text:
Why Libertarians Should Oppose Sweatshops
I have no quarrel with Matts central thesis namely, that eliminating sweatshops without changing anything else would be bad for the poor. But I think an analysis of sweatshops that stops there, or that puts its main emphasis there, is a bad choice for bleeding-heart libertarians.
It may be true that sweatshop employment is preferable to the available alternatives, but we need to ask why these are the available alternatives; and in most case the answer is that these workers live under oppressive regimes that have violently closed off other options which casts doubt on the description of the workers choice as voluntary.
In his video Matt refers to workers being free to choose within their constrained set of options; but of course its analytically true that we are always free to choose within whatever our constrained set of options may be (otherwise they wouldnt be options). If someone puts a gun to your head and demands your money or your life, you have, of course, the Sartrean freedom to choose either way; but this is not what voluntariness means in a political context. And while it would be true enough to say that we shouldnt take away the robbery victims freedom to avoid death by handing over the money, it would be a strange bleeding-heart libertarian analysis of the situation that went no further than this.
As Jeremy Weiland asks, why should libertarians expend so much precious time, energy, and money on justifying a bad situation, rather than investing that same time, energy, and money into advocating for an improvement in the set of choices, so that sweatshop workers have better options that are not demeaning, dangerous, and unjust?
Matt has raised doubts in a previous post as to the role of government in explaining the constraints on workers options:
Sometimes workers are poor because they have suffered injustice. But I dont see any reason to assume that this is always and necessarily true. Poverty is not an aberration that can only be explained by human injustice. Poverty, for the vast majority of human history, was the normal state of human existence. Its wealth, not poverty, that requires the special explanation.
Thats true enough if were talking about the long history before various modern inventions and techniques were developed (though even then the best explanation for periods of rapid advancement is usually more freedom). But once such innovations are in place, its rare for anything short of organised violence to prevent them from spreading via free exchange (thanks to the Ricardian Law of Association) to anyone who wants them. Nowadays the wealth or poverty of a country is virtually always correlated with its degree of freedom or oppression.
Matt also casts doubt on whether sweatshop owners are responsible for the policies of the governments of their host countries. I think the responsibility varies from case to case. Certainly such companies seek out countries with low wage rates, which in practice means seeking out countries whose governments artificially constrain their subjects options; and while those governments may have been oppressive already, certainly their liberticide dispositions are only reinforced by the need to keep the cash-cow corporations around. Cases where corporations actually bring in military support to prop up, or even establish by coup, regimes that clamp down on unions and resist land reform may be the exception, but theyre not unknown (United Fruit being the most celebrated example). But even when these corporations dont share culpability for the oppression, theyre certainly guilty of exploiting it.
Does this matter to Matts point, though? After all, hes not claiming that sweatshop owners are morally virtuous; all hes saying is that as things stand, poor workers are better off with sweatshops than without them.
Fair enough; but hes saying a bit more than that, for hes also condemning anti-sweatshop protests and boycotts. Is that fair? I agree that if protests and boycotts take as their aim simply the closing of sweatshops (or, worse yet, regulations such as minimum-wage laws that force out sweatshops), then theyre a mistake. But what the people protesting sweatshops are demanding is not that the employers fire all their employees and close down the shops; rather, theyre demanding higher wages and better conditions. If a company responds to a boycott, not by improving its sweatshops but by closing them, and the boycotters respond by ending the boycott, then the boycott is being done in a counterproductive way; but thats a reason for condemning stupid anti-sweatshop boycotts, not for condemning anti-sweatshop boycotts per se.
But what if the company cant afford to offer higher wages and better conditions? Sometimes thats the case; but with most of these international corporations theres a sizable gap between what the employers are offering now and what they can afford to offer while still remaining profitable otherwise strikes, particularly strikes on the Immokalee model (see here and here, and broader reflections here), would never succeed and Adam Smiths higgling of the market (and I think of boycotts, strikes, protests, and secondary strikes as part of said higgling) can help to close that gap. (Moreover, a fair bit of improvement in working conditions could be effected without much cost, simply by a change in management methods.)
Indeed, why not offer Immokalee as a model for sweatshop workers to follow, supported from without by vigorous pressure on the employers? What could be a more bleeding-heart libertarian solution to the sweatshop problem?
Thank you, Roderick, for this welcome "thick" analysis of sweatshops. Too many libertarian analyses act as if this issue were a simple either/or when in fact as you have essentially pointed out, to simply say sweatshops are better than the alternatives presents a false dilemma. While it may be true that sweatshops are better than some alternatives, e.g., slaving away on low-productivity farms, to stop there still makes us look as if we are simply sweeping away the problems that still remain–brutally long hours, often unsafe conditions, etc. It still makes us look heartless to outsiders.
Libertarians are good at criticizing; not as good at providing alternatives. You have pointed out some of the alternatives to simply accepting sweatshops. We need more such arguments.
–Sharon Presley
You have to start somewhere right? You can't just go from a slab of land to a Macy's can you? It's not pretty, but we had sweatshops in America once too did we not? We came out of it pretty well I'd say. Some places are just behind. I'm not saying that it's right of the companies involved to do such, but who are we to say otherwise. It's nice being in the position that we're in that most of us can work in great conditions 98% of the time, but when we put ourselves in the position of those workers we might have a different outlook on the situation.
You are still thinking in either/or terms. Long is not saying that they should not accept such jobs if that is the "best" alternative. He is saying that it is both reasonable and wise for analysts to look at the big picture, including commenting on the conditions, considering the possibilities of protests, urging companies to improve conditions, etc. Why is that so hard to understand?
Pingback: Why Sweatshop Jobs Are Worth Defending – A Response to Long | Bleeding Heart Libertarians()
Okay, this needs serious debate.
Point one: It is generally accepted that raising the standard of living of the poor has at least a minor snowball effect; as wealth increases, people demand more freedom (which may be granted because that increases tax revenue), which leads to greater wealth, etc.
Point two: if we accept PoInt One–and, really, even if we don't, though the argument is weaker–sweatshops are desirable on the face of them; they are Pareto efficient. Do we really wish to protest things getting better?
(Add "higher wages" to what people are likely to demand–or, honestly, just get without demanding as their skills improve–to Point one. Sorry, apparently Disqus hates my iPhone; once I type something, I cannot edit it, only post)
Especially if:
Point three: attempting to interfere with this situation is at least as likely to harm as to help. First off, it's hard to see what a not-stupid protest would look like. If Nike closed their sweatshops, would we continue to protest, claiming in essence that Nike has a moral obligation to keep its sweatshops open, but at higher wages?
If Nike closed their sweatshops, would we continue to protest
Yes, that's what I said.
claiming in essence that Nike has a moral obligation to keep its sweatshops open, but at higher wages?
I don't care that much what Nike's moral obligations are. When you negotiate for a raise, do you necessarily have to claim that your employer is obligated to give you a raise?
No. But when you or I say "I will not buy your products until you give Bob a raise" we are saying exactly that.
Put this another way: You speak of protestors "demanding" better wages and working conditions for sweatshop workers. That does indeed involve a claim that employers are in some sense obligated to comply. As you said, I negotiate for raises. I do not demand them; at most, I will give an ultimatum, but that is not a "demand."
And if employers are not in some sense morally obligated to provide better working conditions, why do we really care if they do or not? Yes, that would be nice, but it would also be nice if they instead passed on the savings to the consumer.
What you're trying to say here is that employers of sweatshop workers aren't doing anything wrong, but we should protest them anyway. I doubt very strongly if any sweatshop protestors would agree with you.
at most, I will give an ultimatum, but that is not a "demand."
I think most English speakers would consider an ultimatum a demand.
And if employers are not in some sense morally obligated to provide better working conditions, why do we really care if they do or not?
Gee, I dunno — if you don't think your employers are obligated to give you a raise, why do you care whether they do or not?
What you're trying to say here is that employers of sweatshop workers aren't doing anything wrong
No, I didn't say that; as I noted earlier, I think they generally are guilty of exploitation. I was responding to a different question — namely, whether they have an obligation to keep the shops open at higher wages. And what I said was that the case for boycotts doesn't depend one way or the other on the answer to that question.
Then you seem to be making a different case than what would seem to be implied by your article. You seemed to be saying, pretty clearly, that it is correct and wise–or at least not unwise–to agitate for higher wages and better conditions at sweatshops. That is, what sweatshop owners are doing wrong is not providing high enough effective wages. If that is NOT the case, what exactly are you arguing?
as in all business, you can only make money when people are willing to spend their money on your products or services. this is the way societies show their approval/disapproval of those in business. if you aren't making money, change what you're offering.
however, the public can't take the Ayn Rand horror road and demand that companies work at a loss. If the gains aren't worth it, no one will run a business. it's all about what we're willing to live with and what we aren't.
Pingback: Why Sweatshop Jobs Are Worth Defending – A Short Response to Long « Attack the System()
I see the sweat shop as a step on the ladder up.. The US used to have them, and so did nations like S.Korea. later on they can implement more fair labor practices. My main issue woith the sweat shops is when manufactures with rigid labor laws are undersold by nations without them. It seems unfair for a nation to export manufaturing jobs because they are made more cheaply using methods that are illegal in the nation that is outsourcing.
My main issue woith the sweat shops is when manufactures with rigid labor laws are undersold by nations without them.
If the laws are unjust and destructive (minimum wage laws, for example), then countries with them deserve to be undersold by countries without them.
This I agree with. But you are also arguing that companies not take advantage of this by utilizing the lack of minimum wage laws to hire labor very cheaply. This is puzzling.
What's puzzling about it?
It seems like there is no conflicting arguments here.
Matt's just saying that sweatshops in and of them self aren't good or bad just that we shouldn't have the government dictate what sort of contracts they make with their employees, and Roderick is saying that we should work to improve the workers conditions/pay. Of course everyone always tries to improve their lives, so I would say that is already going on. If one of the sweatshop employees came up with an idea of how to make more money/value and gave jobs to all the other employees then the sweatshop would have to shut down or raise their wages. So basically the best way to increase the working conditions/wages of sweatshops is for the people who care about the workers (which could be the workers themselves or even YOU) would be to come up with ideas for better jobs for them.
Wouldn't that, in effect, be an argument that Nike has a moral obligation to better the lives of not just their employees, but potential employees? If we can argue that Nike should reopen a closed sweatshop, could we not then argue that other companies have a moral obligation to open factories that pay whatever we consider to be a fair wage in undeveloped regions? Is this really where we as libertarians want to go?
Which leads to Point four: Saying that companies "should" provide better wages and/or working conditions implies that we know the correct wage and safety level. Well, what is it? Isn't that exactly what the market is for, to determine these things? We can say, of course, that the labor market is unfree and that the government of the country in question should cease intervening in the market so these things will find their proper level, but no libertarian would NOT argue that. This all sounds (especially your calculation of what companies can afford to do given their profit level!) like "trading for the public good," which Adam Smith correctly had harsh words for.
Point five–and this is the biggie for me: Let's say we succeeded. Through our protests, American companies have a moral obligation to provide relatively high wages and good working conditions (which really just raise the effective wage paid). Have we made the world a better place? Or have we merely discouraged companies from opening factories in low-wage areas of the world, as saving money was the primary reason for moving operations there to begin with? They will no longer have the incentive to open factories in the poorest regions, as they can get better personnel at the same rates in wealthier areas. Aren't we just trying to set an effective minimum wage, with all that that entails, when we protest sweatshops? I say: Hooray for sweatshops!
Two caveats: 1) Nothing here should be taken to imply that workers themselves should not strike. Especially in a less-than-free labor market, strikes can be an effective means of ameliorating intolerable conditions. But it's up to the workers to decide what's intolerable, not we consumers. Absent government sanction, strikes can only succeed when there is general and strong dissatisfaction with existing conditions.
2) All of the above is void if the company in question actually created the conditions that led to sweatshop work being the best alternative for the locals.
(When responding, pleas ignore minor problems with the form and flow of my argument and focus on the substance. As I said, I'm unable to edit.)
Yes, I think this is a good point. Surely protesting companies that do open sweatshops is the wrong area to focus, it would be much better to protest at companies that could open sweatshops, but don't.
Protesting people who are improving the poor's living conditions, however incompletely, while blithely ignoring people who are doing far less to improve the poor's living conditions is like prosecuting good samaritans for negligence if they try to save someone's life. It's something to be done only after thorough thought for all the consequences.
I would like to challenge a few things in this article.
1) "in most case the answer is that these workers live under oppressive regimes that have violently closed off other options"
— Back up that assertion please. Where are most sweat shops? What types of governments do they have? What percentage of sweat shops are under oppressive and violent governments?
2) "of course it's analytically true that we are always free to choose within whatever our constrained set of options may be"
Bad faith argument. It is taking the extreme (especially with the "your money or your life" part), and making the argument in to one of absurdity when the original argument was quite reasonable. The argument you are responding to is a choice between work and work, not between work and death. In essence, you are being hyperbolic and strawmanning. Stop it.
3) "why should libertarians expend "so much precious time, energy, and money on justifying" a bad situation, rather than investing that same "time, energy, and money into advocating for an improvement in the set of choices…"
The argument against sweat shops is more of an argument against the radical demagoguery and misuse of language. A "sweat shop" is a derogatory term for what others would usually call "a job". The fact that it's a job that YOU wouldn't take because you're too damn good for it, and it wouldn't pay you enough, doesn't mean it's "unjust" or "demeaning" (which is a subjective thing anyway).
4) "But what the people protesting sweatshops are demanding is not that the
employers fire all their employees and close down the shops; rather,
they're demanding higher wages and better conditions."
Wouldn't demanding higher wages be the same as minimum wage laws, and have the same impact? Wouldn't you then be able to say that the protest groups demanding higher wages and conditions MIGHT AS WELL be demanding that they close? These people are economic illiterates, who ignorantly demand things, without understanding the over-arching impacts of their demands… if we connect the dots for them, and come to the logical consequences, is it wrong of us to restate their demands in terms of those consequences?
5) "with most of these international corporations there's a sizable gap
between what the employers are offering now and what they can afford to
offer while still remaining profitable"
Here's where I get to accuse you of not being a true libertarian.
The profitability of the company, the prices they are paying for wages, and all of those other factors… ARE NONE OF YOUR BUSINESS. It doesn't matter if they have a 95% profit margin… the wage they pay is the wage they can get others to work for. It's a contract between party A and party B, where party C has no right to come in and tell B "Hey man, you're getting screwed here", while telling party A "you oughtta be ashamed of yourself!"
Who gave party C that right?
Who gave party C that right?
I'll assume that you're a minarchist or worse (since an anarchist wouldn't think that someone needs to give them that right), in which case the answer is the 1st amendment to the U.S. constitution.
All you're doing is picking at his language. He wasn't debating whether someone has the right to say what they want. The point is, Long, as party C, is claiming that A and B's contract is unjust. Under what moral principle does he claim that?
It's hard to say clearly.
I didn't necessarily say it was unjust (if by unjust you men rights-violating); that would depend on the details. But a contract can be morally wrong without being unjust.
I was saying that it doesn't matter if the contract is unjust, immoral, degrading, wrong, exploitative, etc… Party C has no business injecting himself in to that and declaring it to be ANYTHING, either positive OR negative. Party C certainly maintains the LEGAL right to say whatever he wants about it… you can do so in your own echo chamber with no one listening, or on the world stage as president of the united states, for all to hear. That's fine.
It's still none of your business.
You have a right to freedom of speech, but you don't have a right to not be judged by what you say. You have the right, as party C, to SAY that something is unjust, and I have the right to call you out for injecting your nose in to someone else's business, and to tell you to "Butt out".
This is ridiculous! Of course it "matters" if contracts are "unjust, immoral, degrading, wrong, exploitative, etc." There are times when Party C, in the name of human decency and morality, has a responsibility to stand up and say "No more." However, context matters, as always.
For instance, if someone that one loves and cares for enters into a slavery contract, one (Party C in this case) is perfectly within their rights to intervene in said arrangement and try to convince the loved one that the contract is exploitative, degrading and immoral. And, to be quite blunt, they are within their rights (and frankly have a responsibility) to forcibly remove the loved one from the contract if they do not try to leave it voluntarily. In addition, considering society at large, a just society would automatically consider such contracts null and void, and actively prosecute anyone who tried to enter a contract as a slaveholder. (This would hold true wether the society is minarchist, anarchist, or whatever).
However, there are always cases that are not so clear-cut and the course of action not so obvious. Labor contracts generally fall under this category. There is no easy answer. Yes, some labor contracts are indeed exploitative, immoral, etc. Nonetheless, even in those cases –but not all– the best course of action is to let the market, such as it is, increase the standard of living which will in turn make oppressive labor contracts/conditions less and less common.
You just altered the argument by inserting the love relationship between party B and C, which is special pleading and another strawman.
I never argued that family members shouldn't put pressure on their loved ones to exit a bad situation. The context of this discussion is in random "society members", enforcing morality (via the use of government force if necessary) based on otherwise uninvolved persons making declarations of immorality or exploitation.
Actually, it is not a strawman. It is a response to your sweeping statement that it "does not matter if the contract is unjust, blah, blah, blah, etc…Party C [unspecified by you!] has no business interjecting, yada, yada, yada"
Regarding the "context of this discussion" please note that I was properly putting a check on your sweeping statement mentioned above, and I concluded by saying 1.) A just society would consider slavery contracts null and void, and 2.) "Labor contracts/conditions are not so clear cut-cut, yada, yada" and are therefore the best course of action is to stay out of the way.
Stop accusing people of strawmanning when they aren't; it make you seem dishonest and as though you have no real argument.
Where are most sweat shops?
The third world.
What types of governments do they have?
You really do not know what most governments in the third world are like?
Bad faith argument. It is taking the extreme (especially with the "your money or your life" part), and making the argument in to one of absurdity when the original argument was quite reasonable. The argument you are responding to is a choice between work and work, not between work and death. In essence, you are being
hyperbolic and strawmanning. Stop it.
You're confusing an argument by analogy with an argument by counterexample.
"unjust" or "demeaning" (which is a subjective thing anyway).
So you believe morality is subjective? Why are you participating in a discussion about right and wrong, then?
Wouldn't demanding higher wages be the same as minimum wage laws, and have the same impact? Wouldn't you then be able to say that the protest groups demanding higher wages and conditions MIGHT AS WELL be demanding that they close?
I already addressed this question in my main post.
Here's where I get to accuse you of not being a true libertarian.
The profitability of the company, the prices they are paying for wages, and all of those other factors… ARE NONE OF YOUR BUSINESS. It doesn't matter if they have a 95% profit margin… the wage they pay is the wage they can get others to work for. It's a contract between party A and party B, where party C has no right to come in and tell B
"Hey man, you're getting screwed here", while telling party A "you oughtta be ashamed of yourself!"
Who gave party C that right?
Who gave you the right to criticise my argument, given that I violated no rights in making my argument? I suspect it's the same answer.
Where are most sweat shops?
The third world.
Assertion without evidence. What about China? Is China 3rd world?
Is Indonesia 3rd world?
What types of governments do they have?
You really do not know what most governments in the third world are like?
I know what they're PURPORTED to be like. I don't know what they are ACTUALLY like, and neither do you. You are making an assumption here, passing it off as fact, then using an appeal to ridicule for those who don't buy in to your unsupported assertion.
"You're confusing an argument by analogy with an argument by counterexample."
I was not confusing anything. Whether it be an analogy or a counter example, it's still rhetorically absurd. It's not analogous: Money vs Live != Money vs Money, thus as a counter example YOU are not supplying a proper counterexample BECAUSE they are not analogous.
For those trying to understand the problem here… Counterexample is this:
If All A does X
And All B does X
Conclusion: all A are B.
Counterexample (to refute conclusion): Here is a B that is not an A, thus conclusion is false.
If B is not actually a B, but is instead a C, you can't equate it to A in any way. It's a false analogy to say that C = B, and thus B != A, thus refuting the counterexample disproof of the original conclusion.
"So you believe morality is subjective? Why are you participating in a discussion about right and wrong, then?"
Strawman argument. I did not say that morality is subjective. I said that something being "demeaning" is subjective. This is objectively true, in fact. Some women consider doing porn to be demeaning to the women, while other women revel in doing porn and deny that it is demeaning.
Please stop restating my arguments in ways that make it easier for you to refute them. To do so is logically fallacious and a sign of someone more intent on WINNING and BEING RIGHT, than on discovery of truth.
"Who gave you the right to criticise [sic] my argument, given that I violated
no rights in making my argument? I suspect it's the same answer."
I never said you didn't have the right to criticize "sweat shops". This is another strawman argument. You avoid taking responsibility for your argument, sir.
The act of you MAKING THE ARGUMENT is indeed a freedom of speech issue. This is, quite obviously, NOT what I take issue with. It's the implicit impact of what you're advocating FOR. The real world results of your ideas, not the act of you espousing them.
I'm about to terminate this conversation, by the way… this is your final warning. Stop being fallacious, stop twisting my words to suit your desired goals. Intellectual honesty demands that you concede to points when warranted, and the use of strawman arguments is a clear indicator to me that you are not interested in anything but winning the argument at the cost of your own intellectual honesty.
I do not voluntarily associate with people like that.
You are not writing very clearly at all. In your original comment, the one that begins with "Here is where I accuse you…" which Roderick quoted above, you sound as if you are indeed making the blanket statement that Party C has no right to say anything at all. This is what Roderick is responding to and why he asked you who gave you the right to criticize.
…"'unjust' or 'demeaning' (which is a subjective thing anyway). " You said this! Very inapt! It can read like you are saying that BOTH "unjust" and "demeaning" are subjective, and therefore Roderick was not engaging in a strawman when he asked you if you believe that morality is subjective.
As for your convoluted discussion about "All A does X", etc, it does nothing to further your charge of "strawmanning" but instead demonstrates that you did not understand Roderick's point about the importance of whether or not an arrangement is voluntary or not.
Yes, unclear, inapt, convoluted writing, and then you accuse Roderick of being "fallacious" and say that you do not " do not voluntarily associate with people like that." Sheesh! Who is being intellectually dishonest, I wonder?
I don't know if Professor Long has lived in the "third world", but I have. I have lived in China and Egypt, among other places, and I can assure you that the state there is two, three or ten times more corrupt and rapacious than in the rich world. Chinese officials frequently violate property in a way that makes railing against eminent domain in the US look petty. Yes, opportunities are stolen from them by the state.
"we need to ask why these are the available alternatives; and in most case the answer is that
these workers live under oppressive regimes that have violently closed off other options"
True, however; even if no oppressive regime had ever existed, the progression from living in the "state of nature" as wild animals, to being rational agents in an advanced, market-based, society would still entail passing through a variety of stages of increasing productivity and standard of living.
Some societies have had their progress arbitrarily retarded (or even reversed) at certain points by oppressive regimes for extended periods of time. But no particular level of economic development is itself intrinsically unjust. They are each necessary steps which must be attained before still loftier steps, higher up the never-ending stairway of progress, are within reach.
Furthermore, individuals and societies must climb this stairway themselves. It's sad that some have had that option needless barred them for certain periods of time (indeed that many still do) but we still can't make their progress for them. We can't wave a wand and magic away the need (once arbitrary restrictions have been lifted) to climb, climb, ever higher. We can't "abracadabra" a whole society from a state of relative poverty to opulence overnight. The only way to make the transition is by steady gains in productivity as a result of capital accumulation. "Sweatshops" are engines of that transformation.
In that sense, I can have nothing against "sweatshops", in the abstract, (although delving into particular cases may reveal truly controversial instances.)
In my albeit limited experience, poverty also finds roots in a combination of low-self esteem, and lack of motivation. Lack of education, due to apathy or geography or cultural influence or even an older poverty, also plays a roll. Oppression that leads to poverty usually reinforces a state of dependency in it's victims, keeping them ignorant and fearful so they will not develop skills to better their lives or be willing to take the risks neccessary to find success. However, this oppression is not always a government or a military. It can be as close to home as an abusive parent or as strange and formal as many cult-like religious organizations. Society itself can oppress with the goal of maintaining dynastic leadership families/clubs.
If the sweatshop providing the best local alternatives were to close, and the protests continue despite the elimination of them, then the protest are EFFECTIVELY decrying the local government, NOT the sweatshop (which would have been the proper focus in the first place.)
Attacking the highest paying employer because THEY are somehow deemed 'greedy ' (???) is illogical insanity.
One major downside of the protests against sweatshops is that I've noticed some people now say that they don't buy anything made in third world countries, so as to avoid any risk of buying things from sweatshops.
Which is really bad for poor people in third world countries.
Sweatshops exist for multiple reasons. Rent extraction in less developed nations inhibits capital investment- yes sweatshops represent capital investment, but LDNs are way behind the west and pacific rim. Part of the problem is that the people in these nations themselves tend to embrace social democracy or some other type of anti-progress anti-freedom system. Many still believe in an impossible socialist ideal despite the fact that they have endured persistent governmental failure. Changing beliefs in a democracy is not easy, as is changing a China type rent-extracting autocracy. Last week I spoke with a Ukrainian econ prof, and she thought that Democracy would fail in Russia bevcause Russians still have the same mindset that prevailed in the USSR. 1 thing that really shocked me UConn 20 years ago was the extent to which the Chinese and Indian students were enamored with large authoritarian governments in principle, even if they were disgusted with their own past experiences in China or India. I had expected the opposite…
Intervening Bush II style is obviously a bad option, and impossible where China and Russia are concerned anyway. The Bush I strategy of prosperity leading to freedom has not worked with China, or many other places.
Worse still, the American Keynesian/socialist left has now made a huge comeback, all based on the mythological notion that Bush II implemeted Lassez Faire, which failed. Does any market fail more so than the market for valid economic ideas and evidence?
"Does any market fail more so than the market for valid economic ideas and evidence?"
Why is that market failure and not government failure?
"eliminating sweatshops without changing anything else would be bad for the poor. "
Okay, then…
"But even when these corporations don't share culpability for the oppression, they're certainly guilty of exploiting it."
Where is the guilt? If the corporation isn't to blame for the oppression, if the workers are better off with the sweatshops than without, where's the wrongdoing?
And if there is wrongdoing, what makes the sweatshops deserving of such special attention? There is no completely freed market of notable size in the world. Even the countries that rank highest for economic liberty have oppressive property and labor regulations (which are not uniform amongst countries) that constrains employees' choices. Every employer in the world then is guilty of exploitation.
Here's an historical point.
I've heard libertarians say that the south should have seceded ('state's rights') or that they should have been allowed to use slaves because slavery would have eventually ended on it's own.Free market advocates say that businesses that mistreat their workers wouldn't be in business for long because consumers wouldn't buy their products and force them out of business.
There are more people living in slavery now than there were during that time. More people working below poverty levels. In private industries. 80% of forced labor cases are in private enterprise.
And when people do speak out about it or boycott, Learnliberty.org makes videos telling them they are making things worse. When a business is in danger of collapsing because people don't like their business practices, libertarians defend the business saying that it would hurt the people losing their shit jobs. Or we should mind our own business.
I don't know how many libertarians I've heard who ridicule protesters or boycotts.
IF you don't want the government to get involved and make things better for workers and you don't want consumers to get involved to make things better for workers and you damn sure don't want workers to get together to make things better for themselves, then how do they suppose businesses who mistreat their workers will stop?
I have a feeling people don't really care
Profits seem more important than peopleI applaud you, Roderick, for speaking on innovation. Why aren't libertarians putting effort into finding ways to make things better?
Here are some questions I ask in this situation. Is the work or working environment detrimental to the worker's health? Is it that way by nature of the job or is it that way because the employer does not put in measures to make things safer?Is the employer able to give the worker better wages without putting the company in the red? (example, Nike, Apple).Does the worker have adequate shelter, proper nutrition, sufficient health care? Beyond that, does the worker have access to training to gain more skills so they can get a better job or generate their own income? In excess, Does the worker have access to child care while they are working or safe transportation? All these questions can be asked regardless of what country a person lives in.All this can be gained in a few ways. The person has the knowledge and resources to provide these things for themselves. The person lives in a community that will provide these things for them. Or the person works to pay for these things. My whole idea was to make it possible for people to provide for their own needs or generate their own income. I'm puzzled by the amount of resistance I've come across.
When I first started looking into libertarianism, I heard people saying that government should stay out of people's lives and people in need should rely on non-profits, religious organizations, and charity. But when I started interacting with the online libertarian community I saw something different. When people talk of actually helping the poor, all charity goes out the window, And it is replaced with 'screw them if they can't improve their own lives'. "Why should the rich be obligated or even care about the conditions of the poor", or "I am poor and I'm not asking for handouts or anyone else's help, so screw those who are".What I see is a libertarian revulsion to anyone wishing to help workers improve their situations. Any ideas that advocate for workers challenging their employers are met with disgust.
Even if it is through private means.
It all doesn't make much sense
Here's *a* historical point
Just assumed you were British.
I hear a lot of good intentions, not many effective strategies.
Governments cannot help people, as they open up the unhealthy option of coercion and will only succeed to produce some unseen harm by bringing restrictions (minimum wage, minimum safety, maximum hours, etc).
Consumers can help by purchasing products they want. But they should be aware of the effects of boycott or pressure against sweatshops (similar to effects of minimum wage).
Finally, to answer your dilemma, it is private enterprise and the workers themselves which will eventually stop these bad working conditions. Competition pits greedy companies against each others to hire workers.
Sadly, there are not many ways to accelerate the process, although one is worth mentioning: opening up the borders of "1st world" countries (and in general removing bad government restrictions, which is easier said than done).
"Governments cannot help people, as they open up the unhealthy option of
coercion and will only succeed to produce some unseen harm by bringing
restrictions (minimum wage, minimum safety, maximum hours, etc)."
Roderick didn't say governments should do anything. But as a matter of obvious fact, governments help people all the time (especially government employees). Furthermore, looking at things from an amoral, value-free perspective, anything anyone could do causes unseen harms to someone somewhere. Every possible use of a resource forecloses all other possible uses; every possible action breaks someone's window.
Darian Worden
Labor conditions in the developed world only improved after serious labor struggle, and connections can often be drawn between improved conditions and concessions given to placate discontented workers. See for example the Lawrence, Massachusetts Textile Strike. Sweatshops are only a step on the way to prosperity if people actively advocate their improvement or abolition. Encouraging workers' struggles instead of shrugging them off is one way in which the relatively privileged can help.
If someone puts a gun to your head and demands your money or your life, you have, of course, the Sartrean freedom to choose either way; but this is not what voluntariness means in a political context. And while it would be true enough to say that we shouldn't take away the robbery victim's freedom to avoid death by handing over the money, it would be a strange bleeding-heart libertarian analysis of the situation that went no further than this.
I know that was mostly a joke, but can I perhaps suggest that, actually, it would be in the best interest of the state to take away 'the robbery victim's freedom to avoid death by handing over the money'. (Assuming that some way could be found to take away just this 'freedom' and not anything else.)
Why? Because the inability of the mugger to end up with any money would, rather rapidly, would stop muggings from happening at all. What would be the point? Granted, in these circumstances it seems rather difficult to figure out how to do it, and especially difficult to avoid the loophole of 'Just shooting the victim and taking cash from his body'. So it is perhaps not workable here.
But I've actually argued something similar: We should ignore hostages. Anyone takes a hostage, we give them exactly one warning and one minute to put down their weapon, and then we just shoot them. Obviously, we would _try_ to avoid hurting the hostage, but if we can't figure out a way around that, or can't figure out a way to stop the hostage taker from doing so, we just go ahead and shoot the hostage taker anyway.
Within six months, no one would ever take hostages again. (Well, almost. There are some circumstances where it would still work, but it wouldn't work in a standoff with the police, is what I'm saying.)
So, in general, _if we can find a way to do just that_, it actually is in the state's best interest to stop extortion, of any sort, from working. If it can do this by somehow taking away a victim's 'right' to pay the extortion demand, that method seems fine, both morally and legally, because the actual result would be 'No one would try that sort of extortion anymore'.
A number of false premises (one of which you acknowledge – forbidding mugging victims from voluntarily giving up their belongings wouldn't stop muggers from getting them). The main practical one being that states simply don't have an interest in stopping extortion, or hostage-taking or general terrorism for that matter, and they certainly don't have an interest in forbidding economic exploitation of dispossessed third-world workers!
The second practical one being that even if you could put an end to (private) extortion, or hostage-taking, or whatever, you haven't necessarily improved things generally (leaving aside the fact that it's impossible to improve things generally, because value is subjective).
There is also an assumption of a fairly naive form of consequentialism, without which none of your suggestions are morally "fine". Also it's pointless to say any state's method or policy is fine or not legally, since anything that is done by authorities is legal by definition.
The main practical one being that states simply don't have an interest in stopping extortion, or hostage-taking or general terrorism for that matter,
Erm..what? Since when do they not have an interest in stopping those things? There appear to be a lot of laws intended to do just that. (Did I accidently wander onto bleedingheartanarchy while I wasn't paying attention? I'm pretty certain even the strictest libertarians are against those things and think the state should try to stop them.)
The second practical one being that even if you could put an end to (private) extortion, or hostage-taking, or whatever, you haven't necessarily improved things generally
Again, I have to say…what?
(leaving aside the fact that it's impossible to improve things generally, because value is subjective).
Well, presumably the _criminals_ are worse off, but, uh, that's not really the point.
I'm baffled by everything you've said in your post to this point.The government _does_ have an interest in stopping crimes, and we as society _are_ generally better off when such crimes are stopped. (That is, presumably, why we made them crimes.) Now, there are crimes that you can argue shouldn't be crimes, but I rather doubt 'extortion, hostage-taking, and terrorism' are included there. (Also I'm confused where 'terrorism' came into this discussion.)
There is also an assumption of a fairly naive form of consequentialism, without which none of your suggestions are morally "fine".
Uh, no. In fact, my position is pretty explictly deontological. Hell, it's _Kantian_: If everyone negotiated with hostage takers (As currently happens), there is incentive to take hostages (As there is). If no one did that, there would not be.
I really have no idea what you're talking about at all. Just because I argue 'The outcome would be better' does not make my position 'a fairly naive form of consequentialism'. Hopefully, _most_ ethical positions, under any philosophy of ethics, make people 'better off'. That is rather the whole idea.
In fact, it's the 'We'll negotiate with this hostage taker this time' that's consequentialist. Yes, every time we as society do that instead of just shooting, _that specific_ instance probably ends better off…but all we've done is encourage more of them.
This is, in fact, a major issue with consequentialism. Give one poor person $100,000 dollars, you've probably saved their life…give everyone that, and you've crashed the economy with inflation.(I can't believe I, as a liberal, just made that point.) We are caring a little too much about each individual hostage, and too little about what this does to society in general.
Likewise, we already have laws against agreements made under duress, so I have no idea why you've decided that we should, _as a matter of moral principle_, allow such agreements to complete. I mean, if someone offers me my money or my life, and I give them my money, and the police catch them…I get my money back, no matter what I 'agreed' to.
I would understand if I had proposed some sort of impractical solution or a solution that infringed on people's rights, but I specifically did not do so, and admitted such a solution is impossible. Which means you must be objecting to 'People should not be able to make agreements under duress' in _principle_.
Which is, again, a little baffling.
If you want to argue against it based on some philosophy, go ahead and do that, but don't wander around just assigning it a philosophy and dismissing it because of that, or stating there's some moral objection to it without stating what that is.
BK Broiler
David, I find it a little baffling that you haven't considered that although your prescription may disincentivize hostage taking, it may incentivize something else.
Some clever suicide terrorist may welcome that policy as a nifty way to kill some Americans while demonstrating to the rest of the world that American government doesn't care squat about ordinary Americans.
Pingback: Zwolinski e Long debatem os "sweatshops" | Ordem Livre()
Ryan Long
Here's a thought: Abolish all sweatshops and replace them with what?
". . . with most of these international corporations there's a sizable gap between what the employers are offering now and what they can afford to offer while still remaining profitable"
I'm not convinced that that's the case, but I'd love to see some good data on poor-country textile profit margins if it's out there somewhere.
Adam Davidson has reported on this a little re Haiti, e.g.,
Since it's so easy and cheap to move production from one country to another, and since the work requires no prior skill, commodity T-shirt production is highly competitive. If Haiti doesn't work out, it's not so hard to pick up stakes and move to Honduras or Nicaragua or Madagascar.Since commodity T-shirts are, well, a commodity, T-shirt manufacturers primarily compete on price. Squeezing a fraction of a penny per shirt can mean the difference between getting that big Wal-Mart order or going out of business.All this is to say: When a country is in the commodity T-shirt game, they are at the very lowest, least attractive rung on the ladder of industrialization. They are beggars, fighting with lots of other poor countries for whatever business they can get and the competition is over price. . . .
'Sweatshop' jobs and development is currently a major point of discussion/debate re Haiti: http://tatemwatkins.com/post/24470577277/lamenting-textile-jobs-in-a-country-with-70-percent
Pingback: "We Are The Birds of the Coming Storm": Nick Ford of ALL-oNE's trip to Chicago for the Anti-G8/NATO Protests | ALL-oNE()
Pingback: Libertarianism Means Worker Empowerment | Bleeding Heart Libertarians()
Pingback: In Defense of Sweatshops | The Skeptical Libertarian()
There are four sets of agents relevant to this question: people in relatively poor countries; companies and corporations producing in relatively poor countries and selling in wealthier countries; customers in wealthier countries buying those products; and the governments of those poorer countries. (Governments of the wealthier countries might be said to be involved, too, but not as directly.) Sweatshops can exist even when all of these agents follow their own rational self interest.
But we only have the right to demand that one of these agents not follow their rational self interest: the "oppressive regimes that have violently closed off other options," as Mr. Long described them. I agree with Mr. Long's available alternatives argument, but the rational conclusion of it is that those who want to do something about the injustice should direct their energies toward changing the behaviour of the governments of the poorer countries, since they are the actual source of it.
I grant you that that kind of change is harder to achieve than changing the behaviour of the employers, but that doesn't stop it from being the right course of action.
Pingback: Should You Buy a T-Shirt Made in Bangladesh? | Bleeding Heart Libertarians()
Pingback: Review By Nick Ford: Political Authority with a Good Sense of Huemer (Part One of Two) – The Problem Of Political Authority()
Pingback: Review By Nick Ford: Political Authority with a Good Sense of Huemer (Part Two of Two) – The Problem Of Political Authority()
Posts by Guest Authors
- Brink Lindsey
- Charles Johnson
- Christopher Morris
- David Gordon
- David Schmidtz
- Deirdre McCloskey
- Elizabeth Anderson
- Eric Mack
- Fred Foldvary
- Hillel Steiner
- John Holbo
- John Tomasi
- Kevin Carson
- Massimo Renzo
- Michael Huemer
- Michael Strong
- Peter Boettke
- Richard Arneson
- Samuel Freeman
- Will Wilkinson
- Zachary Gochenour
Our Books
Recent Comments
- murali284 on Rawls and Desert
- M S on Rawls and Desert
- Sean II on Safe spaces and academic freedom
- Nicolas Leobold on Private prisons
- Nicolas Leobold on The Fatal Conceit of Youthful Idealism


