text:
I recently completed reading the pf FAQ on the OpenBSD website. I have been doing quite a bit of playing around and thought I would document the testing I performed on creating a redundant firewall configuration using CARP and pfsync.
I decided I must do a little experimenting based on two quotes from the FAQ. The first quote describes the use of the Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP):
One common use for CARP is to create a group of redundant firewalls. The virtual IP that is assigned to the redundancy group is configured on client machines as the default gateway. In the event that the master firewall suffers a failure or is taken offline, the IP will move to one of the backup firewalls and service will continue unaffected.
The second quote is from the section discussing the value of using pfsync with CARP:
pfsync: Synchronizes the state table amongst all the firewalls. In the event of a failover, traffic can flow uninterrupted through the new master firewall.
I read this as follows, "If I have a redundant firewall configuration using both CARP and pfsync, I can fail one firewall and have no interruption in traffic flow."
That just sounds cool, and I'm going to test it out.
My experiment will be done in a virtual lab environment. I will use Oracle VM VirtualBox for the virtualization platform. The firewalls will be vanilla OpenBSD 5.0 installs. The test hosts will be two other virtual machines I already have set up.
The goal: Simulate the failure of the primary firewall during operations involving Web and SSH traffic traveling from hosts on the LAN side to hosts on the WAN side.
Lets set it up and see.
Architecture Review
First – below is an ASCII diagram of the topology, consistent with the example in the pf FAQ:
+----| WAN/Internet |----+ | | em0| |em0 +-----+ +-----+ | fw1 |-em2----------em2-| fw2 | +-----+ +-----+ em1| |em1 | | ---+-------Shared LAN-------+--- Interface FW1 FW2 em0 192.168.1.21 | 192.168.1.22 em1 172.16.0.21 | 172.16.0.22 em2 10.10.10.21 | 10.10.10.22 WAN Shared 192.168.1.100 LAN Shared 172.16.0.100 WAN Gateway 192.168.1.1
The em2 interfaces will be used to send pfsync updates. Even in a lab environment, I want to heed the warning from the FAQ:
When pfsync(4) is set up to send and receive updates on the network, the default behavior is to multicast updates out on the local network. All updates are sent without authentication. Best common practice is either:
- Connect the two nodes that will be exchanging updates back-to-back using a crossover cable and use that interface as the syncdev (see below).
- Use the ifconfig(8) syncpeer option (see below) so that updates are unicast directly to the peer, then configure ipsec(4) between the hosts to secure the pfsync(4) traffic.
To simulate the crossover cable, we will set up the separate em2 interface. We could also easily configure IPsec on the em2 interfaces. Either way…
CARP will be configured both on the WAN and LAN side to support hosting services on both sides.
For the purposes of this experiment, minimal firewall rules will be in place. This is not recommended for production :)
Firewall Installation
I created a new virtual machine and installed OpenBSD 5.0 following the install guidance. It took about 20 minutes on a well oiled machine. Both firewalls will be identical, so once the first machine was installed and I verified it boots and I could log in, I shut it down and used the VirtualBox "Clone" feature to create a copy of the VM.
From the clean installs of OpenBSD 5.0, the following configurations established the environment.
Virtual Networking Setup
For both firewalls, the VirtualBox network settings are the same…
Adapter 1: Enabled, Bridged, Advanced->Promisc: Allow All
Adapter 2: Enabled, Internal, sharedlan, Advanced -> Promisc: Allow All
Adapter 3: Enabled, Internal, pfsync
Host Network Setup
Firewall 1
Edit: /etc/hostname.em0
inet 192.168.1.21 255.255.255.0 NONE
Edit: /etc/hostname.em1
inet 172.16.0.21 255.255.255.0 NONE
Edit: /etc/hostname.em2
inet 10.10.10.21 255.255.255.0 NONE
Setup gateway:
# echo 192.168.1.1 > /etc/mygate
Setup DNS – Edit: /etc/resolv.conf
lookup file bind
nameserver 184.108.40.206
nameserver 184.108.40.206
Then restart network:
# sh /etc/netstart
Firewall 2
Edit: /etc/hostname.em0
inet 192.168.1.22 255.255.255.0 NONE
Edit: /etc/hostname.em1
inet 172.16.0.22 255.255.255.0 NONE
Edit: /etc/hostname.em2
inet 10.10.10.22 255.255.255.0 NONE
Setup gateway:
# echo 192.168.1.1 > /etc/mygate
Setup DNS – Edit: /etc/resolv.conf
lookup file bind
nameserver 22.214.171.124
nameserver 188.8.131.52
Then restart network:
# sh /etc/netstart
Test Network Setup
Firewall 1
$ for h in "192.168.1.22" "10.10.10.22" "172.16.0.22"; do echo; ping -c1 $h; done;
Firewall 2
$ for h in "192.168.1.21" "10.10.10.21" "172.16.0.21"; do echo; ping -c1 $h; done;
Set Up CARP, pfsync, and Enable Forwarding (NAT)
Firewall 1
Edit: /etc/sysctl.conf
This will set preemption and enable forwarding upon next reboot.
So I don't have to reboot now, we'll manually set the sysctl variable:
# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1
# sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1
Create: /etc/hostname.pfsync0
up syncdev em2
Create: /etc/hostname.carp0
inet 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.255 vhid 1 \
carpdev em0 pass wan_interface_passwd
Create: /etc/hostname.carp1
inet 172.16.0.100 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.255 vhid 2 \
carpdev em1 pass lan_interface_passwd
Restart network:
# sh /etc/netstart
Note, OpenBSD will fix perms on the hostname.carp files, however, we'll fix them on hostname.pfsync0:
# chmod 640 /etc/hostname.pfsync0
Firewall 2
Edit: /etc/sysctl.conf
So I don't have to reboot now:
# sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1
# sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1
Create: /etc/hostname.pfsync0
up syncdev em2
Create: /etc/hostname.carp0
inet 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.255 vhid 1 \
carpdev em0 pass wan_interface_passwd advskew 128
Create: /etc/hostname.carp1
inet 172.16.0.100 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.255 vhid 2 \
carpdev em1 pass lan_interface_passwd advskew 128
Restart network:
# sh /etc/netstart
# chmod 640 /etc/hostname.pfsync0
Set Up Firewall Fules
The rules on both firewalls will be identical. So, I configured to taste on Firewall 1, and then scp's the /etc/pf.conf file over to the other. Based on the topology above, the following firewall rules are in place. These are NOT recommended for production!
#---------------------------------------------------------------------- # -=< F I R E W A L L R U L E S >=- #---------------------------------------------------------------------- #---------------------------------------------------------------------- # M A C R O S A N D L I S T S #---------------------------------------------------------------------- if_ext = em0 # external if, external if CARP (carp0) if_int = em1 # internal if, internal if CARP (carp1) if_pfs = em2 # dedicated if for pfsync approved_dns = "{ 22.214.171.124 126.96.36.199 }" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- # O P T I O N S #---------------------------------------------------------------------- set skip on lo # Nat outgoing match out on $if_ext from !$if_ext to any nat-to ($if_ext) #---------------------------------------------------------------------- # F I L T E R S #---------------------------------------------------------------------- #Default policy: block block return in block return out block in quick from urpf-failed # Scrub incoming packets match in all scrub (no-df) # Support CARP, pfsync pass quick on $if_pfs proto pfsync keep state (no-sync) pass quick on { $if_ext $if_int } proto carp keep state (no-sync) # Allow outbound DNS to approved DNS resolvers pass in log (all) on $if_int inet proto { tcp udp } \ from $if_int:network to $approved_dns port domain pass out log (all) on $if_ext inet proto { tcp udp } \ from $if_ext to $approved_dns port domain # Allow all outbound Web traffic pass in log (all) on $if_int inet proto tcp \ from $if_int:network to any port { www, https } pass out log (all) on $if_ext inet proto tcp \ from $if_ext to any port { www, https } modulate state # Allow all outbound SSH traffic pass in log (all) on $if_int inet proto { tcp udp } \ from $if_int:network to any port ssh pass out log (all) on $if_ext inet proto { tcp udp } \ from $if_ext to any port ssh modulate state # By default, do not permit remote connections to X11 block in on ! lo0 proto tcp to port 6000:6010
Test CARP Fail Over
Now that the interfaces have been set up, CARP should be running on both the WAN and LAN interfaces. Firewall 1 should be the CARP master on both carp0 (WAN side) and carp1 (LAN side).
This can be seen by running the following commands on both firewalls:
# ifconfig carp0
# ifconfig carp1
The output can be seen in the following screenshot:
Image 1: CARP Configuration on Firewall 1 and Firewall2
We can simulate the failure of the Firewall 1 CARP 1 interface by tweaking the advskew. To see the CARP traffic, we can run the following command on both Firewalls:
# tcpdump -i em1
Then, to fail the interface, run the following on Firewall 1:
# ifconfig carp1 advskew 130
The tcpdump output will show that Firewall 2 promotes to master. This can be seen in the following screenshot:
Image 2: CARP Master Fail Over
We can easily fail back to Firewall 1 by setting the advskew value on the carp1 interface on Firewall 1 to a number lower than the advskew value on the carp1 interface on Firewall 2 (128).
Set Up Hosts
Ultimately we want to have a host on the LAN network (our simulated user's workstation) and a host on the WAN network (our SSH server) talking, and then fail over the interfaces. The Hosts will be running BackTrack Linux, though any operating system should work fine, provided you can configure a static IP address and default gateway.
Virtual Network Setup
For Host 1 (LAN side), set
Adapter 1: Enabled, Internal, sharedlan
For Host 2 (WAN side), set
Adapter 1: Enabled, Bridged
Host Network Setup
Host 1
Edit: /etc/network/interfaces
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 172.16.0.10
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 172.16.0.100
Then restart network:
# /etc/init.d/networking restart
Host 2
Edit: /etc/network/interfaces
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.30
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1
Note: Host 2 here (on the WAN side) has the gateway set to the external network gateway, not the WAN facing interface on the Firewalls (em0)
Then restart network:
# /etc/init.d/networking restart
DNS Resolver Setup
We will use the OpenDNS resolvers. For both Hosts, the configuration is the same.
Edit: /etc/resolv.conf
Perform Testing
To perform the test, simply ssh from Host 1 (LAN) to Host 2 (WAN), and then use a web browser on Host 1 (LAN) to browse the web. Optionally have Wireshark or TCPDump running on Host 1 to see what's going through the interface.
Then, fail over Firewall 1 by setting the advskew value on the CARP interfaces to a value higher than the values on Firewall 2. I have a script (provided below) that can be modified and used to support quickly changing the advskew values.
Test results were very positive. Web based traffic failed over immediately when the master was failed. The SSH session, however, did not move over to the promoted firewall. I did quite a bit of investigating principally by checking TCP dumps and comparing MAC addresses of packets coming and going. Once the master was failed (by setting the advskew to a number higher than the backup firewall), the SSH outbound traffic continued to be sent to the CARP IP address, but response traffic was sent from the MAC address of the failed master firewall. If I shut down the interface ($ifconfig em1 down), then SSH traffic would simply halt.
I turned to the web. I was a little frustrated to see that the CARP protocol is not fully documented (that I could find), though dozens of articles provided adequate troubleshooting information. I found this nugget in the NetBSD Guide chapter on CARP, "services that require a constant connection to the server (such as SSH or IRC) will not be transparently transferred to the other system–though in this case, CARP can help with minimizing downtime." I suspect that the carp handler on a promoted master host will not take TCP ACK packets for a connection that was NOT initiated through that same host via the TCP 3-way handshake. I could not confirm this. With that in mind, however, I was happy that things worked as expected (SSH traffic behaved in accordance with documented behavior). I wonder if it would be prudent to try to configure a failed master to send TCP RSTs on active connections…
I also noticed a peculiar behavior that I was not able to resolve, but I did find a work around. Under certain conditions, after failing over between FW1 and FW2 several times, network traffic would simply stop. DNS would work, TCP sessions would get created, and the HTTP GET would get sent, but no replies would ever come back. I did not investigate to resolution, however I did find that if I would boot FW2 (the backup firewall) first and then boot FW1 (which would immediately preempt FW2), this problem would NOT materialize. I speculate that the firewall configuration, or some peculiarity in the virtual environment may have been causing this. Again – the work around was reliable, and if I was moving this into production, I'd do more research…
Final Thoughts
I am quite impressed with the simplicity of setup and the effectiveness in implementation of this reliable redundant configuration. I am also impressed that the CARP advertisements are (with the use of the CARP password parameter) encrypted with a SHA1 HMAC. Additionally, pfsync traffic can be exchanged using crossover cables or secured using ipsec. I did note, however, that CARP, even encrypted, is not invulnerable to replay attacks. I wonder if the carp traffic could be encapsulated in an ipsec tunnel between hosts to mitigate this vulnerability.
Useful Scripts and Commands
I created several files and used several tcpdump commands when testing and debugging. Below are those files that, when used with the configuration documented in this post, will make testing quite easy. Additionally, tcpdump commands useful for seeing what was moving through the physical interfaces or the pf log are provided…
BASH Script Files
status.sh – Show current status of CARP interfaces
#!/bin/sh echo "Carp0:" ifconfig carp0 | grep advskew echo "Carp1:" ifconfig carp1 | grep advskew
set_carp_200.sh – Change the advskew value on CARP interfaces to 200. Can be easily modified.
echo "Setting carp0 advskew 200..." ifconfig carp0 advskew 200 echo "Setting carp1 advskew 200..." ifconfig carp1 advskew 200 sleep 7 sh status.sh
Useful TCPDump Commands
em0 – See what's hitting the em0 interface (here, on FW1) ignoring the CARP advertisements.
tcpdump -i em0 src or dst 192.168.1.21 and !dst 18.104.22.168
em1 – See what's flowing on the Shared LAN side.
tcpdump -i em1 !dst 220.127.116.11
em2 – Watch the pfsync updates.
tcpdump -i em2
pflog – See what's being processed by pf and logged to pflog0 in accordance with pf.conf.
tcpdump -n -e -ttt -i pflog0
Below is a short video that demonstrates the fail over of the master, then failing back again. The video was shot using host configured in accordance with the specifications above. Perhaps this will add value. It will be best viewed full-screen…


