuca Mountains. Vegetation at sites is variable but includes horsetail (Equisetum spp.), spikerush (Eleocharis spp.), cattail (Typha spp.), watercress (Rorippa), monkey flower (Mimulus), and grasses. Emergent vegetation and root masses provide cover sites (M. Sredl unpublished data) (Arizona Game and Fish Department 2001). Most occupied habitats are modified or artificial aquatic systems (Sredl et al. 1997). Ponds, streams, plunge pools are occupied.
Adults and several tadpoles in upper Brown Canyon were found in a plunge pool (elev. 1675 m). Most of the frogs in Ramsey Canyon occupy a ground-level concrete tank (14 m X 14 m) approximately 1.3 m deep, fed by the natural stream adjacent to the tank; frogs also occur at various plunge pools along a 1000 m length of the stream, starting with plunge pools adjacent to the visitors' center and continuing above the tank population. Adults and larvae were observed at a small excavation in rock (a water pocket 2 m in diameter) 2 km below the entrance to Ramsey Canyon (Platz 1993). Occurs also in an earthen stock tank (Platz and Grudzien 1993). Males call while submerged, as may males of certain other RANA species.
Eggs are laid in spherical masses, attached to submerged vegetation, so that the egg mass is held near the surface of the water (Arizona Game and Fish Department 2001).
Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Although detailed study of movements has not been done, marked frogs have moved several hundred
meters within Ramsey Canyon (M. Sredl, unpublished data) (Arizona Game and Fish Department 2001).
Trophic Strategy
This species probably consumes a wide variety of insects and other invertebrates which are caught by the frog's long, quickly extendable tongue.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)
Comments: Adults mainly invertivorous. Larvae eat algae, organic debris, plant tissue, and minute organisms in water.
These frogs are both predators of many invertebrate species and prey of other frogs and fish.
Bullfrogs and fish are known predators of L. chiricahuensis.
Known Predators:
- bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus)
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 21 - 80
Comments: USFWS (2012) reported that there are 33 known breeding populations in Arizona and 20-23 in New Mexico (some of these are now identified as L. fisheri; Hekkala et al. 2011). These represent about 131-133 sites with extant populations (USFWS 2011). This species is represented by somewhat fewer than a few dozen occupied critical habitat units (USFWS 2012), each of which could be regarded as constituting a population or metapopulation.
Including northern montane populations, the species is known historically from 231 locations in Arizona, 182 sites in New Mexico, and about a dozen sites in Mexico (USFWS 2002), though some of these now are allocated to Lithobates fisheri (Hekkala et al. 2011).
The frog formerly known as Rana subaquavocalis is extant at four sites, with regular successful breeding occurring at two sites (Platz et al. 1997). Known number of breeding sites has been reduced to one (E. Wallace, pers. comm., cited by Platz and Grudzien 2003). Through intensive conservation actions, including translocations, this frog is currently found in five canyons on the east side of the Huachuca Mountains (Goldberg et al. 2004).
Global Abundance
2500 - 100,000 individuals
Comments: Total adult population size is unknown but likely is at least a few thousand . Local abundance appears to fluctuate greatly. Populations in stock tanks generally include fewer than 100 individuals.
"Rana subaquavocalis:" As of the mid-1990s, the total number of adults at the two known breeding sites was not more than 120 (1994 End. Sp. Tech. Bull. 19(5):18). In 1995, population was augmented by the release of captive-reared juveniles. Through September 1995, there were 19 individuals in the concrete pond in Ramsey Canyon (H. Riley, pers. comm., cited by Platz and Grudzien 2003), but none were observed there in the summer of 1996 (Platz and Grudzien 2003). Since then, and despite reintroduction efforts, no breeding activity has been observed at the concrete pond in Ramsey Canyon (Platz and Grudzien 2003). In 1997, the total adult population probably was less than 100 (Platz et al. 1997). No population estimate for any site has exceeded 50 adults (Platz and Grudzien 2003).
