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Recent Event Highlights: Georgia Research Alliance helps keep science funded in the state - Florida Times-Union, B-CU's schedule getting tougher - Daytona Beach News-Journal, Thousands pack Memorial Stadium for band battle - Savannah Morning News, Albany State defeats Tuskegee, snaps Tigers' winning streaks - Examiner.com, Armstrong Atlantic State University inaugurates president - Savannah Morning News, Community Calendar - Savannah Morning News, and 130 more...
Created by dipity on Nov 21, 2008
Last updated: 09/20/10 at 12:57 AM
Georgia Research Alliance helps keep science funded in the stateFlorida Times-UnionThose funds permitted the establishment of a master of science program at Savannah State University. They also prepared the institute to compete nationally ...
B-CU's schedule getting tougherDaytona Beach News-JournalBethune-Cookman's Arkee Smith (22) returns an interception against Savannah State at Municipal Stadium in Daytona Beach on ...Tigers fall 42-7, remain winlessSavannah Morning NewsSSU's offense searching for end zoneSavannah Morning NewsAround the region: A look at Saturday's regional college football gamesFlorida Times-Unionall 96 news articles »
Thousands pack Memorial Stadium for band battleSavannah Morning NewsSavannah resident Marcia Foster said she braved the crowd to watch her two sons help direct bands from Beach High School and Savannah State University. ...and more »
Albany State defeats Tuskegee, snaps Tigers' winning streaksExaminer.comThe Golden Rams will be in action next week against the Savannah State University Wildcats in the first Rumble in the Swamp Classic in Waycross, Ga. ...and more »
Armstrong Atlantic State University inaugurates presidentSavannah Morning NewsBanners from Armstrong Atlantic State University's various programs were presented during the ceremony. (Photo by Carl Elmore/Savannah Morning News) By ...Bleicken Inaugurated as President of AASUWSAV-TVall 4 news articles »
Community CalendarSavannah Morning NewsBy Savannah Morning News 6-8 pm Sept. 17, Social Sciences Building, Savannah State University, 3219 College St. The exhibition will feature oil and acrylic ...and more »
The MEAC welcomes Savannah State and North Carolina CentralFamuanBoth Savannah State University and North Carolina Central University athletic programs now call the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference home. ...
Students look to the futureThe Augusta ChronicleDiamond Herrington listens to Javier Francisco, of Georgia College & State University while friend Charmayne Doe uses her back as a table at the James Brown ...and more »
Savannah State University debuts the Tiger ExpressTiger's RoarSavannah State has now provided a place where there is more space and more employees to make getting food a faster process. Located next to the John F. ...and more »
One-way campus receives mixed reviewsTiger's RoarStarting this year Savannah State University has transformed into a one-way campus. The decision to implement a one-way campus was influenced by a need to ...and more »
...last quarter But employment in the area is still about 10,000 jobs below what it was two years ago. Armstrong Atlantic State University professor Michael Toma prepares the quarterly forecast for his college's Center for Regional Analysis. "It's important to...
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Georgia Public Broadcasting
Just a short Video Blog about the Coach from Savannah State University being asked to resign.
It me Video Girl aka Lisa B again live from the Commons
VP of Georgia Power Dispells Claim
Ishmael Hinson Productions, NCCU Eagles, Eagle Eye Network
Coastal Empire in briefSavannah Morning NewsThe Master of Health Services Administration program at Armstrong Atlantic State University has been granted re-accreditation by the Commission on ...and more »
Big Country collegians notebookAbilene Reporter-NewsCharleston Southern junior guard Kelsey Wasmer (Cooper) — Nine points, one 3-pointer, five rebounds in 66-51 win over Savannah State. ...
Huffman softball player earns scholarshipThe TribuneSavannah Wiggins joins the Missouri State University softball program after earning Texas District 21-4's MVP award as a junior last spring for Hargrave ...
Savannah Tech taps Rincon man for leadership roleSavannah Morning NewsHe earned a bachelor of science degree from Tuskegee University and a master of science degree from Troy State University. Prior to joining the staff at ...and more »
Charleston Southern 66, Savannah State 51 (Women)Charleston Post CourierLeChell Rush blocked a career-high four shots, helping the Bucs post a season-high 10 blocks in a victory over Savannah State University at CSU Fieldhouse. ...
Wayne County news: Pharmacy faces lawsuitDetroit Free PressThe 2000 graduate of Southfield-Lathrup High School had just finished his college career at Savannah State University, where he was a defensive back and ...and more »
Atlanta Journal ConstitutionDr. Kenneth Taylor, expected the best from his studentsAtlanta Journal ConstitutionAs a professor at Savannah State University, Dr. Kenneth Taylor expected the very best of his students. He would lock the classroom door the ...
Polyfro Primer: Savannah StateWhite and Blue ReviewHistorical Lesson Of The Day: Savannah State University is a four-year, state-supported, historically black university located in Savannah, Georgia. ...
Savannah State to Hold 175th CommencementSavannah TribuneCongressman John Barrow Savannah State University (SSU) will hold its 175th commencement ceremony on Saturday, December 12, at 10 am in Tiger Arena. ...A Local Beauty Queen- Brittany JesterSavannah TribuneWalter Moore Tigers Drop Road GamesSavannah Tribuneall 4 news articles »
Falcons get even with Savannah StateToledo BladeBOWLING GREEN - Bowling Green State University had plenty of incentive to face Savannah State last night at Anderson Arena. ...and more »
Savannah State University performed at Clark-Atlanta University Campus
The Bruhs!!!
Gamma Chi Nupes doin it Big
This is a video I edited for the step show this year...it's not burning to a dvd so i might have to stream it from youtube...at any rate...facebook is going to be flooded with it...speaking of flood...be on the look out for 2012 the mixtape...droppin tomorrow oct. 31
Bernard Bongang, Ph.D. - Savannah State University Topic: Early Evaluation of the Obama Administration
Bernard Bongang, Ph.D. - Savannah State University Topic: Early Evaluation of the Obama Administration
Bernard Bongang, Ph.D. - Savannah State University Topic: Early Evaluation of the Obama Administration
...up," he said. "If you're good, they find you. I remember my coach Bill Davis told me the same thing. They'll find you." Savannah State president Earl Yarbrough said many at the university still talk about how great Sharpe was on the field. "We all look up...
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USA Today
2009 Savannah State University Promo #@- Battle of the Tigers Savannah State University vs. Edward Waters College . October 25-31, 2009 in Savannah, GA
2009 Savannah State University Promo- Battle of the Tigers Savannah State University vs. Edward Waters College . October 25-31, 2009 in Savannah, GA
Savannah State University aka Coastal Empire Sound Explosion at the 2nd annual Southeast Regional Battle of the Bands in Augusta, Ga.
ASU vs. SSU 5th quarter band battle
SSU vs Livingston College Drum Major Battle after the 2009 HBCU Clasic in Greenville, SC.
SSU vs Livingston College Drum Major Battle after the 2009 HBCU Clasic in Greenville, SC.
Bo Picks meets Coach Robby Wells Savannah State University Sept 7 2009. Coach does shout out to the Troops deployed everywhere awesome...
SSU's Coastal Empire SOund Explosion work it out at the 2009 HBCU CLassic in Greenville, SC
SSU Phi Beta Sigma
Me and a Couple Friends
...Center. And together with partner Andy Matthys of Sodus, he won the New York State student auto technician competition at State University College of Technology at Morrisville and went on to place sixth in the national competition in Dearborn, Mich. The competitions...
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Finger Lakes Times
The president describes what makes Savannah State University an excellent institution of learning.
...attraction to the Hinesville Downtown Development Authority when it pushed to build the new facility, which Armstrong Atlantic State University would be expected to rent. Smith, who also sits on the downtown board, said Savannah College of Art and Design's...
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Hinesville Coastal Courier
...Ala.; Richmond, Va.; Savannah, Ga.; Tampa and West Palm Beach, Fla. South University - Richmond, a branch of South University, is provisionally certified by The State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (James Monroe Building, 101 North Fourteenth Street,...
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PR Newswire
...a variety of events $10-$15, based on event. (912) 598-3474 (598-FISH). Bloomsday 2009, 6 p.m., Armstrong Atlantic State University's Irish Studies Club, Gamble Hall 213, 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah. Features a screening of "Bloom." Bloomsday is a celebration...
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A PSA produced for a class


