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Mathematics 2014, 2(2), 96-118; doi:10.3390/math2020096
The Riccati System and a Diffusion-Type Equation
1 School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–1804, USA 2 Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Call Box 9000,Puerto Rico 00681–9018, USA 3 Department of Mathematics, Howard University, 223 Academic Support Building B, Washington,DC 20059, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 31 December 2013 / Revised: 27 February 2014 / Accepted: 14 April 2014 / Published: 15 May 2014
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematics on Partial Differential Equations)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [289 KB, uploaded 15 May 2014]
AbstractWe discuss a method of constructing solutions of the initial value problem for diffusion-type equations in terms of solutions of certain Riccati and Ermakov-type systems. A nonautonomous Burgers-type equation is also considered. Examples include, but are not limited to the Fokker-Planck equation in physics, the Black-Scholes equation and the Hull-White model in finance.
Keywords: diffusion-type equations; Green's function; fundamental solution; autonomous and nonautonomous Burgers equations; Fokker-Planck equation; Black-Scholes equation; the Hull-White model; Riccati equation and Riccati-type system; Ermakov equation and Ermakov-type system
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Suazo, E.; Suslov, S.K.; Vega-Guzmán, J.M. The Riccati System and a Diffusion-Type Equation. Mathematics 2014, 2, 96-118.View more citation formats
AMA Style
Suazo E, Suslov SK, Vega-Guzmán JM. The Riccati System and a Diffusion-Type Equation. Mathematics. 2014; 2(2):96-118.Chicago/Turabian Style
Suazo, Erwin; Suslov, Sergei K.; Vega-Guzmán, José M. 2014. "The Riccati System and a Diffusion-Type Equation." Mathematics 2, no. 2: 96-118.
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CONCORD, N.H. (AP) � Gooseberry and currant plants have made it onto New Hampshire's most unwanted list.
The New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands is declaring a moratorium on the planting of both species of plants.
Forestry officials say the so-called "resistant" varieties have consistently turned up infected with the white pine blister rust � a fungus that threatens white pines.
Gooseberry and currant plants are well-known hosts of white pine blister rust.
Officials say the moratorium is effective immediately and will issue no permits for either plant.
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Quality Inn Calexico, a newly renovated hotel is located two minutes from the US-Mexico Border. All well appointed rooms include king or two queen beds, free wireless high speed internet, free hot American breakfast including pancakes, eggs, & juice, coffee maker, irons & ironing board and free dail...see more


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Oct 30, 2014
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Oct 29, 2014
17 things you need to know after Marvel's 'Avengers' announcements
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Oct 28, 2014
Who should play Captain Marvel? Here are 10 casting ideas for the superhero flick
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Oct 28, 2014
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Oct 28, 2014
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Taylor Swift: Grammy-winning songstress, Billboard superstar... and international funnywoman?
Oct 27, 2014
The Quotable Katy Perry
Interviews and tunes from the pop star build a character portrait
Oct 25, 2014
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Best and Worst of 'St. Vincent': Bill Murray, Melissa McCarthy and Naomi Watts
Bob Dylan's 'Shelter From the Storm' gets re-worked
Oct 25, 2014


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|Apply | Register | Check Email | Use Online Tools
|About Delta
|Campus Life
|Courses & Programs
|Student Services
Interested In Online courses? - Here's What You Need to Know!
Click on the related link for more information:
How do I register for an Online course?
Enroll using the Online Registration during the registration period (https://secure.deltacollege.edu/student/login/index.cfm). Once registration closes, if you are not registered, you need e-mail the instructor of the class requesting permission to enroll. Provide your name, Delta College I.D. number, course code, and your request to be added. Your enrollment will be granted based on space availability and meeting the course prerequisites.
If I'm on the waiting list, how do I enroll in the class?
Students on the waiting list for Online courses should e-mail the instructor to request enrollment in the course. Include your name, Delta College I.D. number, course code, and confirm that you would like to be moved from the wait list to full enrollment. You'll be moved from the wait list to full enrollment on a space available basis. E-mails missing the required information cannot be processed
How do I add if the class and the wait list are full?
Students who are not on the waiting list but are interested in adding an Online course should e-mail the instructor to request permission to add. Include your name, Delta College I.D. number, and course code. E-mails without the required information cannot be processed.
How do I find an instructor's e-mail address?
Instructor e-mail addresses are on the College website, www.deltacollege.edu in the online registration open class list option. You can also contact the College operator at 954-5151.
Should I do anything before class(es) start?
Yes! Check the "Online Classes" information to:
How do I identify the platform on which my class is taught?
Internet classes are taught from several different platforms. To identify the platform for your Internet class, you must log into the 'Online Class List Login site' available under the 'Online Courses' tab in your portal. Sign on with your Delta College I.D. number and date of birth entered as mmddyy. Each Internet class in which you are enrolled shows the "platform" on which it is taught.
Courses taught on Etudes can be accessed by clicking on the course code. Login instructions for courses taught on "other" platforms are provided directly from the instructor. Please note that textbooks for classes taught on "other" platforms must be purchased prior to attempting login because the class materials contain codes required for login.
After registering, how do I know when to log in to my class?
The actual course material will not be available until the first day of class. Please check your course's start date in the Schedule of Classes.
What is my login?
To find out what your Delta ID number is:
Please remember your Delta ID number and use it to access your records in the future.
To logon to the system and find out your Delta ID number, click here now.
What do I do if I'm having trouble logging on?
Assistance with login problems is provided in several ways. You must first identify the platform upon which your class is taught. Once you identify it, then, click on the related link below:
ETUDES Platform
You may request help from the Etudes Online Helpdesk for technical problems. Questions concerning class assignments, due dates, etc. should be directed to the instructor. Contact information is available from the "Online Classes" link from the college homepage. Follow this link to the help desk website: http://otrs.deltacollege.edu/ or phone (209) 954-5840.
Publisher Platform(s)
You must first purchase the textbook. Part of your login information is contained in the class materials. Without that information, you will not be able to login. You must check your student e-mail. Your instructor will provide login information at your student e-mail address. Once you have read the instructor's e-mail and purchased the textbook, if you are still having problems logging in, you must contact your instructor via e-mail.
Do I have to login on the first day of class?
It is highly recommended that you login on the first day of class.
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Some Internet instructors contact their students via e-mail. Some do not. If you have not heard from your instructor by the first week of class, you should login and begin working. If you are having any problems, contact your instructor by e-mail for assistance.
San Joaquin Delta College


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Major League Baseball's opening day is still a few weeks away but for us sports game junkies March 8 (that's today!) is when the season really kicks off. To commemorate the release of the PS3 exclusive title, MLB 11 The Show, SCEA just dropped this great trailer. Not only does it promote their game, it also spotlights everything that's cool about baseball. MLB 11 The Show is in stores now.
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Saturday, Jan. 19
Orna Porat was born in pre-World War II Germany as a Christian. The atrocities of the Nazis were too much to bear for the actress, so she gave up her German identity and moved to Israel where she became one of the country's leading performers and founded the Orna Porat Theatre for Children and Youth. Tonight, she performs her one-woman show in Hebrew at Temple Emanuel. 8 p.m. 8844 Burton Way, Beverly Hills. For tickets or more information, call (323) 852-5508. Porat will also perform, along with "Young and the Restless" star Eric Braeden, The Zimriyah Chorale and SYNERGY Ensemble at the University of Judaism's Gindi Auditorium, 15600 Mulholland Drive on Thursday, Jan. 24, 7:30 p.m. Tickets are $20. For more information, call (310) 440-1546.
Sunday, Jan. 20
The Help Youth Foundation presents a Max Herman Production of Judy Fox and the Hollywood All Star Klezmer and Jazz Band at the Reseda High School Auditorium. The day also features Gerald Wiggins, Al Viola, Alan Weiss, Sam Most, Al Aarons, Hershey Bell, Richard Simon, Tony Giaimo and Leo Chelyapov. $20 (general admission). 2 p.m. 18230 Kittridge St., Reseda. For tickets or more information, call (818) 609-2107.
Monday, Jan. 21
It's Martin Luther King Jr. Day, and the Museum of Tolerance presents a full day of events to commemorate the civil rights hero. "Heroes in Pursuit of a Dream" will be performed by Living Voices, followed by a dialogue with significant figures of the civil rights movement, including Dr. Terrence Roberts of the "Little Rock Nine" and Freedom Riders John Mack, Robert Farrell, Dr. Rick Tuttle and Dr. Robert Singleton. An art exhibit on the civil rights movement and the struggle for human rights will close the schedule of events. 11 a.m. 9786 W. Pico Blvd., Los Angeles. For reservations or more information, call (310) 772-2527.
Tuesday, Jan. 22
B.J. Ward and Joseph Thalken have put a new twist on a typical opera performance. The comedienne-soprano and pianist, respectively, present Stand Up Opera, tonight, in which they perform the works of Verdi, Puccini, Bizet, Mozart, Menotti and Gershwin like you've never heard them before. $30 (general admission). 8 p.m. Also plays Sat., Jan. 19, at 8:30 p.m.; Sun., Jan. 20 at 2 p.m.; and Mon., Jan. 22 at 8 p.m. 15600 Mulholland Drive, Bel Air. For tickets or more information, call (310) 476-9777 ext. 201.
Wednesday, Jan. 23
When Steve Martin look-alike, Rabbi Bob Alper realized he could intentionally get the audience to laugh at his jokes at temple, he decided to give comedy a shot as a profession. In 1986, he entered the "Jewish Comic of the Year" contest in Philadelphia, received a rousing response to his act and now performs more than 100 shows per year. Tonight, one of America's funniest rabbis brings his unorthodox act to Los Angeles -- along with flashcards for what her calls the "Judacially challenged" -- as part of the Beverly Hills Library Parlor Series. $10 (in advance); $12 (at the door). 7:30 p.m. 444 N. Rexford Drive. For tickets or more information, call (310) 471-3979.
Thursday, Jan. 24
Who would have though "D'oh!" would have become part of the American language? Possibly Rob Cohen, one of the writers on "The Simpsons." Tonight, he and others other comedy-show writers will read some of their hilarious work at the Skirball Cultural Center. "Say the Word" is the first performance in the Center's Comedy Project 2000 series and will feature additional writers including Kevin Nealon ("Saturday Night Live"), Winnie Holzman ("My So-Called Life") and more. $12 (general admission); $10 (members); $6 (students). 8 p.m. 2701 N. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles. For tickets or more information, call (310) 440-4500.
Friday, Jan. 25
A country can make far and wide advances in 30 years. Especially a country ravaged by as much war and bloodshed as Vietnam. Today, photographic artist Dr. Robert N. Rene, exhibits his images in "The View From Vietnam and Cambodia, 1999." The photos, taken in black and white, exhibit the unexpected peace that arose out of the chaos. All proceeds from the sale of the photos will benefit The Jewish Federation Valley Alliance. Opening reception: Sun., Jan. 20, 3 p.m.-5 p.m. On display through March 1. Downstairs at the Milken, West Valley Jewish Community Center, 22622 Vanowen St., West Hills. For more information, call (818) 888-0583.
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Mother's Day Lunch
"Treat your mother to a unique day out at WWT London Wetland Centre this Mother's Day, complete with a 4 course lunch. Start the day with a relaxing stroll among our lakes, gardens and pools, looking out for the early spring flowers that add a splash of colour to the nature reserve. And visit the colourful birds and playful otters in our conservation collection, World Wetlands. At this time of year many of the birds will be thinking about nesting, so listen out for birdsong and see if you can spot any nests being built. Children under 12 £9.50. Advance booking price includes entry to WWT"
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→ Barnes Bridge 14 min walk
→ Barnes 15 min walk