Life History and Behavior
Males use a trilling, snore-like mating call to attract females. The call is distinct from other frog species in the same region.
Communication Channels: acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Comments: Inactive in cold temperatures.
Life Cycle
Eggs form clumped, spherical masses which are usually suspended on the surface of water, or on vegetation growing in water. Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis 2-9 months after hatching. After metamorphosis, sexual maturity is reached in 2-3 years. This species can live up 14 years in the wild.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
Life Expectancy
These frogs can live up to 14 years in the wild.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 14 (high) years.
These frogs breed throughout June-August at elevations above 1,800 m, or during spring to late summer below 1,800 m. Permanent water is required for their reproduction. Eggs form clumped, spherical masses which are usually suspended on the surface of water, or on vegetation growing in water.
Breeding season: June - September
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 3 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 to 3 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous
- Platz, J., J. Mecham. 1979. Rana chiricahuensis, a new species of leopard frog (Rana pipens complex) from Arizona. Copeia, 3: 383-390.
- Southwest Center Species Database, 2003. "Chiricahua Leopard Frog" (On-line). Accessed 10/05/04 at http://www.sw-center.org/swcbd/species/lfrog/index.HTML.
- The Nature Conservatory, 2004. "An Elemental Fact: The Chiricahua Leopard Frog (Rana chiricahuensis)" (On-line). Accessed 10/05/04 at http://nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/newmexico/science/art1163.html.
Eggs are laid mainly from February into October, with most masses found in the warmer months. Eggs hatch in 8-14 days, depending on water temperature. (USFWS 2007). Larval period lasts three to nine months, and tadpoles may overwinter. Males reach sexual maturity at 5.3-5.6 cm, a size they can attain in less than a year. Some individuals may live as long as 10 years. Source: USFWS (2007, 2011).
The following information refers to the frog formerly known as Rana subaquavocalis:
Males vocalize from at least mid -March through mid-July (Platz 1993). Egg masses have been recorded from mid-March through early October (AGFD, unpublished data). Mating seems to begin once water temperatures have reached at least 10 C (50 F), and oviposition may be correlated with temperatures rather than rainfall. Eggs hatch in about 14 days in the wild (Platz 1997). In captivity, eggs hatch in about 10 days when held at 23-25 C (73-77 F) (M. Demlong, unpublished data). Larvae metamorphose in the year they were oviposited or may overwinter as tadpoles (Platz and Grudzien 1993, Platz et al. 1997). Larvae metamorphose in as few as 100 days in captivity, but frequently take 160 to 200 days (M. Demlong, unpublished data). Platz (1997) suggested that sexual maturity is reached rather late in life, at approximately 6 years postmetamorphosis, but captive-reared frogs at the Phoenix Zoo and released in Miller Canyon produced egg masses one year after metamorphosis. Some individuals live at least 10 years after metamorphosis (Platz and Grudzien 1993, Platz et al. 1997). May have a lek breeding system, but further study is needed (Platz and Grudzien 1993).
Conservation Status
This species is a candidate for a listing as an endangered species by the U.S. Federal Government. Chiricahua leopard frog populations have declined dramatically in recent years due to a variety of causes. One primary cause is habitat destruction due to the drainage of water from aquatic habitats, damming, river channeling, and grazing. The introduction of exotic frogs and predatory fish has also hurt this species. In addition, increasing levels of UV radiation due to the loss of the Earth's ozone layer have been shown to damage the eggs of this and other frog species.
US Federal List: threatened
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2001. "Division of Endangered Species, Species Informaion" (On-line). Accessed March 7, 2001 at http://endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html.
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N2 - Imperiled
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G3 - Vulnerable
Reasons: Range extends from Arizona and New Mexico into Mexico; range is smaller than previously known, with reallocation of some populations (central Arizona to portions of southwestern New Mexico) to L. fisheri; formerly declining in the U.S., due primarily to effects of habitat loss and degradation, introduced species, and disease; now stabilized and improving, though still facing threats from disease, non-native species, and drought; trend and status in Mexico are poorly known.