text:
JFK Website (0)
Digital Archives (1)
Title: ST-C333-5-63. President John F. Kennedy with John F. Kennedy, Jr.
President John F. Kennedy walks with his son, John F. Kennedy, Jr., along the West Wing Colonnade of the White House, Washington, D.C.
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JOHN F. KENNEDY PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUMColumbia Point, Boston MA 02125 (617) 514-1600

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Report: #556510
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: First Freedom Equity - Tom Sims
First Freedom Equity - Tom Sims424 E Central Blvd Suite 420 Orlando, Florida United States of America
First Freedom Equity - Tom Sims Credit Services Unauthorized Credit Card Charge of $1299.00 for Debt Settlement without legitimacy of company provided Orlando, Florida *EDitor's Suggestions on how to get your money back into your bank account that someone wrongfully takes it from you!
*REBUTTAL Individual responds: CALL MY BLUFF?!
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I called his bluff on his website www.firstfreedomequity.com. This website does not mention any debt services whatsoever and when I told him this the website no longer even exists. I also called the Consumer Law Group Corp offices in Boca Raton that he claims to be affiliated with and they've never heard of him or any of his companies. I've asked him to provide valid company information and I received this email.
As per your conversation today with Tom Sims, the following is more information about the Debt Settlement Program. If you would like to view more information about the law office that will handle the debt settlement you may go to www.myconsumerlawgroup.com About the Attorney Debt Settlement Program: Debt settlement is an arrangement between you and your creditors that allows you to settle your debt for less than the amount that you currently owe, and in a fraction of the time. The Consumer Law Group, P.A. has worked with virtually every major creditor, and we have developed good relationships with them. We have helped numerous individuals and families settle their debts and avoid bankruptcy. Our first step is to immediately put a stop to harassing phone calls and letters from third-party creditors (collection agencies or law offices). This can be a valuable step for our clients who can then focus on their family and career goals, without having to fear opening the mailbox or answering the telephone. Debt settlement may affect your credit rating and/or FICO score since creditors only negotiate with debtors who are delinquent on their accounts. Secured debts are not eligible for the program (no home loans, car loans, etc.). We pride ourselves on taking a comprehensive approach to our clients needs, which includes keeping our clients informed of their rights as consumers and exercising aggressive negotiation techniques. You can rely on our Legal Team to provide accurate information and courteous, professional service. Rest assured, our team is committed to getting the lowest possible settlement on your behalf. Remember, We work for you! Should you have any other questions please contact Mr. Sims at (888) 819-0008 between the hours of 9:00 Am to 5:00 PM Eastern Standard Time. Sincerely, The Customer Service Team First Freedom Equity
This was copied almost verbatum from a company that has zero recognition with him or his companies. They also were not supposed to charge me until they saved me a guaranteed $3000.00. They charged my credit card the very same day.EDitor's Suggestions on how to get your money back!
Go to your bank within 60 days of the charge, or as soon as you know about the charge, don't delay, and tell them that there has been fraudulent activity within your account. Explain that you wish to file a dispute, and demand that they assist you in accordance with Federal Regulation E.
According to the majority of victims interviewed by Rip-off Report, those who immediately called their banks to dispute the charges did not get very far. Many victims got the following responses from their banks: we could not do anything for you or you waited too long; it has been more than 60 days.
If the bank is says that you have waited too long, explain to them how you called their 800 number as soon as the charges were found, and were told by the bank that nothing could be done. Remind the bank that they failed to assist you properly at the 800 #, and instead, provided you with an inadequate explanation of your right to dispute. Tell the bank that it's their fault time has expired, and since they gave you the wrong info to begin with, they will just have to deal with it, take the loss and reverse the charges.
Tell them the truth; this was unauthorized and your account was NOT to be charged! Keep emphasizing how you never authorized anything! Direct them to the hundreds of victims reports that were filed on Rip-off Report.com. And if you're at the bank, walk them over to their computer and make them go to this site! If you are on the phone with them, tell them you will wait while they access this site! Either way, be persistent!
Let them know nicely, that you were advised to Report them (the Bank) and this situation to the Banking Commission in your state. Since each state has a different name for the agency/controller over banks, find that name before you call or get to the bank so you can throw it in their face. The more knowledgeable you appear to be, the further you will get.
And just continue to demand the Federal Regulation E form! The bank CAN, MUST and WILL reverse the charge! But, you must be persistent; ask to speak to the supervisor or the area manager for all the branches in the state.
Let the bank personnel know you are meeting with the media later in the day, that you would much rather they do the right thing (as most other banks have) by looking at the complaints and immediately reversing the charge(s) to your account; no matter how long ago it was. Be sure to call the Media if necessary so you are telling the truth.
If you have to, be loud (but nice) in front of other customers. If you are just calling by phone, the above tactics should still work. The bank can easily fax or mail to you the Federal Regulation E dispute form.
If the charge was to your credit card (not debit card, check card, or checking account), contact the credit card company as soon as possible to request a dispute form. Consumers usually have a little longer to dispute fraudulent credit card charges (up to 6 months), but it is better to act right away. In this type of situation, credit card disputes are usually successful since fraudulent companies often won't contest the disputed charge. In rare cases, credit card companies will review disputes, but refuse to reverse the charges. If this occurs, complain to a manager and let them know you will be filing a report here.
Remember Don't let them get away with it! Make sure they make the Rip-off Report .. The more Reports filed on a Company or individual, the more likely it is that the authorities, media and attorneys will want to take action.
And good luck Let us know how you do!
ED Magedson Founder RipoffReport.com Author of www.ripoffrevenge.com
Rip-off Report PO Box 310, Tempe, Arizona 85280
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 01/18/2010 08:45 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/First-Freedom-Equity-Tom-Sims/Orlando-Florida-32801/First-Freedom-Equity-Tom-Sims-Credit-Services-Unauthorized-Credit-Card-Charge-of-12990-556510. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 REBUTTAL Individual responds
AUTHOR: Tom Sims - (United States of America)
SUBMITTED: Wednesday, January 20, 2010POSTED: Wednesday, January 20, 2010
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text:
A Good Man is Hard to Find
by Flannery O'Connor
A Good Man is Hard to Find Good vs. Evil Quotes
How we cite our quotes: Citations follow this format: (Paragraph)
Quote #10
"Shut up, Bobby Lee," The Misfit said. "It's no real pleasure in life." (142)
This is the reversal of what the Misfit said earlier about meanness being the only pleasure in life. What he's just done – shooting the grandmother dead – merits being called "mean," yet apparently he doesn't feel good about it. Perhaps he's fallen into complete despair, since now there's nothing left to give him pleasure. This would mean that killing the grandmother seriously affected him. Or perhaps it's the beginning of his transformation into a good man. Perhaps both.