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By Patricia Deal and Christie Vanover, CRDAMC Public AffairsNovember 18, 2010
FORT HOOD, Texas -- Groundbreaking for Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center's new hospital is scheduled for Dec. 13, signaling the start of a $534 million project that will consolidate services and enhance access to medical care for thousands of Fort Hood Soldiers, family members and retirees.
Construction of the 947,000 square-foot facility is slated to begin in April just south of the current medical center on the site of the old Fort Hood stadium. It is expected to be open for patients in late summer 2015.
"We're excited to see the project begin as it brings us one step closer to providing increased access to care and more health care services in line with the 21st century warfighter," said Col. (Dr.) Steven Braverman, CRDAMC commander.
The original Darnall hospital opened in 1965 to serve 17,000 Soldiers, with an addition in 1984 added to serve 39,000 troops. Today, the hospital serves roughly 45,000 Soldiers, as well as nearly 125,000 family members and retirees within a 40-mile radius.
At 600,000 square feet, the current facility is undersized for the amount of services it provides, said Braverman. Each day Darnall averages 4,622 outpatient encounters, 202 emergency room visits, 26 surgeries, 26 admissions, seven births and 4,500 prescriptions filled.
The new medical center will be nearly 60 percent larger than the current facility and will include a six-story hospital, three out-patient clinic buildings and three parking garages.
"We have worked hand-in-hand with the architects and designers from Balfour Beatty/McCarthy-HKS/Wingler & Sharp to create a modern campus that is both capable of meeting today's health care needs and is a comfortable place for patients to receive medical care," said Lt. Col. Michael C. Williams, project manager, U.S. Army Health Facility Planning Agency.
As patients enter the new facility, they will be welcomed by bright, natural light that engulfs the lobby through two-and-a-half story windowpanes. The natural light continues along a central concourse that makes navigating the hospital much simpler than the current design.
"In a facility this size, people can get lost very easily," said Williams. "This hospital is organized very simply with multiple entrances and a clear, circulation pattern."
On one side of the concourse, patients will check in through the designated reception areas, and on the opposite side, waiting areas overlook a courtyard and outdoor gardens. The natural concept continues throughout the medical center all the way to the upper levels.
From the third, fourth and fifth floors, patients have a view of rooftop gardens, bringing nature up to the patient level.
An important feature of the new hospital is the approximately 100,000 square feet dedicated for behavioral health services, said Braverman, which will enable the hospital to provide additional mental and physical care for Soldiers suffering from visible and invisible wounds of war.
This area on the third floor will include an outpatient component, a Resilience and Restoration Center, Department of Social Work and Hospital and Administrative Psychiatry. It will be connected through the concourse to the in-patient component of the psychiatric unit, which will also feature an exterior basketball court.
Since the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan began, military hospitals have seen an increase in the number of Soldiers needing treatment for physical injuries, Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. More than 4,200 wounded and ill Soldiers evacuated from Iraq and Afghanistan have been treated at Darnall.
"Right now our behavioral health services are spread out amongst many locations. The new hospital will allow us to centralize services to make getting care easier and more convenient for our patients," said Braverman. "Numerous Soldiers deploy from Fort Hood, and we want to ensure we can handle the medical needs of each and every one of them and their family members."
The fourth floor of the new medical center will be devoted to women's services. It will include nine labor-and-delivery recovery rooms, two C-section units, a 12-bed neo-natal intensive care unit and a 28-bed mother baby unit.
Up one level, the pediatric unit will have 10 beds and the medical-surgery unit is designed to accommodate 30 beds.
Darnall will continue to provide additional services throughout the facility, such as emergency medicine, physical therapy, family medicine, internal medicine, and more.
Departmental staff are currently reviewing the design plans and offering feedback to the Health Facility Planning Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers to ensure the current layout accommodates provider and patient needs.
"This facility was designed with flexibility in mind," said Williams. "As health care needs change, so can Darnall. The design allows flexibility to accommodate the changing needs of clinics and departments and, in the future, there is room for lateral growth and an additional bed tower, if needed."
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers awarded the $534 million contract to Balfour Beatty McCarthy Joint Venture of Dallas, Texas, in September. The project is funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
The groundbreaking ceremony is scheduled for 9 a.m. Dec. 13 at the new medical center site. The event is open to the public, and visitors should enter Fort Hood using the Santa Fe gate. Parking is available at 65th Street and Railhead Drive.
(Editor's Note: This article has been revised. The groundbreaking was originally scheduled for Dec. 6; however, due to scheduling conflicts among the participants, the ceremony will now be held Dec. 13)

subset: commoncrawl


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Melissa Rycroft and Tony Dovolani Win 'Dancing with the Stars: All-Stars'
What a shocker.
The winners of the all-star season of "Dancing with the Stars" consisted of a woman who didn't expect to last past the fourth week and a pro who had been on the show for 14 seasons and never won.
Melissa Rycroft and Tony Dovolani–previously paired in Season 8, when they finished in third place-timed their break from the middle of the pack well, consistently scoring 30s as the season progressed. They had perfect nights in two of the last three weeks, and they also benefited from a surge of goodwill. They positioned themselves as the underdogs, reminding everyone they hadn't won before when their competitors in the semifinals and finals all had.
Still, no one looked more stunned than Melissa and Tony, the latter of whom had to be bleeped out when host Tom Bergeron said "now they have one, too." "Jump" and "leap" are understatements for how Tony reacted.
Runners-up Shawn Johnson and Derek Hough may be questioning their decision to redo a quickstep that the judges didn't score that well the first time around because they deliberately broke the rules. It left them solidly in third place after both nights. So much for Derek's swan song.
Monaco and Valentin Chmerkovskiy finished in third place in the show's first all-woman finale.


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Latest News And Links
16th Oct 2014 - Website updates
Here at Into Mania, we've been tidying and taking care of the site with a new cleaner, leaner logo. Theres also a new black on white header and footer and a few other tweaks here and there - click on the images to see more image for instance! We remain animated and dynamic.
1st Sept 2014 - Branded3 Explainer Video
Our recent work with SEO guru's Branded3 is now up on our Vimeo site


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Tuesday, Jan. 29, 2013
AUGUSTA, Ga. (WRDW) -- A former Augusta tax preparer was sentenced last week for her involvement in filing fraudulent tax returns.
Paula M. Pendleton, 52, was sentenced to over three years in prison.
The court claims Pendleton collected names, dates of birth and Social Security numbers to file false income tax returns.
Investigators say she also taught others to prepare false income tax returns. Kisha Kuwanda McCladdie and Linda Perkins Ziegler, who allegedly learned from Pendleton, were sentenced in 2011.
Pendleton has been ordered to pay restitution and will undergo three years of supervision after her release.


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Professor of Applied Economics
Phone: (617) 253-2665
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Members of the faculty in the MIT Sloan Applied Economics Group are exploring vital economic issues through leading-edge research like The Billion Prices Project, which uses prices collected daily from hundreds of online retailers around the world to conduct economic research. We also participate in interdisciplinary, cross-university initiatives like The E2e Project, which brings together economic and energy experts to understand the energy efficiency gap.
In the classroom, members of the Applied Economics faculty address vital contemporary challenges in courses like Economic Analysis for Business Decisions, International and Applied Macroeconomics, Industrial Organization, Health Economics, Game Theory for Strategic Advantage, Managing the Modern Organization, Climate Change, and Big Data and Metrics for Managers and, soon, The Business of the Poor.


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Well it is finally here!Written by Shawn
It was another very anticipated start with the teases from Mother Nature, but the season has finally started at Bear Creek. With 5 inches of natural snow Saturday and a few full nights of snowmaking Bear Creek was ready to open Sunday, December 30 with 4 trails and 3 lifts.
The crowds steadily moved in all morning, not sure if it was the beautiful weather, the anticipation to ride or the $10 lift tickets. The trails quickly filled up and Bear Creek had to open up A chair to help with the crowds at the lifts. For an opening day things could not have gone any better.
Today is day two of the season, and conditions are even better, with another night of snowmaking Bear Creek was able to open more terrain and F Chair. The season is really turning around quickly. What better way to enjoy the season and ring in the New Year than skiing and riding. Bear Creek will be hosting a New Years Eve party tonight, complete with fireworks at 9:45 to ring in the new year. The slopes will be open till 1AM so get that chance to ride right into 2013 or just sit by the fire and enjoy music from a rocking DJ in the lodge, or have a few drinks at the Ice Bar. Whatever you choose to do make sure that you have a great holiday and stay safe tonight.
Opening Day Is Tomorrow!Written by Shawn
Sunday, December 30 | Open For Skiing & Riding!
8:30am to 10:00pm
Thanks to the hard work of our snowmaking team and some help from Mother Nature, we are excited to announce that we will open for skiing & riding on Sunday, December 30.
- Lift Tickets: $10 Extended Day Lift Tickets
- Open Trail: Black Bear
- Open Lift: B
- Terrain Park Features: Yes, 1-3 Rails
- Snowsports School: Qualified Private Lessons & Kodiak Kid's Programs. All Snowsports School products must be purchased at the Snowsports School. For additional information or reservations, please call 610-641-1319.
Offpeak passes will be accepted during the day on Sunday, December 30 only.
Hope to see you on the mountain tomorrow!!
Opening Update 12/28Written by Shawn
OPENING UPDATE: Unfortunately the weather has not been as cold as forecasted and we have not been able to produce adequate slope coverage for a Saturday opening. We will continue to make snow today and tonight with hopes of opening on Sunday, this is not a definite so please check back for opening updates.
Opening Update 12/27Written by Shawn
OPENING DAY UPDATE: Snowmaking weather will return tonight. If we can produce a decent amount of snow tonight then there is a possibility we can open for the 2012/13 season on Saturday, December 29! Check back tomorrow afternoon for a opening day announcement. Lets hope we get some decent coverage tonight. Think Snow!
Snowmaking Update 12/24Written by Shawn
Snowmaking Update: Our snowmaking team has been making progress but unfortunately we have not been able to produce enough snow to open for skiing and riding.
There is an opportunity for snowmaking Tuesday night and later this week as weather permits. Keep checking back for snowmaking and opening updates.
Snowmaking UpdateWritten by Shawn
SNOWMAKING UPDATE: Last night our snowmaking team was able to make snow on all trails. Temperatures ended up being 4 -5 degrees warmer than forecasted and production was limited. We should be able to make snow tonight however production will be marginal.
Unfortunately there are no chances of opening for skiing and riding on Monday and Tuesday will be based on how tonight goes. Keep your fingers crossed for cold weather!
Snowmaking and potential openingWritten by Shawn
A Little Bit About SnowmakingWritten by Shawn
You might be wondering how we actually make snow. While searching the Internet to find a great way to explain how snowmaking works, I came across two great informational videos.
These videos were produced by onthesnow.com, their meteorologist, Joel Gratz, explains the science behind snowmaking, why skiers and snowboarders should care and why resorts across North America need man made snow to keep the lifts running.
In the first, Making Snow On The Mountain, you will learn about what a snow gun does, how it works and what our snowmaking team has to do to make great snow. In the second, The Business Of Snowmaking, you will learn about the logistics, economics and elements required to make snow.
I encourage you to take a few minutes to learn about the snowmaking process and why it is so important to Bear Creek.
HOT DEAL: Lodging + $10 Dining CardWritten by Shawn
Don't Miss The Final Hot Deal Of The Year!
Why not get in a last minute getaway before the holiday season?
This Hot Deal includes:
- Overnight Accommodations
- $10 Bear Creek Dining Card
Starting at $99 per night in a standard room. Upgrade to a suite for only $20 more. Rooms are based on double occupancy and availability. Must stay between December 2, 2012 and December 6, 2012
Book online using code HTDL or call The Hotel 1-866-754-2822 to book your package today!
Thanksgiving Fun!Written by Shawn
Gobble, Gobble and Happy Thanksgiving! November is a time for homecoming and historically Thanksgiving is one of the most travel heavy times of the year. According to various websites 56% of modern day Thanksgiving Pilgrims will travel at least 100 miles by car, with the average distance of 214 miles, but Orbitz, the travel website, has air travel at its peak in July. So armed with this information, the moral of this story is that all travel can be a hassle no matter what day you travel, it just depends on who you ask!
I am blessed with the fact that all my family now lives nearby and my even more special family of friends are right in my neighborhood. The Wednesday before Thanksgiving is a huge night for us to get together and enjoy some quiet time before the hectic holidays hit. This year we will be at Bear Creek together for the Pub Crawl. What a great way to host a party…let Bear Creek do all the work!
We will begin the night in the Trails End Café where Victoria and Ben are the Mixologists for the night. Bar None Entertainment will be spinning tunes and handing out prizes for trivia. Then we will crawl on down to The Turkey Bar that will be set up in the rock garden with patio heaters and fire pits to keep us toasty and warm. But it is the cool games that I am most looking forward to at The Turkey Bar. There will be four of them all based on Minute to Win It games but with a Thanksgiving twist.
When it is time to move on to the third bar we will be heading into The Grille for a drink special and to listen to Jake Kaligis and The New Constitution play. By crawling through the resort and visiting all three bars, I can then be entered to win an off peak season pass OR an overnight stay in The Hotel at Bear Creek. What an awesome prize!!!
So on Monday of Thanksgiving week I can say that I am so looking forward to this Wednesday night and spending a fun night at Bear Creek with all my friends. Hope to see you at the Turkey Bar.


