text:
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The content we created in 2009 appears below. This content is likely to be no longer fully accurate, both with respect to the research it presents and with respect to what it implies about our views and positions.
Here we provide a basic discussion of developing-world diseases, in particular what their symptoms are (and to the extent we have information available) how common different symptoms are. We focus on diseases addressed by the charities we've covered and/or our
priority programs
. Unless otherwise noted, all statistics on this page come from the World Health Organization's Global Burden of Disease Project files. These are available online on the project's
statistics page
[since this page was written, the WHO statistics page has been removed from it's previous URL].
Table of contents
A note on this page's publication date
Vaccine-preventable diseases
Hepatitis B
Yellow Fever
Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib)
Neglected tropical diseases
Soil-transmitted helminths
Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis (aka river blindness)
Dracunculiasis (aka guinea worm)
HIV is a virus that is transmitted through sexual intercourse, contact with contaminated blood, or between a mother and child during birth or breastfeeding.
The virus weakens an individual's immune system,
making him or her susceptible to life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis.
UNAIDS estimates that the median time from HIV infection until death, without treatment, is 9-11 years.
A review of eight developing-world studies estimated the median time from AIDS diagnosis to death as 6-19 months.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that is contracted when individuals inhale airborne droplets (produced when infected individuals cough, sneeze, or even talk).
All else equal, approximately 5% of those infected with TB develop the progressive form of the disease within five years of infection.
According to the Disease Control Priorities (DCP) report,
About two thirds of untreated smear-positive patients [those with the most infectious form of the disease
] will die within five to eight years, the majority within the first 18 months...The case-fatality rate for untreated smear-negative cases is lower, but still of the order of 10 to 15 percent.
Malaria is one of the leading causes of child deaths in Africa.
It is transmitted from person to person by infected mosquitoes.
Malaria causes short-term illness and may cause death.
Less frequently, it can cause permanent disability.
It can also contribute to other problems such as anemia, low birthweight for babies of infected women, and growth retardation.
It is often pointed to as a major economic burden.
Most malaria deaths occur in Africa,
and the disease has its largest impact on young children.
Pregnant women are also at increased risk of illness and death from malaria.
The table below summarizes malaria's largest consequences; note that the bottom two rows indicate an
of over 4 days sick per year for children under 5.
Type of impact
Age: 0 to 4
Age: 5 to 14
Age: 15+
Mortality per episode
Days sick per episode
Annual episodes per person
Diarrhea in young children living in poverty can be so severe that it results in death by dehydration. It primarily affects children under five years old.
In sub-Saharan Africa, a child under 5 has, on average, over 3 episodes per year of diarrhea;
in 2001, about 1.8 million children living in low- and middle-income countries died from diarrhea.
The bacteria responsible for many of these cases of lethal diarrhea are found in human feces and can reach a person in many possible ways, including a contaminated water supply (speaking informally, most water-related projects we've seen focus on diarrhea prevention as their justification).
However, there are also many other ways to contract diarrhea, and thus many other ways to reduce the number of deaths from this disease. More at our
discussion of water charities
Pneumonia is a respiratory infection, and is, according to the World Health Organization, the leading cause of death of children under the age of five globally.
Pneumonia is an infectious disease and can be spread through bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Pneumonia causes difficult breathing, fever, and cough.
In developing countries, the case-fatality rate in children with viral pneumonia ranges from 1.0 to 7.3 percent. For bacterial pneumonia this rate is 10 to 14 percent and for mixed viral and bacterial infections it is 16 to 18 percent.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.8 million children under five die of pneumonia each year.
Vaccine-preventable diseases
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease, which mainly affects children under the age of 5.
The virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which affects approximately 1 of every 200 individuals infected. Among those paralyzed, 5% to 10% die when their muscles become immobilized.
The World Health Organization currently estimates a low rate of incidence: about 2000 reported cases in 2006. In 2008, only four countries in the world were polio-endemic: Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan.
Diphtheria is spread through close physical contact, mainly through droplets produced from coughing and sneezing.
Symptoms range from a sore throat to life-threatening respiratory infection. Diphtheria can also cause toxic damage to heart muscles and/or peripheral nerves.
The World Health Organization estimates between 5% and 10% of diphtheria patients die, even if properly treated.
In countries still burdened with diphtheria, young children are most commonly affected. In industrialized countries, endemic diphtheria is extremely rare.
The measles virus is a highly contagious disease transmitted by respiratory droplets. Symptoms include high fever, runny nose, bloodshot eyes, white spots on the inside of the mouth, and rash.
"Patients normally improve by the third day of rash, and are fully recovered 7–10 days from the onset of disease."
More serious cases come about by measles complications such as malnutrition and permanent neurological disorders.
Blindness, encephalitis, diarrhea, ear infection and pneumonia may also occur.
"In most industrialized nations, measles is well controlled or even eliminated."
Measles continues to be a leading cause of death among young children, especially in Africa and south and east Asia.
Case fatality rates are 5-15% in developing countries and .01%-.1% in developed countries.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B, also known as HBV, is highly contagious and is transmitted by exposure to infected blood and other body fluids (i.e. semen and vaginal fluid).
"Common modes of transmission include mother-to-infant, child-to-child, unsafe injection practices, blood transfusions and sexual contact."
The virus, which attacks the victim's liver, can cause symptoms that last several weeks, including "yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain."
HBV can also cause a chronic liver infection that can later develop into cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer.
"High prevalence of chronic HBV infection is found in areas of sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean countries, south and western Pacific islands, the interior of the Amazon basin and in certain parts of the Caribbean."
The World Health Organization's position paper on Hepatitis B examines differences in contraction and mortality rates as determined by the mode of transmission and age:
Acute hepatitis B occurs in about: 1% of perinatal, 10% of childhood, and 30% of late (>5 years) HBV infections.
.1-.6% of acute cases turn into "fulminant cases" (characterized by a breakdown in liver function; 70% of fulminant cases are fatal). This breaks down to mortality rates from HBV of: .0007%-.0042% of infants, .007%-.042% of children, and .021%-.126% of infected adults.
The development of chronic HBV infection is inversely related to age and occurs in approximately 90% of persons infected perinatally, in 30% infected in early childhood and in 6% infected after 5 years of age. Persons with chronic HBV infection have a 15–25% risk of dying prematurely from HBV-related cirrhosis and HCC.
Yellow Fever
Yellow fever is a virus spread by infected mosquitoes.
Following infection from a bite, a three to six day incubation period occurs before symptoms appear.
Symptoms include intense headache, fever, chills, and myalgia.
Serious cases occur in 15% of cases, causing symptoms such as jaundice, liver and kidney failure and cardiovascular collapse. About 20-50% of patients with liver or kidney failure die, in most cases 7-10 days after onset of disease.
Survivors usually experience complete recovery of the liver and kidneys.
Once a worldwide disease, yellow fever mainly persists in West and Central Africa, the northern half of South America, and Panama. "WHO estimates that a total of 200,000 cases of yellow fever occur each year, with about 30,000 deaths. More than 90% of yellow fever cases occur in Africa, where over 500 million people live in the yellow fever at-risk zone between 15° north and 15° south of the equator."
Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib)
"Hib is transmitted through the respiratory tract and causes meningitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, skin infections, epiglottitis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. Deaths caused by Hib occur primarily from meningitis and pneumonia."
"The disease burden is highest among those aged between 4 months and 18 months, but the Hib disease is occasionally observed in infants younger than 3 months and among those older than 5 years. In unvaccinated populations, Hib is the dominant cause of non-epidemic bacterial meningitis during the first year of life. Even with prompt and adequate antibiotic treatment, 3-20% of patients with Hib meningitis die."
Hib has been almost completely eliminated in the industrialized world and has been dramatically reduced in some parts of the developing world.
Pertussis, also known as "whopping cough," is transmitted through close respiratory contact. After a 7-10 day incubation period, patients develop coughing symptoms from the bacterium.
Recovery depends on the age and immunization status of the patient. Serious symptoms and death are reported mainly in non-immune young infants. Complications occur in 5-6% of cases, most frequently in infants under six months. In developing countries, case fatality for infants is about 4%.
The WHO estimated about 17.6 million cases of pertussis worldwide in 2003. 90% of those cases were in developing countries and 279,000 died from the disease.
"Most pertussis occurs in school-aged children in developing countries."
Tetanus is transmitted through spores that enter the body through wounds or the umbilical cord stump.
The majority of cases are associated with childbirth and occur through unclean deliveries and poor post-natal hygiene, mainly in the developing world.
Symptoms of tetanus include spasms of facial muscles, back muscles, and the throat, which may cause sudden death. Seizures may also occur. The overall case-fatality rate varies between 10% and 70%, depending on treatment, age, and general health of patient.
Neglected tropical diseases
"Neglected tropical diseases" are a specific set of chronic infectious diseases found primarily in tropical areas, and do not include such well-known diseases as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
Soil-transmitted helminths
There are three prominent types of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), or intestinal worms: trichuriasis (or whipworm), hookworm, and ascariasis (or roundworm). Each affects the following number of people worldwide:
Trichuriasis: 26 million people
Hookworm: 60 million people
Ascariasis: 58 million people
They cause a variety of chronic symptoms:
Chronic pain
STHs may also severely impair mental and physical growth in children.
Hookworm in pregnant women causes premature births, low birth-weight, and impaired lactation.
We have not found data regarding the prevalence of symptoms for those infected, nor have we found any detailing the distribution of symptom severity.
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasites, and is passed through infested water.