Intrinsic Vulnerability: Moderately vulnerable
Environmental Specificity: Moderate to broad.
Population Trend
Global Short Term Trend: Relatively stable (=10% change)
Comments: Overall in the United States, the status of the Chiricahua leopard frog is improving, whereas the status and trends for the species are unknown in Mexico (USFWS 2012). A recovery program is underway in the United States, and reestablishment of populations, creation of refugial populations, and habitat enhancement and creation have helped stabilize or improve the status of the species in some areas (USFWS 2012). USFWS (2011) concluded that the Chiricahua leopard frog is at least stable and probably improving in Arizona, declining in New Mexico, and of unknown status in Mexico
Populations of the frog formerly known as Rana subaquavocalis appear to be declining, and recruitment is low at all known localities except for Miller Canyon. Population at Ramsey Canyon declined greatly in the 1990s (Platz et al. 1997); no recent breeding there, and a breeding population on the Barchas Ranch was extirpated in the 1990s (Platz and Grudzien 2003). Platz (1997) examined survey data collected between 1990 and 1995 from Ramsey Canyon and noted a decline in the population from over 90 individuals in 1990 to 19 in 1995.
Some of the subaquavocalis translocation sites have been quite successful, as indicated by increasing numbers of adults encountered and evidence of successful reproduction. he animals released in Miller Canyon in 1999 produced at least 28 egg masses in 2000, and the population appears to be doing well (Arizona Game and Fish Department 2001). Other sites have not been successful.
Global Long Term Trend: Decline of 50-80%
Comments: Now absent from many historical localities and numerous mountain ranges, valleys, and drainages within former range (USFWS 2002); has undergone regional extirpation where formerly well distributed (USFWS 2002); including populations now allocated to L. fisheri, these frgs are absent from 75% of historical range (USFWS 2002), though subsequently a couple dozen populations have been reestablished, and populations exist also in recently established refugia (USFWS 2011). Where still present, populations often are few, small, and widely scattered (USFWS 2000). Possibly some disappearances from historical sites represent natural fluctuations rather than long-term declines caused by human impacts, but in most areas disappearances appear to reflect real, on-going declines (USFWS 2000, 2002). Status unknown in Sonora (A. Villarreal L., pers. comm., 1997).
Degree of Threat: High - medium
Comments: USFWS (2012) determined that the most significant threats to the Chiricahua leopard frog include the effects of the disease chytridiomycosis, which has been associated with major die-offs in some populations of Chiricahua leopard frogs, predation by nonnative species (e.g., centrarchids, bullfrogs, tiger salamanders, crayfish; USFWS 2000, 2002), and drought (though some sites are buffered from the effects of drought by wells or other anthropogenic water supplies; USFWS 2011). Additional factors affecting the species include degradation and loss of habitat as a result of water diversions and largescale groundwater pumping, livestock management practices (such that grazing is not in accordance with approved allotment management plans or otherwise considered adverse to maintaining natural habitat characteristics), altered fire regimes due to fire suppression, mining, contaminants, agricultural development, and other human activities; and inadequate regulatory mechanisms regarding introduction of nonnative bait species (USFWS 2012). It is unclear how ongoing climate change will affect this species (USFWS 2011).
Although progress has been made to secure some existing populations and establish new populations , the status of the species continues to be affected by threats such that the species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range (USFWS 2012). Due primarily to ongoing conservation measures and the existence of relatively robust populations and metapopulations, USFWS (2012) determined that the species is not in immediate danger of extinction (i.e., on the brink of extinction). However, present threats (such as chytrid fungus and nonnative predators spreading and increasing in prevalence and range, and affecting more populations of the leopard frog) are likely to continue in the future (USFWS 2012),
The following refers to the frog formerly known as Rana subaquavocalis:
Elimination of beavers, which create favorable habitat, and diversion of water for irrigation, likely contributed to the decline of populations that may have existed in the San Pedro River (about 8 km east of Ramsey Canyon) (Platz and Grudzien 2003).