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Before there were books, there were stories. Today's literature for children has grown out of oral traditions that exist in every society. Suzanne Langer has argued that "imaging is the mode of our untutored thinking and stories their earliest product." We can assume, then, that in all human societies, stories and poems that were passed on by revered storytellers or griots and retold by the common people were likely enjoyed by a wide audience of adults and children.
Eventually, in many cultures, these oral stories came to be preserved in more permanent forms—on cave walls, sculptures, and carvings, as well as in objects that more closely resemble today's books. The Epic of Gilgamesh was recorded on clay tablets as early as 2100 B.C. China has a 3,000-year history of literature written in a single language, a literature that is as much visual as verbal. An African (Egyptian) papyrus that dates from approximately 1295 B.C. depicts a humorous tale that includes an antelope and a lion seated on chairs engaged in a game of senet. The Mayan codices (which used a combination of glyphs and pictures) that survived the Spanish invasion suggest a written literary tradition has long existed in the Western Hemisphere. Although we have no evidence that any of this literature was written for a child audience, we can assume that some children were entertained by the same literature that adults in various societies enjoyed.
In medieval Europe—from the fifth to the fifteenth century—stories were told around the fires in cottages or sung in the great halls of castles. Young and old alike listened, with no distinction made between stories for children and stories for adults, just as there was little difference in the work they did, the food they ate, or the clothes they wore. All gathered to listen, to be entertained after a hard day's labor.
The Oral Tradition
In the Middle Ages, there were differences between the kinds of stories told in the cottages and the kinds told in the castles, and in the ways they were told. In the castles and great manor houses, wandering minstrels or bards told the heroic tales of Beowulf or King Arthur or the ballad of Fair Isabella, whose stepmother had her cooked and served in a pie. By contrast, the tales told around the peat fires in the cottages or at the medieval fairs were about simple folk—farmers, woodcutters, and millers—or were beast tales about wolves, foxes, and hens. Frequently, the stories portrayed the poor peasant outwitting the lord of the manor or winning the hand of the princess by a daring deed. These tales were told over and over for generations until they were finally collected by scholars and thus passed into recorded literature.
The Earliest Manuscripts
Before the invention of movable type, the first books that European children might have read were picture Bibles or lesson books. Picture Bibles included such types as the Bible Moralisée, Biblia Pauperum, and Bible Historiale and were remarkably similar to modern picture books in their page design and balance of image and word. Mostly religious or instructional, these were intended only for the wealthy or for use by teachers in monastery schools. Such handwritten books were extremely valuable; houses and lands were often exchanged for a single volume.
Most early lesson books followed one of two forms, which continued in popularity up to the early twentieth century: (1) a dialogue between the pupil and teacher, usually in the form of questions and answers, or (2) rhymed couplets, which made for easy memorization. Aldhelm, abbot of Malmesbury during the seventh century, is credited with introducing the question-and-answer approach. Also during this century, the Venerable Bede translated and wrote some forty-five books for his students at the monastery at Jarrow in England.
Another type of book, the Elucidarium, or book of general information for young students, was developed by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury during the twelfth century. This type of book, a forerunner of the encyclopedia, treated such topics as manners, children's duties, the properties of animals and plants, and religious precepts.
These early books are important to the history of children's literature only in that they represent some concession to developing specific books for the instruction of children. Another six centuries would pass before John Newbery would add the word amusement to the word instruction.
However, it is likely that many children were entertained by stories that were written for adults. The Gesta Romanorum (Deeds of the Romans), compiled in Latin in the early fourteenth century, served as a sourcebook for stories for the clergy for instruction and for enlivening sermons. This compilation of stories included many myths, fables, and tales from as far away as India. These tales were often dressed up with suitable morals and then told to children.
Only one well-known work remains from medieval manuscripts, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Although written for adults in 1387, the tales are full of legendary stories and folktales that were known to children as well as adults of the period.
The Printed Book
The earliest printed books originated in China as early as A.D. 175 and were printed from stone rubbings. China also preceded the West in the development of woodblock printing in the eighth century and movable type in the eleventh century. Some historians maintain that Western printing first began in Holland sometime between 1380 and 1420.11 However, in the 1450s, Gutenberg in Germany devised a practical method for using movable metal type, far superior in quality to the Dutch type. William Caxton, an English businessman, went to Cologne, Germany, to learn the printing trade. Returning to England, he set up a printing press in Westminster about 1476. Among the first books he published were A Book of Curteseye (1477), the Historye of Reynart the Foxe (1481), and Aesop's Fables (1484). Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur first appeared in printed form in 1485. Caxton is credited with publishing some 106 books, including traditional romance literature, ballads, texts, and religious books. His books were of high quality and expensive, which made them available only to wealthy adults, not children. The impact of the printing press can be seen, however, in the number of books owned by some individuals. Before the invention of the press in the 1450s, even scholars and physicians possessed only a few books. A century later, to give one example, Columbus of Seville (the son of Christopher Columbus) owned a library of more than fifteen thousand titles.
Hornbooks, ABCs, and Primers
The first children's books to be influenced by the invention of printing were then the only children's books: lesson books or textbooks. In the mid fifteenth century, young children learned to read from "hornbooks." A hornbook was really a little wooden paddle to which was pasted a sheet of parchment printed with the alphabet, the vowels, and the Lord's Prayer. A thin sheet of transparent protective horn bound with strips of brass covered the text. Most hornbooks were tiny, measuring two by five inches. Sometimes a hole in the handle made it possible for the child to carry the book on a cord around his or her neck or waist. This also lent them their nickname battledore, for they were often used to bat around a shuttlecock in a game of badminton. What made these little "books" unique was that now the child could handle them and see the print close up, rather than merely look at a manuscript held by the teacher.
Children advanced from hornbooks to ABC books and primers. These had more text than hornbooks but were still of a religious nature. The first primers developed from the books of hours, which were intended as private devotionals for laypeople, with prayers for eight specified times of the day. In 1514 an alphabet was added to a book of hours for use by children. When Henry VIII came to the throne, he authorized printing a set of English primers for children that presented his religious beliefs. These little books, appropriately called King Henry's Primer, appeared about 1548.
Lasting Contributions of the Period
Children were not much better off after the invention of printing than before. They still derived their enjoyment from the told story. True, some concession had been made to their youth in devising special books of instruction for them. But only crudely written and printed chap-books provided a kind of underground literature of enjoyment for both adults and children. The two lasting and nine children. This primer was in print for more than a century and sold about three million copies.
In England in 1671, James Janeway published his book of gloomy joy titled A Token for Children, Being an Exact Account of the Conversions, Holy and Exemplary Lives and Joyful Deaths of Several Young Children. In his preface to Part 1, Janeway reminds his readers that they are "by Nature, Children of Wrath." Cotton Mather added the life histories of several New England children and published an American edition of Janeway's book in Boston in 1700 under the title A Token for Children of New England, or Some Examples of Children in Whom the Fear of God Was Remarkably Budding Before They Died.
Religious leaders also could give approval to the moral and spiritual instruction in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, first printed in 1678. No doubt children skipped the long theological dialogues as they found adventure by traveling with the clearly defined characters.
Primers and instructional books continued to be popular during this time. Edward Topsell's Historie of Four-Footed Beasts, published in 1607, was perhaps the first work of nonfiction written for children. Many of these educational books were emblem books. They followed a pictorial format developed in Germany and the Netherlands in which each verse or couplet was illustrated with a small picture. Johann Amos Comenius's Orbis Pictus (The World in Pictures) was influenced by this style. It was translated into English in 1659 and published with many woodcuts illustrating everyday objects. Orbis Pictus is often referred to as the first picture book for children.
Lighter Fare
Luckily, there was some relief from the doom and gloom of the religion-oriented books of the Puritans. Chap-books—small, inexpensive, folded-paper booklets sold by peddlers, or chapmen—first appeared in the late 1500s, but they achieved real popularity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Sold for a few pennies, these crudely printed little books brought excitement and pleasure into the lives of both children and adults with tales about Dick Whittington, Sir Guy of Warwick, Robin Hood, and other heroes. A ballad of a "most strange wedding of the froggee and the mouse" was licensed as early as 1580. Other chapbooks gave accounts of crimes and executions, descriptions of the art of making love, and riddles. Although these books were decried by the Puritans, they were read and reread by the common people of England and America. Their popularity with children is said to have influenced John Newbery's decision to publish a book solely for children. The chapbooks' greatly abbreviated texts and crude woodcut illustrations suggest that they were fore books of this period are Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Thomas Malory's collection of Arthurian legends, later published in 1485 by Caxton under the title Le Morte d'Arthur. Neither of these books was written for children, but children probably knew the stories from hearing them told by bards and minstrels.
What strikes a twenty-first-century reader as remarkable about this period is how few books there were and how long they stayed in print. Many of the books published by Caxton in the 1470s were still in print in the late 1600s, more than two hundred years later. This seems almost unbelievable when compared with today's publishing world, where some books go out of print in less than a year.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, many books for children in the Western world were meant to be educational rather than entertaining. Over time, however, authors, illustrators, and publishers began to present children with books that were meant to delight as well as to inform. It should be noted, nonetheless, that the children who were soon to be delighted by books written for their enjoyment came mainly from the white middle and upper classes. A literature for all the world's children was still many years in the future.
The "Goodly Godly" Books of the Puritans