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Stansted Mountfitchet weather map
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Forecast summary
Regional forecast for East of England
Showery rain spreading eastwards, perhaps thundery. Becoming drier during Friday.
This Evening and Tonight:
Very warm this evening with cloud thickening in the west bringing a few heavy showers or thunderstorms through the evening, whilst remaining mainly dry further east. Showers and isolated storms spreading eastwards through the night, clearing most parts by dawn. Minimum Temperature 14 °C.
Early cloud clearing to give a dry and much brighter day with plenty of sunshine. Gradually feeling less humid, but still warm in the sunshine with light winds. Maximum Temperature 25 °C.
Outlook for Saturday to Monday:
Saturday, initially dry with warm sunshine, but heavy showers possibly developing later. Scattered thunderstorms likely overnight, with further rain or showers likely Sunday. Sunny spells and isolated showers on Monday.
Updated at: 1504 on Thu 25 Aug 2016
UK forecast for the next 5 days
Rain across Scotland and Northern Ireland. Elsewhere thunderstorms dying out.
This Evening and Tonight:
Thundery showers across England and Wales at first will gradually die out from the west later this evening and overnight. Outbreaks of rain across northern Ireland will be heavy at times and will spread into northern Scotland overnight.
Cloudy and breezy across northern and central Scotland with outbreaks of rain, but it should become dry later. Elsewhere it will be dry and warm with some sunshine.
Outlook for Saturday to Monday:
Cloudy with outbreaks of rain on Saturday and Sunday which could become heavy and prolonged across Wales and the Midlands. Some bright spells of Monday but also occasional showers.
Updated at: 1531 on Thu 25 Aug 2016
Outlook for the UK over the next 6-30 days
UK Outlook for Tuesday 30 Aug 2016 to Thursday 8 Sep 2016:
Outbreaks of rain are expected to spread into the north and west on Tuesday, but the south and east should stay mainly dry with sunny spells. The rain should move southeastwards during Wednesday and Thursday, but it is likely to become light and patchy. Temperatures will be warm in the southeast, but nearer normal temperatures in the northwest are likely to spread across all parts. The weather through the rest of the period is likely to be changeable with showers or longer spells of rain, interspersed by some dry and brighter periods. The best of the brighter weather occurring in the southeast, with some wet and windy spells at times in the northwest. Temperatures will be generally near normal although there is the chance of some temporary warmer spells.
Updated at: 1211 on Thu 25 Aug 2016
UK Outlook for Thursday 8 Sep 2016 to Thursday 22 Sep 2016:
Westerly or southwesterly winds are expected to dominate through this period. This will bring changeable weather, with showers or longer spells of rain interspersed by some dry and bright periods. The heaviest and most persistent rain is expected to occur in the north and west, where it could also be windy at times. The best of the brighter weather probably occurring in the south and east. Temperatures through this period are likely to be generally near normal.
Updated at: 1210 on Thu 25 Aug 2016
Location Details
Stansted Mountfitchet
Location: 51.8974, 0.2003
Altitude: 80.0 m above mean sea level


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Alyssa Mayes and Aikiriea Crockett were both last seen walking away from Camp Long around 8:15 p.m., according to a Aiken County sheriff's news release. The girls are each about 120 pounds and just over 5 feet tall with brown hair and brown eyes.
Anyone with information can contact the sheriff's office at (803) 648-6811.


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Definition of preset in English:
verb (presets, presetting; past and past participle preset)[with object] (usually as adjective preset)
Set or adjust (a value that controls the operation of a device) in advance of its use: the water is heated quickly to a preset temperature
More example sentences
- It may be better to keep the device's user interface simple by excluding a volume control and presetting the sound level.
- A $20 programmable device lets you preset your heating and cooling systems when you're not home for as much as a 10 percent energy savings.
- All functions or values must be preset prior to this point.
A control on electronic equipment or on software that is set or adjusted beforehand to facilitate use.
Example sentences
- The player also has a built-in FM radio function with 10 presets and twelve hours' playtime.
- The earliest systems allowed the driver to control climate and radio presets by voice.
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Words that rhyme with presetteaset
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JAOO Guide
What is JAOO Guide?
Easy to use Conference guide on your iPhone
JAOO guide for iPhone enables you to get an overview of a conference. The application is generic to apply for conferences in general containing tracks, speakers and locations. The application can be used for any type of conference and can present schedule, speaker and location information in an integrated format. The application retrieves data from a conference back-end server and synchronizes data in the background. This enables the application to work offline in case there is no Internet connection available.
Link to the application in iPhone App Store.
- Get an overview of the tracks and speakers of a conference
- See the picture and read the bio of individual speakers
- Read the abstract of the tracks
- Select track and make your personal program for the conference
- Twitter from the application
- Read the updated news about conference
- Select between multiple conferences
Target Customers
Participants on a specific conference
Screen shots


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As the population ages, more and more people suffer from dementia or memory problems. Katie Baldwin reports on an innovative new scheme using sport to tackle the issue.
He could not remember what he had for breakfast, but Bill Corbett's recollection of events of more than 50 years ago was amazing.
It was reminiscing about his amazing football career that unlocked the vivid memories.
"The clarity was unbelievable," said Michael White, director of Sporting Memories Network.
"From his trip to Wembley he described the weather, the route they took, penalty kicks.
"This was a guy with a diagnosis of dementia. He was a lovely chap and his face just lit up when we showed him the old pictures."
Bill was among a group of men with dementia who Michael had been asked to go and talk to.
From a throwaway comment that one of the group made about Bill being a good player in his day, Michael found out he was William Corbett, a former professional who had played for Celtic, Preston, Leicester, Dunfermline and Scotland.
One of the highlights was turning out for Scotland against England at Wembley in October 1942.
Michael managed to find a newspaper report of the match which said that no Scottish player had ever marked famed English star Tommy Lawton so effectively.
"When we read that out to him, his eyes welled up with pride and you could see him sit up in his chair," Michael said.
Bill was taking part in football reminiscence sessions being run at his Scottish care home.
Reminiscence has been used for some time with older people with dementia and memory loss.
The nature of the disease means that while their short-term recollection can be badly affected, memories from years ago are often very clear.
Experts know that using the technique can be beneficial in improving self-esteem, boosting interpersonal skills and just piquing their interest.
But previously reminiscence had not always worked so well with men as they weren't always so interested in the topics of conversation.
Social enterprise Sporting Memories Network was born when Michael discovered that talking to older men about football often prompted them to become very involved and animated.
This led to the development of the Football Reminiscence Project in Scotland, which is now run by the Sporting Memories Network (SMN).
Now the same concept is coming to Leeds, in a first for England.
From this month training will start for staff, volunteers and relatives linked to 15 care homes to show them how to run sessions.
They will use archive photographs, memorabilia and reports from all sports to spark memories and discussions in older people.
Another valuable asset will be memories from sporting stars from across the city, as well as spare sports annuals that people may have gathering dust at home.
Michael's colleague at SMN Tony Jameson-Allen has collected hundreds of memories from sportspeople from every field which are available on the scheme's website.
Some are from those involved with the city's major teams including Leeds United, Leeds Rhinos, Leeds Carnegie and Yorkshire County Cricket Club.
At a launch event, Lucy Young from the Leeds Rugby Foundation said they jumped at the chance to be involved.
"If we can support the project, we are absolutely delighted to do it, because we know it will make a difference to the people they are going to be working with."
Funding for the project in Leeds has come from workforce organisation Skills for Care, whose CEO Sharon Allen said it was exactly the sort of innovative project their Workforce Development Innovation Fund was set up to support.
"There's no doubt introducing sports-based reminiscence activities will have a real impact for those organisations taking part," she added.
The scheme has also won the backing of Leeds City Council, whose chief executive, Tom Riordan, said: "I think this is a fantastic, innovative project and it's one which is going to have a real impact, not just in Leeds but more widely.
"Sport is such a great part of lives, especially for men, and that's why I think it's going to be such a huge success."
Care homes themselves have also welcomed being able to introduce the scheme.
John Allott, lead for dementia at Leeds Care Association, said: "It's something we are going to welcome with great enthusiasm and excitement to enhance the lives of those we care for."
The directors of Sporting Memories Network, Michael White, Chris Wilkins and Tony Jameson-Allen, said their aims were to improve lives – as Bill Corbett's was by being able to talk about his past.
Michael added: "Bill's story was discovered by accident and since then we have discovered more and more.
"There are thousands of Bills out there, men who are staring at wallpaper or sitting in front of TV sets who have a story to tell.
"The task of all of us who work in this field is to go out and capture those stories and help people now, and for generations in the future."
Log on to: www.sportingmemories.org for more information and to share memories.


