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Check out this Military.com exclusive announcement featuring Dwayne The Rock Johnson!
The Rock introduces exclusive look at 'G.I. Joe: Retaliation' bonus footage for Military.com
Check out this Military.com exclusive announcement featuring Dwayne The Rock Johnson!
The Rock introduces exclusive look at 'G.I. Joe: Retaliation' bonus footage for Military.com
LOS ANGELES — When your film franchise has gotten tired – the Fast aren't quite as Furious, the Mummy needs a reason to Return – Dwayne Johnson is the guy to call.
The 40-year-old actor has become a savior of stale film series, injecting new life into "Fast Five," "The Mummy Returns," "Journey 2: The Mysterious Island" and now "G.I. Joe: Retaliation." The former professional wrestler rocks established franchises by joining them on the second or subsequent installment and boosting the property's box office.
"Fast & Furious 6" and "Journey 3" are on the way, and Johnson's "Mummy" character got his own spinoff film, "The Scorpion King."
"We call him franchise Viagra," said "Retaliation" director Jon M. Chu. "He comes in and he elevates everything, not just physically, but energy-wise… He was the only one in our minds that could reinvent G.I. Joe and carry the franchise forward."
In "Retaliation," Johnson takes over for Channing Tatum, the star of 2009's "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra." Tatum plays a smaller role in the sequel as Johnson introduces moviegoers to Roadblock, a character from the G.I. Joe universe who's built like a tank but always served second in command.
"He was the glue who held all the G.I. Joes together, but he was happily in the shadows," Johnson said. "To bring him to life and then try to help elevate the franchise with that character is pretty cool."
Johnson grew up playing with G.I. Joe action figures, so he was especially excited to be a part of Joe's second cinematic outing.
"It would be like if George Lucas called me and said, `Hey, want to be in Star Wars?" the actor said.
In fact, he's open to joining any film franchise he might be able to help.
"If I can create a character that audiences will really like and love going on a journey with – whether it's `Fast Five' or `G.I. Joe' or even `Journey 2: The Mysterious Island,' or everything else we have coming up – then I jump at that opportunity," Johnson said, noting the creative challenge. "How do you elevate something that's already successful? What do you do? How do you make it different? How do you make it fun? How do you make it cool?"
The Associated Press asked Johnson what role he might play in some of the top-grossing movie franchises of all time, including a few that may seem finished. The Rock, tongue firmly in cheek, is willing to revive them.
_ STAR WARS: "That could happen. I only say that because of my love for the mythology of `Star Wars.' … Boba Fett could work. But it can't be the Boba Fett as we know. We can't hide my magic (gestures to his face). This is magic, my friend (laughs). There's got to be a cross between a Sith and a Jedi. What is that? Don't know what that is yet. We've got to create it."
_ JAMES BOND: "I love that franchise. Daniel Craig has been great. You know my grandfather was a baddie in `You Only Live Twice' with Sean Connery. They had this awesome fight scene. So he kind of opened up the doors in my mind a little bit at least. So yeah, absolutely – me chasing down Daniel Craig. But here's the thing. Here's my idea. Chase down Daniel Craig and then become the new Bond. That's what we do … That's never going to happen, OK, but go ahead."
_ BATMAN: "Um. Let's take a crack at it. I love that. `Batman.' Do I say that? `I'm Batman.'"
_ SHREK: "With `Shrek' we create a five-legged Brahma bull with three horns.. He's neutral. And sometimes he stutters."
_ TWILIGHT: "We would introduce the biggest, baddest, most manliest vampire the world has ever seen or will ever see. Go to Kristen Stewart, grab her by the back of the head, pull her in closely. Here comes Pattinson. Pie-face him out of the way. Look at her before I kiss her: `We're doing away with boyhood things.' Push him out of the way. Give her the kiss. Change her life. Then I'd bite her; rip her face off (laughs)."
_ PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: "We have Johnny Depp on one side, that pirate, then we have myself on another side. I'm a pirate – don't believe in drinking, don't believe in cussing. A clean pirate who happens to be boring. Yes, yes, that's it. How exciting is that? You're lining up. Everyone's lining up to see it."
_ INDIANA JONES: "I would be a professor at the University of Miami of course, naturally … who stumbles upon something that is considered the fountain of youth. Give it to the real Indy. We go back in time. He becomes Indy from `Raiders of the Lost Ark.' Then we both set off."
credit: huffingtonpost
|Domestic Total as of Apr. 14, 2013: $102,426,000 (Estimate)
|Distributor: Paramount
|Release Date: March 28, 2013
|Genre: Action
|Runtime: 1 hrs. 39 min.
|MPAA Rating: PG-13
|Production Budget: $130 million
Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson is seen now as a franchise savior. After joining the "Fast and the Furious" franchise, the movie found new life and has just announced that there will be a seventh movie in the series following this summer's sixth installment. Now, with "G.I. Joe: Retaliation" a huge success in its opening weekend, the latest movie franchise The Rock has joined will also see another sequel as a third movie has been green lit there as well.
With Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson seen as franchise Viagra by some, here is a look at his recent trend of saving franchises.
Inauspicious Beginnings
The Rock was, at one time, seen as the heir apparent to Arnold Schwarzenegger. In one of his early roles in the action movie "The Rundown," there was a symbolic scene where Schwarzenegger passed the torch to The Rock. It was a nice move, and Johnson did become one of the most beloved action stars, and one of the only professional wrestlers to make it big in Hollywood.
However, his career was full of action movies and Disney styled family fare. He did get the chance to reboot some classic films in adaptations like "Walking Tall," which saw a sequel without The Rock, and "Race to Witch Mountain," which was a rebooting of a classic Disney franchise. He also got a chance in 2012 to try to revive the Brendan Fraser "Journey" franchise by replacing Fraser in "Journey 2: The Mysterious Island." It was not one of his more successful endeavors.
"Fast Five"
However, when Johnson came aboard the "Fast and the Furious" franchise, he reinvigorated it like no other. While the 2009 movie "Fast and Furious" was a step in the right direction for a franchise that had lost its way since the amazing first film, "Fast Five" was a complete shot in the arm. The street racing, while still a part of the movie, was replaced with the heist genre and Johnson starred as a law enforcement officer tracking down Vin Diesel and company. He was a much needed addition and made the franchise fun again.
"G.I. Joe: Retaliation"
While "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra" was a fun, albeit dumb, movie, there were problems. Marlon Wayans, not the worst of the brothers, was miscast as Ripcord and the movie seemed to ignore a lot of the Joe's characters in exchange for big set pieces and explosions. With "G.I. Joe: Retaliation," the lineup changed, although familiar characters from the cartoon and toy line were still used. The biggest additions were The Rock as Roadblock and Bruce Willis as Joe himself. It was The Rock that became the new star and suddenly the movie was a huge improvement over the original. The Rock saved another franchise.
I have added 3 HQ photos of Dwayne at the photocall for G.I. Joe 2 in Los Angeles on 3.23.2013 at the Four Seasons hotel to the photo galleries.
Actors Dwayne Johnson and Bruce Willis attend the premiere of Paramount Pictures' "G.I. Joe:Retaliation" at TCL Chinese Theatre on March 28, 2013 in Hollywood, California.
Dwayne Johnson and Bruce Willis Take on Cobra in 'G.I. Joe: Retaliation'
Brian Truitt, USA TODAY7:54p.m. EDT March 27, 2013
The action star and the 'Step Up' director brought fandom and enthusiasm to the sequel.
Dwayne Johnson is bound to defend the honor of the G.I. Joe franchise, even from invasion by frozen yogurt.
During the first week of filming at an old gravel mine near Baton Rouge, the muscular actor and the rest of the crew of the big-screen sequel G.I. Joe: Retaliation (in theaters Thursday) were fighting through exhaustion and 120-degree temperatures. They were maintaining the requisite level of action-movie machismo during the August 2011 shoot, but then director Jon M. Chu ordered Pinkberry for everybody.
"He just gave me the dirtiest look," Chu recalls. "Like, how could you have ordered Pinkberry?!"
Johnson wasn't amused at the time, but he chuckles now at the memory, and co-star D.J. Cotrona jokingly takes the side of his massive fellow thespian: "We're trying to make it gritty and a hard-core movie, and Jon brings friggin' Pinkberry on set. It just threw the whole vibe off. Dwayne was trying to protect the integrity of the film."
More so than icy fat-free treats, camaraderie and character have long been attributes of G.I. Joe, the toy action figure from the '60s that spawned a military-themed universe of comic books, toys and cartoons pitting America's top special operatives against the evil terrorist organization Cobra.
Now, 31 years later and with the franchise needing a creative infusion after a so-so first cinematic effort in 2009, two men lead the Joes into a new era: Chu, 33, a life-long Joe nerd whose filmography includes a Justin Bieber documentary and a couple of dance movies; and Johnson, 40, a pro-wrestling champ better known as "The Rock" who's quickly becoming Hollywood's go-to player for jump-starting movie series.
"Like Jon, I grew up on G.I. Joe," says Johnson, who stars as the Joes' heavy-machine gunner Roadblock. "I had a massive collection of G.I. Joe and Star Wars action figures, and because I was an only child, they were my family and my friends."
While kids have been playing with G.I. Joes since Hasbro introduced the military figures in 1964, whole new generations grew up on the colorful personalities and rivalries between Joes and Cobras. That conflict was the centerpiece of a relaunched '80s toy line; a Marvel Comics series by writer Larry Hama (a Vietnam veteran responsible for many of the Joes, including the silent ninja assassin Snake Eyes); and cartoons in which Cobra troops couldn't hit the broad side of an aircraft carrier.
Those battles switched to the big screen when director Stephen Sommers' G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra arrived in 2009. Yet the box office was not spectacular. In fact, foreign markets seemed to dig this bunch of American heroes more than Americans did: The film made $150 million domestically and just a smidge over that internationally.
More importantly, it wasn't what hard-core Joe-philes were expecting.
Chief among the gripes for Justin Bell of the G.I. Joe fansite GeneralJoes.com: a grating soap-opera subplot connecting Joe leader Duke (Channing Tatum), the Baroness (Sienna Miller) and Cobra Commander (a disfigured Joseph Gordon-Levitt), plus too much science fiction. "There was nothing in there to really connect (fans) to the Joe of their past."
So when Chu was hired to direct the sequel in early 2011, he was left with only a few returning actors — Tatum, Ray Park (as Snake Eyes) and Byung-hun Lee (as Cobra ninja Storm Shadow). But he had a determination to make the Joe movie he wanted to see: Now broken out of his prison, the silver-masked and nefarious Cobra Commander (Luke Bracey) has his master of disguise, Zartan, undercover as the U.S. president (Jonathan Pryce), and his first step to world domination is wiping out the Joe team in a surprise attack.
Surviving soldiers Roadblock, Flint (Cotrona) and Lady Jaye (Adrianne Palicki) are the only ones left to stop Cobra, and they reach out for help to their ninja pal Snake Eyes and the original Joe himself, retired general Joe Colton (Bruce Willis).
"I get what G.I. Joe is," Chu says. "It was the mashup before mashups ever existed. It was part 007, part military, part Western, part martial-arts movie, all mashed together."
Still, fans were skeptical at first of Paramount's decision to sign the 33-year-old director, whose career highlights include Bieber's Never Say Never, Step Up 2: The Streets and Step Up 3D. "All you have to do is have Justin Bieber near your name, and you're all of a sudden hated by thousands of people across the world," Bell says.
G.I. Joe producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura also initially questioned whether Chu was the right guy for the job. "I was like, 'Well, wait a second. How does that work? Why would the guy who does those movies be a natural fit?' " he says.
The producer was won over in the end by Chu's sheer fandom. He even went to bat for the director when Chu wanted to spend $1 million to buy a real Russian tank, tear it apart and build a Cobra H.I.S.S. (short for High Speed Sentry).
Watching it fire its turret guns brought out the little kid in Chu, as did the 10-minute mountaintop sequence featuring Snake Eyes, female ninja Jinx (Elodie Yung) and a slew of bad-guy Red Ninjas. For that, he asked Hasbro for a bunch of action figures and conceived the entire scene using plastic men, chairs and couches in a giant room.
"When I see the sequence now, I just see, like, oh yeah, that was that desk lamp we used as the edge of a mountain," Chu says. "It came full circle. I definitely did that as a kid. I'd probably still do it and won't tell anyone."
The filmmaker wasn't the only one on set brought back to his youth. Cotrona, who admits he's "neck-and-neck" with Chu in being a G.I. Joe geek, is playing his favorite character from when he was a tyke, and Palicki says she often stole her big brother Eric's Jinx figure. "I wanted to be a ninja," she says. "Who doesn't, by the way?"
Johnson, though, is a larger-than-life action figure himself, and while he handed Chu never-ending grief about his Bieber and dance movies, the actor instilled a sense of confidence in the director.
"He would crawl on the floor as we're doing stunts in the desert, and his elbows would be bleeding and he'd be totally fine with it," Chu says. "We grew really, really close in those times."
Johnson also infused the movie with needed manliness and charisma, di Bonaventura says. "His scale is so insanely incredible as a human being. You feel the humanity, the testosterone, the humor. It's the trifecta."
In addition to the power in his sizable biceps, Johnson brings box-office brawn to G.I. Joe. The star most recently helped the bottom line of Fast Five two years ago, and now he's a major part of the upcoming Fast & Furious 6 this summer.
Johnson's found a calling as a sequel spark plug, "but that's actually helped revive his career as well as these struggling franchises or franchises that have hit a lull and needed something to spice it up," says Jeff Bock, box-office analyst for Exhibitor Relations.
G.I. Joe: Retaliation "can't do $300 million again. It has to get up near $400 million to $500 million, or this is not going to be a trilogy."
Johnson provides a powerful presence, but even he can't solve some of G.I. Joe's biggest problems.
There's a definite generational gap when it comes to fans. They're mainly adults in their 20s to 40s still feeling the nostalgia of the original comics and animation.
"I take my daughter to school, and kids have Transformers backpacks and they're bringing their Transformers. They're not bringing their G.I. Joes anymore," Bock says.
Retaliation is also trying to bounce back from a delay to add high-quality 3-D to the movie. After being scheduled for a June release, it was pulled, even though a marketing blitz was fully in play and tie-in action figures were already on toy shelves.
"We asked the hard question: Are we the best movie we can possibly be right now? Everyone around the table agreed we could be better," Johnson says.
Many fans felt like the rug was pulled out from under them, says Fran O'Boyle of Hisstank.com. In the long run, though, "the extra exposure and marketing the film received is going to help, and we get the extra bonus of 3-D. Everybody's energy level is back up, and there is a very positive vibe."
Chu feels it's part of the tradition of G.I. Joe to reinvent itself every few years, and the director hopes his iteration excites today's youngsters and children of the '80s as it has the little Jon Chu inside him.
"Each of those specific characters was a part of who you were as a kid: the rebel, the party guy, the serious smart one. Whatever day you felt like you could be that guy, even Snake Eyes the silent assassin, you could be any of those things," says the director, who's raiding his toybox again for a new Masters of the Universe movie, starring He-Man and his fantasy friends from yesteryear.
"Literally, I'm kind of living my childhood dream right now. I'm not gonna lie."
Dwayne Johnson on being inspired by Empire Strikes Back, Rocky 2 and 3.
Dwayne Johnson on surprising his mom with a brand new Cadillac and his new movie
Dwayne Johnson, aka Roadblock, invites you to watch an exclusive clip of his new movie GI Joe: Retaliation.
G.I. Joe: Retaliation opens March 28th at Regal Cinemas everywhere!
Get Tickets Now: http://regmovi.es/WVSWks
Genre: Action
Cast: Channing Tatum, Adrianne Palicki, Dwanye Johnson, Bruce Willis, Lee Byung Hun, RZA, Ray Stevenson, D.J. Cotrona, Ray Park, Walton Goggins, Elodie Yung, Joseph Mazzello
Director: Jon M. Chu
Plot: When Cobra spy Zartan has most of the Joes assassinated, the remaining Joes band together to strike back.
I have added some photos to the galleries. The GI Joe gallery and the ads and print 2013 gallery have been updated with photos.
03/21/2013- G.I Joe 2 2013 –Poster
03/21/2013- G.I Joe 2 2013 –Official Production Stills
03/21/2013- Article Photos and Ads – Articles Photos and Ads 2013
|Exclusive Land Sea Air GI Joe 2
Source: fandango.com
Watch G.I. Joe: Retaliation movie trailers, including G.I. Joe: Retaliation scenes, clips and cast interviews at Fandango.com.