Books of the seventeenth century were dominated by the stern spiritual beliefs of Puritanism. The Puritans considered children to be miniature adults, and thus equally subject to sin and eternal damnation. Concern for the salvation of children's souls became the central goal of their parents and teachers. Given the high mortality rate of infants and young children (more than half did not live to reach the age of 10), instruction in the fear of God began early. John Cotton's catechism, Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes in Either England, Drawn from the Breasts of Both Testaments for Their Souls' Nourishment, was originally published in England in 1646, and revised for American children in 1656, the first book written and printed for children in the American colonies.
Even alphabet rhymes for the youngest emphasized the sinful nature of humans. The New England Primer, first advertised in 1677, includes "In Adam's fall/We sinned all." This primer also provided a catechism, the Ten Commandments, verses about death, and a woodcut of Martyr John Foxe burning at the stake, watched by his wife runners of today's comic strips, still read by both adults and children.
Another source of enjoyment for children came in the form of fairy tales; the first was printed in France in 1697 by Charles Perrault. Titled Histoires ou contes du temps passé, avec des moralités (Stories or Tales of Times Past, with Morals), the collection included "The Sleeping Beauty," "Cinderella or the Glass Slipper," "Red Riding Hood," "Puss-in-Boots," and "Blue Beard." These tales were in fashion at the French court of the Sun King, Louis XIV, where they were told to adults. The frontis-piece of Perrault's book, however, showed an old woman spinning and telling stories to children. The caption read Contes de ma Mère l'Oye (Tales of Mother Goose); this was the first reference to Mother Goose in children's literature. Translated into English in 1729, these fairy tales have remained France's gift to the children of the world. Following the success of Perrault, other French authors, including Mme. d'Aulnoy, created original fairy tales. Only one remains well known today and that is "Beauty and the Beast," rewritten from a longer version by Mme. de Beaumont.
The Arabian Nights is a collection of old tales from India, Persia, and North Africa. Galland published these tales in French in 1558, but not until about 1706 were they available in English. Intended for adults, such stories as "Aladdin," "Ali Baba," and "Sinbad the Sailor" were quickly appropriated by children.
Children of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries would also have enjoyed nursery rhymes, those that have traditionally been called Mother Goose rhymes and that included counting-out rhymes, finger plays, and alphabet verses. No one knows for sure the exact origin of these rhymes, but they are likely to have originated in the spoken language of both common folk and royalty. Some have been traced as far back as the pre-Christian era. The association of these traditional rhymes with a character called Mother Goose is unclear.
The oldest surviving nursery rhyme book was published by Mary Cooper in 1744 in two or perhaps three little volumes under the title Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book;
a single copy of volume 2 is a treasured possession of the British Museum. John Newbery is supposed to have published Mother Goose's Melody or Sonnets for the Cradle about 1765, although the book was not advertised until 1780, which is the more likely date of its publication. No copy of this edition exists. However, Isaiah Thomas of Worcester, Massachusetts, produced a second edition of Mother Goose's Melody in 1794.
Books written for adults during this time were often adopted by child readers. Daniel Defoe did not write his account of the eighteenth-century hero Robinson Crusoe for them, but children made his story part of their literature. The Life and Strange and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) was later printed in an abridged and pocket-sized volume that became a "classic" of children's literature. Children, no doubt, did not understand the scathing satire about high society in Swift's Gulliver's Travels, but they did find enjoyment in the hero's adventures with the huge and tiny folk and the talking horses. Thus young and old alike enjoyed this tale of adventure, first published in 1726.
Newbery Publishes for Children
In the mid-eighteenth century strict religious beliefs about child rearing began to give way to ideas influenced by such thinkers as John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and David Hume. With the rise of the Enlightenment, a literature for childhood emerged. This transformation usually dates from 1744, the year the English publisher John Newbery printed A Little Pretty Pocket-Book. Newbery was influenced by John Locke's Thoughts Concerning Education (1693) in which Locke maintained that as soon as children know their alphabet they should be led to read for pleasure. Locke advocated the use of pictures in books and deplored the lack of easy, pleasant books for children to read, except for Aesop's Fables and Reynard the Fox, both dating back to Caxton's times. In A Little Pretty Pocket-Book Newbery included John Locke's advice that children should enjoy reading. The book itself attempted to teach the alphabet "by Way of Diversion," including games, fables, and little rhymes about the letters of the alphabet. What was significant about the book was that Newbery deliberately and openly set out to provide amusement for children, something no other publisher had had the courage or insight to do.
Newbery's books were all illustrated with pictures based on the text, rather than just any woodcuts available, as was the custom of other printers of the day. Many of his books were bound with Dutch gilt paper covers, which made for a gay appearance. Even though moral lessons were clearly there for young readers, Newbery's stories did emphasize love and play rather than the wrath and punishment of God. Newbery is also responsible for Little Goody Two Shoes, "the first piece of original English fiction deliberately written for children."13 Except for Little Goody Two Shoes, none of his work has lasted, but we honor the man who was the first to recognize that children deserve a literature of their own.
Didactic Literature
A body of literature that resembles modern children's literature did not emerge overnight. During the last half of the eighteenth century, women writers entered the field of juvenile literature, determined to influence the moral development of children. In 1749, Mrs. Sarah Fielding published The Governess, which included character-building stories about Mrs. Teachum's School for Girls. Mrs. Sarah Trimmer published a magazine titled Guardian of Education, which contained articles on moral subjects and book reviews. Mrs. Trimmer did not approve of fairy tales or Mother Goose. "All Mother Goose tales . . . were only fit to fill the heads of children with confused notions of wonderful and supernatural events brought about by the agency of imaginary beings."
Other didactic writers of this period maintained that they followed Rousseau's theory of education by accompanying children in their natural search for knowledge. These stories frequently contained lengthy "conversations" that tried to conceal moral lessons under the guise of an exciting adventure. The children found in these books served as models of behavior for nearly a hundred years.
In this period, poetry for children also emphasized religion and instruction. However, John Newbery printed Pretty Poems for Children Three Feet High and added this inscription: "To all those who are good this book is dedicated by their best friend." Although Isaac Watts spent most of his time writing hymns, he did write some poetry for children. In the preface to Divine and Moral Songs Attempted in Easy Language for Use of Children (1715), Watts wrote that his songs were to be memorized, which was how children were to be given "a relish for virtue and religion." Though written by a Puritan, these hymns such as "Joy to the World" and the lovely "Cradle Hymn," were kind and loving, and the collection made up a real child's book. The engraver and artist William Blake wrote poetry that children enjoyed, but the poems constituting Songs of Innocence (1789) were not specifically written for children. Blake's poetry was filled with imagination and joy and made the reader aware of beauty without preaching. Children still respond to his happy poem that begins "Piping down the valleys wild,/Piping songs of pleasant glee."
As the eighteenth century neared its end, most of the stories for children were about how to live the "good life." Information about the natural world was peddled in didactic lectures sugarcoated with conversational style. Exceptionally well-behaved children were models for young people to follow. However, there was now a literature directed to a child audience, even if that audience was exclusively Caucasian and predominantly middle and upper class. Authors and publishers were aware of a new market for books. Parents and teachers were beginning to recognize the importance of literature for children.
In the nineteenth century, the genres written for children expanded greatly. Children could choose to read about a wide variety of topics. Books and magazines sought to present children with works of literature that celebrated their unique enthusiasms and explored their special worlds. Children's literature in the nineteenth century, however, still represented an "Anglo world."
Books of Instruction and Information
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, most of the books published for children in English were produced in England. Following the American Revolution, however, there was a rush to publish textbooks that reflected the changing social purposes and interests of the new nation. Noah Webster's Blue Backed Speller, Simplified and Standardized, first published in 1783, was widely used. Revised many times, the third part of the series contained stories and became America's first secular reader. It sold more than eighty million copies during the nineteenth century. Reading for patriotism, good citizenship, and industry was the purpose of the well-loved Eclectic Readers by William H. McGuffey. They were used so widely from 1834 to 1900 that one could almost say these readers constituted the elementary curriculum in literature.
In the early nineteenth century, Samuel Goodrich was responsible for eliminating the British background in books for American children. Influenced by both the English and the American Sunday school movements, which produced moral tales for the uneducated masses of children who could attend school only on Sunday Goodrich wrote more than a hundred books for children. He created the venerable Peter Parley, an elderly gentleman who told stories to children based on his travels and personal experiences. History, geography, and science were included in his Tales of Peter Parley about America (1827). The Little Rollo series by Jacob Abbott became as popular as the Peter Parley books. Abbott wrote about Little Rollo learning to talk, Rollo learning to read, and Rollo's travels to Europe. In the first books of the series, published in 1834, Rollo was a natural little boy, but as he became older and traveled about the world, he became somewhat stuffy.
Family Stories
In the first half of the nineteenth century the didactic school of writing continued to flourish, with perhaps one exception. In 1839, Catherine Sinclair, whose many other books were highly moral and sedate, published Holiday House, "certainly the best original children's book written up to that time and one of the jolliest and most hilarious of any period." Her characters were children who got into mischief, and they were sometimes aided in this by an adult—their irreverent and fun-loving Uncle David.
For the most part, however, women writers in the early nineteenth century wielded influential pens, condemned fairy stories, and relentlessly dispensed information in lengthy dialogues between parent and child. Mrs. Martha Sherwood, a prolific writer, produced more than 350 moralizing books and religious tracts. Sherwood is remembered best for a series of stories including The Fairchild Family, the first part of which was published in 1818, the third and last in 1847. Considered one of the first "family" stories, it contained some frighteningly realistic passages. In one scene, to teach his quarreling children a lesson, Mr. Fairchild takes them to see something "very dreadful, . . . a gibbet on which the decomposed body of a man still hangs in irons. The face of the corpse was so shocking the children could not look at it."