"Many people infected remain asymptomatic; about 80% of infected children show early symptoms."
Specific symptoms depend on several factors including the type and progression of schistosomiasis, and can include:
Hematuria (blood in the urine) or dysuria (painful urination) early in the disease's progression.
Urinary tract infections and other bladder problems at later stages, potentially leading to bladder cancer and kidney failure.
Bloody diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain, and liver failure.
Anemia, malnutrition, and impaired growth and cognitive function in children with repeated infections.
Death. There is large disagreement about the number of annual fatalities due to schistosomiasis-caused non-functioning kidneys and hematemesis (estimates range from under 27,000 to 280,000).
Lymphatic filariasis
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by parasitic worms that are transmitted by mosquitoes.
People can be infected but asymptomatic.
Symptoms can include:
Hydrocele: swollen scrotum
Lymphedema: enlargement and swelling of the limbs
Elephantiasis: extreme swelling of limbs, scrotum or breasts
These symptoms can cause suffering beyond the direct physical manifestations, leaving people bedridden for days, and those infected may suffer from societal discrimination that impairs their professional and personal life.
Lymphatic filariasis primarily causes disability (as opposed to mortality):
Approximately 65 million people worldwide have symptoms due to lymphatic filariasis. Many others are asymptomatic.
Lymphatic filariasis causes approximately 300 deaths each year.
Onchocerciasis (aka river blindness)
Onchocerciasis is caused by a worm that is passed to humans by blackflies. These flies tend to breed near streams.
The disease can ultimately result in low vision, blindness and/or severe skin disease associated with extreme itching.
Onchocerciasis is most common in Central and West Africa (90% of cases), but also occurs Latin America and parts of the Arabian Peninsula.
Trachoma is most commonly transmitted by flies.
Repeated infections with trachoma cause eyelids to turn in and cause contact between eyelashes and the surface of the eye, which leads to low vision and, eventually, blindness.
Dracunculiasis (aka guinea worm)
Guinea worm is transmitted when a person drinks contaminated water.
A worm is passed through the water and grows inside the person until it eventually emerges in a "long and painful process that can last 8 to 12 weeks."
The burning pain caused during this process often leads people to submerge in water, which causes the blister to rupture and contaminate the water, aiding transmission.
Guinea worm is rarely fatal, but it causes severe pain and debilitation, often leaving those infected bedridden for more than a month.
"The disease's other symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness, further exacerbate this burden. Secondary bacterial infections occur in about half of all cases and can lead to arthritis, 'locked' joints, tetanus, and permanent crippling."
Addiss, David, et al. 2005. Albendazole for lymphatic filariasis.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2005, Issue 4. Summary available at http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003753.html (accessed April 23, 2010). Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5pCl8FC8Q.
Danso-Appiah, A., et al. 2008. Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2008, Issue 3. Summary available at http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000053.html (accessed April 26, 2010). Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5pHThGp7G.
Malaria statistics
Jamison, Dean T., et al., eds. 2006.
Disease control priorities in developing countries
(PDF). 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Levine, Ruth. 2007.
Case 11: Reducing guinea worm in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
(PDF). In
Case studies in global health: Millions saved
. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Lengeler, C. 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2004, Issue 2. Summary available at http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000363.html (accessed April 19, 2010). Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5p6S58mQu.
Lopez, Alan D., et al., eds. 2006.
Global burden of disease and risk factors
(PDF). New York: Oxford University Press.
Mathers, Colin D., Majid Ezzati, and Alan D. Lopez. 2007.
Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: The global burden of disease framework
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1, no. 2.
Public Library of Science Neglected Tropical Diseases. Journal Scope. http://www.plosntds.org/static/scope.action (accessed May 3, 2010). Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5pSP5DBhK.
Sachs, Jeffrey D., and John Luke Gallup. 2001.
The Economic Burden of Malaria
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.
64: 85-96.
Saconato, Humberto, and Ãlvaro N. Atallah. 1999. Interventions for treating schistosomiasis mansoni.
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UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. 2006.
Improving parameter estimation, projection methods, uncertainty estimation, and epidemic classification
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Zwahlen, Marcel, and Matthias Egger. 2006.
Progression and mortality of untreated HIV-positive individuals living in resource-limited settings: Update of literature review and evidence synthesis
(PDF). Switzerland: UNAIDS.
"HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse (anal or vaginal), transfusion of contaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles, and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding." World Health Organization, "HIV/AIDS."
"The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system, destroying or impairing their function. In the early stages of infection, the person has no symptoms. However, as the infection progresses, the immune system becomes weaker, and the person becomes more susceptible to so-called opportunistic infections." World Health Organization, "HIV/AIDS."
"What is the most common life-threatening opportunistic infection affecting people living with HIV/AIDS? Tuberculosis (TB) kills nearly a quarter of a million people living with HIV each year. It is the number one cause of death among HIV-infected people in Africa, and a leading cause of death in this population worldwide." World Health Organization, "HIV/AIDS."
"The Reference Group recommended that median survival of HIV+ individuals should be increased to 11.5 years for females and 10.5 years for males for all countries with generalised epidemics. For Thailand, where subtype E dominates, the default median life expectancy should remain 9 years. These recommendations should be reviewed in the light of new evidence as it becomes available." UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections 2006, Pg 7-8.
"Eight studies from resource-limited settings provided data on the time between the occurrence of first AIDS-defining events and death. Median survival after diagnosis of AIDS ranged between 6 and 19 months." Zwahlen and Egger 2006, Pg 5.
"Human TB is caused by infection with mycobacteria, principally Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Individuals with pulmonary or laryngeal TB produce airborne droplets while coughing, sneezing, or simply talking. Inhaled infectious droplets lodge in the alveoli, and bacilli are taken up there by macrophages, beginning a series of events that results in either the containment of infection or the progression to active disease (Frieden and others 2003). Following uptake by macrophages, M. tuberculosis replicates slowly but continuously and spreads through the lymphatic system to hilar lymph nodes. In most infected people, cell-mediated immunity, associated with a positive tuberculin test, develops two to eight weeks after infection. Activated T lymphocytes and macrophages form granulomas, which limit the further replication and spread of bacilli. Unless a later defect occurs in cell-mediated immunity, the infection remains contained within the granulomas." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 290.
"When the immune response cannot suppress replication, primary infection leads to active TB (progressive primary TB).In the absence of other predisposing conditions, only about 5 percent of infected people develop progressive pri- mary disease within five years of infection (Comstock, Livesay, and Woolpert 1974; Sutherland 1968, 1976). After five years, the annual risk of developing TB by the reactivation of latent infection is much lower (≈10^4 per capita per year)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 290.
"The most common clinical manifestation is pulmonary disease, typically in the parenchyma of the middle and lower lung. In the most infectious patients, bacilli can be seen micro- scopically on stained sputum smears (60 to 70 percent of pulmonary cases; Marais and others 2004; Styblo 1991). Smear-negative patients may also be infectious but, per patient, contribute relatively little to transmission (Behr and others 1999; Hernandez-Garduno and others 2004)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 290.
Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 291.
"In Africa, malaria accounts for an estimated 25% of all childhood mortality below age five, excluding neonatal mortality (WHO 2003)." Lengeler 2004, Pg 3.
"Human infection begins when the malaria vector, a female anopheline mosquito, inoculates plasmodial sporozoites from its salivary gland into humans during a blood meal. The sporozoites mature in the liver and are released into the bloodstream as merozoites. These invade red blood cells, causing malaria fevers. Some forms of the parasites (gametocytes) are ingested by anopheline mosquitoes during feeding and develop into sporozoites, restarting the cycle." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 413.
"More than 3 billion people live in malarious areas and the disease causes between 1 million and 3 million deaths each year (Breman, Alilio, and Mills 2004; Snow and others 2003)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 413.
See Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 416, Table 21.3. For estimates of cases of hearing impairment, visual impairment, epilepsy, etc. caused by malaria.
"The DALY model of malaria does not sufficiently take it into account as an indirect cause of broader morbid risks. Some consider anemia to be caused indirectly unless linked to acute, high-density parasitemia. Similarly, low birthweight may also be indirectly attributable to malaria, and a child's later undernutrition and growth retardation linked to malaria infection enhances the severity of other concomitant or comorbid infectious diseases through immune suppression. Thus, malaria infection contributes to broad causes of mortality beyond the direct fatal consequences of infection and is probably underestimated (Breman, Alilio, and Mills 2004; Snow and others 2003). In Africa, pregnant women experience few malaria-specific fever episodes but have an increased risk of anemia and placental sequestration of the parasite. Maternal clinical manifestations are more apparent in areas with less intense transmission, particularly in Asia. Estimates indicate that in Sub-Saharan Africa, malaria-associated anemia is responsible for 3.7 percent of maternal mortality, or approximately 5,300 maternal deaths annually. Prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation resulting in low birthweight associated with maternal malaria account for 3 to 8 percent of infant mortality in Africa (Steketee and others 1996, 2001)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 417.
Sachs and Gallup 2000.
Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 415, Table 21.1.
Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 416, Table 21.3.
"Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to malaria as pregnancy reduces a woman's immunity to malaria, making her more susceptible to malaria infection and increasing the risk of illness, severe anaemia and death." World Health Organization, "Lives at Risk: Malaria in Pregnancy."
