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I am currently taking courses at a junior college, but I am looking to transfer either in the fall or spring. I have been accepted to Smith College and I have heard it is a really good school, but I'm not sure it is the best for engineering. They don't have specific disciplines to major in. I would like to major in biomedical, nuclear, or a combination of both. Would it be better to go to Smith and get a general degree, or would it be better to go to a school like U of I or Purdue? What schools do you suggest I look into? Thanks, Marie
posted by
from Illinios on
March 29, 2012
Patricia Eng
Hello, Marie. Good questions.....First off, I think that it is important that you get a degree from a school with a strong technical reputation. Smith is a good school, but when I went there, there was no engineering school. They have been very active in encouraging women to go into engineering, but having been to both Smith and the University of Illinois, for the money, I would go to Illinois. ( I believe that you are an Illinois resident? Much less expensive, although Purdue is also a good school ) I would think that you would get a better education from the U of IL, on the other hand the competition will be more than at Smith. I went to Smith because I thought that having a degree from a Seven Sisters school would look good on my resume, but in the end, I left Smith because at the time, I felt that their physics department wasnt preparing me for the working world. When I got to the U of IL, it was a real culture shock. I went from a small girls school of 4000 women to a school of 40,000 students. It took me a while to get used to the pace of things. After I got used to it, I found it challenging. One thing I learned at U of IL that I dont think one can get from Smith is how to work in teams with both men and women. That happens a lot in the work place. I am somewhat partial to the nuclear engineering department, or NPRE as it is called now, and sat on the advisory board for them for a few years. I do not have first hand experience with their biomedical department, but I know that Illinois is working hard to improve the faculty and expand their department. What I can tell you, is that when I review resumes, I like to see graduates from a strong science and engineering school and U of IL certainly is one of those. There are some pitfalls in co-ed engineering schools - if you have a chance to take a quick look at a book written in 2002 by Jane Margolis and Allan Fisher entitled, Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing. Although it is about computer science, it talks about some of the social issues faced by women going into technical disciplines in college. Dont let it scare you - but it might help you make up your mind. It is a short book and you can probably get it at the library. Well, this is a long answer to your question, but I hope it helps. I wish you the best of luck - and keep on going! Patricia Eng
Christine Schmidt
Not sure if I am the best person to answer this, but here are my thoughts… Most of my experience has been with students who have a more specialized degree from a larger university. I have had one graduate student in the past who came from a smaller school with a general degree, and this person ended up having to take many additional "specialty courses" as pre-requisites before starting their graduate program. In general, I think for engineering, the specialized degrees and the larger more "engineering" or "technical" schools are the better option for later jobs and graduate programs.
After getting my BS in Physics I decided to spend a few years traveling and seeing the world before I settled down to a graduate program. 3 years later I'm teaching English in Japan, and wondering how to get back in the game, and where. For my masters degree I want to move into engineering so I can apply my love of science to help people. But I'm not sure what field is best for me. How do you decide what field to choose? Next I have to consider location. I'd be happy to stay on in Japan and get my degree here. I also could imagine continuing my education in Europe or back home in the States. What accreditation concerns should I think about when attending an engineering school abroad? Will a Japanese, or British degree be frowned on by employers or other schools?
posted by
Katie T
from Osaka, Japan on
March 29, 2012
Patricia Eng
The questions that you ask can only be answered by you. Choosing a field is very personal. I don't know what nationality you are or what your background is, so do not know if career tools are available to you, but in the States, there are many ways to help sort out what you should try first. You may have heard of the Meyers Briggs test. This helps you identify your character traits and how you see the world. If you are interested, I am sure you can pick up a book on it. There are other tools that help identify what you are good at, versus what you like to do. They are not always the same. Interestingly, your scores change over time as you grow and develop new preferences. As for where to get a degree, as you rightly point out, that is dependent on a lot of things such as money, affinity for the country and others. You have to follow your instincts on that. Note that there is a global shortage of competent engineers and scientists. Although competition is fierce, many of my colleagues bemoan the fact that the breadth and depth of knowledge possessed by recent graduates seems to be slipping. The key is to make sure that you get a good education, regardless of where, and that you learn critical thinking. It would also be helpful if you have strong communication skills. The bottom line is to look inside, versus outside. You will get 100 different opinions from 100 different people, but only you know your self and what you like and dislike. Use that as your guide on where to go next. And if you don't like it, you can always change. Good luck!
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subset: commoncrawl


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a1 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
a2 Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, California
a3 Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, Illinois
Executive functioning is widely targeted when human cognition is assessed, but there is little consensus on how it should be operationalized and measured. Recognizing the difficulties associated with establishing standard operational definitions of executive functioning, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke entered into a contract with the University of California-San Francisco to develop psychometrically robust executive measurement tools that would be accepted by the neurology clinical trials and clinical research communities. This effort, entitled Executive Abilities: Measures and Instruments for Neurobehavioral Evaluation and Research (EXAMINER), resulted in a series of tasks targeting working memory, inhibition, set shifting, fluency, insight, planning, social cognition and behavior. We describe battery conceptualization and development, data collection, scale construction based on item response theory, and lay the foundation for studying the battery's utility and validity for specific assessment and research goals. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)
(Received March 18 2013)
(Revised August 23 2013)
(Accepted August 30 2013)
(Online publication October 08 2013)
c1 Correspondence and reprint requests to: Joel H. Kramer, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, MC 1207, San Francisco, CA 94158. E-mail: email@example.com


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It is settled case law that the admissibility of amendments depends, among other things, on whether the amended claims converge with or diverge from the subjectmatter previously claimed, i.e. whether they develop and increasingly limit the subject-matter of the independent claim of a main request in the same direction and/or in the direction of a single inventive idea, or whether they entail different lines of development because, for instance, they each incorporate different features (T 240/04, T 1685/07, T 980/08, T 1589/08, T 1690/08, T 1969/08, T 162/09).
In T 1685/07, the auxiliary requests, which had not been filed until after the summons to oral proceedings, said completely different things. The board ruled that, when deciding whether to admit new requests first introduced during the appeal proceedings, it was particularly important to ascertain whether the applicant or patent proprietor submitting more than one request was following a consistent line of defence in its various requests and not, particularly towards the end of the proceedings, using a "screen" of different versions of claims to create, for both the other party and the board of appeal, an obscure and unacceptable procedural situation in which they were obliged to select from a multiplicity of varying versions the one which could in the final analysis be valid.
In T 1750/08 the board admitted the auxiliary request because the amendment as a further limitation of a feature that underlaid the opposition division's decision to maintain the patent in amended form and that was already central to the discussions in the appeal (converging request).


