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AA Anti-Aircraft
AAC Alaskan Air Command. The AAC's responsibilities include surveillance and early warning, air defense, refueling, and rescue. Its principal bases are Eielson AFB, Elmendorf AFB, and Shemya AFB.
AAM Air to Air Missile
AAW Anti-Air Warfare.
AB Airborne
ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile
ABRES Advanced Ballistic Reentry System - penaids program now known as ASMS
Absentee Ratio The relative number of space-based weapons or sensors that are unable to participate in the engagement because they are on the wrong side of the planet.
ACM Advanced Cruise Missile
Acquisition The process of searching for and detecting targets.
Active Discrimination Discrimination of real targets from decoys using active sensors (such as radar or ladar that produce an active signal that is modified when it reaches the target or decoy, with targets producing different changes in the signal than are produced by decoys. For example, some types of decoys will produce a much weaker reflection of a radar beam than is produced by a warhead. (see "Passive Discrimination" and "Active Discrimination").
Active Sensor A sensor such as radar or ladar that emits a signal that is modified when it reaches the target or decoy. (see "Passive Sensor").
ACS Attitude Control System
AD Air Defense
AD Armament Division, Eglin AFB, FL. (Air Force)
ADCOM Air Defense Command
ADI Air Defense Initiative - an air defense companion program to the SDI.
ADOP Advanced Distributed Onboard Processor
AEDC Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold AFS, Tennessee.
AEW Airborne Early Warning
ASD Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH.
AFFTC Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards AFB, CA.
AFGL Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA.
AFLC Air Force Logistics Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.
AFOSR Office of Scientific Research.
AFPRO AF Plant Representative Officer
AFSARC Air Force Systems Acquisition Review Council, the principal Air Force committee assigned to review and approve the development and acquisition of Air Force weapons systems (see DSARC, JRMB).
AFSC Air Force Systems Command, Andrews AFB, outside Washington, D.C.
SCF Air Force Satellite Control Facility, Sunnyvale, CA.
SD Air Force Space Division, Los Angeles, California.
STC Air Force Space Technology Center, Kirtland AFB, NM.
AFWL Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, NM.
AI Artificial Intelligence.
AIDS Active Imaging Discrimination Satellite
Air Breather A weapon delivery system such as a bomber or a cruise missile which flies through the atmosphere, using the oxygen in the air to burn its propellant.
ALCM Air Launched Cruise Missile
Algorithm Rules and procedures for solving problems.
ALMV Air Launched Miniature Vehicle. The homing device for the F-15 launched ASAT which destroys its target by impact.
ALPHA A project developing chemical laser technologies for a space-based laser.
ALPHA Advanced Low-outage, Plug-in Hybrid Array, a Honeywell IR sensor innovation
AMOS ARPA Mid-course Optical Observatory Station, located on Maui Island, HI., makes optical measurements on U.S. ICBMs during midcourse flight.
ANTIGONE A space based laser guided charged particle beam project in which a laser beam, fired ahead of a particle beam, creates an ionized channel and thus prevents the particle beam from scattering.
Anti-simulation An offensive countermeasure in which actual targets are made to resemble decoys. A typical technique would involve placing warheads inside balloon decoys. (see "simulation").
AOA Airborne Optical Adjunct (see AOS).
AOS Airborne Optical System, an airborne missile tracking system mounted on a modified Boeing 767 and using laser and infrared sensors.
AOS Airborne Optical Sensor, another term for AOA/AOS
AOSP Advanced Onboard Signal Processor, a very high speed computer that can be used in space-based radars and communications satellites.
ARC Advanced Research Center, formerly Advanced Technology Center, part of the Army Strategic Defense Command.
Architecture In SDI parlance, the design or theoretical description of the elements of system required for a given level of defense.
ARDEC Army Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Dover, N.J.
ARO Army Research Office.
ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency.
As Chemical symbol for Arsenic, frequently compounded with Gallium for radiation-hardened electrical components.
ASARS Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar System.
ASAT Anti-Satellite weapon. The F-15 launched ASAT currently being developed and tested by the U.S. incorporates many technologies applicable to the SDI.
ASIP All Source Image Processing.
ASM Air to Surface Missile.
ASMS Advanced Strategic Missile System, the U.S. program for the development of missile penetration aids.
ASP Airborne Surveillance Platform, designation for the operational version of AOA/AOS (see).
Astrodome A ballistic missile defense that would intercept essentially all warheads launched by an opponent. (See Damage Denial)
ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare
ATA Advanced Test Accelerator, a DARPA facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for free-electron laser experiments.
ATB Advanced Technology Bomber. The Stealth bomber, an airplane with greatly reduced IR and radar signatures.
ATBM Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile.
ATM Anti-Tactical Missile - generally used to cover defense against both ballistic and cruise missiles.
ATS Accelerator Test Stand - facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory for neutral particle beam experiments.
ATSU Accelerator Test Stand Upgrade
ATP Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing. Preceded by constant sensor surveillance of an area where targets may pass, Acquisition occurs when a target is detected. After detection, a target is Tracked or followed by sensors. Weapons are then Pointed at the target. The ATP program replaced Talon Gold.
ATP-FC Acquisition, Tracking, Pointing, and Fire Control.
Aurora A krypton fluoride ultraviolet laser at the Lawrence Livermore National Lab.
AWAA Attack Warning and Attack Assessment
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
AWS Advanced Warning System, a follow-on to DSP and a predecessor program to BSTS.
BAMBI Ballistic Missile Boost-phase Intercept - A satellite-based NNK boost-phase interceptor studied in the early 1960s.
Battle Management The process of performing computations to direct target selection and fire control, perform kill assessments, provide communications, command and control, and provide information to decision-makers on the status of the engagement.
BEACON Basic Experiment to Advance Confidence.
BIC Braduskill Intercept Concept.
BICPOP BIC Proof of Principle.
BIM Ballistic Intercept Missile - a very long range SAM.
Black-out An effect of a nuclear detonation reduces the effectiveness of radar sensors by producing a high altitude cloud of electrons that reflects that radar beam, preventing the detection or tracking of targets obscured by the electron cloud. (see "red out").
Bleaching An effect of the absorption of X-Rays by the atmosphere. Intense X-rays close to the source of a nuclear detonation can penetrate at a lower altitude than can less intense X-Rays at a greater distance. Thus an XRL at an altitude of (for example) 80 kilometers could attack a target at an altitude of 150 kilometers, while an XRL at an altitude of 150 kilometers could not attack a target at an altitude of 80 kilometers.
BM Battle Management, the process of selecting targets, assigning weapons to attack targets, making kill assessments, and reselecting and retargeting. The term usually includes C3.
BM/C3 Battle Management and Command, Control, and Communications
BMD Ballistic Missile Defense, synonymous with ABM.
BMD Ballistic Missile Defense, ie defense of ballistic missile silos (see point defense).
BMDATC Ballistic Missile Defense Advanced Technology Center, Huntsville, AL. Part of Army Strategic Defense Command.
BMO Ballistic Missiles Office, Norton AFB, CA.
BMDPM BMD Program Manager.
BMDSCOM Ballistic Missile Defense Systems Command, (renamed the Strategic Defense Command) Huntsville, AL.
BMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning System, a series of radars in the Northern latitudes providing early warning of ballistic missile attack.
Boost Phase The first phase of ballistic missile flight during which it is powered by its engines to an altitude of over 200 KM. and lasting 3-5 minutes for an ICBM. At the end of this phase, powered flight ends and the missile's bus releases its RVs, decoys, and other penaids.
Booster The part of the rocket which provides the thrust to lift the payload into space.
Brassboard A research configuration of a system, suitable for field testing, that replicates both the function and configuration of the operational systems with the exception of non-essential aspects such as packaging. A brassboard is more advanced in development than a breadboard.
Breadboard A research configuration of a system, generally not suitable for field testing, that replicates both the function but not the actual configuration of the operational system and has major differences in actual physical layout. A breadboard is less advanced in development that a brassboard.
Break-out The sudden deployment of an extensive BMD system in violation of the ABM Treaty. (see Creep Out).
Brightness Brightness is the measure of the source intensity of, for example, a Directed Energy Weapon.
Brittle A system that is liable to complete collapse when stressed, particularly a defense that will fail catastrophically in the face of easily mounted countermeasures. (see Robust).
BSTS Boost Surveillance and Tracking System, a satellite system using infrared sensors to detect and track ballistic missiles during the boost phase.
Bus See PBV.
C2 Command and Control
C3 Command, Control, and Communication
C3I Command, Control, and Communications / Intelligence
C4 Command, Control, Communications, and Computers
Casaba A hypervelocity particle NDEW concept developed in the 1960.
Cat House Soviet ABM battle management radars.
CBD Commerce Business Daily
CBO Congressional Budget Office
Cd Chemical symbol for Cadmium, an element frequently compounded with Mercury and Tellurium for IR sensors.
CD Civil Defense
CD Concept Definition
Chaff Pieces of metal ejected from a target in order to confuse the attacker's radar.
Chair Heritage A Navy program, initiated in 1974, that studied the possible use of particle beams for ship defense.
Chemical Laser A laser using chemical reactions to produce energy.
CINC Commander in Chief
CIRRIS Cryogenic InfraRed Radiance Instrument for the Shuttle. An IR telescope, carried aboard the shuttle, designed to gather atmospheric data that will help improve the accuracy early warning satellites.
COBRA DANE A phased array radar on Shemya Island, AL., that monitors Soviet missile tests on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
COBRA EYE See OAMP
COBRA JUDY An X-band radar on a US surveillance ship used to gather data on Soviet missiles.
Compulsator Compensated Pulsed Alternator.
CONAD Continental Air Defense
Con Def Concept Definition