text:
Self-reliance and sustainability in the 21st century.
By Jenna Woginrich
homesteading, Jenna Woginrich, sustainable farming, simple living
We're not from around here. I know you see us all the time, but trust me, we're from someplace else. We may have lived our whole lives right next door to you, but we left quite some time ago. We found another place and it suits us just fine.
It's not far or hard to get to. Chances are you pass it all the time when you're driving too fast to work or throwing another frozen dinner in the shopping cart. You can't get to us that way. We aren't there.
We're the ones in the next aisle buying yeast, flour, sugar and coffee. We buy provisions, not groceries. We learned that food tastes better when you grow it yourself. We started with just a few recipes then learned to chew at a trot, and now the idea of Lunchables and drive-through hamburgers makes us tilt our heads a little. We're not above them, not by a long shot, we just don't have those where we're from. Or maybe we did and forgot about them? I can't remember. It's easy to forget about such things when you hop the fence to go where we went. There just isn't a lot of shrink-wrapped circular ham there.
We're from another place. It's just like yours but the naps are better. We came for a bunch of different reasons but we sort of set up shop in the same community. It's not a physical location, of course. (It's much better than that.) It's a place in our actions, our decisions, our conversations, our hope. It's a place in our hobbies, our skills, our secret desire to know what a warm egg feels like in lanolin-wet palms. It doesn't matter where we came from or who we were before, this new place kind of took us all in and showed us how to calm the hell down. What? You're confused? Oh, well, you probably saw us there and just didn't realize it. Remember when we didn't pick up the phone (even after twenty rings) because we were in the garden? Or that time we gave up a weekend to make a chicken coop? Or last Saturday when we spent the whole day at that indoor farmer's market talking to the people at the wool booth we'd never met before, but felt like we knew while you kept telling us the movie was starting in thirty minutes. ... That's where we left to go. Sorry we missed the previews, we were talking to our neighbors.
You can spot us pretty easily. Our men aren't afraid of facial hair and our women have been known to grab goats by the horns. Our children go barefoot, so do we. We're the quieter ones, in the corner, feet propped up on a second-hand coffee table in a fourth-hand wool sweater. That's one of us, right over there. See him? The one with the guitar slung over his back, and the black dog following his bike? See him now? He's the one with the saddle bags on the back wheel overflowing with a half bushel of tomatoes. No, he's not a tomatoes fetishist, he's canning today. He'll be eating fresh organic marinara in January pulled off the larder shelf. He'll let the black dog lick his plate when he's done. Yes, I'm sure. He's from where I'm from. We know our own.
See, where we come from people aren't scared of dirt — not even mildly abashed by it. My people will spend an entire August morning with a potato patch. We'll also spend an entire October night in front of a bonfire with some home brew and guitars. My people know how to darn a sock and bake a loaf of bread. They know how to cast on and be cast away. Sure, we'll join you for dinner in a restaurant, but we'll probably opt for pasta. Where we come from food animals know what sunlight feels like and have felt grass under their hooves. We don't eat the animals from your place. We saw what they saw before they died.
We're not from around here, but you'll see us everywhere. We're walking down the streets of Montreal, Chicago, Seattle and L.A. We're waiting for a taxi on the Lower East Side. We're mucking out the chicken coop, chatting at the farm stand, jumping on the back of our horses and riding the L. We're everywhere and right next to you all the time, but we left that place and now we're gone. None of us are going back. We thought about it. It passed.
HOOOO! You should see this place. Man, it's so beautiful. I mean a Wednesday afternoon at 3:47 is fall-down-the-stairs stunning. We learned to see this. We watched the fireflies come out on the porch and missed the new CSI. Truthfully, we barely look at the television anymore. It's a side effect of the new place — there's just so much to do and we're scared if we let ourselves get distracted we'll miss the fireflies. We can only take so much tragedy, you see.
And hey, this place we went to — it's yours too. To be perfectly honest we're getting a little tired waiting for you to show up. Yeah, what you heard is true. The work is hard and the hours long, but I promise it's the best quiche you'll ever taste and the coffee is wicked good. When you're ready we'll show you how to hop the fence like we did. It starts with a mason jar or a day-old chick in your palm and the roadmap kind of unfolds from there. Somewhere past the cloth diapers and the raw milk we're hanging out, yes there, over past the used trucks and beat tractors. See the bikes and carts along the barn? Keep going and you'll find us.
We know when you start coming to our place you'll get it. You won't want to go either. And hey, we'll wait, because we've got another saddle in the barn. We planted an extra row of beans. We put aside a few spare jars of tomato sauce and let the hens know there's more breakfasts on the way. We'll make room. There's always a place for you at the table.
(And just between you and me, if you want to get on the black dog's good side, let him lick your plate.)
The Daily Commute
The Open Book
Cold Antler Farm
Agricultural Law
The View From the Farm
Tiny Farm Blog
You Grow Girl
Root Simple
Beyond Pesticides
Sustainable Table
The Crunchy Chicken
Farm Policy
Center for Rural Affairs
Two Frog Home
The Unusual Farm Chick
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text:
Special Issue "Pneumoviruses and Metapneumoviruses"
A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".
Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2013)
Special Issue Editors
Guest Editor
Dr. Helene F. Rosenberg
Chief, Eosinophil Biology Section, Senior Investigator, NIAID, Building 10, Room 11C215, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Website: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/LabsAndResources/labs/aboutlabs/lad/inflammationImmunobiologySection/Pages/rosenberg.aspx
Interests: Inflammatory responses and immunomodulatory therapies for respiratory virus infection
Guest Editor
Dr. Joseph B. Domachowske
Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, 5400 Upstate University Hospital, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
Website: http://www.upstate.edu/microb/faculty.php?empID=domachoj
Interests: Pneumovirus pathogenesis
Special Issue Information
Dear Colleagues,
We welcome any and all work on this subject, including: basic biology of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), clinical and vaccine studies, animal models, and primary studies featuring animal pneumoviruses, such as bovine RSV and pneumonia virus of mice.
Dr. Helene F. Rosenberg
Dr. Joseph B. Domachowske
Guest Editors
- respiratory
- inflammation
- cytokine
- chemokine
- interferon
- bronchiolitis
- pneumonia
- respiratory syncytial virus
Download All Papers Sort by:
Viruses EISSN 1999-4915 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert


text:
Browse wiki
|Eyes Of Lynx
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|Eyes Of Lynx is an application for examini … Eyes Of Lynx is an application for examining your images on the Web. It's designed to be fast, intuitive, and very powerful. Its key features include an original and innovative interface, zoom and rotation tools, auto-rotation of photos when an orientation is provided in EXIF data (information stored by digital cameras), a cache of images in a smaller/intermediate size to increase display and loading speeds, thumbnail image navigation, and more.eds, thumbnail image navigation, and more.
|picture-viewer +
|Homepage URL
|http://eol.labs.libre-entreprise.org/ +
|web +
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|false +
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|Last review date
|25 April 2007 +
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|25 April 2007 +
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|Valery Febvre +
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|http://labs.libre-entreprise.org/plugins/scmsvn/viewcvs.php/trunk/?root=eol + , http://labs.libre-entreprise.org/tracker/?atid=540&group_id=115&func=browse +
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text:
House GOP Huddles Ahead of Obamacare Vote
WASHINGTON — House Republicans are aiming Friday to pass a controversial measure to keep the government funded through mid-December while also cutting off money for the new federal health law, bringing Congress closer to a showdown over fiscal policy.
The vote follows a 9 a.m. closed-door conference meeting at which House Republicans plan to look beyond the spending fight to a new battle next week over raising the U.S. borrowing limit. House Republican leaders, bowing to pressure from conservatives, are planning to link a one-year increase in the debt limit to additional measures, like delaying the health-care law and advancing the Keystone pipeline, an oil pipeline designed to stretch from Canada's tar sands to the Gulf Coast.
"It really is coming together," Rep. Thomas Massie (R., Ky.), one of the most vocal members of the conservative faction, told reporters on Thursday. "The leadership listened to us."
House Republicans are on a collision course with the U.S. Senate, where Democratic leaders have called the Republican proposals non-starters. Senate Democrats want to pass a simple extension of government spending. Republican leaders won't necessarily go along with a simple extension, especially with the conservative faction rooting for House Speaker John Boehner (R., Ohio) to go to the mat for the principles of less government involvement in the U.S. economy.
"That's all we're asking him to do: to engage in the negotiations, to not just say we're sending our bill over there and then when we get something back we're just going to capitulate immediately," Rep. Raul Labrador (R., Idaho) told reporters on Thursday. "There's options in this fight."
Uncertainty about the budget will continue into next week, growing sharper as Sept. 30, the end of the fiscal year, draws nearer. The House was originally supposed to be in recess next week. But with major fiscal issues still unresolved, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R., Va.) has changed the schedule and called lawmakers back to Washington D.C. starting on Wednesday.
"What are we going to do Wednesday, Thursday Friday? It sounds like it's going to be debt ceiling," said Rep. Mick Mulvaney (R., S.C.)


text:
Lehigh Valley campus to hold annual Thanksgiving food drive
Penn State Lehigh Valley Student Life will hold its annual Thanksgiving food drive from Nov. 4-22. Food items being accepted for donation include stuffing, canned vegetables, cranberry sauce, gravy, and juice, as well as monetary donations to purchase turkey, rolls, pie and other items. Once collected, the items will create complete Thanksgiving meals for families served by the Sixth Street Shelter in Allentown. All items can be dropped off in the Student Affairs office (Room 214). The campus community will deliver meals to the shelter on Friday, Nov. 22.
For more information, contact University Relations at 610-285-5067 or email email@example.com.


text:
Creative play, heART leads the way!
Hoops. Yoga. Healing. Events & Products.
We are three lovely ladies who weave our hearts and love into all that we do. We create colorful hula hoops, make beautiful jewelry, design flossy shirts and accessories, lead heart-centered yoga and hooping classes, and offer sweet healing sessions. We would be delighted to teach and perform at your next birthday party, event, team building workshop, festival, or creative play session.


text:
Scala has a highly expressive type system, but it doesn't include everything you might find yourself hankering after — at least, not as primitives. There are a few genuinely useful things which fall under this heading — higher-rank polymorphic function types and recursive structural types are two I'll talk about more in later posts. Today I'm going to show how we can encode union types in Scala, in the course of which I'll have an opportunity to shed a little light on the Curry-Howard isomorphism and show how it can be put to work for us.
So, first up, what is a union type? A union type is pretty much what you'd expect: it's the union of two (or more, but
I'll limit this discussion to just two) types. The values of that type are all of the values of each of the types that
it's the union of. An example will help to make this clear, but first a little notation — for reasons which will
become apparent later I'll write the union of types
T and
U as
T ∨ U (ie. the two types flanking the logical
'or' operator), and so we write the union of the types
Int and
String as
Int ∨ String. The values of this union
type are all the values of type
Int and all the values of type
What does this mean more concretely? It means that if we could express this type directly in Scala we would be able to write,
def size(x: Int ∨ String) = x match {
case i: Int => i
case s: String => s.length
size(23) == 23 // OK
size("foo") == 3 // OK
size(1.0) // Not OK, compile time error
In other words, the size method would accept arguments of either type
Int or type
String (and their subtypes,
Null and
Nothing) and nothing else.
It's important to recognize the difference between this use of a union type and the similar use of Scala's standard
Either is what's known as a sum type, the analog of union types in languages which don't support
subtyping. Recasting our example in terms of
Either we get,
def size(x: Either[Int, String]) = x match {
case Left(i) => i
case Right(s) => s.length
size(Left(23)) == 23 // OK
size(Right("foo")) == 3 // OK
Either[Int, String] can model the union type
Int ∨ String because there is an isomorphism between the two types
and their values. But equally clearly the
Either type manages this by way of a layer of boxed representation, rather
then by being an unboxed primitive feature of the type system. Can we do better than
Either? Can we find a way of
representing union types in Scala which doesn't require boxing, and which provides all of the static guarantees we
would expect?
It turns out that we can, but to get there we have take a detour through first-order logic via the Curry-Howard isomorphism. Curry-Howard tells us that the relationships between types in a type system can be viewed as an image of the relationships between propositions in a logical system (and vice versa). There are various ways that we can fill that claim out, depending on the type system we're talking about and the logical system we're working with, but for the purposes of this discussion I'm going to ignore most of the details and focus on simple examples.
To illustrate Curry-Howard (in the context of a type system with subtyping like Scala's), we can see that there is a
correspondence between intersection types (
A with B in Scala) and logical conjunction (
A ∧ B); between my
hypothetical union types (
A ∨ B) and logical disjunction (also
A ∨ B, as hinted earlier); and between subtyping
A <: B in Scala) and logical implication (
A ⇒ B). On the left hand side of each row in the table below we have a
subtype relationship which is valid in Scala (although, in the case of the union types at the bottom, not directly
expressible), and on the right hand side we have a logical formula which is obtained from the type relationship on the
left by simply rewriting (
with to
∧ and
<: to
⇒) — in each case the result of the rewriting is a logically
(A with B) <: A
(A with B) <: B
The essence of Curry-Howard is that this mechanical rewriting process (whichever direction you go in) will always preserve validity — valid type formulae will always rewrite to valid logical formulae, and vice versa. This isn't only true for conjunction, disjunction and implication. We can also generalize the correspondence to logical formulae which include negation (the key one for us here) and universal and existential quantification.
So what would it mean to add negation to the mix? The conjunction of two types (ie.
A with B) has values which are
instances of both
A and
B, so similarly we should expect the negation of a type
A (I'll write it as
¬[A]) to
have as it's values everything which isn't an instance of A. This is also something which can't be directly
expressed in Scala, but suppose it was?
If it was, then we would be able to crank on the Curry-Howard isomorphism and De Morgan's laws to give us
a definition of union types in terms of intersection types (
A with B) and type negation. Here's how that might go
First recall the De Morgan equivalence,
Now apply Curry-Howard (using Scala's
=:= type equality operator),
(A ∨ B) =:= ¬[¬[A] with ¬[B]]
If we could work out a way of expressing this in Scala, we'd be home and dry and have our union types. So can we express type negation?
Unfortunately we can't. But what we can do is transform all of our types in a way which allows negation to be expressed in the transformed context. We'll then need to work out how make that work for us back in the original untransformed context.
Some readers might have been a little surprised earlier when I illustrated Curry-Howard using intersection types as
the correlate of conjunction, union types as the correlate of disjunction and the subtype relation as the correlate of
implication. That's not how it's normally done — usually product types (ie.
(A, B)) model conjunction, sum types
Either[A, B]) model disjunction and function types model implication. If we recast our earlier table in terms
of products, sums and functions we end up with this,
A => Either[A, B]
B => Either[A, B]
On the left hand side we're no longer looking for validity with respect to the subtype relation, instead we're looking
for evidence of the principle of parametricity, which allows us to determine if a function type is
implementable just by reading it's signature. It's clear that all the function signatures on the left in the table
above can be implemented — for the first two we have an
(A, B) pair as our function argument, so we can easily
evalutate to either an
A or a
B, using
_1 or
val conj1: ((A, B)) => A = p => p._1
val conj2: ((A, B)) => B = p => p._2
and for the last two we have either an
A or a
B as our function argument, so we can evalute to
Either[A, B] (as
Left[A] or
Right[B] respectively).
val disj1: A => Either[A, B] = a => Left(a)
val disj2: B => Either[A, B] = b => Right(b)
This is the form in which the Curry-Howard isomorphism is typically expressed for languages without subtyping. Because this mapping doesn't reflect subtype relations it isn't going to be much direct use to us for expressing union types which, like intersection types, are inherently characterized in terms of subtyping. But it can help us out with negation, which is the missing piece that we need.
Either with or without subtyping, the bottom type (Scala's
Nothing type) maps to logical falsehood, so for example,
the following equivalences all hold,
A => Either[A, Nothing]
A ⇒ (A ∨ false)
B => Either[Nothing, B]
B ⇒ (false ∨ B)
because the function signatures on the left are once again all implementable, and the logical formulae on the right are again all valid (see this post from James Iry for an explanation of why I haven't shown the corresponding cases for products/conjunctions). Now we need to think about what a function signature like,
A => Nothing
corresponds to. On the logical side of Curry-Howard this maps to
A ⇒ false, which is equivalent to
¬A. This seems
fairly intuitively reasonable — there are no values of type Nothing, so the signature
A => Nothing can't be
implemented (other than by throwing an exception, which isn't allowed).
Let's see what happens if we take this as our representation of the negation of a type,
type ¬[A] = A => Nothing
and apply it back in the subtyping context that we started with to see if we can now use De Morgan's laws to get the union types we're after,
type ∨[T, U] = ¬[¬[T] with ¬[U]]
We can test this using the Scala REPL, which will very quickly show us that we're not quite there yet,
scala> type ¬[A] = A => Nothing
defined type alias $u00AC
scala> type ∨[T, U] = ¬[¬[T] with ¬[U]]
defined type alias $u2228
scala> implicitly[Int <:< (Int ∨ String)]
<console>:11: error: Cannot prove that Int <:<
((Int) => Nothing with (String) => Nothing) => Nothing.
implicitly[Int <:< (Int ∨ String)]
The expression
implicitly[Int <:< (Int ∨ String)] is asking the compiler if it can prove that
Int is a subtype of
Int ∨ String, which it would be if we had succeeded in coming up with an encoding of union types.
So what's gone wrong? The problem is that we have transformed the types on the right hand side of the
<:< operator
into function types so that we can make use of the encoding of type negation as
A => Nothing. This means that the
union type is itself a function type. That's clearly not consistent with
Int being a subtype of it — as the error
message from the REPL shows. To make this work, then, we also need to transform the left hand side of the
operator into a type which could possibly be a subtype of the type on the right. What could that transformation be?
How about double negation?
type ¬¬[A] = ¬[¬[A]]
Lets see what the compiler says now,
scala> type ¬¬[A] = ¬[¬[A]]
defined type alias $u00AC$u00AC
scala> implicitly[¬¬[Int] <:< (Int ∨ String)]
res5: <:<[((Int) => Nothing) => Nothing,
((Int) => Nothing with (String) => Nothing) => Nothing] =
scala> implicitly[¬¬[String] <:< (Int ∨ String)]
res6: <:<[((String) => Nothing) => Nothing,
((Int) => Nothing with (String) => Nothing) => Nothing] =
¬¬[Int] and
¬¬[String] are both now subtypes of
Int ∨ String!
Let's just check that this isn't succeeding vacuously,
scala> implicitly[¬¬[Double] <:< (Int ∨ String)]
<console>:12: error: Cannot prove that
((Double) => Nothing) => Nothing <:<
((Int) => Nothing with (String) => Nothing) => Nothing.
We're almost there, but there's one remaining loose end to tie up — we have subtype relationships which are
isomorphic to the ones we want (because
¬¬[T] is isomorphic to
T), but we don't yet have a way to express those
relationships with respect to the the untransformed types that we really want to work with.
We can do that by treating our
¬¬[T] and
T ∨ U as phantom types, using them only to represent the subtype
relationships on the underlying type rather that working directly with their values. Here's how that goes for our
motivating example,
def size[T](t: T)(implicit ev: (¬¬[T] <:< (Int ∨ String))) =
t match {
case i: Int => i
case s: String => s.length
This is using a generalized type constraint to require the compiler to be able to prove that any
T inferred as the
argument type of the size method must be such that it's double negation is a subtype of
Int ∨ String. That's only
ever true when
T is
Int or
T is
String, as this REPL session shows,
scala> def size[T](t: T)(implicit ev: (¬¬[T] <:< (Int ∨ String))) =
| t match {
| case i: Int => i
| case s: String => s.length
| }
size: [T](t: T)(implicit ev: <:<[((T) => Nothing) => Nothing,
((Int) => Nothing with (String) => Nothing) => Nothing])Int
scala> size(23)
res8: Int = 23
scala> size("foo")
res9: Int = 3
scala> size(1.0)
<console>:13: error: Cannot prove that
((Double) => Nothing) => Nothing <:<
((Int) => Nothing with (String) => Nothing) => Nothing.
One last little trick to finesse this slightly. The implicit evidence parameter is syntactically a bit ugly and
heavyweight, and we can improve things a little by converting it to a context bound on the type parameter
T like so,
type |∨|[T, U] = { type λ[X] = ¬¬[X] <:< (T ∨ U) }
def size[T: (Int |∨| String)#λ](t: T) =
t match {
case i: Int => i
case s: String => s.length
And there you have it — an unboxed, statically type safe encoding of union types in unmodified Scala!
Obviously it would be nicer if Scala supported union types as primitives, but at least this construction shows that the Scala compiler has all the information it needs to be able to do that. Now we just need to pester Martin and Adriaan to make it directly accessible.


