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Graduate Certificate in Archives and Special Collections
The 18-credit hour certificate combines online coursework related to archival history, theory, methods, organization, and ethics, with an archival practicum, which can be arranged at an archive or special collection near the student. The certificate can be earned with an MLIS degree*, a related master's degree, or as post-master's certificate for those holding an MLIS or master's degree in a related field. Non-LIS graduate students are required to take LIS 505: Cataloging and Classification as a prerequisite.
*12 hours of electives can count for both MLIS and certificate so one may earn both for 46 credit hours.
Program Mission: To prepare students for careers in archives and related fields such as special collections or cultural repositories.
Required courses:
- LIS 646: Special Collections and Archives (3 credits)
- LIS 647: Introduction to Archival Organization (3 credits)
- LIS 648: Archival Practicum (3 credits)
- LIS 645: Digital Libraries (previously 675: Seminar in the Organization of Material) (3 credits)
- LIS 652: Metadata (previously LIS 675: Seminar in the Organization of Material) (3 credits)
Elective (choose one):
- LIS 506: Advanced Cataloging and Classification (3 credits)
- LIS 533: History of the Book (3 credits)
- LIS 580: British Libraries and Information Centers (3 credits)**
- LIS 631: History of Libraries (3 credits)
- LIS 634: History of Children's Literature (3 credits)
- LIS 692: Special Problems (on an approved archival topic such as genealogy research)
Certificate Assessment: After successfully completing the required coursework, students are required to write a 2,500 to 4,500-word paper on an approved topic related to archives or special collections.
**The research paper required for British Studies 587 may be used as the certificate assessment if it is on an archival or special collections-related topic.
For more information, please contact Dr. Matthew Griffis or Dr. Teresa Welsh
Archival Certificate Plan of Study: gradcertificate_archives.xls


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How long would you last without water? Do you think you could go for a few days or maybe a week? Although we tend to not think about it much, trees also need water. In fact, they need it every bit as much as you do. A host of tree health problems are initially due to lack of water.
Every living cell within a tree must have water in order for it to function, just like we do. Cells that lack water soon die. Additionally, the vascular system in trees use water to transport nutrients and perform other vital operations.
Trees absorb moisture from ground. It moves from the root system to the trunk and from there goes to the branches and leaves. It is then emitted from small openings in the leaves to complete a process called transpiration. Transpiration helps cool trees in the hot summer sun. This is why being in the shade of a tree will cool you down more than the shade from other sources.
Since trees get their water mostly from the ground, it's important to know how things work. The ground holds moisture within open pore space. Poor, compacted soil has very little open pore space available, so rainwater tends to run off. Organic matter, including wood chip mulch, increases pore space within the soil and reduces evaporation at the surface level.
Large, well-established trees should get a deep watering every 4-6 days during droughts. Smaller trees should be watered every 2-4 days. Deep watering, done on a less frequent basis trains trees to become more drought resistant. Frequent, shallow watering trains roots to grow towards the surface, where they are less effective and prone to become damaged by prolonged periods of droughts.
So give your trees a nice long drink of water at the rates mentioned above. Watering trees is crucial to good health. Your trees will not only be healthier, you will enjoy them more.Paul Martin