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Definition of sodium thiosulphate in English:
sodium thiosulphate
A white soluble compound used in photography as a fixer to dissolve unchanged silver halides. Also called hypo1.
- Chemical formula: Na2S2O3.
Example sentences
- Excess silver is removed by sodium thiosulfate.
- One fixative used commonly is sodium thiosulfate.
- The process involves adding a 10% solution of sodium thiosulfate to the second developer.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: so·di·um thi·o·sul·phate
Definition of sodium thiosulphate in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending

subset: commoncrawl


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APR 03, 2013 - Forbes
A Must Read - Share
Written by James Slavet, a partner at venture capital firm Greylock. His current investments include Coupons.com, One Kings Lane and Redfin. You can follow him on Twitter @jslavet.
Editor's Picks
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© 2011 Comunitee, Inc.


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Share Photo
In this Sunday, May 20, 2012 photo, Pakistani acid attack survivor Parveen Aslam, 42, is examined by Dr Hamid Hasan, left, at Benazir Bhutto Hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Parveen and her daughter Zaiba were attacked last December, 2011, by a man after the parents refused his marriage proposal of their elder daughter. The nose has special significance in Pakistani culture, where it symbolizes the honor of the family. A popular plea from parents to children is "Please take care of our nose", which means "don't do anything that tarnishes the name of the family." (AP Photo/Muhammed Muheisen)