text:
By Lisa R. RhodesJanuary 14, 2010
From the artistry of a multimedia illustrator to the commanding voice of a radio newscaster, Lt. Gen. Mark P. Hertling said he was impressed with the broad training offered at the Defense Information School.
Hertling, Deputy Commanding General for Initial Military Training, visited DINFOS Friday. The general ran with the student company at the morning physical training session and spent the remainder of the day here.
"This is one of the places that I think we have some great work going on," he said. "It's pretty fascinating after seeing the various aspects of what happens and what builds the public affairs specialist."
In addition to training Soldiers and Army civilian leaders, TRADOC designs, develops and integrates capabilities, concepts and doctrine in order to build a campaign-capable, expeditionary Army.
Hertling, who was promoted in September, visited DINFOS as part of an effort to become familiar with methods for basic training, advanced individual training and leadership development at Army installations, particularly those in the northeast region.
Before a 45-minute tour of the school, Hertling met with Col. Gary L. Keck, the commandant of DINFOS, for a command briefing. Keck said the two men discussed the expansion of DINFOS in the spring and the school's commitment to meet the training needs of the Army and all service branches.
"He seemed very interested in learning how training is conducted and how well it is received by the Soldiers," Keck said of Hertling. "He seemed very impressed with the variety of skills that service members learn at DINFOS."
During the tour, Hertling met faculty and students in both a DINFOS multimedia illustrator course and public affairs qualification course. The lieutenant general also met Charles Brown, chief of the school's International Military Student Office; sat in on a live radio show; and visited a television broadcast studio.
Hertling said quality training comes as a result of great instructors who can motivate students and students who are passionate about their chosen career.
"You can see the spark in the eye of every one of the students," Hertling said. "They're enjoying what they do. They're learning something new. They are about to go into an organization where they can contribute even as a private or a sergeant."
Such dedication is crucial in the war on terror, Hertling said, because public affairs and community-relations training are critical to the effort to combat the nation's enemies.
"When some of these young Soldiers put a product out online ... or command information to Soldiers, it can quickly be taken by the enemy to be used against us," he said. "So these young Soldiers have to understand that their specialty is important. They have to understand the bigger picture."
Keck said Hertling's visit was important to the DINFOS faculty and students because it helped them to understand the importance that Army leadership places on their training.
"I have no doubt that the staff and students who were able to speak with him could feel that interest and his concern for their overall educational experience," Keck said.


text:
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Wed, 01/22/2014 - 4:29am#2
that is type of temparary
that is type of temparary hairs glowing...
Wed, 01/22/2014 - 8:23am#3
Manual Hair Transplant
This is extraction of follicles in the FUE method using a hand device.
Tue, 03/04/2014 - 10:45pm#4
Manual Hair Transplant FUE
Manual Hair Transplant FUE punches different size depeth control system as well.
Hair Transplant in Dubai
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Thu, 07/24/2014 - 4:33am#6
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Thu, 08/07/2014 - 1:28am#7
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Manual FUE hair transplant most beneficial option in terms of patient care and safety.
Hair Transplant in Dubai


text:
rogerfederer.com - Roger wins marathon match
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Roger wins marathon match
Roger needed five sets and 3 1/2 hours to beat Igor Andreev and continue his quest for a fifth straight U.S. Open title: 6-7 (7), 7-6 (5), 6-3, 3-6, 6-3.
"I'm really happy the way I played. I really think I served well," Roger said immediately after closing out his win. "God, the guy's a good player, so I'm really, really happy."
With his last defeat in Flushing going back to 2003, Roger now has a winning streak of 31 here. He overcame 60 unforced errors, but dominated at the net, winning 58 of a possible 84 points against Andrejew. His opponent was just 12-of-28 on his net approaches. Also, the Russian converted just 2-of-15 break point chances.
Roger won the first three games of the final set, which included a key break of serve in the second game. Andreev was successful on a drop shot, but our star returned the ball to the right corner, and the Russian's backhand went wide as Roger went up 2-0. Then came four break point saves by Roger in the seventh game, when he went ahead 5-2 before finally serving out for the match. It marked just the third time ever that he has played five sets at the U.S. Open.
Roger meets an unlikely opponent in the quarterfinals: Gilles Muller of Luxembourg. Muller upset fifth-seeded Russian Nikolay Davydenko, 6-4, 4-6, 6-3, 7-6 (12-10).
He kept praising Muller as if he was a GS champion and whenever Roger hit a "magic" shot he didn't give him enough credit !!
I personally prefer "balanced" co
I will be watching Andy and Djoko play this evening. Have to see how ND acts.
Meanwhile do a little exercise, shower, and ready for above. I do not know how long I will stay.
I went to bed last night when Fish was leading 3-0. Well,
Count me in. I'll be watching the Roddick-Djoker match as well. Wonder if the Djoker will call for the trainer in case he stubs his little toesy-woesy. Or he has a runny nose. He shouldn't call the trainer--he should just let his Mommy know
u did it.u were fantastic.
go on roger.u can do it 4 the 5th time.
Go Roger,Go!
lots of lovveeeee.
You won in straight set!
18th consecutive SF in GSs.
Muller did play well and it must have been difficult in hot and windy environment.
Great shots I missed the most of first and whole second sets.
It is just so heart warming to see
I hope you enjoyed your Villars, I ate most of my bar during the match. Greetings to Rudolph.
*** fans,
will you be watching A-Rod against the Djoke tonight? Mitz already indicated that she will. I will too. I am really curious to
i'm so happy to see roger's fighting spirit this year when he's not playing his best. it makes me feel 100% confident that he'll be back to his old self next year once he gets all his normal rigorous training in!
we love you, roger!