In contrast to the religious severity of The Fairchild Family, Charlotte Yonge described the milder Victorian experiences of the eleven motherless children of the May family in The Daisy Chain (1856). Women were always portrayed in the Victorian novel as inferior to men. This attitude is reflected in The Daisy Chain when Ethel May is advised not to try to keep up with her brother Norman in his university studies because "a woman cannot hope to equal a man in scholarship." Yonge had an ear for dialogue and was a superb storyteller who wrote more than 120 books.
American children wept pools of tears over the pious, sentimental Elsie Dinsmore. Writing under her maiden name, Martha Farquharson, Martha Finley initiated the Elsie Dinsmore series in 1867. The series contains eighteen books, published from 1867 to 1905, that follow Elsie, at all times righteous and good, from girlhood through motherhood and widowhood and into grandmother-hood. Unbelievable as the stories seem to us today, the Elsie Dinsmore books were tremendously popular.
The next year saw the publication of Little Women (1868) by Louisa May Alcott. This story must have blown like a fresh breeze through the stifling atmosphere of pious religiosity created by books like those in the Elsie Dinsmore series. As described by the irrepressible Jo (who was Louisa May Alcott herself), the March family were real people who faced genteel poverty with humor and fortitude. Louisa May Alcott didn't preach moral platitudes but described the joys, the trials, and the fun of growing up in a loving family. Jo, one of the first tomboys in children's literature, hates the false Victorian standards of the day and sets out to earn a living as a writer. Still loved today, Little Women has been transformed into many languages, including Russian, Arabic, Bengali, and Urdu.
Another vivacious heroine appeared in the celebrated Katy stories written by Susan Coolidge (pseudonym of Sarah Chauncey Woolsey). This series included such titles as What Katy Did (1872), What Katy Did at School (1873), and What Katy Did Next (1886). Harriet Lathrop, under the pseudonym Margaret Sidney, presented a lively family story about a widowed mother and her five children in a series starting in 1881 with Five Little Peppers and concluding in 1916 with Our Davie Pepper. Other authors wrote dramatic family stories with foreign settings. In Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates, Mary Mapes Dodge gave accurate glimpses of Dutch life in 1865. Johanna Spyri's well-loved Heidi was translated from the German by Louise Brooks and published in this country in 1884. Not only did readers share the joys and sorrows of Heidi's life with her grandfather, they "breathed" the clear mountain air and "lived" in Switzerland. Frances Hodgson Burnett described family conflict within the English aristocracy in Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886). Although born in England, Mrs. Burnett was an American citizen. Burnett's second book, Sara Crewe (1888), told of the pitiful plight of a wealthy pupil who is orphaned and reduced to servitude in a boarding school. Mrs. Burnett's best-written and most popular book is The Secret Garden (1910), which presents an exciting plot in a mysterious setting. This story depicts the gradual change wrought in two lonely and selfish children by a hidden garden. It is still read and loved by children today.
Tales of Adventure
The rise of family stories and series books for girls prompted more attention to tales of adventures and the development of so-called boys' series. The Swiss Family Robinson was written by Johann David Wyss, a Swiss pastor, and translated into English in 1814. Inaccurate in its description of flora and fauna (almost everything grew on that tropical island), it still delighted children's imaginations. Sir Walter Scott's novels Rob Roy (1818) and Ivanhoe (1820), while intended for adults, were frequently appropriated by young people. James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking novels of tales of Indians and pioneers in North America were avidly read by young and old alike. Richard Henry Dana's Two Years Before the Mast (1840) describes the author's own adventures as a young seaman sailing around Cape Horn to California. Also written for adults, it provided adventure for children. British writers such as Captain Frederick Marryat and George A. Henty wrote books based on military histories and adventures that were read with enthusiasm by American children. At the same time, the American names Horatio Alger, Jr., Oliver Optic, and Harry Castlemon were well known to English readers. The emphasis in American series was more on individual achievement, usually against unbelievable odds. The stories by Horatio Alger epitomized this rags-to-riches theme. In fact, because his first successful novel, Ragged Dick (1868), was based on this formula, he saw no reason to change it in the more than a hundred books that followed.
Although most of these series books provided plenty of adventure, the characters and plots tended to be super-ficial and predictable. However, there was one superb adventure story written during the last half of the nineteenth century that included not only a bloody, exciting, and tightly drawn plot but also well-depicted characters. Serialized in an English magazine called Young Folks in 1881 and 1882, Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island was published in book form in 1883. For the first time, adults were drawn to a children's book for adventure, a reverse of the pattern of children reading adults' books. Treasure Island was an immediate success.
Gradually books written for boys changed in their portrayal of childhood, and obedient and dutiful characters became real live boys. Thomas Bailey Aldrich's The Story of a Bad Boy (1870) was based on his own life in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The tale of this Tom's pranks and good times paved the way for another story of a real boy's adventures in Hannibal, Missouri. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was published in 1876 by Mark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Clemens). This book was soon followed by The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). Mark Twain combined realism, humor, and adventure in these realistic portrayals of growing up in a small town near the end of the nineteenth century.
Animal Stories
In A Dog of Flanders and Other Stories (1872), Louise de la Ramée presented a collection of stories that included the sad tale of a Belgian work dog and his friend, a boy artist. It has been considered the first modern dog story. Anna Sewell's Black Beauty appeared in 1877 as a protest against cruel treatment of horses. Children skipped the lectures calling for more humane treatment of animals and read the compelling first-person story of the life of Black Beauty. Some children today continue to enjoy Sewell's rather overdrawn and sentimental tale. Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Books (1894–1895) were exciting animal stories. Many children today know the story of Mowgli, a child raised by a wolf family, a bear, and a panther, although they might be more familiar with the animated movie than with the original book.
The Rise of Folktale Collections and Fantasy
Early in the nineteenth century two German brothers went about asking servants and peasants to recall stories they had heard. In 1812 Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm published the first volume of Kinder und Hausmärchen (House-hold Stories). These serious scholars tried to preserve the form as well as the content of the old tales, which were translated and published in England by Edgar Taylor from 1823 to 1826. "The Elves and the Shoemaker," "Rumpelstiltskin," and "Snow White," in addition to many others, became part of the literature of childhood.
In 1846 Mary Howitt translated Hans Christian Andersen's tales under the title Wonderful Stories for Children. Now both English and American children could enjoy "The Princess and the Pea," "Thumbelina," and "The Emperor's New Clothes." In these stories, inanimate objects and animals like the heroic Tin Soldier and the Ugly Duckling come to life. The values and foibles of human life are presented in the stories with action and rich language.
Not until the last half of the nineteenth century were folktales and fantasy completely accepted for children. John Ruskin was influenced by the Grimm tales as he wrote his King of the Golden River (1851). Charles Dickens's The Magic Fishbone appeared first as a serial in 1868. The Wonder Book for Boys and Girls was published by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1852, followed by Tanglewood Tales in 1853. Sir George Dasent translated Popular Tales from the North in 1859, making it possible for children to enjoy more tales from Scandinavia. Andrew Lang's famous series of collections of folktales began with The Blue Fairy Book. The Red, Green, and Yellow fairy books followed the 1889 publication of the first volume of folklore. Joseph Jacobs was also interested in retelling folktales especially for children. English Fairy Tales, Volumes I and II were published between 1890 and 1894. Joel Chandler Harris collected stories from the South for Uncle Remus, His Songs and Savings. Although the character of Uncle Remus later became a stereotype of the "happy slave," the stories themselves are vibrant reminders of our African American literary heritage.
The first stirrings of modern fantasy can be seen in a tale written by an English clergyman and scientist in 1863. The Water Babies by Charles Kingsley is a strange mixture of the fanciful overlaid with heavy doses of morality. Hidden within this little tale was Kingsley's social concern for the plight of the chimney sweeps, plus his attempt to reconcile the new science (Darwin's The Origin of Species had been published in 1859) with his religious beliefs. On a summer day in 1862 an Oxford professor of mathematics, Charles Dodgson, told a story to three little girls on a picnic. At the children's request, Dodgson wrote down that story (as "Alice's Adventures Underground") and presented it to his young friends as a Christmas gift in 1864. At the insistence of others, he decided to have it published. By 1865 the artist John Tenniel had completed the drawings, and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, published under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, was ready for the host of readers to come. What made this story unique for its time was that it contained not a trace of a lesson or a moral. It was really made purely for enjoyment, and it has delighted both children and adults ever since.
The beginnings of science-fiction adventure stories came to us from France in the translations of Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1869), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1872). Modern readers might be surprised to note the early dates of these books. Other well-known fantasies were published near the end of the nineteenth century. George MacDonald was a friend of Lewis Carroll's; in fact, he was one of the persons who had urged the publication of Alice. However, his own "invented fairy-tale," At the Back of the North Wind (1871), has much more of the sad spiritual quality found in many of Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales than the mad inconsistencies of the world of Lewis Carroll.
Even though many of the early books for children included the word amusing in their titles, their main purpose was to instruct or moralize. Undoubtedly, children enjoyed the broad humor in some of the folktales and the nonsense in Mother Goose, but few books used humor or nonsense as a central theme before the middle of the nineteenth century.
The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi first appeared in a children's newspaper in Rome in 1881; it was translated into English in 1892 under the title The Story of a Puppet. Children still enjoy this story of the mischievous puppet whose nose grew longer with each lie he told the Blue Fairy. Collodi's real name was Carlos Lorenzini.
The prototype for Amelia Bedelia, Miss Pickerell, Mary Poppins, and all the other eccentric women characters in children's literature can be found in the nonsensical antics of Mrs. Peterkin and her family. Published in 1880 by Lucretia Hale, The Peterkin Papers provided children with real humor. In one story, "The Lady Who Put Salt in Her Coffee," Mrs. Peterkin mistakenly substitutes salt for sugar in her coffee. The whole family troops to the chemist and the herb lady to find out what to do. Finally "the lady from Philadelphia" provides the answer—make another cup of coffee!