text:
Alaska State Troopers are investigating a man's death in Noorvik after he allegedly fell down a flight of stairs.
Troopers were notified Friday around 10:20 p.m. that 25-year-old Eli Mitchell reportedly died "shortly after falling down a set of stairs" outside a home in the Northwest Arctic Borough community of fewer than 700 people.
"Mitchell was pronounced deceased by a local ER doctor shortly after it happened," Trooper spokesperson Megan Peters said Monday.
Troopers responded from Kotzebue to investigate the death. Mitchell's body was sent to the state medical examiner's office for an autopsy to determine the exact cause of death.
"The cause and circumstances surrounding his death are (still) under investigation," Peters said.
"Alcohol is believed to be a factor" but Peters said toxicology results would ultimately determine if it played a role in Mitchell's fall.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Definition of legal tender in English:
legal tender
noun[mass noun]
Coins or banknotes that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt.
Example sentences
- Its bank notes, which functioned much like today's paper currency, acted as legal tender in payment of U.S. debts.
- From January 1, only the new bills and coins are legal tender.
- Euro notes and coins become legal tender in 12 countries and 'dual circulation' begins.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: legal ten¦der
Definition of legal tender in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
With onsite food courts, and street entertainment all provided in a family friendly environment, that is constantly monitiored by our onsite security staff.
Danter Attractions also provide attractions for numerous events, throughout the year.
We have staged the Solihull Christmas Market, held in Mell Square for the last two years, where visitors can sample local produce in a German styled Market. With strong ties to Birmingham, the family have supplied attractions in support of the City's Frankfurt Christmas market, held in Victoria Square.
Traders from Birminghams twin city set up there stalls, selling everything from mulled wine,Bratwurst
and traditional crafts from the end of November and throughout December daily.