text:
A Cincinnati community will gather to celebration destruction -- destruction with a purpose.
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2010 News Releases
Lancer Productions receives six regional awards
October 15, 2010
Longwood University, through Lancer Productions, was the biggest winner recently in the South Regional Conference of the National Association of Campus Activities (NACA), taking home six awards.
The awards - four for Lancer Productions, the university's primary student programming board, and another two for its adviser - were the most from among the 100 schools from nine states that attended the conference, held Oct 7-10 in Chattanooga, Tenn.
"This was a great feat," said Billy Boulden, adviser to Lancer Productions and assistant director of student activities. "Only two schools, James Madison University and Florida International University, received two awards, and no other school won more than one award."
The awards for Lancer Productions were the Outstanding Delegation Award, the Campus Activities Marketplace (CAMP) Award, the Outstanding Multicultural Program Award, and, in the graphics competition, the award for the best School Member/Professionally Designed Website. Boulden's awards were the Shuronda H. Smith Outstanding New Professional Award and the Outstanding Collaborative Educational Session Award. For each of these award categories, only one award was presented.
The Longwood delegation consisted of Boulden and Lancer Productions members Missy Dillard, president, and Sarah Nicholls, Zach Sneed, Jessica Snyder, Mary Shannon Stubbs and Abby Whitlock. Nicholls, Snyder and Whitlock are seniors, Dillard and Stubbs are juniors, and Sneed is a sophomore.
The Outstanding Delegation Award is given to the delegation that excels in all areas of conference activity. The CAMP Award is similar, recognizing a delegation for its on-site participation and performance but, unlike all other awards, is voted on by attenders from agencies, rather than by the NACA South Awards Committee. The students most responsible for the CAMP award were Dillard, Whitlock, Stubbs and Nicholls.
The Outstanding Multicultural Program Award recognized Lancer Productions' "African Awareness" program, cosponsored with the Black Student Association, the National Pan-Hellenic Council, S.E.A.L., the Residential and Commuter Life Advisory Board, and the Office of Multicultural Affairs and International Student Services and assisted by a Parents Council grant. The program included I Claim the Dream, a one-act play depicting famous African-American women throughout history, the screening of the film Hotel Rwanda, and lectures by Paul Rusesabagina, portrayed in the film, and Michel Chikwanine, a former child soldier from the Democratic Republic of the Congo who fled war in his native country and now is a motivational speaker.
The Outstanding Collaborative Educational Session Award was for a session presented by Boulden and Melissa Boyle Aronson, president of Babco Entertainment, the middle agency Longwood used last spring (and will use again in 2011) to plan Spring Weekend. The session, "Making Your Festival Event a Success," which had to be approved prior to the conference, was based on Spring Weekend planning.
The Lancer Productions website (http://lancerproductions.longwood.edu/) was developed during the 2009-2010 academic year by CRT/tanaka, a Richmond-based marketing firm, in consultation with Boulden. The site was up and running in January 2010. Lancer Productions plans and implements social, educational and cultural events, including Spring Weekend, for the student body.
The Shuronda H. Smith Award is presented to a professional staff member who has been in the field of campus activities for one to three years and at an NACA member school in the South Region for at least one year. "It is given, according to the official criteria, to someone who has made a significant contribution to campus life as a campus activities professional and has demonstrated the potential and commitment for excellence in service to student leaders," said Boulden.
Boulden was the special events coordinator for the conference and will serve as the Showcase Production coordinator at next year's conference. The person in this position coordinates and supervises the presentations of the showcases at regional events and schedules acts in each of the showcase activities.
In addition to the awards, two Lancer Productions members who attended, Zach Sneed and Jessica Snyder, were among eight attenders who had been selected ahead of time as members of the conference's stage crew. "This is considered an honor," Boulden said. Working on the crew involves loading and unloading trucks; moving, lifting and placing equipment; assembling and setting up band equipment, sound, lights and staging equipment; and operating various lights and stage curtains; and other tasks.
The Shuronda Smith Award was presented Oct. 8, and the other awards were given Oct. 9. Some 750 people from the 100 member schools attended the conference, along with 100 associate members from agencies.
NACA advances campus activities in higher education through a business and learning partnership, creating educational and business opportunities for its school and professional members. Established in 1960 to help increase the buying power of campus programming dollars, NACA has more than 1,000 college and university members and nearly 650 associate members who represent artists, lecturers and performers.


