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Main Page | Risk Factors | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Screening | Reducing Your Risk | Talking to Your Doctor | Living With Narcolepsy | Resource Guide
Most people with narcolepsy find that certain lifestyle changes can help them improve their daytime alertness.
It's important for you to regulate your sleep in order to increase your alertness during the day. Try to get about eight hours of sleep each night.
Scheduling regular naps can help you remain alert. Some people find that two to three short (10-15 minute) naps scheduled throughout the day are helpful. Others find that one longer afternoon nap refreshes them enough to finish their day with minimal sleepiness. Try each of these methods to see which works better for you.
Be careful when drinking caffeinated beverages or alcohol, or using nicotine products. Alcohol can increase your drowsiness and can interfere with getting a good night of sleep. Nicotine and caffeine are stimulants and may interfere with getting refreshing sleep at night or during daytime naps.
Exercise can increase your energy level and improve your alertness during the day. However, do not exercise within three hours before bedtime. Exercise can boost your energy to the degree that it prevents you from falling asleep.
Before starting an exercise program , check with your doctor about any possible medical problems you may have that may interfere.
Narcolepsy. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated March 6, 2013. Accessed June 3, 2013.
Narcolepsy fact sheet. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health website. Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/narcolepsy/detail_narcolepsy.htm. Updated December 28, 2011. Accessed June 3, 2013.
What is narcolepsy? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health website. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/nar/nar_what.html. Updated November 1, 2010. Accessed June 3, 2013.
Last reviewed May 2015 by Michael Woods, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2012 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.
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THE following is an extract from an email received from Aimee Miller about the Hepworth family taken from the Todwick History Society magazine.
"My name is Aimee Miller and am proud to introduce to you my Grandpa Bernard Dean Hepworth. Bernard is a man of God and lifelong farmer. He has friends who are missionaries in Haiti and takes frequent trips there with supplies and even shipped one of his tractors after the hurricane of 2008.
Bernard runs farms and raises cattle in Callao. MO, His dad Claude and Uncle Ted bought his first 120 acres when he was 16. To date he has over 3,000 acres, some of which he still farms himself. Apparently, our line of the Hepworth's used to run the Red Lion Inn. About 10 years ago, Bernard, Yvonne, Penny and Bill Ed Yates visited Todwick and stayed at the Red Lion and started looking through the phone book calling all the Hepworths. A man called Bob Hepworth ended up meeting them and they spent the evening swapping stories."
This article was by kind permission of the Todwick History Society who meet every second Tuesday of the month at 7.30pm at the Village Hall.


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Hi -
I found a can of this in my cupboard and can't remember for the life of me why I bought it - don't think I have ever used it before. Can you share some recipes that use this soup?
I have a can bouncing around in my cupboard too. Waiting for recipes too. Thanks!
Here's 2 appetizers and 2 veggie recipes. They both came out a a Cooking With 4 Ingredients cookbook.
Speedy Cheese Dip
2 cans cheddar cheese soup
1 can (10 1/2 oz) diced tomatoes and green chilies
1 can cream of chicken soup
pinch of cayenne pepper
Mix all ingredients together in a saucepan (add up to 1/2 tsp of salt if needed). Serve hot with chips.
Hot, Rich Crab Dip
1 can cheddar cheese soup
1 16oz box Mexican velveeta cheese cubed
2 6 oz cans crabmeat, flaked
1 16 oz jar salsa
In a microwaveable bowl, combine the cheese soup and velveeta.
Microwave at 1 minute intervals until cheese melts
Add the crabmeat and salsa, mixing well. Serve hot with chips
Calico Corn
1 16oz package frozen whole kernel corn
1 bell pepper, chopped
1/3 cup chopped celery
1 can cream of cheddar cheese soup
Cook corn in microwave according to package directions; drain well
To the corn add the bell pepper and celery. SXtir in soup; mixing well.
Pour into a buttered 2-1uart casserole and bake covered at 350 for 30 minutes.
Cheddar-Broccoli Bake
1/2 cup milk
1 16zo bag frozen broccoli flowerets, cooked
1 2.8 oz can french-fried onion rings
In a 2-quart casserole, mix soup, milk, and broccoli.
Bake at 350 for 25 minutes.
Stir. Sprinkle onions over broccoli mixture.
Bake 5 more minutes or until onions are golden.
Here's a couple more. All from the same book. If I ever find my Campbell's soup cookbook I'll post a few from them.
Cheddar Potatoes
1/3 cup sour cream
2 fresh green onions, chopped
3 cups instant seasoned mashed potatoes, prepared
In a saucepan, heat soup; add sour cream, onion and a little black pepper.
Stir in potatoes until well blended.
Pour into a buttered 2-quart casserole.
Cook at 350 for about 25 minutes.
Chicken Quesadillas
3 boneless, skinless chicken breasts, cubed
2/3 cup chunky salsa
10 flour tortillas
Cook chicken in skillet until juices evaporate, stirring often.
Add soup and salsa and heat thoroughly.
Spreat about 1/3 cup soup mixture on half of each tortilla to within 1/2 inch of edge. Moisten edge with water, fold over and seal. Place on 2 baking sheets.
Bake at 400 for 5 to 6 minutes.
Here's another one out of a Bisquick Cookbook.
Quick Cheeseburger Bake
1 pound ground beef
3/4 cup chopped onion
1 can Cheddar cheese soup
1 cup frozen mixed vegetables, if desired
1/4 cup milk
2 cups Bisquick (original OR Reduced Fat will work)
3/4 cup water
1 cup shredded Cheddar cheese (4 ounces)
Heat oven to 500. Generously grease 9X13 baking dish. Cook beef and onion in 10 inch skillet over medium heat, stirring occasionally, until beef is brown; drain. Stir in soup, vegetables and milk; remove from heat.
Stir baking mix and water in baking dish until moistened; spread evenly. Spread beef mixture over batter. Sprinkle with cheese.
Bake uncovered 30 minutes. 8 to 10 servings.
Crockpot Macaroni and Cheese - great comfort food - yummy!
1 lb. macaroni
1 stick butter or margarine
2 eggs, beaten
1 lg. can evaporated milk
1 c. milk
3 c. grated cheddar cheese
Spray crockpot with nonstick cooking spray. Reserve 1/2 c. grated cheese. Cook macaroni according to package directions; drain. Stir together noodles, margarine, eggs, milk, cheese and soup. Sprinkle reserved cheese over top. Cook on low 3 - 4 hrs.
Found my Campbell's Soup Cookbook and thought I'd pass along a few more for your cheese soup. Hope they help. I only went through about half of the book. Will post more as I find them. Kim
Quick Skillet Stew
1 can (about 16 oz) small whole white potatoes
1 can (12 oz) luncheon meat, cubed
1 can (about 8 oz) sliced carrots, drained
2 tablespoons instant minced onion
1/2 teaspoon prepared mustard
1/8 teaspoon garlic powder
Drain potatoes, reserving 1/3 cup liquid; slice. In skillet, combine potatoes and reserved liquid with remaining ingredients. heat; gently stir occasionally. Makes about 5 cups.
Beef and Potatoes Au Grautin
1 pound ground beef
1 medium onion, shopped
1/3 cup water
1 can (about 16 oz) small whole white potatoes, drained and sliced
In skillet, brown beef and cook onion until tender (use shortening if necessary). Stir to separate meat; pour off fat. Blend in soup and water; add potatoes. Heat; stir occasionally. Makes about 4 cups.
Left Bank Chicken
3 pounds chicken parts
3 tablespoons shortening
1 can (16oz) tomatoes, drained and chopped
1 cup sliced onion
1 teaspoon dried dill weed, crushed
1 teaspoon salt
1 package (9 oz) frozen cut green beans
1 package (10 oz) frozen cauliflower
1/4 cup water
1 to 2 tablespoons flour
Cooked noodles
In large heavy pan, brown chicken in shortening; pour off fat. Add soup, tomatoes, onion, and seasonings. Cover; cook over low heat 25 minutes. Add beans and cauliflower; cook 20 minutes more or until done. Stir occasionally. Remove chicken and vegetables to serving dish. Gradually blend water into flour until smooth; slowly stir into sauce. Cook, stirring until thickened. Serve with chicken mixture and noodles. Makes 6 servings.
Cheese-Smothered Chicken
2 pounds chicken parts
2 tablespoons butter or margarine
1/2 cup cut-up canned tomatoes
1/3 cup finely chopped onion
1/4 teaspoon basil leaves, crushed
In skillet, slowly brown chicken in butter (about 30 minutes). Add remaining ingredients. Cover; cook over low heat 15 minutes or until done. Stir occasionally. Makes 4 servings.
I have been trying to find a recipe I had years ago. It is a wonderfully delicious cheesecake pie that used cheddar cheese soup. Does anyone have this recipe? I made it many times for my husband and now, my son is grown and I've never made it for him and would like to do so. Thanks in advance!
Here is one that Kate 11 posted
Chicken Spaghetti
1 package of spaghetti or vermicelli, cooked and well drained
1 bell pepper, chopped
1 medium onion, chopped
1 clove garlic, minced
1 can Rotel diced tomatoes with green chilies
1 13 ounce can mushrooms
2 cans cream of chicken soup or you can use 1 can of cream of chicken and 1 can Nacho cheese soup
2 10 ounce can chunk chicken, drained (I use cooked boneless skinless breast, about 3 large)
2 cups grated cheddar cheese
Garnish with: Sliced green onions and sliced black olives
In a large frying pan saute onion, pepper, and garlic in a bit of butter. Add mushrooms, tomatoes, canned chicken and soup. Let simmer 10 minutes. If using cooked boneless chicken let mixture simmer 10 then add in the chicken.
In a large bowl combine pasta with soup mixture and cheese, reserving a 1/2 cup of cheese to sprinkle on top, mix well.
Pour into greased 9x13 dish , top with 1/2 remaining cheese and bake at 350º for 45-60 minutes.
Sprinkle with green onions and olives if desired.
I don't see why you couldnt' sub Cheddar cheese soup for this.
Faith is not demanding what we want; it is trusting God's goodness in spite of life's tragedies. Dave Branon
Kim I hadn't even noticed this was an old post but since I found this, figured I would put it here just in case. This is not my recipe and I haven't tried it. Willow posted it in 2005 on an old thread.
David's Favorite Tuna casserole(DH)
1 can tuna(drained)
1 can chedder cheese soup
1 can cream of mushroom soup
1 can of mushrooms (drained)
1 8oz tub of sour cream
1 pk. egg noodles
Ritz crackers for topping or crushed chips
Cook noodles(drain)mix all ingridents together with noodles pour in casserole dish, top with crushed ritz.Bake at 350 for about 20-30 minutes.
© RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC 2016