Threats include natural flooding (which could destroy or degrade breeding sites), and exotic competitors (e.g., bullfrog), predators, or pathogens. The few, small populations in a dynamic environment make the species particularly vulnerable to extinction. The Ramsey Canyon and Brown Canyon populations probably are isolated and may not function as part of a single metapopulation.
In early summer of 1996, a severe drought caused the Barchas Ranch duck pond to dry out, eliminating it as suitable breeding habitat (Platz and Grudzien 2003). In 2000, a dead frog in Ramsey Canyon was documented to have a chytrid fungal infection (M. Sredl, pers. comm., cited by Platz and Grudzien 2003). At two sites, Tinker Pond and Ramsey Canyon, chytrid fungus has been found in dead frogs (Arizona Game and Fish Department 2001). This fungus has been implicated in the declines of amphibians around the world (Berger et al. 1998) and may play a role in the decline of R. subaquavocalis.
Extirpation of two populations was associated with low levels of heterozygosity (Platz and Grudzien 2003).
Conservation Actions
Biological Research Needs: Determine phylogenetic relationships among northern populations (Rana sp. 1) and southern populations (Jennings 1995). Determine habitat requirements and life history.
Global Protection: Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed
Comments: Many occupied sites in the U.S. are in the Coronado National Forest in Arizona and the Gila National Forest in New Mexico. The species is on the U.S. Forest Service sensitive species list; this may afford little protection.
USFWS (2012) designated 39 units in the United States as critical habitat (these includes several units that are occupied by population that are now identified as Lithobates fisheri rather than L. chiricahuensis; Hekkala et al. 2011); 38 of the 39 unties were currently occupied. Designated critical habitat encompasses about 4,200 hectares (42 sq km); roughly 80 percent of this area contains L. chiricahuensis (as opposed to L. fisheri).
The frog formerly known as Rana subaquavocalis is protected in TNC's Ramsey Canyon Preserve. As of 1997, the Coronado National Forest was finalizing acquisition of the Brown Canyon site. A conservation agreement among landowners and state and federal agencies was being implemented in late 1997; it provides for captive breeding and reintroduction, acquisition of habitat, and habitat and population surveys (Federal Register, 19 September 1997).
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
This species does not adversely affect humans in any significant way.
This species is not of great economic importance to humans.
Stewardship Overview: USFWS (2011) reported the following: "Since before the species was listed, state, Federal, and private partners have been engaged in conservation and recovery work for the Chiricahua leopard frog. The first population reestablishments occurred in 1995 in Ramsey Canyon in southeastern Arizona, and recently the 10,000th Chiricahua leopard frog produced by the Phoenix Zoo was released into recovery unit 5. Since population reestablishments have begun, the frog has been introduced at 30 sites, of which frogs are still persisting at 23. Refugia have been established at 15 sites; they are still present at 11 of those. Furthermore, many existing populations have been augmented with headstarted tadpoles or metamorphic frogs, and in some cases wild-to-wild translocations of egg masses. Non-native predator control in the Altar Valley and in the Peña Blanca regions of recovery unit 1 have allowed Chiricahua leopard frogs to recolonize, on their own, 13 or more sites. Elimination of bullfrogs and other non-native species have allowed persistence at a number of other sites. Habitat has been created or enhanced at numerous sites in all recovery units. These efforts have been most prevalent in Arizona, where the Arizona Game and Fish Department has had two or more employees dedicated to ranid frog conservation since before the species was listed, and numerous public and private partners exist."
Population and threats monitoring should be initiated in Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico (USFWS 2011).