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Please log in or register to manage your account
Model: 2216190G2 Item: MMF2216190G2
Programmable combination lock, never need a key. Six compartment removable coin tray. Bill weights in the cover make it easy to organize and sort currency. Carry handle makes it easy to transport box. Attach a security cable to the security slot feature to prevent theft. Cash Drawer/Box/Tray Type: Box; Carrying Method: Handle; Money Tray Features: 6 Compartments; Removable; Width: 11 13/16".
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text:
This is my first complete broncos game of the year,
So far, not impressed by the AFC's "best team"
I'm a NFC nuthugger though.
Peyton looks sharp and on his game.
That INT was not his fault, deflection sh!t
I love how the Bronco receivers go out and get every pass rather than letting it come to them.
Great 1st quarter - Flacco actually showing up to play has made this a ballgame. Guess he realized that the playoffs and winning are great ways to get that next contract secured...
The Underdog Challenge IX: Champion
The Underdog Challenge X: Champion
Wow he had him wide open.
Stupid by Flacco. 3rd and 2. Why take a chance on a deep ball near the sideline like that when you could just pick up the first down with a variety of options


text:
Somatuline Depot
Investigational Long-Acting Growth Hormone Shows Promise »
"An investigational long-acting form of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) given twice a month has achieved efficacy and safety at 2 years, new data show.
The novel long-acting recombinant human growth hormone fusion protein somav"...
Read the Investigational Long-Acting Growth Hormone Shows Promise article »
Somatuline Depot
(lanreotide) Injection
SOMATULINE DEPOT (lanreotide) Injection 60 mg/0.2 mL, 90 mg/0.3 mL, and 120 mg/0.5 mL is a prolonged-release formulation for deep subcutaneous injection. It contains the drug substance lanreotide acetate, a synthetic octapeptide with a biological activity similar to naturally occurring somatostatin, water for injection and acetic acid (for pH adjustment).
SOMATULINE DEPOT is available as sterile, ready-to-use, single-use prefilled syringes containing lanreotide acetate supersaturated bulk solution of 24.6% w/w lanreotide base.
|Each syringe contains:
|SOMATULINE DEPOT 60 mg/0.2 mL
|SOMATULINE DEPOT 90 mg/0.3 mL
|SOMATULINE DEPOT 120 mg/0.5 mL
|Lanreotide acetate
|77.9 mg
|113.6 mg
|149.4 mg
|Acetic Acid
|Water for injection
|186. 6 mg
|272. 3 mg
|357.8 mg
|Total Weight
|266 mg
|388 mg
|510 mg
Lanreotide acetate is a synthetic cyclical octapeptide analog of the natural hormone, somatostatin. Lanreotide acetate is chemically known as [cyclo S-S]-3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanyl-L-cysteinyl-L-tyrosyl-Dtryptophyl-L-lysyl-L-valyl-L-cysteinyl-L-threoninamide, acetate salt. Its molecular weight is 1096.34 (base) and its amino acid sequence is:
For appearance of the formulation, see Dosage Forms and Strengths.
What are the possible side effects of lanreotide (Somatuline Depot)?
Stop using lanreotide and get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
- slow or uneven heartbeats;
- gallbladder problems (pain in your upper right stomach area with nausea and vomiting);
- thyroid problems (may be detected by blood tests);
- pale skin, weakness, easy bruising or bleeding;
- low blood sugar (headache, confusion, drowsiness, weakness,...
Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Somatuline Depot »
Last reviewed on RxList: 1/5/2015
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Somatuline Depot FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Somatuline Depot Information
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'Hasmukh Kala' initiative brings music and dance to Savda GhevraThursday, May 8th, 2008
Music and dance take over the lives of 50+ children on weekend afternoons as they learn intently from their 'guruji', Mr Lal. These kids, mostly girls, learn music and dance as part of the 'Hasmukh Kala' program launched at Savda Ghevra.
The brainchild of my friend and IIM classmate, Hemu Javeri, Hasmukh Kala builds on the vision and experience of his family's decades-old Swami Samarth Foundation in Mumbai. Hemu and his friend Shailja Dutt( the Delhi-based CEO of Stellar Search, the reputed executive search firm) first visited Savda Ghevra few months ago to get to know the community better. Thereafter, Hemu and Shailja quickly gave shape to the 'Hasmukh Kala' program, identified the right teacher, and got started.
Hemu has articulated his vision upfront,"Hasmukh Kala is a unique initiative that is dedicated to a woman who has inspired me over the years. Music is universal, and Hasmukh Kala is focused on using music, dance and drama, to empower women and unite communities. Through guru-shishya based training methods, and with instruments from both Indian and international music, intense learning is imparted to students to enrich their lives. The goal would be for our students to reach the pinnacle of music, dancing and acting and empower them to achieve their dreams!".
One hour each of singing, dancing and instrumental music is now the regular routine on Saturdays and Sundays. A few boys also join in to play the 'bongo'. While most of the talent at Savda Ghevra is raw, 'guruji' has already spotted some real bright sparks. Everyone is pretty excited - the kids, guruji, as well as Hemu and Shailja.
Hemu and Shailja are busy planning a big community music event on August 15th, as well future roll-out of Hasmukh Kala, in tandem with Growth-for-All's own expansion in 2008 and 2009.
For me, personally, it is immensely gratifying to have committed people like Hemu step in and complement the Growth-for-All movement, with their own thoughts and vision. This is a virtuous cycle which lends great strength.


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Ingrid has been downgraded to a Tropical Storm as it makes landfall.
Monday Afternoon Update
Maximum Winds: 45 mph
Minimum Pressure: 998 mb
Position: 23.7N 98.6W
Movement: W at 8mph
Ingrid continues to weaken as the tropical storm moves further inland. At this point the main threat is heavy rain and tropical storm force winds(45mph). The amount of rain expected has the potential to result in life-threatening flash floods and mud slides. Tropical storm conditions are expected to last through the afternoon until the storm weakens to a tropical depression by the evening hours. Due to the dying nature of the tropical system this will be the last update. If you would like any further information on this storm you can click here.
Monday Morning Update
Maximum Winds: 65 mph
Minimum Pressure: 991 mb
Position: 23.8N 97.8W
Movement: WNW at 10mph
In the 7 o'clock hour Ingrid made landfall on the east coast of Mexico. Ingrid has been downgraded to a Tropical Storm as it makes landfall near La Pesca, Mexico. As a tropical storm the system is still capable of heavy rain and high winds. Winds are still sustained at 65 mph and some areas could see anywhere from 10-15 inches of rain. Flash flooding will be possible in eastern Mexico as the storm moves further inland through today. The tropical system is expected to gradually lose strength through the next few days.
Sunday Evening Update
Maximum Winds: 75 mph
Minimum Pressure: 989 mb
Position: 23.1N 96.5 W
Movement: WNW at 6 mph
Hurricane Ingrid is still headed west northwest this evening. The storm hasn't increased in strength and should stay at a category 1 hurricane as it makes landfall Monday morning. Even though it remains a category 1, some strengthening may be seen before it officially makes landfall.
Once it does make landfall, it will turn more westward. Monday night, a turn towards the west southwest is expected.
Sunday Afternoon Update
Maximum Winds: 75 mph
Minimum Pressure: 990 mb
Position: 22.7N 96.3W
Movement: WNW at 6 mph
The outer bands of Hurricane Ingrid are now starting to affect Mexico. A turn for the west is expected to happen tonight. The storm's center is expected to be just off the coast of Mexico by Monday morning, making landfall likely to occur on Monday.
Little strengthening is expected to occur. Since yesterday, Ingrid has decreased in strength just a tad. The storm should still be a category 1 storm by the time it makes landfall. Tropical storm force winds extend outward up to 105 miles.
Saturday Evening Update
Maximum Winds: 85 mph
Minimum Pressure: 986 mb
Position: 22.0N 95.0W
Movement: NNW at 7 mph
Hurricane Ingrid is still expected to make landfall early Monday on the Mexican coast. It isn't very far from the coast right now, though nothing is in the gulf pushing it inland. It has more time to strengthen a little bit, which may happen with this storm.
Ingrid has formed a little bit of an eye, according to a NWS hurricane plane. Even though it is experiencing some upper level wind shear, which tends to weaken storms, Ingrid has the possibility to strengthen before it makes landfall, However, when it does reach land, it should weaken quickly.
Saturday Afternoon Update
Maximum Winds: 75 mph
Minimum Pressure: 987 mb
Position: 21.3N 94.4W
Movement: North at 7 mph
Tropical Storm Ingrid turned into a category 1 hurricane this afternoon and has gained strength. The storm has a northerly track right now and is expected to turn towards the northwest on Sunday.
Landfall is expected to happen on Monday, and some strengthening is expected to happen before it makes landfall.
Several warnings have been issued for the coastline of Mexico, as 10 to 15 inches of rainfall is expected over much of the eastern side of Mexico. Storm surge and wind are also big concerns.
Friday Evening Update
Maximum Winds: 60 mph
Minimum Pressure: 993 mb
Position: 19.2N 95.3W
Movement: Stationary
Tropical Storm Ingrid has really shown signs of life as of the latest advisory, issued by the National Hurricane Center. Winds have increased from 45mph to 60mph this evening -- just 14mph away from becoming a Category 1 Hurricane.
Speaking of hurricane status, the latest forecast / advisory for Ingrid (seen above) calls for the potential of this storm to become a hurricane by Sunday afternoon, before making landfall on the Eastern Coast of Mexico.
The storm is currently sitting 60 miles from Veracruz, Mexico and 185 miles to the southeast of Tuxpan, Mexico. Tropical storm force winds can be felt up to 80 miles out from the center of Ingrid.
Flooding and mudslides continues to be a huge concern for Mexico with this tropical storm -- especially since it is already battering parts of the country while the storm remains stationary in the Bay of Campeche.
While this should bring drought-denting rains to part of South Texas, we still do not anticipate a landfall in Texas -- and only look to see scattered showers and thunderstorms through most of next week, due to tropical moisture from this system.
Friday Afternoon Update
Maximum Winds: 45 mph
Minimum Pressure: 999 mb
Position: 19.2N 95.4W
Movement: Stationary
Tropical storm force winds extend roughly 35 miles out from the center of circulation of Ingrid.
Ingrid is expected to produce 10 to 15 inches of rainfall over a large part of Eastern Mexico, with isolated spots finding up to 25 inches of rainfall. Mud slides and life-threatening flooding is expected through parts of Mexico.
Due to Tropical Storm Manuel, in the Pacific, a bit of shear is hitting Ingrid. There has yet to be any significant changes in the cloud pattern of this system. The storm is also currently trapped in the Bay of Campeche for the time being, causing it to move erratically for the next 6 to 12 hours.
A ridge of high pressure is expected to move Ingrid towards Mexico by the end of the weekend.
Maximum Winds: 45 mph
Minimum Pressure: 1000 mb
Position: 19.4N 95.3W
Movement: West at 2 mph
Tropical Storm Ingrid has formed in the Gulf of Mexico, just off the coast of Mexico. It is expected to continue to bring life-threatening rain and flooding to eastern Mexico.
Right now, it is moving westward very slowly. Tonight into Saturday, the storm is expected to shift north-northwestward.
The storm is bringing about 10-15 inches of rainfall into eastern Mexico, with isolated amounts adding up to 25 inches.
Next update comes out from the National Hurricane Center at 1 pm
Maximum Winds: 35 mph
Minimum Pressure: 1002 mb
Position: 19.7N 94.0W
Movement: West at 3 mph
Tropical Depression TEN is expected to cause life-threatening flooding in eastern Mexico as it drifts westward.
It is a little bit less organized than yesterday when it formed and hasn't intensified very much. Although, it has time to bring plenty of rain and maybe gain some strength. The storm isn't expected to make landfall until 72 hours from now because nothing is steering it out of the Gulf of Mexico.
The storm also looks not likely to make landfall in the United States.
Next update comes out from the National Hurricane Center at 10 am
Maximum Winds: 35mph
Minimum Pressure: 1003mb
Position: 19.7N 94.0W
Movement: West at 2mph
Tropical Depression TEN has slowed down quite a bit this evening and will continue to linger in the Bay of Campeche (Southern Gulf of Mexico) through most of tomorrow.
The official forecast continues to call for this to become Tropical Storm Ingrid by tomorrow -- possibly as early as during the morning hours.
The thunderstorm pattern and cloud banding associated with this depression have shown a bit more of a curved feature, showing signs of possible strengthening.
The water under Tropical Depression is very warm, fueling the system, however with a bit of upper level wind shear, only gradual strengthening is anticipated.
After this system starts to move again, it will likely start to take a north to northwest direction. A weak ridge of high pressure developing over the Southern United States is expected to curve this possible tropical storm into Eastern Mexico and away from any part of the Texas Coastline (at this time).
Next update comes out from the National Hurricane Center at 4am
Here are the inital stats:
Maximum Winds: 35mph
Minimum Pressure: 1003mb
Position: 19.7N 93.6W
Movement: West at 7mph
While this system is just a depression, for the time being, it is expected to strengthen and become Tropical Storm Ingrid -- possibly as early as Friday. Tropical storm conditions are expected to reach the coast of Mexico by Friday as well.
The hurricane hunters that flew into this storm Wednesday afternoon, were able to find a well defined center of circulation.
The official forecast path for this depression is for it to wobble around the Bay of Campeche for the next several days due to light steering currents in the mid to upper atmosphere. By the weekend, a ridge of high pressure is expected to build over Texas, which should help move this possible tropical storm into Mexico.
While forecasts early this week indicated that there could be an impact to far, South Texas, it looks like most of the Lone Star State will see very little, if any, impacts from this system. Heavy rains will be possible around the Brownsville region by Sunday and rip tides are expected to increase along the entire Texas Coastline.
Next update on Tropical Depression TEN is scheduled to come out around 10pm Wednesday.