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Sol Y Mar Inn MutLocated in the capital of Dakhla, Mut, this charming and nature-friendly "resort" consists of individual chalets and lodges. The resort also boasts a private hot spring – and a smaller "kids" hot spring – where you might want to experience the healing properties of iron-rich waters. A pool bar is also available.
The hotel's main restaurant provides breakfast buffets, lunch and dinner. For outdoor dining, head to the open air barbecue restaurant and enjoy the amazing desert views.
Address: Dakhla Oasis, Gamal Abdel Nasser Street, New Valley, Egypt
Tel: +20 92 792 9751, Fax: +20 92 792 7983
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Sol Y Mar PioneersA pioneer enterprise indeed, the Sol Y Mar Pioneers is one of the first deluxe hotels built in the heart of the Egyptian Western Desert. A new concept that gives you the opportunity to experience the adventurous aspect of the desert to the fullest without having to let go of the comfort and peace of a high standard accommodation. The Sol Y Mar Pioneers features 102 comfortable and tastefully furnished rooms and suites. All rooms have an individually controlled air-conditioning system, a satellite TV, a WC with bath tub, and a mini-bar. The hotel's facilities include a fresh water outdoor pool, a fitness centre, as well as business facilities. Safaris can be organized from the hotel to the nearby temples and landmarks.
Address: Al Kharga Oasis, Gamal Abd El Nasser Street, New Valley, Al Kharga Oasis, Egypt
Tel: +20 92 7929 751/2/3 Fax: +20 92 7927 983
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Sonesta Club Sharm El SheikhLocated in the hottest part of town, Naama Bay, the Sonesta Club has breathtaking views of the Red Sea. This hotel is decorated in the exotic Nubian style, and is surrounded by lush gardens and a gorgeous pool area. With one of Sharm's largest aqua parks on its grounds theres no shortage to the amount of fun to be had, the younger kids also have an entertainment program to keep them amused. The hotel boasts seven pools, an open air jacuzzi, as well as a diving center; you will never want to leave the water, unless you're hungering for the delicious international cuisine that's available. After a day spent around Sharm, relax with a massage treatment in the health spa, take a steam bath, or enjoy the sauna. Dont forget to hit the Club's fitness center, to stay in shape.
2, Sonesta Club Drive, Naama,
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.
Tel: +20 (6)9 3601 280
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Sonesta St George HotelOverlooking the Nile River in Luxor, the magnificent Sonesta St George Hotel is an ode to luxury and splendor. The hotel is a blend of historical charm and practical modernity, all in sophistication taken to the extreme. The hotel's amenities include a world-class spa, a fitness centre and a wide array of fine-dining options. Outside, the sumptuous heated pool will show you the way to a breathtaking terrace overlooking the Nile.
Address: Corniche El Nile Street, Luxor, Egypt
Tel: +20 95 2382575, Fax: +20 95 2382571Visit Website
Staybridge Suites CitystarsStaybridge Suites strives to be your home away from home and is an alternative to typical hotels in its atmosphere and arrangement; it is perfect for an extended stay. The longer you time you spend the less money you spend, and the hotel rooms have a fully equipped kitchen so you can eat in and make your own meals, a guest laundry room, free Wi-Fi throughout the hotel, and a pantry open 24 hours for your convenience. The hotel has a hub kitchen where breakfast is served each morning, and an after work reception with complimentary drinks and snacks, where you can relax and meet other hotel guests. A den is also available where fresh coffee is always ready and you can plop down on a sofa with a book from the collection, and a warm cookie. If you want some excersise you can always hit the gym or take a dip in the pool. Staybridge allows you to carry on your life as normal when you are away from home.
Emtedad Makram Obeid St.Heliopolis,
Cairo, Egypt.
Tel: +20 (0)2 2480 3333Visit Website
Steigenberger Al Dau Beach HotelLocated at the heart of Hurghada's touristic complex, the Steigenberger Al Dau Beach Hotel is a true gem on the Egyptian Red Sea coast. This luxurious hotel offers all the amenities you would expect from a hotel of such caliber. The overall ambience of the hotel is an interesting mixture of Indian, African and Arabian influences. Two of the main hotel features are an on-site 9-hole golf course and a Thalasso & Spa complex. The hotel-adjacent aqua centre offers all kinds of services related to water sports, including diving, snorkeling and water-skiing. Handicapped diving sessions are also available, and the whole hotel has been built to match the accessibility requirements of the physically impaired.
Address: Yussif Afifi Road, Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt
Tel: +20 65 346 5400Visit Website
Steigenberger Golf ResortLocated in the middle of an 18-hole golf course, and surrounded by a lagoon, extending to its private beach on the Red Sea, the Steigenberger Golf Resort El Gouna is truly one of the most luxurious and romantic holiday resorts in El-Gouna. The resort boasts a total of 196 rooms, 45 junior suites, 13 family rooms and 14 apartments. The resort's facilities include, apart from the world-class golf course, a fully-equipped Fitness & Wellness centre, 2 outdoor and 2 children swimming pools. Additionally, the hotel is one of the participating establishments in the Steigenberger Conferences & Celebrations program. For more information on the state-of-the-art business packages on offer, contact the hotel.
Address: El Gouna, Red Sea, Egypt
Tel: +20 65 3580-140, Fax: +20 65 3580-149Visit Website
Sultan Gardens ResortIdeally located in Sharks Bay and offering amazing views of the Tiran Island, the Sultan Gardens Resort is an awarded complex in Sharm El Sheikh. Conveniently set at a 5 minutes driving distance from the International Airport, and barely a little further from the city centre, the Sultan Gardens boasts 520 spacious rooms and suites in a paradisiacal exotic setting. Many rooms are adapted to the needs of disabled people. Directly across from the resort, you'll find an 18-hole golf course and the Sharm el Sheikh International Conference Center, making it a perfect location for your business trips and conventions.
Address: Sharks Bay, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
Tel: +20 (69) 360 2130, Fax: +20 (69) 360 2141Visit Website
Swiss Inn Pyramids Golf Resort and PlazaEnjoy the luxury of Swiss Inn and all its facilities on your Egypt vacation, this resort is good for leisure, business, golf, relaxation and romance. Situated on the 27 hole Dreamland Golf Course in a uptown residential Cairo area, the two hotels are only 15 mins away from the Pyramids and offer a tranquil feel very different to downtown Cairo. There are two heated swimming pools, a gymnasium, and access to the Sothys Spa. A business center and banqueting area allow you to hold events and conventions. All rooms are air conditioned, have wireless internet access, a private balcony or terrace, minibar, inroom safe, and satellite TV. Handicapped rooms are fully equipped and available upon request. There are a large number of restaurant and bars to choose from, with a variety of choice.
Swiss Inn Pyramids Golf Resort al wahat road,
Dreamland-6th October City, Cairo, Egypt
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Swiss Inn ResortSet on a charming sandy beach of the Red Sea shore in Dahab, the beautiful Swiss Inn Resort overlooks the Gulf of Aqaba and is only 3 km away from Dahab's centre, Assala. The hotel features 150 rooms, ranging from standard to superior and suites, all offering amazing views of the sea or the hotel's gardens. The Swiss Inn houses an on-site diving centre, operated by international instructors, as well as a windsurfing school offering all levels of courses. The resort amenities also include a free-shaped swimming pool, a sauna and steam bath, and a fitness corner.
Address: South Sinai, Egypt
Tel: +20 69 36 40 471/2, 69 36 40 054/5, 010 2505201–2, Fax: +20 69 36 40 470
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Posted: Fri Mar 05, 2010 1:41 pm
Post subject: working tax credit
i am hoping someone will be able to give me advice...
i went on the gov web site where you answer their questions with your info and they tell you what benefits you can get... when i return to work and my oh goes parttime we will have a joint income of about £40k - according to the web we are not entitled to anything (other than the child benefit).
is this right? or am i being greedy? what are everyone else's experiences?
thanks in advance
Posted: Fri Mar 05, 2010 4:31 pm
Post subject:
We bring in about £45K between us before tax when I'm on full pay, and it said we would get something, not much but something - so one of us has done something wrong! I've applied anyway and waiting to hear.
You might as well apply I think. It's confusing because the form is based on your income over the last financial year for some reason, so I don't know how they allow for you being on mat pay etc. I figure I'll probably have to do it again next month when we've had new P60s as well?
God knows why they can't just work it all out automatically from your NI number and the contributions you already make!
xx Em
Posted: Fri Mar 05, 2010 4:45 pm
Post subject:
Thanks - I think it is me that has done it wrong because my sister gets some on the same income, but I thought maybe there was something about her situation that meant she could get it and I couldn't.
How do you apply? (I really am dense - sorry!). I have had my child benefit approved and just waiting for details to come through the post - is there something on there that is linked to claiming working tax credit, or is there a phone number I call?
Posted: Fri Mar 05, 2010 4:51 pm
Post subject:
I am not sure about the max amount you can earn before they will not allow tax credits, i know though that when i lived with my Ex we used to get working tax credit, with him working on an approx salary of 25k, per annum, and we only got a top up of £70 per month,
As it stands at the moment as my Oh works part-time we only get CTC and we are not entitled to WTC , or any other help other than child-benefit, so there might be an upper limit as well as a lower limit
Have you been on the tax credit calculator?? through the inland revenue??
Posted: Fri Mar 05, 2010 4:52 pm
Post subject:
I found the number to get the tax credit pack in the Child benefit information form. The lady on the phone basically took a few details like estimated income and told us if/how much we could receive before she sent the form out to us.
You've reminded me to fill it in, actually! Though that's going to be a nuisance if you need P60's...
Posted: Fri Mar 05, 2010 5:23 pm
Post subject:
Thank you - when they send my CTC confirmation info through I will then start on the WTC.
I wonder if there are any hard fast rules to claiming WTC... I thought if one (or both) of you worked - even part time - you could claim. I can kind of understand that the more you earn the less you get, but I like to get money back from all the taxes I have paid over the years
Posted: Fri Mar 05, 2010 7:08 pm
Post subject:
Posted: Fri Mar 05, 2010 7:29 pm
Post subject:
As ar as I was aware you are entitled to something aslong as in the first year your joint income does not exceed 64K and 60k after the first year
If it helps our joint income for last year was 58K and I spoke to them on the phone for the application pack and she gave me a estimate of £14 a week have sent the form off and just wating to hear back
Posted: Sat Mar 06, 2010 1:55 pm
Post subject:
Posted: Sat Mar 06, 2010 3:20 pm
Post subject:
Posted: Sat Mar 06, 2010 6:41 pm
Post subject:
Thanks everyone - sounds like everyone seems to be told something different - but its definitely worth a shot. I will try the suggested websites as well as phoning them.
Every penny really helps now (especially as Evie is 5 weeks old and her daddy has already bought her first birthday present - an electric play tractor ).
Hope you all manage to get every penny you can get from WTC too