Number of episodes, days of illness, and malaria mortality are from Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 416. Population for Africa is from World Health Organization, "Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004: Deaths for WHO regions." Calculations are in GiveWell, "Malaria Statistics."
"Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing 1.5 million children every year. Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Most people who die from diarrhoea actually die from severe dehydration and fluid loss." World Health Organization, "Diarrhoeal Disease."
"Remarkably, the estimated median incidence of diarrheal disease in children under five in developing countries has not changed much since the early 1990s (figure 19.1): 3.2 episodes per child per year in 2003 (Parashar and others 2003) compared with 3.5 episodes per child per year in 1993 (Jamison and others 1993)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 373.
Lopez et al. 2006, Pg 126, Table 3B.1.
"Diarrhoea is a symptom of infections caused by a host of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms, most of which are spread by faeces-contaminated water...Diarrhoeal disease can also spread from person-to-person, aggravated by poor personal hygiene. Food is another major cause of diarrhoea when it is prepared or stored in unhygienic conditions. Water can contaminate food during irrigation. Fish and seafood from polluted water may also contribute to the disease." World Health Organization, "Diarrhoeal Disease."
"Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. The lungs are made up of small sacs called alveoli, which fill with air when a healthy person breathes. When an individual has pneumonia, the alveoli are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake. Pneumonia is the single largest cause of death in children worldwide. Every year, it kills an estimated 1.8 million children under the age of five years, accounting for 20% of all deaths of children under five years old worldwide." World Health Organization, "Pneumonia."
"Pneumonia is caused by a number of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and fungi." World Health Organization, "Pneumonia."
"The symptoms of pneumonia include:
rapid or difficult breathing
loss of appetite
wheezing (more common in viral infections).
When pneumonia becomes severe, children may experience lower chest wall indrawing, where their chests move in or retract during inhalation (in a healthy person, the chest expands during inhalation). Infants may be unable to feed or drink and may also experience unconsciousness, hypothermia and convulsions." World Health Organization, "Pneumonia."
"In developing countries, the case-fatality rate in children with viral pneumonia ranges from 1.0 to 7.3 percent (John and others 1991; Stensballe, Devasundaram, and Simoes 2003), with bacterial pneumonia from 10 to 14 percent and with mixed viral and bacterial infections from 16 to 18 percent, much higher than the 5 to 10 percent for children not infected with HIV (Bobat and others 1999; Madhi, Petersen, Madhi, Khoosal,and others 2000; Nathoo and others 1993; Zwi, Pettifior, and Soderlund 1999)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 485.
"Pneumonia kills an estimated 1.8 million children every year – more than AIDS, malaria and measles combined." World Health Organization, "Pneumonia."
"Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus...Polio mainly affects children under five years of age." World Health Organization, "Poliomyelitis fact sheet."
"The virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water, and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system." World Health Organization, "Poliomyelitis."
"Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs." World Health Organization, "Poliomyelitis."
"One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those paralysed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized." World Health Organization, "Poliomyelitis fact sheet."
World Health Organization, "Poliomyelitis fact sheet."
"Diphtheria is an infectious disease spreading from person to person by respiratory droplets from the throat through coughing and sneezing." World Health Organization, "Diphtheria."
"Symptoms range from a moderately sore throat to toxic life-threatening diphtheria of the larynx or of the lower and upper respiratory tracts. Diphtheria is often complicated by diphtheric myocarditis (toxic damage to heart muscles) and neuritis (toxic damage to peripheral nerves)." World Health Organization, "Diphtheria."
World Health Organization, "Diphtheria."
"In countries where diphtheria is still endemic, preschool and school-age children are most commonly affected. In most industrialized countries, endemic diphtheria has disappeared or become extremely rare." World Health Organization, "Weekly Epidemiological Record (January 20, 2006)," Pg 26.
"The virus is an exclusive human pathogen–it has no animal reservoir and no vector. It is transmitted by respiratory droplets, via aerosol and direct contact...Some 5–7 days after exposure, the infection is spread through the bloodstream to the skin, and conjunctivae and within the respiratory tract. Viraemia peaks towards the end of the incubation period, when patients develop prodromal symptoms of high fever, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. The typical rash appears after another 3–4 days, often accompanied by fever peaking at 39–40 °C. The maculo-papular rash spreads from the face and neck to the trunk and extremities, fading after about 3 days. At the onset of rash, bluish-white Koplik's spots, which are pathognomonic of measles, may be seen in the oral mucosa." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (April 2, 2004)," Pg 132.
World Health Organization "Weekly epidemiological record (July 9, 2004)," Pg 113.
"Many more individuals suffer from measles complications such as severe malnutrition (including aggravated vitamin A deficiency), deafness, blind- ness or damage to the central nervous system." World Health Organization "Weekly epidemiological record (July 9, 2004)," Pg 113.
"More than 90 percent of infections are associated with clinical disease (Krugman 1963). Complications include pneumonia, diarrhea, encephalitis, and blindness, especially in children with vitamin A deficiency." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 395.
World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (July 9, 2004)," Pg 130.
"However, despite about 70% global vaccination coverage, measles remains the leading vaccine-preventable killer of children. In 2002, the number of global measles deaths was estimated to be approximately 610,000, with most deaths occurring among infants and young children living in Africa and south and east Asia." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (July 9, 2004)," Pg 132.
"In developing countries, investigations have generally found case–fatality rates to be in the range 5–15%. In devel- oped countries, measles deaths are rare, with case-fatality ratios in the range of 0.01–0.1%." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (July 9, 2004)," Pg 134.
"Humans are the only reservoir of HBV. The virus is highly contagious and is transmitted by percutaneous and per- mucosal exposure to infected blood and other body fluids (i.e. semen and vaginal fluid)." World Health Organization,"Weekly epidemiological record (July 4, 2004)," Pg 257.
World Health Organization,"Weekly epidemiological record (July 4, 2004)," Pg 257.
World Health Organization, "Hepatitis B."
"It can cause chronic liver disease and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer." World Health Organization, "Hepatitis B."
World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (April 2, 2004)," Pg 257.
World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (April 2, 2004)."
"Exposure of susceptible persons to bites from infected mosquitoes is the only significant mode of YF transmission." World Health Organization, "Yellow Fever: Background."
"Yellow fever virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, primarily Aedes eqypti, with a three-to six-day incubation period." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 396.
"Patients present with intense headache, fever, chills, and myalgia, among other symptoms." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 396.
"However, in approximately 15% of cases, the disease progresses, with or without a brief (24-48 hours) remission, to a more severe form, with fever, vomiting, epigastric pain, jaundiace, renal failure and haemorrhagic manifestations. The haemorrhagic manifestations are caused by reduced synthesis of clotting factors as well as by a comsumptive coagulopathy. Encephalitis due to YF virus is exceedingly rare. About 20-50% of patients with hepato-renal failure die, in most cases 7-10 days after onset of disease." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (October 3, 2003)," Pg 353-354.
"Patients surviving YF may experi- ence prolonged weakness and fatigue, but healing of the liver and kidney injuries is usually complete." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (October 3, 2003)," Pg 354.
World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (October 3, 2003)," Pg 351.
Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 396.
World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (November 24, 2006)," Pg 447.
"As a consequence, invasive Hib disease has been practically eliminated in many industrialized countries, and its incidence has been dramatically reduced in some parts of the developing world." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (November 24, 2006)," Pg 446.
"B. pertussis is transmitted from infected to susceptible individuals through close respiratory contact. Following an incubation period of 7–10 days, patients develop catarrhal symptoms including cough. In the course of 1–2 weeks, coughing paroxysms ending in the classical whoop may occur." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (January 28, 2005)," Pg 34.
"Complications occur in 5–6% of pertussis cases, most frequently in infants aged <6 months...In industrialized countries, lethality of pertussis is very low (<1/1000), whereas in developing countries the average lethality is estimated at 3.9% in infants and 1% in children aged 1–4 years." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (January 28, 2005)," Pg 34.
World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (January 28, 2005)," Pg 32.
Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 394.
Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 390, Table 20.1.
"The disease remains an important public health problem in many parts of the world, particularly in the poorest districts of tropical developing countries, where tetanus morbidity and mortality are dominated by MNT [maternal and neonatal tetanus]...Maternal tetanus is a consequence of unclean delivery or abortion practices, and neonatal tetanus occurs when unclean instruments are used to cut the umbilical cord or when contaminated material is used to cover the umbilical stump in babies without protective concentrations of tetanus-specific antibody." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (May 19, 2006)," Pg 200.
"Characteristic features are early spasms of the facial muscles (trismus or "lock-jaw" and "risus sardonicus") followed by spasm of the back muscles (opisthotonos) and sudden, generalized tonic seizures (tetanospasms). Spasm of the glottis may cause sudden death. In neonatal tetanus, generalized spasms are commonly preceded by inability to suck or feed and excessive crying. The overall tetanus case-fatality rate varies between 10% and 70%, depending on treatment, age and general health of the patient." World Health Organization, "Weekly epidemiological record (May 19, 2006)," Pg 201.
Public Library of Science Neglected Tropical Diseases, "Journal Scope."
Mathers, Ezzati, and Lopez 2007, Pg 8.
"The Disease Control Priorities Project helminth working group has determined that the WHO global burden of disease estimates are low because they do not incorporate the full clinical spectrum of helminth-associated morbidity and chronic disability, including anemia, chronic pain, diarrhea, exercise intolerance, and undernutrition (King, Dickman, and Tisch 2005)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 471. We don't know whether these symptoms apply to both STHs
schistosomiasis or just one of them. Because of the lack of specificity in the sources we consulted, we would guess that the consensus is that both are a cause for all symptoms listed.