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Metal News for June 29, 2008
Last updated on August 29, 2016 at 12:42 AM ET
We post metal news every day, throughout the day, covering thousands of metal bands including underground and unsigned bands. You are currently browsing the news archive, but you can also find news by band.
9 news articles posted on this day.
With Chaos In Her Wake Signs To Rising Records
Rising Records has announced the signing of Hull-based extreme metallers With Chaos In Her Wake. The band comments: "We are currently working very hard on writing our debut Rising Records release which we will be recording towards the end of the year. The CD will be due for release early 2009. We will also be on tour throughout the summer so make sure you come and catch us at a show."
You can check out some of the band's material on their MySpace page.
Necrophobic To Release Metal Box Set
NECROPHOBIC is going to release a limited metal box called "Satanic Blasphemies" via Regain Records in September 2008. The metal box will include a CD, a poster, a patch and a extensive booklet. The CD features the material of the first two legendary demos, "Slow Asphyxiation" and "Unholy Prophecies," plus the legendary 7" EP, "The Call." The material comes fully remastered.
Silent Fate Finshed Recording New Album
MEI recording artist Silent Fate has completed the studio work for their upcoming release, "Burned, Buried & Forgotten." The finished tracks are now on their way to DB Plus Studios to be mastered by none other than Gene Paul, son of legendary guitarist and inventor Les Paul. Gene has worked his engineering magic for some of the most historic artists in music, including Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, Ray Charles and Willie Nelson.
"Burned, Buried & Forgotten" is scheduled for pre-sale on August 8, 2008 direct from MEI Records' online store, and will be available through other physical and digital outlets soon afterwards.
Trivium Announces Title Of New Album
Trivium has officially announced the release of "Shogun," their third album for Roadrunner Records. "Shogun" will be released on September 30.
Trivium has changed it up yet again on "Shogun," choosing not to record in the familiar environs of their home state of Florida. Instead the band headed to Nashville, Tennessee to work with producer Nick Raskulinecz (Rush, Foo Fighters, Stone Sour). The result is "a monolithic album that crystallizes the band's sound and showcases Trivium's finest elements."
Vocalist/guitarist Matt Heafy is thrilled with the album, saying, "We made a cohesive, epic metal album that combines all of the ingredients of everything we feel we have ever done 'right' musically, while adding a new direction that the music called for. We had so much fun creating this album and hope our fans feel that energy when they listen."
Even Slayer's Kerry King expressed excitement about touring with the band this fall on the "Unholy Alliance: Chapter 3" European tour. He commented to the UK's Total Guitar magazine, "I'll be at the side of the stage watching them. Great players like that make us want to do better."
Local UAE Bilocate Release Date Announced
The release date of the new BILOCATE album, "Sudden Death Syndrome," has been set to July 6, 2008 in the UAE. The album will be distributed in the middle east region by DAXAR Music through Virgin megastores.
Visit the band's MySpace page to listen to "The Dead Sea," a track from "Sudden Death Syndrome," available for streaming.
The release dates for other territories will be announced soon. More...
Dimension Zero Signs To Vic Records
DIMENSON ZERO, featuring IN FLAMES mastermind Jesper Stromblad on guitar, SOILWORK guitar player Daniel Antonsson and ex-MARDUK singer ( / drummer) Jocke Gothberg and LUCEFERION / CRYSTAL AGE drummer Hans Nilsson, has signed a deal with Vic Records. The brand new album, "He Who Shall Not Bleed," contains eleven tracks of aggressive, fast and melodic Gothenburg metal. The material is less thrashy than their previous albums and more melodic and sounding like the old IN FLAMES and was recorded at the IN FLAMES Studios (former Studio Fredman) in Gothenburg, Sweden. "He Who Shall Not Bleed" also features guest guitar leads by ANNIHILATOR's Jeff Waters.
A limited edition first pressing will be a digipack with two bonus tracks. The album will be released September 15th.
Remix of Apocalytica's "S.O.S." On Soundtrack
Apocalyptica has contributed a special remix of "S.O.S. (Anything But Love)," remixed by Justin Lassen, to the original soundtrack for the long awaited horror movie "The Midnight Meat Train." The horror-thriller movie is the latest film adapation of a Clive Barker book and stars Bradley Cooper (WEDDING CRASHERS, TV's "Alias,"), Vinnie Jones (X-MEN: THE LAST STAND, SNATCH), Brooke Shields ("Nip/Tuck"), and Leslie Bibb (the upcoming TRICK R' TREAT, TALLADEGA NIGHTS: THE BALLAD OF RICKY BOBBY).
Soulidium Posts New Music Online
Soulidium may not be a household name but that hasn't stopped rock institutions like Rolling Stone and Metal Edge from singing their praises. The Florida Hard-Rock band is living proof of what a combination of dynamic songwriting, energy filled live shows, and an undying work ethic can do for you. After winning over crowds across the East Coast club circuit, the band went into the studio with veteran producer, Danny Bernini and recorded their debut album, "Children of Chaos," for their own Knightvision Music label. Warner Music Group fell for the album's potent blend of melody and aggression and quickly added the album to their distribution roster.
Lead by charismatic front man, Michael McKnight, the band has also appeared on the soundtrack to Saw IV with their track "Trapped."
The band is currently on tour with Sevendust. You can check out four of the songs from "Children of Chaos" on the band's MySpace page and watch a video for their latest single, "The Light" below. More...
The Ottoman Empire Changes Name to Luna Mortis
Wisconsin based female fronted metal band, The Ottoman Empire, have issued the following update regarding their decision to change their name to Luna Mortis:
"Well, I'm sure you've all noticed, that we've undergone a name change! We have changed our name from 'The Ottoman Empire' to 'Luna Mortis.'"
"To keep a very long story short, we had a number of reasons to make the change and they are quite honestly, too many to list. Ultimately, it was a long, hard decision but a change we all felt was necessary to make."
"The most important thing is that our lineup and our music have NOT changed, and will not change so we promise to keep the metal coming!" More...
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MDR_3000 wrote:irban wrote:MDR_3000 wrote:irban wrote:A little hard to say what the cutoff was between freestyle and golf discs,
that's easy, golf discs have a beveled rim and lids do not.
I'd say if you can throw it over 300 it's not a freestyle disc.
That makes no sense at all. Ultimate discs can be thrown 300'
Maybe I should have said if I can throw it over 300'. I could volunteer to stand in the parking lot before events, certifying discs.
Back to the point though, what is a reasonable long throw average for a freestyle disc? I rarely see golf shots hit 400, so I was thinking 300 would be pushing it for freestyle.