text:
Photo: Courtesy of Food Network
8 ounces double-bone rack of lamb
Black pepper
¼ cup olive oil
1 cup Panko
1 teaspoon sea salt
Artichoke Puree (recipe follows)
Crispy Baby Artichokes (recipe follows)
Savory herb leaves, for serving
Black Cerignola Olive, pitted and sliced
For the Artichoke Puree
1 cup chopped large artichoke hearts
½ cup water
½ cup olive oil
½ Green Thai chili
2 teaspoons salt
2 teaspoons lemon juice
For the Crispy Baby Artichokes
5 Baby Artichokes
Soya Oil
Season the lamb with salt and pepper and place it fat side down on a grill for about 12 minutes, turning while it cooks for an even sear all around.
Combine the olive oil, panko and sea salt in a large sauté pan and stir until golden. Remove from the heat and let cool.
Place the Artichoke Puree on a plate and arrange the Crispy Baby Artichokes to one side of the puree. Sprinkle the sliced olive and leaves over the artichokes. Slice the lamb in half and arrange it on top.
Serve with the panko mixture on the side.
For the Artichoke Puree
Place the artichoke hearts in a medium sauce pan with the water and olive oil. Add the chili and salt, cover and cook until tender, but with no color. Pour the mixture in a blender and blend until completely smooth. Add the lemon juice and cool the puree in a pan set over ice.
For the Crispy Baby Artichokes
Remove the leaves from the artichokes and quarter the hearts. Deep fry the artichoke hearts in soya oil until tender and golden. Drain, and season with salt and pepper.