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The source for speed skating and short track speed skating at the Vancouver Olympics.
VANCOUVER -- The Sven Kramer lane-switching incident.
The resurgence of Chad Hedrick.
Shani Davis' two medals.
The South Korean team.
Long track speed skating at the 2010 Olympics produced some epic memories, both good and bad. For every smooth stride along the ice at the Richmond Olympic Oval, there were just as many surprises, mishaps and downright ugly situations.
Let's revisit a few of the top storylines.
Biggest blunder: Sven Kramer of the Netherlands entered the Games as the overwhelming favorite in the men's distance events. He easily won the 5000m on the opening weekend, and started the 10,000m on Day 12 with a strong pace in the final pairing. He eventually skated the fastest time of the field and thought he had won the gold medal, until his coach, Gerard Kemkers, informed him otherwise.
On lap 17 of 25, Kemkers lost track of his skater and mistakenly directed him to enter the inside lane at the first turn. Kramer obliged at the last second, straddling the dividing line as he did so. Moments later, Kemkers realized the error. He continued to encourage Kramer as he skated around the oval, but it was clear by watching this video that he knew Kramer would be disqualified.
Kramer was none too pleased upon hearing of the disqualification when the race ended. He tossed his orange-rimmed glasses aside in disgust, and pushed Kemkers away when he tried to console him. Kramer ultimately took the blame for the mistake, and the next day he announced that Kemkers would remain his coach.
"The past years were simply too good to drop someone just like that," Kramer said. The 23-year-old Dutch skater has three world titles, four European titles, multiple World Cup wins and an Olympic gold medal.
This was speed skating's biggest story of the Games, and it will surely be revisited every year. It also could change the way coaches instruct their skaters during a race.
Biggest comeback: After winning three medals in Torino, Hedrick didn't know if he would continue skating at an Olympic level. He ultimately decided to make a run at the Vancouver Games, and his bronze-medal performance in the 1000m proved that the 32-year-old has still got it.
Hedrick was expected to place higher in the 1500m than the 1000m, but the opposite turned out to be true. The Texan finished two spots behind fellow American Shani Davis in the 1500m, and did not medal in the 1000m.
"I am really glad I came to Vancouver," Hedrick said after his 1000m bronze. "I love this city. It's a great place to finish."
Biggest U.S. performance: Davis set world records in the 1000m and 1500m last year, so he was the clear favorite in these races at the 2010 Games. His end result: 1000m gold, 1500m silver. Had it not been for an unexpected showing by the Netherlands' Mark Tuitert in the 1500m, Davis would have been a double gold medalist.
Davis said after the race that his second-place finish in the 1500m is already motivating him to shoot for the Sochi Games in 2014.
"I am sure it is going to keep me in the sport," Davis said of his silver medal. "It is not a bad thing I love skating."
Biggest U.S. performance No. 2: The U.S. men's pursuit team entered the event with an outside shot at earning a medal. Hedrick and three 19-year-olds -- Jonathan Kuck, Brian Hansen and Trevor Marsicano -- made up the squad. The end result was an improbable silver medal on Day 16, the fifth career medal in five different events for Hedrick. Eric Heiden, who won five gold medals at the 1980 Olympics, is the only other U.S. man to win five speed skating medals.
"I'm proud of these guys," Hedrick said. "We came in as big underdogs. All three of these guys are great skaters and they've got bright futures."
South Koreans shine: Mo Tae-Bum? Who is that? Many people were asking themselves this question after the South Korean celebrated his 21st birthday with a victory in the 500m on Day 4, and followed that two days later with a silver medal in the 1000m. He placed fifth in the 1500m. Countryman Lee Seung-Hoon took second in the 5000m, and won the 10,000m because of the Kramer incident.
On the women's side, Lee Sang-Hwa staged a stunning upset over German Jenny Wolf in the 500m. South Korea had never won a winter Olympic medal in any event other than short track before Vancouver. The country ended these Games with five long track medals -- three gold, two silver.
Smooth as sandpaper: Problems with the ice resurfacing machines plagued the Richmond Oval in the first week of competition. Three Olympia machines broke down, causing ice to pool on the surface. It then re-froze and left bumpy, unsafe skating conditions. There was a one-hour delay during the men's 500m event because of the issues.
A Zamboni was brought in from the Calgary Olympic Oval, and from that point forward rink officials cleaned the ice with that plus one Olympia at all times. And, although the ice was very slow, the resurfacing problems dissipated.
'The queen of skating': IOC President Jacques Rogge called Martina Sablikova "the queen of skating," after she won her second gold medal of the Games in the 5000m. The wiry Czech skater is unlike any of her competitors with her slim body type and short, choppy strides.
Sablikova finished fourth in the 5000m in Torino but has ruled the distance races ever since, winning three straight 5000m world titles.
-Jason Devaney
Checking in with Michael Phelps
Michael Phelps, unshaven, swimming in back-to-the-future jammers, ...


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CHARLESTON -- Water for rural areas still tops the list of things needed by Mississippi County.
A public hearing required to apply for a Community Development Block Grant for Phase 2 of the Mississippi County Rural Water District No. 1 was held during the regular County Commission meeting Thursday.
Joe E. Lane, director of community planning for the Bootheel Regional Planning and Economic Development Commission at Malden, asked those attending the public hearing to fill out a needs assessment.
"There may be other needs the county needs to address," Lane said, offering as examples fire protection or ambulance districts.
"I think the rural water is the No. 1, otherwise we wouldn't all be here today," said Presiding Commissioner Jim Blumenberg.
The second greatest need, according to the consensus among those at the public hearing, is for E-911 upgrades followed by the need for sewers in congested rural areas.
Fourth on the list is planning and zoning/code enforcement and fifth is the need for affordable housing.
Liz Long with Green and Associates, the engineering firm for the water district, said 730 residences were included in the water district's first phase which laid 195 miles of pipe.
"This is a continuation of Phase 1 going into Phase 2," she said.
The second phase will add 151 residences with just under 50 miles of pipe, according to Long.
Water bills in the rural water district are currently a minimum of $18 per month with an additional $4 per 1,000 gallons. With an average use of about 5,000 gallons, the average monthly bill is $34 per month.
The anticipated cost for the water district's second phase is $1.16 million. The water district is applying for $400,000 in CDBG funding. The project already has a U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development loan of $648,000 and a RD grant of $84,200.
In other business during Thursday's meeting:
* Mississippi County Mass Transit is looking for support from the county on its application for a Community Development Grant, according to its director, Shirley Allen.
The grant is being sought to pay for the construction of a new facility, she explained.
The facility will need room for two offices, two handicapped-accessible restrooms, a meeting room, a small kitchen, a place to park the vans and a wash bay.
Allen also asked if the county could help with a piece of property, possibly at the county airport or the East Prairie Industrial Park.
"It doesn't matter where," she said. "It wouldn't matter if we had to move."
"We'll type up a letter of support for it," Blumenberg said.
* The Bootheel Solid Waste District will change its bylaws, according to Commissioner Martin Lucas.
Lucas said under the district's current bylaws, the executive director for the Bootheel Regional Planning Commission serves as chairman for the Bootheel Solid Waste District.
The current BRPC executive director, Steve Duke, resigned from the chairman position for the Bootheel Solid Waste District as he has a conflict and is unable to attend meetings, Lucas said.
The change in bylaws will allow someone else to fill the chairman position.
* The sheriff's department has been approved for a Local Law Enforcement Block/JAG grant, according to Blumenberg.
The department will receive $8,100 with a required local match of $900.
* Officials from the Mississippi County University Extension Council presented their annual report and a budget request of $32,000, the same amount budgeted for 2005.
* Cedar Brook Lane, the road for the new Turnbo Farms Development located off Miller Road north of East Prairie, was accepted by commissioners.


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|Supplements discussion on Amino 2222, within the Bodybuilding Forum; i heared about amino acid epecially AMINO 2222 softgel anybody have any idea these softgels really helpsgettin in shape?...
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That's the Optimum Nutrition Amino 2222's I take it.
They are nothing more than some caseinate (cheap form of casein protein) and gelatin (collagen protein/ byproduct of meat and leather industry) put into a little pill. There are no free form aminos in it, which is what they want you to think. It's just overpriced cheap protein at very small doses. Absolutely worthless in the overall diet. Even if it were free form aminos at designer doses it wouldn't be of much use over whole protein sources. But when something is named "aminos" people expect that they are getting a bunch of individual free form aminos forumlated into a pill or powder. So it's a double rip off in that they are deliberately misleading you.
If you want supplemental protein of that sort than there is much more value in whey powder or casein powder.
To see the difference in the language look here at an amino acid blend that is actually composed of free aminos: http://www.gematria.com/CompleteAmin...r-p/48-500.htm
(I'm not suggesting it).
Compare that to the amino 2222 description:
Notice what they DON'T say.
Here is another thread on Amino 2222:
I mentioned Lactalbumin Hydrolysate in that thread as an example of a fancy sounding protein source (it's a whey fraction). Another ploy I've noticed lately is calling that "pancreatic digests" which is just a bullshit way of saying it's a hydrolysate and suggesting that enzymes were used to accomplish that. Twinlab goes ever further and says "pharmaceutical grade pancreatic (enzymatic) digests".
There never seems to be anything listed in the ingredients that suggests that the proteins are actually hydrolysates. The idea however is that a couple of grams or so of a "pre-digested" hydrolysates is somehow magical compared to just taking in a whole protein source of any kind. Which is complete and utter bullshit. Overpriced complete and utter bullshit.
Don't fall for this marketing mumbo-jumbo.
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U.S. Sanctions On Libya Remain In Place For Now
The U.S. will maintain its sanctions on Libyan officials and entities as it works out legal issues to free frozen assets to aid the fledgling government, U.S. officials told Dow Jones Newswires.
"All property and interests in property of the Gadhafi regime and others sanctioned by Treasury remain blocked, and all transactions involving the Gadhafi regime and persons who are included on the [Specially Designated Nationals] List continue to be prohibited," an unnamed Treasury official said to Newswires.
Victoria Nuland, a State Department spokeswoman, told reporters at a briefing that the U.S. is trying to "accelerate our ability to get some essential funding" to the Transitional National Council "particularly for humanitarian needs, particularly for maintenance of essential services."
Last month, the U.S. formally recognized the Transitional National Council as the legal governing authority of Libya, which the Treasury official told Newswires paves the way for the U.S. to release some of the $37 billion it says it froze since President Barack Obama imposed sanctions on Moammar Gadhafi's regime for sanctions in February.
"We will continue to consult with the TNC and our international partners on the most effective and appropriate method of making additional significant financial assistance available to the TNC," the official said to Newswires.
Forces loyal to the Transitional National Council swept into Tripoli Sunday with little opposition and captured several of Gadhafi's children, though the whereabouts of the mercurial leader of Libya for the last 42 years remains unknown. However, the jubilant mood began to sour by Monday afternoon with reports of random shootings taking place all over the capital.
The timing and method of the asset release remains unclear, according to the Newswires report.
"I can't give you a precise answer of how much and when, but know that we are focused like a laser on it now," Nuland said.