"Chronic STH infections resulting from Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm can dramatically affect physical and mental development in children (WHO 2002)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 468.
"In addition to their health effects, helminth infections also impair physical and mental growth in childhood, thwart educational advancement, and hinder economic development." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 467.
"Because of their underlying poor iron status, children, women of reproductive age, and pregnant women are frequently the ones most susceptible to developing hookworm anemia (Brooker, Bethony, and Hotez 2004). Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy has been linked to adverse maternal-fetal consequences, including prematurity, low birthweight, and impaired lactation (WHO 2002)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 468.
"People become infected when larval forms of the parasite – released by freshwater snails – penetrate their skin during contact with infested water.... There are two major forms of schistosomiasis – intestinal and urogenital – caused by five main species of blood fluke (see table)." World Health Organization, "Schistosomiasis."
Danso-Appiah et al. 2008, Pg 3.
"Haematuria (blood in urine) and dysuria (painful urination) are the main early symptoms of the disease." Danso-Appiah et al. 2008, Pg 3.
"Late-stage complications are insidious and include calcification of the bladder wall, bladder stones, and secondary bacterial infection (Jordan 1993). Tissue damage caused by trapped eggs can lead to diffuse or localized wall thickening of the bladder and the distal ureter hydronephrosis orhydroureter, which may eventually lead to kidney failure (Kardorff 2001; WHO 2002; van der Werf 2003). Elevated urine albumin levels and reported pain upon micturition by children have a strong correlation with S. haematobium infection (Rollinson 2005). An important long-term consequence of infection is squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (Jordan 1993; King 2005; Shiff 2006). A recent review points out that bladder carcinoma is the seventhmost common cancer worldwide in men and that the highest incidence rate among men is found in Egypt (37.1 per 100,000 person-years) (Murta-Nascimento 2007), which might be related to S. haematobium infection and morbidity (Jordan 2000)." Danso-Appiah et al. 2008, Pg 3.
"Schistosomiasis infects the intestine, liver, and spleen. It can cause bloody diarrhoea, bloody stools, and abdominal pain (Gryseels 1992; WHO 1993). Infection of the liver and spleen causes liver fibrosis and portal hypertension that are generally irreversible in the late stages and kill patients, sometimes as a result of haemorrhage from varices (WHO 1993). Liver failure may also occur, especially when S. mansoni infection is associated with viral hepatitis (Pereira 1994)." Saconato and Atallah 1999, Pg 3.
"Sustained heavy infection leads to iron deficiency anaemia and other nutritional deficiencies, especially in children (Awasthi 2003; King 2005). The disease often results in retarded growth, reduced physical activity, and impaired cognitive function in children (Stephenson 1993; Nokes 1999; PCD 1999; Jukes 2002; WHO 2002)." Danso-Appiah et al. 2008, Pg 3.
"WHO (2002) estimates that 27,000 people die annually from STH infections and schistosomiasis (case fatality rate of 0.0014 percent). Many investigators, however, believe that this figure is an underestimate. Crompton (1999) estimated that 155,000 deaths annually occur from these infections (case fatality rate of 0.08 percent), whereas Van der Werf and others (2003), using the limited data available from Africa, estimated the schistosomiasis mortality alone at 280,000 per year (case fatality rate of 0.014 percent) because of nonfunctioning kidneys (from S. haematobium) and hematemesis (from S. mansoni). Therefore, the difference between estimates for helminth-associated mortality is more than 10-fold." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 470.
"The thread-like, parasitic filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi that cause lymphatic filariasis live almost exclusively in humans. These worms lodge in the lymphatic system, the network of nodes and vessels that maintain the delicate fluid balance between the tissues and blood and are an essential component for the body's immune defence system. They live for 4-6 years, producing millions of immature microfilariae (minute larvae) that circulate in the blood.... The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes that bite infected humans and pick up the microfilariae that develop, inside the mosquito, into the infective stage in a process that usually takes 7-21 days. The larvae then migrate to the mosquitoes' biting mouth-parts, ready to enter the punctured skin following the mosquito bite, thus completing the cycle. " World Health Organization, "Lymphatic Filariasis."
"Infected people can harbor microfilaremia without overt clinical manifestations." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 434.
"Clinical symptoms and signs include hydrocoele (excess fluid inside the scrotal sac), lymphoedema (swelling and enlargement of affected areas of the body), and elephantiasis (long standing enlargement and swelling of the limbs, scrota, or breasts associated with skin thickening)." Addiss et al. 2005, Pg 3.
"The acute form of the disease is common and causes severe hardship in endemic communities. Infected individuals suffer from one to eight acute episodes per year, and during each episode, affected patients are bedridden for three to five days. Morbidity caused by chronic LF is mostly lifelong, and the disease is considered the second leading cause of disability in the world (WHO 1995b). Patients affected by elephantiasis or hydrocele are often victims of societal discrimination, and the disease impairs their educational and employment opportunities, marriage prospects, and sexual life." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 436.
World Health Organization, "Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004: Prevalence for WHO regions" and "Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004: Deaths for WHO regions."
"Onchocerciasis is an eye and skin disease caused by a worm (filaria) known scientifically as Onchocerca volvulus. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of a blackfly (simulium species). These flies breed in fast-flowing streams and rivers, increasing the risk of blindness to individuals living nearby, hence the commonly known name of 'river blindness'." World Health Organization, "Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) - Disease Information."
All symptoms
: "Inflammation in the eyes leads to irreversible ocular lesions, resulting first in impaired vision and finally in total blindness (WHO 1995a). The death of microfilariae in the skin gives rise to intense itching, dermatitis, depigmentation, and atrophy of the skin (Murdoch and others 2002)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 435.
Severity of skin disease
"The death of microfilariae is very toxic to the skin and the eye, producing terrible itching and various eye manifestations (lesions). After repeated years of exposure, these lesions may lead to irreversible blindness and disfigurative skin diseases sometimes named 'leopard' skin and 'lizard' skin." World Health Organization, "Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) - Disease Information."
"Even though the importance of onchocercal blindness has long been recognized, only in 1995 did research demonstrate that the public health importance of onchocercal skin disease was even greater. Troublesome itching associated with dermal onchocerciasis makes working, studying, or interacting socially difficult (Murdoch and others 2002; Vlassoff and others 2000)." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 437.
"The distribution of onchocerciasis is linked to the location of blackflies which are naturally found close to the fast-running streams and rivers in the inter-tropical zones. Therefore, about 90% of the disease occurs in Africa. Onchocerciasis is also found in six countries in Latin America and in Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, where the disease is believed to be exported by the slave trade." World Health Organization, "Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) - Disease Information." For information on Latin America, see
our full report
on The Carter Center's efforts to eliminate onchocerciasis there.
"Sanitation can also help prevent trachoma. More than 70 percent of the incidence of this infection has been shown to be caused by flies, mainly of the species Musca sorbens, which breeds preferentially in scattered human feces." Jamison et al. 2006, Pg 764.
"It is a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that is associated with poverty and is most prevalent in hot dry areas. Repeated infections cause scarring of the conjunctiva of the upper eyelid, which causes the eyelid to turn in (entropion) so that the eyelashes touch the cornea at the front of the eye. This is known as trachoma trichiasis. Every movement of the eye or eyelids causes trauma to the corneal surface so that it eventually turns opaque and the person becomes blind." Yorston et al. 2006, Pg 2. "This contact between one (or more) lashes and the surface of the eye is called trichiasis: movement of the eye or eyelids damages the corneal surface layer (corneal epithelium). Corneal opacification and resulting blindness probably develops primarily as a result of this trauma and secondary bacterial corneal infection." Yorston et al. 2006, Pg 3.
"Guinea worm disease is contracted when a person drinks stagnant water from a well or pond that is contaminated with tiny freshwater copepods carrying guinea worm larvae." Levine 2007, Pg 2.
Levine 2007, Pg 2.
"To ease the burning pain, infected individuals frequently submerge the blister in cool water, causing the blister's rupture and the release of hundreds of thousands of larvae into the water. A vicious cycle of reinfection occurs when sufferers inadvertently contaminate sources of drinking water and set the stage for themselves and other residents to contract the infection." Levine 2007, Pg 2.
"Guinea worm disease takes its toll not through death, as the disease is rarely fatal, but rather through devastating disability, pain, and infection. Two studies in Nigeria, for example, reported that 58 percent to 76 percent of patients were bedridden for at least one month following the worm's emergence. The pain is also long lasting, evidenced by the fact that in one study 28 percent of infected individuals in Ghana experienced pain 12 to 18 months later." Levine 2007, Pg 2.
Levine 2007, Pg 2.
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S VREMENA NA VREME - s/t LPLP in gatefold-cover lim.333 / AtlantideA forgotten masterpiece in south-european Folk-music! The members of S Vremena Na Vreme were the founders and leaders of the Belgrade acoustic scene. They chose their name (which means ?from time to time? in Serbian language), because at the beginning they met just occasionally. these talented Young guys founded the groundstone for other groups like Pop Ma?ina, Dag, Porodina Manufaktura Crnog Hleba and others in the early 70ies. The quartet raised like out of nowhere with their first and much beloved studio album. Their first LP is full of beauty and originallity ? our own very favorite album ever from former Yugoslavia! These guys were not only fabulous on their instruments, but also fantastic composers. By using the prim and the ?argija (small types of guitars from the Balkan area) they developed a very specific and astonishing sound. S Vremena Na Vreme was not a just group whose musicians only knew how to show off on their instruments, but actually the material presented on this album is hugely accessible and appealing! Let?s speak in simple terms: if you like the STRAWBS? first album, this album right here will do as many pleasure to You with the only difference, that it?s from Yugoslavia ? a country which doesn?t exist any more... 37 min. / 11 songs
one of my alltime favourite Folk-albums from early 70ies... Your Max ;) mp3:Biblijska TemaTrazi MeneTema Classica