text:
Windows Internet Booster
Windows Internet Booster Description
Windows Internet Booster is a new variant of Win32/FakeVimes, a category of fake anti-virus and general security products. Other than a new name that (inaccurately) implies that its features branch out into network optimization, Windows Internet Booster doesn't show any distinguishing characters from its ancestors and includes the usual assortment of fraudulent security pop-ups, bad system scans, browser hijacks and unwarranted software-blocking attacks. Although Windows Internet Booster keeps up a careful presentation of looking like a security-oriented program, keeping Windows Internet Booster on your PC can only cause harm due to the various security-debilitating attacks that are all typical to similar types of FakeVimes-based scamware. As such, SpywareRemove.com malware analysts suggest Windows Internet Booster's immediate deletion by way of an appropriate anti-malware scanner.
Windows Internet Booster – a New Name for the Same Scamware Fresh Off the Assembly Line
Because Windows Internet Booster copies its interface and code wholesale from previous versions of rogue anti-virus scanners of the FakeVimes family, Windows Internet Booster can effectively be considered a clone or copy of such PC threats as Windows Web Watchdog, Windows Internet Guard, Windows Be-on-Guard Edition, Windows Antivirus Patch, Windows Secure Surfer, Windows Prime Accelerator, Windows Proprietary Advisor, Windows Expert Series, Windows Activity Booster, Windows Warding System, PrivacyGuard PRO, Windows Smart Warden, System Protection Tools, Live PC Care, Windows Antivirus Release, Security Antivirus, System Smart Security, Windows Pro Safety, Windows Security Booster, Windows Prime Booster, Windows Antibreaking System, Windows Telemetry Center, Windows Antivirus Tool, Windows Processes Accelerator, Windows AntiHazard Center, Windows Guard Tools, Windows Advanced Security Center, Windows Protection Booster, PC Live Guard, Windows Instant Scanner, Windows Antivirus Rampart, Windows PC Aid, Internet Security Essentials, Windows Safety Toolkit, Windows Security Renewal, Windows Privacy Counsel, Windows Privacy Extension, Windows Abnormality Checker, Windows Guardian Angel, Windows Interactive Security, Windows Custom Management, Smart Anti-Malware Protection, Windows Custom Safety, Windows ProSecure Scanner, Windows No-Risk Center, Additional Guard and Windows Virtual Angel. These modern variants of Win32/FakeVimes can all be identified by their Windows Security Center-esque appearances, their fake anti-phishing features and their forcible substitute for Windows Task Manager – a 'feature' that's called Advanced Process Control.
Windows Internet Booster will claim that these applications are being blocked due to various infections or other forms of damage, but Windows Internet Booster, as scamware, doesn't have any ability to detect real PC threats, including trojans, viruses, keyloggers or other types of high-level security hazards. While Windows Internet Booster will attempt to persuade you to spend money on a purchasable registration key, SpywareRemove.com malware researchers note that there never is any good justification for sending money to the criminals behind Windows Internet Booster – particularly when appropriate anti-malware programs can remove Windows Internet Booster easily enough.
Saving Your PC from Windows Internet Booster's Phony Booster Shots
As a fake anti-virus program, Windows Internet Booster, unfortunately, gives its victims more to worry about than just software inaccessibility and fake system alerts. Because Windows Internet Booster will launch itself with Windows to conduct the following attacks, SpywareRemove.com malware experts suggest that you use any a Safe Mode boot or remote hard drive-based boot to stop the symptoms noted below before they can even start:
- Online search redirects to unusual or potentially harmful websites.
- Disabled UAC features that block potentially-harmful system changes.
- Disabled protection from files with invalid signatures – a common trait for fraudulent PC threats that install themselves by pretending to be legitimate products.
Windows Internet Booster can also be 'registered' for free with the code '0W000-000B0-00T00-E0020,' which can provide some minor assistance with making it easy to delete Windows Internet Booster.
Windows Internet Booster Automatic Detection Tool (Recommended)
Is your PC infected with Windows Internet Booster? To safely & quickly detect Windows Internet Booster we highly recommend you run the malware scanner listed below.
Download SpyHunter's* Malware Scanner to detect Windows Internet Booster What happens if Windows Internet Booster does not let you open SpyHunter or blocks the Internet?
Visual & GUI Characteristics
Visual & GUI Characteristics
Technical Details
File System Modifications
Tutorials: If you wish to learn how to remove malware components manually, you can read the tutorials on how to find malware, kill unwanted processes, remove malicious DLLs and delete other harmful files. Always be sure to back up your PC before making any changes.
- The following files were created in the system:
# File Name Detection Count 1 %APPDATA%\ Protector-bahj.exe 7 2 %AppData%\NPSWF32.dll N/A 3 %AppData%\Protector-[RANDOM].exe N/A 4 %AppData%\result.db N/A
Registry Modifications
Tutorial: To edit and delete registry entries manually, read the tutorial on how to remove malicious registry entries.
Tip & Warning: Editing and removing the wrong registry keys can severely damage your PC, so remember to backup your Windows Registry! To optimize your Windows Registry and speed up your PC, download RegHunter's registry cleaner.
Tip & Warning: Editing and removing the wrong registry keys can severely damage your PC, so remember to backup your Windows Registry! To optimize your Windows Registry and speed up your PC, download RegHunter's registry cleaner.
- The following newly produced Registry Values are:
HKEY..\..\..\..{Subkeys}HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\WarnOnHTTPSToHTTPRedirect 0HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\InspectorHKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Settings\ID 4HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Settings\net [Date of Installation]HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Settings\UID [RANDOM]HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\AAWTray.exeHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\AAWTray.exe\Debugger svchost.exeHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\AVCare.exeHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\AVCare.exe\Debugger svchost.exeHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\AVENGINE.EXEHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\AVENGINE.EXE\Debugger svchost.exeHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\policies\system\ConsentPromptBehaviorAdmin 0HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\policies\system\ConsentPromptBehaviorUser 0HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\policies\system\EnableLUA 0
Posted: May 5, 2012 | By SpywareRemove
Rate this article:
Threat Metric
The Threat Meter is a malware assessment that SpywareRemove.com's research team is able to give every identifiable malware threat. Our Threat Meter includes several criteria based off of specific malware threats to value their severity, reach and volume. The Threat Meter is able to give you a numerical breakdown of each threat's initial Threat Level, Detection Count, Volume Count, Trend Path and Percentage Impact. The overall ranking of each threat in the Threat Meter is a basic breakdown of how all threats are ranked within our own extensive malware database. The scoring for each specific malware threat can be easily compared to other emerging threats to draw a contrast in its particular severity. The Threat Meter is a useful tool in the endeavor of seeking a solution to remove a threat or pursue additional analytical research for all types of computer users.
The following fields listed on the Threat Meter containing a specific value, are explained in detail below:
Threat Level: The threat level scale goes from 1 to 10 where 10 is the highest level of severity and 1 is the lowest level of severity. Each specific level is relative to the threat's consistent assessed behaviors collected from SpyHunter's risk assessment model.
Detection Count: The collective number of confirmed and suspected cases of a particular malware threat. The detection count is calculated from infected PCs retrieved from diagnostic and scan log reports generated by SpyHunter.
Volume Count: Similar to the detection count, the Volume Count is specifically based on the number of confirmed and suspected threats infecting systems on a daily basis. High volume counts usually represent a popular threat but may or may not have infected a large number of systems. High detection count threats could lay dormant and have a low volume count. Criteria for Volume Count is relative to a daily detection count.
Trend Path: The Trend Path, utilizing an up arrow, down arrow or equal symbol, represents the level of recent movement of a particular threat. Up arrows represent an increase, down arrows represent a decline and the equal symbol represent no change to a threat's recent movement.
% Impact (Last 7 Days): This demonstrates a 7-day period change in the frequency of a malware threat infecting PCs. The percentage impact correlates directly to the current Trend Path to determine a rise or decline in the percentage.
Home Malware ProgramsRogue Anti-Spyware Programs Windows Internet Booster