CONUS Continental United States
Cottage The name of a test of a nuclear-pumped x-ray laser at the Nevada Test Site devised by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on March 23, 1985.
CPB Charged Particle Beam.
Credible Decoy A decoy that cannot be discriminated from a real target and thus must be intercepted. (see "anti-simulation," "simulation" and "traffic decoy").
Creep-out The gradual development and deployment of an extensive BMD system beyond the limits of ABM Treaty, conducted while professing adherence to the terms of the Treaty. (see Break Out).
CTA Common Technology and Architecture, a former Project within the SDI's Surveillance Program Element supporting the development of various sensors.
CW Continuous Wave
CY Current Year
CY Calendar Year
Damage Denial The ability to prevent the strategic forces of an opponent from inflicting damage on ones own society. (see Astrodome).
Damage Limitation The ability to limit damage caused to ones own society by the strategic forces of an opponent. (see Intermediate Defense)
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
DCA Defense Communications Agency
DCAA Defense Contract Audit Agency
DCCS Distributed Command and Control System.
Decoy An object that resembles a real target. (see "anti-simulation," "credible decoy", "simulation" and "traffic decoy").
Deep Terminal The phase of a reentry vehicle's flight that extends from 30 kilometers altitude to the Earth's surface. (see "Low Endo"). A defense designed to intercept targets in this phase of flight. (see "Point Defense").
Defender The DARPA program of research on advanced BMD concepts; name changed to Strategic Technology in 1971.
DEW Directed Energy Weapon, a weapon using lasers or particle beams. The DEW Program is one of the five technology areas of the SDI.
DEW Distant Early Warning.
DF Deuterium Fluoride, two gases that are used as reactants in infrared chemical lasers (see MIRACL)
DIPS Dynamic Isotope Power Source - a nuclear power source that uses the spontaneous fission of a radioactive element such as plutonium to drive a dynamic power conversion system such as a turbine generator.
Directed Energy
Discrimination The process of differentiating between real targets and decoys or countermeasures.
DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program.
DNA Defense Nuclear Agency.
DoD Department of Defense.
DoE Department of Energy.
Dog House Soviet ABM battle management radars.
DOT Designating Optical Tracker, a pop-up infrared sensor for target acquisition.
DRB Defense Resources Board
DSARC Defense Systems Acquisition Review Council, the principal DoD committee assigned to review and approve the development and acquisition of weapons systems (now replaced by JRMB).
DSP Defense Support Program, a series of early warning satellites (and their associated ground stations) using IR sensors to detect Soviet and Chinese ICBM and SLBM launches. (see SEWS).
DST Defense Suppression Threat.
DSV Defense Suppression Vehicle.
DTL Drift Tube Linac
DTS Defensive Technology Study aka the Fletcher Study.
DTST Defensive Technology Study Team produced the Defensive Technology Study (DTS) and concluded that various new technologies justified renewed investigations on the feasibility of BMD.
ECCM Electronic Counter Countermeasure
ECM Electronic CounterMeasure
EDI European Defense Initiative
ELF Extremely Low Frequency
ELINT Electronic Intelligence
ELV Expendable Launch Vehicle
EM Electromagnetic.
EMG Electromagnetic Gun
EML Electromagnetic Launcher, a weapon able to accelerate projectiles to hypervelocities (25 km/sec., for example), usually refers to either rail guns or coaxial accelerators.
EMP Electromagnetic Pulse, a strong pulse that occurs when a nuclear weapon explodes and that can damage electronic components.
EMRLD Excimer Moderate-power Raman-shifted Laser Device.
Endoatmospheric Within the atmosphere, from the earth's surface to about 100 kilometers altitude. Subcategories are High and Low endoatmospheric altitudes, above 30 kilometers and below 15 kilometers feet, respectively.
Engagement Time The amount of time necessary to negate a target.
EPROM Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory.
ER-HIT Extended Range Homing Intercept Technology.
ERIS Exoatmospheric Reentry Vehicle Interception System, a ground-based, optically guided rocket for midcourse nonnuclear hit-to kill RV interception.
ESD Electronic Systems Division, Hanscom AFB, MA.
ESM Electronic Support Measure
ET Emerging Technology.
EW Electronic Warfare
Excalibur An x-ray laser driven by a nuclear explosion.
Excimer A short-wavelength laser device using Excited Dimers; a noble gas such as Krypton and Fluorine that are excited into reacting by an electric discharge.
Exoatmospheric Outside the atmosphere, in outer space.
FALCON Fission Assisted Laser Concept.
FAR Federal Acquisition Regulation.
Fault Tolerant A system, usually a computer or particularly its software, that continues functioning despite faults in the program, or problems with input data or disruption of the network or system.
Fast Burn Booster A high-acceleration booster that completes its boost-phase while in the atmosphere, where it cannot be attacked by many types of space-based weapons.
FBB Fast Burn Booster
FCRC Federal Contract Research Center (see FFRDC)
FEL Free Electron Laser, a short-wavelength laser which tunes its wavelength by passing its beam through wiggler magnets.
FFRDC Federally Funded Research & Development Center.
Fighting Mirror The space-based mirror that directs a laser beam from a ground based laser onto a target (see mission mirror, GBL, relay mirror).
FLAG Flexible Lightweight Agile Guided, the former SRHIT program.
FLAGE FLAG Experiment.
FLAT TWIN A Soviet missile target tracking radar that is part of the ABM-X-3 system deployed around Moscow.
FLIR Forward Looking Infrared
FLOPS Floating Point Operations per second - a measure of the speed of a computer, particularly when doing tasks such as imaging processing.
Fluence The amount of energy per unit area on a target.
FPA Focal Plane Array.
FSD Full Scale Development
FSED Full Scale Engineering Development
FSSS Future Strategic Strategy Study team, studied the potential role of BMD for the US and its allies.
FS3 Future Strategic Strategy Study.
FY Fiscal Year
G Gravity, an acceleration equal to the acceleration caused by the Earths mass at the surface of the Earth, equivalent to 9.8 meters/sec/sec.
Ga Chemical symbol for Gallium, and element frequently compounded with Arsenic to produce radiation-hardened microelectronics.
GaAs Gallium Arsenide, a material being developed for use in high speed radiation hardened computers.
Galosh A Soviet nuclear-armed exoatmospheric ABM interceptor (see SH-04).
Gamma Ray A form of electromagnetic radiation.
GAO General Accounting Office
Gazelle Soviet SA-X-12 Anti-aircraft and ATBM missile.
GB Ground Based
GBEML Ground Based Electro-Magnetic Launcher
GBHRG Ground-Based Hypervelocity Rail Gun
GBL Ground Based Laser.
GEDI Guided Electromagnetic Defense Interceptor - A system in which projectiles, fired from a hypervelocity launcher, are further propelled and guided by laser ablation.
GEO Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
GEODDS Ground based Electro-Optical Space Surveillance System
Geosynchronous An orbit in which a satellite's speed matches Orbit that of the rotation of the earth and the satellite remains stationary over a single earth location.
GHz Gigahertz - one billion cycles per second
GigaFLOPS Billions of FLOPS.
GPS Global Positioning System - the NAVSTAR navigation satellite and its associated ground support equipment.
GPSS Guided Projectile Seeker/Sensor, the GBSS technologies program will develop guidance technologies for both low-G and high-G KEW projectiles.
Graser Gamma-ray laser.
GREMLIN G-Resistant Electromagnetically Launched Interceptor.
GW Gigawatt, one billion watts.
HALO High Altitude, Large Optics, a former DARPA IR sensor project.
Hardening Measures to make a system more resistant to attack.
HASC House Armed Services Committee
Have Sting An EM gun project.
HCA Head of Contracting Agency.
HEDI High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor, a ground-based NNK interceptor for terminal defense.
HEDS High Endoatmospheric Defense System (see HEDI).
HEL High Energy Laser.
HELSTF HEL Systems Test Facility.
Hen House A Soviet phased array early warning radar.
HF Hydrogen Fluoride
HIAD High Altitude Defense system.
HIBEX High Booster Acceleration - a very high acceleration (greater than 1000 G's) point defense interceptor tested by DARPA in the early 1960's.
HIBREL High-Brightness Relay Experiment, a space-based mirror that will be used with the GB-FEL at White Sands to conduct atmospheric propagation and target destruction tests.
High Endo The phase of a reentry vehicle's flight that extends from 100 to about 30 kilometers altitude. A defense designed to intercept targets in this phase of flight.
HIGPRO High G Projectile
HILAT High Latitude satellite
HIP Hot Isostatically Pressed
HLV See HLLV
HLLV Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle - a space booster that would be able to place in orbit a payload several times greater than the 30 MT payload of the Shuttle.
HOE Homing Overlay Experiment, a series of KEW related experiments demonstrating the feasibility of exoatmospheric RV interception.
Howitzer An X-Ray laser NDEW concept examined in the 1960's.
HPG Homopolar Generator, a generator capable of delivering large amounts of electricity in bursts for projectile propulsion in EM weapons.
HPM High Power Microwave
HVL Hypervelocity Launcher (see EML).
Hypervelocity A speed of more that 5 kilometers per second.
IACRO InterAgency Cost Reimbursable Order, an accounting device for transferring budget funds between Departments of the U.S. Government.
ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, a land-based missile with a range of 5500 or greater kilometers.
IDA Institute for Defense Analysis
IEG Independent Evaluation Group.
IL Imaging Laser, an optical sensor that uses a laser beam as a radar uses microwaves.
Imaging The process of identification of an object by obtaining an image of it.
INF Intermediate Nuclear Forces
IOC Initial Operational Capability
Interactive Discrimination of real targets from decoys by Discrimination using sensors(such as a neutral particle beam generator of an X-Ray Laser) that interact with a target or decoy, with targets changing in a fashion that is observably different from the changes in the decoy. For example, a neutral particle beam will penetrate through several centimeters of aluminum before it interacts with aluminum atoms to produce secondary radiation. The NPB will thus produce observable secondary radiation when it strikes a warhead which is much thicker than this depth, but it will pass through the very thin skin of a balloon decoy without interacting and producing observable secondary radiation. (see "Passive Discrimination" and "Active Discrimination").
Interception The act of destroying a target.
Intermediate A ballistic missile defense that would
Defense intercept many but not all of the warheads launched by an opponent. (See Damage Limitation)
IR Infrared, an infrared sensor detects thermal radiation.
IR Imaging Radar
IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile, a land-based missile with a range less than 5500 KM but greater than a short or medium range ballistic missile.
IR&D Independent Research and Development
IRST Infrared Sensor Technology
IRST Infrared Search and Track
ISAR Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar, a radar is which the motion of the target provides the interval over which the effective aperture of the radar is synthesized, in contrast to a SAR, in which this interval is provided by the motion of the radar (see SAR).
IST Innovative Science and Technology, the IST office within the SDIO manages contracting activity primarily with small businesses and universities.
ITD Integration Test and Demonstration.
JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joule A unit of energy
JRMB Joint Requirements and Management Board, replaced DSARC (see).
JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance Systems
KAO Kuiper Airborne Observatory, a NASA Lockheed C141 Starlifter equipped with an infrared telescope.
KEW Kinetic Energy Weapon, weapons using projectiles or other objects. The KEW Program is one of the five technology areas of the SDI.
Kinetic Energy The energy from the momentum of an object.
Kinetic Energy A weapon that uses a non-explosive projectile Weapon moving at very high speed to destroy a target on impact.
KITE Kuiper Infrared Technology.
KJ KiloJoule
KKV Kinetic Kill Vehicle.
KMR Kwajalein Missile Range a missile test range in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific operated by the Army's Strategic Defense Command.
LADAR Laser Detecting and Ranging, a laser radar. (see IL and LADAR).
LAMP LODE Advanced Mirror Program.
LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory
LASER Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation, a laser creates an intense, in phase and single-wavelength beam of light.
LASL Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Late Mid-course That Portion of the mid-course phase that is within the reach of ground-based interceptors.
Layered Defense A defense that
Leakage Leakage occurs when attacking warheads survive defensive efforts.
LEDI Low Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor.
LEO Low Earth Orbit - generally with an altitude of less than 2000 kilometers.
Lethality Refers to the amount of effort required to negate a target.
LGP Laser Guided Projectile.
LIDAR Light Detecting and Ranging, a laser radar. (see IL and LADAR).
LINAC Linear Accelerator.
LIPS Logical Inferences Per Second - a measure of the speed at which a computer executes an artificial intelligence program.
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LoADS Low Altitude Defense System, a program, now canceled, for terminal defense of the MX missile.
Low Endo The phase of a reentry vehicle's flight that extends from 30 kilometers altitude to the Earth's surface. (see "Deep Terminal"). A defense designed to intercept targets in this phase of flight.
LODE Large Optics Demonstration Experiment, developing space-based mirrors for laser beam steering and control.
LODTM Large Optics Diamond Turning Machine
LORAINE Long Range Intercept Experiment. Formerly BIM, Ballistic Intercept Missile.
LPAR Large Phased Array Radar
LRINF Long-Range Intermediate Nuclear Forces.
LSI Large Scale Integration
LTH Lethality and Target Hardening, a Project within the SDI to determine damaging effects of various weapons and the vulnerability of a variety of targets.
LWIR Long-Wavelength Infrared
MARV Maneuvering Reentry Vehicle
MCC Military Coordinating Committee
MCM Multicolor Module, an IR sensor program in support of SSTS and BSTS.
MCT Mercury Cadmium Telluride - an IR sensor detector material
MEECN Minimum Essential Emergency Communication Network.
Megaline See MLOC
MLOC Millions of Lines of Code - 1,000,000 lines of computer software.
MEGO My Eyes Glaze Over - an expression frequently uttered when attempting to learn and remember all of the acronyms related to the SDI.
MegaFLOPS Millions of FLOPS
MGP Miniature Guided Projectile
MHV Miniature Homing Vehicle. The MHV, about one foot in diameter and one foot long, guides the U.S. F-15 launched ASAT weapon and carries a small warhead.
MIDAS Missile Defense Alarm System, an early program to place IR sensors on satellites to detect Soviet missile launches, since replaced by DSP (see).
Mid-course Phase The phase after a ballistic missile has released its RVs, decoys, and other penaids (changing from a single object to a swarm) and those objects travel through space. (see late midcourse).
MIPR Military Interdepartmental Procurement Request, an accounting device for transferring budget funds between Services and Agencies within the Defense Department.
MIPS Millions of Instructions per Second - a measure of the speed of a computer.
MIRACL Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser, a DF laser initially developed by the navy which destroyed a Titan booster that was fixed on nearby ground on September 6, 1985.
MIRV Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicle.
Mission Mirror The space-based mirror that directs a laser beam from a ground based laser onto a target (see fighting mirror, GBL, relay mirror).
Misty Rain A Defense Nuclear Agency project assessing the impact of nuclear explosions and radiation on satellites.
MKV Miniature Kill Vehicle, a guided projectile for KEWs.
MMW Millimeter Wave, a radio or radar operating with a wavelength 1 to 10 millimeters and a frequency of between 30 and 300 GHz.
MMW Multimegawatt.
MOU Memorandum of Understanding.
MSR Missile Site Radar, a shorter range radar that would provide target track and missile guidance functions for the Spartan and Sprint interceptor missiles of the Sentinel and Safeguard ABM systems.
MT Megaton
MT Metric Ton
MWIR Mid-Wavelength Infrared
NADS North American Defense System.
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
NASP National Aerospace Plane, Also named the Orient Express (see) and the Transatmospheric Vehicle (TAV).
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
NCA National Command Authority
NCC Non-Cancelable Commitments
NDEW Nuclear-driven Directed Energy Weapon, an example is the Excalibur x-ray laser.
Near Real Time Refers to battle management systems that monitor and respond to events with only a slight delay from the time that they actually occur (see "Real Time").
Neutral Particle An energetic beam of atoms that do not have an electric charge.
Nike-X A two layer late-midcourse and terminal. A terminal ABM defense system using the nuclear-armed Spartan and Sprint missiles, studied and partially tested in the mid-1960s.
Nike-Zeus A single layer late-midcourse and terminal ABM defense system using the nuclear-armed Zeus missile, studied and tested in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
NNK Nonnuclear Kill.
Non-Nuclear Kill The destruction of a target that does not involve a nuclear detonation.
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
NORAD North American Air Defense.
NPB Neutral Particle Beam.
NSA National Security Agency.
NSDD National Security Decision Directive - a basic policy document signed by the President.
NSSD National Security Study Directive - a document signed by the President calling for a policy study that may lead to a NSDD.
NTB National Test-Bed
NTF National Test Facility
NTM National Technical Means of verification
Nuclear DEW See NDEW
OAMP Optical Aircraft Measurement Program, a converted C-135 that carries IR sensors to collect signature data on Soviet RVs as they are tested on the Kamchatka peninsula (see COBRA EYE).
OASD/EA Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, External Affairs.
OASD/ISP Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, International Security Policy.
OD Optical Discrimination.
OJCS Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Orient Express A popular name for an airplane that is supposed to travel at very high speeds just within the atmosphere, able to go from New York to Tokyo in 2-3 hours. Also named the National Aerospace Plane and the Transatmospheric Vehicle (TAV).
OTH Over-the-Horizon
OTH-B Over-the-Horizon Backscatter - a type of radar that is able to see targets that are over the horizon by bouncing radar pulses off the ionosphere.
PAR Phased Array Radar, a type of radar that can electronically point its beam (rather than moving a dish) and simultaneously track many targets.
PAR Perimeter Acquisition Radar, a phased array radar system that performed the initial target track and discrimination function in the Safeguard ABM system.
PARCS Perimeter Acquisition Radar Characterization System, a phased array radar system in North Dakota originally installed as part of the Safeguard ABM system.
Particle Beam A weapon that relies on the technology of particle accelerators.
Passive Discrimination of real targets from decoys by Discrimination using passive sensors (such as IR detectors) that can detect differences between targets and decoy. For example, during mid-course, light balloon decoys will cool off much more rapidly that heavy warheads, and this temperature difference can be detected unless the offense takes countermeasures such as placing small heaters in the empty balloons. (see "Interactive Discrimination" and "Active Discrimination").
Passive Sensor A sensor that only picks up energy emitted from a source. An active sensor sends out energy and reads what returns. A heat sensor is passive, a radar is active.
PATHS Precursor Above The Horizon System, an IR sensor program in support of SSTS and BSTS.
PAVE PAWS Phased Array Warning System - Radars on the East and West coats of the U.S. providing SLBM attack early warning.
PAWN SHOP A Soviet missile guidance radar that is part of the ABM-X-3 system deployed around Moscow.
PBV Post-boost Vehicle, PBV sits atop a ballistic missile and carries and releases the Rvs and decoys.
PCM Pyrotechnic Countermeasures.
PDM Program Decision Memorandum
PE Program Element, work for the SDI (and all DoD efforts) is grouped into Program Elements. The six PEs that directly support the SDI are PE63220C, Surveillance; PE63221C, Directed Energy Weapons; PE63222C, Kinetic Energy Weapons; PE63223C, Systems Architecure and BM/C3; PE63224C, Support Projects; and PE63225C, SDIO Management HQ. PEs are further broken into Projects and Tasks.
Pechora The class name for a new series of Soviet LPARs including the Krasnoyarsk radar.
Penaids Penetration Aids, consist of decoys such as balloons, chaff, and other devices or objects carried on ballistic missiles to confuse ABM defenses and improve the chances of reaching target.
PIIN Procurement Instrument Identification Number, otherwise known as a contract number.
Point Defense A deep terminal defense of hardened military targets using short range interceptor missiles to intercept targets in the low-endo atmospheric phase of flight. Should not be confused with terminal defense, which can also include the defense of soft urban targets. (antonym is area defense).
Pointing & Tracking See ATP.
POM Program Objective Memorandum.
POP Proof of Principle.
Pop-up A mode of deployment for a weapon or sensor system that is based on the ground or on ships at sea and is launched or popped-up into space where it operates when needed. Frequently used in reference to the Excalibur X-ray laser that would be launched from submarines.