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Castles only began to be built in England after the Norman Conquest. The Normans built many to secure areas where they faced resistance, but they also built castles as a show of strength. The first castles were made of earth and wood, and could be built extremely quickly.
The most common early type was the
Motte and Bailey castle. These castles consisted of a wooden
fort on top of a man-made mound (motte) with an enclosed surrounding
area (bailey) defended by a tall wooden fence (palisade). A
small community could live inside the bailey. Ditch and bank
defences surrounded the Motte and Bailey.
During the 12th century many castles were improved and strengthened using stone instead of wood. Many ideas for improving defences came from the east. Concentric castles from the later middle ages show this.
These castles had one walled enclosure built inside another. More complicated designs saw more and more walled enclosures inside one another, each improving the strength of the castle even more. Edward I used castles like this to secure his position in Wales.
As new methods of warfare developed (such as the use of the cannon) the importance of the castle changed. They rapidly became status symbols rather than having military importance. Some historians argue that many castles were never anything but status symbols, and the Norman use of castles to show strength may suggest this.


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Points, Vectors, and Functions
Vectors: A New Kind of Animal
Imagine we're walking down the street after a tasty supper. We look to our left, and we sight a minotaur ambling down the street with a cup of joe in hand. Distracted, we trip over an overgrown root breaking through the sidewalk. Clumsy us. We land on our backs, only to see, of all things, a griffin flying high overhead. We squint, wondering if our lunch was poisoned, and try to make sense of what we've seen.
Of course, like any studious scholars, we run home and look up what we saw on Shmoop, and realize that the Minotaur is a harmless half man, half bull, while the griffin is an eagle/lion hybrid out for a post-evening joy flight. It clicks: we saw single, harmless creatures each composed of two animals.
Turns out this is a good way to think about vectors. They are mathematical objects composed of two, easily recognizable parts, magnitude and direction.
Sample Problem
Velocity is a vector, since it has magnitude, or the speed, and direction. "60 miles per hour due east" is a velocity.
Sample Problem
Speed is not a vector. It has magnitude but doesn't include a direction. "60 miles per hour" is a speed, not a velocity.
Most of the vectors that show up in calculus are two-dimensional (2-D). Much like these mythologically astounding sightings, a 2-D vector is like a mutant point. We write a point on the x,y-plane as an ordered pair of coordinates (x, y).
We write a 2-D vector as an ordered pair of components
(notice the pointy brackets instead of parentheses).
We can visualize a 2-D vector as a line segment with an arrow on one end:
The end of the line segment with the arrow is called the head of the vector. The other end is called the tail.
The head end shows which way the vector is going. Like animals and arrows, vectors travel head first.
The components x and y of the vector are like the Δ x and Δ y we use when discussing slope. To get from the tail to the head of the vector
When visualizing a 2-D vector as a line segment with its tail at the origin,
- the magnitude of the vector is the length of the line segment:
- the direction of the vector is the counterclockwise angle between the positive x-axis and the line segment:
We'll go into more depth about magnitude and direction shortly.
For any point P in the xy-plane, we find a corresponding vector by drawing an arrow with its tail at the origin and its head at P.
For any 2-D vector
We can also say, "there's a one-to-one correspondence between 2-D vectors and points in the xy-plane."
Unless there's a good reason not to, we usually assume a vector has its tail at the origin.


text:
Calvin Klein is pushing its unisex fragrance CK One in a big digital campaign combining a smartphone app, social media, a website, hidden video footage and the chance for members of the public to feature in the campaign.
The digital push is a global effort which launches properly in March but has already started on the ckone.com website.
The campaign is looking to establish CK One not only as a fragrance brand, but as a fashion one too with underwear and denim.
Kevin Carrigan, global creative director of Calvin Klein Jeans and ck told Vogue that "the ck one collection is not about wearing clothes the way you've been told, it's about making them your own".
"We put the pieces in there in all sizes, from XXXL to XS; it's not about the perfect size – it's a play on proportion and androgyny. Girls were wearing jeans that were baggy and far too big, or wearing oversized shirts as dresses, they made the collection their own. It's the personalisation of fashion – and the campaign is really just a reportage of them trying the clothes."
In case you didn't recognise any of those people dancing around they include Lara Stone ( David Walliams' Dutch-born model wife) in her underwear along with Alice Dellal, Bambi Northwood-Blyth, Abbey Lee Kershaw, boxer Robert Evans and R&B singer Cassie among othres, and don the new line's underwear and denim just might make up for it. No Kate Moss this time around.
The smartphone app seems to have some features I've not seen before — you can use the app to scan print and poster ads and, well, watch more ads (or as Calvin Klein phrases it, 'unlocking more content'). It's also rated 17+ for "mature/suggestive themes" – crumbs!
The sassy cast are also going to be part of the digital push – the smartphone app promises information about the models, and they will take part in other interactive parts of the campaign.
There is also another teaser ad which has gone up on Vogue's website.
Calvin Klein has a history of making provocative advertising and doing some imaginative integrated work, but it is being reported that it is Calvin Klein's biggest digital push to date so expect to see a fair bit of activity around this.
The launch of this bid to revive the CKOne brand comes 16 years after this 1995 iconic ad.
It might need to up its Twitter game a bit Calvin Klein has tweeted for four days. Surely something must have happened?


text:
Home » Gifts » Equestrian Jewelry Sale-up to 80% Off! » Turquoise and Brown Beaded Rowel Necklace and Earring Set
Turquoise and Brown Beaded Rowel Necklace and Earring Set
Code: NS1350
Only $29.99
Quantity in Basket: None
Western Fashion Jewelry!
The Turquoise and Brown Rowel Beaded Necklace and Earrings Set is a great set to finish off your outfit for going out on the town or work.
The necklace is embellished with turquoise beads, large brown beads, turquoise stone rowels, silver plated beads and spacers and is complete with a large 2" rowel pendant that is embellished with brown and turquoise crystals and complete with a toggle-style clasp.
The earrings are drop style and are embellished with turquoise and brown beads and they fall below the earlobe when worn.
Measures 18" long.
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Purple We're #1 Temporary Tattoo
We're #1 Temporary Tattoo PurpleFUN736 PUR
In Stock - 1 business day processing+shipping
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News 12 First at Five / Thursday, Dec. 27, 2012
AUGUSTA, Ga. -- Although April 15 may still seem like a long way away, it's not too early to start preparing for the tax season now. And you only have five days left to maximize your 2012 returns.
In a matter of days, your employer will be sending you your W-2, starting the madness of the tax season.
"The IRS starts accepting returns on the 22nd of January so that's when things will really start to pick up," said Matthew Terry with H&R Block.
Terry says taxpayers still have time to maximize their returns If they act before Jan. 1.
"You can make donations to IRS charitable organizations," he said.
This could include organizations like the Salvation Army.
"We rely on donations ... It's the public that has supported us all these years to make sure we are able to do what we do best," said John Sebby with the Salvation Army of Augusta.
Click here to see if a charity is approved by the IRS.
"You can pay off certain bills such as your mortgage student loan or your student tuition," Terry said.
Also consider paying off medical bills or stocking up on medical supplies, which you'll be able to write off.
Another thing to consider ... "If you have stocks that would sell that would result in a loss, you can use those losses to offset capital gains."
Doing all of this can help you gain a little bit more on your return.
Keep in mind: The government will use your numbers for this tax season to calculate your bracket under the new Health Care Reform Act.