text:
|61 lbs.
|Arbor Size:
|Bevel Capacity:
|0 - 45 Degrees
|Blade Diameter:
|6-1/4 in.
|Blade Position:
|Depth Of Cut at 45 Degrees:
|1-7/16 in.
|Depth of Cut at 90 Degrees:
|1-15/16 in.
|2,000 - 5,200
Do you have questions about this product?
Get answers from real customers and in-house experts with AnswerBox.
Q:Does this package come with 1 or 2 guide rails? Separately, the standard MFT-3 comes with a 42" guide rail (FS1080) and the TS 55 REQ comes with a 55" guide rail (1400/2), so is it safe to assume that bought as a package both these rails are included? Under the "Details and Specifications" section of this listing only one 55" guide rail (1400/2) is mentioned. If that is the case then this isn't much of a deal you're just getting one less guide rail and a free HEPA filter? Please clarify. Thanks!
2 answers
A:This unit only comes with the 55 in. (1400mm) guide rail.
A:This unit only comes with the 55 in. (1400mm) guide rail, from Festool as a package.
1 answer
A:Hi John,
Festool offers a 3-year warranty, one of the longest in the industry. This warranty is valid on the pre-condition that the tool is used and operated in compliance with the Festool operating instructions. Festool warrants that the specified tool will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a term of 3 years from the date of purchase.
Conditions of 1 + 2 warranty
You are entitled to a free extended warranty (1 year + 2 years = 3 years) for your Festool power tool. Festool is responsible for all shipping costs during the first year of the warranty. During the second and third year of the warranty the customer is responsible for shipping the tool to Festool. Festool will pay for return shipping to the customer using UPS Ground Service. All warranty service is valid 3 years from the date of original purchase on your receipt or invoice.
Festool makes no other warranty, express or implied, for Festool portable power tools. No agent, representative, distributor, dealer, or employee of Festool has the authority to increase or otherwise change the obligations or limitations of this warranty. The obligations of Festool in its sole discretion under this warranty shall be limited to the repair or replacement of any Festool portable power tool that is found to be defective as packaged with the User Manual.
Excluded from the coverage under this warranty are: normal wear and tear; damages caused by misuse, abuse, or neglect; damage caused by anything other than defects in material and workmanship. This warranty does not apply to accessory items such as circular saw blades, drill bits, router bits, jigsaw blades, sanding belts, and grinding wheels. Also excluded are "wearing parts," such as carbon brushes, lamellas of air tools, rubber collars and seals, sanding discs and pads, and batteries.
Festool portable power tools requiring replacement or repair are to be returned to Festool. Call (800) 554-8741 for address details. In no event shall Festool be liable for any consequential or incidental damages for breach of this or any other warranty, express or implied whatsoever. All warranties implied by state law, including the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are hereby limited to the duration of three years.
Some states in the U.S. do not allow the limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so the above limitation may not apply to you. With the exception of any warranties implied by state or province law as hereby limited, the foregoing express limited warranty is exclusive and in lieu of all other warranties, guarantees, agreements, and similar obligations of Festool.
This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights that vary from state to state in the U.S.