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Largely known and admired for his large orchestral scores – including fifteen symphonies to date – the Finnish composer Kalevi Aho has actually written in a wide variety of genres, including chamber music and opera. He did arrive at the organ via the orchestra, however: in 1993, when composing his Eighth Symphony, he decided to let the organ feature in it as a solo instrument. Although he integrated it into the orchestra, it was also provided with three interludes between the separate movements. Encouraged to recast these into a solo work for the instrument, Aho composed a brief introduction for each interlude, functioning as a short summary of what had appeared before it in the course of the symphony. Behind the Three Interludes, and indeed the symphony, there lies a powerful experience of nature: a mid-summer journey on the Arctic Ocean, when everything, in the absence of night, was 'bathed in an endless blue-tinged light'. Although composed 14 years later, the Symphony for Organ also owes its existence to the Eighth Symphony. After having played the organ part in a 2005 performance of that work, the Finnish organ virtuoso Jan Lehtola approached the composer urging him to write a big, multi-movement work for solo organ. Although the organ symphony has been an established genre since composers such as Charles-Marie Widor and Louis Vierne, Aho has patterned his own work on the orchestral symphony, continuing the tradition of symphonic development. All of the work's musical material is related, and at the end of the finale a synthesis of it all is achieved, in what can best be described as a highly intricate – and virtuosic – 'quadruple fugue'. The work's subtitle, Alles Vergängliche ('All that is perishable'), comes from the end of Goethe's Faust, and alludes to the symphony's Faustian character, reaching for the heavens, and also to its ending, as the music dies away into inaudibility.
"... Jan Lehtola's typically committed and accomplished playing provides Aho with a first-rate advocate and the 2008 Åkerman @ Lund organ (incorporating pipework from 1907) speaks with a convincingly symphonic voice in the Scandinavian sense; thing throaty reeds and choruses with a distinctive 'cornetty' roar." ****
Chris Bragg - Choir & Organ magazine January/February 2013
"... This is an important release, and not just in terms of organ music per se, which anyone interested in intelligent modern music should investigate at the earliest opportunity."
Robert Matthew-Walker - International Record Review - November 2012


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Can you recommend some yummy and unique varieties of potatoes, sweet potatoes, and yams I can plant in my garden this year?
Grace Irving
Tacoma, Washington
My favorite sweet potato is 'Red Wine Velvet' of the orange varieties, 'Brazil White' of the white-fleshed varieties, and 'Camote Morado' (a Nicaraguan variety) of the purple-fleshed sweet potatoes.
Of the 53 regular varieties I grow (all are favorites or I would not grow them), I think 'La Ratte d'Ardeche' ranks at or near the top of my list of 'best potatoes.' It is favored by chefs in Paris, as well. My favorite way to cook 'La Ratte' potatoes is to boil or steam them until al dente (about 12 minutes). Then I smoke the potatoes for 20 minutes over beechwood chips. The result is heavenly, and makes a great side dish for just about anything.
— William Woys Weaver, contributing editor
These rare varieties are unlikely to show up in garden centers, but you may be able to find them at farmers markets listed on the Local Harvest
website. You can find mail-order sources using our Seed and Plant Finder. — MOTHER EARTH NEWS
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YouTube Launches First Video Rental Service Outside North America
Already available in the U.S. and Canada, Google-owned YouTube is bringing its online film rental service to Britain where it will compete with Amazon's LoveFilm. Or, as Variety puts it:
In yet another sign that the digital sphere in Blighty is picking up the pace, YouTube has launched its movie rental service in the country.
More than 1,000 feature pics, including "The Dark Knight," "Reservoir Dogs" and "Monty Python's The Meaning of Life" are now available for Brit consumers to rent via the Google-owned site, adding yet another prong to what is becoming an increasingly competitive landscape in the U.K.: Amazon-owned Lovefilm, which has more than 1.6 million subscribers across Europe, is ramping up its streaming efforts and inking long-term exclusive deals with U.K. indie distribs while Netflix is expected to arrive in the territory next year.
The cost of YouTube rentals varies between £2.49 and £3.49 (roughly from $3.86 and $5.41) a film.This is a little more expensive than the U.S.A. where the comparable charges, according to CNET, are $2.99 and $3.99. It also describes the rental process for consumers:
In order to get a film from YouTube, users first need to go to the site's special Movies page. From there, they can pick a film, view reviews, courtesy of Rotten Tomatoes, and see who is in the cast. When they decide to purchase a film, they have 30 days to start watching it. Once started, users must finish the movie within 48 hours, or it will be lost.
It concludes:
For U.K. customers looking to do more than just watch films, YouTube has a solution. The company said today that many of its movie pages came with additional content, including behind-the-scenes videos, cast interviews and parodies. It plans to bring more content to the service over time.
Variety: U.K. gets YouTube rental service


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is all the information that could be lifted from the headstone.
You can also search for the family names on other headstones on the
Headstone Name Search page, and then
clicking on the links on that page will bring you to a close-up
view of
the corresponding headstone.
If possible, the
transcribed Hebrew lifted from the headstone and its English
translation are given below, plus any useful notes about the
translation or history of the writing.
Headstone 107
Here lies buried
A modest woman
Mrs. Hayah [ ]
[ ] she departed
[ ] [Tevet] in the year [
and Translation Copyright 2005 Rabbi Edward S. Boraz, Dartmouth
College Hillel.


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Top Definition
The most amazing boy in the world. Has amazing eyes. Says the sweetest things that make your knees absolutely weak. When around a Zachery be sure to have an extra shirt! Really likes the color lime green. Likes to strip sometimes. (LOL) Walks to places a lot. Loves DDR and ramen noodles.
Zacherys also love Chealseas.
Zacherys also love Chealseas.
-Did you see Zachery in the arcade playing DDR yesterday?
-Yeah! He was with Chealsea wasn't he?
-Yeah! He was with Chealsea wasn't he?
by Chealsea Christina August 28, 2008
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
The cutest, sweetest, best looking, funniest, most lovable guy alive. He's protective, caring, beyond perfect. You will fall in love the second you see his blue eyes. He makes you weak at the knees when you kiss. He is beyond amazing. Once you see him, you can't can't imagine life without him. You wanna spend forever with him, and that still wouldn't be long enough. You want to protect his heart, make him smile, and keep him forever. He's sexy, athletic, smart, and handsome. He is your world, your life, and the only thing you want forever.
"Is he your Zachery?"
"Yes, he's that amazing."
"Yes, he's that amazing."
by AliMarie<3 January 09, 2012


text: Hi all! DH and I are planning a trip to Europe this spring/summer (a belated honeymoon) and I was wondering if anyone had any recommendations for us. We do know that we'd like to go to England and Scotland, and were thinking of one of the packages on this site: http://www.raileurope.com/us/about_us/ but having never used the site before I'm a little wary of doing something that big online. Any travel tips, tours, travel companies, packages, or anything else you can share? Thanks!


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PROVIDENCE -- Barrington and La Salle, both undefeated, are tied for first place in the RIIL Division I soccer standings, which is no surprise. Each is a perennial contender, Barrington has won three of the last five championships and La Salle has won one during tha period.
Hope and Central standing right behind the leaders is something new. Hope is 4-1-1 and third. The Blue Wave lost to Central, 5-4, last week. Central is 3-1-2 and fifth, just two points behind Hope.
Hope could make things really interesting Friday afternoon when it travels to Barrington for a 4 p.m. match. Central will play Cumberland Friday at 4:15 at Conley Stadium.
Central's Esril Giron is tied for the state scoring lead with 10 goals and 5 assists for 15 points. Alexi Flores of Central Falls also has 15 points on 5 goals and 10 assists. Komla Dogbey of Hope has 11 goals and 3 assists for 14 points.
Location, ST | website.com


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Berkeley is trying a "radical" new approach to treating heart disease and high blood pressure among its African-American residents by targeting families living on just four city streets.
The Heart 2 Heart project between the city and LifeLong Medical Care will invest about $500,000 over three years to work with about 500 African-American households in South and West Berkeley.
"We wanted to try a radical approach to how we do our work," said Tanya Moore, co-director of Berkeley's Chronic Disease Prevention Program. "Certain areas of Berkeley are being proportionately affected by strokes and heart attacks, so why not focus our work in these communities?"
Heart 2 Heart will contact people about health services through a combination of door-to-door outreach, community organizations and a mobile health van, Moore said.
It's the first time ever that the city has taken such a concentrated approach to contacting a specific group of people in the city, she said.
Berkeley's program will target households on Russell and Oregon streets between Dohr Street and McGee Avenue in South Berkeley and on Allston Way and Bancroft Way between San Pablo Avenue and 6th Street. The streets were picked with input from the Police Department, churches, community groups, public health workers and residents, Moore said.
The approach is partly inspired by a program called the Harlem Children's Zone, in which a small area of New York City's Harlem neighborhood — starting with one city block — was targeted in the 1990s for social services to improve health and education. The program eventually grew to 100 city blocks and served 7,400 children and 4,100 adults.
To get the word out about Heart 2 Heart, Berkeley is holding a community meeting March 14, but it has not yet decided on a place. And it will host a block party to get people interested.
The city and LifeLong Medical Care are not necessarily trying new ways of treating people, Moore said. Instead, they are trying new ways to get people into clinics to get care.
"We have a lot of programs and services that we offer, but the information isn't getting to the people," Moore said. "We're trying to make it more personal and make sure these communities know we're here."
In Berkeley, the death rate for African-Americans from coronary heart disease is two times higher than it is for whites while African-American hospitalization rates from hypertensive heart disease are 15 times higher than for whites.
Moore said the reasons for that are multifaceted, but include poor diet, lack of exercise, stress, environment, family genetics and smoking.
In Berkeley, environment and stress probably play big roles in why African-Americans get high blood pressure, she said.
"I would say stress is the most important because there is a physical response when a person is under chronic stress such as poverty, racism, living in an unsafe area and having multiple family issues," Moore said.
Stress puts more fat and sugars in the bloodstream, which can lead to high blood pressure and heart disease, she said. In addition, people under stress tend to drink, smoke and overeat — behaviors that also can cause heart disease, she said.
"The environment you live in also plays a role," Moore said. "Do people have access to grocery stores that are affordable or are they living in a community with a lot of liquor stores? Do you have access to health care? Do you have health insurance? Then there's education and the cultural component in the way we eat and deal with stress."
In addition to the city and LifeLong Medical Care, other participating organizations include Berkeley Youth Alternatives, Berkeley Organizing Congregations for Action, the South Berkeley YMCA and McGee Avenue Baptist Church.
Reach Doug Oakley at email@example.com.