subset: commoncrawl


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About the Contributor
About EllieLissieA:
Hi, I'm Ellie.
Articles and Art by EllieLissieA:
Overly Obsessed Fangirls (and I Mean Overly Obsessed)
Opinion section, Teen Ink
Opinion section, Teen Ink
A Dog Called Hippo
Nonfiction section, Teen Ink
Death of Gus
Fiction section, Teen Ink
EllieLissieA's Hobbies & Favorites:
|Favorite books:
|Dark Matter, The Dollanganger Series, The Chronicles of Life, The House of Night Series
|Favorite authors:
|V C Andrews, Michelle Paver, P C and Kirsten Cast
|Favorite music albums:
|Tourist History, The Balcony, Beacon, Arc, The Bones of What We Believe
|Favorite music artists:
|Two Door Cinema Club, Everything Everything, Catfish and the Bottlemen, Chvrches, Arctic Monkeys
|Favorite movies:
|Don't be Afraid of the Dark, Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Hunger Games, Totoro, The Emperor's New Groove
|Favorite TV shows:
|Hollyoaks, How I Met Your Mother, The Big Bang Theory, Friends, Come Dine With Me
|Favorite gadgets:
|My IPod Touch!, My Phone!, My Laptop!
|Favorite hobbies:
|Reading, Writing, Drawing


text:
On [url]http://www.poi66.com[/url] we tested the Tramigo T22 device. That's a device
that has both a modem and GPS built-in. If you're on a trip, and you press
the button, a GPS-position text message is automatically sent to the POI66
server. That server will read the text message and add a waypoint to your
online album.
Your online album will be a supreme Google Maps map, and shows a list of
waypoints. Everybody can follow you on your trip. Of course you can add
YouTube movies while in an internet cafe, or add pictures, add text to the
blog. Others can download your trip to GPX and KML to interface to popular
GPS devices and Google Earth.
Read the T22 test on [url]http://www.poi66.com/maps/test?nr=21[/url]. Other tests are
linked. The T22 can be built in into vehicles and ships and has an extension
cable for the GPS antenna.
Please note that the use of the recreational tracking website POI66 is free
of charge and we don't charge extra, spam or do other nasty things. POI66 is
the first and still the only providing you with this service. Take a look at
[url]www.poi66.com[/url] and watch it with your own two eyes. There's no catch at all.
[url]www.poi66.com[/url] - GPS2SMS and GPS2WEB for fun, free! Also various Trails and
Waypoint sets for free.


text:
When volunteer/team registration opened for the next Nerdery Overnight Website Challenge, Pollywog Stew wasted little time and few words in firing a first shot that echoed around the world: "The star-studded legends of web development – Pollywog Stew will rock your face off with the passion of one thousand Steve Balmer speeches."
If you're just now for the first time reading Pollywog's opening statement, please count to ten, nice and calm…So, how does your face feel after that? Rocked off, completely. Now, you can either just sit there and take it or you can rise up, right now, and accept the capital "C" Challenge. Build your Dream Team and tell the world what's what. Spam your user group, post on your blog and shout it out loud to your friends, rivals and friendly rivals.
It has been said that while The Velvet Underground's first album was a commercial flop, everyone who bought it started a band.
Put the band together.
Do it here.
Do it now.


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My son (age 8) along with our two dogs Smokey & Beethoven. We currently lost Beethoven to old age,but Smokey is still hanging in there. Age 15 is up there for dogs. The son, on the other hand, is now 24 and I could be prouder of him!.
Almanac Weekly Companion
The Almanac.com General Store
Almanac Recipe Box


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Bass Drum Of Death
Lo-fi is a technique, not a genre. But that doesn't stop critics from lumping the "genre" on so many disparate bands. Oxford, Mississippi's Bass Drum Of Death got the lo-fi treatment at first, but when you listen to their layered recordings you'll hear influences from punk, garage, and rock 'n' roll, combined in a sonic Long Island Iced Tea.
You can find them in the Cat's Purring scene, a collective of musical brethren that's been nurturing the Oxford DIY arts scene for the past few years, with BDOD at the center. The collective hosts regular gigs and parties in a 5000 square foot barn called the Cats Purring Dude Ranch.
BDOD's front man is a self-described perfectionist. John Barrett did everything except the mastering on their debut long-player GB City, which was released in April 2011 on Fat Possum Records. We caught them in the middle of a Napolean-esque tour in support of their Fat Possum debut at the Urban Lounge, one of Salt Lake City's most enduring dive bars.
Ciudad Natal
Oxford, MS
John Barrett, Colin Sneed, Print Chouteau
Fat Possum
Sitio de Internet


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For over 80 years Texas State Directory Press has been the premier source for information on state, county and city officials and staff in Texas. Through our authoritative print handbooks and guides, online directory, and downloadable mail lists we connect you to Texas Government.
Need to contact members of the Senate or House? Locate an official at an agency, board, or commission? Find critical staff in cities and counties across the state? Subscribe to Texas Directory Online now and get them all, updated throughout the year. Now optimized for mobile access!


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SIKESTON -- The United States Postal inspectors are offering up to a $500 reward for information leading to the arrest of those responsible for breaking into post office boxes at the Sikeston Post Office this weekend.
The break-ins occurred sometime between 6:30 p.m. Saturday and 10 a.m. Sunday. According to the Sikeston Department of Public Safety, 10 post office boxes were damaged when the clear front was broken out.
Those who have information on the burglary are asked to call Sikeston DPS at 471-4711 or the U.S. Postal Inspector at (314) 539-9300. All calls will be confidential.


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MANTECA - Stockton resident Drake Benton, 24, was stabbed and killed during an attack Thursday evening, according to the Manteca Police Department.
Police were responding to an assault report at about 8 p.m. at South Sherman Avenue and Moffat Boulevard when they found Benton lying on the sidewalk, said Officer Jason Hensley of the Manteca Police Department.
The area where Benton was found is an economically depressed neighborhood that has been the scene of a high volume of criminal incidents, police said.
Benton was taken to Doctors Hospital in Manteca, where he died from his injuries, Hensley said.
The death is under investigation, but Hensley said it is not gang-related.
This is the second slaying in Manteca this year and third violent death overall. A Manteca police officer shot and killed Ernesto Duenez Jr. on June 8.
Police are asking anyone with information about the attack to call Detective Gregg Beall at (209) 456-8164.
Contact reporter Jordan Guinn at (209)456-8279 or email@example.com. Visit his blog at recordnet.com/crimeblog.
Location, ST | website.com