Post-Boost Phase The phase after the boost-phase during which a ballistic missile has released its RVs, decoys, and other penaids (changing from a single object to a swarm) and those objects travel through space.
PPBS Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System.
Pre-Boost Phase Intercepting missiles before they are launched, ie a preemptive counterforce attack.
Pushkino A very large LPAR in Moscow that is part of the ABM-X-3 anti-missile system.
QUEEN MATCH A program for surveillance of Soviet missiles using IR sensors launched by sounding rockets using hardware originally developed in the DOT program.
Radar Radio Detection and Ranging, a radar sends out microwaves and uses their reflections to detect and track objects.
RADC The Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss AFB, NY.
Rail Gun An electromagnetic launcher firing high-speed projectiles propelled by an electric current in two parallel rails.
RD Radar Discrimination.
R&D Research and Development.
RDT&E Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation.
Real Time Refers to battle management systems that monitor and respond to events as they occur (see "Near-real Time").
Red-out An effect of a nuclear detonation that reduces the effectiveness of IR sensors by greatly increasing the temperature of the background against which targets must be detected. (see "black out").
Relay Mirror The space-based mirror that directs a laser beam from a ground based laser to a mission mirror (see mission mirror, fighting mirror, GBL).
Responsive Threat A threat (enemy weapons system) which has been altered to increase survivability in response to weapons built to defeat that threat.
RFL Radio Frequency LINAC.
RFP Radio
RFP Request for Proposal. RFPs describe required work and standards and are issued when a contracting activity solicits bids from contractors.
RFQ Radio Frequency Quadrapole
Robust A system that will not collapse when stressed, particularly a defense that will continue to function even in the face quite effective countermeasures. ( see Brittle)
RPL Rocket Propulsion Lab, Edwards AFB, California.
RTG Radio-isotope Thermionic Generator - a nuclear power source that uses the heat from the spontaneous fission of a radio-active element such as plutonium to produce electric power.
RV Reentry Vehicle, that part of a ballistic missile that reenters the atmosphere and carries the nuclear warhead to its target.
SA Systems Architecture.
SA/BM Systems Architecture/Battle Management
Safeguard An ABM defense system using nuclear-armed Spartan and Sprint missiles. Deployed for ICBM defense at Grand Forks, ND in the late 1960s and early 1970s, it has since been deactivated.
SAGE Semi-automatic Ground Environment, a computer system designed in the 1950s to link missiles and aircraft with information from warning radars.
Sagittar A feasibility experiment for space-based hypervelocity guns and for exoatmospheric projectile guidance and control.
SAL Strategic Arms Limitation
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Salvage Fusing An technique whereby a nuclear warhead is fuzed to detonate if it is intercepted. This could be done by a fuse that would detonate the weapon on sensing the impact of a kinetic kill vehicle. Since the warhead could detonate before it was destroyed, this technique would be effective against kinetic energy weapons. The detonation could disrupt the defense's sensors. But the near-instantaneous effects of directed energy weapons such as particle beams would render a salvage fuse ineffective.
SAM Surface-to-Air Missile, a surface-launched missile for use against aircraft.
SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar.
SASC Senate Armed Services Committee.
SATCOM Satellite Communication.
SATKA Surveillance, Acquisition, Tracking, and Kill Assessment. The SATKA Program is one of the five technology areas of the SDI. For surveillance, acquisition and tracking, see ATP. Kill assessment determines whether a target has been negated and is important in preventing resources from being expended on redundant target negation.
SB Space-based
SBHRG Space-based Hypervelocity Railgun.
SB-HVL Space-based Hypervelocity Launcher
SBID Space-based Imaging Discrimination
SBIR Small Business Innovative Research, a program designed to give small business's contracts to do pioneering research.
SB-KKV Space-based Kinetic Kill Vehicle
SBL Space-Based Laser.
SBNPB Space-Based Neutral Particle Beam
SBPB Space-Based Particle Beam
SBSS Space-Based Surveillance System, now SSTS
SCF Satellite Control Facility
SCI Strategic Computing Initiative.
SCP Strategic Computing Program
Scramjet Supersonic Combustion Ramjet
SDA 2000 Strategic Defense Architecture - A program to develop a coordinated system of strategic defenses, including SDI, ADI CD and ASW.
SDC Strategic Defense Command (Army), Huntsville, AL.
SDI The Strategic Defense Initiative. Announced by President Reagan in a March 1983 speech, this program is designed to demonstrate the feasibility of defending the U.S. and its allies against nuclear missiles. The SDI is also known as "Star Wars."
SDII SDI Institute
SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, an organization created within the DoD to manage the SDIO. Many SDI applicable programs started before the inception of the SDIO have been incorporated within the SDIO.
SDIP SDI Program
SDS Satellite Defense System.
SDV See SDLV
SDLV Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle
SEER Sensor Experimental Evaluation and Review, an IR sensor program using extrinsic silicon in support of SSTS and BSTS.
Sentinel Reconfigured as the Safeguard system in the late 1960s, Sentinel was originally justified as a light defense against Chinese nuclear attack.
Sentry A follow-up to LoADS, this system using nuclear-armed interceptors for low-altitude defense of ICBMs was studied in the late 1970s and early 1980s. With the SDI, it was reformulated and is now the Terminal Defense Program.
SETA Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance
SETAC Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance Contractor
SEWS Satellite Early Warning Systems - another name for DSP.
SGEMP System Generated Electromagnetic Pulse
SICBM Small Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, aka. `Midgetman.'
SIG Senior Inter-agency Group, a cabinet or subcabinet level inter-departmental coordinating group.
SIG-DP Senior Interagency Group / Defense Policy.
SIG-SPACE Senior Interagency Group / Space.
Signature Observable characteristics of a target, such as its temperature.
Simulation An offensive countermeasure in which decoys are made to resemble real targets. A typical technique would involve making balloon decoys that would have signatures that are similar to real warheads. (see "anti-simulation").
Skywalker An air-based KEW or DEW concept for SLBM boost-phase intercept.
SLBM Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile.
SLCM Sea-Launched Cruise Missile.
SLCSAT Strategic Laser Communication Satellite.
SLKT Survivability, Lethality, and Key Technologies Program, one of the five technology areas of the SDI.
SOTA State of the Art.
SP-100 A joint SDI/NASA/DOE task to develop a 100 kilowatt class (actually 300 kW) nuclear reactor to generate power for space systems. This task will develop technologies leading to more powerful reactors.
SPADATS Space
SPIRE Space Infrared Experiment.
SR-HIT Small Radar Homing Intercept Technology.
SSTO Single Stage to Orbit - a launch vehicle that can place a payload in orbit without having to use multiple stages, unlike current launch vehicles which have several stages.
STS Space Transportation System, the Space Shuttle and its associated support infrastructure.
SSTS Space Surveillance and Tracking System, a midcourse sensor system.
STA Science & Technology Agent
STA Significant Technical Achievement
STAR Significant Technical Achievement/Advances in Research
Star Wars Another name for the SDI.
START Strategic Arms Reduction Talks.
STS Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle)
Surveillance Includes tactical, strategic, and meteorological assessments by any type of information gathering system.
Survivability The degree to which a system can withstand attack whether through hardening, deception, and/or fighting back.
SWIR Short Wavelength InfraRed
SWL Short Wavelength Laser.
Talon Gold A space-based acquisition, pointing, and tracking and pointing experiment. The Talon Gold program has been replaced by the ATP program, part of the DARPA Triad.
TASP Technology for Advanced Space Power, a project to develop space nuclear power.
TAV Transatmospheric Vehicle, see Orient Express.
TBM Tactical Ballistic Missile
TBM Theater Ballistic Missile
TDI Tactical Defense Initiative
Teal Ruby A DARPA project to validate the technology base for space-based IR atmospheric surveillance systems that could track bombers and cruise missiles.
TEMS Technical Engineering Management Support
TeraFLOPS Trillions of FLOPS
Terminal Defense Defense that intercepts targets after they have reentered the atmosphere. May be either an area defense of urban targets or a point defense of hardened military targets.
Terminal Phase The phase when RVs reenter the atmosphere at an altitude of around 100 km. Reentry lasts 30-100 seconds. (synonym is "Endo-atmospheric," also see "deep terminal").
Thermionic A nuclear energy conversion process that converts the heat produced by a reactor or RTG directly into electricity without the need for other conversion equipment such as turbines.
THOR Thermionic Operational Reactor - a contractor for a multi-megawatt thermionic reactor.
TIE Technology Integration Experiment.
TIR Terminal Imaging Radar, in concept, a ground-based, high power, wide bandwidth, phased array radar for terminal defense.
TOC Task Ordering Contract
Traffic Decoy A decoy that can be discriminated from a real target, but that is deployed in such numbers that it degrades or overwhelms the sensor or battle management system. (see "anti-simulation," "simulation" and "credible decoy").
Transition The period following the initial introduction of defenses but prior to the time that the defenses achieve their full intended capability; the period between IOC and FOC. (see Tricky).
Triad The Triad consists of three DARPA projects, ALPHA, LODE, and Talon Gold, designed to demonstrate the feasibility of using laser weapons in space.
Tricky Catch phrase for the difficulties of the transition (see).
Try Add Soviet ABM engagement radars.
TTI Terminal Technology Integration.
TVE Technology Verification Experiment
UHF Ultrahigh Frequency
ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration
USDRE Under
UV Ultraviolet
VHSIC Very High Speed Integrated Circuit.
VLSI Very Large Scale Integration.
Vulnerability Refers to the degree to which a system can be successfully attacked.
White Horse A neutral particle beam technology program.
Window A range of wavelengths and frequencies at which the atmosphere is transparent to radiation, such as radar waves and ultraviolet light.
WPD Work Package Directive
WSMR White Sands Missile Range, NM.
X-Ray A form of electromagnetic radiation.
XRL X-Ray Laser.
Implemented by Christina Lindborg, 1997 Scoville Fellow
Maintained by Webmaster
Updated Sunday, March 09, 1997