The most critical recovery needs for the Chiricahua leopard include: 1) protect remaining populations and habitats; 2) establish new populations in areas with minimal or manageable threats; 3) develop a comprehensive monitoring plan; 4) implement monitoring, particularly of extant populations and habitat conditions where the species occurs; 5) begin researching techniques to ameliorate the threats of disease and non-native predators; 6) work with partners, stakeholders, and technical experts to build support for the recovery effort and to facilitate implementation of recovery actions; 7) complete the range-wide genetics study; and 8) find funding and staff time to support the recovery program (USFWS, Spotlight Species Action Plan).
Chiricahua leopard frog
The Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis syn. Lithobates chiricahuensis)[2] is a species of frog in the family Ranidae, the true frogs. It is native to Mexico and Arizona and New Mexico in the United States. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, ponds, and open excavations. It is threatened by habitat loss and chytrid fungus to such an extent that it has been eliminated from 80% of its former habitat.[3] The Phoenix Zoo, Arizona's Department of Game and Fish, and the USFWS are trying to mitigate threats through captive breeding and reintroduction efforts.[4]
A 2011 genetic analysis study provided evidence that the northwestern Mogollon Rim population of the L. chiricahuensis are indistinguishable from specimens of the extinct Vegas Valley leopard frog (Lithobates fisheri).[5]
- ^ Santos-Barrera, G., et al. 2004. Lithobates chiricahuensis. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. Downloaded on 23 November 2013.
- ^ Pauly, G. B., et al. (2009). Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65(2), 115–28.
- ^ Ellis, R. (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 187. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.
- ^ Phoenix Zoo marks restoration of 10,000th frog to the wild. National Geographic (September 1, 2010).
- ^ Hekkala, E. R., et al. (2011). Resurrecting an extinct species: archival DNA, taxonomy, and conservation of the Vegas Valley leopard frog. Conservation Genetics 12(5), 1379-85.
Further reading[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lithobates chiricahuensis.
- Hillis, D. M., et al. (1983). Phylogeny and biogeography of the Rana pipiens complex: A biochemical evaluation. Systematic Zoology 32, 132–43.
- Hillis, D. M. (1988). Systematics of the Rana pipiens complex: Puzzle and paradigm. Annual Review of Systematics and Ecology 19, 39–63.
- Hillis, D. M. and T. P. Wilcox. (2005). Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34(2), 299–314.
- Hillis, D. M. (2007). Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42, 331–38.
- Platz, J. E. and J. S. Mecham. (1979). Rana chiricahuensis, a new species of leopard frog (Rana pipiens complex) from Arizona. Copeia 3, 383-90.
|This true frog article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: This nonstandard taxon is retained for programs not following Hekkala et al. (2011). Based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data, some ffrom centiry-old museum specimens, Hekkala et al. (2011) determined that populations of L. chiricahuensis from the Mogollon Rim in central and east-central Arizona and adjacent western New Mexico actually represent L. fisheri, previously regarded to be extinct and restricted to southern Nevada.
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text:
RELOCATION of Scotland's sports agency away from Edinburgh will waste money and damage sport, ministers were warned in an independent report before they took the decision.
Consultants commissioned to assess the best place for sportscotland's headquarters concluded it should remain at its current base at Caledonia House in South Gyle.
In a report produced in 2004, but released only now under Freedom of Information legislation, they said the existing location was the most "financial, viable and sustainable". The consultants, PMP/Donaldsons, warned any move would have a "very major impact" on the organisation and would damage Scottish sport.
But in May this year, ministers announced that sportscotland's headquarters, and all 133 posts based there, would be transferred to Glasgow's East End, under the Scottish Executive's policy of dispersing jobs throughout the country. The consultants' report put the cost of moving to Glasgow at 1.7 million over five years - but warned another 4m would be needed if sportscotland could not rely on selling Caledonia House.
Today, Edinburgh West Liberal Democrat MSP Margaret Smith called on the Executive to reconsider its decision and likened the move to the controversial forced transfer of Scottish Natural Heritage to Inverness.
She said: "This document confirms what many of us have thought all along, that sportscotland should remain in Edinburgh. This shows quite clearly that if the Executive pushes forward with the move of sportscotland jobs, we will be in the same situation we were with SNH."