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Indonesia's Strangest Residents
Southeast Asia Real Time has its spotlight on Indonesia this week, as part of the WSJ's launch of its Bahasa Indonesia site. More on WSJ.com/Indonesia
Since the mid-18th century, when botanist Carl Linnaeus first devised his system for classifying all living things, taxonomists have identified well over a million species. And the project is nowhere near completion, scientists say. Conservative estimates put the total number of species on the planet at anywhere from 5 million to 10 million, with a large number of them expected to be found in Indonesia, home to some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and an abundance of under-explored land.
More In Indonesia
- How Indonesians Spend Time Online During Ramadan - The Numbers
- Indonesians Say Waste Is Top Environmental Concern
- Indonesia Boosting Power Capacity by Cutting Red Tape
- Uber Breaks into Food Delivery in Indonesia for Ramadan
- How Australians Look at Indonesia - The Numbers
- Photo Blog: Mount Sinabung Bursts to Life Yet Again
The Southeast Asian country's rainforests, lakes, grasslands, reefs and deep tropical waters are estimated to contain 10% of the world's known plant species, 12% of its mammal species and 17% of its bird species. Indonesia is home to more known mammal species than any other country except Brazil. And the government and experts have estimated that more than half of the country's species have yet to be discovered.
"Almost every single time I go out into the field, I find new species," says Renny Hadiaty, a freshwater fish researcher at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences.
Indonesia experienced a golden age of species discovery in the late 1800s and early 1900s as researchers fanned out across the country. But for many types of animals and plants, the pace of new finds tapered off once the most accessible species had been identified.
Today, new methods of species discovery are aiding the process. Technology to perform detailed genetic analysis, a rarity even a decade ago in Indonesia, is now commonplace and helping direct scientists toward discoveries of "cryptic species," or ones that have been overlooked because of their close resemblance to other species. Other techniques, such as setting up motion-detecting cameras in rainforests, are providing new glimpses of reclusive animals.
As conservation efforts intensify and marine parks continue to expand, meanwhile, researchers are pushing into new areas to see what might be found. Oftentimes, they work directly with government officials, who are becoming more cognizant of the need to protect little-known species and promote conservation.
And so the search continues. View photos of the previously unknown species discovered in Indonesia in recent years in our slideshow.


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Version: 1.6b || Release Date: 2008-10-22 || License: Freeware
Developer: Thermo Global Nuclear War |
App Owner: factoryjoe
3 Opinions
Broken for me.
Maybe I'm dense, but I can't see any method for editing bookmarks in this app. All it allows you to do is add new bookmarks (without any tagging assistance) and click on existing bookmarks (which are incomplete, sorted chronologically and has no search facility). Rather underwhelming in my opinion.
Is cool, but would really benefit from a dropbox, services menu or tab. At the moment the app is, by definition, behind the browser, making d+d difficult. Also doesn't seem to learn my tags.