Also in the category of books for fun may be included the many books with movable parts. Harlequinades, or turn-ups, first appeared in 1766. They consisted of pages of pictures that could be raised or lowered to create other scenes. Later (from the 1840s through the 1890s), pictures were made like Venetian blinds to create another scene. Circular wheels could be turned to provide more action, and whole pop-up scenes created miniature stages.
Poetry for children began to flourish in the nineteenth century. In the first part of the century, poetry, like prose, still reflected the influence of religion and moral didacticism. The Taylor sisters, Ann and Jane, emphasized polite behavior, morals, and death in the poetry for their first book, Original Poems for Infant Minds (1804). While Jane Taylor wrote the often-parodied "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" for this collection and Ann provided the lovely "Welcome, welcome little stranger, to this busy world of care," the book also included some fairly morbid poems.
However, William Roscoe's The Butterfly's Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast (1807) provided pure nonsense, rhyme, and rhythm that delighted children. There were no moral lessons here, just an invitation: "Come take up your hats and away let us haste/To the Butterfly's Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast." Roscoe, an historian and botanist, wrote the book for the pleasure of his own child. It was so fresh and different that it generated many imitations.
Clement Moore, a professor who also wrote to please his own children, gave the world the Christmas classic A Visit from St. Nicholas. One of the first American contributions to a joyous literature for children, the book was published under that title in 1823, but it is now known by the title The Night Before Christmas. Mary Had a Little Lamb, first written by Sarah Josepha Hale in 1830, was included in McGuffey's Reader in 1837 and has since been recited by generations of American schoolchildren.
Dr. Heinrich Hoffman's Struwwelpeter (Shock-Headed Peter) was translated from the German in about 1848. His subjects included "Shock-Headed Peter," who wouldn't comb his hair or cut his nails, and Harriet, who played with fire. These cautionary tales in verse were meant to frighten children into good behavior. Instead, children loved the pictures and gruesome verse. Surely these poems are the forerunners of some of the modern verse by Shel Silverstein and Jack Prelutsky.
The century's greatest contribution to lasting children's poetry was the nonsense verse of Edward Lear, a poet who, like Lewis Carroll, wrote only to entertain. Lear was by profession a landscape painter and illustrator. He wrote his first book, A Book of Nonsense, in 1846 for his child friends; More Nonsense (1877) appeared more than thirty years later. Generations have delighted in "Quangle Wangle" and "The Owl and the Pussycat." Lear did not invent the limerick, but he certainly became master of the form. His black-line illustrations are as clever as his poetry.
Some of Christina Rossetti's poetry is reminiscent of Mother Goose, such as the well-loved "Mix a Pancake." Other selections, such as "Who has seen the wind?" gave children vivid descriptions of the world around them. Many poems from Rossetti's book Sing Song (1872) are found in anthologies today.
The century ended with a unique volume of poetry that celebrated the everyday life and thought of the child. A Child's Garden of Verses (1885) by Robert Louis Stevenson was first published under the title Penny Whistles. Stevenson was a poet who could discover joy in child's play and enter the child's imaginings in such well-loved poems as "My Shadow," "Bed in Summer," "The Swing," "Windy Nights," and "My Bed Is a Boat."
Two notable American poets were writing for children at the close of the nineteenth century. Eugene Field's Poems of Childhood (1896) included "The Sugar Plum Tree" and "The Duel." James Whitcomb Riley employed dialect as he described local incidents and Indiana farm life. This Hoosier dialect has made most of his poems seem obsolete, except for "Little Orphant Annie" and "The Raggedy Man," which continue to give children pleasure.
Magazines formed a significant part of the literature for children in the last half of the nineteenth century. The first magazines, which grew out of the Sunday school movement, were pious in their outlook.
The first true children's magazine for English children appeared in 1853 under the title Charm. Stating that there would always be room for stories of the little people or fairies on its pages, it was ahead of its time and lasted only two years. The first magazine planned for children in America was published in 1826. The Juvenile Miscellany was edited by Lydia Maria Child, a former teacher who wanted to provide enjoyable material for children to read. The magazine was very successful until Child, an ardent abolitionist, spoke out against slavery. Sales dropped immediately, and the magazine stopped publication in 1834. The Youth's Companion survived the longest of all the children's magazines in America, beginning in 1827 and merging with The American Boy in 1929, which in turn ceased publication in 1941. It published such well-known writers as Kipling, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jack London, Mark Twain, and Theodore Roosevelt, among others.
In 1873 Mary Mapes Dodge, author of Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates, became editor of the most famous magazine for children, St. Nicholas Magazine. The publisher announced that in this magazine "there must be entertainment, no less than information; the spirit of laughter would be evoked; there would be 'no sermonizing, no wearisome spinning out of facts, no rattling of dry bones of history,' while all priggishness was condemned."
The magazine attracted well-known artists and writers such as Arthur Rackham, Reginald Birch, Howard Pyle, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Louisa May Alcott. Many of the novels that were first serialized in St. Nicholas Magazine were published as books and became classics of their day. These included Louisa May Alcott's An Old-Fashioned Girl (1870) and Frances Hodgson Burnett's Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886). This magazine guided children's reading for more than three-quarters of a century and set standards of excellence for the whole publishing field.
Illustrators of the Nineteenth Century
Until the late eighteenth century illustrations had been, for the most part, crude woodcuts, due in great part to the lack of sophisticated color reproduction techniques. Illustrators were not identified, and pictures were frequently interchanged among books. During the nineteenth century, however, as engraving processes were refined and lithographic techniques developed, the quality of illustrations improved and the great book artists actually preferred to work in black and white. Illustrators of children's books began to achieve as much recognition as the authors. Several outstanding artists emerged as illustrators of children's books during this time. The engraver George Cruikshank illustrated the English edition of Grimm's Fairy Tales in 1823. His tiny, detailed etchings portrayed much action and humor, real characters, and spritely elves and fairies. His interpretations were so appropriate and seemed so much a part of these tales that they were republished in Germany with the original text.
The growth in popularity of the illustrated weekly newspaper attracted many artists to the field of illustration. Charles Bennett, a caricaturist for Punch magazine, lent his talents to some surprisingly lively illustrations in books for children from 1857 until his death in 1867. His Nine Lives of a Cat has a quality of page design and playfulness that are common in picture books of today. Richard ("Dicky") Doyle designed the original cover of Punch and later did the illustrations for John Ruskin's King of the Golden River (1851). In Fairyland (1870) is "considered to be among the finest picturebooks printed in color during the nineteenth century."
Both Bennett and Doyle worked with printer Edmund Evans. Evans's extraordinary talent as an engraver and his important improvements in color printing techniques were responsible for dramatic changes in picture books for children in the last half of the nineteenth century. In addition to artists such as Doyle and Bennett, Evans recruited artists who would become the best known illustrators of the nineteenth century—Walter Crane, Randolph Caldecott, and Kate Greenaway.
Walter Crane, the son of a portrait painter, knew that Evans wanted to print some quality illustrated books for children, something that interested Crane also. Crane created beautifully designed pictures for four nursery-rhyme books: Sing a Song of Sixpence, The House That Jack Built, Dame Trot and Her Comical Cat, and The History of Cock Robin and Jenny Wren. Evans and Crane convinced Warne to publish these high-quality "toy books" during the years 1865 and 1866. They were very successful, and Crane went on to design some thirty-five other picture books, including two well-known nursery-rhyme collections with music and illustrations, The Baby's Opera (1877) and The Baby's Bouquet (1878). Crane had a strong sense of design and paid particular attention to the total format of the book, including the placement of the text, the quality of the paper, and even the design at the beginning and end of the chapters. He characteristically used flat colors with a firm black outline, and his pages usually were decorated with elaborate borders.
The picture books by Randolph Caldecott established new standards of illustration for children's books. Caldecott filled his drawings with action, the joy of living, and good fun. His love of animals and the English countryside is reflected in his illustrations, which seem to convey much meaning through a few lines. Although Caldecott, like Crane, illustrated many books, he is best remembered for his series of picture books, also called toy books. These included The House That Jack Built (1878), The Diverting History of John Gilpin (1878), Sing a Song of Sixpence (1880), and Hey Diddle Diddle Picture Book (1883). On the Caldecott Medal for distinguished illustrations there is a reproduction of one of his pictures showing John Gilpin's ride, a reminder of this famous illustrator of the nineteenth century.
Kate Greenaway's name brings visions of English gardens, delicate prim figures, and the special style of costume worn by her rather fragile children. Her art defined the fanciful world of Victorian sentimentality. After the publication of her first book, Under the Window (1878), it became the fashion to dress children in Green-away costumes with large floppy hats. Greeting cards, wallpaper, and even china were made with designs copied after Greenaway. Her best-known works include Marigold Garden (1885), A Apple Pie (1886), and The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1888). The Kate Greenaway Medal, similar to our Caldecott Medal, is given each year to the most distinguished British picture book.
In America, Howard Pyle was writing and illustrating his versions of The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Great Renown (1883), Pepper and Salt (1886), and The Wonder Clock (1888). He created real people in his illustrations for these collections of folktales and legends. His characters from the Middle Ages were strong; the life of the times was portrayed with interesting, clear detail. Another of his important contributions was establishing classes for illustrators of children's books. Pyle's students included N. C. Wyeth, Maxfield Parrish, and Jessie Wilcox Smith, all of whom became well-known illustrators in the twentieth century.
By the close of the nineteenth century, children's literature was alive and flourishing in America and England. Pious, moralistic, didactic books were no longer being written. Gone were the make-believe accounts of impossible children. In their place were real live persons living in fun-loving families. Pure nonsense and the fanciful were welcomed in both poetry and fantasy. The old folktales and the fairies were accepted once again. Children's books were more beautiful, with illustrations by recognized artists and pictures playing an increasingly important role. A few magazines had given consideration to the place of literary criticism.
A literature for children, designed to bring them joy and happiness, had begun. However, this body of work was limited to books written for and reflective of the white mainstream culture. The idea that race, ethnicity, gender, or class should be reflected in the authorship or subject matter of children's books was unthinkable. Not until the latter part of the next century would books for children begin to reflect the reality of a multicultural world.