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two billion Directory entries - a misleading benchmark
By Jonathan Gershater on Mar 31, 2008
Dave Kearns and Phil Hunt write about a two billion Directory entry benchmark recently published by Oracle. I wish to refute that benchmark as it does not simulate a real-world scenario for the following reasons:
- Entries are read sequentially rather than random. Sequential reads almost guarantee that reads come from (faster) memory rather than (slower) file systems. How often in the real world is an LDAP or relational database read sequentially? Coming from a leading database vendor this scenario is very surprising and not reflective of the real world.
- The changelog is disabled and password policy is ignored.
- Who would implement two billion entries on a single non-replicated server. Everyone knows that replication provides high availability and failover and as a consequence creates an extra load (slower response) from an LDAP (or database) server.


text:
Travel Photos
See the BBQ Posse's picks for the tastiest barbecue in Texas
Photo: Tom Fox/Staff Photographer
Legendary Snow's BBQ pitmaster Tootsie Tomanetz poses for a photo in the pit area.
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text:
Pain Management Health Center
What's Your Pain Tolerance?
What Drives Your Pain Tolerance?
Pain tolerance is influenced by people's emotions, bodies, and lifestyles. Here are several factors that Grabois says can affect pain tolerance:
- Depression and anxiety can make a person more sensitive to pain.
- Athletes can withstand more pain than people who don't exercise.
- People who smoke or are obese report more pain.
Biological factors -- including genetics, injuries such as spinal cord damage, and chronic diseases such as diabetes that cause nerve damage -- also shape how we interpret pain.
Your Sensitive Side
Some surprising biological factors may also play a role in pain tolerance. For example, recent research shows that one side of your body may experience pain differently than the other side.
A study published in the December 2009 issue of Neuroscience Letters showed that right-handed study participants could tolerate more pain in their right hands than in their left hands. This study also showed that women were more sensitive to pain than men; but women and men were equal in their ability tolerate pain intensity.
A dominant hand -- your right hand, if you're right-handed, for example -- may interpret pain more quickly and accurately than the nondominant hand, which may explain why the dominant side can endure longer. Hand dominance may also be linked to the side of your brain that interprets the pain, the researchers note.
Redheads More Sensitive to Pain?
Another surprising factor is that hair color may reflect pain tolerance. In 2009, researchers reported in the Journal of the American Dental Association showed that redheads were more sensitive to pain and may need more anesthesia for dental procedures.
Why redheads in particular? Redheads, the researchers say, tend to have a mutation in a gene called melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), which is what helps make their hair red. MC1R belongs to a group of receptors that include pain receptors in the brain. The researchers suggest that a mutation in this particular gene appears to influence sensitivity to pain.
"We have different receptors for pain in our body, and those receptors respond differently, whether you're taking aspirin or acetaminophen," Stelian Serban, MD, director of acute and chronic inpatient pain service and an assistant professor of anesthesiology at The Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, tells WebMD.