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Note: This website is no longer being updated and is being maintained for archive purposes by the Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Please see About the Project for further details.
The Iquitos region of western Amazonia is mainly in Peru's Department of Loreto, including portions of the provinces Maynas, Loreto, Ramón Castilla and Requena and the eastern buffer zone of Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve. For conservation purposes, the southernmost extension of Colombia is considered part of the Iquitos region. Colombia is to the north of the region, Brazil to the south, and both countries are to the east (Map 45).
The major urban centre is the port city of Iquitos, which is located in the north-western part of the region on the west bank of the Upper Amazon River at 106 m in elevation. Iquitos is 600 km east of the base of the Andes and 3636 km west of the Atlantic Ocean (ONERN 1975). The Putumayo River marks the general area's northern boundary with Colombia and the Yavari/Javari River its southern boundary with Brazil. The principal rivers traversing the region are the Napo, Marañón and Ucayali, which become the Upper Amazon (to Solimões) River (Peñaherrera 1989).
The Iquitos region formerly constituted an east-west geosyncline, which in the Cambrian period formed a basin of water that connected to the Pacific Ocean. During the Miocene with the initial rise of the Central Andean Cordillera, drainage was redirected to the Atlantic Ocean, creating a giant lake which slowly filled with assorted sediments (Encarnación 1985). Thus formed the extensive lowland plane of degraded Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial deposits that cover much of the Central Amazon sedimentary basin.
As a result of these geological phenomena, there is very little altitudinal differentiation. The older deposits constitute the non-flooded "tierra firme" - terrain found in most of Amazonia, which has few if any essentially permanent lakes (Räsänen, Salo and Jungner 1991). Soils of more recent origin are restricted to active floodplains or várzeas (Meggers 1971). "Várzea" is continually enriched by new deposits of Andean sediments, and has successional riverine features including a complex system of many lakes.
Due to different substrates, there is a complex habitat mosaic. Characteristic substrates include upland white sand; upland lateritic soil; non-inundated alluvial soil; and "tahuampa" - floodplains seasonally inundated by either suspension-rich white water or suspension-poor black water. This mosaic of habitats is more completely developed in the black-water river area of northern Loreto Department; it reaches its southern limit near Jenaro Herrera on the Ucayali River and extends eastward to Leticia (Map 45) (Gentry and Ortiz-S. 1993).
The climate of the region is relatively uniform (Encarnación 1985). The average annual temperatures are between 25°-27°C, with diel variations of less than 8°-10°C, and a minimum of 16°C occurring during June and July. Annual precipitation ranges from 2386 mm at Leticia to 2400-3400 mm. The Iquitos region has no well-marked dry season. The complete absence of seasonality of the rainfall in diverse warm habitats probably is a key factor responsible for considering this region and the Western Amazon in general as the world's highest in diversity of tree species and several other major groups of organisms (cf. Gentry 1988b; Gentry and Ortiz-S. 1993).
The distinguishing phytogeographic characteristic of the Amazon is its magnificent tropical rain forest, which A. von Humboldt called the hylaea. Detailed classification of the vegetation of the Peruvian Amazon is very incomplete. In the Holdridge life-zone system, it is considered primarily tropical moist forest ("bosque húmedo tropical"), and many subcategories have been recognized (ONERN 1976). Studies of the Iquitos region have resulted in various classifications (Tuomisto 1993). The major types found are upland forests and wetland forests, each of which also correlates with more shrubby vegetation (Encarnación 1985).
The Peruvian Amazonian region is unique as a tectonically active foreland occupied by often pristine tropical rain forest (Kalliola et al. 1991). The vegetation is highly dynamic, which implies that a large proportion of the forest is transitional. Even relatively stable sites can become destablized through abrupt changes in habitat conditions. Succession associated with this geologic dynamism plays an important role in the patterns of the Iquitos region, which has a very complex and intricate mosaic of habitats. Although the climax vegetation is generally tropical moist forest, on different substrates there are floristically different communities. While the species composition of the communities on the different substrates is very distinct, the familial composition of different communities is remarkably similar (Gentry 1988a).
Upland (tierra-firme) forests (Ruokolainen and Tuomisto 1993)
1. Vegetation on white-sand soils has two main formations:
2. Vegetation on lateritic soils is heterogeneous, and also less well known, although the most prevalent in the region. Edaphic conditions and variations in drainage appear influential. According to various studies (Gentry 1988a, 1988b), the lateritic soils have the highest diversity of plant species. Near Iquitos (4°S), while the white sand of a 1-ha sample at Mishana (near the Nanay River) had 83 trees 30 cm or more in dbh, the relatively richer lateritic soil at nearby Yanamono supported 110 such large trees (Gentry 1988b).
Wetland forests and woodlands, swamps and marshes
1. Seasonally or sporadically inundated vegetation is of three main types and several other successional types:
a) Flooded by regular annual cycles of rivers:
b) Flooded irregularly by overflow of rivers or local torrential rains:
2. Permanently inundated vegetation (swamps and marshes) is of three general kinds (Kalliola et al. 1991):
Preliminary data from several well-censused areas near Iquitos record 2265 species in ten sites, with 65% of the species known from only one of the sites (Gentry and Ortiz-S. 1993; Vásquez and Pipoly, in prep.). To the east in Colombia, c. 1500 species have been recorded in Amacayacu Natural National Park (Rudas and Pipoly, in prep.); sometimes these are the same species as those found near Iquitos.
An outstanding aspect of Iquitos forests is their high [alpha] diversity (Gentry 1988a, 1988b). Two 1-ha plots on different soil types in the Iquitos region were determined to be very rich in species of trees: at Yanamono (on alluvial-terrace lateritic soil) there were 580 trees 10 cm or more in dbh representing 283 species - only 15% of the tree (and 17 liana) species were represented by more than two individuals; Mishana (on white sand) had 842 such trees of 275 species. Thus the Upper Amazon rain forest may be the world's richest in tree-species diversity (Gentry 1986, 1988b). The Iquitos region's forests are also among the richest known in all plant species 2.5 cm or more in dbh, with 0.1-ha samples averaging 218 species (Gentry and Ortiz-S. 1993).
Usually Leguminosae is the most diverse family in Iquitos forests, although in some of the richest-soil areas Moraceae may present almost as many species (Gentry 1988b). Other prevalent woody families are Lauraceae, Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Myristicaceae, Sapotaceae and Meliaceae. Palms are well represented in most Iquitos forests and are especially prevalent on richer soils (Vásquez and Gentry 1989). The most important liana family is Bignoniaceae (as in most of the neotropics), and then Leguminosae, Hippocrateaceae, Menispermaceae, Sapindaceae and Malpighiaceae (Gentry 1991).
Locally endemic species include Meliosma vasquezii (Sabiaceae) (picture), Caraipa utilis (Clusiaceae) and Aptandra caudata (Olacaceae). Some endemics in this region known only on sandy soil are Hirtella revillae (Chrysobalanaceae), Jacqueshubera loretensis (Leguminosae), Spathelia terminalioides (Rutaceae) and Ambelania occidentalis (Apocynaceae). Schlegelia cauliflora (Bignoniaceae) (picture) was considered a local white-sand endemic until recently, when it was found at Araracuara in Colombia (in CPD Site SA7).
Useful plants
The usefulness of the Iquitos forests to the people who live in them is varied and vast for food, remedies, construction, crafts, commerce, etc. Pinedo-Vásquez et al. (1990) studied 7.5 ha of the secondary communal forest adjacent to San Rafael (near Iquitos), finding that 60% of the 218 tree species (dbh 10 cm or more) and 66% (2511) of the individual trees were utilized for one or more purposes: for example, 28% of the species produce food; 10% remedies; 31% construction materials (including bark of Duguetia lucida and Helicteres pentandra for lashing to make houses); 5% crafts; and for commercial products - 24% timbers (only 26% of these trees were of the required 26 cm minimum dbh), 22% non-timber products and 7.6% exudates.
The forests around Iquitos include numerous edible species. Vásquez and Gentry (1989) recorded the uses of c. 220 fruits consumed by the local inhabitants, and determined that of 193 fruit species consumed regularly, 120 were exclusively wild-harvested. The taxonomic diversity of the fruits is outstanding: 39 families were represented and in 34 were species with wild-harvested fruits.
The family Palmae is preeminent, with 23 species producing wild-harvested fruits (Vásquez and Gentry 1989). The fruit of the palm Mauritia flexuosa is the most important. It provides a number of saleable products (Padoch 1988; Mejía 1992), including the raw ripe fruit ("aguaje"); "masa", a seedless mashed pulp; "curichi", a frozen drink; "chupetes" or popsicles and ice cream. Another important palm is Jessenia bataua, which produces an oil very similar to olive oil. The protein quality of its fruits is comparable to animal protein (Balick and Gershoff 1981); these fruits also are made into ice cream and sold in Iquitos (Kahn 1988). Young leaves of Euterpe precatoria (known as "palmito") are used to make salads, and its roots are used to treat some hepatic and renal problems (Mejía 1992).
Other notable fruit species found in the Iquitos region are Myrciaria dubia ("camu-camu") (Myrtaceae), which is exceptionally rich in vitamin C; and Grias peruviana ("sacha mangua") (Lecythidaceae), whose mesocarp is rich in vitamin A. Additional notable fruit-producing families in the region include Apocynaceae, Annonaceae, Moraceae and Sapotaceae.
Native traditions have been well preserved among the region's peoples, who generally continue to use many forest plants as medicinals. For example, Martinella is widely used as an eye medicine (Gentry and Cook 1984). A tea made from the leaves of Spondias mombin is used to treat diarrhoea, stomach ache, vaginal infections and dermatitis; a tonic made from its bark is claimed to be an effective contraceptive (Peters and Hammond 1990). Some medicinal plants are exported. For instance, much of the world's curare, which is used as a muscle relaxant in modern medicine, comes from the Peruvian Amazon. Also, there has been recent large-scale export of Uncaria bark from Amazonian Peru to treat prostate cancer (Gentry 1993). Other examples of species used medicinally are Abuta grandifolia - stems and/or roots to treat sterile women, post-menstrual haemorrhages and rheumatism; Abuta solimoesensis, bark to treat anaemia and rheumatism; Alchornea castaneifolia, bark to treat rheumatism, arthritis, muscle pain and colds; Ficus insipida var. insipida, latex as a vermifuge; and Ficus trigona, as an antidiarrhoetic (Duke and Vásquez 1994).
The Iquitos region has important timber species including Caryocar, Hymenaea, Iryanthera, Virola, Endlichera, Eschweilera, Aniba, Ocotea and Swartzia. Approximately 70% of the wood used to build houses in Iquitos is from Caraipa utilis (Vásquez 1991) and in Jenaro Herrera, from Haploclathra cordata (Vásquez 1993). Both of these species are endemic to the Iquitos region. Other species frequently used for construction include Aspidosperma nitidum (Apocynaceae); Caraipa densifolia, C. tereticaulis (Clusiaceae); Duroia paraensis (Rubiaceae); and Eschweilera turbinata (Lecythidaceae) (Soto and Vásquez 1989; cf. Pinedo-Vásquez, Zarin and Jipp 1992).
The climbing palm Desmoncus has been used locally as a fibre source for rattan products (Gentry 1986). Also, there is a thriving fibre industry based on the aerial roots of Philodendron solimoesensis (Araceae). Stems of various other monocotyledons including Ischnosiphon (Marantaceae) and Heteropsis (Araceae) are similarly used locally (Gentry 1992).
Social and environmental values
The Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Communal Reserve, as well as similar areas not officially designated as reserves (Pinedo-Vásquez, Zarin and Jipp 1992), are a source of products from the fauna and flora for many rural inhabitants. The Iquitos region forests can offer important refuge for wild animals threatened by over-hunting. This is especially true in the areas north of the Napo; near the Brazilian border the hunting pressure has not been as severe.
The Iquitos region is embraced by the large Napo and Upper Amazon lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA B19), which extends from southernmost Colombia and eastern Ecuador eastward into northern Peru and westernmost Brazil. Ten species of birds are limited to this area, although they essentially represent the most restricted species of a (distributionally poorly known) suite of birds that are confined to the river islands, riverine forest and várzea forest of the Amazon Basin rivers. The birds in this EBA, just one of which is considered threatened, are seemingly confined to the tierra-firme or várzea forests.
Economic assessment
The city of Iquitos has a population of over 269,000, and is the capital of the Department of Loreto (now Amazonas region), which has a low population density - 1.4 inhabitants per km². Most residents of the many riverine villages of the region are largely agriculturalists and generalists who may also fish, collect forest products, hunt, create or prepare some products (e.g. handicrafts, alcoholic drinks, medicinals) and engage in some wage labour (Padoch 1992). Certain native fruit species are beginning to be grown as crops, including Grias neuberthii, Inga minutula, Muntingia calabura, Passiflora quadrangularis, Pourouma cecropiifolia and Psidium guajava (Vásquez and Gentry 1989).
Wild-harvested fruits are important products in Amazonian Peru. Including those consumed occasionally, 219 wild-harvested fruit species are presently used by the people of the Iquitos region (Vásquez and Gentry 1989 and unpublished). The annual value per ha of a population of Myrciaria dubia in flooded forest is estimated to be US$5700-7620; the value of the fruit produced by Grias peruviana is US$4242, whereas Spondias mombin produces US$378 worth of fruit (Peters, Gentry and Mendelsohn 1989).
Of the 32 tree species at San Rafael with non-monetary use-values of 2.0 or more (based on addition of major and minor categorical uses), 78% have markets in Iquitos. Over-exploitation can result: Brosimum paraense and Heisteria pallida, with use-values of 3.0 and dependable markets, have been so depleted that only two trees of each were found in the sampled 10% of the 50-year-old secondary forests. In 1984 the community of San Rafael established a communal forest reserve (8 km²), which has detailed community rules for sustainable use (Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1990; Pinedo-Vásquez, Zarin and Jipp 1992).
Funds raised by small-scale ecological tourism were used to build Quebrada Sucusari, a research laboratory on the Napo River with 1012 km². It is operated by the Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research (through the ACEER Foundation).
Habitat destruction by deforestation, especially along navigable rivers, is due to population pressure (Aramburú 1984). Some species are deleteriously exploited for their products; e.g. the palms Mauritia flexuosa and Euterpe precatoria are cut down (Padoch 1988; Pinedo-Vásquez, Zarin and Jipp 1992). Over-hunting for food (e.g. deer, peccary) and trade (e.g. live birds and primates) has reduced populations of important agents for dispersal in much of the region.
The Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Communal Reserve (3225 km²) is located in north-eastern Peru between the rivers Tamshiyacu, Tahuayo and Yavari Miri (or Mirim) (Map 45), approximately between 4°11'-4°56'S and 72°30'-73°17'W. It is predominantly non-flooded forest (tierra firme), and has 13 primate species; for two (Saguinus mystax mystax and Cacajao calvus rubicundus), this is the first protected area.
This reserve is managed in ways to benefit the local people; there are management programmes for the aguaje palm, ungulates, fisheries and swidden-fallow agroforestry (Bodmer et al. 1990). At least 44 village and inter-village forest and/or lake reserves which total 128 km² have been established by local communities to prevent misuse and develop sustainable extraction of their natural resources. Their efforts are aided by the grassroots organization FEDECANAL (Federación Departamental de Campesinos y Nativos de Loreto) (Pinedo-Vásquez, Zarin and Jipp 1992).
The Iquitos region includes only the eastern buffer zone of the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, which is an important preserve for wetland forests and the region's aquatic fauna, and the only officially designated large reserve in northern Amazonian Peru. Several national and international conservation organizations are conducting intensive research in the area in order to develop strategies to protect this reserve.
North of the Amazon River on the border in Colombia (Leticia municipality) is Amacayacu Natural National Park (1700 km²), between 3°02'-3°50'S and 69°54'-70°20'W (INDERENA 1990). Peru may extend the protection to form a large binational park, which could become one of the most important conservation units in Amazonia.
Map 45. Iquitos Region, Peru and Colombia (CPD Site SA9)
Aramburú, C.E. (1984). Expansion of the agrarian and demographic frontier in the Peruvian selva. In Schmink, M. and Wood, C.H. (eds), Frontier expansion in Amazonia. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. Pp. 153-179.
Balick, M.J. and Gershoff, S.N. (1981). Nutritional evaluation of the Jessenia bataua palm: source of high quality protein and oil from tropical America. Econ. Bot. 35: 261-271.
Bodmer, R., Penn, J., Fang, T.G. and Moya, L. (1990). Management programmes and protected areas: the case of the Reserva Comunal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo, Peru. Parks 1: 22-25.
Duke, J.A. and Vásquez, R. (1994). Amazonian ethnobotanical dictionary. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A. 215 pp.
Encarnación, F. (1985). Introducción a la flora y vegetación de la Amazonia peruana: estado actual de los estudios, medio natural y ensayo de una clave de determinación de las formaciones vegetales en la llanura amazónica. Candollea 40: 237-252.
Gentry, A.H. (1986). Sumario de patrones fitogeográficos neotropicales y sus implicaciones para el desarrollo de la Amazonia. Rev. Acad. Col. Cienc. Exactas Fís. Nat. 16: 101-116.
Gentry, A.H. (1988a). Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 1-34.
Gentry, A.H. (1988b). Tree species richness of Upper Amazonian forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 156-159.
Gentry, A.H. (1991). The distribution and evolution of climbing plants. In Putz, F.E. and Mooney, H.A. (eds), Biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Pp. 3-52.
Gentry, A.H. (1992). New nontimber forest products from western South America. In Plotkin, M. and Famolare, L. (eds), Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Pp. 125-136.
Gentry, A.H. (1993). Tropical forest biodiversity and the potential for new medicinal plants. In Kinghorn, A.D. and Balandrin, M.F. (eds), Human medicinal agents from plants. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 534. Pp. 13-24.
Gentry, A.H. and Cook, K. (1984). Martinella (Bignoniaceae): a widely used eye medicine of South America. J. Ethnopharmacology 11: 337-343.
Gentry, A.H. and Ortiz-S., R. (1993). Patrones de composición florística en la Amazonia peruana. In Kalliola, R., Puhakka, M. and Danjoy, W. (eds), Amazonia peruana vegetación húmeda subtropical en el llano subandino. Proyecto Amazonia Universidad de Turku (PAUT) and Oficina Nacional de Evaluación de Recursos Naturales (ONERN). Jyväskylä, Finland. Pp. 155-166.
INDERENA (1990). Nuevos parques nacionales de Colombia. Instituto Nacional de los Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Ambiente (INDERENA), Bogotá. 213 pp.
Kahn, F. (1988). Ecology of economically important palms in the Peruvian Amazon. Advances Economic Botany 6: 42-49.
Kalliola, R., Puhakka, M., Salo, J., Tuomisto, H. and Ruokolainen, K. (1991). The dynamics, distribution and classification of swamp vegetation in Peruvian Amazonia. Ann. Bot. Fennici 28: 225-239.
Meggers, B.J. (1971). Amazonia: man and land in a counterfeit paradise. Aldine and Atherton, Chicago. 182 pp.
Mejía, K. (1992). Las palmeras en los mercados de Iquitos. Bull. Inst. Fr. Etudes Andines 21: 755-769.
ONERN (1975). Inventario, evaluación e integración de los recursos naturales de la zona de Iquitos, Nauta, Requena y Colonia Angamos. Oficina Nacional de Evaluación de Recursos Naturales (ONERN), Lima. 269 pp.
ONERN (1976). Mapa ecológico del Perú. Guía explicativa. ONERN, Lima. 147 pp.
Padoch, C. (1988). Aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) in the economy of Iquitos, Peru. Advances Economic Botany 6: 214-224.
Padoch, C. (1992). Marketing of non-timber forest products in Western Amazonia: general observations and research priorities. Advances Economic Botany 9: 43-50.
Peñaherrera, C. (1989). Atlas del Perú. Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Lima. 399 pp.
Peters, C.M. and Hammond, E.J. (1990). Fruits from the flooded forest of Peruvian Amazonia: yield estimates for natural populations of three promising species. Advances Economic Botany 8: 159-176.
Peters, C.M., Gentry, A.H. and Mendelsohn, R.O. (1989). Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest. Nature 339: 655-656.
Pinedo-Vásquez, M., Zarin, D. and Jipp, P. (1992). Community forest and lake reserves in the [Peruvian Amazon]: a local alternative for sustainable use of tropical forests. Advances Economic Botany 9: 79-86.
Pinedo-Vásquez, M., Zarin, D., Jipp, P. and Chota-Inuma, J. (1990). Use-values of tree species in a communal forest reserve in Northeast Peru. Conserv. Biol. 4: 405-416.
Prance, G.T. (1979). Notes on the vegetation of Amazonia III. The terminology of Amazonian forest types subject to inundation. Brittonia 31: 26-38.
Räsänen, M.E., Salo, J.S. and Jungner, H. (1991). Holocene floodplain lake sediments in the Amazon: 14C dating and palaeoecological use. Quaternary Science Reviews 10: 363-372.
Rudas, A. and Pipoly, J. (in prep.). Flórula del Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, U.S.A.
Ruokolainen, K. and Tuomisto, H. (1993). La vegetación de terrenos no inundables (tierra firme) en la selva baja de la Amazonia peruana. In Kalliola, R., Puhakka, M. and Danjoy, W. (eds), Amazonia peruana vegetación húmeda subtropical en el llano subandino. PAUT and ONERN. Jyväskylä, Finland. Pp. 139-153.
Soto, S.T. and Vásquez, R. (1989). Maderas redondas de uso estructural: un material de construcción a revalorar en la selva peruana. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONCYTEC), Lima. 60 pp.
Tuomisto, H. (1993). Clasificación de vegetación en la selva baja peruana. In Kalliola, R., Puhakka, M. and Danjoy, W. (eds), Amazonia peruana vegetación húmeda subtropical en el llano subandino. PAUT and ONERN. Jyväskylä, Finland. Pp. 103-112.
Vásquez, R. (1991). Caraipa (Guttiferae) del Perú. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 1002-1008.
Vásquez, R. (1993). Una nueva Haploclathra (Clusiaceae) de la Amazonia peruana. Novon 3: 499-501.
Vásquez, R. and Gentry, A.H. (1989). Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area. Conserv. Biol. 3: 350-361.
Vásquez, R. and Gentry, A.H. (in prep.). Catálogo de los frutos comestibles de la Amazonia peruana. Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, U.S.A.
Vásquez, R. and Pipoly, J. (in prep.). Flórula de las reservas biológicas de Iquitos. Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, U.S.A.
This Data Sheet was written by Rosa
Ortiz-S. (Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, Saint Louis, MO 63166-0299, U.S.A.).
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Ecclestone was reported at the weekend as saying that in mid-2012 Hamilton had asked for his help to get a contract at Red Bull.
Those efforts failed to come to fruition, however, with Red Bull owner Dietrich Mateschitz preferring to remain loyal to Mark Webber.
Hamilton said he was aware of Ecclestone's comments, but he was confused as they did not tally with his version of events.
"He seems to only make comments about me for some reason," said Hamilton when asked for his feelings on Ecclestone's remarks. It makes me a bit nervous because we have quite a good relationship and I'm quite open with him about a lot of stuff.
"I don't really know what to say about the comments he made.
"I think he said something about me talking to Red Bull? I said to my management team to speak to all the teams and give me what the best options were.
"There was no particular one that I was pushing for more.
"At the end of the day I am here [Mercedes] and it's the best decision I have ever made."
Hamilton took his first podium for Mercedes in the Malaysian Grand Prix on Sunday.
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BENTON - Kyleigh Cowger has earned a position on the Missouri High School Rodeo Team and will compete July 21-27 at the 55th Annual National High School Finals Rodeo in the Girls Cutting competition in Farmington, N.M.
The Kelly High School graduate will be featured among more than 1,500 contestants from 39 states, five Canadian provinces and Australia.
The National High School Finals is the world's largest rodeo. In addition to competing for over $125,000 in prizes, contestants will also vie for more than $150,000 in college scholarships and the chance to be named the National High School Rodeo champion.
To earn this title, Cowger and other contestants must finish in the top 20 after two go-rounds of competition before advancing to the final championship performance on July 27.
This year's championship performance will be televised nationally on 20X Rodeo High, a part of the Outdoor Channel's weekly "Rodeo Round-Up" series.
The event is scheduled to air at 10 a.m. Sept. 22, 7 a.m. Sept. 24 and 11 a.m. Sept. 29. For more information, call (505) 324-3000 or visit www.rodeohigh.com