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Posted at 11:18 AM | Permalink | Comments (0)
Check out the price(s) on the car in this photo. See anything odd? Indeed, that is an 'interesting' real world pricing strategy in action.
If you've ever tried to sell a car on your own, you know how delicate the issue of price is. Too high, and you won't garner interest. Too low and you'll lose out, or significantly delay the sale when potential buyers shy aware for fear there is something wrong with the vehicle.
This buyer has taken an interesting approach by using the anchoring method. By showcasing a "value price", they seek to anchor in the potential buyers mind the 'true' value of the car (KBB price perhaps...), a technique that can work in many occasions.
Typically, for this strategy to work, you need to set a price that doesn't undermine the anchor price. Their real offer price is quite a bit lower than the anchor, in this case creating disharmony and begging many questions.
Is that 'value price' inflated? Completely made up - or based on a reputable source? If that's what the car is worth, why is the sale price so much lower?
Because of the forum (windshield) there is little room for a story here. When you have more time to sell via a less constrained medium, it's easier to use a dramatic anchor. Your pitch or story can be shaped to justify the anchor price, allowing for a transition to your offer price with more compelling rationale.
The moral is, if you are going to include an anchor price next to your offer price, think critically about the disparity between them. The greater the separation, the more time you need to explain it, and the more your audience will question BOTH prices.
Posted at 04:06 PM | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Posted at 11:18 AM in Food and Drink, Marketing | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Designing business and marketing strategies is a complicated endeavor, often muddled and ill conceived. One of the biggest challenges I overcome when coaching my clients on a new strategic direction is getting them to focus only on those things that will allow them to win where there competition can not.
To do this well, an organization must consciously decide what they WON'T do. These tradeoffs usually make or break a great strategic plan. The world's leading authority on strategy, Michael Porter from HBS (you've heard of his "5 Forces"), believes this to be the crux of what allows competitive strategy to be possible and sustainable.
This is almost universally difficult for business leaders to agree upon and commit to, yet it's critical to their success. No one wants to admit defeat, and many businessmen and women still believe that deciding to stray from 'doing what they have always done', is a sign of failure. On the contrary, choosing what not to do free's up more resources to focus on the right things, shows a willingness to learn from mistakes, and provides clarity of direction that can inspire the organization.
Deciding what NOT to do isn't only critical in business strategy; politicians are well served to narrow their focus as well. Jon Huntsman and his team provide us with the perfect example as we march into tomorrows primary in NH.
Knowing that his rivals had the momentum, awareness, preference and funding to all but completely drown out his message in the first primary, he made a conscious decision to basically ignore Iowa altogether so he could focus his resources on NH. The results of the Iowa primary easily showcase this fact (less than 1% of voters chose him).
Huntsman has been much more visible across national media (and in NH) than he was in Iowa, due to his strategic decision to ignore the first primary of the year. By consciously deciding what he WOULDN'T do, he and his team were able to focus all their attention on where they thought they could make the biggest impact; to showcase that he is able to garner votes, if not win (Romney and Paul will most likely wind up 1 an 2).
Hunstman knows that if he is able to deliver his unique message in a focused arena, he has the greatest chance to make an impression...and thus, potentially gain as much attention coming out of NH as those that finish at the top of the polls. Imagine if he goes from >1% of the vote in Iowa, to, let's say, 10% in NH? That would be a ten fold increase in votes, which may not simply show him off to more of the country, but compel his party to give him a second look. Without question a focused strategy, in part born from a clear decision of what not to do. (Editors note: Huntsman garnered 16.9% of the votes - but bowed out after the primary. Knowing when to cut your losses is equally important).
The next time you're struggling to figure out how to develop your business, learn a new craft, win an election, or simply improve in any area you work or play, try first starting with what you won't do. You'll be surprised by where that leads you.
Posted at 12:47 PM in Biz, Current Affairs | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)
Technorati Tags: business, election, huntsman, Iowa, jon, michael, NH, porter, president, primary, strategy
A few quick thoughts about problem employees:
Failing to address and remove a problem employee says more about you (and your brand), then you might think. Since a brand is a set of assumptions and beliefs in the consumers mind about what you stand for, one bad apple can indeed ruin the bunch!
For you: They sap your resources, energy and time, distracting you from doing great work. They send off signals to your team that you are either unwilling to act, oblivious, hand-strung, conflict avoidant, etc.... or worse, you condone their performance.
For your brand: Problem employees generally share their ilks with their peers, customers, partners and colleagues. It's not only a reflection on them and their manager, but the corporation and brand that employees them both. NEVER a good way to build brand equity, develop team morale, or focus the troops on your strategic plans.
The sooner you eliminate the problem, the better. You will rally your team by eliminating the negative energy, freeing you to find the next superstar while allowing you to work smarter not harder.
Ultimately, problem employees leave anyway. The question is, will your company, job, division or brand go with them??
Posted at 05:26 PM in Biz | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Posted at 09:16 AM in Branding, Marketing | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
As a golfer, I can't help but be distracted this time a year. Since golf is on the mind, I thought I'd outline the synergies between the game and the discipline of marketing. Both take precision, patience and a little luck. Here's how they intersect.
Have a GAMEPLAN:
Each elite golfer at the US Open has planned weeks in advance for this tournament, even considering when and how often to play leading up to the event. They've detailed how they will play each hole; which clubs to carry in their bag, when to take their chances and what club to hit depending on tee and pin placement.
Businesses of course should do the same; yet most small businesses operate without a clear marketing plan. No plan = desperate stabs in the dark to grow your business. Think like a tour pro, understand your course, and develop the right strategies and tactics for the job.
With that in mind, GET A COACH:
The majority of tour pro's will have a coach with them, or at the very least, a close advisor who can be a credentialed guide to help them hone their swing and formulate a gameplan. Ever present is their on course coach, their caddie, who keeps them on track and assists as needed.
You too should have a coach! Trying to make smart decisions about how to optimize your limited budget is nearly impossible if you aren't skilled in the art of marketing. Find someone who can help you formulate a smart strategy and help you select the right tools and tactics to maximize your ROI, no matter your budget.
COMMIT to the shot:
The best golfers are the ones that do this well. They know they are prepared, have studied the elements, and visualize their next stroke. Then, they commit to that shot 100%.
Once you have a marketing plan you are confident with, execute with precision and confidence. Many companies end up paralyzed by the fear of making a mistake or wasting money. If you've got a smart plan, don't hesitate. Act!
ADAPT to changing conditions:
Sun, wind, rain, bad lies, poor play, a loose swing, slow partners, a tweaked wrist... the best PGA pro's are ready for anything that might come their way. Their planning and practice has prepared and conditioned them to accept, adapt and move on from any adversity they might face.
No marketing plan is perfect. You'll need to make changes along the way, pouring more money into the things that work, and quickly killing any strategies and activities that are no longer relevant or producing results.
Humble CONFIDENCE:
Listen to any of the top 5 players in the world and you'll recognize one thing unanimously; humble confidence. While they have found much success through hard work, they know they are just one bad round away from losing a tournament, or falling back in the rankings. The game can bite you quick if you don't respect it. That's why they constantly monitor their swing and test new equipment well in advance of putting it in play.
Things may be going well for your business now, but how will you grow your sales in the next 1, 3 or 5 years? It's easy to be 'fat on the calf' when things are good, but what about the future? (see: real estate before 2008). Be always mindful of how you will keep things fresh and interesting for your customers through innovation and attention to details.
Be CONSISTENT:
Birdies are nice, but any pro will tell you that making par on every hole is a great way to excel on tour. The competition is fierce and there is a lot of parity in the game. Each entrant can win the US Open if they play steady, take smart chances and accept the set backs as they come. The winner could very well be the person who makes the least bogeys, not the most birdies.
Every business would like to have a "viral video", or execute a marketing idea that solves all their problems. It just doesn't work like that most of the time. It takes patience and a methodical approach to delivering a targeted and valuable product/service and brand message to the right audience. Have belief, be dilligent and don't get distracted from executing the little things that will add up to a big win in the end!
If you're looking for a good coach for your business, give me a call. Right after the US Open...
Posted at 08:54 AM in Biz, Branding, Marketing, Sports | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
You don't need to be a fortune 500 company to benefit from a unique positioning statement; even emerging businesses need a fresh angle from which to tell their story .
When PT360 came to me for help with positioning their brand, I had a hill to climb to get them to break away from the sameness pervasive in the physical therapy community. (disclosure: my wife is a partner in the business).
They are unbelievable care givers located in a great facility, with a strong passion for their patients wellness. Hmm....sounds like what every other physical therapy practice might claim to be...
While their name is clearly a nod to the breadth of their services, it doesn't convey their uniquesnes as the only physical therapy cooperative in the area. This is what truly differentiates them in the marketplace; perfect for the "help your neighbor" culture prevalent in Vermont.
With each member an owner, they challenge each other daily to do the best for their patients, their practice and their partners. Add to this their philosophy of care: "We give our patients the skills to heal themselves", and we have the ingredients of a fresh message.
After calculating the messaging of their competition, revealing their true point of differentiation, and honing their rational, emotional and cultural "reasons to believe", I created a tagline that communicates their brand essence in a creative way, which inspires and imprints itself in their marketplace.
PT360 Better Together
They're literally better together in a new practice of their own, pushing themselves to improve their skills day in and day out.
Matched with their philosophy of empowering their patients to heal themselves, the message, Better Together, offers a dual meaning that resonates with the team, and their clients. Short, sweet and to the point.
Retrospectively, it seems obvious.....right?
That's when you know you have it nailed! It just makes sense, while being fresh and approachable - creatively describing their USP.
I love these projects, and can't wait for the next one!
Posted at 11:00 AM in Biz, Branding, Marketing, Sports | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thanks for visiting. This post has moved to my agency's website for better viewing!
Click the link here to read the whitepaper and find out how my company, Mavriko Brand Marketing, can help you with your naming project!
Posted at 04:17 PM in Branding | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Technorati Tags: brand, brands, names, naming, whitepaper
I'll try and answer this one simply,though there is much depth to understanding the originality of brands. The following isa sketchpad overview, and extension of the post: The 3 Elements of a Great Brand
Brands are unique when they inspire, compell to action, and communicate valuable differentiation.
When they are accurately positioned in the marketplace via a fresh voice and inspired message, focused around a trend.
So, let's say you sell organic dogfood. Some elements of your brand might align with: health for your pet, good taste, perceived affluence, and earth friendly manufacturing practices. If no other brand is championing these things, and you are certain that your target market will find them appealing, then you have the start of a unique brand.
You then develop a mantra for your co./brand that epitomizes those critical elements of difference, then translate that into a unique message that conveys your point of difference in a remarkable way (as simple as a tag line, or broader communications that tell your story). While only a small part of "branding", this is the unique message you want your target market to remember, thus quite important.
The brand and company need a clear spirit and personality to display to the world when showcasing those brand elements; something that matches what your audience will be receptive to while providing flexibility for communicating each of the chosen brand elements.
Identity is critical, so a name and logo that match your brand promise and personality must be crafted with care (more about this another day).
Now, here's the scary part.
This is all simply a smart "strategy" to approach the market with.
Ultimately, the masses decide if your brand is unique, and it's your job to steer them to understanding via an unwavering focus on delivering brand experiences that resonate with your core message, personality and promise.
If you do this in creative, unpredictable (but consistent) ways, you'll have a better shot than most at developing a unique brand.
Posted at 10:24 AM in Branding, Marketing | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Many of my small business clients think they have no idea how to market themselves or their business. While they may lack the acumen to execute the perfect tactics, there are tenants of great marketing that anyone can easily learn and follow.
Off the top of my head, here are some to get you started. Please share your ideas for this list!
Great marketers:
Posted at 02:13 PM in Biz, Marketing | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
If you are asking the question, "when do I start branding".....the time has already arrived!
Assuming you have a viable business model (that should be your first priority), and a passion to bring your offering to the world, the branding process will focus your actions and set you up for success.
Something as "basic" as pricing, has huge implications for the perception of your brand. If you haven't begun the process, yet have set a price, you very well could be constraining your opportunity for success, or worse, creating a situation where you deliver conflicting messages to your market; a certain recipe for hard times.
Unless you have the most remarkable product in the world, that is easy to understand and solves a problem that has never had an answer (errr....a time machine perhaps), success is best achieved with a strategically crafted brand.
The sooner you have one to stand behind, the faster you can make contact with the outside world.
Posted at 12:16 PM in Biz, Branding | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
The competitors message might be true; but thankfully, positioning is more than simply a story of intent. While the corporate narrative is critical, more valuable are the subsequent stories of success that you acquire from doing business in a more remarkable way.The competition has communicated a particular mission, but, they have not shown the fruits of this labor via case studies, testimonials, examples of superior work, etc... to prove the words they have crafted for their website (the stock photo's aren't helping either). All they have done is manufactured a message (as far as the outside world can tell).
So, the direction remains to follow our new mission, with a spotlighted emphasis on bringing the exceptional results to life throughout all the chosen marketing venues. In a short amount of time, our message will "look" much different than the hollow facade presented by the competition.
When you relay your successes in a manner that reflects your brand personality, it strengthens your positioning, the trust in your story, and the reason you should be chosen above your competition. Otherwise, it's just a bunch of hot air.
Actions really do speak louder than words.
Have thoughts on this topic? Let me know!
If nothing else, please hit the Facebook Like button at the top of this blog to become a fan. Thanks for your support!
Posted at 04:53 PM in Biz, Branding, Marketing | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
To build a great brand, you MUST focus on connecting the 3 elements that make up the foundation of great brands.
When positioning and communicating your product/service/offer, you should consider:
The MIND. (there are practical reasons for someone to choose your brand. what are they?)
The HEART. (humans are sentimental. what sentiments do you connect to?)
The LIFESTYLE. (what's happening in the world that is fresh, and which you can align with?)
Combine all 3 of these factors and communicate them in a unique, concise message.
Then do great things that make them come to life!
You'll be on your way to building a brand that is refreshing and new!
Posted at 10:33 AM in Biz, Branding, Marketing | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Technorati Tags: brand, brands, marketing
If I have wrapped my head around this correctly, what Daniel found (contrary to popular belief), is that experiences are NOT what make people most happy. It appears our memories of these experiences (which we judge them by) are what ultimately affect our happiness.
Our "experiencing self" and "remembering self" are closely linked, but report vastly different things. The remembering self tends to only remember what happened at the end, not the total experience.
Considering what this might mean for marketing and business (to say nothing of life in general), I can't help but think I should give more weight to the end of a customer or consumer experience.
While I am a believer in the edict, 'you only get one chance to make a first impression'.....
This talk by Daniel leaves me more concerned than ever with the fact: You only get one chance to leave a LAST impression!
Posted at 09:39 AM in Biz, Science | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Technorati Tags: business, happiness, life, marketing, memories, self