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Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To Establish a New Optional Wireless Connectivity for Colocated Clients
Table of Contents Back to Top
- II. Description of the Proposal
- Wireless Connectivity in Carteret
- Remote Multi-Cast ITCH (MITCH) Wave Ports
- III. Discussion and Commission's Findings
- IV. Conclusion
- Footnotes
January 25, 2013.
On October 10, 2012, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC ("Exchange" or "NASDAQ") filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("Commission"), pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Act") [1] and Rule 19b-4 thereunder, [2] a proposed rule change to establish a new optional wireless connectivity for colocated clients. The proposed rule change was published for comment in the Federal Register on October 29, 2012. [3] The Commission received one comment on the proposal and a response from NASDAQ. [4] On December 12, 2012, the Commission extended the time period in which to either approve NASDAQ's proposal, disapprove NASDAQ's proposal, or institute proceedings to determine whether to approve or disapprove NASDAQ's proposal, to January 25, 2013. [5] This order approves the proposed rule change.
II. Description of the Proposal Back to Top
Under the proposal, NASDAQ would establish fees for new optional means for clients to receive third party market data and NASDAQ TotalView ITCH market data. NASDAQ would offer wireless connectivity for colocated clients in NASDAQ's Carteret data center to receive Direct Edge, BATS, NYSE, and NYSE ARCA multi-cast market data feeds. It also would offer remote multi-cast ITCH Wave Ports for clients colocated at other third party data centers, through which NASDAQ TotalView ITCH market data will be distributed after delivery to those data centers via wireless network. As noted by the Exchange, wireless connectivity involves the beaming of signals through the air between towers that are within sight of one another. Over the last year, wireless technology has been introduced in the financial services industry, according to the Exchange.
Additionally, the proposed rule change would amend NASDAQ Rule 7034 to establish fees for the delivery of third party market data to market center clients via a wireless network using millimeter wave or microwave technology. It also would amend NASDAQ Rule 7015 to establish fees for remote multi-cast ITCH Wave Ports for clients colocated at other third-party data centers, through which NASDAQ TotalView ITCH market data will be distributed after delivery to those data centers via wireless network.
Wireless Connectivity in Carteret
Under the proposed rule change, NASDAQ would utilize a network vendor to supply wireless connectivity from its Carteret data center to the Secaucus Equinix data center (NY4) used by Direct Edge and other exchanges; the Newark data center used by NYSE as a SFTI Network Point of Presence; and the Weehawken Savvis data center (NJ2) used by BATS. The vendor would install, test and maintain the necessary communication equipment for this wireless network between the data centers.
Clients who choose this optional service would have their NASDAQ cross connect handoffs (1G, 10G, or 40G) enabled to receive the chosen raw, multicast market data for Direct Edge, BATS, and/or NYSE. NASDAQ OMX would continue to act as re-distributor of these third party market data feeds, capturing the data at the originating data centers and transporting the data to the Carteret data center. In the Notice, the Exchange represented that it is offering these particular equity feeds because they are the feeds requested by clients. There is limited bandwidth available on the wireless connection, and the Exchange has opted to offer those that are in most demand to start. Additional feeds may be added based on overall client demand and bandwidth availability.
The wireless connectivity would be an optional offering, an alternative to fiber optic network connectivity, and according to the Exchange, would provide lower latency. It would not provide a new market data product, but merely an alternative means of connectivity. The Exchange has represented that NASDAQ's wireless connectivity offering, in conjunction with NASDAQ's equidistant cross connect handoffs (1G, 10G, or 40G), would ensure that all clients colocated within Carteret and electing to use this wireless connectivity offering would receive the chosen market data at the same low latency, equalizing any variances that might otherwise result from differences in the location of client cabinets within the facility.
To obtain wireless connectivity, clients would be charged a $2,500 installation fee (a non-recurring charge) and a monthly recurring charge (MRC) that will vary depending upon the feed. The MRC for the NYSE multi-cast equities data feed, which includes NYSE ArcaBook Highspeed and NYSE OpenBook (Aggregated or Ultra), will be $10,000; the MRC for BATS Multicast PITCH, which includes BZX and BYX, will be $7,500; and the MRC for Direct Edge Depth of Book multi-cast feed, which includes EDGA and EDGX, will be $7,500. According to the Exchange, the rates are higher for the NYSE feeds because the two feeds are larger and take up more bandwidth than the BATS and Direct Edge feeds.
Clients would place orders for the wireless connectivity via the CoLo Console [6] and would be subject to a one-year minimum lock-in period. In the Notice, the Exchange represented that the lock-in feature, which is common practice for colocation offerings, would ensure that the Exchange can recoup the substantial investment required to establish the wireless system. As an incentive to clients, NASDAQ would waive the first month's MRC. Clients would continue to be charged by NYSE, BATS and Direct Edge for the market data received, and NASDAQ would continue to be charged the redistribution fees by the other exchanges, as occurs today. No changes in these charges would occur as a result of this proposed offering.
In the Notice, the Exchange represented that NASDAQ OMX would perform substantial network testing prior to offering the service for a fee to members. After this "beta" testing period, upon initial roll-out of the service, clients would be offered the service for a fee, and on a rolling basis, the Exchange would enable new clients to receive the feed(s) for a minimum of 30 days before incurring any monthly recurring fees. The wireless network would continue to be closely monitored and the client informed of any issues. Similar to receiving market data over fiber optic networks, the wireless network can encounter delays or outages due to equipment issues, as noted by the Exchange in the Notice. As wireless networks may be affected by severe weather events, clients would be expected to have redundant methods to receive this market data and would be asked by the Exchange to attest to having alternate methods or establishing an alternate method in the near future when they order this service from the Exchange.
This new data feed delivery option would be available to all clients of the data center, and is in response to industry demand, as well as to changes in the technology for distributing market data. Clients opting not to pay for the wireless connectivity would still be able to receive market data via fiber optics and standard telecommunications connections, as they do currently, and under the same fees. According to the Exchange, receipt of trade data via wireless technology is completely optional. In addition, clients can choose to receive market data via other third-party vendors (Extranets or Telecommunication vendors) via fiber optic networks or wireless networks. They can receive the wireless service, according to the Exchange, by contracting with a wireless service provider to install the required dishes on towers near the data centers and paying the service provider to maintain the service.
Remote Multi-Cast ITCH (MITCH) Wave Ports
Pursuant to the proposed rule change, NASDAQ also would offer remote multi-cast ITCH Wave Ports for clients colocated at other third-party data centers. NASDAQ TotalView ITCH market data would be delivered to NASDAQ-owned cabinets at those data centers via a wireless network. Clients would have the option of cross-connecting to the MITCH Wave Ports in those data centers to receive the raw NASDAQ multi-cast data feed, TotalView ITCH. An installation charge for the remote port would be, at each of the locations, $2,500 for installation, and $7,500 as a monthly recurring fee. According to the Exchange, this offering, which is entirely optional, would enable delivery of NASDAQ TotalView ITCH to the third-party data centers at the same low latency. [7] Clients opting to pay for the remote MITCH Wave Ports would continue to be fee liable for the applicable market data fees as described in NASDAQ Rule 7026, NASDAQ Rule 7019 and NASDAQ Rule 7023.
In the Notice, the Exchange represented that the proposed fees are based on the cost to NASDAQ of installing and maintaining the wireless connectivity and on the value provided to the customer, which receives low latency delivery of data feeds. According to the Exchange, the costs associated with the wireless connectivity system are incrementally higher than fiber optics-based solutions due to the expense of the wireless equipment, cost of installation, and testing. Furthermore, the Exchange represented that the fees allow NASDAQ to make a profit, and reflect the premium received by the clients in terms of lower latency over the fiber optics option. In the Notice, the Exchange also stated that the fees for colocation services generally, including those proposed for wireless connectivity, are constrained by the robust competition for order flow among exchanges and non-exchange markets, and colocation exists to advance that competition.
III. Discussion and Commission's Findings Back to Top
After careful review, the Commission finds that the proposed rule change is consistent with the requirements of Section 6 of the Act [8] and the rules and regulations thereunder applicable to a national securities exchange. Additionally, in approving this proposed rule change, the Commission has considered the proposed rule's impact on efficiency, competition, and capital formation, as discussed in more detail below. [9] The Commission finds that the proposed rule change is consistent with Section 6(b)(4), [10] which provides for the equitable allocation of reasonable dues, fees and other charges among members, and Section 6(b)(5) of the Act, [11] which requires, among other things, that the Exchange's rules be designed to prevent fraudulent and manipulative acts and practices, to promote just and equitable principles of trade, to foster cooperation and coordination with persons engaged in facilitating transactions in securities, to remove impediments to and perfect the mechanism of a free and open market and a national market system, and, in general, to protect investors and the public interest; and are not designed to permit unfair discrimination between customers, issuers, brokers, or dealers. In addition, the Commission finds that the proposed rule change is consistent with Section 6(b)(8) of the Act, [12] which requires that the rules of the exchange not impose any burden on competition not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of the Act.
The Commission believes that the Exchange's proposal to provide this additional connectivity option is consistent with the requirement of Section 6(b)(5) of the Act. The Commission believes that the proposal is not designed to permit unfair discrimination between customers, issuers, brokers, or dealers because the Exchange makes wireless connectivity available to clients of the data center on an equal basis. The Exchange represented that it will perform substantial network testing prior to offering the service for a fee to members and that after the testing period the network will be closely monitored and maintained by the vendor and clients will be informed of any issues. As wireless networks may be affected by severe weather events, the Exchange notes that clients will be expected to have redundant methods to receive this market data and will be asked to attest to having alternate methods or establishing an alternate method in the near future when they order this service from the Exchange.
The Commission also finds that consistent with Section 6(b)(8) of the Act the proposed rule change does not impose a burden on competition not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of the Act. The Quincy Data Letter argues that NASDAQ's proposal is "an anti-competitive arrangement" because "Nasdaq would be the only wireless provider permitted to install microwave dishes on the rooftop" of its data center. [13] The Quincy Data Letter states that this rooftop access is a "critical ingredient" for an alternative wireless network to be competitive. [14] Ultimately, argues the Quincy Data Letter, by preventing other wireless networks from accessing the roof of the data center, NASDAQ reduces competition with its own wireless network and is able to charge fees for its service that "are not grounded in competition." [15] This arrangement would result in "vertical tying," according to the Quincy Data Letter, as customers desiring the lowest latency for data would have to obtain the service from NASDAQ. [16]
NASDAQ makes a variety of representations in the Notice and in the NASDAQ Letter that respond to the concerns raised by the Quincy Data Letter. The NASDAQ Letter responds by noting that its proposed rule change "does not unduly constrain competition, nor impede a free and open market and national market system." [17] First, NASDAQ notes that it does not have exclusive control of the roof rights at its data center. Verizon, the lessor of the facility, retains rights to the roof that would permit it to approve other vendors to place equipment on the roof of the facility for the provision of wireless network services.
Second, in the Notice, NASDAQ states that it has chosen not to sell roof rights to individual clients as it "would quickly result in a lack of physical space on the data center roof to accommodate all clients fairly and equally." [18] The NASDAQ Letter states further that "practical issues—space constraints and interference between dishes that are placed too closely together—impose limits to the number of networks that can occupy the Carteret rooftop" and that it is "technologically impossible for the rooftop to support equipment from every provider that NASDAQ anticipates would seek rooftop access." [19]
Third, even if NASDAQ were to operate the only wireless network on the data center roof, the Exchange notes that its wiraeless network service would still be subject to competition from (1) other wireless network providers and (2) fiber optic networks. NASDAQ responds that roof access is not a prerequisite for creating a competitive network, noting that a variety of factors are at play in determining the speed of a wireless network. Ultimately, NASDAQ avers that competitive wireless networks can be established on buildings across the street from the data center providing "the same or similar data, at the same or similar speed, at the same or similar cost." [20] The NASDAQ Letter also notes that fiber optic networks are also "effective competitors for wireless data," highlighting that (1) 17 market data vendors currently offer connectivity to NASDAQ, and (2) fiber optic networks may be more attractive to some clients as they are "more resilient than wireless networks, which can be more susceptible to weather affects." [21] For these reasons, the Commission does not believe that the proposed rule change imposes a burden on competition not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of the Act.
The Commission also believes that the proposed fees for wireless connectivity to NASDAQ are consistent with Section 6(b)(4) of the Act. The Commission believes that the proposed fees are reasonable and equitably allocated. All Exchange members that voluntarily select this service option will be charged the same amount for the same services. The Exchange noted that they are based on the Exchange's costs to cover hardware, installation, testing and connection, as well expenses involved in maintaining and managing the enhanced connection. [22] The Commission notes that, according to the Exchange, the proposed fees would allow the Exchange to recoup these costs and make a profit, while providing customers with additional data connectivity options for receiving data from certain third parties and NASDAQ. With respect to the fee differentials for receiving NYSE data feeds versus BATS and Direct Edge data feeds, the Exchange noted that the fees are higher for the NYSE feeds because the two feeds are larger and take up more bandwidth than the BATS and Direct Edge feeds. [23]
The Quincy Data Letter argues that NASDAQ is able to charge fees for the wireless distribution of market data that are "not grounded in competition," suggesting that these fees may not be consistent with the Exchange Act. [24] As described above, NASDAQ has provided a variety of examples of how it believes its wireless network service could be subject to competition. The Exchange also stated that the fees for colocation services generally, including those proposed for wireless connectivity, are constrained by the robust competition for order flow among exchanges and non-exchange markets, and colocation exists to advance that competition. [25] For these reasons, the Commission believes that the proposed fees for wireless connectivity are consistent with Section 6(b)(4) of the Act.
The Commission also believes that the proposed wireless connectivity fees are consistent with Section 6(b)(5) of the Act. All market participants that voluntarily select this service option will be charged the same amount for the same services. Under the proposal, all colocated clients would have the option to select wireless connectivity, and there would be no differentiation among customers with regard to the fees charged for the service.
IV. Conclusion Back to Top
It is therefore ordered, pursuant to Section 19(b)(2) of the Act, [26] that the proposed rule change (SR-NASDAQ-2012-119) be, and it hereby is, approved.
For the Commission, by the Division of Trading and Markets, pursuant to delegated authority. [27]
Kevin M. O'Neill,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2013-02073 Filed 1-30-13; 8:45 am]
Footnotes Back to Top
1. 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1).Back to Context
2. 17 CFR 240.19b-4.Back to Context
3. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 68085 (October 23, 2012), 77 FR 65596 ("Notice").Back to Context
4. See comment from Anthony C.J. Nuland, Attorney at Law, representing Quincy Data LLC, dated January 17, 2013 ("Quincy Data Letter"); see also letter from Jeff Davis, Vice President and Deputy General Counsel, NASDAQ, to Elizabeth M. Murphy, Secretary, Commission, dated January 24, 2013 ("NASDAQ Letter").Back to Context
5. See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 68416 (December 12, 2012), 77 FR 75229 (December 19, 2012).Back to Context
6. The "CoLo Console" is a web-based ordering tool NASDAQ offers to enable members to place colocation orders.Back to Context
7. In the Notice, NASDAQ noted that it cannot preclude minor latency variances in delivery of NASDAQ TotalView in the third-party data centers to individual clients because it does not control the cross-connects in those centers; however, the microwave connectivity would provide the same latency to all MITCH Wave Ports clients and according to the Exchange, offers an improvement in latency over fiber optic network connectivity.Back to Context
9. See 15 U.S.C. 78c(f).Back to Context
10. 15 U.S.C. 78f(b)(4).Back to Context
11. 15 U.S.C. 78f(b)(5).Back to Context
12. 15 U.S.C. 78f(b)(8).Back to Context
13. See Quincy Data Letter, supra note 4, at 2. The Quincy Data Letter also made certain comments outside of the scope of the proposed rule change. Quincy argues that NASDAQ can "control, delay or limit" the vendors that can distribute NASDAQ data through (1) the market data license application process; (2) the co-location application and approval process; (3) the authorized telecom provider and application and approval process; and (4) by controlling the initial dissemination and re-dissemination of NASDAQ data from the trading engine and distribution of other market data within the NASDAQ data center. Id., at 3. The Commission notes, as recognized in the NASDAQ Letter, that these comments are not germane to the proposed rule change, which deals solely with NASDAQ's creation of an alternative means of data transmission. Additionally, the processes the Quincy Data Letter notes here are subject to the relevant standards of the Act.Back to Context
14. See Id., at 2.Back to Context
15. See Id., at 3.Back to Context
16. See Id.Back to Context
17. See NASDAQ Letter, supra note 4, at 2.Back to Context
18. See Notice, supra note 3, at 65597.Back to Context
19. See Id., at 5.Back to Context
20. See Id., at 2.Back to Context
21. See Id., at 4.Back to Context
22. See Notice, supra note 3, at 65599.Back to Context
23. See Id., at 65597.Back to Context
24. See Quincy Data Letter, supra note 4, at 3.Back to Context
25. See Notice, supra note 3, at 65599.Back to Context
26. 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(2).Back to Context
27. 17 CFR 200.30-3(a)(12).Back to Context