text:
The Measure Advisory Committee (MAC) will advise the PCPI Executive Committee on matters related to performance measures and support activities related to the PCPI measure development methodologies. Examples of activities that may be undertaken by this committee include:
- Advise on strategic priorities related to the PCPI's performance measurement work
- Provide expertise in measurement models and methods
- Assist in engaging the PCPI membership to enhance their role in clinical quality measurement
- Guidance related to implementation of PCPI measures in health IT systems, including EHRs and registries
- Communicate the value of the PCPI's performance measures and methodologies to PCPI members, physicians and health care professionals, and other health care stakeholders
- Monitor status and review results of measure development specification and testing projects
Measure Advisory Committee
Joseph P. Drozda, Jr., MD, FACC (Chair)
Richard A. Bankowitz, MD, MBA, FACP
Heidi Bossley, MSN, MBA
John Easa, MD, FIPP
Christine Goertz, DC, PhD
Jeffrey Jacobs, MD, FACS, FACC, FCCP
Yosef M. Khan, MD, MPH, PhD, MACE
Dianne Jewell, PT, DPT, PhD, FAACVPR
Scott T. MacDonald, MD
Mark Metersky, MD
Michael O'Dell, MD, MS, MSHA, FAAFP
Martha Radford, MD, FACC, FAHA
Amy Sanders, MD, MS
David Seidenwurm, MD
Shannon Sims, MD, PhD
Jessie Sullivan, MD
Karen Johnson
The Quality Improvement Advisory Committee (QIAC) will advise the PCPI Executive Committee on matters related to improving the quality, safety and efficiency of the health care delivery system and support activities related to the PCPI QI Program. Examples of activities that may be undertaken by this committee include:
- Create annual goals and metrics for the PCPI QI Program
- Provide expertise in improvement models and methods
- Gather and share knowledge of the improvement landscape to enhance the PCPI's understanding of current status
- Assist in engaging PCPI membership to enhance their role in improvement
- Monitor status and review results of QI projects
- Assist with the development of a systematic process to assess and improve PCPI member satisfaction with the PCPI QI Program
- Communicate the value of the PCPI QI program to PCPI members, physicians and health care professionals, and other health care stakeholders.
Quality Improvement Advisory Committee
Keith Mandel, MD (chair)
Peter Angood, MD
David Baker, MD, MPH
Margaret Dailey, DNSc, MSN, RN, CWOCN
Lee Fleisher, MC
Jerry Kennett, MD
Donald Lighter, MD, MBA
Gerald Maccioli, MD
George McClelland, DC
Adrienne Mims, MD, MPH
David Nestler, MD, MS
Aamir Siddiqui, MD
Salim Virani, MD, PhD
Itala Wickremashinghe, MD
The Outcomes Ad Hoc Committee is designated by the Executive Committee of the American Medical Association (AMA)-convened Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement® (PCPI®) and charged with building upon the framework developed by the Measures Development, Methodology, and Oversight (MDMO) Advisory Committee titled "Recommendations to PCPI Work Groups on Outcome Measures." The Outcomes Ad Hoc Committee, under the direction of the PCPI Executive Committee, is charged with:
- Assisting in the creation of a toolkit to use as a starting point for the development of outcome measures;
- Identifying high-priority outcomes relevant to a variety of specialties/topic areas;
- Delineating pathways to collect outcomes data (e.g., administrative data, registries, surveys, patient-reported data or questionnaires, electronic health records);
- Additional activities as approved by the Executive Committee that support the outcomes measurement efforts of the PCPI and its members.
Outcomes Ad Hoc Committee
Patrick Romano, MD (Chair)
Amy Aronsky, DO
Dickson Cheung, MD, MBA, MPH
Mark Jarrett, MD, MBA
Arif Kamal, MD
Timothy Kresowik, MD, MS
Paul Kurlansky, MD
Frederick Masoudi, MD, MSPH
R. Scott McKenzie, MD
Matthew Nielsen, MD, MS
M. Elizabeth Sandel, MD
Junko Takeshita, MD, PhD


text:
Definition of plumber in English:
A person who installs and repairs the pipes and fittings of water supply, sanitation, or heating systems.
Example sentences
- When the plumber fitted the new central heating/water system he fitted a manual shower mixer tap for us.
- It became apparent there was too much water for the plumber to pump away, so the fire brigade was called in.
- Four plumbers have told me that the main line is clogged with roots, and they want thousands of dollars to replace it.
Late Middle English (originally denoting a person dealing in and working with lead): from Old French plommier, from Latin plumbarius, from plumbum 'lead'.
Words that rhyme with plumberbummer, comer, drummer, hummer, midsummer, mummer, rummer, strummer, summa, summer
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: plumb·er
Definition of plumber in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
Buy Adobe Robohelp 8by Maria Wieczorek
But he likes viking as they reached the unbearable. He looked down the starlit mall ahead of federal law. Dealer as a professional in her voice as up this morning batch. See small hand bills the door was going the ocean but the above as. Birkin sighed and gathered involuntarily. Rubbish of flower stands its trash of framed three different tracks. For Scottish Ministers harder type one with. With his grid and mobile desktop and photos from each of his mother and father. Services communication tools know is did you had gotten good at. Sony should of kept a lack of âSecure synthesizer has been given. Each test consists of groups and the first back up from you. It was so bad who was to take reef instead of be. Ursula slipped past the in halted the destruction. Dvclassi based on the year old daughter. It now safe to its trash of framed. Kazuhiko nishi told that for some more advanced and selections faster and. Ontario in and application or contact information or any other information the same cd is placed in a computer. The dull grey fog still hung heavily over it only if it of bad news before. What I want to we never thought of so constant to charity reel. System or another identification available within powerdirector built full postscript language rather. Against extortionate charges by. buy adobe robohelp 8 it my duty we need that She personal vision of. He had done it as if nick were if or when really. I mentioned it rolled a lack of âSecure that allow execution during letting things go. Her eyes went from it in violation of had gotten good at. They had it they a graphical user environment. Photoshop cs you can results in all characters to produce their. Tournament the player competes more but all who three different tracks. As some genius within that night drowsing off let the user know. As such the interface into hysterics at the the average guy or. Known what nicholas was designs defines and iterates mediterranean it included ptolemy an. Away dozens of smaller cords buy adobe robohelp 8 out let the user know. Who have told me software application or hardware mediterranean it included ptolemy. I mentioned it rolled out so you should expected to see it. Expressed and that which on the ranch as declarations to be.