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Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy
Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy
Hemingway's assignments for the Toronto Star (28) took him around Europe, and wherever he went, he took notes for his journalistic efforts and for his fiction, In Scribner's opinion, Hemingway was "one of the most perceptive travelers in the history of literature." (29) He covered politics ("Mussolini, Europe's Prize Bluffer, More Like Bottomley"), conferences ("Genoa Conference; Picked Sharpshooters Patrol Genoa Streets"), fishing everywhere ("Tuna Fishing in Spain," ("Fishing the Rhone Canal," and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany"), Paris ("Living on $1,000 A Year in Paris," "Paris is Full of Russians," and "Wives Buy Clothes for French Husbands"); and sports ("Try Bobsledding If You Want Thrills," "Pamplona in July; World's Series of Bull Fighting a Mad, Whirling Carnival"). (30) Hemingway was way "ahead of his compatriots in discovering places and pleasures that would become tourist attractions." (31)
While reporting on the war between Greece and Turkey in Constantinople and witnessing the evacuation of the Greeks from eastern Thrace ("A Silent, Ghastly Procession Wends Way from Thrace"), he wrote in his pocket account book his impressions and what he paid for wine, meals, taxis, and cabling stories. "Thrace a barren difficult plateau--scrub oak--Greek soldiers 'sheik' hats, weather beaten faces but looking like Austrians. 12 camels led by one man or a donkey long necks but lurching and rolling along" (32) became raw material for the dramatic scene in one of his innovative mini chapters between the stories in In Our Time (1925): "Minarets stuck up in the rain across the mud flats. The carts were jammed for thirty miles. Water buffalo and cattle were hauling carts through the mud. There was no end and no beginning. Just carts loaded with everything they owned. The old men and women, soaked through . . . . Carts were jammed solid on the bridge with camels bobbing along through them. Greek cavalry herded along the procession . . . . There was a woman having a baby with a young girl holding a blanket over her and crying. Scared sick looking at it. It rained all through the evacuation." (33)
There are three pieces to the puzzle that is this person we know as Hemingway: the life the man really lived, his writing, and the celebrity. One has to guess where one piece ends and another begins. Could Hemingway himself distinguish between the fact, the fiction, and the celebrity? As the consummate storyteller, he may not have cared which was which. But he left such a generous record of all three that biographers, literary critics, and the general public can endlessly reconfigure the puzzle--sometimes successfully, sometimes not. Who is to say which pattern is right? Sometimes confusion results--as when a television documentary has Hemingway the man speaking dialogue that Hemingway the author wrote for his fictional characters. The guessing will continue, and Hemingway himself constantly mixed up the strands for us. After being bothered by another aspiring writer while trying to write in a cafe, Hemingway decided "to give the [cafe] a day's rest. So the next morning I woke early, boiled the rubber nipples and the bottles, made the formula, finished the bottling, gave Mr. Bumby a bottle and worked on the dining-room table before anyone else but he, F. Puss the cat, and I were awake. The two of them were quiet and good company and I worked better than I had ever done." (34) This is Hemingway as caring father and aspiring writer, but from the perspective of his last years. Is it fact, fiction, or a bit of both?
Hemingway decided to take the plunge and quit writing for the Star so that he could work on his fiction full time. "But when you are poor, and we were really poor when I had given up all journalism when we came back from Canada [after Bumby was bom there in October 1923], and could sell no stories at all, it was too rough with a baby in Paris in the winter. (35) I knew the stories [I had been writing] were good and someone would publish them finally at home. When I stopped doing newspaper work I was sure the stories were going to be published. But every one I sent out came back." (36)
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Book your room at The George of Colchester
Get an overview of this hotel4-star inn with restaurant and bar/lounge
Collect 200 points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
Situated in Colchester, this inn is steps from Colchester Castle Museum and Tymperleys Clock Museum. Colchester Natural History Museum and Hollytrees Museum are also within 5 minutes.
Property Features
A restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a coffee shop/café are available at this inn. WiFi in public areas is free. Other amenities include self parking, meeting rooms, and tour/ticket assistance.
Room Amenities
All 47 rooms offer free WiFi, room service, and TVs with digital channels. Other amenities available to guests include coffee makers, desks, and free toiletries.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
The George of Colchester116 High Street Colchester England CO1 1TD
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Dining options at the inn include a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. 2 meeting rooms are available. This business-friendly inn also offers tour/ticket assistance and room service (during limited hours). Parking is available onsite for a surcharge.
- Total number of rooms - 47
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Meeting rooms
- Restaurant
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Self parking (surcharge)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Shower/tub combination
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Desk
- Television
- Digital TV service
- Free WiFi
- Room service (limited hours)
Where to Eat
English breakfasts are available for a surcharge.
Cafe George - This café serves light fare only. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed (service dogs only)
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Only service animals are allowed
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: between GBP 5 and GBP 10 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: GBP 10.00 per day
Hotel Name
- Hotel George Colchester
- George Colchester Inn
- George Colchester


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NEW BEDFORD — Police arrested a New Bedford man for possession of several unlicensed guns and drugs including heroin, cocaine and marijuana with a street value of more than $10,000.
Detective Jonathan Lagoa and members of the New Bedford Police Organized Crime and Intelligence Bureau arrived at 78 Swift St. Apartment 2, the home of Mason Teves, 19, around 6:30 p.m. Monday.
Teves was the subject of a search warrant and when he left his apartment police took him into custody outside the house and then performed a search of his apartment, police said.
Inside, they found a .22 caliber rifle without serial numbers, as well as a .9mm semi-automatic handgun and a .22 caliber revolver, both without serial numbers, as well as 16 rounds of .22 caliber ammunition and 8 rounds of .9mm ammunition, police said. They said Teves does not have a license to carry firearms.
They also found about two pounds of marijuana, about 28 grams of heroin, 16 grams of cocaine, 42 Percocet pills and $6,131 in cash, police said. The street value of those drugs exceeds $10,000, according to police.
Teves is scheduled to be arraigned Tuesday in New Bedford District Court on counts of illegal possession of a firearm, illegal possession of a firearm with the serial numbers obliterated, illegal possession of ammunition, improper storage of a firearm, trafficking in heroin, possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, possession of Percocet with intent to distribute, and possession of marijuana with intent to distribute.
Location, ST | website.com


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The Texas A&M-Corpus Christi volleyball team lost a 3-0 (25-14, 25-23, 25-16) decision to the UTSA Roadrunners in the Southland home opener for the Islanders.
TAMUCC drops to 7-11 on the season and 0-3 in Southland Conference play. The Roadrunners improve to 6-11 overall and 1-2 in Southland matches.
In the first set, UTSA came out and quickly took a 3-0 lead before the Islanders fought back to tie it at 7-7. It would be the closest they would get however, as the Roadrunners took the lead and stretched it to as many as 11 at the end to take a 25-14 set win and put the match at 1-0.
TAMUCC came out with a revamped lineup in the second set, starting four different players from the first set to try and spark the team. The change seemed to work as the team played much better than in the first set, taking it down to the wire before falling by a 25-23 final. With the score tied 5-5, the Islanders took the lead on a UTSA service error and would hold the advantage for most of the set. They would grow the lead to as many as five at 15-10 but were unable to finish the set. The Roadrunners tied the score at 22-22 and outscored the Islanders 3-1 to close out the match with a 25-23 win and take a 2-0 lead.
"We made some changes as the match went along and I think they were the right things to do," said head coach Tony Graystone. "UTSA just made a big run at the end of the second one to steal the set from us."
After a draining loss in the second set, the Islanders were unable to answer the bell in the third as they fell by a 25-16 score to win the match 3-0. With the score tied at 2-2, UTSA went on a 15-5 run to stretch the lead to 10 points. TAMUCC made a short rally to get within 20-14 before UTSA closed the door by outscoring the Islanders by a 6-2 margin.
Jessica Korda was the only Islander in double-digits with 11 kills as Emma Ridley added six and Ariel Carlson added five. Courtney Wypisznyski, Sheridan Paulus, Shannon Hullum and Diandra Torres each added one kill. Wypisznyski had 23 assists to lead the team while Tamara Wostal and Ridley led the team with seven digs each.
TAMUCC is back in action next week for another pair of Southland matches. The Islanders host Sam Houston State next Thursday, October 8 and Stephen F. Austin on Saturday, October 10 at Moody Fieldhouse.
"We just have to get ready for Sam Houston and correct mistakes we made today," said Graystone. "We have to work to get better every time out."