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Let's say you know which work area, or process, needs improvement. You may even have concrete data about how that area performs (effectively or not). Before you can improve the work area, you'll need a solid understanding of what works and what really needs improvement. Now is the time to visually represent your findings, so that you can profoundly understand the "current state" (also known as "As Is") of your process and discover its true potential.
Process maps are much more than simple boxes and lines that document a how work flows. They are a potent set of tools that, when used properly, can unlock urgent opportunities to:
In this article you'll learn a set of prevailing process mapping methods to visually represent and analyze how work happens. You'll gain insight into the key process dimensions that will add depth and meaning to your maps. Finally, you'll learn an approach for choosing the right tool for your objectives and your target audience.
When you've mapped the process, you will have more than artwork for your cubicle wall; you'll have a visual story of your process, with formidable solutions in the palm of your hand. You'll be ready to launch that crucial process improvement project.
What does that mean, "mapping a process?" I am asked that every time I go to a party and explain that I teach courses on how to map processes. It means drawing out how work gets done. In the olden days, it used to be called "flowcharting." But this term was routinely used with computers for software development. When flowcharting organizational work, a broader set of tools, appropriate for business workflow, can illuminate the multiple dimensions of process performance. This tool kit comprises process mapping.
The power of process mapping is this. When you visually represent how work happens, then you can see how to improve it. Often these improvements will jump right out the page at you. And since most of us are visual learners, visual representation is a familiar way of communicating – so you gain influential buy-in to your change project. And who wants to improve buy in? Just about everyone!
Successful process mapping starts with choosing the right tool from your multi-faceted tool kit. As the saying goes, "If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail." This applies in process mapping. If you always use the block diagram to show how work flows, you might bemissing an opportunity to illuminate the other aspects (who, where, why) of process performance you are not capturing.
Each tool has it's strengths and weaknesses; similar to photography. If you want to capture the majesty of the Rocky Mountains in a photo, for example, you might use a wide-angle lens. Yet a macro lens can also be used to capture a small Columbine flower at the top of the Maroon Bells Pass. Both lenses demonstrate the depth and breadth of the Rocky Mountains but using a different approach. Let's look at each of the tools and what each one can offer.
Did you know your tool kit is already quite substantial? There are many ways to illustrate how a process works. Each technique emphasizes certain aspects of a process and only by taking a crack at each tool will you find the tools that capture your process usefully.
Here's how you can illustrate your process:
The System Maps are very useful when evaluating the systemic interplay between processes.
The Informal System Map (Described in Article 1 of this series) provides pointers to areas that cause issues and provides useful boundary analysis. Its powerful root cause analysis and visual links guide your process improvement efforts and create buy-in with the organization in a matter of hours.
The Formal System Map presents a big picture that identifies the process and the stakeholders' requirements. It provides an early indication of operational gaps and assists in prioritizing them. The Formal System Map clarifies which suppliers furnish which inputs to your process and describes at a high level the activities in your process. Then you can evaluate how productively the outputs of the process fill your customer needs. (This is often called the SIPOC model, for Supplier-Input-Process-Output-Customer.) When prepared in conjunction with a detailed formal gap analysis, the concrete data makes a compelling case for broad change. It demands you consider why this process occurs.
The Top Down chart provides an excellent starting place. Start by describing the three to five main activities that occur in your process. These are your "macro" steps. Now describe the "micro" or detailed steps that make up each of those macro steps. This tool is great fororientation to a process. Use it to give a thorough description of what is getting done in the process.
The Block Diagram is a very flexible tool. It is so flexible that unlimited variations exist. The commonly used formats include the Logic Flow, the Responsibility Matrix and the Cycle vs. Process Time charts.
The Logic Flow (Left To Right) presents the flow of work in the same manner as we in western society read, that is, left to right. This natural representation eases understanding. Your placement of key decision points makes the chart valuable. The decision diamonds and arrows guide the reader toward what activities follow if the decision is "yes" or "no."
The Responsibility Matrix clarifies who is in charge of or on duty for each activity. Project Managers often use this tool to communicate roles and responsibilities explicitly. In this matrix, the columns represent the activities and the rows represent the functions or persons. In the cell that connects the activity and the function, use a symbol such as a solid dot (fully responsible) or a circle (involved). Project Managers use the letters R, A, C, or I in that connection. These represent responsible, accountable, consulted or informed.
The Cycle vs. Process chart points out the difference between "clock time" and "touch time" for activities in your process. This chart combines the flow of activities left to right with timing information for each activity. This enlightening chart directs you to the area where delays are severe. This simple yet substantial tool supports a compelling impact for change.
The Flow Process chart, also called an Activity chart, provides detailed task-level information. After listing the steps down the page, the chart provides an area for you to value each step. Specifically, it looks at value-added operational steps and illuminates potential non-value-added transportation, inspection, delay, rework, or storage. This perspective provides depth to the steps and challenges how they contribute to the overall process; whether the step is necessary or not. In conjunction with the Cycle vs. Process chart, it reveals why elapsed time and transformation time differ and it facilitates activity based costing.
The Work Flow diagram illustrates movement of information, goods or people. The tool imparts the spatial relationships. Whenever a bottleneck in the flow, this tool offers insight to where a bottleneck occurs. This is useful for warehouse layout, data entry screen design or even seating arrangements for organizations.
The Swim Lane chart, also called a Deployment chart, tells a robust story about who does what and when. By listing the functional participants along the left side, it clarifies what each function does and their interactions. It demonstrates when hand-offs occur and shows relative timing. This chart provides a big-picture perspective and cross-functional teams appreciate understanding how they intermingle.
The State Change chart allows for blue-sky brainstorming. By capturing "what state" information of each step, the participants in its development depart from focusing on "how" and turn to the customer's needs. Strategic in nature, it simplifies whether activities really need to happen, regardless of the current method of doing the work.
Each tool is better or worse at illustrating parts of your process and highlighting gaps you have found in your process analysis. The matrix below summarizes the main objective of each tool and their main advantages and disadvantages:
|System Map - Informal
|Root cause and boundary analysis
|Easy to understand, creates buy in
|Lack of concrete data
|System Map-Formal
|Big picture (SIPOC)
|Clarifies gap priorities, creates compelling case
|Requires "systems" view
|Top Down
|Macro, orientation
|Easy to create and follow
|Does not show who or when
|Block Diagram – Logic Flow (Left To Right)
|Flow of work (left to right) and key decision points
|Easy to understand
|Details can be overwhelming
|Block Diagram – Responsibility Matrix
|Clarify who is concerned
|Defines ownership of activities
|Does not show how-to details
|Block Diagram – Cycle Vs. Process
|Compare clock time to transformation time
|High level, illustrates potential areas for improvement by eliminating delays
|Little how-to, no who or when
|Flow Process
|Detailed activity analysis
|Micro analysis and valuation
|No who or decisions
|Work Flow Diagram
|Flow of information, people, or data
|Visual representation of bottlenecks
|No who, what, or when details about actual tasks
|Swim Lane, Or Deployment Chart
|Who does what when
|Broad overview, solid contextual information
|Little how-to, can be busy
|State Change Chart
|Brainstorming of what needs to happen, not how
|Strategic perspective of transformation
|No how-to, no who or when
At the start, just pick one of the tool styles. The Informal System Map or the Top Down chart is a great place to begin. Both tools grant a sense of how the process performs. Often the process of mapping brings up other dimensions that you will find add depth.
It is helpful to use low-tech, high-touch flip charts with sticky notes. There are several reasons:
Whether in a group or own your own, try illustrating your process with at least two techniques. Or combine what works from several tools into one chart. For example, use the Swim Lane chart and add the Top Down macro steps along the top, with cycle vs. process time along the bottom. Warning: Watch out for too much information!
To effectively visually represent a process, these critical dimensions will deepen your analysis and give meaning to your images:
It sounds a little bit like "Journalism 101," and that's the point. Tell a visual story about your process and all possible solutions. When you add these dimensions you develop interesting characters and sub-plots which captivate your audience.
Who: Who does the work? Who authorizes the work? Who hands-off the work? Who verifies or changes the work? Keep asking who until you have considered all the stakeholders – the suppliers, the owners, the customers, the community, the employees, and the regulators (acronym: SOCCER). The "who" dimension shows opportunities to transfer work "to" or "from" your customer in order to simplify your process. Good map formats for this dimension include the Responsibility Matrix and the Swim Lane chart.
What: What work is being done? What work is not being done? What value-added transformation is happening, or what non-value-added work occurs due to functional silos? What waste occurs – rework or mistakes? The "what" dimension acts as the "verb" in your process map. Good map formats for this dimension include the Top Down, the Logic Flow, the Flow Process chart, the Swim Lane or the State Change Chart.
When: When is work done? Is it relatively before or after an event? Or does it occur on an ad-hoc basis? The "when" dimension provides movement, flow, or a feeling of a series of events. When work is happening serially, and you display it that way, you might find an opportunity to take advantage of parallelism – redesigning the work to happen at the same time. Good map formats for this dimension include the Logic Flow, the Work Flow Diagram and the Swim Lane chart.
Where: Where is the work accomplished, physically? Which building, cubicle, floor, state, country, or area? The "where" dimension provides co-location opportunities which simplifies workflow. Good map formats for this dimension include the Work Flow Diagram and the Swim Lane chart.
Whether: Is this work that must be done or is it "nice to have?" What triggers this work being done? Someone or something determines whether or not to do the work. Seek to eliminate non-value-added intermediaries where decisions to do the work are separate from the participants who do it. In a simple process the "whether" decision is made by process performers. The unneeded complexity can be simplified by evaluating the "whether" dimension. Good map formats for this dimension include the Top Down chart, the Logic Flow, the Flow Process chart and the State Change chart.
What degree (how much): How much of the process can one participant accomplish? What are the boundaries – in skill or in authorization? How much work needs to be done to achieve acceptable level of performance? The "what degree" dimension reveals excessive standardization without regard for the participants involved. One solution includes using specialists in a team with broader responsibilities, thus simplifying the entire process. Another solution includes adding a caseworker between extreme specialists, to simplify customer service. Good map formats for this dimension include the Top Down, the Cycle vs. Process Time, the Flow Process Chart, and the Work Flow diagram.
What frequency (how often): How often is the work happening? What triggers the work – time passing or completion of another activity? The "what frequency" dimension reveals the "80/20 rule": 80 percent of the time normal activities occur, but in the 20 percent of the time when exceptions occur, we spend 80 percent of our effort resolving. This dimension reveals your exceptions. Good map formats for this dimension include the Top Down, the Logic Flow, the Work Flow and the Cycle vs. Process chart.
Whichever tool you use – be on purpose with what dimensions you are illustrating and help the reader understand the importance of this dimension.
Every situation is a little different; there is no "right" process map. Here are three guidelines to picking an appropriate tool.
First, consider your audience. Is the audience the senior leadership? Or an end user? Or perhaps you are providing analytical information for process analysts? Regardless of your own orientation for loving or hating detail, it is your audience that must stay in the forefront of your mind.
Second, consider your intention with the map. The acronym DRIVE may be useful to recall various intentions. Are you trying to Diagnose a situation? Are you trying to map it for Regulatory use? Are you attempting to Improve the process? Are you seeking to place a Valuation on the activities? Or are you simply trying to Educate those involved?
Third, consider the gap that you are trying to close. An operational performance gap occurs anytime reality doesn't meet expectations or specifications. Whatever that gap is, your process map must illustrate the gap; it's affect or how the gap can be closed.
In our Process Mapping courses, we create a matrix for the organization that brings it all together. Here is a sample format:
To improve process performance, a visual display using a diverse set of tools can give you a profound understanding of your process. The process map is more than a pretty picture of your current workflow; it's filled with solution clues and reveals the true potential of your process.
By using a combination of techniques, you can emphasize more than one dimension and add depth and meaning to your charts. Tell the broad story and bring those sub-plots alive.
Every situation is different, so consider which technique in conjunction with your audience, your intention, and the gap you are trying to close.
With the approach provided, you can find the right tool for the right time and right reason. Now you are ready to launch that crucial process improvement project.
Since 1993, Orion Development Group has been the de facto leader in process mapping trainer. More than 20,000 professionals and managers have completed our Process Mapping seminar in the last 15 years. It is the de facto standard of the industry. Mr. Robert Boehringer, Orion's Vice President -Process Management- is the author of the highly regarded text Process Management Memory Jogger.
Click here to see a video of Mr. Boehringer discussing the importance of why it is very important to understand As Is conditions before implementing a new business or IT solution.