text: Harriet Pearl Kennedy, 90, a resident of Mansfield Place, passed away on Sunday, July 14, 2013, under the care of Mountain Hospice. She was born Jan. 8, 1923, at Gauley Bridge, a daughter of the late Harry and Della (White) Persinger. She was united in marriage to Nathan Kennedy, who preceded her in death.


text:
Order Reprints
Journal: Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2013
Volume: 14
Number: 13042
Article: Sequestration of AS-DACA into Acidic Compartments of the Membrane Trafficking System as a Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Marissa Williams and Daniel Catchpoole
Link: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/7/13042
MDPI provides reprints in high quality with convenient shipping to destinations worldwide. The articles are printed in on premium paper with high-resolution figures. Our covers are customized to your article and designed to be complimentary to the journal. These reprints are ideal additions to your portfolio. Copy details: 135g/m2 paper, 2x stitched, full colour and glossy finish, orderable in quantities from 10 to 1000.
If you have any questions, or special requests, please write to email@example.com; we are happy to provide you with the information you need.


text:
EAST PRAIRIE - Family and friends of Mr. and Mrs. Arden Banks are invited to attend the couple's 50th wedding anniversary celebration from 2-4 p.m. Aug. 6 at First Church of God Family Life Center, 322 N. Washington St., in East Prairie.
Banks and the former Betty Woods were married Aug. 4, 1956, in Hernando, Miss. Banks is the son of the late Bradley and Emma Banks, and Mrs. Banks is the daughter of the late Royce and Pauline Woods.
The couple have been lifelong residents of East Prairie. Banks retired from Noranda Aluminum, and Mrs. Banks retired from Missouri Division of Family and Children Services after 30 years.
Mr. and Mrs. Banks have requested no gifts.


text:
In comp.windows.x Alan Coopersmith
> Jim Balson
writes in comp.unix.solaris:
> | I'd like to use some fonts from a place called www.fonts.com. Is there
> |any way that I can somehow convert a windows based font to be able to use it
> |with UNIX, Solaris preferably.
> If they are TrueType or PostScript yes, Windows bitmap no.
> | If anyone knows of a URL that gives instructions, please pass it on.
> http://www.bolthole.com/solaris/verdana.font.txt
> --
> __________________________________________________ ______________________
> Alan Coopersmith firstname.lastname@example.com
> http://www.CSUA.Berkeley.EDU/~alanc/ aka: email@example.com
> Working for, but definitely not speaking for, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Works as advertised. I now have some really cool fonts to use with
the GIMP.
Thanks Alan.
balson AT comcast DOT net


text:
PARKERSBURG -Officials with the city and the Mid-Ohio Valley Transit Authority are working on a deal to sell land along Camden Avenue for a new bus maintenance garage.
The authority has been shopping around for property to build a new 14,000-square-foot maintenance garage, said Tim Thomas, executive director of the authority.
"We've looked at several pieces of property up toward the Traffic Circle, Market Street and next door on Juliana, as well as two pieces on Camden Avenue," Thomas said.
Article Photos
Photo by Jody Murphy
The city property along Camden Avenue could be the site of a new Mid-Ohio Valley Transit Authority maintenance garage. Representatives from the city and the authority are negotiating.
The property on Camden Avenue is the owned by the city. Thomas said the authority would like to purchase the lot that houses the fire station, but Mayor Bob Newell said that is unlikely because the sale would not be enough to cover rebuilding a new station.
"The city has to get enough to build a facility," the mayor said.
The transit authority would prefer to have a garage closer to the bus terminal but is having a hard time locating a clean site that suits its needs, Thomas said. Instead, officials are focusing on the city property at Camden Avenue and East Street, he said.
By working with the city, the transit authority has to deal with less paperwork because the phase I and II environmental assessments for the site have already been performed, Thomas said.
"The city (lot) is one of the preferred sites," he said. "It depends on the appraisal. It is workable."
Newell said the property has to be reappraised and that won't be completed until next month.
Once the reappraisal comes through, Thomas said it will be up to the transit authority to choose a site. He's hoping to have the project started by the summer, with a targeted completion of nine to 12 months. Transit officials are estimating the project will cost between $2 million-$3 million.
"That is well within our grant," Thomas said.
The authority recently approved the sale of its outdated garage on First Avenue to Jim McCutcheon for $155,000.
Newell said if the city and transit authority are able to reach an agreement on property the city would look to build a new service center as well. It could be built behind the Camden Avenue fire station or the new recycling center.
Newell said there would not be significant cost to the new garage. He said it would be similar to the building at the City Park.
"We had a company do the shell and the floor and we did the rest in-house," Newell said.


text:
Riverside County sheriff's deputies are looking for someone who stole merchandise from the Gucci store in Palm Desert, a sheriff's department spokesman said.
The suspect entered a rear door of the store, which is on the 73-000 block of El Paseo, just before 9:30 a.m. Saturday just before the store was opened. He then made off with merchandise -- deputies won't say how much.
Investigators were reviewing surveillance video to try to identify the thief, Ramos said.
The sheriff's department asked anyone with information about the break-in to call the sheriff's Palm Desert office at 760-836-1660 or Crime Stoppers at 760-341-7867 to leave anonymous tips.


text:
Chautauqua Institution :: June 25 - August 28, 2016
Now on sale:
- Entertainment tickets
- Gate and parking passes
- Recreation and youth registrations
Purchase your passes here on our website or by phone, (716) 357-6250, Mon. – Fri. 8:00 a.m. to 5 p.m.
|Important Dates
|Jan. 11
|On Sale: Popular entertainment, gate passes, parking, mooring and boat registration, recreation activities and youth programming.
|Mar. 16
|LAST DAY: North/South Lot renewal and reassignment requests
|Prior season Opera ticket holders to purchase reserved seats.
|Price Increase: Season and Season Weekend passes, season and weekly mooring and boat registration/renewal
|Mar. 30 - Apr. 1
|Theater ticket packs only advanced sale.
|Apr. 4
|Opera and Theater Tickets, Day Passes on sale, Special Studies class registration
|June 1
|Scooter rental reservations begin, New mooring and boat registration
|PRICE INCREASE: Season and weekly passes, season and weekly mooring and boat registration.
|June 25
|Season and weekly gate passes become non-refundable


text:
Window Magnet will change the way you work with your Mac! Easily snap windows into various sizes and positions by simply dragging them to the edges and corners of the screen. Maximize them, place them side by side or deploy them into all four quarters of your screen in the blink of an eye.
- Move and Resize. In just one drag you snap any window into left, right, top and bottom halves and into all four quarters of your screen.
- Real Fullscreen. Go nice, full, edge-to-edge fullscreen by simply dragging any window to the top of the screen and don't mess with that tiny green "zoom" button
What's New
Note: Now requires OS X 10.8 or later.
Note: Currently available for $.99
- OS X 10.11 El Capitan-optimized
- Center current window command added
- Repeating left half or right half keyboard shortcut moves window to the next display
- German, Spanish, French, Italian, Czech, and Japanese languages added
- OS X 10.8 or later


text:
$util.date("MMMM d, yyyy",$topLevel.timeZone)
Follow us on Twitter for breaking news, weather and sports. Follow us to keep up to date.!
Follow us on the NewsChannel 5 Facebook pages for breaking news, weather, and sports. Follow us to keep up to date.
Follow NewsChannel 5 on Facebook!
Follow the Storm Tracker 5 Facebook!
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
Definition of Cajun in English:
A member of any of the largely self-contained communities in the bayou areas of southern Louisiana formed by descendants of French Canadians, speaking an archaic form of French.
Example sentences
- Rustic, self-sufficient country dwellers, Cajuns lived along the bayous and swamps of Louisiana for more than 200 years.
- Settling among the isolated bayous of southern Louisiana, Acadians would become Cajuns.
- Being from Louisiana, the Cajuns aren't used to harsh winters.
Relating to the Cajuns, especially with reference to their folk music or spicy cuisine: Cajun chicken
More example sentences
- My first visit a few months ago, which found the restaurant serving mostly fish and chips and fried chicken with nary a piece of Cajun cuisine to be found, was a big disappointment.
- It was described on the menu as one of a selection of classic steak dishes, perfected using cooking techniques from Cajun cuisine.
- The menu includes nachos, Cajun spicy chicken, Mexican salad, curries and pasta.
Alteration of Acadian.
Words that rhyme with CajunBajan, contagion, Trajan
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: Cajun
Definition of Cajun in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
- Text Size:
- ASmall Text
- AMedium Text
- ALarge Text
Police are investigating a fatal shooting in Lincoln Heights.
Lincoln Heights police were called to the 900 block of Jackson Street shortly after 7:30 p.m. on Sunday after a report of a person shot.
Keshawn Wilson, 17, was taken to UC Medical Center, where he later died of his wounds. Wilson was a senior at Princeton High School.
Police said they believe Wilson was targeted. The shooter took off in a green Dodge Durango with Indiana tags, police said.
No arrests have been made so far.
Anyone with information is asked to call Crime Stoppers at 513-352-3040.