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Succession Plan at DOJ Takes Shape: MD, AL, GA Big Winners
What with pardon decisions pending and legacies to burnish, President Bush is surely busy these days. But what we didn't know, until this executive order, issued today, crossed our desk, is that Bush is also consumed with planning for pretty, well, unlikely contingencies.
Pursuant to the Federal Vacancies Reform Act, Bush has ordered that, if the Attorney General, the Deputy AG, the Associate AG, and the officers designated by the AG happen to die, resign or otherwise become unable to perform, the following U.S. Attorneys, in the order listed, shall perform the duties of the AG's office.
We called the White House to figure out why this was done today and why these folks were chosen, but haven't yet heard back. In any event, here are the selections:
U.S. Attorney for the District of Maryland: Rod J. Rosenstein (UPenn, Harvard Law). Rosenstein clerked for Chief Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. Now, in addition to his U.S. Attorney duties, he teaches at the U. of Maryland School of Law and the U. of Baltimore School of Law. He also serves on the faculty of a trial advocacy seminar at Georgetown U. Law Center. With that winning smile we have no doubt that Rosenstein would make a fine stand-in.
U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama: Deborah J. Rhodes (Rutgers Law). She began her career clerking for J. William Ditter, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Rhodes went on to become an AUSA in San Diego, where she served as chief of the appellate section and deputy chief of the narcotics enforcement section. As a trial attorney with the Justice's Organized Crime and Racketeering Section, Philadelphia Strike Force, Rhodes tried cases involving the Scarfo crime family and others in federal courts in Philadelphia, Baltimore and Delaware. PBS featured one of these cases in a documentary titled "Mobfathers."
U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia: David Nahmias (Duke, Harvard Law). Nahmias clerked for Judge Laurence H. Silberman of the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Columbia and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. He arrived at Justice in 1995, after a stint at Hogan & Hartson. His wife, Catherine M. O'Neil, is a partner at King & Spalding in Atlanta. She formerly served as an AUSA in Atlanta and as Associate Deputy AG and Director of the Executive Office for the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces in Washington.


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|Berezowski, J. - UNIV. OF SASKATCHEWAN
|Middleton, D. - UNIV. OF SASKATCHEWAN
|O'Connor, B. - PRAIRIE DIAGNOSTIC SERVIC
|Appleyard, G. - UNIV. OF SASKATCHEWAN
|West, K. - PRAIRIE DIAGNOSTIC SERV
|Haigh, J. - UNIV. OF SASKATCHEWAN
|Woodbury, M. - UNIV. OF SASKATCHEWAN
|Crawford, T. - WASHINGTO STATE UNIV.
|Li, Hong
|O'Toole, D. - WASHINGTON STATE UNIV.
Submitted to: American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: November 1, 2001
Publication Date: N/A
Technical Abstract: The study describes the epidemiology of a large outbreak of MCF in multiple premises in Saskatchewan following exposure of bison to sheep at an auction. The data showed that bison exposed to sheep for one day at a bison sale experienced a mortality rate of 26.4% due to MCF over the following 6 months. The epidemiological pattern strongly suggested that brief contact with sheep was responsible for transmission of OvHV-2 and the subsequent outbreak of MCF. None of 1010 in-contact bison on the purchasers' premises developed MCF during the study period. This indicates that bison-to-bison transmission of OvHV-2 plays a negligible role in the natural epidemiology of MCF in this species. The incubation period for MCF in bison following natural exposure to sheep was 50 - 117 days. However, surviving bison will be monitored for at least one more year to determine whether subsequent MCF mortalities occur. Commercial bison must be strictly segregated from sheep at all points of the production cycle, including auction marts, in order to reduce losses due to MCF and the possibility of tort actions under the duty-of-care provision in Canadian law.


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Definition of halvers in English:
plural noun(in phrase go halvers) informal, chiefly Scottish & Northern English
Agree to have a half share each: how did I ever go halvers with this guy?
More example sentences
- Well, my brother wants to go halvers on a dual exhaust system for my dad's Christmas present this year.
- I confess to a certain self-interest here, as I still had hopes of his going halvers on a ticket.
- Inasmuch as the contest was a traditional rivalry, both sides went halvers for a $10 umpire from Memphis, Tenn.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: halv¦ers
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


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- IHS Home
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This LISTSERV list is to create an information sharing forum for registered dietitans working within the IHS, Tribal and Urban Healthcare System.
If you'd like to subscribe to this list fill out the below form fields and press subscribe.
For more information please contact Diane Phillips, or if you want to email this list send an email to email@example.com.


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This is an excerpt from EERE Network News, a weekly electronic newsletter.
August 28, 2002
Energy Secretary Abraham Visits Michigan Fuel Cell Plant
Fuel cells received some recognition earlier this week when Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham toured the fuel cell/hydrogen storage technology manufacturing plant of Energy Conversion Devices (ECD), Inc in Rochester Hills, Michigan. ECD researches hydrogen storage technologies and hydrogen refueling infrastructure, which will be required for automotive fuel cell technology. "President Bush has encouraged the department to undertake public-private technology partnerships in pursuit of a cleaner, more sustainable energy future that is ultimately independent of foreign sources of energy, " Secretary Abraham told the Detroit-area audience, adding, "The automotive industry must be one of the most important partners in this effort." See the DOE press release.


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Don't you just love it when the news media runs one of those sensationalistic headlines containing an obviously false statement with a question mark at the end to absolve themselves of responsibility?Luckily I do not run anything close to a news media and don't have to worry about making sensationalistic headlines.
What? You think the title of my post is a little sensationalistic?
Well, I was reading Blag Hag (creator of the Boobquake sensation) and she reported how scientists have been able to make fatherless mice from two egg cells (check it out here)!
It's obvious to all of us who are Sarah Palin's Real Americans that the gays are not just trying to recruit us straights. No, somewhere in the depths of San Fransisco there must be a bunker where they are making fatherless (and at some point motherless) Godless legions. Soon the Republic will be overwhelmed by them - I saw a documentary on how it happened in a Galaxy long ago and far, far away.
What to do?
That always helps...
in Purgatory.
Other posts you may like.
Yes... Too Much Happiness Does Cause Stupidity
Spinning In Purgatory or I Do Not Wooo!
Raising An Atheist or Why Do People Believe In Things They Can't Prove?


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By Nathan Pfau, Army Flier Staff WriterFebruary 28, 2013
FORT RUCKER, Ala. (February 28, 2013) -- Day-to-day life on a military installation can become mundane, but leisure travel services is looking to stir things up and show people where they can escape the monotony, whether near or far.
The 25th annual Travel Extravaganza comes to Fort Rucker March 6 from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. at The Landing, promising to educate people on what the surrounding community has to offer, as well as neighboring states, according to Kristen Hartwell, leisure travel services program manager.
"The Travel Extravaganza is a travel show where vendors from all around will give participants new and updates information regarding their particular venue," she said. "There will be vendors from Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee and other areas that will come out and give people a view of what their venues have to offer."
Among the vendors will be tourism departments, chambers of commerce, vendors for hotels, vendors from various states and even vendors from the Directorate of Morale, Welfare and Recreation to highlight some things that people can take advantage of on the installation, said Hartwell.
"A lot of vendors will explain a lot of things, like what goes on during some of the dinner shows, or what specifically their venues have to offer and why people should take advantage of these opportunities," she said. "[The event] gives attendees a more in-depth view of what the different vendors have to offer rather than what they see at face value."
Almost 1,000 people attended last year's event, and the extravaganza is open to the public and admission is free, so Hartwell encourages people to come out and take advantage of the door prizes and giveaways that will be given out.
The casino-themed event hosts 54 different vendors and will feature door prizes and giveaways that range from weekend getaways and gift cards to amusement park entries and rounds of golf. The giveaways will also feature a grand prize -- tickets to Talladega Motor Speedway, said Hartwell.
"When people come to the Travel Extravaganza, they will fill out a ticket that will have their name and phone number on it," she said. "They don't have to be present to win a prize, but throughout the event if their name is called, they can come up and collect their prize."
Some of the vendors offer destinations that travel into international waters, so there will be people available at the event to answer questions about passport information and how to go about obtaining one, said Hartwell.
"It's a very fun event and the environment itself is fun, and its just very Family-friendly, too," she said. "It's just for people to see what there is to do in their time off, and people don't have to travel far if they don't want to, to have a good time.
"Soldiers are the hardest working people around and if we can do anything to help them and their Families, offer any type of discount we can, that's a benefit to them," she added. "Holding an event like this for our Soldiers shows that Fort Rucker is very unique and shows that DFMWR is here for our Soldiers."
Leisure travel services also provides discounted tickets to various amusement parks, theme parks and venues throughout the surrounding states year round for Soldiers and their Families, said Hartwell.
For more information, call 255-2997 or 255-9517.