subset: commoncrawl


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LEGO Shop Home Pricing Policy
Pricing Policy
The pricing of your LEGO order is determined by the country to which you are shipping.
All pricing is in Canadian dollars. Appropriate GST/HST will be added based on the province to which your order is being shipped. Sales shipped to Manitoba will reflect 13% tax (5% GST, 8% RST). Sales shipped to Quebec will reflect 14.975% tax (5% GST, 9.975% QST). Pricing includes any cost for duties.
In placing your order, you authorize LEGO Brand Retail, Inc. to appoint a Canadian customs broker to act on your behalf to obtain customs clearance of your merchandise and remit applicable duties and taxes to Revenue Canada. Amounts received by LEGO Brand Retail, Inc for duties and taxes are accepted on your behalf, for the broker.
In returning merchandise to our Canadian address, you authorize the Canadian customs broker to submit a claim for duties and taxes to Revenue Canada on your behalf and to receive, endorse, and deposit all such refunds. LEGO Brand Retail, Inc will refund the purchase price together with the duties and taxes directly to you, our customers.
Please fax a copy of your tax exempt certificate and order number to (888) 329-5346 if you wish to have the tax removed from your order.
All prices that are displayed on the website are subject to change and amends without prior notice.
Please note that shipping and handling is an additional charge based on the order value.


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Still haven't found the details you're looking for? Check out our Product Q&A!
Kids sometimes see the arrival of a new baby in the family as a cause for jealousy, but this charming, customized hardcover book can help those new big sisters see how they fit in the picture. Written by Laura Numeroff, author of If Your Give a Mouse a Cookie, the book explains all the things a big sister can do for their little siblings. Big sis will be delighted to see her name appear on the cover and throughout the story, along with a special dedication message from you on the front page.
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The pages are warmly illustrated by Lynn Munsinger, with cute tigers, bears, pigs having adventures with their little brothers or sisters. Printed in the USA.
Click here to check out What Big Brother Does Best and here for the Personalized Petit Collage Baby Book.
Still haven't found the details you're looking for? Check out our Product Q&A!
Are you planning to give this item as a gift? As it is made-to-order, please double check the shipping dates provided above. If it won't be completed in time, click here for a printable certificate to give while the artist works their magic!


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about me
LOVE this site! Never knew it existed, but damn, so glad i found it! I have to say that the ultimate turn on for me is a hot guy with a hairy chest... in fact, hair anywhere really gets my attention: hairy arms drive me wild, and a hot fully-covered hairy chest along with those incredibly hot "gravy trails" (they lead to the meat!) drive me insane!! Hairy legs, shoulders and backs also turn my head big time. So yes, i am a total fur fanatic, but it has to be on a lean or muscled body, definitely on a guy who takes care of himself and who cares enough about his appearance to make the investment in time and energy to look decent. Give me an easy-going, hairy and in-shape stud, and i'll be happy!
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The Portrait of a Lady
by Henry James
The Portrait of a Lady Chapter 4 Summary
- Of the three Archer sisters, Lilian is thought to be the practical one, Edith the beautiful one, and Isabel the "intellectual" one.
- Lilian and Edith are both married: Lilian lives happily in New York with her vociferous husband and children, while beautiful Edith lives somewhat less happily in the "unfashionable West" (4.1).
- Lilian and her husband, Edmund, seem like perfectly nice, normal people. Lilian is worried about her exceptional younger sister, who is something of a mystery to them.
- Mr. Archer, their father, was notorious for not handling money well, often gambling and spending frivolously. Despite all of this, Isabel remembers her father fondly.
- Isabel thinks her life is wonderful; she has had every privilege and has never wanted for anything. She is almost disappointed because she thinks that hardship would give her life a little spice – at least, that's what the books she reads all suggest.
- Even if Isabel's life hasn't been full of challenges, it is certainly full of quirky excitement. Mr. Archer raised his three daughters in a haphazard fashion, trundling them around the world and hiring negligent nannies to care for them.
- Although a lot of men courted Edith, most men overlook Isabel or feel intimidated by her intellectual reputation. However, we are told that she is quite beautiful in her own, unique way.
- For about a year, Boston-based Caspar Goodwood has been steadfastly wooing Isabel via post. She finds him to be quite an impressive young man, but doesn't really know how she feels about him yet.
- Caspar travels from New York City to Albany to visit Isabel. She is slow to meet him and, despite the fact that he looks resolved to action, their visit is uneventful. He leaves, somewhat defeated.


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Definition of dogfight in English:
1A close combat between military aircraft.
Example sentences
- In time, they battled over trenches in World War I, engaged in dogfights with other aircraft, attacked ground troops and disrupted enemy activity near the front lines.
- The Americans lost only twenty-two fighter aircraft in dogfights or to flak over Guam; nine more planes were lost operationally or on search missions.
- Battle of Britain is a wonderful film if what you principally want to see are lots of vintage World War II aircraft engaged in aerial dogfights.
1.1A ferocious struggle for supremacy between interested parties: the meeting deteriorated into a dogfight
More example sentences
- At such an early stage of the season, this was never going to be exactly a relegation dogfight - but it was certainly competed with the ferocity of one.
- Recent good work by the team looked light years away and they have now got themselves embroiled in a dogfight that they might struggle to win.
- With his claiming more MP supporters than all his four rivals combined, he is assured a place in the final, two-person dogfight - where a winner is chosen by a vote of the 300,000 party members.
1.2A fight between dogs, especially one organized illegally for public entertainment.
Example sentences
- Owning a fighting dog and watching a dogfight are also illegal in almost all states.
- A sequence of photos depicting an organised dogfight is gruesome and disgustingly effective, dog's scarred faces contrasting with the pixelised faces of their censored owners.
- Presumably, the triads are too busy organising dogfights where a winning pooch can scamper off with a $HK1,000,000 purse.
Engage in a dogfight: [no object]: resplendent model airplanes dogfighting in the updrafts
More example sentences
- The company could have made this a perfect bargain bin pickup if for nothing else but the opportunity to dogfight the online skies.
- The pilot that he had just dogfighted with would have taken the first shot that he was presented with.
- Martha and Smoke made it to the top where they dogfighted it out to see who would be king of that hill.
dogfighter noun
- Example sentences
- The F-16 was designed to be the world's best dogfighter, able to achieve extremely high kill ratios either with its Sidewinder missiles or with its guns.
- They made their search strategic, like experienced dogfighters; swerving around one another to avoid any other possible attacks that so took their over-eager friends.
- The choppers were poor speed-combatants, but they were deadly dogfighters.
- Example sentences
- Another interesting twist is that some of the videos were filmed in Japan, where dogfighting is apparently not illegal.
- They are the kind of people who have little compassion for anything wild and are happy to participate in such pursuits as dogfighting and cockfighting.
- An impressively comprehensive Training mode guides players from simple maneuvering techniques to complex aerobatics, dogfighting, and air-to-ground combat.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: dog·fight
Definition of dogfight in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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= trending


text:
The British Boxing Board of Control has ordered purse bids for a proposed showdown between heavyweights Tyson Fury and British and Commonwealth titleholder Dereck Chisora.
Chisora missed out on two opportunities to fight heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko when the Ukrainian pulled out due to injury.
The BBBC has named the unbeaten Fury mandatory challenger for Chisora's titles, and ordered bids to be submitted by noon on April 13. The target date for the fight is late July.
The 27-year-old Chisora (14-0, 9 KOs), a native of Zimbabwe, won the British title from Danny Williams in May, and successfully defended the belt by stopping Sam Sexton in September.
The 6-foot-9 Fury (14-0, 10 KOs), born and bred in the United Kingdom, is a 28-year-old whose victories include a fifth-round KO of then-unbeaten Marcelo Luiz Nascimento in February and an eight-round decision over then-unbeaten Rich Power last September.
Dennis Taylor is editor/publisher of www.ringsideboxingshow.com and co-host of The Ringside Boxing Show


text:
After almost fifteen years as Vice President and Owner of Schell-Firebaugh, Inc., Doug Firebaugh incorporated Firebaugh Construction, Inc. in November, 1991.
Firebaugh Construction, Inc. is in our 21st year, and is the largest locally owned commercial drywall, ceiling, carpentry company in the Kansas City area.
We are proud of our ongoing relationships with local General Contractors, both union and open shop, and our extensive client base of out of town General Contractors who have relied on our expertise, not only in drywall, ceiling, plaster and EIFS, but also in the carpentry scope of a project. We also have a strong track record in follow up, maintenance, and remedial repair of facilities built by out of town General Contractors, who want to service their national accounts after they leave the Kansas City area. Some of those companies include McCormick and Schmick's, Crate and Barrel and Macy's.
Local General Contractors have included Firebaugh Construction, Inc. as part of their construction team on many of the areas most notable projects. We attribute that to our goal of complete customer satisfaction, which includes competitive pricing, aggressive scheduling and unsurpassed quality.
Finally, our success at Firebaugh Construction, Inc. is directly related to our employees. The quality of our team approach, the goal of customer satisfaction, and the longevity of our office and field personnel is unparalleled in the Kansas City area.