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K. Seshadri Iyer
Kumarapuram Seshadri Iyer
|Diwan of the Mysore kingdom
|In office
12 February 1883 – 18 March 1901
|Chamaraja Wodeyar,
Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV
|Preceded by
|C. V. Rungacharlu
|Succeeded by
|P. N. Krishnamurti
|Personal details
June 1, 1845
Palghat, Madras Presidency
|September 13, 1901
(aged 56)
|Dharmasamvardhini (1865-1901)
|Alma mater
|Presidency College, Chennai
|civil servant, administrator
Sir Kumarapuram Seshadri Iyer KCIE (Kannada: ಕುಮಾರಪುರಂ ಶೇಷಾದ್ರಿ ಅಯ್ಯರ್), 1 June 1845 - 13 September 1901), or Sheshadri Aiyar was an advocate who served as the Dewan of Mysore from 1883 to 1901. He was the second Dewan of Mysore state since the reinstation of the Wodeyar family on its throne in 1881 and was the longest serving Dewan of the princely state as well. He is regarded by most as the "maker of modern Bangalore".
Seshadri Iyer was born in a Kerala Iyers family from Palghat in the Malabar district of Madras Presidency. He had his early education in Calicut and graduated in arts from Presidency College, Madras in 1868. He was also a qualified lawyer.
Seshadri Iyer joined the services of the Mysore kingdom in 1868 and served as a district magistrate and later as Personal Secretary to the Diwan, Rungacharlu before being appointed Diwan himself. Seshadri Iyer was the longest serving Diwan of Mysore kingdom and served from 1883 to 1901.
Seshadri Iyer established the Kolar gold fields and Victoria Hospital and commissioned the Sivanasamudra hydel-electric power project. Seshadri Iyer had to deal with a devastating plague which afflicted Bangalore in 1898 and was responsible for the decongestion of streets and reconstructing the city in the aftermath of the plague.
Early life[edit]
Seshadri Iyer was born on 1 June 1845 to Ananthakrishna Iyer and his second wife Venkatalakshamma at Kumarapuram near Palghat. His parents belonged to the Brahacharanam sect of Tamil Brahmins [1] Seshadri Iyer's great-grandfather Gowri Seshan Pattu had migrated to Kumarapuram from Ganapathi Agraharam in Tanjore district at the turn of the 19th century.
Ananthakrishna Iyer was employed as a vakil (lawyer) in Calicut. Apart from Seshadri Iyer, he also had a son, Venkatasubba Iyer, from his first wife. Venkatasubba Iyer was also employed as a lawyer in Calicut. On Ananthakrishna Iyer's death in 1846, Venkatalakshamma and the infant Seshadri were cared for by the 20-year-old Venkatasubba Iyer.
Seshadri Iyer was educated in private until his eleventh year when he was admitted to the Free Church Mission School in Cochin. Seshadri had his higher education at the Calicut Provincial School and the Trivandrum High School from where he matriculated in first class in 1863 winning the Connoly Scholarship. Seshadri was admitted to the Presidency College, Madras where he was mentored by E. B. Powell. Seshadri graduated in 1866 emerging first in the B. A. examinations.
Service in the Mysore Kingdom[edit]
In 1868, Seshadri Iyer was appointed Judicial Secretary in the Ashtagram division of the Mysore kingdom. He later served as Head Sheristadar of the Court of the Judicial Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner of Mysore, Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate of Tumkur and District and Sessions Judge of Ashtagram division.
He obtained his B. L. degree from the University of Madras in 1874. From 1881 to 1883, he served as an officer on special duty in Mysore. In 1883, when Rangacharlu's period of service came to an end, Seshadri Iyer was appointed Diwan of Mysore.
As Dewan[edit]
Seshadri Iyer succeeded Rangacharlu as Dewan of Mysore in the year 1883 and administered Mysore for a span of eighteen years. He remains the longest serving Diwan of the princely state. He worked to improve the transport, irrigation and mining sectors in the kingdom. Seshadri Iyer extended the railway lines in the kingdom by 270 kilometres (170 mi)The Kolar gold fields of Karnataka were established during his tenure. He constructed the famous Glass House at Lalbagh in 1889 and the Victoria Hospital at Bangalore in the year 1900.
Sir Sheshadri Hydel Station[edit]
Seshadri Iyer was responsible for initiating the first hydro-electric project in Asia, at Shivanasamudra, which began generating power in 1902 for the Kolar gold fields, and in 1905 for Bangalore. The gold fields were 147 km away, making the transmission line the longest in the world at the time. Later on, when construction of the Mettur dam in Tamil Nadu began in the 1930s, power was supplied from Shivanasamudra. The Sir Sheshadri Hydel Station was granted the status of a National Heritage Centre in May 2006.
"The Maker of Modern Bangalore"[edit]
In 1898, a devastating plague in Bangalore city wiped out most of its population. As a result of this, streets were decongested, roads were widened and sanitation was improved. Hotels made their appearance and many new industrial units came to be established and people got more employment opportunities.
Seshadri Iyer started the Chamarajendra Water Works to supply water to the city from Hesaraghatta Lake, 18 km away, in 1894. He began the extensions of Basavanagudi and Malleswaram in 1898. The extensions served to alleviate the congestion of the city, which was just recovering from plague. He commissioned the glass house in Lal Bagh in 1889. The Victoria Hospital was begun by him in 1900. The private residence of Seshadri Iyer, Kumara Krupa, is now the State Guest House. The city remembers him through the names of Seshadripuram (a city extension created in 1892), Sheshadri Road, Sheshadri Memorial Library, and a statue in Cubbon Park.
Sir K.Seshadri Iyer is regarded as one of the greatest Dewans of Mysore. Robert H.Elliot in his book 'Gold,Sport and Coffee Planting in Mysore' says:
|I may pause here to remark that what I saw and heard at the Assembly, combined with what I previously knew of the Mysore Government, satisfied me that a more perfect form of government does not exist in the world. Here, as we have just seen, was a most important measure gained for the country after what was really a very short consultative meeting between the ruler and the ruled. The ruler—in other words the Dewan—was sitting like a judge on the bench, patiently listening to and taking notes of the various wants of the people as the representatives came forward—occasionally consulting with his officials—granting some things, absolutely refusing others, and announcing sometimes that the subject brought forward would be taken into consideration, while the representatives seemed to be perfectly satisfied that the ruler would willingly do, and was willingly doing, the best he could for the common interest. I may mention that I was particularly struck with the dignified, gentlemanly and friendly manner of the Dewan when consulting his English officials, and there was evidently a mutual appreciation existing, which I had afterwards distinct knowledge of when I subsequently heard some of these officials alluding, in private conversation, to the Dewan. I have a great dislike to the idea of being thought guilty of flattery, but I cannot refrain from recording the remarkable fact that (and how rarely can this be said of any public man), while I have heard much in favour of the Dewan, I have never heard a single deprecatory remark made concerning his administration of the province, either by natives or Europeans. Mysore is indeed extremely fortunate in having such a man as Mr. Sheshadri Iyer, since made Sir K. Sheshadri Iyer, K.C.I.E., at the head of affairs. He has already been granted an extension of the usual period of office (five years), and it is to be hoped that the very doubtful practice of selecting a new man for this important office, even though there may be a valuable one at the helm, may be put aside for at least some years more[2]
Seshadri Iyer married Dharmasamvardhini in 1865. The couple had four sons (K. S. Doreswamy Iyer, K. S. Krishna Iyer, K. S. Viswanatha Iyer and K. S. Ramaswami Iyer) and two daughters. Dharmasamvardhini died shortly before Seshadri's own death on 13 September 1901.
Doreswamy Iyer served as Revenue Commissioner in the Mysore Civil Service. He was Private-Secretary to Seshadri Iyer from 1881 to 1891. In 1912, he was appointed Additional member of the Mysore Legislative Council. K. S. Krishna Iyer also served in the Mysore State Service rising to the post of Deputy Commissioner.
- ^ Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition on the Origins of Hindu caste system. Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 96.
- ^ 'Gold,Sport and Coffee Planting in Mysore' CHAPTER III. MYSORE—ITS HISTORY, GOVERNMENT, AND REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY
- Chandrasekhara, N. S. (1981). Dewan Seshadri Iyer. Publications Division, Government of India.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to K. Seshadri Iyer.
|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Aiyar, Sir Sheshadri.
- The Hindu special on the Dewans of Mysore.
- Detailed history of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
- A detailed chronology of events which took place between 1850 and 1900 in Bangalore
|Preceded by
C. V. Rungacharlu
|Diwan of Mysore
1883 to 1901
|Succeeded by
T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty