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Honor Code
Students in online courses at Longwood University are bound by the Longwood Honor Code.
- Online students have the additional responsibilities of complying with online policies in general and course policies in particular.
- The honor system requires that the student not only be responsible for his/her own behavior, but that he/she report any infraction of the Honor Code observed.
- It is an Honor Code offense to lie, steal, cheat (including receiving unauthorized help in connection with class activities and other course requirements established by the instructor) or plagiarize.
- All work so specified by the instructor should include the following pledge: "I have neither given nor received help on this work nor am I aware of any infraction of the Honor Code." (signed)
Any person who has knowledge of a suspected violation of the Standards of Conduct should contact the Director of Honor & Judicial Programs with relevant details of the incident. The Director of Honor & Judicial Programs will make arrangements for the adjudication of the complaint. For details about Honor & Judicial Programs, policies and procedures, visit the Honor and Judicial Programs website.


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Hinkley Lighting 1282VZ
1 Light Outdoor Lantern Pendant from the Thistledown Collection
- Item # bci560849
- Model # 1282VZ
- Thistledown Collection
Save 10% on Hinkley Outdoor Lighting (Excluding Landscape Lighting)
Use Coupon Code HINKOUT in your cart throughout August
Offer Ends 08-31-2016
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Leaves the Warehouse in 1 to 2 business days
Single Light Outdoor Lantern Pendant from the Thistledown Collection
- Amber Linen glass lantern shade
- Lantern style shades offer a timeless and appealing look
- Made of aluminum
- Designed to cast a soft ambient light over a wide area
- Includes 5' of chain and 6' of wire
- Dark Sky compatible with DSLM-40 (not included, option to add when added to cart)
- Suitable for damp locations
Lamping Technologies:
- Bulb Base - Medium (E26): The E26 (Edison 26mm), Medium Edison Screw, is the standard bulb used in 120-Volt applications in North America. E26 is the most common bulb type and is generally interchangeable with E27 bulbs.
- Compatible Bulb Types: Nearly all bulb types can be found for the E26 Medium Base, options include Incandescent, Fluorescent, LED, Halogen, and Xenon / Krypton.
- Bulb Base: Medium (E26)
- Bulb Included: No
- Bulb Type: Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent
- Chain Length: 60"
- Energy Star: No
- Height: 20.75"
- Location Rating: Damp Location
- Material: Aluminum
- Number of Bulbs: 1
- Pendant Type: Lantern
- Product Weight: 11 lbs
- Shade Material: Glass
- Shade Type: Lantern
- Sloped Ceiling Compatible: No
- Voltage: 120v
- Wattage: 100
- Watts Per Bulb: 100
- Width: 12.75" (measured from furthest point left to furthest point right on fixture)
- Wire Length: 72"
Additional Hinkley Lighting Links
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Hinkley Lighting 1282VZ Victorian Bronze
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued.
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Definition of circumlunar in English:
Moving or situated around the moon: a circumlunar flight
More example sentences
- A Soyuz, with a logistics module attached, rounds the Moon on a circumlunar mission.
- Kennedy approved more money for Saturn, but not for Apollo, which was then planned to eventually conduct circumlunar flights, not a Moon landing.
- These will include the basic vehicle, along with a plan to develop it into something capable of a circumlunar flight.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: cir·cum·lu·nar
Definition of circumlunar in:
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Well, the hurricane's not here yet, but everything in New York is pretty quiet. I'm at the one café nearby that's still open; the subways shut down at 7, so pretty much everyone went home. But not me and my almond hot chocolate! (Practically, though, I already took care of all my prep stuff: laundry's done, cooking's done, water is stocked, batteries are stocked, hatches are battened, work is canceled tomorrow, etc. It will just be me, my roommate, the Fellow, the cat, a stack of books, a stack of candles, and the howling wind/rain. Whenever it arrives.)
A bit late, but at dVerse, Samuel Peralta was asking for villanelles. He also mentioned his background in physics, so I thought about doing a physics villanelle. And somewhat depressingly, the first thing that popped into my head was the Trinity bomb test, and the start of the nuclear era. (The first line is what did it.) So, here is a (slightly modified) villanelle for the topic. Maybe I'll write a happier one tomorrow, when I have some time to kill.
But before I do that, I have a list of journals to put together submissions for and send in, before I potentially lose Internet or something. And so much other random crap. I left all the computer business until the end, and now it looks like a long screened evening…
(for J. Robert Oppenheimer and Kenneth Bainbridge)
The world, they say, is mostly empty space,
revealed with careful strings of rough collision.
A neutron needles through and leaves no trace.
A diamond's latticed through with holes, like lace,
while steel seems whole to our imperfect vision.
The world, you see, is mostly empty space.
We can't abide the lie of the embrace,
deny what's solid with the whips of fission.
Our fury is too pained to leave no trace.
Some hidden deity wears upon his face
a pitied stare, and fear mixed with derision.
We've learned he built with mostly empty space.
Each secret in the veins of "thing" and "place"
is meant to open, burst with grim precision.
How could we crack the world and leave no trace?
We only trust the things we can erase;
what's underneath is open to suspicion.
We've learned the world is mostly empty space,
and scream infinity. We leave no trace.