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The British and Irish Lions head coach, Warren Gatland, caused a stir on Tuesday when he commented that selecting a large number of English players for the tour of Australia this summer would bring certain 'pressures' that do not come with other nations.
He went on to say that England 'were not the most popular' nation abroad, and that there was a 'circus' that surrounded the England squad at the World Cup in New Zealand in 2011.
There are several things that are wrong with Gatland's comments, according to Jamie Hosie of Yahoo! Contributor Network. Read here for full article
- Sports & Recreation
- Warren Gatland


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Henrik Lundqvist was sharp between the pipes, and Chris Kreider scored late in the third period, to lift the Rangers to a 3-2 road victory over the Winnipeg Jets Tuesday night as the team snapped a mini two-game skid. The victory was also New York's 25th on the road this season, tying the franchise record which was originally set last year in Alain Vigneault's first season as head coach of the Rangers.
"We all know (Lundqvist) has not had a lot of practice time, but he was going to find a way to find his rhythm," said Vigneault after the in. "In the third he had a couple big saves to make; and I'm happy how the guys played in front of him and were able to get him the go-ahead goal to get him the win tonight."
With the score tied 2-2 with under four minutes to play in regulation Kreider blew past the Jets defense after taking a pinpoint pass from J.T. Miller and then scored a highlight-reel goal in which he himself ended up in the back of the net alongside the puck. Kreider's 21st goal of the season, at 16:14 of the third period, gave New York its first lead of the night, and held up as the game-winner.
Henrik Lundqvist, starting for the second time since returning from a vascular injury this past weekend, made 32 saves in the victory Tuesday.
"It feels good for a couple of reasons," Lundqvist told MSG Network after the game. "I feel like it was an important game for us to bounce back after two losses. For me, to get a win and feel good about that--and also just to have a solid game. I felt like I was doing a lot of good things tonight. I felt so much better starting this game then the first one."
Though not perfect, Lundqvist was decidedly more sharp Tuesday than he was Saturday in Boston when he made his first start since February 2. Lundqvist was tested early and often in Winnipeg on Tuesday, making 15 first-period saves, including an alert stop on a Blake Wheeler wraparound which hit a skate in front to change direction on the way towards the net.
Lundqvist seemed to track the movement of the puck much better than he did against the Bruins and also seemed more confident and aggressive in his play. Feeling more like himself, Lundqvist even attempted to head butt a shot, but just missed as the puck whizzed by his mask in the second period--and then did take one off the mask on a direct shot midway through the third period.
"Tonight I tried to do less--less movements," explained Lundqvist. "My game is being in the right place and don't move so much. I was better with that."
The Rangers helped their goaltender out more than they did Saturday in Boston, as well, blocking 24 shots in Winnipeg. Dan Girardi, in full beast mode, blocked ten shots by himself.
"Ten?" asked a modest Girardi when told of his blocked shot total. "That's generous. Just trying to get in the way really. We're all trying to do the same thing and it just happened a bunch hit me tonight."
Twice through the first two periods the Jets scored a goal and twice the Rangers came right back to tie the game, leading to a 2-2 deadlock on the scoreboard at the start of the third period. Derick Brassard had a hand in both Rangers goals, assisting on a Mats Zuccarello first-period tally and then tying the score himself with his 17th goal midway through the second.
Jim Slater snuck a short side shot from along the goal line between Lundqvist and the goal post just 3:16 into the game to give Winnipeg an early 1-0 lead as the Jets came flying out of the starting gates, recording the game's first nine shots on goal.
However the Rangers began to turn the tide with a string of good shifts as the first period rolled along, with Zuccarello tying the game at the 9:42 mark. Zuccarello--playing with an edge and at warp speed most of the night--controlled the puck behind the goal line and then sprinted towards the net after slipping a pass along the right wing wall to Brassard. New York's centerman pass to Rick Nash, who fired a shot which was stopped by Jets goalie Ondrey Pavelec. Zuccarello cruising through the slot collected the puck and snapped it into the back of the net, tying the score 1-1.
Zuccarello now has three goals in his last five games--and 15 on the season, and he has eight points (3-5-8) in his last seven games. The assist was the 40th this season for Brassard--the first time he has reached that total in his career.
Winnipeg again jumped the Rangers at the start of the second period with former Blueshirt Lee Stempniak wiring a shot over Lundqvist's glove just 1:25 into the period. But again the Rangers slowly but surely turned things back in their favor, and evened things up at 10:13 when Brassard scored his 17th goal of the season.
Skating on the power play, the Rangers moved the puck quickly inside the Jets zone with Keith Yandle and Ryan McDonagh playing catch before Brassard hammered a left-wing slap shot through a Nash screen and into the back of the net--only the team's second power play goal in the past 12 games.
"In this building we know they're going to come out hard, but we knew what they're about--an extremely hard-working physical team who play well in this building all of the time--so we were lucky to come out of here with a win," said Girardi.
Vigneault shuffled his power play combinations Tuesday, with dividends coming on Brassard's goal. Brassard centered for Nash and Zuccarello on one unit with Yandle and McDonagh at the points; and the second unit had Derek Stepan with Kreider, Kevin Hayes, Dan Boyle and Girardi.
The Rangers should have had another power play opportunity late in the second period, but somehow the officials missed a vicious cross check to the back of Miller's neck delivered by Winnipeg defenseman Dustin Byfuglien. Miller chipped the puck loose from Pavelec's pads at 17:38 and then fell to his knees before Byfuglien--with both hands on his stick--cracked Miller along the back of his neck, driving his face into the ice. After rising slowly and skating to the bench, Miller fired his stick behind the bench, then took off his helmet and was examined by the team's trainer. Fortunately he did not miss a shift.
"Violent, deliberate, could have broken his neck," Vigneault said of Byfuglien's unpenalized hit. "It was one of the most vicious cross checks I've seen all year."
Miller, of course, got his revenge late in the game when his perfect pass set up Kreider's game-winning goal.
The Rangers will look for their 26th road victory Thursday night when they return to action facing the Wild in Minnesota.