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What May 5th can Mean to You!by Jelaila Starr and Devinwritten April 26, 2000Click here for Reader Comments on this aricle.
For those who read the Council's Update on May 5th you will remember where Devin, Head of the 9D Nibiruan Council talked about the changes that will occur on May 5th being more internal than external. Last night I received another message from him requesting that I explain in more detail what that means. As always, view this material like any other material of its kind, with discernment keeping what feels right to you and releasing the rest...Jelaila
May 5, 2000—it's a day that stirs many emotions in the hearts of mankind--some of joyful expectancy and some of fear and foreboding. As explained before, this day will come and go
like any other day with little or no physical earth changes from the planetary alignment. But what occurs in the days and weeks following this event is the real experience of the event. I
feel it will be a time of great internal change. Devin explained it to me in a channeling this morning around 8:00 am. I will quote his words.
"Jelaila, as you experienced by watching the movie Dark City (we had 'by chance' just rented and watched it the night before), one's emotional stability is directly dependent upon one's memory. As the events of May 5th unfold, the magnetic grid of earth (which holds our collective memory) will shake. Each time this occurs, people on earth become emotionally unstable through forgetfulness and uncontrollable expression of emotions that society considers unacceptable, i.e., anger, rage, resentment, jealousy, blame, etc. This forgetfulness and unacceptable expression will test the limits of the labels by which people identify themselves.
For example, those who label themselves as mostly kind, considerate and loving will find that their uncontrollable emotional expressions cause others to begin labeling them quite differently. If
they cannot accept this dark side of their nature expressing itself and find the value in it, they will find the going much rougher than those who can.
I am not sharing this information to create fear, yet I am aware that integrating the dark side of one's nature can be a fearful thing since it creates many opportunities for rejection by those
who fear the same in themselves. At the same time, I am very much aware of my responsibility towards the starseeds, walk-ins and lightworkers in making them aware of the events just ahead by
providing information and tools for preparation.
It is in the best interest of the planet and the cosmos that as many as possible be able to move through the changes ahead with their emotional stability intact for they will by their own example show
the people of earth how to do the same. They will provide the roadmap so to speak. As we have explained many times before, this is the general mission of the starseeds, walk-ins and
lightworkers. You are the teachers and the hope of humanity.
So what will the days following May 5th look like for you? We can sum it up in two words—intense change. In the days following the May planetary alignment, you will find that the veil between the dimensions that holds your "other selves" separate from you will be even thinner. This will open the door for greater bleed through of those realities. There will be days when you will literally not know who you are in the midst of all the emotions and memories that will be bleeding through from the other realities into your present 3D earth reality. This can create quite an emotionally unstable situation if you are a) not aware of how to think multi-dimensionally and b) unaccepting of some of your darker nature. Why? Because your "other selves" are experiencing all that they are in their worlds just as you are in yours.
There will be times when you will find that these bleed-throughs last 24 hours a day and therefore, there is no respite. If you can understand and integrate the lessons of the other selves, you
will find that your own spiritual growth will accelerate because of the multiple lessons being experienced at the same time. This will, in turn provide great leaps in your DNA recoding since
each lesson that is learned, each fear that is integrated, and the energies that are transmuted into compassion, provide bursts of crystalline change in your DNA. As you can see, this can be a
very good thing. It all depends on how you choose to experience these opportunities. If you choose to take advantage of the tools we have provided (The Keys of Compassion) you will
experience all the good it has to offer, reveling in the joy of learning more about the totality of 'who you are.'
So, starseeds, walk-ins, and lightworkers, this is your time. Stand up and be counted! Lead by example. Show that you embrace both the light and the
dark within you. This is your divine mission and there is no higher calling. We love and appreciate all that you are doing. We know from experience how difficult it can be to
embrace the dark sides of our nature. Remember that acceptance is the key. Find the value and you will find your power. Encoded in your DNA is this knowledge. We once again
say that you already know this. Our job is to help you remember the creator gods that you are."
Well, as you can see, Devin was on a roll again. He takes this May 5th thing pretty seriously. It seems there is a great opportunity there for all of us. Whether we will choose to take advantage of it is all that remains to be seen. Like many of you, I look forward to this event with a mixture of joy and trepidation. Though I understand the great opportunity afforded to me with the thinning of the veils and the bleed-throughs of my other realities, I also know that I still have fears to integrate and that integration is not without some emotional and physical discomfort. I realize that my inner child will resist this change even though she wants it.
So I am with you, walking beside you. Let's stay in touch with each other. We don't have to go through these days alone unless we want to. The DNA Recoding/Ascension
Forum will provide a haven. There you can express what you are feeling and get emotional support and answers. I am finding it very helpful personally. Reach out to one
This is the time we all knew would come when we must come together in support of our mutual missions to the people of earth. From this time forward the planet will takes leaps in frequency and
each one will create a greater opportunity for clearing than the last. As you know, that is how a planet ascends. The days of being separate are over. It's not about whether
one teacher's modality is better than another. As you can see, all of them are valuable and needed. Many of you are being impulsed to be a teacher and also to create a
website. I will say this now, in my heart I know that the main way in which we will come together to assist humanity will be through the internet. I have been told many times by the
Council that it is the Internet that will provide the bridge to the 5th dimensional reality. And I believe this because I see the growth of the Internet booming and being supported in so many ways. It is seeing unprecedented growth. If you want to know where the flow is, look for the growth.
So step up to the plate, my friends. You will be shown the way. Don't worry that your urge to be a teacher or to go online has not manifested in physical form, it will happen.
Just do your part to open the door. Make a verbal statement to your Higher Self/Soul and the universe that you are willing for it to manifest even though you may feel some fear around it.
Let them know that you are willing to do it anyway.
Together we will ensure a successful completion to our mission and take Mother earth and her people to their new home.
Walking beside you,Jelaila StarrMessenger for the 9D Nibiruan Councilwww.NibiruanCouncil.comClick here for the DNA
Recoding/Ascension Forum.
Author Info:Jelaila Starr, author of We are the Nibiruans, The Mission Remembered and the highly acclaimed Keys of Compassion series, is an internationally known channel, teacher, and counselor. Through her lectures, workshops, and articles, Jelaila's message of compassion has touched the hearts of people around. Jelaila's work inspires hope and understanding while providing solutions to some of today's most pressing challenges.
As a psychic/intuitive counselor, Jelaila works with individuals to assist them with emotional clearing, healing relationships, and DNA Recoding.
Jelaila's unique approach enables her clients to clearly discover who they are, what they came to do, and how to achieve it. Jelaila can be reached by e-mail at: firstname.lastname@example.com Website: www.nibiruancouncil.com
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A CONVERSATION WITH: FRANCISCO J. AYALA; Ex-Priest Takes the Blasphemy Out of Evolution
By CLAUDIA DREIFUS
Published: April 27, 1999
Dr. Francisco J. Ayala, former Dominican priest, present day wine-grape grower, art collector, author of 12 books and 650 articles on genetics, and a professor of biological sciences and philosophy at the University of California at Irvine, is known in the science world as the Renaissance man of evolutionary biology.
Dr. Ayala's many interests are in evidence at his office in Irvine on a recent morning. Paintings, sculptures and good carpets decorate the room -- as well as a collection of stuffed parrots, which Dr. Ayala picked up some years ago while on an expedition in the Amazon.
Q. You teach a basic biology class here at the University of California at Irvine. How do you handle students with religious objections to the theory of evolution?
A. I treat them with respect, and I try to get a dialogue going. Every year, I start out my course with the theory of evolution. So on Day 1, there's always a line of students complaining, ''Professor Ayala, I am only here because I want to go to medical school -- I cannot accept evolution because I am Catholic.''
With Catholics, I take out the Pope's address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in October 1996 where he endorses evolutionary teachings. If the students are Christian fundamentalists, I tell them that there are many Protestant theologians who agree with evolution. I say that evolution, in my view, is not only NOT anti-Christian, but the idea of special design, which many fundamentalists adhere to, might be -- because it teaches the view of God that is blasphemous. The Special-Design-God is a God who messes up. Think about all the backaches, infected wisdom teeth and painful childbirth that exist because we humans evolved incompletely! ''Do you think God is absent-minded?'' I ask them.
Q. Why do you think creationism has such a strong hold on America?
A. It is rooted in historical origins. This is a country colonized originally by people seeking their own religious feelings, people who felt themselves marginalized because of them. This beginning gave rise to a kind of religious populism, which remains a strong part of U.S. culture. Even today.
Q. There are people saying that the evolutionary process has come to an end because of advances in genetic engineering. Do you agree?
A. Not for a moment. Genetic engineering can accomplish many things in agriculture, but it will probably not have as great an effect on the near future on humanity. And evolution will continue. Indeed, one can demonstrate scientifically that biological evolution continues, even now, in modern humans. In fact, it is accelerating because of the rapid changes in the environment.
Technology is changing the world we live in, faster and faster. That is prompting our natural evolution to occur faster and faster. Yet, it is still very slow. The evolution that is really important in humans comes through cultural change. In modern times, we do not evolve so much by slowly changing our genes as we do by rapidly adjusting the environments to the needs of our genes. For example, our genes make us adapted to live in tropical climates and yet, we have colonized the whole planet. And we've done it, not by changing our genes, but by using clothing and shelter.
Q. You're not worried about cloning -- why?
A. I think the general public has a misunderstanding of what cloning means. Contrary to what people think, a human being cannot be cloned. What can be cloned are genes.
Yes, one can clone the genes of Francisco Ayala. But the human being that will develop will be a completely different person from me. He may look somewhat like me at the same age, but he will not have gone through a sequence of experiences that started in my mother's womb, continued in my family in Franco's Spain and that went on with me during my immigration to America. The individual that is developed from these same genes will experience a completely different environment and will be different in everything that counts -- temperament, personality, experience.
Q. There's a colleague of yours here at Irvine, Dr. Michael Rose, who's doing genetic experiments aimed at increasing the longevity of fruit flies. You've been somewhat unhappy with him. Why?
A. I'm not unhappy with him personally. He has been very successfully studying the genetics of longevity and he has selected strains of flies that live longer than the average. Alas, he's accomplished that by killing off the flies that are not so long-lived and doing that over many generations. My problem is with the way Rose goes about it: he's much too drastic -- he lets 99 percent of the flies die. I don't think we'd want to use his methods to increase human longevity.
Q. Sounds like you have a great fondness for drosophila, fruit flies?
A. I do. They are not ugly or anything like that, which people think. Quite to the contrary! When you look at them under the microscope, they are very, very attractive creatures. Also, they are very useful for studying genetics. In a culture you can grow several hundred of them at very little cost and in just a few days. On the other hand, much as I like them, I have no problem with grinding them up for their DNA.


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Cervical Cancer Health Center
Understanding Cervical Cancer -- the Basics
In this article
What Causes Cervical Cancer? continued...
Heredity. Apparently, genetic makeup and other factors are also part of the complex interactions that cause cervical cancer. Studies suggest that women whose mother or sisters have had cervical cancer are more likely to develop the disease themselves.
Smoking . Cervical cancer is also more common among women who smoke. It has been debated whether smoking causes cervical cancer on its own, but experts believe that it may heighten one's vulnerability to other illnesses, such as viral infections. Researchers have found substances from tobacco in the cervical mucus of smokers. These substances may be toxic to the cells of the cervix and contribute to the development of cervical cancer.
Other. Women whose immune system is severely suppressed by other diseases, by treatments, or by organ transplants are more vulnerable to cervical cancer, as are women whose mothers took diethylstilbestrol (DES) while pregnant (DES is a drug once prescribed to prevent miscarriage but that is no longer sold). Women who are obese or who use birth-control pills may be at slightly increased risk.
Age. The peak age of developing cervical cancer is 47, yet 47% of cervical cancers are seen in women younger than 35 years. Women over the age of 65 only account for 10% of cases, but they are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. However, cervical cancer almost never occurs in girls younger than 15. The message? Begin regular Pap testing about three years after you become sexually active or at age 21, whichever comes first, and continue them on a regular schedule until you are 65. If you are over 65 years old and have had normal Pap tests in the last 10 years and no abnormal tests in the previous 20 years, further cervical cancer testing can stop. If you have a history of cervical cancer, weakened immune system, or DES exposure before birth, continue with routine screening with Pap tests.
Women who have had a complete hysterectomy (removal of uterus and cervix) can stop screening unless the reason for the surgery was related to cervical cancer.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Infection with the virus that causes AIDS makes women susceptible to cervical cancer because the infection damages the immune system's ability to destroy cancer cells early. In women infected with HIV, the usual slow progression from dysplasia to cancer might be faster than normal.
WebMD Medical Reference


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Scotland, the U.K.'s Next Big Economic Union Question
Bank of England Gov. Mark Carney traveled to Edinburgh Wednesday to deliver a speech on one of the thorniest issues in the U.K. political sphere: what currency would an independent Scotland use? Scots will vote Sept. 18 on whether to ditch the rest of the United Kingdom and go it alone.
Alex Salmond, the leader of the Scottish National Party and first minister in Scotland's semiautonomous parliament, has understandably dumped his previous enthusiasm for the euro and declared an independent Scotland would keep the pound. The rest of the U.K., eager to get its slice of Scotland's whisky and oil revenues, would gladly accede to this request, Mr. Salmond says.
Supporters of maintaining the union, who include Prime Minister David Cameron and all three major political parties, aren't so sure. The U.K. government published a paper saying England, Wales and Northern Ireland might accept a currency union with Scotland but only if Edinburgh agreed to some fiscal and financial oversight from London.
So an independent Scotland might not be so independent after all, an outcome Mr. Salmond appears unwilling to accept.
Mr. Carney on Wednesday, by his own admission, set out the technocrat's view of how a currency union should work and stressed that any decisions on the merits or otherwise of independence are for the Scots themselves. But his speech does give some ammunition to those who argue creating currency union might not be easy. Here are some of his conclusions, painfully familiar to anyone who's followed what's been happening in Europe for the past few years:
- Successful currency unions require the nations involved to pool sovereignty and share financial resources.
- Successful unions depend on the free movement of capital, labor and goods across national borders.
- A successful union means a banking union with a single central bank supervising financial firms and acting a lender of last resort in a crisis.
Mr. Carney does say Canada and the U.S. show successful currency unions are possible. Few observers are likely to miss that both these nations have federal governments, however. A United States of Scotland and the rest of the U.K. doesn't seem to be what Mr. Salmond has in mind.
Polls show around a third of Scots favor independence but a similar number are undecided, giving both camps all to play for in the upcoming months.