text: Located in Buckhead, our dental practice offers high quality dental care and a unique patient experience to patients in the greater Atlanta metropolitan area. We provide comprehensive dental care in a warm, relaxing atmosphere delivered by a friendly and professional staff. The moment you walk into our office, you will see that our dental practice is different from most. From our patient amenities including valet parking, flat screen televisions, hot scented towels and blankets, noise cancelling headphones, a beverage station and an Internet Bar, to our clean and contemporary design, you will feel like you are visiting a spa instead of a dental office.


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2013 Alumni Annual Report
The Home TeamServing our fellow Tigers.
HighlightsOnce a Tiger, always a Tiger …
Ties That Bind71 clubs. 16 groups. 1 family.
Tracking TigersTiger tracks run everywhere.
TraditionsNurturing the heart of a tiger.
LeadershipHonoring this year's best of the best.
Special EventsThese hills keep calling us home.
Staying ConnectedKeep the roar alive.
Embracing The Will to Lead


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July 11th, 2014
New Study Shows More People Working Through Retirement
2 Comments |
Traditionally, retirement is viewed as a time of leisure, rest and relaxation. After working for 30 or 40 years, retirees expect to take a load off and do things that they enjoy. Now, though, more and more people are choosing to continue working after retirement. A new study by Merrill Lynch found that 47% of retired respondents either had, were currently or planned to work while retired, and 72% of pre-retirement respondents would like to work after retirement.
Why Is This Happening?
Is this an ominous reflection of the dire economic state that retirees increasingly find themselves in, or is it simply a shift in our cultural understanding of what aging and retirement mean?
On the one hand, 8 in 10 retired respondents reported that they worked primarily because they want to, not because they have to. This points to a shift in our views of retirement. Most retired respondents sought employment to remain social and active, give back to the community or continue their professional development. In other words, working became less about needing money and more about continuing to grow as a person. Whereas the traditional leisure model assumes that retirement is a time for winding down, working retirees today see it as an opportunity to engage with the world in new ways.
On the other hand, it is interesting to note that even among retirees who report that they don't need to work and that money is not their primary motivation, less than half of them reported that they felt financially prepared for retirement. Even among the 33% of working retirees who primarily want to give back to the community, only around 25% of them are working as volunteers. This seems to imply that economic concerns could still be playing a role.
Regardless of the reasons, it is becoming less and less common for the retired to stay out of the workforce. Whether they're volunteering with local non-profits or launching their own businesses, retirees are no longer standing at the sidelines.
Key Takeaways
People are working into their retirement, but work after retirement looks a little different. Working retirees overwhelmingly reported that work after retirement was more fun, flexible and fulfilling.
Saving is still important. Retirement funds allow working retirees to exercise more agency in their employment choices (and they allow non-working retirees to not work at all). The better funded your retirement is at the onset, the more freedom you'll have to accept exciting positions that don't pay as much or hold out for better offers and opportunities. Saving could also be the key to living a life of pure leisure in retirement, if you so desire.
Working retirees who were the most satisfied with their retirement were those who were well prepared. Many made a point to spend 2-5 years prior to retirement actively networking and developing new skills related to interests they would like to pursue in retirement. Some took a brief "intermission" from work to relax before pursuing a retirement career, but still made a point to maintain their professional and technological skills. Most remained open-minded about trying new things and prioritized finding work they were passionate about over making a higher salary.
Bottom Line
The landscape of retirement is changing. Many think that most people have smoldering passions that are stifled by the day-to-day drudgery of work. For them, retirement is seen as a time to finally stoke the flames and explore interests unrelated to the working world. While it may seem like working through retirement is a move away from this way of thinking, some working retired are actually using the increased flexibility afforded by their retirement savings to pursue those dormant passions within the workforce.
What does your ideal retirement look like? Do you plan on focusing your time and energy on a new hobby, or will you join the growing ranks who return to the workforce? Both options offer the opportunity to develop new skills and engage with the world in different ways, but the latter allows you to supplement your retirement income at the same time. Whatever your goals are, make sure to plan ahead and take proactive steps to build a retirement that you will enjoy.
Disclaimer: All information posted to this site was accurate at the time of its initial publication. Efforts have been made to keep the content up to date and accurate. However, Credit Karma does not make any guarantees about the accuracy or completeness of the information provided. For complete details of any products mentioned, visit bank or issuer website.
Laura Ross has been a Member Support Specialist at Credit Karma since December 2013. She can usually be found riding bikes around town late at night, communing with animals and eating sweets.
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2 Comments
I see myself travelling the world on my retirement. Exploring places I've never been and simply enjoy life. I've never been to Paris, so that will definitely be on the top my bucket list. But who knows, I might change my mind and still join the workforce. Maybe it'll be fun too! No one can really tell.auto insurance philadelphia pa at 8:56 pm on July 13, 2014


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I am a big fan of the Hunger Games Fireside Chat but only discovered the show recently. That involved a lot of catch up in listening to episodes. I find episode 18 particulary memorable for a Thresh, Cato, and Marvel CMK. One of the panelists chose to kill Marvel saying that, as a general rule, Marvel should be dead for killing Rue. Every panelist agreed with this.
This got me to thinking about Katniss being repeatedly told to remember who the real enemy is while in the arena. I am pretty sure we all mutually understand who the enemy is: the Capitol. Here's my problem: if the Capitol is the enemy, then isn't hating Marvel totally defeating the purpose of the books?!
Marvel killed Rue, yes, but Katniss killed people in the arena. And Cato…he is way violenter than Marvel ever was (he freaking snapped the District 3 tribute boy's neck!), and I never truly see fandom hatred towards him. How does Marvel's one known murder make him horrid compared to tributes that killed way more people (like Cato or Katniss)?
Some people try to support their hatred by saying that Rue wasn't a threat to Marvel. I would like to say she was. She was the sweetest little girl, but she was a tribute in the Games. That label AUTOMATICALLY made her a threat. The Games completely change the definition of what a threat is.
You also are forgetting something else if you hate him: Marvel is a District 1 Career. Careers are trained to kill for their entire life. Winning the Games is a great honor. They don't know how to do anything but kill in the Games.
Finally, what can any of us really say about Marvel's morality when he is such an underdeveloped character? Katniss herself thinks about him and how he might have a girlfriend or a loving family waiting for him at home, hoping for him to win. We don't think twice when Katniss kills because we know she has a conscience. If Marvel had lived, who's to say Rue's death wouldn't have haunted him? Despite the honor of winning, I still think the death would have bothered him. He is, after all, a human being.
I too hated Marvel when he killed Rue. I thought he was a heartless human being and I rejoiced when Katniss killed him. I wish now I had not felt that way. Marvel never was the enemy, and I don't think Suzanne Collins intended for all of us to hate him. The Capitol is Rue's real murderer. Marvel deserves better treatment then we give him.
The next time you read the Hunger Games, don't just cry for Rue's death. Cry for Marvel's too.
Erudite in District 4


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OCT 15, 2013 - Shape
A Must Read - Share
By Mary Squillace Almost every diet has a blacklist—those foods you must not let pass your lips if you want to melt off pounds fast or cure tummy troubles. Yet many of these "bad" foods are ones we've been told for years contain key nutrients that help us prevent disease and actually lose weight.All of these mixed messages can leave a woman confused—and hungry. Learn the facts about eight foods shunned by certain diets and why they may do your body a world of good—and never feel guilty about enjoying them again. FeaturedTopic: diet foods Topics: atkins diet diet foods
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Hey you have no friends!!! Get to work and start inviting friends to help build your Comunitee. Click Here to invite friends.
© 2011 Comunitee, Inc.


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Original Sin (not to be confused with another all-female band with Isabella Fronzoni, ex-Ice Age) was another of the female bands of the first batch, contemporary with Ice Age. The band's history is closely linked to Virgin Steele, as one of their concerts was the place where the vocalist Danielle Draconis met Cynthia Taylor.Read More »
Tag Archives: Thrash Metal
November Grief
November Grief was a thrash / death metal band from Montreal, Canada. Initially called Mistrust, their creators were Annie Lecrerc on drums, and vocalist Stéphanie Masson, who took over the bass duties by failing to find anyone to fill the position.Read More »
Mimic was a quartet from North Carolina who published two EPs, practicing a style so-called Groove Melodic Heavy Metal. Translating, heavy with a melodic touch but with a semi-thrash groove basis, the likes of Machine Head.Read More »
Mercenary is a very young band from Mexico. Since the beginning the intention of Gabriela, Yessenia and Adriana was to compact an entirely female thrash metal band.Read More »
Massacridia come from Philippines, a band devoted to classical songs from thrash bands like Slayer, Kreator or Testament, without having even their own compositions.Read More »
We have very little information on this trio from the Czech Republic. They only released a complete demo in 1989, "Strašidlo z Canterville", self-produced and which featured 13 tracks.Read More »
Killing Mary / Eviscerated
Killing Mary is a band that is still gestating. Began their journey in October 2007, and after several changes in their lineup they are currently seeking drummer.Read More »
The Kamala trio is a group of friends who decided to start a metal band in 2005. Both Karita and Päivi had played together a few covers, but failed to find a good drummer.Read More »
Inharmonious born in 2005, when Julia (guitar), Adriana (guitar) and Jimena (drums) got together to play versions of their most revered acts. It did not take long to compose their own material, and with their foundations created, they decided to keep the band entirely female, which was completed with the bass Donaji, Isabel's voice and with Jimena replacing Yolanda on the sticks.Read More »
Ice Age
One of the most succesful all-female thrash bands, interestingly, without having released any album. Formed on January 14th 1985 by Sabrina Kihlstrand and Pia Nyström, who met through an ad in a music store, Ice Age was completed with Sabrina's sister, Helena, and Tina Strömberg behind the drums.Read More »


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Eamon O'Shea: Beating the Dubs is a big boost
Updated: Monday, 24 Mar 2014 07:21 | Comments
Tipperary hurling manager Eamon O'Shea paid little attention to the negativity that surrounded his side in advance of their crucial Allianz League win over Dublin at Semple Stadium on Sunday.
The victory saw the Premier County clinch a place in the Division 1 quarter-finals, while the Dubs must now face a relegation play-off.
O'Shea's troops came into Sunday's match on the back of three consecutive defeats, leaving some observers to claim that the team were regressing.
However, the Tipp boss revealed to RTÉ that such analysis did not play on the minds of his squad ahead of the Thurles encounter.
He said: "You can't think about things like that. I work with the lads and try to improve their performance.
"My philosophy in my working life and in sport is to try and work as hard as I can and to get the team to do likewise.
"We trained really hard this last week and the core belief in the group is really strong."
O'Shea, however, did admit that his week were a little edgy in recent games.
He added: "There was a little lack of confidence there in terms of wanting to do better and getting a rhythm in our play, but the win over Dublin is a real boost to the squad and I'm looking forward to the next training session.
"I believe really strongly and have absolute confidence in the team. I'll admit we're no world beaters just yet, but we're definitely on the right road."
"My philosophy in my working life and in sport is to try and work as hard as I can and to get the team to do likewise" - Eamon O'Shea
Reflecting further on the points gained against Dublin, O'Shea was aware that his side had to win by three points.
"I knew we had to win by three, but I wasn't sure how things were going between Kilkenny and Waterford.
We got there in the end. After the first 10 to 15 minutes our performance was very good.
"It was a rip-roaring game where Dublin certainly played their part. They looked like they were going to run us ragged at times but we got to grips with the game and I'm delighted with the result."
Tipperary will now face Munster rivals Cork in the quarter-finals on Sunday next.
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This is indeed a classic! Circuit Challenge alternates step with strength training segments for a time-saving, overall conditioning workout and it's Gin's personal favorite. Circuit Challenge was shot using a live band - not something you are likely to find these days - and the jazz funk-type … Read More
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