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If you have an Office 365 Public Website, to make sure people can get to it without having to type "www", you need to set up redirection. After you follow these steps, both http://fourthcoffee.com and http://www.fourthcoffee.com, for example, will take people to your website on your fourthcoffee.com domain.
There's one exception: If you chose to have Office 365 manage your DNS records in the Office 365 domains setup wizard, you don't need to take the extra steps here. When Office 365 manages your DNS records, it automatically sets up DNS records that send people to your domain's Office 365 website, with or without typing "www" in the URL for your site.
If instead, you manage your own DNS, you'll have to set it up yourself. Choose the link for your DNS host below to set up the redirection to make sure people get to your Office 365 website without adding the "www".
If your DNS host offers URL redirection, set it up there
The following hosting providers offer URL redirection services (in addition to others). For step-by-step instructions on how to set up URL redirection for your Office 365 public website, click the name of the hosting provider:
If your DNS hosting provider doesn't offer URL redirection, buy it elsewhere
If your DNS host doesn't offer redirection, you can use another company that provides URL redirection services. There are a number of companies that offer these services. To set up redirection, you buy an Internet link from the company, and the link redirects people to your website by mapping the domain without "www" to the fully qualified domain name for the site.
If you need to troubleshoot website issues
If these troubleshooting steps don't help in your situation, try posting a question in the Office 365 community forums. They're a great resource, including Microsoft support agents who can help if you've tried the steps here and are still stuck.


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Translation of suiting in Spanish:
- tela (feminine) para trajes de hombre
paño (masculine) para trajes de hombreExample sentences
- Siyaram is also coming out with new products like a new range of polyester viscose suitings with additional specialty fibres such as Lycra and linen to provide fine quality suitings to consumers by the summer of 2004.
- Linen comes in many weights ranging from very light, handkerchief linen, to heavy suitings.
- Overall the market is difficult but there's a lot of interest in our lightweight worsted suitings and jacketings for spring 2006.
Definition of suiting in:
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= trending


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Many people don't qualify for a lot of financial aid because their incomes are too high. And unless they have put a lot of money aside for college, they need to pursue other options. If your savings or other assets aren't enough, a home equity line of credit could be the answer.
For instance, they are less expensive than personal loans and there aren't income limits that can keep you from qualifying for government-backed loans. Plus interest is usually tax-deductible as well.
Another advantage is that a Line Of Credit is more flexible than a home equity loan or second mortgage. You can take out only the amount of money you need when you need it. That makes it ideal if your kids are heading off to college at staggered times. You can draw on it, then pay it back, and draw on it again.
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Tue 28th May at 8:00pm
Alasdair Roberts
@ The Sage Gateshead, Gateshead
Also appearing: Lady Maisery
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Never miss another 'Alasdair Roberts' show
This event takes place at The Sage Gateshead, which has achieved Gold Status for disabled access from Attitude Is Everything.
Alasdair Roberts
One man, one guitar, and a quality selection of bittersweet folk songs. He has a recurrent interest in metaphysical themes and in folklore and history. Alasdair Roberts has had a remarkable career to date, starting his music-making in the mid-nineties (under the band name Appendix Out), collaborating widely with many musicians in the intervening 20 years as well as artists from other disciplines such as film makers, poets and puppeteers.
Alasdair Roberts tour dates
Lady Maisery
Lady Maisery comprises Hazel Askew (The Askew Sisters), Rowan Rheinagans (Fidola) and Hannah James (Kerfuffle, Demon Barbers)) – a striking trio whether singing spellbinding a cappella or accompanying themselves on accordion, harp and violin. They are also one of the first groups in the UK to have revived the tradition of "diddling" or singing tunes, nearly defunct in England but still prevalent in Scandinavia and other parts of Europe.
Lady Maisery tour dates
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Venue Facts
Venue: The Sage Gateshead
Disabled Access: Gold Status
Website: thesagegateshead.org
Enquiries: 0191 443 4666
Bookings: 0191 443 4661
Disabled Bookings: 0191 443 4661
Seating Plan: View the Seating Plan
→ Manors 7 min walk
→ Manors 7 min walk


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Judge Leaning Against Questionnaires In Trader's Case
By Chad Bray
Longtime SAC Capital Advisors LP trader Michael Steinberg's criminal case has generated its fair share of pretrial publicity, but not more than other similar insider-trading cases, a federal judge said Friday.
Lawyers for Mr. Steinberg, a longtime portfolio manager at SAC unit Sigma Capital Management, have asked that potential jurors fill out questionnaires ahead of his trial later this year about "intense media storm surrounding this case."
In court papers earlier this week, they cited nearly 1,000 articles that have been written about the government's probe into alleged insider trading at SAC Capital, including more than 200 that mentioned Mr. Steinberg by name since September 2012.
"I'm not sure it's categorically different," U.S. District Judge Richard Sullivan said at a hearing in federal court in Manhattan on Friday.
Read more at WSJ's Law Blog.


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My question was not meant to be snarky and I am sorry if you read it
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Mildred E. (Wagner) Greenwood, , 91, retired bookkeeper, was born May 25, 1921, in Sebewaing, Mich., and passed away Tuesday, April 23, 2013.
Visitation with the family will be 5 to 7 p.m., Sunday, April 28, Downing & Lahey Mortuary West. Service will be at 10:30 a.m. Monday, April 29 at Messiah Lutheran Church. Burial will follow at 2 p.m. at McPherson Cemetery in McPherson. Mildred was a former McPherson County Democratic Party chairman, a member of the American Legion Auxiliary, a piano teacher and played the organ for her church for 78 years.
Preceded in death by parents, Herman and Clara (Ziegler) Wagner; infant son, Gary Lloyd Greenwood; sister, Nelda Gaeth, and brother, Harold Wagner. Survivors: husband, Lloyd Keith; son, Gregg (Cindy) of Wichita; daughter, Milloy Liebe (George) of Goddard; brother, Rev. Wernor Wagner of Wisconsin; grandchildren, Michael Liebe, Kyle Liebe, Becca Tjaden (Kirk) and Joshua Liebe. In lieu of flowers, memorials established with Messiah Lutheran Church, 1241 North Ridge Road, Wichita, KS 67212 and Reflection Living–Pearl House, 625 S. Maize Court, Wichita, KS 67209. Tributes to the family can made via www.dlwichita.com
Location, ST | website.com