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Syria Tracker offers a crisis mapping system that uses crowdsourced text, photo and video reports and data mining techniques forming a live map of the Syrian conflict since March 2011. Syria Tracker provides:
A continually updated list of eye witness reports from within Syria, often accompanied by media links
Aggregate reports including analysis and visualizations of deaths and atrocities in Syria
A stream of content-filtered media from news, social media (Twitter and Facebook) and official sources
Syria Tracker, is a 2015 Digital Activism Nominee, Index on Censorship Freedom of Expression Award.
Syria Tracker is an online map that shows where human rights abuses are happening in Syria, charting exactly when and where violence such as murders, rapes and chemical attacks have taken place, as well as instances where food and water supplies have been tampered with. The site encourages civilians to anonymously report what's going on in Syria, using encryption technology such as Tor in one of the world's most difficult and dangerous countries for reporters. Not only does Syria Tracker allow outside relief teams to know what's going on, the map also provides the rest of the world with otherwise non-existent accurate and up-to-date information. Crucially, by collating diverse data Syria Tracker has been able to illustrate trends in violence in Syria, such as last year's rise in civilian deaths, suggesting they are being increasingly targeted.


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Chelsea Message Board
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Who should to support?
Why not Fulham? They are in South West London. Then you won't have to worry about being called a glory hunter. And remember, Martin Jol was Spurs manager, Dimitar Berbatov played for both Spurs and Man Utd. Damien Duff was a good player at Chelsea. So you can support all the teams.
Blue is the colour of aristocracy, and clearly wouldn't suit you.
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omegakid101 omegakid101 Apr 7, 2013 19:03 Flag
i'm supporting chelsea-my dad worked there and i'll still have a soft spot for fulham since a coach from their academy came to my primary school
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Maybe the future would be fans that just support the premier league, it's a lot less stressful watching as a neutral.