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Sanders gives 100K to AWC
With the strains of soft jazz and the aroma of the Savoy Lunch on Liberty entrees wafting through the doors, the August Wilson African American Cultural Center Board Chairman Aaron Walton noted it was a beautiful day. It was made even better when he announced that philanthropist and entrepreneur Chuck Sanders was underwriting the center's upcoming season of programming—all of it, with a donation of $100,000. BIG CHECK—Chuck Sanders, right, gives check to August Wilson Center for African American Culture Board Chair Aaron Walton. (Photo by Rossano P. Stewart) "We don't often get to share good news. So I'm very excited to announce very good news today," he said. "It represents the broad commitment to presenting outstanding programming we enjoy from the public, private and foundation community. Thank you. We look forward to a long and prosperous relationship with Savoy and Chuck Sanders Charities."


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Man sentenced in La Jolla burglary, fondling case
City News Service
A 21-year-old man who entered a La Jolla home and fondled a woman as she slept was ordered Tuesday to spend 2 1/2 years behind bars.
Brian Patrick Silva was convicted in March of felony counts of residential burglary and receiving stolen property, and a misdemeanor sexual battery count.
The jury could not reach a verdict on a felony count of rape by a foreign object, which was dismissed Tuesday by Judge Laura Parsky.
According to trial testimony, the 22-year-old victim went to WindanSea Beach last Aug. 10 with friends, where she met Silva and Xavzier Pernell Paschal, and later returned alone to a house on Westbourne Street.
She testified that she later saw the men near the house, but they were not invited in. She said she was mildly intoxicated when she went to sleep, and woke up to find Silva fondling her.
The men were pulled over by police several blocks away, and officers said they found stolen property in their car.
Paschal, who was not implicated in the fondling, pleaded guilty in December to first-degree burglary and receiving stolen property.
The judge ordered Silva to serve two years in state prison, then return to county jail for six months on the misdemeanor.


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Fort Worth firefighters investigate what caused fire at vacant building
Fort Worth firefighters are investigating what caused a fire to break out Friday afternoon at a vacant building south of downtown.
The one-alarm fire started around 1:30 p.m. in the 900 block of West Cannon Street, near Pennsylvania Avenue and Hemphill Street.
Firefighters said the blaze caused a wall to partially collapse. No injuries were reported.
Red Cross was on its way to assist.
KXAS-TV (NBC5) contributed to this report.


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LAMAR, Ark. - Vivian Cook Rowbotham, 87, died Jan. 12, 2003, at the Countryside Manor Nursing Home.
Born Jan. 17, 1915, in Lamar, she was the daughter of the late Walter C. and Clara Etta Pearson Cook.
In 1936, she married Woodrow L. Rowbotham who preceded her in death on Aug. 15, 1984.
One brother, Ray Cook of Sikeston, Mo., survives.
She was also preceded in death by three brothers, Boyd Cook, Clyde Cook and W.C. Cook; and three sisters, Analee Cook, Winnie Dufeck and Bonnie Havener.
Services will be conducted at 2 p.m. Wednesday at the Hardwicke Funeral Chapel in Clarksville.
Burial will follow in the Lamar Cemetery.


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WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, W.Va. -- One of the chief challenges facing brand marketers is determining how to grow a mature brand in a well-matured market. But it's possible to successfully meet that challenge by making the right assumptions and taking the right action, according to William R. Johnson, chairman, president and chief executive officer, H.J. Heinz Co. Johnson described his outlook on how to keep brands fresh in a presentation at a session of the Grocery Manufacturers of America's ...
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Posted: Feb 11 2012, 01:42 AM
Group: Members
Posts: 111
Member No.: 402
Joined: 18-March 04
Hey all,
I have a 1500 point tournament tomorrow and I'm probably using a lvl 4 orc shaman.
What's the best build, for an Orc Big Boss, he'll be the general of the army. I can't decide on a magic weapon or armor combo....
I'm thinking of running him in a unit of 24 Black Orcs with the standard of discipline.
My battle standard looks like this...
Black Orc Battle Standard Dirk Backstabba
-Armor of fortune, Armed to da teef
Please help!
|rat of vengence
Posted: Feb 11 2012, 03:26 AM
They seek him here, they seek him there...
Group: Members
Posts: 1,147
Member No.: 3,575
Joined: 5-March 07
I am running mine with Sword of Battle and Armour of Destiny. I'd rather not put too many points into one model, and use him to wallop rank and file rather than go hunting uber characters, which are best dealt with by my 40 night goblin net tarpit.
Posted: Feb 11 2012, 06:47 AM
Group: Members
Posts: 198
Member No.: 6,114
Joined: 1-March 11
Bigboss cannot have more than 50 points of magic items.
I would take enchanted shield and amulet of preservation. 4+/4+ save is quite good for bigboss. Or just Armour of destiny, with regular shield it goes again 4+/4+ save
This post has been edited by Boogeyman on Feb 11 2012, 06:48 AM
Posted: Feb 11 2012, 07:24 AM
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Yeah, Blackorc with just Armed to da Teef and Armour of Destiny would be a good build. Or just use your Greatshaman as general, in the Blackorcs!
Posted: Feb 11 2012, 10:06 AM
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I really think that if you are going to make a big boss orc your general, then you need to keep him as far away from combat as possible.
Attach him to a bunker of 20 night goblins and just give him a shield and at most the opal amulet for potential look out sir! failures. If you're really worried about him dying, then give him the 4+ ward.
However, if you keep him out of combat, he should really only die to either a failed look out sir!, which is rare. Panic and fleeing off the table, which the 4+ ward will not help stop. Or magic spells that don't allow Look out Sir! or even if they do, do not allow saves, such as Int. test or Strength test spells, so again the 4+ ward won't save him.
But with just 2 wounds and I3 with only 50pts worth of items he can take, he is too fragile IMO to be put on the front lines, leading the army like a true combat lord.
He can be great to lead your army though, from a bunker combined with a cheap gobbo type bsb who carries the standard of discipline. So since you always want a bsb anyway, then for about 25% of a tooled up combat lord(because again you have to tool up your combat lords, because you have to keep them alive as well), you get all the LD capabilities of the lord, with much less risk.
And then for fighting prowress, you load up your orc and ng units with other cheap heroes, or much bigger units, or more chariots or whatever, which you can do, because you just saved over 150-200pts by not taking a combat lord or combat bsb.
Posted: Feb 11 2012, 12:04 PM
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Alternatively you could go with a goblin Warboss. For the same points you're getting an extra wound and and an extra point of initiative which could potentially help you survive spells such as the pit of shades. If you're intending to stay out of combat then it makes sense! My usual Warboss is just a plain cowardly goblin with a double handed weapon
Posted: Feb 13 2012, 12:16 AM
Da rekroota fer der big boss
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also comes with a +50 point magic allowance!
i ran a big boss orc general in a recent game (died to Krell) i gave him the shield light armour, talisman of preservation and warrior bane.
i placed him in a unit of biguns with the discipline banner.
the loss of 1 point of armour was outweighed by the addition of having magic attacks. also, had he got a wound on krell, he would have diminished his combat prowess.
Posted: Feb 14 2012, 01:13 PM
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If you're going down this route Charmed Shield & Opal Amulet are the best item combo, ignore the first hit (which happens after the LoS roll) on 2+, then opal for a 4++ if you're REALLY unlucky and fail it twice lol. Still only 20pts too. Id make him a regular orc though, dont worry about blorc if you're bunkering him with NGs.
Arfa da Grate
Posted: Apr 14 2012, 01:18 PM
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Black orc Warbosses are WAY pricier than Orcs. However its worth it if you take real advantage of Quell animosity and their WS. I think a simple Sword of Striking on these guys is really good. Make him your general, stick him with your SO big 'uns and give him a talisman of pres, spell shield, and a Sword of Striking. He will hit/wound MOST things on a 2+/2+ and have a 4+/4+ protection. Heck, even for 5 more pts. give him a luck stone. The spell sheild gives your SO's, w/a lucky mug, 4+ spell protection.
This post has been edited by Skawilly on Apr 14 2012, 01:18 PM