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A popular suggestion by sustainable transport advocates is that more people would be persuaded to leave their cars at home and use public transport, if public transport were free. One can also make a case for free public transport on social grounds, by analogy with free health care and free public education.
The difficulty with this idea is its effectiveness, when compared with the cost. What primarily deters people from using public transport is not its cost (provided it's competitive with car travel) but factors like flexibility, convenience and door-to-door travel times. If you live or work in one of the many Melbourne suburbs with no usable public transport at all, the fact that it's free isn't going to make it any more attractive.
I love public transport and have always been a vocal supporter. However, I work long shifts in an industrial park in Tullamarine, where the nearest bus line is not remotely within walking distance. If it wasn't for the location of my workplace, I wouldn't own a vehicle. Industrial parks are booming, yet they are nearly always inaccessible to public transport. How would free public transport be of benefit to employees like myself?
—Erin Lewis (Fitzroy North), The Age, 12 March 2006
I would love to get the bus to wherever I want to go, and I'm more than happy to pay for it – but it has to exist first! The bus services here are hopeless, every hour on a Saturday, not at all on evenings or Sunday. Oh, and only one route. Too bad if you want to go anywhere other than Southland. Free transport will only benefit those who have a good choice already.
— Gillian Scott (Aspendale Gardens), The Age, 12 March 2006
Economists acknowledge the existence of these non-financial barriers when they say that public transport has a low 'price elasticity of demand'. What this means is that, all other things being equal, a 10 per cent drop in price causes less than a 10 per cent increase in patronage. Thus Adelaide, despite having Australia's cheapest public transport fares, also had Australia's most steeply declining public transport patronage through the 1990s, and today has a low (albeit stable) modal share by capital-city standards.
(Adelaide was also in the early 1990s the first city to experiment with free public transport for students, as was proposed by the Victorian Liberal Party in the 2006 state election. This did not help arrest Adelaide's steep decline in patronage, and is best seen as a policy that may or may not have benefits for education but probably doesn't for transport.)
So, if the objective is to maximise public transport patronage, eliminating fares on its own is a rather ineffective strategy. As it is also the most costly strategy, it is probably not the first we should consider.
While it's tempting to think – given the huge cost of the Myki system and our low rates of cost recovery – that there's little real revenue left over from the cost of administering fare collection itself, the net revenue is still substantial: several hundred million dollars each year, compared with about $60 million for Myki, and about $80 million to re-employ tram conductors and station staff. The ratio of fare revenue to operating costs for public transport in Melbourne is around one-third (though often made to appear lower by throwing in phoney 'costs' like capital asset charges). This is modest by world standards, but could be improved without charging passengers more, mainly by improving the quality of off-peak services (and suburban buses in particular) to boost patronage.
Thus, an Age article in March 2006 estimated that free public transport would cost about $340 million a year. Logically, this has to be weighed up against the alternative, which is to spend an additional $340 million a year on improved services. This would likely boost patronage more than free public transport would, and because more passengers means more fares collected, there would be increased revenue allowing services to be improved further still.
On the other hand, once you've made public transport free, the money for any additional services has to be found in government budgets. So does the money to employ staff, that are needed for passenger assistance and security even if they're not selling tickets. This means that the more well-used the system is, the more it costs the taxpayer – quite the reverse of the world's best public transport systems, which come close to covering their costs (often despite relatively low fares) because they attract high patronage and hence high fare revenue.
So, that $340 million of forgone revenue in 2006 has now risen to about $600 million, due to patronage growth in the years since (and not counting the effect of above-inflation fare rises since 2012). Here is the fundamental problem. Had we made public transport free in 2006, we would by now be looking for a further $200 million or more each year, just to fund the additional services required to handle growing patronage. We should expect patronage to go on growing, if we want the system to succeed – and not rely on the whims of a State Treasury with all its competing priorities for public funds.
Given the enduring popularity of the idea of free public transport, it's reasonable to expect that if it were truly a good idea it would have been tried already in at least one of the dozens of large cities around the world where public transport is popular, successful, and subject to a much greater degree of democratic control than in Melbourne. Certainly, it's a characteristic of these cities that their fares are much cheaper than ours. And yet, international experience with free public transport in large cities is rare.
One example commonly cited is Hasselt in Belgium, a town of 70,000 people (roughly the size of Bendigo) where buses have been free since 1997. As a measure to revive a declining city centre by encouraging people to visit more often it has been an outstanding success. But it has been less successful at encouraging a shift to sustainable transport. A survey of bus passengers a year after implementation found that 18% were former cyclists, 14% former pedestrians and 23% former car users. In other words, the free service was actually more successful at reducing walking and cycling than at reducing car travel. Hasselt's buses now serve an average of 12,000 trips per day, and while bringing much-needed custom to the city centre, are not the majority mode of transport even for Hasselaars (let alone the 200,000 daily visitors from the wider region, who either drive or pay to use trains and regional buses).
Other places to introduce free public transport include Châteauroux and Aubagne in France, in 2001 and 2009 respectively. Like Hasselt, these are regional towns with populations between 50,000 and 100,000 (compared with Melbourne's 4 million), with free travel limited to town bus and tram services and funded through a municipal levy on local businesses grateful for the increased custom. (Geelong's local businesses, at the time, were petitioning their council to remove town bus stops from in front of their shops.) In Châteauroux the change was less radical than one may have imagined: nearly half of existing passengers were already entitled to free travel, and cost recovery ran at just 14%.
The world's largest experiment with free public transport commenced in January 2013 in Tallinn, Estonia: a city of 400,000 people (one-tenth the size of Melbourne). As is the case elsewhere, free travel is limited to city buses and trams, and in Tallinn's case is only available to city residents who obtain a smartcard. The estimated cost of €20 million a year equates to less than 5% of the revenue raised from Melbourne public transport users.
Notwithstanding all this, it's certainly true that public transport fares in Melbourne are higher than they should be. For many years Melbourne has had the highest fares in Australia relative to journey length, and recent fare increases have outstripped both the rate of inflation and the change in the cost of owning and operating a car (which actually decreased at the time the GST was introduced in 2000). They are now at the level where many trips can be made more cheaply by car. For this reason, the fare increases from 2012 onward should be reversed, and at least part of the dividend from future patronage growth should be applied to reducing fares to competitive levels.
International experience points to a more effective strategy for shifting travel habits from cars to public transport than just axing fares. It involves such measures as high service frequencies, central coordination of timetables, traffic priority for trams and buses, and a conspicuous staff presence. Provided fares are set at a level competitive with car travel, these measures have been proved more effective in boosting public transport use than making public transport free – and at a much lower cost to the public purse.
Last modified: 10 October 2013


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by Derek Singleton
I'm a huge proponent of organic farming, grocers and food. As someone who got their bachelors in Urban & Environmental Policy, I have pretty strong knowledge of the impacts that agribusiness has had on our environment, food system and health. And yet I rarely leave a grocery store with nothing but organic food. Why not? The answer is simple: I can't afford it, and I often have trouble finding an organic alternative to conventionally produced at mainstream grocers.
Unfortunately, organic farms aren't operating at the economies of scale that they need to be to make organic food affordable to most Americans. This is also why organic food is failing to act as a viable alternative to conventionally produced food. For the most part, organic food still has to be bought from mom-and-pop type retailers and we're forced to pay a premium for them.
When you consider that roughly 15% of Americans make their food purchasing decisions on the basis of cost alone, it becomes clear that many Americans aren't even considering the healthier alternative. The result is a gap in food access where the more affluent are able to afford the premium attached to organic food and some are left without access to even conventional produced food.
Of course this is starting to change, but it's not enough to make a huge impact. The industry is growing and starting to reach scale – revenue in the industry grew by 25 times from 1990 to 2009. But this is all relative growth. Conventional produced food still owns the lion's share of the remaining $1 trillion that US consumers spend on food each year.
So, what can be done while the organic food industry tries to scale up production? I see three main things that can be done to improve the way organic food is bought, sold and distributed. Adopting some technological and strategic improvements to the food supply chain will result in more efficient food delivery, greater access and cheaper organic food.
Improve Distribution Operations – One of the biggest things holding back distributors of organic food is that they don't deliver their food in the most efficient way possible. An intelligent use of food distributor software would help distributors choose the most efficient path to distribute which would help reduce the overhead associated with delivering organic food.
Create Better Buyer-Supplier Communication – Another thing keeping the price of organic food high is a lack of buyer-supplier communication. This can be remedied by utilizing supply chain technologies, which can provide updates on the available inventory of organic distributors in real-time. At the same time, the system can immediately inform distributors when a grocer is at low stock levels.
Coordinate Purchasing – The organic grocery market, save companies like Whole Foods, is still mostly a mom-and-pop type retail operation. These buyers don't get very good wholesale cost savings because they're not buying in a large enough quantity. If some of these stores banded together and aggregated their purchasing, they could lower their operational costs by an order of magnitude. This would decrease operational costs and the cost to the consumer.
These are just a few of my ideas but I'm eager to hear what others in the community think. You can check out the rest of my article at: Creating A Healthier Organic Food Distribution Network. Feel free to reach out to me at email@example.com or follow me on Twitter @ERPAdvice.
Derek Singleton, ERP Analyst Software Advice
Contributed by Farm to Table