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The rise of the image as one of the most vital parts of the social web has been impossible to ignore.
Driven by the rise of picture-led networks such as Pinterest and Instagram; Facebook and Twitter have pulled images to the centre of their platforms – and now images are among the most shared content within social.
Add to this the rise of Snapchat the trend of images as disposable currency – a quite distinct trend that doesn't form part of anyone's social presence – but one that is growing alongside the major platforms with images at its core.
Read more on How images are changing the language of the social web…


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While many environmental trends are gradually improving, the EU needs a more fundamental, systemic re-orientation of its economy if is to meet some of its long-term environmental objectives, the report states. For example, the proposed EU target to cut greenhouse gases by 80-95 % of 1990 levels by 2050 will not be possible by solely relying on incremental efficiency gains.
"Innovation may be the single most important driver to change the inefficient way we currently use resources," EEA Executive Director Hans Bruyninckx said. "Environmental innovation is key to address the challenges of the 21st Century. If we want to 'live well within the ecological limits of the planet' as stated in the 7th Environmental Action Programme, we will need to rely heavily on Europe's inventiveness. This is not just about new inventions – encouraging the uptake and diffusion of new green technologies may be even more important."
Another lever for improving resource efficiency could be to reduce labour taxes such as income tax, instead taxing inefficient resource use and environmental pollution. Such environmental taxes could encourage job creation but are under-used in the EU, equivalent to only 2.4 % of GDP in 2012. There may be multiple benefits - countries with the highest environmental taxes also seem to rank very highly for eco-innovations and competitiveness.
Strong environmental regulation can give the EU a competitive advantage as an early adopter, the report argues. Other regions which want to import products into the EU are gradually adopting European norms such as vehicle emissions standards or chemical controls.
The EU aims to increase the share of manufacturing to 20 % of GDP by 2020, from 15.1 % in 2013. This could be an opportunity to boost environmentally-beneficial innovation in areas such as renewable energy, according to the report authors. However, they warn that such growth must be consistent with EU environmental priorities, otherwise it could have negative consequences including increasing greenhouse gas emissions and wasting valuable resources.
The economic crisis seems to have had an effect on some environmental issues in the EU, including partially reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and some air pollutants. Nonetheless, in most areas Europe seems to be on a similar trajectory as it was before 2008, continuing long term trends; in some other cases the crisis seems to have slowed progress.
Following the 2008 financial and economic crisis there were some expectations that additional public investment could encourage more efficient resource use in Europe. However, indicator trends suggest that these efficiency gains have not occurred.]]>
Our consumption has a significant environmental impact:
The publication also includes many solutions which could 'green' the economy. Better consumer choices, more recycling and even improvements in town planning can help, according to some of the experts interviewed in Signals. Together, these ideas could effectively create a 'circular economy', where waste becomes a resource to be reused.
The publication is illustrated with pictures and cartoons from Waste•smART, a recent EEA competition on the theme of waste. It also includes several fascinating infographics. Over the coming months it will be made available in more than 25 European languages.
Signals will be launched today at Green Week, the annual European Union policy conference. Like Signals, the theme of this year's conference is also transforming the economy. The EEA will take part in many different discussions, on topics ranging from new business models to the way communication can help make a transition towards a green economy. For more details of EEA events at Green Week, see the events pages.]]>
Hans Bruyninckx, EEA Executive Director, said: "This report shows that while we have been successful in agreeing a wide range of policies to protect the environment, implementing these policies remains a challenge. We are making some progress towards the EU aim of creating a green economy, but we need to keep the pressure on up to 2020 and beyond."
The report identifies 63 legally binding targets and 68 non-binding objectives set out in EU policy covering the period 2010–2050. Of the 63 legally-binding targets, 62 have their deadlines in 2020 or before. Most of the current targets and objectives can be seen as interim steps towards a transition to a green economy, because in most cases eradicating the problems will require longer-term efforts beyond 2020.
The 'green economy' is an economic model which aims to increase prosperity by using resources efficiently as well as maintaining the resilience of the natural systems that sustain societies. With its 'Environmental indicator report 2012', the EEA undertook its first analysis of Europe's progress in the transition towards a green economy, using indicators to assess resource efficiency and to address ecosystem resilience. The findings show a mixed performance, although they suggest that Europe has made more progress in improving resource efficiency than preserving ecosystem resilience.
The new overview is useful as a comprehensive basis for reviewing progress in the past, and for considering the prospects for meeting future environmental policy objectives and targets.
Progress towards environmental targets in Europe
'European waters – current status and future challenges' brings together findings from nine other European Environment Agency (EEA) reports published during the course of 2012 and early 2013. The report shows a mixed picture for the status of Europe's water bodies, while the findings are worrying when it comes to ecosystems' ability to deliver essential services.
Strong ecosystems should be maintained, partly because they provide vital services which are often overlooked, the report says. For example, restoring a wetland is not only good for biodiversity but also water filtration, water retention and flood prevention. Although essential, these services are not accounted for in current financial and economic systems.
"Water is finite, and cannot continue to absorb limitless amounts of pollution without damaging the resources and ecosystems we rely on," Jacqueline McGlade, EEA Executive Director, said. "Farmers, planners and companies need to cooperate more, to make sure that the combined pressures on ecosystems do not pass harmful limits."
Solutions to many of Europe's water problems have been analysed in the European Commission's Water Blueprint, published in 2012. The EEA report, launched today at the Blueprint conference in Cyprus, underpins the Blueprint's recommendations and provides a baseline for monitoring progress.
New incentives can help Europe reduce the amount of water that is wasted, according to the EEA report. Suggested measures include reconsidering pricing structures for water use or domestic metering. However, incentives introduced with other policy objectives in mind can also encourage wasteful behaviour, for example some governments subsidise water use or encourage water-intense crops in dry areas.
Farming remains one of the largest pressures on Europe's water resources, so agriculture and the food industry are major actors in significantly improving the situation. In the future, payments to farmers under the Common Agricultural Policy should consider their overall effect on water resources, the report says.
Energy production is another sector with a high impact on water in Europe. Biofuel production can be water intensive, while hydropower plants often divert water used for other sources. Extracting non-conventional oil and gas resources can also lead to water pollution. Careful planning can balance these demands against the needs of ecosystems, the report says.
Overall, river basins need to be further managed with constructive dialogue between the many stakeholders in the area. Public participation and the development of a strong knowledge base are paramount to engage into this dialogue.
The report states that the river basin is the best geographical scale for making accurate 'water accounts'– in effect asset management to balance the incoming and outgoing resources. Upcoming challenges for water resource management can only be met when water managers have the right information at their fingertips.]]>


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A Divided Government Remains, and With It the Prospect of Further Combat
By R. W. APPLE Jr.
Published: November 7, 1996
The paradox of the 1996 elections is this: Dissatisfied with their political leadership, American voters opted for the status quo; weary of bickering, they set the stage for more by prolonging divided government.
There was no ringing mandate for President Clinton and none for the Republican Congressional leadership, although both lived to fight again. ''Fight'' is the operative word. Despite morning-after murmurs of bipartisanship, the next four years are likely to be marked by the turbulence and infighting that characterize not only divided governments but many second Presidential terms.
No one can say for sure whether the electorate, or any significant part of it, planned things this way. There were no hard data on so-called strategic voting, though there was plenty of anecdotal evidence in the form of comments by voters who said the country would be better off with one party controlling the White House, the other Capitol Hill.
But if they welcomed an additional, extraconstitutional check on abuses of power, voters also made clear that they were sick and tired of partisan squabbling.
''If there is a mandate, it is to govern from the middle and to take things slowly,'' said Tom Daschle of South Dakota, the Senate minority leader. ''They want us to work together and cut out the partisanship.''
Easier said than done, given the close division of power. The scandals left over from the first Clinton term present the Republicans a juicy target for more investigations, and they will seek to exact revenge on Democrats who pilloried them, in their view unfairly, as enemies of Medicare.
Signs of political discontent have been everywhere in this campaign year, from the public's unrequited longing for a Presidential run by Gen. Colin L. Powell to the consistent finding of pollsters during the primaries that people wanted more choices. Further evidence came to hand in the failure of political books, the shrinkage of television audiences for debates and, finally, the meager turnout at the polls on Tuesday.
For the first time since 1924, fewer than half the Americans of voting age bothered to cast ballots.
Among those who did vote, signs of uneasiness persisted. In interviews conducted outside polling stations, more than half the voters said they had little faith in President Clinton's honesty, a vivid symptom of poor democratic health. More than half those who backed Mr. Clinton and more than half of those who supported Bob Dole, his Republican rival, said they did so with misgivings.
The longer the campaign went on, the less likely undecided voters were to back the President. Among those who said they made up their minds in the last week, 47 percent turned to Mr. Dole, 17 percent went to Ross Perot of the Reform Party, and only 35 percent wound up in Mr. Clinton's column.
Mr. Clinton was denied not only the majority he had wanted so badly, finishing at 49 percent, but also Democratic control of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Dick Morris, the strategist who devised the President's plan of shifting right to capture ''the vital American center,'' said he detected signs of deep frustration in Mr. Clinton's election-night speech.
Yet win Mr. Clinton did, with six percentage points more of the popular vote, and nine more electoral votes, than in 1992. He conceded to Mr. Dole only a broad band of Plains and Mountain states stretching from the Canadian border to Texas -- states where the Republican's taciturn, hard-bitten campaign style played well -- and most of the old cotton South, and Indiana, an island of Republican red in a sea of Democratic blue covering the whole northeastern quadrant.
Mr. Perot, the most obvious outlet for protest votes, drew fewer than half the votes he drew four years ago, despite a modest surge at the end.
Nor did any tsunami of change develop in the battle for Congress. Speaker Newt Gingrich, the Republican Democrats love to hate, proved unpopular with the electorate as a whole, with 59 percent expressing an unfavorable view of him in exit polls. Asked for their appraisal of the performance of the Congress led by Mr. Gingrich, 52 percent said they disapproved.
Yet millions of Democratic dollars and millions more from organized labor, newly militant, failed to dislodge enough of the Republican freshmen in the House to overturn the Gingrich revolution of 1994.
Only 12 of 70 were defeated, with 3 contests still undecided late yesterday. For every loser, like Frank A. Cremeans of Ohio, there were several survivors, like Jon D. Fox and Phil English of Pennsylvania. Over all, the Democrats gained about eight seats, half what they needed for a majority, although they did very well in California despite Mr. Dole's decision to stump extensively there in the final weeks.
And for all the hubbub about close Senate races with many vulnerable incumbents, exactly one Senator, Larry Pressler of South Dakota, a Republican, lost his seat. Three seats made vacant by the retirement of Democrats, in Alabama, Arkansas and Nebraska, went to the Republicans. Even those limited losses might have been avoided had the incumbents sought re-election, which they decided not to do when President Clinton seemed weaker than he proved.