text: The Feb. 24 Inside Politics column incorrectly reported that the Professional and Technical Engineers Local 21 was one of the unions demanding more generous benefits and work rules for new workers at a planned county-run state health insurance exchange call center. Three other county unions are demanding that call center workers receive more generous pay and work rules than other county workers. Local 21 has agreed to the call center plan as requested by the county.


text:
WASHINGTON, D.C. - The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, in cooperation with the firm named below, today announced a voluntary recall of the following consumer product. Consumers should stop using recalled products immediately unless otherwise instructed. It is illegal to resell or attempt to resell a recalled consumer product.
Name of Product: Hobby Lobby Christmas Light Sets
Units: About 2.3 million sets
Importer: Hobby Lobby Stores Inc., of Oklahoma City, Okla.
Hazard: The lights have undersized wires which can separate from the plugs and/or the light sockets, posing an electric shock and fire hazard to consumers.
Incidents/Injuries: CPSC has received one report of a minor shock when a consumer touched a light string. Hobby Lobby has received one report of melting wires.
Description: The light sets listed in the chart below are included in the recall:
Sold at: Hobby Lobby stores nationwide from June 2006 through early December 2006 for between $2.50 and $10.
Manufactured in: China
Remedy: Consumers should stop using the lights immediately and return them to the nearest Hobby Lobby store to receive a Hobby Lobby exchange card.
Consumer Contact: For more information, contact the Hobby Lobby Call Center at (800) 326-7931 anytime, or log on to the firm's Web site at www.hobbylobby.com
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of
thousands of types of consumer products under the agency's jurisdiction. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the
nation more than $1 trillion annually. CPSC is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical or
mechanical hazard. CPSC's work to help ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters and household
chemicals -– contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 40 years.
Federal law bars any person from selling products subject to a publicly-announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the
To report a dangerous product or a product-related injury go online to www.SaferProducts.gov or call CPSC's Hotline at 800-638-2772 or teletypewriter at
301-595-7054 for the hearing impaired. Consumers can obtain news release and recall information at www.cpsc.gov, on Twitter @USCPSC or by subscribing
to CPSC's free e-mail newsletters.
Times: 8 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. ET; Messages can be left anytime
Call to get product safety and other agency information and to report unsafe products.
Please use the below phone number for all media requests.
Phone: (301) 504-7908
Spanish: (301) 504-7800
View CPSC contacts for specific areas of expertise
We are still interested in receiving incident or injury reports that are either directly related to this product recall or involve a different hazard with the same product.
Report a Product on SaferProducts.gov
The link you selected is for a destination outside of the Federal Government. CPSC does not control this external site or its privacy policy and cannot attest to the accuracy of the information it contains. You may wish to review the privacy policy of the external site as its information collection practices may differ from ours. Linking to this external site does not constitute an endorsement of the site or the information it contains by CPSC or any of its employees.
Click Ok if you wish to continue to the website; otherwise, click Cancel to return to our site.


text:
Order Reprints
Journal: Religions, 2011
Volume: 2
Number: 114
Article: Mourning, Memorials, and Religion: A Psychoanalytic Perspective on the Park51 Controversy
Authors: Nathan Carlin and Heba Khan
Link: http://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/2/2/114
MDPI provides reprints in high quality with convenient shipping to destinations worldwide. The articles are printed in on premium paper with high-resolution figures. Our covers are customized to your article and designed to be complimentary to the journal. These reprints are ideal additions to your portfolio. Copy details: 135g/m2 paper, 2x stitched, full colour and glossy finish, orderable in quantities from 10 to 1000.
If you have any questions, or special requests, please write to email@example.com; we are happy to provide you with the information you need.


text:
This Wedding Singer is Crooning Dangdut in Support of Jokowi
JAKARTA–Indonesia's raucous election campaigning, which began today, would not be nearly as lively without dangdut.
The popular music genre can also be an effective promotional tool. At least, that's what wedding singer Raden Rachman believes.
The 60-year old former reporter is a devoted supporter of presidential candidate Joko Widodo, and he's composed four dangdut songs to help boost the chances of the popular Jakarta governor, known best simply as Jokowi.
More In Indonesia elections 2014
- As Indonesia Prepares for its New President, Some Things to Remember
- With Election Dispute Over, Time For Indonesia To Move Forward
- What's Next For Prabowo Subianto?
- Court Expected to Clear Final Hurdle for Indonesia's Jokowi to Take Office
- Indonesia's President-Elect Seeks Better Budget Spending
- Documentary Depicts Hope for Indonesia's Next President
"I hope my songs will make Jokowi's name to be on top of people minds," Mr. Rachman said at the makeshift kiosk where he sells the CDs on the outskirts of Jakarta.
Dangdut took off in the 1970s as a fusion of traditional Indonesian tunes and Indian and Arabic grooves. Mr. Rachman's four-song album features his niece and sister singing lyrics that call on Indonesians to offer their support and prayers to Mr. Widodo.
"Jokowi is ready to become president, despite many challenges. Jokowi will fight for the people, for the beloved united Republic of Indonesia, to create a just and prosperous united Republic of Indonesia," one of the songs goes.
Mr. Rachman said he spent around 4 million rupiah ($330) to produce the album, and mint the first 1,000 compact discs.
He is selling the CDs for 4,000 rupiah a piece and has sold around 600 pieces since he started hawking them last month.
"I will donate most of the profit to support Jokowi's campaign," he said.
Last week Mr. Joko Widodo called on his supporters to help finance his campaign by donating cash in whatever sums they could afford. In recent days lines have extended out the door at banks in the town of Solo, where he served as mayor before becoming Jakarta governor.
Mr. Widodo's campaign team reported to the Indonesian election commission on Tuesday that it has raised 2.4 billion rupiah so far from donations from more than 5,000 individual supporters.
Also popular on Southeast Asia Real Time:
Hunger Games Symbol of Resistance Catching Fire in Bangkok
Libel Suit Turns Singapore Blogger into Underdog for Pensioners


text: The Lunkhead wiki last edited by DarthNil on 07/10/16 01:51AM View full history Lunkhead is a large, imposing somewhat deformed bruiser of a man. He is killed by demons tricked by the Ventriloquist as revenge for destroying his Scarface puppet. In other mediaBeware the BatmanLunkhead appears in Beware the Batman, voiced by JB Blanc. He is a reformed criminal who was beaten into a coma for two months by Batman. He was part of a therapy program in Blackgate Penitentiary alongside Margaret Sorrow. Lunkhead was released and has been a reformed criminal. Lieutenant James Gordon asks him about Margaret, bribing him with chocolate.


text:
BENTON -- Scott County is calling out to people to round up more individuals to lend a hand in its emergency management services.
EMA Director Joel Evans will host an informal meeting for current and previous volunteer on Tuesday, which will focus on the structure and direction of the organization.
"It's something that has been done sporadically in the past," said Evans. He wasn't sure, however, when the last such meeting was held.
Evans, who assumed the position of EMA director Jan. 1 following the retirement of Joe Burton, said the meeting is "just to evaluate the assets we have. We want to identify the skills of volunteers to make sure we're adequately using those folks."
"Anyone can be involved," Evans stressed. However, he is specifically looking for people with specialized communication skills, such as being able to operate ham radios.
Other desirable skills include search and rescue, including K-9, as well as Community emergency response teams. "Those have formed throughout the county, and we want to try to get a little more efficient organization with those teams," said Evans.
Those who own physical assets, such as horses and four-wheelers, are also vital. "There are a lot of resources available that people who interest in emergency service can use to help out in a disaster," said Evans.
Needs and wants of emergency response agencies will be collected by EMA to help find personnel, funding and training opportunities, Evans added.
For the most part, Evans wants to take advantage of the wealth of knowledge, in a broad range of fields, that residents in Scott County have.
"Maintaining a database of those resources and matching it to potential hazards will be an important piece to the public safety puzzle," he said. "In addition to easing the process of requesting resources when needed, the database could identify shortfalls or deficits that need to be addressed."
Apart from the focus for Tuesday's meeting, Evans has several visions for leading the organization. "One of my goals for EMA is to build on existing relationships and with all of the emergency response agencies and volunteers in the county to efficiently use our resources and to identify non-traditional resources and resources beyond our boundaries," said Evans.
He also expressed a desire to make EMA "a meeting ground for emergency services to resolve procedural and technical issues which are challenges to working in multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional events."
His double role as EMA director as well as the county developer will be another asset for the organization, Evans said. "I will be in a position to assist organizations in grant application processes at their request -- assistance could be as limited or involved as the organizations deem necessary."
What: Informal meeting for current and previous volunteers, as well as anyone interested in volunteering in Emergency Management
When: 6 p.m. Tuesday
Where: Scott County Rural Fire Station, Morley
For more, call EMA Director Joel Evans, 481-9111 or 545-9113.