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Here at Review Centre we work hard to make sure we are the best place on the internet for honest, unbiased consumer reviews - we are grateful for your help in keeping us that way!
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 16, 2010
|Filing date
|Sep 28, 2007
|Priority date
|Oct 20, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|N. Andrew Weatherhead, Mark K. Carmount
|Original Assignee
|Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (71), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (4), Classifications (25), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/862,403 entitled MODULE CONTROL AND STATE PROPAGATION, and filed on Oct. 20, 2006, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/890,973 entitled MODULE CONTROL AND STATE PROPAGATION, and filed on Feb. 21, 2007, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The claimed subject matter relates generally to industrial control systems and more particularly to modules that are adapted to determine and process present state information from a unit which represents a vessel or machine.
One type of industrial control process is referred to as a batch process, which involves subjecting raw materials to processing steps using one or more pieces of equipment to produce a "batch" of product. Efforts to automate batch processing have led to the formation of standards committees by members of industries involved in batch processing and suppliers of batch processing equipment, among others. The general purpose of these standards committees has been to define uniform standards for automated batch processing. One such standard has been promulgated by the International Society for Measurement and Control, an international organization concerned with issues of process control. This standard is entitled Batch Control Part 1: Models and Terminology and is often referred to as the ISA S88.01-1995 standard (or "S88" for purposes of this application). Although S88 was developed to describe batch processes, it has broad applicability to discrete and continuous processes.
S88 standard defines models of equipment and procedures for use in automated batch processes, as well as terminology for use in referring to those models and their elements. The S88 standard defines a "batch process" as a process that leads to the production of finite quantities of material by subjecting quantities of input materials to an ordered set of processing activities over a finite period of time using one or more pieces of equipment. A "batch" is defined as the material that is being produced or has been produced by a single execution of a batch process.
Batch-processing equipment (i.e., controllable elements such as valves, heaters, mixers, and so forth) is operated according to procedures to produce a batch. Generally, such equipment is referred to synonymously as equipment, equipment modules, processing equipment, or physical elements. The procedures to operate such physical elements are often referred to by the S88.01 standard as the "procedural model." According to the S88.01 standard, the procedural model is structured as a hierarchical ranking of procedures, with the highest level encompassing each of the lower levels, the next highest level encompassing each of the levels below it, and so on. Typically, the levels of the S88.01 procedural model of a particular application are, in descending order: the "procedure;" the "unit procedure;" the "operation;" and the "phase."
The term "procedural element" generally refers to components that employ any of the levels of the S88.01 procedural model, not just to those of the "procedure" level or any other single level of the procedural model. The highest-level procedural element of interest is referred to as a procedure, which is made up of one or more unit procedures. Each unit procedure is in turn made up of one or more operations, which are each in turn made up of one or more phases. The S88.01 procedural model does not preclude definition and use of other hierarchical levels, nor does it require that each level be present in particular applications. Rather, one of the intents of the standard is to provide a broad, standardized model for describing the procedures followed in automated control, which may include batch, continuous and discrete.
Prior systems that employed standard models such as S88 and the like often generated code to determine available states in a process. For example, one module may need to know that a vessel is empty or clean before adding new materials to the vessel. This generally required the designer to write code to determine the desired state and often the state was inferred from a previous process. Inferred states have the additional disadvantage of not providing certainty regarding the actual state of a component. For example, it may be inferred that a vessel was clean from a command generated to clean the vessel, yet actual knowledge of the vessel's cleanliness or state is not directly known.
The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects described herein. This summary is not an extensive overview nor is intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope of the various aspects described herein. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
State evaluation and determination components are provided with functional modules such as a Unit Module. The state evaluation provides present state conditions as opposed to inferred status. By adding such capability to the module, code design during installation is mitigated. In one example, a Unit Module provides resident control for a Unit (e.g., vessel, tank and so forth) where processing activities can be performed. The Unit Module can include advanced functionality for reliable equipment control that includes the ability to generate and process present state information such as quality, availability, cleanliness and so forth. In addition, a parent child relationship can be created with other subordinate equipment centric objects (Control Modules, Equipment Modules), which provides increased communications functionality to the subordinate modules.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certain illustrative aspects are described herein in connection with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects are indicative of various ways which can be practiced, all of which are intended to be covered herein. Other advantages and novel features may become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
Unit module state enhancements are provided to facilitate automated manufacturing operations and software design. In one aspect, a system is provided to facilitate state processing in an industrial control environment. The system includes a unit module to process components in an industrial control facility. A status component associated with the unit module provides present state information for the components. The present state information can be associated with unit availability, unit cleanliness, unit process, unit quality, a batch campaign status, or an equipment performance status, for example.
It is noted that as used in this application, terms such as "component," "module," "model," and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution as applied to an automation system for industrial control. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program and a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be components. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers, industrial controllers, and/or modules communicating therewith.
Referring initially to
State evaluation components 120 are provided with functional control modules such as the unit module 110 but other modules can also receive and process such status 148. The state evaluation provides present state conditions as opposed to inferred status. By adding such capability to the unit module 110 (or other module), code design during installation is mitigated since code does not have to be developed to determine or infer the correct status. In one example, the unit module 110 provides resident control for the unit 140 where processing activities (e.g., mix a batch, perform discrete operation) can be performed. The unit 140 can include vessels, tanks, work areas, or assembly points where a process is performed or discrete operation commences. The unit module 110 can include advanced functionality for reliable equipment control that includes the ability to generate and process present state information such as quality, availability, cleanliness and so forth which will be described in more detail below. In addition, a parent child relationship can be created with other subordinate equipment centric objects or modules at 150 (Control Modules, Equipment Modules), which provides increased communications functionality to the subordinate modules.
Before proceeding, some example features of the unit module 110 and status components 150 are now described. In one aspect, the unit module 110 provides Availability Status which can include such states as: Available; Producing; Held; Out of Service; and so forth. The unit module 110 is also capable of accepting requests from users and external logic to change the availability status. In another aspect, Cleanliness Status can include such status as: Not Clean; Rinsed; Cleaned; Sanitized, and so forth. This also includes the ability of accepting requests from users and external logic to change the cleanliness status. In other examples, the unit module 110 provides process status such as Empty; Filling; Processing; Emptying; and so forth. The unit module 110 can also provide status information to other modules in a hierarchy of modules as noted above. This status information can be persistent and include: Alarm status; Availability Status; Cleanliness Status; Process Status; Quality Status; Campaign Status; or other status as desired.
In yet another aspect, a unit module control system is provided. The system includes means for controlling a unit module (controller 130) and means for generating status for the unit module (unit 140). This can also include means for analyzing the status (status components 120) within the unit module 110 where the status is employed to determine present conditions of at least one unit.