text: Walker's parking design solutions are a result of over fifty years of research and experience. We strive to provide the most efficient and cost-effective solutions that exceed our Client's expectations. Our clientele include all types and are world-wide. Walker has received hundreds of awards for our design, consulting and restoration services.


text:
Processing commands for firstname.lastname@example.com:
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> # tasksel (2.75) UNRELEASED; urgency=low
> #
> # * Split out
-{kde,gnome}-desktop tasks. Closes: #431173
> # * Add libgl1-mesa-dri to the desktop task. Closes: #481464
> package tasksel tasksel-data
Ignoring bugs not assigned to: tasksel tasksel-data
> tags 431173 + pending
Bug#431173: tasksel: please provide localized tasks for each desktops
There were no tags set.
Tags added: pending
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text:
- Safari Park
Plants: Species
Cedar: Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus atlantica
FAMILY: PINACEAE (Pine Family)
Arranged along the branches in clustered star bursts, the silvery blue needles of the blue atlas cedar Cedrus atlantica 'Glauca' make it a favorite ornamental tree among gardeners. This true cedar is named after its native range in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and Algeria. Its unusual, barrel-shaped cones sit on the tops of the branches, looking like glossy brown decorations.


text:
Pennsylvania's Missed Opportunity
Last year, Pennsylvania Democrats debated whether to move their primary up, perhaps to Super Tuesday on Feb. 5. Now it looks like they should have moved the date two weeks back.
With Sen. Barack Obama narrowly leading Sen. Hillary Clinton in delegates after the Ohio and Texas votes (margins vary this morning, as they usually do, from 86 to 132), Pennsylvania's April 22 primary looms as the biggest race remaining, with 158 delegates at stake.
It could have been even bigger. The Democratic National Committee, seeking to deter states from moving up their primary dates, set up a system of incentives and penalties that decide how state delegates are allocated. The penalties are well known: The national party stripped Michigan and Florida of their delegates for moving their primary dates to January. The incentives, though, were substantial: Any state whose primary was held before April in 2004, and opted to hold this year's primary in April, would gain a 15% bonus on their base delegate total. (It's spelled out on the first two pages of the party's call to the convention.) Move your primary from before May 1 to afterwards, and pick up a 30% bonus. There were also far smaller bonuses of 5% and 10% for states that held primaries in April or after May 1, respectively, regardless of their 2004 primary date.
Pennsylvania was best-positioned to pick up a big bonus at little cost. Its 2004 primary was held on April 27; moving it just four days later would have netted the state a 30% bonus. Instead it settled for April 22, and a 5% bonus. That cost Pennsylvania 33 extra delegates to the convention. That could be close to the Obama-Clinton margin at that time, depending on superdelegate shifts, how yesterday's delegate totals settle, and the outcome of contests in the next week in Wyoming and Mississippi.
Pennsylvania isn't alone; just one state (more on that below) picked up the 15% nor 30% bonus. In fact, while Pennsylvania arguably had the biggest opportunity, it also picked up the second-biggest bonus, of seven delegates. In total, just 54 bonus delegates were awarded for late primaries (they're represented by the + figures in the district-level and at-large columns of this delegate-allocation document). Nearly half, 24, went to North Carolina — and that's a byproduct of 2004 political controversy more than a result of strategic plotting to boost delegate totals. The party scrapped its planned May 4 primary because of legal challenges to the legislature's redistricting plan and shifted to an April caucus; the 2000 primary had been held in early May. Yet that 2004 caucus — which was largely irrelevant because John Kerry had clinched the nomination a month before, and was planned nearly three years before the delegate incentives for 2008 were enacted — nets North Carolina extra delegates numbering more than the entire Wyoming delegation.
In holding its primary this year in May, North Carolina was simply keeping to its statute calling for voting on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in May, Kerra Bolton, spokeswoman for the North Carolina Democratic party, told me. "We just happened to benefit from that," she said — so much so that North Carolina's delegation numbers 12 more than that of Super Tuesday state New Jersey despite having 365,000 fewer residents, according to the 2000 Census.
Other states thought they were trading delegates for relevance. Some Pennsylvania politicians, including Gov. Ed Rendell, wanted to move the primary ahead. "I do not believe that Pennsylvanians should be left out of this [candidate selection] process, so I support advancing Pennsylvania's primary in 2008 to Feb. 5, which will join us with our sister industrial states," Mr. Rendell said in a statement last June. Opponents, who successfully thwarted the idea, cited weather, school-board budgets and logistical headaches. But bonus delegates and the possibility that the race would remain undecided in late April didn't figure as major factors. His state's continued relevance "was blind luck," Mr. Rendell told the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette last month.
Abe Amoros, executive director of the Pennsylvania Democratic party, told me it was up to the legislature to set the primary date. "I have never heard the argument of moving it to May," Mr. Amoros said, adding that he was unaware of the potential for more than 30 extra delegates if the state had moved the primary to May. A spokesman for Gov. Rendell didn't immediately return my call for comment.


text:
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text:
Italian Election Guide
ROME—Italian voters can cast ballots Sunday and until 0900 ET Monday, after which exit polls will provide quick but approximate insight into the probable result of the election.
The center-left coalition led by Democratic Left leader Pier Luigi Bersani was five percentage points ahead of Silvio Berlusconi's center-right coalition according to the average of polls before a blackout on such surveys kicked in two weeks ago, giving it clear front-runner status.
Exit polls in 2006 and 2008 underestimated votes cast for Mr. Berlusconi, but unless Italy's 51 million eligible voters shifted dramatically in recent days, Mr. Bersani should – even with fewer than a third of the ballots cast – win a plurality, meaning his coalition will be awarded a majority of seats in the 630-seat lower legislative chamber.
Aggregated poll averages as of early February pointed to the center-left winning 34.5% of the vote, the center-right 29%, Beppe Grillo's Five-Star Movement 19% and outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti's Civic Choice and centrist allies winning 12%. Smaller groups shared the remaining votes.
However, any government will need also to command a majority in the 315-member Senate, where extra seats are given to winners on a regional rather than national basis. Because both Mssrs. Monti and Grillo are each polling in double digits, the majority prize has turned into more of a loser's penalty as regional losers will each receive fewer seats than in past two-coalition races, according to Roberto D'Alimonti, a leading political scientist at Rome's Luiss University.
For example, Lombardy, Italy's most populous region with around 10 million residents, has 49 Senate seats. The winner of the most votes will take 27 while the other three will split the remaining 22, so whoever loses by just one vote might receive only 10 seats.
The complexity of the regionalized Senate law – dubbed the "Piggy" law as it was an explicitly cynical plan when promulgated in 2006 – means that exit poll data may not provide much insight into the actual results, as some regions are closely fought and some parties risk falling below the minimal threshold for any representation at all.
Polls had singled out four critical swing regions: Lombardy, Veneto, Campania – home to Naples – and Sicily.
If Mr. Bersani wins all 17 regions subject to the special Senate voting law, his coalition will have 178 seats and a commanding upper-house majority. However, if he loses Lombardy, the most populuous region, he will have only 162 seats. If he wins Lombardy but loses Veneto – a near certainty given polling trends – and also loses Sicily – to Mr. Grillo rather than Mr. Berlusconi – the center-left will have 159 Senate seats, a razor-thin majority.
Slim majorities have historically given outsized power to the junior members of Italy's governing coalitions. In the current case, Mr. Bersani might be pressed hard by the Left Ecology Freedom or SEL movement led by Nichi Vendola, who in 1998 was a member of a communist party responsible for the collapse of Romano Prodi's government at the time after losing a confidence vote by a single ballot. A similar outcome, albeit from the center, took down Mr. Prodi in 2008.
Mr. Bersani is widely expected to seek an alliance with Mr. Monti to bolster his grip on the Senate. However, it is far from clear what price the technocrat who has run Italy's emergency government since late 2011, describes himself as a man of the center-right, would demand for his support.
Much will depend on how his newly-formed coalition, comprised mostly of business, academic and even sporting elites with no direct political experience, fares. While setting out for 20% of the vote, it may now sink below half of that. That could trigger infighting among its ranks but surely means less parliamentary representation.
Ironically, Mr. Bersani may have the most to lose if Mr. Monti's foray into electoral politics ends up a flop, as he could lose his logical ally.
The other surprise factor – and on this point the early exit polls should provide a strong clue – is Mr. Grillo. Several proprietary polls conducted during the blackout period suggest he may win as much as a quarter of all votes, making the Five-Star Movement the country's second-largest political outfit.
Mr. Berlusconi, while publicly claiming he expects to win the national vote, has sent oblique messages indicating he might participate in a grand coalition – a solution some politicians see as a way to continue pushing through austerity measures while lawmakers hammer out a new electoral law and then prepare to vote again.
Apart from compromises on policy matters, any coalition – including a simpler one between Mr. Bersani and Mr. Monti – typically requires a distribution of powerful institutional roles. In play are the prime minister's job itself, as well as those of foreign minister, economy minister and president of the Senate.
Until a government is formed and wins a confidence vote in both legislative chambers, Mr. Monti's current cabinet of technical ministers remains in office to handle ordinary administration. However, the newly-elected lawmakers will no matter what elect Italy's next head of state. President Giorgio Napolitano – who appointed Mr. Monti to head the emergency government 15 months ago – has said he is not interested in another term after his seven-year stint comes to an end in the coming weeks.