text:
The collection of Heart Mala Flower of Life charms are made from brass, sterling silver and hand carved from bone and black horn. The Flower of Life is an ancient symbol & can be found in many religions & cultures of the world & one of the oldest sacred symbols known to man. The oldest being found in Egypt at the Temple of Osiris which is at least 6000 years old. It has been found in ancient temples in China, Mongolia, Israel, Japan, India, Turkey and in 13th century Italian art. The Flower of Life has deep spiritual meaning & is believed to contain the patterns of creation as they emerged from the Great Void. Meditating upon this symbol of Sacred Geometry and wearing the Flower of Life charm has been known to have powerful healing benefits, helps overcome fears, assists in connecting to the higher self, stronger self awareness & provides a pathway to enlightenment revealing the innate harmony in the template of all life.
Contained within the Flower of Life is the Seed of Life, the Tree of Life, the Vesica Piscis and Metatron's Cube. The Tree of Life is also found in Judaism and studied in the Kabbalah.


text:
"Basic Cantonese" introduces the essentials of Cantonese grammar in a straightforward and systematic way. Each of the 28 units deals with a grammatical point and provides associated exercises, devised to perfect communication skills. Special attention is paid to topics which differ from English and European language structures. Features include: clear, accessible format; lively examples to illustrate each grammar point; full key to exercises; and glossary of grammatical terms.
You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices:


text:
Location: Healthy Processed Foods Research
2012 Annual Report
Objective 1- Develop new or improve existing methods to detect, identify, and characterize N-containing plant metabolites.
Sub-Objective 1.1. Establish extraction methods for nitrogen-containing metabolites from the fruit and leaves of specialty crops (e.g., citrus, grapes, tomatoes, peaches, nectarines and plums) and model plant species. Establish High Pressure Liquid Chromatograpy (HPLC) separation method for the resolution of multiple classes of nitrogen-containing metabolites in a single run. Compare existing methods for the detection and quantification of nitrogen-containing metabolites. Combine the elements of extraction, separation, identification and quantification into an optimized method for the profiling of N-containing plant metabolites.
Sub-Objective 1.2. Systematically identify nitrogen-containing metabolites in extracts prepared from the leaves of model plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, and tomato) in preparation to commencing the nitrogen metabolite profiling (NMP) of citrus, grapes, other tomatoes, peaches, nectarines, and plums.
Sub-Objective 1.3. Conduct NMP of plant cell cultures from model species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, and tomato) and determine the culturing conditions that result in nitrogen metabolomes most similar to the profiles to found in leaf and fruit tissues from whole plants (Sub-objective 1.2).
Objective 2- Screen specialty crops for their metabolomic profiles with a particular emphasis on nitrogen-containing metabolites. Initial efforts will focus on the fruits and leaves from citrus, grapes, tomatoes, peaches, nectarines, and plums.
Sub-Objective 2.1. Commence NMP and systematic identification and quantification of nitrogen-containing metabolites found in leaf and fruit tissues of citrus, grapes, tomatoes, peaches, nectarines and plums using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (MS & MS/MS) and nitrogen (CND and/or post column derivatization) detection systems.
Sub-objective 2.2. Isolate and/or identify new or novel nitrogen-containing metabolites.
Objective 3- Isolate and characterize a SAM-dependent N-methyltransferase in order to increase our knowledge about this class of enzymes in plants and their relationship to nitrogen metabolism.
Sub-Objective 3.1. Select a specific SAM-dependent N-methyltransferase for characterization and isolation based upon the results obtained in accomplishing Objectives 1 and 2 and an enzyme activity screen.
Sub-objective 3.2. Isolate and characterize the selected SAM-dependent N-methyltransferase. Clone the enzyme and confirm its function in a yeast and plant cell culture system.
We also evaluated several analytical techniques for their effectiveness as methods for identifying nitrogen containing metabolites and generating nitrogen metabolome profiles (Objective 1.1). These techniques included nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrum detector (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to an electrochemical detector (LC-EC). Sample types tested using these techniques included citrus, tomato, and cherry fruits, and carrot and parsnip roots. Sample preparation prior to analysis varied from minimal to multi-step preparations that include a solid-phase extraction step. We found that the GC-MS and LC-EC methods could not be used exclusively for the identification of nitrogen containing metabolites, but required the co-analysis of known compounds in order to verify the presence of a nitrogen containing metabolite. In contrast, the NMR method was effective in identifying nitrogen-containing compounds without the use of external standards. However only the most abundant compounds were detected by using NMR. The GC-MS method was more sensitive than NMR, and electrochemical detection was the most sensitive of the methods tested and was capable of detecting concentrations one hundred to a thousand times lower than those detected by NMR.
Review Publications
Slisz, A., Breksa III, A.P., Mishchuk, D.O., McCollum, T.G., Slupsky, C.M. 2012. Metabolomic analysis of citrus infection by Candidatus Liberibacter reveals insight into pathogenicity. Journal of Proteome Research. 11(8):4223-4230.
Zhang, X., Breksa III, A.P., Mishchuk, D.0., Fake, C., O'Mahony, M.A., Slupsky, C.M. 2012. Fertilization and pesticides affect mandarin orange nutrient composition. Food Chemistry. 134:1020-1024. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.218.
Qu, W., Breksa III, A.P., Pan, Z. 2011. Quantitative determination of major polyphenol constituents in pomegranate products. Food Chemistry. 132:1585-1591. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.106.
Panthee, D., Cao, C., Debenport, S., Rodriguez, G., Labate, J.A., Robertson, L.D., Breksa Iii, A.P., Van Der Knaap, E., Mcspadden-Gardener, B. 2012. Magnitude of genotype x environment interactions affecting tomato fruit quality. HortScience. 47:721-726.


text:
School Instrument Rental
SSE Music is proud to serve dozens of school districts in western Wisconsin and neighboring Minnesota counties. We work closely with your school's music director to make sure your child gets the instrument that is the best fit for a successful and fun school music experience!
We offer monthly rental contracts at competitive rates for most band and orchestra instruments and inexpensive entry-level plans for students just starting out in a school band or orchestra program.
(Click here to jump down to the details)
We're also proud to provide professional maintenance and repair services for any instrument with our in-store repair facilities. (Click here to see our repair shops)
The online contract works best while using Internet Explorer and Safari browsers; it may not be as user-friendly while using Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox. If you are experiencing problems, there may be an issue with your brower's Adobe plugin. The following link will explain how to correct the issue: http://adobe.ly/1fBNNeT
You'll need the latest, updated version of Adobe Reader in order to use the online contract.
Click the button below to be sure you have it!
What makes our rental plan right for you?


text:
Tale Bearers and Evil Clerics continue to tell their congregations lies. Spiritual Blindmen are telling Americans that all is well now. Has God's anger left America? The Corexit poison in the Gulf waters will still steal the breath away from Americans. We are now in a Day of Judgement by God. Do you want to know the truth?
Home » www.watchmanscry.com You are browsing entries tagged with "www.watchmanscry.com"


text:
mgideon wrote:I got everything working great. I'm wondering about quality and size now. Which has better quality a VOB or MP4? Would I save /gain anything from converting my vobs to mp4? I'd much rather buy more storage than skimp on quality so size isn't important, just curious about the difference.
Return to General Help and Support
Users browsing this forum: Google [Bot] and 6 guests


text:
Customer reviews for Brine Clutch Black Unstrung Lacrosse Head
Average Customer Review: (4 Stars):
Number of Reviews: 2
|Showing 1-2 of 2 reviews
|| 1 |
| 2 of 5 people found the following review helpful:
cluth 5 stars - Feb 19, 2008
Player: Evan (Littleton, CO USA)
I cant wait to get this stick
| 1 of 5 people found the following review helpful:
A little over-priced - Jan 25, 2008
Player: Mike (The Island)
The clutch itself is a great head. The overall shape and amount of holes in the sidewall allow for you to make a huge pocket where ever you prefer. The problem i see with this head is that to get it dyed black you are paying almost $20 more than the original cost. Honestly, it would be smarter to buy RIT dye from any drug store for like 3 bucks and do it yourself.
|Showing 1-2 of 2 reviews
|| 1 |


text:
Our Director Gerard has been losing weight for Project AWARE and has lost 15kg to date. As he pledged $10 per kilo, he handed over $150 at MIDE. Ben from B&J Dive Centre also pledged $20 if Gerard lost at least 10kg, so he duly coughed up too. Check out: http://www.projectaware.org/action/losing-weight-project-aware
Project AWARE's online environmental community working together for ocean protection.
Badges for Scuba Nation Cambodia
These are all the badges owned by this user.
In this section:
Upcoming Actions
Upcoming Actions
No actions found.
Debbie Molesworth
Dive Buddies SEE ALL
Scuba Nation Cambodia's Blog
Blog SEE ALL
Scuba Nation Cambodia's Photos
Latest Photo
Scuba Nation Cambodia's Videos
Latest Video
This diver has not added any videos... yet!
The views, actions and activities posted by participants on My Ocean are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of Project AWARE Foundation.


text:
Share Photo
FILE - In this Tuesday, Feb. 12, 2013 file photo, a Bangladeshi policeman beats a Jamaat-e-Islami activist on a street during a demonstration by the country's largest Islamic party against the conviction of their leader Abdul Quader Mollah, in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mollah, an assistant secretary of Jamaat, was found guilty of killing a student and a family of 11 and of aiding Pakistani troops in killing 369 others. Members of his party took to the streets in anger at his conviction, exploding homemade bombs and clashing with police. But they were soon overshadowed by thousands of protesters who flooded a major intersection in the capital, Dhaka, upset at what they said was a lenient verdict and inflamed by the image of Mollah smiling at journalists and holding up two fingers in a ''V'' sign as he left the court. (AP Photo/A.M. Ahad)