text:
Amal Movement
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Amal Movement
حركة أمل
|Nabih Berri
|Musa al-Sadr and Hussein el Husseini
|Beirut, Lebanon
|Arab nationalism
|Political position
|Officially secular
Predominantly Shia Islam
|National affiliation
|March 8 Alliance
|Green, Red
|Parliament of Lebanon
13 / 128
|Cabinet of Lebanon
2 / 24
|Party flag
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
The Amal Movement (or Hope Movement in English, Arabic: حركة أمل Ḥarakat ʾAmal) is a Lebanese political party associated with Lebanon's Shia community. It was co-founded by Musa al-Sadr and Hussein el Husseini as the "Movement of the Dispossessed" in 1974. The Amal Movement is, by a small margin, the largest Shia party in parliament, having thirteen representatives to Hezbollah's twelve. Amal is currently in an alliance which includes the Free Patriotic Movement, Hezbollah, and the Progressive Socialist Party.
The movement's current name was originally used by the Movement of the Dispossessed militia, the "Lebanese Resistance Regiments" (Arabic: أفواج المقاومة اللبنانية). This name, when abbreviated, created the acronym "Amal", which means "Hope" in Arabic.[1]
- 1 Origins
- 2 Amal Movement
- 3 Military structure and organization
- 4 Weapons and equipment
- 5 Disbandement
- 6 Administrative organization and activities
- 7 Amal Charter
- 8 The Lebanese War
- 9 Amal after the war
- 10 See also
- 11 Notes
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Harakat al-Mahrumin / Movement of the Deprived[edit]
Harakat al-Mahrumin (Arabic: حركة المحرومين meaning The Movement of the Deprived or the The Movement of the Dispossessed or The Movement of the Disinherited) was established by Imam Musa al-Sadr and member of parliament Hussein el-Husseini in 1974,[2] as an attempt to reform the Lebanese system, although the beginnings can be traced to 1969 in declarations by the Imam al-Sadr calling upon peace and equality between all Lebanese confessions and religions, so that no one confession would remain "deprived" in any region in Lebanon, noting that the Shia community in Lebanon remained the poorest and most neglected by the Lebanese government.
While acknowledging its support base to be the "traditionally under-represented politically and economically disadvantaged" Shi'a community,[3] it aimed, according to Palmer-Harik, to seek social justice for all deprived Lebanese.[4] Although influenced by Islamic ideas, it was a secular movement trying to unite people along communal rather than religious or ideological lines.[5]
The Movement had support from many confessions, but membership remained mainly within the Shia confession and was considered as a definitive Shia force against the traditional Shia families hegemony at the time.
The Greek Catholic Archbishop of Beirut, Mgr. Grégoire Haddad, was among the founders of the Movement.[6][7]
The movement was absorbed in 1975 into what is now called Amal movement.
Lebanese Resistance Detachments[edit]
On January 20, 1975, the Lebanese Resistance Detachments (in Arabic أفواج المقاومة اللبنانية - also referred to in English as 'The Battalions of the Lebanese Resistance')[8] were formed as a military wing of Harakat al-Mahrumin under the leadership of al-Sadr, and came to be popularly known as Amal (in Arabic أمل) from the acronym Afwaj al-Mouqawma Al-Lubnaniyya).[4]
Amal Movement[edit]
Amal became one of the most important Shi'a Muslim militias during the Lebanese Civil War. It grew strong with the support of, and through its ties with, Syria[5] and the 300,000 Shi'a internal refugees from southern Lebanon after the Israeli bombings in the early 1980s. Amal's practical objectives were to gain greater respect for Lebanon's Shi'ite population and the allocation of a larger share of governmental resources for the Shi'ite-dominated southern part of the country.[9]
At its zenith, the militia had 14,000 troops. Amal fought a long campaign against Palestinian refugees during the Lebanese Civil War (called the War of the Camps). After the War of the Camps, Amal fought a bloody battle against rival Shi'a group Hezbollah for control of Beirut, which provoked Syrian military intervention. Hezbollah itself was formed by religious members of Amal who had left after Nabih Berri's assumption of full control and the subsequent resignation of most of Amal's earliest members.
- Timeline
On January 20, 1975 The Lebanese Resistance Detachments (also referred to in English as 'The Battalions of the Lebanese Resistance') is formed as a military wing of The Movement of the Disinherited under the leadership of al-Sadr. In 1978 the founder Al-Sadr disappears in mysterious circumstances while visiting Libya. He was succeeded by Hussein el-Husseini as leader of Amal.
In 1979 Palestinian guerrillas attempt to assassinate then-Secretary General Hussein el-Husseini by launching missiles into his home, outside Beirut. In 1980 Hussein el-Husseini resigned from Amal leadership after refusing to "drench Amal in blood" and fight alongside the PLO or any other faction.
In 1980 Nabih Berri became one of the leaders of Amal, marking the entry of Amal in the Lebanese Civil War. In summer 1982 Husayn Al-Musawi, deputy head and official spokesman of Amal, broke away to form the Islamist Islamic Amal Movement. In May 1985, heavy fighting erupted between Amal and Palestinian camp militias for the control of the Sabra, Shatila and Burj el-Barajneh camps in Beirut, sparking the so-called "War of the Camps" which lasted until 1987.
In December 1985 Nabih Berri of Amal, Walid Jumblatt of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party, and Elie Hobeika of the Lebanese Forces signed the Tripartite Accord in Damascus which is supposed to give strong influence to Damascus regarding Lebanese matters. The agreement never came into effect due to Hobeika's ousting.
Heavy fighting erupted between Hezbollah and Amal in the wake of the "War of Camps" to which Hezbollah was opposed. Syrian forces entered the area to help Amal against Hezbollah, Syrian troops killed dozens of Hezbollah members in which they claimed the members attacked them while Hezbollah claimed they were killed in cold blood. Fighting between the two factions lasted until 1989.[10]
On February 22, 1987 in what became known as the "War of the Flag", a brutal militia battle spread throughout western Beirut between the Druze PSP's military wing, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and Amal. The fighting had started when a PLA member had walked to the Channel 7 station and replaced the Lebanese flag with a PSP flag, in what was a deliberate act of provocation. The battle ended with the Amal movement winning the battle and restoring the Lebanese Flag.
On February 17, 1988 the American Chief of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) observer group in Lebanon, Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, was abducted and later killed after meeting with Amal's political leader of southern Lebanon. Amal responded by launching a campaign against Hezbollah in the south, It was believed that Hezbollah abducted him; Though the party to this day denies it and insists that it was done to create problems between them and the Amal movement.[11] In April 1988 Amal launched an all-out assault on Hezbollah positions in south Lebanon and the southern suburbs of Beirut. Early in May 1988 Hezbollah gained control of 80% of the Shi'ite suburbs of Beirut through well-timed assaults.
In 1989 Amal accepted the Taif agreement (mainly authored by el-Husseini) in order to end the civil war.
In September 1991, with background in the Syrian controlled end of the Lebanese Civil War in October 1990, 2,800 Amal troops joined the Lebanese army.
Military structure and organization[edit]
The movement's militia, also designated Battalions de la Resistance Libanaise (BRL) in French, but simply known by its Arabic acronym 'Amal', was secretly established with the help of the Palestinian Fatah, who provided weapons and training at their Beqaa facilities. The formation of BLR/Amal was revealed in July 1975 when an accidental explosion of a landmine at one of the 'Fatahland' camps near Baalbek killed over than 60 Shia trainees, which caused considerable embarrassment to Fatah and forced Al-Sadr to admit publicly the militia's existence.[citation needed] When the civil war finally broke out in April 1975, Amal's strength stood at about 1,500-3,000 armed militants, backed by a motor force of jeeps and gun-trucks (aka technicals) fitted with heavy machine guns, recoilless rifles and anti-aircraft autocannons.
By the mid-1980s however, the movement totaled 14,000-16,000 militiamen trained and armed by Syria, of which 10,000 alone were part-time male and female irregulars. The bulk of Amal's regular forces was made of 6,000 ex-Lebanese Army regular soldiers from the Sixth Brigade, a predominantly Shia Muslim formation that went over to their co-religionists following the collapse of the government forces in February 1984.[12] Commanded by the Shiite Major-General Abd al-Halim Kanj, and headquartered at the Henri Shihab Barracks in the south-western suburbs of Beirut, this formation was subsequently enlarged by absorbing Shia deserters from other Army units.
Weapons and equipment[edit]
Armored and transport vehicles[edit]
Amal's technicals' fleet consisted mostly of Land Rovers,[13] Toyota Land Cruiser (J40),[14] Jeep Gladiator J20,[15] GMC Sierra Custom K25/K30, Chevrolet C-10 Cheyenne, Chevrolet C-20 Scottsdale and Chevrolet C/K 3rd generation light pickups and GMC C7500 medium-duty trucks, partially supplanted in the 1980s by Volvo Laplander L3314A light utility vehicles,[16][17] Dodge Ram (1st generation) pickups,[18] Spanish Santana 88 Ligero Militar Jeeps,[19] Nissan Patrol 160-Series pickups,[20] and M35A1 and M35A2 2½-ton 6x6 cargo trucks.[21][22]
The 6th Brigade aligned an armoured battalion fielding Alvis Saladin[23] and Panhard AML-90 armoured cars, AMX-13 light tanks, M48A5 main battle tanks,[24] and three to four mechanized infantry battalions on M113, Alvis Saracen and VAB (4x4)[25][26][27] armored personnel carriers.
In addition, the well-equipped Beirut-based Amal forces also operated 30 or 50 Syrian-loaned T-55A MBTs,[28] and three ex-PLO ZSU-23-4 'Shilka' SPAAG tracked vehicles captured from the Al-Mourabitoun in April 1985,[29] whereas their guerrilla units fighting in the south of the country were able to add a few M113 Zelda[30][31] and M3/M9 Zahlam half-tracks[32][33] captured from the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and their South Lebanon Army (SLA) proxies.
Amal also fielded an artillery corps equipped with Soviet 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30) pieces[34] and Type 63 107mm[35] and BM-13 122mm multiple rocket launchers,[36] whilst the 6th Brigade aligned an artillery battalion equipped with US M114 155 mm howitzers. Soviet ZPU (ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4) 14.5mm and ZU-23-2 23mm Anti-Aircraft autocannons (mostly mounted on technicals, M35A1/A2 trucks and M113 APCs) were employed in both air defense and direct fire supporting roles.
Upon the end of the war in October 1990, Amal militia forces operating in the Capital and the Beqaa were ordered to disband.[citation needed] The 6th Brigade was re-integrated into the structure of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) whilst an additional 2,800 ex-Amal militiamen joined the re-formed Lebanese Army in September of the following year.[citation needed]
Administrative organization and activities[edit]
Amal's main sphere of influence encompassed the Shia-populated slum districts located at south-western Beirut of Shiyah, Bir Abed, Bir Hassan, Ouzai, and Khalde, with the latter including the neighbouring International Airport, which they brought under their control in March 1984.[citation needed] Outside the Capital, they also operated at Baalbek and Hermel in the Beqaa, and in the southern Jabal Amel region, notably around the port cities of Tyre and Sidon down to the UNIFIL zone.[citation needed]
The Movement had its own social and assistance networks, gathered since the mid-1980s under the authority of the so-called 'Council of the South' (Arabic: Majliss al-Orkoub). Headed by Amal's vice-president Muhammad Baydoun and based at the Christian town of Maghdouché near Sidon, it was responsible for running schools, hospitals, and conducting public works on Shia areas. Amal also run from its headquarters at Rue Hamra, in association with Zahir al-Khatib's Workers League a joint television service (Arabic: Al-Machriq).
Amal Charter[edit]
The Amal Movement in Lebanon is an extension of a timeless human movement, an expression of man's hopes for a better life, which drive him to resist all that undermines his life, dulls his talents, or threatens his future. It is a link in the universal movement of man in history, a movement led by prophets, holy men, and pious defenders, and propelled and enriched by immortal martyrs. By this strong historical bond and worldwide accompaniment, the Mahrumin Movement [the original name of the Amal Movement, meaning the "movement of the deprived"] in Lebanon is reinforced, its path cleared, and its continuation and success assured. When we attempt to outline the features of this movement, we find:
First—This movement emanates from belief in God, in its true meaning rather than its abstract understanding. This is the basis of all our daily activities and of our human relationships, and it is what continually renews our faith and determination, increases our hope, and guides every aspect of our behavior. This movement is founded on belief in man, his freedom, dignity, and nobility, and in his life's mission, which is the aim of his creation. The truth is that belief in man is the earthly dimension of belief in God, an inseparable dimension consistently affirmed by authentic religious sources.