text:
Tottenham Hotspur Message Board
Spursbabe Joke
clearly she is too young to remember anything significant that spurs last won!!Sort: Newest | Oldest | Most Replied Expand all replies
Berkshire Yid Berkshire Yid Apr 23, 2009 20:43 Flag
so the slayer returns only a matter of time before you was let off the naughty step begining to think he fancies spursbabe with all the threads its ok slayer you can admit it.
Would you like as to ask her out for you? so you can fullfill your secret fantasy of actually bein a spurs fan its ok slayer we will keep it as our little secret oh look mummys calling its dinner time off you run you little scamp you
- 1 Reply to Berkshire Yid
A Yahoo! User Apr 24, 2009 16:10 Flag
rumour has it that slayer/gunneresque/gunnersburygooner....AND spursbabe.....are one and the same poster.........now that is interesting eh?
Roger Mellie Roger Mellie Apr 23, 2009 01:48 Flag
Why dont you fuck off and leave her alone you cowardly cunt. Thats what you are!! A new ID just to abuse is the lowest form of message board trolling. Show yourself fuckface so i can twat you on the nose
- 1 Reply to Roger Mellie
A Yahoo! User Apr 23, 2009 03:47 Flag
so.........what are you actually trying to say roger......come on, open up a bit
Born2Suffer Born2Suffer Apr 23, 2009 01:47 Flag
Maybe, but we've won more than you recently, arsehole!
A Yahoo! User Apr 23, 2009 01:45 Flag
Not too young to remember the last time you muppets won anything!
When was the last time you saw your beloved Gooners play in any Cup Final?


text:
Housing Stuck in the Doldrums
Amid all the furor over the mortgage mess and the suspension (and planned resumption) of foreclosures by several major lenders, the U.S. Commerce Department quietly reported Tuesday that single-family housing starts rose 4.4% in September. That means builders are starting new construction projects at a seasonally adjusted rate of 610,000 new homes nationwide for 2010. permits have been filed to build 610,000 new homes nationwide for 2010.
"Builders are cautiously responding to the small improvement they are seeing in interest among potential home buyers," said National Association of Home Builders chairman Bob Jones, who is also a Michigan homebuilder, in a statement. "However, as consumer demand for new homes rises, a major limiting factor for a housing recovery continues to be builders' inability to access credit for new construction."
The news comes a day after the NAHB announced a 3 point rise in its Homebuilder Confidence Index to 16. Any reading under 50 indicates that most of the homebuilders surveyed had a negative outlook on the future.
Mr. Jones is a good cheerleader for homebuilding, certainly, but his statement isn't really exactly true. Sales of new homes stayed flat last month, with demand hovering around a seasonally-adjusted rate of 288,000 units. Even after factoring in the number of custom-built homes, which made up about 35% of new home starts last quarter, the market is still supply heavy: Builders are starting slightly more homes than consumers are currently hungry to buy.*
Just last month, when the August new home sales figures came out, Mr. Jones of the NAHB described potential buyers as putting off buying a home "due to uncertainty about the economy and job market," and said builders are "frustrated" by the lack of credit available to buyers.
Some analysts seem out to compound the gloomy mood. Michael Wilson of Toronto-based Capital Economics wrote in a note late Monday that the housing market is clearly in a double-dip.
"It is becoming clear that the housing market cannot stand on its own two feet," he wrote. "House prices are likely to fall steadily over the course of the next 12 months, taking them to a new cycle low. Prices may not regain their previous peak for a decade. If the recent foreclosure freezing lingers, it may take even longer."
Another reliably lachrymose analyst, ING's Teonis Brosens, pointed out that the widely-cited NAHB confidence index is still "deeply depressed," despite its slight uptick.
"Homebuilders have reason to remain downbeat. The housing market is grappling with an excess supply of around 2.5 [million] homes. It may take over two years to absorb this excess. All this time, interest in new homes will remain depressed," he wrote. "These numbers show that the housing market remains in the doldrums for now."
Depressed? Doldrums? The housing market seems more and more like a gloomy adolescent every day. Readers: what do you think it will take to snap housing out of it?
Builders are starting slightly more single-family homes than consumers are currently hungry to buy. A previous version of this blog post said that builders were starting twice as many new homes as demanded by the pace of seasonally-adjusted new home sales. That was incorrect. About 35% of new home starts will not reach the market as for-sale homes because they are built by the home's owner.


text:
Navy Deep Sixes All-Caps Messages
Published: Friday, June 28, 2013 at 9:49 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, June 28, 2013 at 9:49 p.m.
See? It is difficult to read, isn't it? And it's a bit over the top. Still, some e-mail users continue to hit the CAPS LOCK key and type away.
NOW HEAR THIS: The Navy has decided to give the ALL CAPS policy a burial at sea. The headlines of messages will still have all letters capitalized, but the body of the message will be upper and lower case.
The announcement was made in April, but it didn't get a lot of attention until mid-June, when an article about it appeared on the front page of The Wall Street Journal.
The tradition of using ALL CAPS came out of necessity, according to historians. Teletypes used in the last half of the 1800s had three rows of keys — all were capitals; there was no "shift" key.
It's also technology that is bringing an end to that tradition.
James McCarty, program manager of the U.S. Fleet Cyber Command, said the change is more than a matter of unlocking the CAPS LOCK key. The Navy is undergoing a communications makeover that will result in savings of $15 million a year.
"The Navy gains significant cost efficiencies by eliminating the current Defense Message System (DMS) infrastructure and simply using the existing email infrastructure for final delivery," McCarty said in a press release. "By utilizing this methodology we will be able to send messages at 10 percent of the cost and size of current systems."
He added: "Lowercase messages are here to stay; they provide a more readable format."
Across the pond in England, the British had a typically proper English view of the American Navy's action.
"The U.S. Navy has made up its mind that not everything is a crisis and some messages are just normal," Michael Clarke, director of the Royal United Services Institute think tank in London, told the BBC.
"It may also raise a generational issue — as many senior officers think that the younger ones don't know how to use capitals anyway, which is to say they either use far too many or not at all. This will introduce a degree of literary criticism into military communication."
The Navy is the first branch of the armed services to do away with all caps. It also appears to be the first domino to fall.
Marine Corps Maj. Shawn Haney, a spokeswoman for Manpower and Reserve Affairs, told the Military Times: "While I don't know if there's been any movement to follow suit, I certainly hope this opens up the possibility. Our current message format, with all caps and a lack of spacing, is the worst form of document design in terms of readability, comprehension and usability. Changes resulting in an easy to read and useful digital document are desperately needed."
It will be well into 2015 before the Navy is fully converted to using lower case letters. But the change only goes so far.
The Wall Street Journal reporter asked about the use of emoticoms — for instance: ;o) — in communications. McCarty, the fleet's messaging manager, said, "Someone could put a smiley face or a heart in there. It may very well happen. But it would be the last thing that person ever does."
[ Lonnie Brown has written the computer column for The Ledger for more than 30 years. He can be reached by email at email@example.com. ]
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


text:
Clarke, Brendan
- Teaching
- HPSC2020 Philosophy of Medicine
- HPSC3028 Advanced Topics in Philosophy of Medicine
- Research
- What is the difference between data and evidence?
UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies is an interdisciplinary centre for the integrated study of science's history, philosophy, sociology, communication and policy, located in the heart of London. Founded in 1921. Award winning for teaching and research, plus for our public engagement programme. Rated as outstanding by students at every level.
At UCL, the academic mission is paramount. Our ambition is to achieve the highest standards in our teaching and research.
Join us for BSc, MSc, and PhD study.
Staff books include:
HPSC2020 Philosophy of Medicine
The page provides information about this module.
The module tutor is Dr Brendan Clarke.
Course description
This module provides students with an overview of the exciting field of philosophy of medicine. Based on case-studies drawn from contemporary medical practice, the module will engage with six conceptual issues of major importance to medicine. In brief, these are the question of discovery (of diseases and treatments), with causation, with modelling, with complexity, with classification, and with evidence-based medicine. The teaching will be a mixture of lectures, giving topic overviews, critical reading of philosophical and medical sources, and seminar activities, intended to allow students to autonomously develop their analytical skills. This module has no pre-requisites.
The course takes place during term 1. See the UCL common timetable for details.
This course will be assessed by one essay (50%) and one unseen exam (50%).
No prerequisites
The course is designed to complement other STS courses, e.g.,
HPSC2003 (Topics in Philosophy of Science) and HPSC3028 (Advanced Topics in Philosophy of
Medicine). Students outside STS are very welcome. Please feel free to contact me (b.clarke [at] ucl.ac.uk) to discuss.
Course materials
The 2011-12 course syllabus is available here [404kb .pdf].
Page last modified on 21 sep 12 17:21 by Brendan Clarke
UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies (STS)
0207 679 1328 office | +44 207 679 1328 international
email@example.com | www.ucl.ac.uk/sts | @stsucl
postal address: Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT | United Kingdom
street address: 22 Gordon Square, London, WC1E 6BT | maps


text:
Kate Ferranti is the Business Operations Manager at The Cleaver Co./The Green Table, a farm-to-table catering company and restaurant focused on regional, seasonal cuisine. She is currently an MBA candidate at NYU Stern School of Business. Kate has taken food systems/policy courses at The New School and through the University of Gastronomic Sciences and spent several months in Italy, living and working on organic farms. Previous to her career in the food movement, she spent a decade working in communications and public relations for labor unions. Kate is a member of the Park Slope Food Coop and loves to spend time at the farmers market, in the kitchen and around the table. She has volunteered with Slow Food for several years and joined the board in 2012.
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com