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British star Mo Farah has spoken of the terrifying moment he collapsed before being airlifted to hospital.
The double Olympic champion over 5,000m and 10,000m was forced to miss the recent Commonwealth Games in Glasgow due to the incident, which occurred on a training run in Utah.
He had previously competed and collapsed before receiving medical attention at the New York marathon in March.
Farah lost conciousness after being taken to hospital in Utah, and he said: "I had a tooth taken out and it got infected. I went for a run, came back and collapsed.
"I was in so much pain from my stomach. I had to be airlifted to hospital."
"They thought something was going on with my heart."
"I had my phone in my pocket, so when I woke up I rang Cam (Levins), my training partner. He helped me up and got me on the bed," he said.
"It was crazy. I was in hospital for four days."
"I had no-one there. I was in Park City by myself. We had to decide whether to get flights for (wife) Tania and the kids.
"I have been in pain. This was ridiculous. I couldn't take it. That is why they thought there was something going wrong with my heart."
Farah said was disappointed to miss the Commonwealth Games, but insisted that he didn't take the easy option by missing it.
He also criticised fellow British long-distance great Paula Radcliffe for suggesting he could have raced in Glasgow.
"It was scary at the time. But things happen and you deal with it," said Farah.
"I missed quite a lot of running. I wanted to continue the road to the Commonwealth Games. I did not want to disappoint my fans. I knew people had bought tickets.
"But I wasn't ready. I did one track session. Paula (Radcliffe) was timing me and she told me to stop. She had seen it. I wasn't right.
"Later on, Paula said I'd taken the easy option withdrawing from the Commonwealth Games, which is not fair as she'd seen me struggle.
"If I am going to turn up, I have to be 100%. I am not going to get beaten at home.
"I didn't see anything. It was too painful. I would have loved to have been there. But there was no way."
- Sports & Recreation
- Commonwealth Games
- Mo Farah


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Inauguration Sunrise at the Martin Luther King Memorial
Category: Places
Photo and caption by Jason Lanier
I took this image on inauguration morning for President Barack Obama's second inauguration. It was so touching to be there at the Memorial and watch the significance of that morning with the new Memorial for Martin Luther King.
Location: Martin Luther King Memorial
More Places Entries »
By Stanislav Sedov
By JongYoung Kim
By JongYoung Kim


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Everyday vs every day
May I know what is the different between everyday and every day? I go to school everyday or I go to school every day? Thanks.
3 answers
Everyday is an adjective that describe the common, routine, mundane.
I need to do my everyday chores.
Every day can be replaced with each day (an easy way to remember how to use every day).
I need to do chores every day.
What you do, May, is go to school every day.
|link comment
|answered May 10 '12 at 15:27 Jody M. Expert
I agree with Jody.
"Everyday" is a closed compound adjective and should be followed by a noun. It never stands alone as the subject or object of a sentence or phrase.
"Every day" is an adjective followed by a noun. It can serve as a subject or object.
Jody's "each day" is an excellent way of deciding which is correct in your sentence.
|link comment
|answered May 10 '12 at 16:51 Jeff Pribyl Grammarly Fellow
There is no difference between them.
|answered May 10 '12 at 15:22 Rahul Gupta Expert
There is a difference between them. See my answer.
What about them:
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary states "everyday" to be only adjective nothing else.
There is no word like "every day".
Oxford is correct; "everyday" is an adjective. I'd imagine "every day" isn't in the dictionary because it's two words. I found a couple links for you:
I found these links by using Google to search for "everyday or every day".
By the way, if you click the first link you provide to dictionary.com and scroll down to "Origin", you will find "See every, day". Click "every" and it will bring you to the definition of that word and show an example of how to use "every day".
Thanks a lot.
You're welcome, Rahul. It's hard for me, as a native speaker, to wrap my mind around all the different usages of words and all the rules. I can't even imagine what it's like for someone trying to learn this language.
I understand, as the things came naturally to you, but we learned the language and were taught with the rules and the use of dictionary so we always run behind them as a base. A native speaker learns a language in the natural environment but the one who learns it as second language learns it by the rules and translations and in prepared environment. I am among the second group.
Just because we learned the language naturally, does not mean we always know what we are talking about! : ) Native speakers make mistakes too, and I include myself in that statement. I make mistakes with the language quite often, written and spoken. You might have noticed that we don't always agree. You might have noticed that we need a helping hand sometimes too. I have a huge amount of respect for anyone learning English as a foreign language. Keep posting answers, Rahul. Keep posting questions, as well. We learn by making mistakes. If I post a comment to one of your answers, I'm not trying to yell at you or make you feel bad. I want you to have a better understanding of the language. You're not going to find that in a dictionary. I learn something every time I provide an answer. I hope you do too.add comment
Your answer
Hero of the day
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Edited by Sutton Martin St. John, Oldershaw Paul John. . 880 pages. Blackwell Scientific Publications; , Boston: , 1989.. $99.50.
The growth of echocardiography and Doppler during the last 25 years has been phenomenal. It has become virtually impossible for a person or even a group from one center to keep up with all the advances in the field of echocardiography and to present a comprehensive and updated review of the subject. The editors have, therefore, rightly selected a large number (35) of experts to compile the largest volume available on the subject. For this labor, the editors should be complimented.
One would intuitively expect a book of this size to be an encyclopedia of echocardiography. This goal has been
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Hi Guys!
This is my first attempt at a full comic, after having too much fun with the 6862 Superman vs. Power Armour Lex set that I recently got (and reviewed in this topic).
Comments, suggestions, and constructive criticisms are very much welcome.
Edited by DarkDragon, 17 September 2012 - 03:56 PM.