As will be described in more detail below, the unit module 110 can be an association of logic with one or more resources. The logic includes program code that can alter the state of a resource for example, ladder code, function chart, script, JAVA, C code, and so forth. The resources are those components or elements that perform an activity in a system including equipment and personnel that perform work in a system. Other examples of types of resources include Equipment, Material, Personnel, Segments and Storage. Personnel and equipment (machines) can perform activities in a system. Resources that can perform work can be classified as active resources (e.g., CNC machine, Injection molding machine), whereas other equipment resources can be considered passive resources (e.g., sensor, material). In general, the modules hide the user from internal interfaces, messages, and logic specific to the resources yet provide standard or generic interfaces to external systems or between components.
Modules may include other modules including nested modules where standard module behaviors and attribute patterns can be represented using common data model representations for module classes, module templates and module inheritance. Module classes and templates can be maintained in libraries which facilitate access to desired system functionality and further promote system integration. Resources can have various states associated therewith such as common S88 state classifications including idle, hold, abort, run, reset, stop, restart, and so forth where the module can present logic to represent state machines that manage the state of the resource. During application, resource modules (described below) can take on the name of the resource that is the primary focus on the module. For example, an Equipment module is primarily focused on coordination of equipment but may involve personnel in the process. Similarly, a Personnel module is focused on coordination of personnel but may involve other resources in the process. A control module that manages a material may be referred to as a Material control module and so forth.
It is noted that components associated with the system 100 can include various computer or network components such as servers, clients, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), communications modules, mobile computers, wireless components, control components and so forth which are capable of interacting across a network. Similarly, the term PLC as used herein can include functionality that can be shared across multiple components, systems, and/or networks. For example, one or more PLCs can communicate and cooperate with various network devices across the network. This can include substantially any type of control, communications module, computer, I/O device, sensor, Human Machine Interface (HMI) that communicate via the network which includes control, automation, and/or public networks. The PLC can also communicate to and control various other devices such as Input/Output modules including Analog, Digital, Programmed/Intelligent I/O modules, other programmable controllers, communications modules, sensors, output devices, and the like.
The network can include public networks such as the Internet, Intranets, and automation networks such as Control and Information Protocol (CIP) networks including DeviceNet and ControlNet. Other networks include Ethernet, DH/DH+, Remote I/O, Fieldbus, Modbus, Profibus, wireless networks, serial protocols, and so forth. In addition, the network devices can include various possibilities (hardware and/or software components). These include components such as switches with virtual local area network (VLAN) capability, LANs, WANs, proxies, gateways, routers, firewalls, virtual private network (VPN) devices, servers, clients, computers, configuration tools, monitoring tools, and/or other devices.
Referring now to
Proceeding to 230, the extended module features 210 can include monitor data. Generally, the module can monitor the current batch cycle time, and compare to a configured batch cycle time limit. The module can provide an indication when the batch cycle time is exceeded, for example. This capability can be enabled/disabled through a configuration parameter. At 240, the module provides the ability for campaign batching which includes a configuration parameter to enable/disable campaign batching. At 250, the module receives (from an operator, or external Logic), stores, and may provide campaign data, examples of campaign data are:
This may also include processing batch cleanliness requirements, and establishing and providing an indication that the cleanliness requirements have been met. At 260, the module is capable of receiving, storing and making available the following batch data examples of batch data are:
At 260, Quality Status may be provided, examples of quality status are:
At 280, other types of command processing can be provided. The module can accept requests from users, or external logic to hold the emptying of the unit. The module can provide such status to external logic, if desired. The module can also provide the ability to maintain a set amount of material at the end of the batch cycle for use in starting the next batch cycle and display, via a human machine interface (HMI), the current amount of material. The operator or external logic can modify the amount to be maintained. As can be appreciated, other types of commands, status, or parameters can be provided.
Turning to
In one aspect, the unit 320 can be defined as follows: Unit: A collection of associated control modules and/or equipment modules and other process equipment in which one or more major processing activities can be conducted. Generally, Units are presumed to operate on one batch at a time and operate relatively independently of one another. This term typically applies to both the physical equipment and the equipment entity. Examples of processing activities are react, crystallize, and create a solution. As illustrated in the system 300, software can be constructed in a series of layers. These software layers can also be referred to as a hierarchy. Building a hierarchy within the software allows designers to better manage complex systems and to reuse portions of software from one project to another.
Referring now to
At 430, mode processing can be provided. Generally, the unit module functions via the control system in auto, semi-auto or manual mode. While in auto mode, the respective unit is under the control of the automation system. All direct control requests from the operator will generally be ignored. While in semi-auto mode, the unit may receive requests from an operator at the equipment phase or the equipment module level, for example. While in manual mode the unit may receive requests from an operator at the control module level, for example. Proceeding to 440, one or more commands can be provided. Typically, the unit module is commanded to a state or mode by automation commands or the operator. The unit module has the ability to transfer these states or modes to its associated Equipment Phases and Modules.
At 450, module status can be processed. As noted above, the unit module provides a set of predefined status values. A project specific area can also be created to allow the user to add additional status information. This status describes the unit, which may be a vessel or machine. Status information can be grouped into the following example categories: Alarm; Availability; Cleanliness; Process; Quality; Campaign; and so forth. At 460, fault and warning data can be provided by the unit module. For instance, the unit module can monitor fault conditions and generate suitable fault status when a failure occurs. At 470, interlocks can be provided. If the process or safety interlocks are lost, the unit module can be de-energized. A process interlock bypass configuration can be provided to circumvent process interlocks for a device. At 480, the unit module can be placed in a simulation mode. Simulation can also be achieved indirectly within subordinate Control Modules. At 490, configuration includes modifying a unit module's configuration data, where the behavior of a particular module instance can be modified. When module configurations are considered valid, an individual of appropriate authorization level may save the current settings. If the unit module's configuration settings deviate from the saved setting, an indication can appear on the HMI faceplate or electronic message for example. An authorized individual can then save the current configurations or restore the previously saved configuration. In providing configurable attributes, a single Unit module class may be adapted to a number of diverse vessel or machine instances.
Turning to
In one example, a state model can be based on a packaging machine's state, where such states can be applied to the unit. In one aspect, a Unit and a Machine can be considered synonymous. The unit core module can also utilize a subset of the states shown in the diagram 500. As can be appreciated, more states than shown in the diagram 500 or a completely independent state model can also be controlled and utilized.
Proceeding to 610 of
Referring now to
Attributes presented below are represented associations from the module to objects which may be internal in a common data model or elsewhere (e.g., CAD Files). At 720, standard public interfaces can be provided. These interfaces 720 publish verbs 724 that are available to external systems and are documented activities that hide the complexity of the underlying code used to implement the interface. Interfaces 720 can be considered into at least two common usage scenarios. For example, interfaces 720 can be used as access points that can be used to hook in real time diagnostics, security and so forth.