text:
Longtime Parkland CEO praised at South Dallas clinic dedication
Dr. Ron Anderson had nothing to do with locating a new community clinic in South Dallas, where it was dedicated
But the longtime leader of Parkland Memorial Hospital, which will operate the new Hatcher Station Health Center, was not far from people's thoughts.
"He's here," Jane Hunley, interim site administrator for the new clinic, told a crowd of 250 people attending the new facility's dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony.
Anderson, who started Parkland's first Community Oriented Primary Care Clinics (COPCs) in 1991, died last September. He was the county hospital's top administrator from 1982 to 2011.
"We will work very hard to continue the work he started in the community," Hunley said.
Commissioner John Wiley Price suggested the new clinic be named in Anderson's honor to recognize how he pushed for community clinics long before other public hospitals in the nation.
"When I became a county commissioner 30 years ago, nobody wanted to talk about COPCs," Price recalled. "It was Ron Anderson who said, 'There's this place called Harlem, NY, where they have these neighborhood clinics. I think we could do that here.' "
It was not a politically welcome idea, but Anderson lobbied for making it easier for Parkland patients to access care closer to home. He also thought the clinics would relieve overcrowding in the hospital's emergency department located at the hospital on Harry Hines Boulevard.
An area of east Oak Cliff was targeted for the first clinic but private doctors were initially concerned that the center would take patients away from them. County officials convinced most of the doctors that potential patients were either receiving no treatment or had been going to Parkland for care.
In 1994, the American Hospital Association awarded Dallas County's public hospital with the Foster G. McGaw Award for Community Service, recognizing not only the startup of the initial seven community clinics but also Parkland's "forward-thinking" development of a new health care model for treating indigent patients.
Anderson said the clinics were simply a matter of giving patients what they needed: better access to primary health care.
"We can save enormous amounts of money by getting out early and doing primary care," including immunizations, health exams, prenatal care and basic health services, he said.
"Too many hospitals have failed to define their community as their responsibility," Anderson said. "Not us."
The first clinic, called the Bluitt-Flowers Health Center, was built at a cost of $4.5 million and drew widespread community acceptance. The county commissioners, however, took a cautious approach toward the program, preferring to see how well the first center worked before committing to more.
After five years, the number Bluitt-Flowers patients doubled as did the size of the medical staff. "Because of the services we provide, we have improved the health of the people here," said the clinic's director. "This is a healthier community than it was five years ago."
Eventually, a dozen community clinics would open throughout Dallas County, including several of the largest in suburban areas. The newest facility in South Dallas will replace the East Dallas Health Center, which closes next week.
Price said the new clinic would not compete with a similar facility located at the nearby MLK Community Center.
"We're going to work together," he told the crowd. "There's enough sickness in this community for both of us."


text:
A MAGICAL WINTER MUSICAL: Probably the best-loved of all Dickens' books A Christmas Carol comes to The Spa Bridlington as an original musical version later this month (November 2012).
The musical tells the story of Ebeneezer Scrooge, a mean and lonely man who prefers money to people. However, on Christmas Eve he is visited by the ghosts of Christmas past, present and future who take him on an incredible journey to show him the error of his ways.
Geoff Bullen from Talkwood Productions said: "This is an unbelievable opportunity for a fantastic show. Audience reaction to A Christmas Carol has been simply overwhelming and now people across the East Riding will also be able to experience this great family musical. It's a perfect winter warmer."
The show starts at 7.30pm on Saturday 24th November and 2pm on Sunday, 25th November 2012.
Tickets are available from the box office on (01262) 678258 or online.


text:
Fair Class-Based Downlink Scheduling with Revenue Considerations in Next Generation Broadband Wireless Access Systems
Issue No.06 - June (2009 vol.8)
pp: 721-734
Bader Al-Manthari , Queen's University, Kingston
Hossam Hassanein , Queen's University, Kingston
Najah Abu Ali , UAE University, Al-Ain
Nidal Nasser , University of Guelph, Guelph
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TMC.2009.30
The success of emerging Broadband Wireless Access Systems (BWASs) will depend, among other factors, on their ability to manage their shared wireless resources in the most efficient way. This is a complex task due to the heterogeneous nature, and hence, diverse Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of different applications that these systems support. Therefore, QoS provisioning is crucial for the success of such wireless access systems. In this paper, we propose a novel downlink packet scheduling scheme for QoS provisioning in BWASs. The proposed scheme employs practical economic models through the use of novel utility and opportunity cost functions to simultaneously satisfy the diverse QoS requirements of mobile users and maximize the revenues of network operators. Unlike existing schemes, the proposed scheme is general and can support multiple QoS classes with users having different QoS and traffic demands. To demonstrate its generality, we show how the utility function can be used to support three different types of traffic, namely best-effort traffic, traffic with minimum data rate requirements, and traffic with maximum packet delay requirements. Extensive performance analysis is carried out to show the effectiveness and strengths of the proposed packet scheduling scheme.
BWASs, packet scheduling, QoS, utility, opportunity cost, fairness.
Bader Al-Manthari, Hossam Hassanein, Najah Abu Ali, Nidal Nasser, "Fair Class-Based Downlink Scheduling with Revenue Considerations in Next Generation Broadband Wireless Access Systems", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol.8, no. 6, pp. 721-734, June 2009, doi:10.1109/TMC.2009.30


text:
College materials request
Over a year ago
The link to request materials for college and on campus life doesn't work. I was able to fill the form to put an order in for a request but then once I hit "send request" it redirected me and said 'page not found'.
I hope this is just a glitch because the site's still somewhat beta? I'd really like to order stuff to get ready for the new school year asap 🙂
Please log in to reply.
Over a year ago
Hey @WavButterfly,
E-mail [email protected] for some free college campaign materials. 😀
~Annie from peta2!You must be logged in to reply to this topic.
Over a year ago
well you can also get stuff from peta2 at these links
or you can always e-mail them at [email protected] with your information and the stuff you would like and they will gladly send it to you. You could also always buy it (or make a donation after you get it for free): http://www.petacatalog.com/catalog/Literature-39-1.html
If you would like more freebies besides just from peta2 feel free to check out my website
http://hippiefreebies.webs.com/You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


text:
Game of Thrones is a site for the HBO-series based on George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire.
New to the series? Read our spoiler-free review of A Game of Thrones.
Read our Privacy Policy.
Copyright © HBO
A nice close-up of Daenerys Targaryen. Similarly, will Daenerys be referred to as Stormborn at any point? We hope so, such bynames are evocative.
The Westeros network consists of several different sites, including a forum and a wiki, for all your A Song of Ice and Fire needs.


text:
A studdable tire with a directional pattern used for safe driving in treacherous weather conditions.
Designed for optimum traction and braking on ice, the well-balanced performance of the WINTER CARVING™ EDGE makes it ideal for use in extreme winter weather circumstances.
Superb on fresh snow, WINTER CARVING™ EDGE has a directional tread pattern with an optimized stud hole design. This offers prolonged stud retention and improved acoustic comfort.
The directional tread pattern design provides the best possible lateral road holding, even in the most complex conditions.


text:
Start Date: Jun 01, 2013
End Date: Aug 31, 2016
Shotgun sequencing will be completed via pyrosequencing and long-read sequencing chemistry reagents. Draft assemblies will be created using the Newbler assembly or by MIRA (Mimicking Intelligent Read Assembly), as warranted. Annotation approaches include RAST, Glimmer3 and the Artemis genome viewer with BLAST searches.


text:
A Quality & Professional Roofing Company in Seattle
The experienced journeymen roofers of Pacific Pride Roofing, Inc.take great pride in providing exceptional customer service while upholding the highest standards in product application and quality workmanship with only the best products available. We are a family-owned roofing company in Seattle who offers residential and commercial roofing services throughout King and Snohomish Counties. We strive to perform quality work that's affordable, efficient and completed to the highest and most current industry standards.
Full-Service Roofing Services
In our efforts to offer the best residential and commercial roofing in Seattle, we offer a variety of roofing services in King and Snohomish Counties, including:
- Roofing maintenance
- Roof cleaning
- Roof repairs
- Roof advice
Don't wait until it's too late to take care of your roof. Since opening our doors in 1989, we've found that the best time to have work done on your roof is when it's in seemingly good condition. Major problems often start off as minor and inexpensive problems that easily go unnoticed. Allow one of our licensed and bonded roofers to professionally inspect your roof to make sure everything's in good order.
Only the Best Manufacturers and Brands Will Do
Whenever we perform work on your roof, we make sure that the job is done with the very best of products. What's unique about our chosen manufacturers are that their products are well suited for our Pacific Northwest environment, ensuring that your home, family, business, employees and everything under your roof is well protected.
We take great pride in our workmanship as well as our relationships with our customers. We don't believe in hidden prices, underhanded advertising and marketing methods, or dishonest quotes. You can rest assured that we will take care of your roof, gutters and downspouts properly the first time with honor and integrity. We have thousands of happy customers and can provide references at your request.
Call Us Today
To learn more about moss removal, our financing program which include both short term no interest options or if a longer term suits you better, we offer great interest rates, or any of the other expert roofing services we offer King and Snohomish Counties, don't hesitate to pick up the phone and call Pacific Pride Roofing, Inc. at 425-252-0444 .


text:
Top Definition
A stupid mistake, especially one that can hold you back on what your working on for long periods of time. Often in refrence to programming.
I mistyped a varible name so my program didn't work. I pulled a Glitchy!
by DMJefff July 15, 2005
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
Seriously a fucking palace.
A place where time dosen't exist.
A place where time dosen't exist.
omg, i think i have died and gone to glitchys.
by Glitch May 14, 2004
The Trap... Or The Spot.
"Im Bout To Roll Threw The GLitchy For A Min. To Get This Gud Off."
by Thr3388 April 16, 2009
This is what neopets servers are.
Neopets servers are glitchy steaming piles of shepoopy
by Josh July 20, 2004