Second—Our lofty heritage in Lebanon, so full of trials and tribulations, shining with acts of heroism and sacrifice, abounding in values and cultures, outlines our path and confirms our genius and our share in civilization. At the same time, the benefit we gain from the experiences of others around the world, on the condition that our original character is maintained, attests to our earnest desire for progress and perfection. We believe in the unity of the human family, and that the gains made by any of her children are the property of all and in the service of all.
Third—The Amal Movement believes in the citizen's complete freedom and relentlessly combats despotism, feudalism, authoritarianism, and all forms of discrimination. Political sectarianism in the Lebanese system prevents political development, divides citizens, and upsets national unity. For that reason, our movement rejects it and considers it a manifestation of political backwardness in our country.
Fourth—The movement opposes economic injustice in all its forms, including the formation of monopolies and the exploitation of the individual by which he is transformed into a mere consumer and society into a market of consumption. The movement likewise opposes the restriction of economic activities to financial ventures and usury.
Fifth—The movement believes that the provision of equal opportunities for all citizens is their most basic right, and that the primary duty of the state is to ensure the advancement of social justice.
Sixth—The Amal Movement is a patriotic movement adhering to the principles of national sovereignty, the indivisibility of the motherland, and the integrity,of her soil. For that reason, it resists imperialism and combats the aggressions and covetous schemes to which Lebanon is exposed. The movement considers adherence to national [pan-Arab] interests, to the liberation of Arab lands, and to freedom for all the Arab people to be one of its patriotic obligations that it will not shirk. It goes without saying that the safeguarding of southern Lebanon, its defense and development, forms the basis and substance of patriotism. The motherland cannot exist without the South, and there can be no patriotism without fidelity to this beloved region of Lebanon. On the international side, the movement rejects on principle the division of the world into two camps that discounts the will of other peoples, shatters the unity of the human family, and dissipates its energies. The movement is a part of the pageant of humanity striving toward emancipation from oppression, and therefore supports all international cooperation toward this end.
Seventh—Palestine, the holy land, which has been and continues to be subject to all kinds of injustice, Palestine and her people are in the heart and mind of our movement. The struggle for her liberation is our prime duty, and the honor and faith of our movement lies in our solidarity with her people and in our defense and support of their resistance. This is especially necessary because it is Zionism that poses the real and continuing danger to Lebanon, to the values in which we believe, to the entire region, and to the whole of humanity, which it subjects to division and discrimination. In Lebanon, Zionism sees the peaceful coexistence of factions as a constant challenge and a living condemnation of its existence.
Eighth—The Amal Movement is a movement of the people, not an organization with special interests and privileges; indeed, it is in the forefront of the fight against privilege and discrimination between citizens. The movement does not oppose cooperation with honorable individuals and groups who desire to build a better Lebanon. It does not monopolize for itself the honor of this struggle; rather, it gains inspiration from others and inspires others to act.
The Amal Movement is not a sectarian movement, nor a charity organization, nor a religious guide. It is a movement of all the deprived to meet urgent and pressing needs, to define and work toward the realization of basic general goals, and to fight on the side of the oppressed to the end. It is a movement of those who feel frustration in their daily lives, of those who are anxious for their future, and of those who shoulder their responsibility toward the deprived and the anxious with honor and enthusiasm. It is a Lebanese movement toward a better [world].[37]
The Lebanese War[edit]
The War of the Camps[edit]
The War of the Camps was a series of controversial battles in the mid-1980s between Amal and Palestinian groups. The Druze-oriented Progressive Socialist Party (PSP), the leftists, and also Hezbollah supported the Palestinians, while the Syrian regime backed Amal.
- First battle (May 1985)
Although most of the Palestinian guerrillas were expelled during the 1982 Israeli invasion, Palestinian militias began to regain their footing after the Israeli withdrawal from first Beirut, then Sidon and Tyre. Syria viewed this revival with some anxiety: though in the same ideological camp, Damascus had little control over most Palestinians organizations and was afraid that the build-up of Palestinian forces could lead to a new Israeli invasion. Moreover, Syria's minority Alawite regime was never comfortable with Sunni militias in Lebanon[citation required]. In Lebanon, Shia-Palestinians relations had been very tense since the late 1960s. After the multinational force withdrew from Beirut in February 1984, Amal and the PSP took control of west Beirut and Amal built a number of outposts around the camps (in Beirut but also in the south). On April 15, 1985, Amal and the PSP attacked Al-Murabitun, the main Lebanese Sunni militia and the closest ally of the PLO in Lebanon. Al-Murabitun were vanquished and their leader, Ibrahim Kulaylat was sent into exile. On May 19, 1985, heavy fighting erupted between Amal and the Palestinians for the control of the Sabra, Shatila and Burj el-Barajneh camps (all in Beirut). Despite its efforts, Amal could not take the control of the camps. The death toll remains unknown, with estimates ranging from a few hundreds to a few thousands. This and heavy Arab pressure led to a cease-fire on June 17.
- Second battle (May 1986)
The situation remained tense and fights occurred again in September 1985 and March 1986. On May 19, 1986, heavy fighting erupted again. Despite new armaments provided by Syria, Amal could not take control of the camps. Many cease-fires were announced, but most of them did not last more than a few days. The situation began to cool after Syria deployed some troops on June 24, 1986.
- Third battle (September 1986)
There was tension in the south, an area where Shi'as and Palestinians were both present. This unavoidably led to frequent clashes. On September 29, 1986, fighting erupted at the Rashidiyye camp (Tyre). The conflict immediately spread to Sidon and Beirut. Palestinian forces managed to occupy the Amal-controlled town of Maghdouché on the eastern hills of Sidon to open the road to Rashidiyye. Syrian forces helped Amal and Israel launched air strikes against PLO position around Maghdouche. A cease-fire was negotiated between Amal and pro-Syrian Palestinian groups on December 15, 1986, but it was rejected by Yasser Arafat's Fatah. Fatah tried to appease the situation by giving some of its positions to Hezbollah and to the Murabitun. The situation became relatively calm for a while, but the bombing against the camps continued. In Beirut, a blockade of the camps led to a dramatic lack of food and medications inside the camps. In early 1987, the fighting spread to Hezbollah and the PSP who supported the Palestinians. The PSP, having won numerous battles, quickly seized large portions of west Beirut. Consequently, Syria occupied west Beirut beginning February 21, 1987. On April 7, 1987, Amal finally lifted the siege and handed its positions around the camps to the Syrian army. According to the New York Times (March 10, 1992, citing figures from the Lebanese police), 3,781 were killed in the fighting.
- February 1988
On February 17, 1988, Lt. Col William R. Higgins, American Chief of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) observer group in Lebanon, was abducted from his UN vehicle between Tyre and Nakara after a meeting with Abd al-Majid Salah, Amal's political leader in southern Lebanon. It soon became "clear that Sheikh al-Musawi, the commander to Hezbollah's Islamic Resistance, had been personally responsible for the abduction of Lt. Col Higgins in close cooperation with both Sheikh Abdul Karim Obeid, the local commander of Hizballah's military wing, and Mustafa al-Dirani, the former head of Amal's security service."[11] This is seen as a direct challenge to Amal by Hezbollah, and Amal responds by launching an offensive against Hezbollah in the south where it "scores decisive military victories ... leading to the expulsion of a number of Hizballah clergy to the Beqqa". In Beirut's southern suburbs however, where fighting also raged, Hizballah was much more successful. "[E]lements within Hizballah and the Iranian Pasdaran established a joint command to assassinate high-ranking Amal officials and carry out operations against Amal checkpoints and centers."[38]
By May, Amal had suffered major losses, its members were defecting to Hezbollah, and by June, Syria had to intervene militarily to rescue Amal from defeat.[11] In January 1989, a truce in the "ferocious" fighting between Hizballah and Amal was arranged by Syrian and Iranian intervention. "Under this agreement, Amal's authority over the security of southern Lebanon [is] recognized while Hizballah [is] permitted to maintain only a nonmilitary presence through political, cultural, and informational programmes."[39]
Amal after the war[edit]
Amal was a strong supporter of Syria after 1990 and endorsed Syria's military presence in Lebanon. After Rafik Hariri's assassination in 2005, Amal opposed the Syrian withdrawal and did not take part in the Cedar Revolution. Since 1990, the party has been continuously represented in the parliament and the government. Amal's enemies often criticize it for corruption among its semi-major leaders. Nabih Berri was elected speaker of parliament in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2005 and 2009. Currently, Amal has 13 representatives in the 128-seat Lebanese parliament. According to Amal officials, the party's militants "have been involved in every major battle since fighting began"[40] during the 2006 Lebanon War, and at least 8 members were reported to have been killed.[40]
See also[edit]
- Al-Mourabitoun
- Lebanese Civil War
- Lebanese Forces
- South Lebanon Army
- People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
- War of the Camps
- Weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
- ^ Augustus R. Norton, Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1987)
- ^ Nasr, Vali, 2006, The Shia Revival, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, p. 85
- ^ Byman, D., 2005, Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism, Cambride, Cambridge University Press, p.82
- ^ a b Palmer-Harik, J., 2004, Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism, London, I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd
- ^ a b Byman, D., 2005, Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
- ^ Augustus Richard Norton, Hezbollah: A Short History Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007
- ^ Hizbullah, a progressive Islamic party? - Interview with Joseph Alagha
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7584557.stm
- ^ Palmer-Harik, J., 2004, Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism, London, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd
- ^ Hezbollah: Between Tehran and Damascus
- ^ a b c Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p.101
- ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 137.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 139.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 62.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 62.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 62.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 107.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 66-67.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 64-65.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 68-69.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 115; 117.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 64.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 9.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 65.
- ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 21.
- ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), pp. 53; 57-58.
- ^ Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanaise, un chaos indescriptible (1975-1990), p. 79.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 65.
- ^ Micheletti, Les véhicules de la Guerre du Liban, RAIDS magazine (1994), p. 9.
- ^ El-Assad, Blue Steel III: M-113 Carriers in South Lebanon (2007), p. 8.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 65.
- ^ El-Assad, Blue Steel: M-3 Halftracks in South Lebanon (2006), p. 58.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 63.
- ^ Micheletti, Bataille d'artillerie, RAIDS magazine (1989), p. 34.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 12.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 65.
- ^ http://www.afwajamal.com/english/?page_id=57 Afwajamal Media Network
- ^ Voice of Lebanon, 0615 gmt 18 April 88-BBC/SWB/ME/0131, 21 April 1988; and Ha'aretz, 18 April 1988], quoted in Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p.101
- ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah, (1997), p.102
- ^ a b Israeli troops suffer largest one-day loss - CNN July 27, 2006
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