Public verbs 724 initiate an action within the module. The activity is described to clients of the interface 720. The implementation is considered private and is not presented to clients—for example, Open, Stop, Abort, Shut, and so forth. A data value property 710 provides public access to information that is used by the module during its operation and can be provided by request values and/or internal values (or an equivalent). The association of logic to transfer request values to internal values and vice versa are referred to as get and set logic for the value. It is noted that in a controller, if there is not a set routine to transfer request values to internal values, the internal value can overwrite the request value on the next scan providing read only capability.
In general, the properties 710 can be considered in at least two classifications. States have special significance for production systems and can have a specific set of values that can be represented by range or enumeration. A state can represent the current status of the primary resource being encapsulated by the module e.g., Percent open, Mode, Service (in, out), and so forth. Information that is used by the module during its operation includes access to data that is provided by interfaces 720. e.g., Conversion Map, Name, Description, expiry date, personnel contact information. Some properties 710 can be common to all instances of resource modules (e.g., scanned copy of resource specification documents), whereas other properties 710 are specific to each module instance (e.g., Status, percent open).
At 730, internal resource interfaces include interfaces from logic 740 in the module to the resource being managed at 750, where the logic includes code and/or configuration that processes a command and/or updates state and data properties. In some cases, this can be hardware such as I/O interfaces, or in other cases it is to subordinate resource control modules that have direct interfaces. Some examples include I/O mapping, material management logic routines, and so forth. These interfaces 730 are internal to the module enabling the modules public interfaces 720 and properties 710 to be the boundary to other system components. Modules that wrap different resources but support the same public properties/interfaces can be exchanged without disrupting interfaces to other components. Generally, I/O mapping and system messaging interfaces are exposed during deployment bind processes. When bound, external interfaces 720 to runtime systems may then consider these interfaces as internal.
At 760, alarm and event messages can be provided which include messages that exposed as runtime messages visible to external systems during the execution of the module. This includes alarms and events explicitly coded by the developer and system messages promoted to be visible by external systems. At 770, one or more artifacts include information that document the operation and structure of the resource such as for example, wiring diagrams, warranties, payroll, parts supplier information, and so forth. Visualization aspects include associated graphics that present the resource state and properties to applications interacting with the resource. For example: faceplates, icons, state overlays, edit dialogs, help files. At 780, system messages allow modules to listen for and publish data model messages to external components. Inbound messages are typically used to manage modules (configure, initialize, propagate properties, and so forth) and publish messages on module activity (resource state, data model messages, and so forth).
Turning to
At 810, an Equipment Control Module (Common name="Control Module") CM. The simplest form of basic regulatory control of equipment. Encapsulating the equipment and its control such as control of values, drives, and so forth. At 820, a Material Control Module (MCM) can be provided. Management of Material resource instances which are represented as sub-lots including change in location, quality status, availability, order status, logic that can be performed on material sub-lots, generation of material events such as consumed, produced and moved events, sub-lot combination, expiry dates, and so forth.
At 830, a Personnel Control Module (PCM) is provided. This includes management of individual people such as Active, Idle, Break states directly or via shift schedules. This also includes data associated with people such as shift time patterns, for example. Other attributes that may be managed by PCM 830 are a person's location in a plant (GPS), qualification checks, or current assignment, for example. At 840, a Segment Control Module (SCM) includes manipulation of simple segment tasks such as piping paths, AGV paths, device state machines, robotic sequences and so forth. The SCM 840 typically performs an action on one segment such as next step to execute after the current step. At 850, a Storage Control Module (STGCM) includes Manipulation of simple storage logic such as buffer capacity and ordering into and out of a queue for the respective storage unit or requirement.
Before proceeding it is noted that other types of modules are possible than shown. For instance, a configuration module may include management definitions and configuration of resources—personnel, segments, equipment, segments, storage, and so forth. Another type of module includes nested modules where a module references other modules. These modules may be children of a parent module or shared from one module to another. Resource modules may include resource control modules however resource control modules should not include resource modules. Modules can include modules focused on other resource types, for example an equipment module may include equipment modules and material modules.
At 1040, a Segment Module provides coordination of segment modules and segment control modules and to execute sequences of tasks represented by segments. Segments define resource requirements and ordering that can represent most production and process activities. This module provides access to more complex tasks that require specific sequences to be followed e.g., Process Analytics Technology (PAT) integration, electronic signatures collection, defect, process deviation and fault recovery processing. The segment module 1040 may also construct a sequence to be followed that can be applied as manual, automatic or semi automatic sequences (e.g., Route, recipe execution) At 1050, a Storage Module provides coordination of storage related activities, allocation of storage to requestors, modeling of inventory calculations and so forth. This also includes interaction with higher-level systems that manage storage and inventory information.
Resource capabilities 1110 include the resource 1120 required to perform work in a production system. Consequently, resources 1120 are at the centre of, efficiency, capacity, scheduling and arbitration considerations. A resource's ability to work or be available to allow work to commence is represented as resource capability at 1130. The existence of capability 1130 associated with a resource 1120 does not make the resource available for production; the resource's capability 1130 is associated with organizational units 1140 that are will support the respective resource capability. For example, an operator (personnel resource) may have qualifications for a Mixer in line 1, where this qualification capability is only in effect with that specific mixer unless explicitly directed. Resource arbitration algorithms can search for resource capabilities 1130 in the scope of organizational units 1140 they are to be executed within.
Resources 1120 publish capabilities to organizational units 1140 for use by system processes in a given scope. Modules are a type of resource and can be accessed directly by published capabilities 1110. However, a more common interface to Resource Modules is via verbs that are supported by the Resource Module noted above. These verbs are Resource Control elements (phases, operations, procedures . . . ) which are segments. A published capability of a resource module is typically one of the phases supported the module. Resource control interfaces are published (made available) to the outside world as capabilities 1110. Resource modules provide the ability to promote a command to become a resource control interface.
Some control systems are built using only Resource control modules (especially control modules). Examples of this are continuous processes such as petrochemical and heavy chemical plants. In order to initiate, the process takes a plant up to its running state or makes a change to the state of a series of commands that are initiated and coordinated to achieve the new state. It is also possible to promote commands from resource control modules to appear as capabilities that can be accessed as "tuning knobs" for tweaking the system between system states. As shown in the model 1100, the resource 1120 and capability can be associated with a higher-level class or abstraction 1150.
What has been described above includes various exemplary aspects. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing these aspects, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the aspects described herein are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "includes" is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
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|International Classification
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Owner name: ROCKWELL AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WEATHERHEAD, N. ANDREW;CARMOUNT, MARK K.;REEL/FRAME:019908/0879
Effective date: 20070927
Owner name: ROCKWELL AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WEATHERHEAD, N. ANDREW;CARMOUNT, MARK K.;REEL/FRAME:019908/0879
Effective date: 20070927
|Sep 16, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Farming Family's Life
Category: Places
Photo and caption by vineet khanna
Most of the places in Rajasthan, Farming is done with the help of Camels. Actually, i was travelling with my family and my mother asked us to stop the car to see the camel farming and i captured the scene.
Location: Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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By Stanislav Sedov
By JongYoung Kim
By JongYoung Kim