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Lafitte Fire Department was on the scene of a transformer fire at 2705 Jean Lafitte Blvd.
Officials said the entire area was without power and have alerted the energy company.
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JAN 11, 2013 - Eurasia Review
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Loud chants and massive crowds marked the day set aside for Venezuela President Hugo Chavez's inauguration in the capital. But the leader's absence hung in the air, as Chavez was too ill to attend, postponing the swearing-in ceremony indefinitely. People have attended the rally to pay homage to Chavez in front of the Miraflores presidential [...]
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In Brave New World, what caste is Lenina in?
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I have wondered that myself. But I think what is going on is that not only each caste, but also each sub-caste has its own distinctive color. Also, please note that Gammas do not wear mulberry.
In Chapter 4, Lenina is with Bernard and they are watching the shift change at a factory. They are seeing all the people coming out. The people she sees who are wearing mulberry are all Beta Minuses.
So, what I have concluded is that Lenina is simply a Beta without a "Minus."
As to the Gammas and green and Lenina's clothes, I have two guesses. Either A) Huxley just lost track of his colors and no one noticed or B) her green clothes are a different shade than those worn by Gammas.
Lenina is a Beta plus. She is a foil for Linda, also a Beta (minus).
During the tour of the hatcheries we hear her voice in the background:
"… all wear green," said a soft but very distinct voice, beginning in the middle of a sentence, "and Delta Children wear khaki. Oh no, I don't want to play with Delta children. And Epsilons are still worse. They're too stupid to be able to read or write. Besides they wear black, which is such a beastly colour. I'm so glad I'm a Beta."
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West Salem
West Salem was in Section 26, near the crossroads of Shuler and Potteroff roads (950 West and 200 north), in the south central part of Ashland Township, west central Morgan County, Indiana. Rolling fields and an occasional rural home fill the modern landscape. Salem School is the only remaining structure. The one-room brick building still stands, on private property, and can be seen from Potteroff Road, formerly called Old Salem Road.The father of the current owner was a student of the school in his y
Early settlement records for this area show that George Shultz and William Johnson bought land in the area of West Salem in 1824. Hiram Alexander and Levi Meafield settled in 1825, followed by Jacob Bullen in 1826 and Jacob Seachrist in 1829.
Postal records show West Salem having the first post office in the area. It was established March 24, 1848 with Jacob Secrest, formerly Seachrist, as the first postmaster.
Jacob Bullen was the proprietor when the town was platted, May 30, 1849. It consisted of eight blocks of two lots each on Cross and Main Streets. In 1855, records show the town had a store and a blacksmith. The same year the post office changed to Graysville, which was to become the area of Sheasville-Alaska. By 1874 none of the land owners previously mentioned were listed in the Ashland Township Directory.
Araminta July Ann Carpenter Ford bought the land, and what was left of the town, from Jeremiah Davis in 1875. As a child she is reputed to have survived an indian attack in which she was scalped, ever after she wore a cap or bonnet. Her parents were killed in the attack. A bear attacked her and her sister Sarah in Switzerland County, Indiana shortly after moving there from Kentucky.
She moved to Morgan County with her husband from Bartholomew County where they had sold their 157 acres. They were reported to be "set in their ways." George was raised a northern Mormon. Araminta's parents and grandparents were from the south, didn't like Mormon customs, and they differed strongly in their views during the Civil War. They were divorced in 1871.
The land was deeded to her daughter, Eliza Jane Cooper, in 1892. She lived in the house until 1935. Eliza's husband, William Cooper, was a wagon maker, together they had seven children.
Other town names in the area are Graysville, Sheasville, Lewisville, and Alaska which had a post office until 1909.


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600x-rated Lexar Pro compact flash cards are now available and we've been testing a 16GB example. Although some of the latest high-performance cameras, like the new Canon EOS-1D Mark IV and Nikon D3s can make good use of the increased transfer rates offered by 600x cards, the primary advantage to users of less exotic cameras is for faster image download times. But even then, you need to have the right kind of card reader, and this is what we have been saying all along since the introduction of 266x and 300x UDMA cards a couple of years ago.
It's all to do with bottlenecks. Although USB 2.0 Hi-Speed, which is pretty much universal on cameras and PCs these days, is rated at 480 megabits (Mb) per second transmission rate, or 60 megabytes (MB) per second, in theory, in reality few USB devices get near that speed. Using a good quality USB 2.0 Hi-Speed card reader we've only really seen speeds as high as 20MB/sec, a third of the theoretical speed available. Part of the problem is that USB ports on PCs are connected to the computer's internal data bus via relatively old specification pathways. On top of this there are signalling overheads that erode the actual performance of USB 2.0 connected devices.
In theory, a 300X compact flash card should be able to read or write data at up to 300 times 150K bytes per second, or about 44MB per second. There is too much inefficiency in USB to be able to meet this speed, and it's made slightly worse if you connect your card reader to a USB hub.
So what is faster than USB? FireWire, or IEEE 1394, is rated at 400Mb/sec (it's also known as FireWire 400). On paper that's slightly slower than USB Hi-Speed 2.0, but it's a more efficient protocol and so FireWire card readers have the edge over USB ones. But even these are not fast or efficient enough to make full use of the full speed available from 300x cards. Enter stage left: FireWire 800, or IEEE 1394b. But even here we have to be cautious. FireWire 800 is actually limited from its full performance if it is connected to the usual internal PCI bus that many computers are still based on. You can buy FireWire 800 cards for your PC that connect via a standard PCI expansion slot, but you won't get full FireWire 800 performance this way. To enable FireWire 800 to fully stretch its legs, you need a computer that supports PCI Express, the updated PCI bus standard that most new computers now feature.
If you intend to use a FireWire 800 card reader on your desktop PC, there may be a compatible port already. If not, get a PCI Express FireWire expansion card. If you have a fairly new laptop, look for an Express Card slot. This is the successor to the old PC Card slot that has been the mainstay in laptops for over a decade. Lexar has announced an Express Card 34 UDMA card reader (the 34 refers to the width of the slot in millimetres, there is also a less common 54 type slot) and this actually out-performs UDMA readers even when connected to a FireWire 800 port. We've been promised one of these Express Card readers to test and we'll update this article once that happens.
In the mean time, the table above details the results of testing a new 600x 16GB Lexar Pro CF card, and comparing it to a 300x card. We used a Lexar Pro UDMA FireWire 800 card reader connected to a Belkin PCI Express FireWire port on a typical, if not cutting edge, Windows XP SP3 PC running an AMD Athlon 64 X2 5600+ (2.8GHz) processor and 4GB RAM. We also used a Lexar Pro USB 2.0 Hi-Speed card reader connected to a Belkin four port powered hub. Test files were copied too and from a SATA II hard drive. Incidentally, we tested copying a folder of RAW and JPEG camera files as well as a single 1.4GB movie file. A faster data rate is achieved with the sole movie file because there is less signalling overhead to erode the transfer rate
As you can see, the results delivered via USB 2.0 are much less impressive than via FireWire 800. Performance is practically identical for both the 300X and 600X cards using the USB card reader, indicating that both are limited by the USB bottleneck.
All the FireWire 800 reader tests are significantly faster than with USB. The 300x card read results are more than twice as fast via FireWire 800, and well on the way to being twice as fast when writing to the card. But the 600x card, although faster than the 300x card via FireWire 800, especially in read times, doesn't show such an impressive increase in speed over the 300x card when it comes to write times.
This chart (based on tests copying a folder of camera image files) demonstrates what a difference a UDMA FireWire card reader can make compared to USB, but it also shows that the boost delivered by Lexar's 600x card over 300x is still limited.
Unfortunately we didn't have any very high performance DSLRs to test the Lexar Pro 600x card with .I do have an Olympus E-3, which is UDMA compatible shoots at a continuous rate of 5 frames per second and the 600x card did deliver some modest improvements. Recording large JPEGs and RAW files simultaneously (two files saver per shot) it squeezed out one extra shot in a continuous burst before the buffer stalled (17 shots compared to 16 with the 300x card). In five seconds of continuous shooting two more shots were recorded with the 600x card. The buffer emptying time with the 600x card was 6 seconds compared to 7.5 seconds with the 300x card. These are small but nevertheless welcome improvements.
Don't think that a 600x card will be twice as fast as a 300x card. Even if you have a 300x card, make sure that your card reader can serve it properly. If your camera is UDMA compatible, you will probably see some small improvements in performance. Users of high-speed professional DSLRs may well see a bigger benefit. Read times off the 600x card, assuming you have an appropriate card reader, are usefully faster than a 300x card. There will be less time twiddling your thumbs when emptying large cards. I'm looking forward to seeing how the Lexar Express Card 34 compares. The bottom line is, a 300x 16GB card at around £85 is still better value than a 600X one for not much change from £200, but a 600x card is an investment that you may feel is worth paying a premium for now. Will prices drop? The answer is, probably, but there is no guarantee!
Last but not least, included in the price is a licence to download Lexar's Image Rescue 4 file recovery software.
Discuss this story:
DPNow Lexar Pro UDMA 600X Compact Flash card reviewHere is a summary or excerpt from an article that has just been published on DPNow:
Compared to Lex... (more)
Stephen Re: Lexar Pro UDMA 600X Compact Flash card reviewYou mentioned Express cards as an alternative to card readers on laptops. I have one in my Macbook... (more)
Ian Re: Lexar Pro UDMA 600X Compact Flash card review
Basic Express Cards are actually connected to the USB sub-system in your laptop. There are full-sp... (more)
Ian Re: Lexar Pro UDMA 600X Compact Flash card reviewLexar have now provided me with an ExpressCard 34 Compact Flash card reader. I will be testing it sh... (more)


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Nov. 22, 1963: The day JFK was assassinated
Photo: Joe Laird/Staff Photographer
After 2 p.m., Jacqueline Kennedy leaves Parkland Hospital with her slain husband's body. She would ride in the back with the casket. "I had a feeling that if somebody had literally fired a pistol in front of her face that she would just have blinked," said Dallas police Officer James Jennings, who helped put the casket in the hearse.
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