And Ms Smith said the decision would not produce the benefits which ministers claimed for one of Scotland's most deprived communities. She said: "It will have no real impact in terms of jobs for the East End of Glasgow and it will not improve the provision of sport in Scotland."
New city council leader Ewan Aitken said he could not see how the Executive had reached its decision, based on the conclusions of the report. He said he was not against sharing civil service jobs, but added: "There needs to be a logic about it, there needs to be a transparency and there needs to be a rationale that makes sense."
The report rated the Glasgow site top in terms of social deprivation, but it concluded: "From the assessment, it is suggested that any recommendation includes the status quo as being the most financially viable and sustainable position in terms of minimising the impact on sportscotland and the delivery of sport."
The consultants found 40 per cent of existing staff would leave rather than move to Glasgow.
And they said: "The levels of staff loss would mean that the continued delivery of programmes and scale of the existing business would be problematic."
The board of sportscotland has yet to endorse the relocation decision and opponents have urged them to use the powers under their royal charter to refuse to move.
In February this year, before ministers announced their decision, sportscotland chairwoman Julia Bracewell said she was worried about the effect a loss of staff would have on Glasgow's bid to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
A sportscotland spokeswoman said that they were working with the Executive on the details of implementation and costs of relocation.
Albie O'Neill of the Public and Commercial Services Union said: "[Ministers] are not looking into the impact on the organisation involved and whether financially it is a good use of money."
An Executive spokeswoman said: "The assessment of the relocation criteria looked at socio-economic and business efficiency factors.
"The Glasgow option scored particularly highly for socio-economic factors and the highest overall for the combined score."
The Capital has lost more than 3000 public sector jobs under the relocation policy, around 1200 of which have simply been shipped along the M8.
"From the assessment it is suggested that any recommendation includes the status quo (ie staying in Edinburgh) as being the most financially viable and sustainable position in terms of minimising the impact on sportscotland and the delivery of sport."
• "The identified implications on the function of the business that a potential relocation could have are significant."
• "The implications range from staff loss, business continuity and financial cost to impact on the delivery of sport across Scotland."
• "It is clear that any relocation will have a very major impact on sportscotland and Scottish sport."
• "If the relocation is an overriding political requirement then the shortlist could consist of Glasgow and Stirling together with the existing status quo option."


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Last year, Wild.com wanted help from our fans in the State of Hockey and beyond to help us select the Top Play of the Year. To do so, we needed you to pick the Top Play each week, so we could pit them against each other in the offseason in a single-elimination tournament. Last year's winner was Jason Zucker's first-career goals against Detroit. We had so much fun, we're going to do it again this year.
This season, we're getting help selecting the top play each week from our friends at Dairy Queen. Last week's winner was Darcy Kuemper, who made a string of kick saves and capped off the play with a glove snag against Los Angeles.
Last week was the goaltender's game, but this week we have a trio of nice goals earning nominations. Up first, Mikael Granlund makes a heady play against Edmonton, stealing the puck and finding his buddy Jason Pominville for a goal. Up next, Erik Haula converts on an individual effort for his first-career NHL goal against Dallas. Finally, Elk River native Nate Prosser scores the game-winner on Hockey Day Minnesota after his hometown hosted the high school games.
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ArrowHeroic Horse That Bow Rides To VictoryReal Name: ArrowArrow is Bow's beautiful steed that accompanies him on many a mission. Unlike Spirit, Arrow does not have the power of speech and behaves much like a traditional horse on peak physical condition. Arrow is extremely quick and can leap large chasms even with a rider on his back. Arrow is exceptionally faithful to Bow and will always be by his side when he is needed.Trivia (Clawful94): Arrow was originally released as a blue Unicorn for the She-Ra toy line. When Arrow debuted in the "Secret Of The Sword", he was recolored and made into just a horse.
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Why Japanese Cloud Trees Make Great Gifts
View our Cloud Tree product page for our best cloud tree!
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- Feature plant on patio.
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