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The Pittsburgh Penguins arrived in Stockholm, Sweden, at about 3:30 AM this morning (Pittsburgh time) after a tiring 10.5 hour flight (including a refueling layover in Ireland). Despite the lengthy trip, the team got checked into their hotel, met for a team meal, and then hit the rink at Hovet Arena in Stockholm for practice. The goal for today is for the team to get adjusted to the 6-hour time change by staying awake through the evening and getting a good night's sleep tonight. According to Max Talbot, most players managed to get some sleep on the plane so that fatigue was not much of a factor in this morning's practice. The Penguins' schedule is part of a program put in place by the training staff to help the players adjust to the change.
The 10-day trip to Sweden comes on the heels of Friday night's 5-4 pre-season win against the Leafs in Toronto. Despite playing from behind most of the night, the Penguins won the game late in the 3rd period on goals by Kris Letang and Matt Cooke. Sidney Crosby, Mark Eaton and Janne Pesonen also scored in the win, advancing the Penguins pre-season record to 3-0-1. Sidney Crosby picked up the game's 1st star with 2-points (1G, 1A) and Ruslan Fedotenko got the game's 3rd start with 3-points (3A). The Penguins will officially complete their pre-season play on Thursday, October 2nd, playing against the Jokerit of the Finnish Elite League in Helsinki, Finland.
Before boarding the 5PM flight to Stockholm, the Penguins skinnied their roster down to 25-players through assignments to the AHL and injured reserve. Forward Connor James and defenseman Danny Richmond were both assigned to the Penguins' AHL-affiliate Wilkes-Barre/Scranton on Saturday. Injured defensemen Sergei Gonchar (dislocated shoulder) and Ryan Whitney (foot surgery) have been assigned to the injured reserve and will not make the trip. The Penguins will have to make one more roster cut by Friday, October 3rd, to get down to a 24-man roster before the season-opener in Sweden on October 4th. The Penguins will ultimately need to make an additional cut after October 5th to get down to the 23-player roster required by the league for the rest of the regular season. The league made an exception and allowed 24-players to be on the roster for the games in Sweden, so that the team would have an extra player in-country in case of injury.
The Penguins remaining 25-man roster for the Sweden trip is comprised of 15 forwards, 7 defensemen and 3 goaltenders. This includes forwards Sidney Crosby, Evgeni Malkin, Jordan Staal, Petr Sykora, Miroslav Satan, Ruslan Fedotenko, Matt Cooke, Max Talbot, Tyler Kennedy, Pascal Dupuis, Eric Godardm Jeff Taffe, Janne Pesonen, Bill Thomas, and Paul Bisssonnette. The defensive corps consists of Brooks Orpik, Rob Scuderi, Hal Gill, Mark Eaton, Darryl Sydor, Kris Letang, and Alex Goligoski. The goaltenders are Marc-Andre Fleury, Dany Sabourin, and John Curry.
After arriving in Stockholm early this morning, the Penguins went to Hovet Arena for practice at about 8AM Pittsburgh time. The Hovet Arena is located alongside the Globe Arena where the Penguins will practice for the rest of the week, and where the Penguins will face off against the Ottawa Senators next weekend. After practice, Sidney Crosby, Marc-Andre Fleury and Max Talbot spoke to the press. The following videos of practice and those interviews are courtesy of PittsburghPenguins.com:


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Balls of Steel are drink coolers with a cause, they chill your favorite beverage while supporting testicular cancer research and community building.
We are createing the BOS support community for testicular cancer survivors, patients and non- patients alike. As we believe the emotional battle of cancer is the hardest part. The BOS community will provide a positive image and create an uplifting spirit for those suffering from the Cancer directly, as well those suffering from it indirectly (such as family and friends). As well as creating the BOS community, Bos profits will also directly go towards funding Testicular Cancer Research.
To help aid us in spreading awareness of the BOS community and events we have developed a product: Balls of Steel. which are Stainless-Steel, specially manufactured balls that act as drink coolers. The perks are that they do not dilute the beverage (whiskey, Scotch, Juice, etc...) the way ice does, and they bring your beverage to the perfect, lasting chill much faster than ice does.
Along with the Stainless Steel balls comes our "Support BOS Cause" wristband, and a velvet sack to carry the balls in. This sack provides a way to throw the steel balls in the freezer. Along with the drink coolers, we are also selling a variety of BOS T-shirts and additional wristbands. A percentage of all sales from Balls of Steel goes towards funding the BOS community,as well as will go directly towards Testicular Cancer Research.
BOS Time Line:
June 4 - The successful BOS SSG campaign finishes! The manufacturing companies get the go ahead phone call to begin manufacturing!!
June 4 - A pre-order voucher is launched on OriginalBOS.com.
June 4 - All those eligible for BOS rewards will begin receiving updates and the highly anticipated rewards.
July 18 - BOS products are manufactured and ready to hit the retail shelves. (this is when you will receive an email, telling you that your BOS product is on its way to your front door!!!)
Funds will be distrubuted accordingly:
Pre-tipping funds:
$1,000 for the Initial manufacturing fees
$3,000 will allow us to manufacture 500 BOS products.
Post-tipping funds:
$1,000 will allow us to establish a functioning website to establish the BOS community online and other social network sites.
$1000 will go towards additional BOS products (Tshirt and wristbands).
$1500 will go towards BOS marketing and Business Development.
$2500 will go towards mobalizing the BOS community to travel and spread awareness.


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5 Things We Learned From The ECB Press Conference
Mario Draghi's first press conference of 2014 was mainly an exercise in refreshing the public's memory, with the main messages little changed from December. The ECB continues to be faced with a dilemma that it is clearly undershooting its inflation target of just under 2%, and expects to do so for some time, but it has precious little scope to give further stimulus to the economy without radical new tools like bond purchases, which would be deeply unpopular in Germany and threaten a fragile consensus.
1. Ready to consider all available instruments: In his press conference, President Mario Draghi repeatedly dodged invitations to list all the things that the ECB could do to provide further support if needed.
Elga Bartsch of Morgan Stanley suggests that his choice of words—emphasizing that the council was ready to take "decisive actions" and "use all instruments allowed under the EU Treaty"—hinted at a large-scale asset purchase program akin to that of the Federal Reserve or the Bank of England. The ECB is officially barred from financing government deficits, but the view that the exact wording of its statute would, in extremis, allow such "quantitative easing" is gaining ground.
2. No panicking on deflation: Annual euro-zone inflation fell to 0.8% in December from 0.9% in November, with the "core" consumer price index, which strips out volatile food and energy prices, at its lowest-ever rate of 0.7%. Mr. Draghi repeated, however, that the ECB doesn't expect the euro zone to fall into a self-perpetuating deflationary trap, in which prices and wages chase each other lower. It expects inflation to undershoot 2% for a "prolonged period" and then gradually return to the 2% level. Against that background, he "firmly" repeated guidance that the ECB's official interest rates will stay at or below their current levels for "an extended period of time."
3. Two possible game-changers: Mr. Draghi mentioned two things that would jolt the ECB out of its wait-and-see posture: a worsening of the inflation outlook, and an unwarranted rise in money market rates. December's CPI figure didn't qualify as an example of the former, because of a big, one-off, technical "quirk" in Germany, he said. The other game-changer would be an "unwarranted" rise in euro-zone money market rates. But Mr. Draghi indicated later that the ECB feels more in control of things now than it did last summer, when expectations of tighter Fed policy drove rates up around the world.
4. "Perverse", not "perverted": Mr. Draghi has been relentlessly criticised by the German media for softening ECB policy to spare countries in the euro zone's periphery. In a recent speech, he had called the criticism of him "perverse", meaning "persistent in error." This had become "perverted" in some German translations, adding fuel to the flames of the ongoing Kulturkampf in Frankfurt. His predecessor, Jean-Claude Trichet, had neutralized such attacks by styling himself as more orthodox than the Bundesbank wherever possible. Mr Draghi is franker about the need for unorthodox policies. By virtue of his nationality, that leaves the ECB with a very vulnerable flank in Germany, and one that is likely to stay a constant source of tension this year.
5. Banks – short-term pain for long-term gain: Mr. Draghi seemed willing to trade off more weakness in lending in the short term against the benefits that he hopes the ECB's current Asset Quality Review will bring. He said a credible AQR is necessary to ensure the euro zone doesn't go the way of Japan in the 1990s.


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