subset: commoncrawl


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What Wouldn't John McCain Do on 'Saturday Night Live'?
'I have great tape of McCain laughing at the crudest stuff ... His people said he couldn't do it. But he told me later, 'You got me good.''By Jada Yuan
'I have great tape of McCain laughing at the crudest stuff ... His people said he couldn't do it. But he told me later, 'You got me good.''By Jada Yuan
After endless rumination and media speculation, Barack Obama's decision on a running mate is nigh. Nigh! Just how nigh, nobody is quite sure.By Dan Amira
Last night in Detroit, the former vice-president got downright inspirational.
La Scala in Milan is bringing Gore's Oscar-winning PowerPoint presentation to the screen.
Wall Streeters hope that Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson's plan for overhauling the U.S. financial system is an April Fools' joke, Goldman head Lloyd Blankfein buys his maid a nice apartment, and someone has a birthday in our roundup of finance, law, media, and real-estate news.
MEDIA • Esquire reports on how Heath Ledger spent his last days... except the story is not exactly true. Or, um, tasteful. [Vulture] • Let the deluge begin! Media companies line up to bid for Weather Channel, which is up for auction. [DealBook/NYT] • Wal-Mart appears to be irritated by Meredith Corporation's creative tactic of selling its magazines, which include Better Homes and Garden and Ladies' Home Journal, at the Dollar Tree store. [Folio]
MEDIA • Jeff Bercovici wants to know: "What's Regan's price for selling out her country?" After all, if Regan's info on Giuliani is that damaging, shouldn't she divulge it in any case, no matter how much Uncle Murdoch is willing to offer? [Mixed Media/Portfolio] • Dan Rather's lawyers are getting fed up with CBS nondisclosure agreements. "Who do these guys think they are? The National Security Agency?" [NYO] • Intrepid Observer reporter spends 45 minutes staring through a window just to see who showed up to a lame Times party. Now that's journalism! [Media Mob/NYO]
FINANCE • Al Gore, venture capitalist? The Nobel laureate and Apple board member is taking a hands-on role at Kleiner Perkins, the leading Silicon Valley venture firm. His goal: Save the world. And annoy GE's Jeff Immelt as much as possible. [Fortune] • Harvard picked Robert S. Kaplan, a former Goldman Sachs vice-chairman, as the new steward for the $35 billion endowment. Something tells us his kids won't have any trouble getting in. [Reuters via NYT] • A few management consultants with nothing better to do gave the Times its newest buzzword: CEO version 3.0. With the departures of Stan O'Neal, Chuck Prince, and Richard Parsons, it's now time for leaders "who can assemble a team that functions as smoothly as a jazz sextet." Because, as James Cayne showed, the old CEOs were way too bebop. [NYT]
Plus: Hear Radiohead's new album now! Sort of!
Sex and the City spoiler alert! Carrie Bradshaw and Mr. Big tie the knot at St. Patrick's Cathedral. Cameron Diaz and new fling Bradley Cooper spent a romantic weekend going to the SNL after-party at Primehouse and hanging out on the sideline of the Giants game. Denise Rich is throwing a party aboard her yacht in New York Harbor for those who donated to her cancer foundation. Richard Prince sent a sincere thank-you note to ArtNet.com after the site's critic panned his Guggenheim show. Derek Jeter's current flame is Gabrielle Union. David Blaine tried to hypnotize some exotic dancers at Tens. Kelly Ripa ate on the Upper West Side without makeup. James Gandolfini honked at Secret Service near the Four Seasons in his Mercedes.
Renée Zellweger's neighbor called the FDNY on her because she had a fire going in her fireplace. Jennifer Lopez and her mom don't talk anymore, perhaps because of Marc Anthony. Mary Louise Parker took her adopted (and Brat Pitt–approved) African baby to a doctor's appointment in New York. Blackstone chairman Steven Schwarzman's charitable foundation has only $63,424 in assets and is holding just $991 for charitable purposes. Kelly Klein is expected to make $3 million by selling jewels ex-hubby Calvin bought her for $200,000 in 1987. Kanye West went to Blue Ribbon with a leather-clad dominatrix and some models. George Clooney was jokingly slapped by "a really hot girl" at Bungalow 8's New York branch. Kim Kardashian and Terrence Howard were caught making out at Butter and Tenjune.


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Age of Iron
by J.M. Coetzee
Age of Iron Race Quotes
How we cite our quotes: Citations follow this format: (Chapter.Paragraph)
Quote #1
"Yes, I did say that, and it is true. But who made them so cruel? It is the whites who made them so cruel! Yes!" [Florence] breathed deeply, passionately. (2.96)
Florence acknowledges that kids these days have become cruel, but it's not entirely their fault – it's the whites of South Africa who have made them that way. This moment shows us the deep racial divides that pervade the whole country.
Quote #2
"You say, 'This is not my child, this is the white man's child, this is the monster made by the white man.' Is that all you can say? Are you going to blame them on the whites and turn your back?" (2.98)
Mrs. Curren tries to play devil's advocate to Florence by suggesting that she can't merely blame the whites and leave it at that; she has to do something about the terrible things she sees happening around her. Still, do you think it's possible that, as a white woman, Mrs. Curren feels put off by the way that Florence blames whites as an entire race?
Quote #3
Did we not have Voortrekkers, generation after generation of Voortrekkers, grim-faced, tight-lipped Afrikaner children, marching, singing their patriotic hymns, saluting their flag, vowing to die for their fatherland? Ons sal lewe, ons sal sterwe. Are there not still white zealots preaching the old regime of discipline, work, obedience, self-sacrifice, a regime of death, to children some too young to tie their own shoelaces? What a nightmare from beginning to end! (2.101)
Mrs. Curren thinks about the racial divide that runs through South African history. She sees a legacy of white supremacy and hatred not only in the past, but also in the future.


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Definition of replant in English:
verb[with object]
1Plant (a tree or plant which has been dug up) again, especially in a larger pot or new site: split the clumps and replant only those irises with healthy roots
More example sentences
- They carefully moved and replanted some of the scrub oaks to allow sight lines from the house down to the water.
- As he does this, he replants a piece of each root to replace what has been taken.
- They should be replanted and watered in immediately.
1.1Provide (an area) with new plants or trees: 38 per cent of ancient woodland has been replanted with conifers
More example sentences
- In more trials with indigenous plants, his immediate challenge was to amass sufficient quantities of seed so that large areas might be replanted.
- These paths will later be obliterated when the site is replanted and returned to a state of virtual nature.
- Holtrop, who recently toured the Los Alamos area as part of an internal Forest Service review, was struck by the high survival rate of trees replanted in one particular area of the forest.
1.2Surgically reattach to the body (a part that has been removed or severed).
Example sentences
- In our 10 failed replants we could initially visualize arterial flow across the anastomosis.
- With further prototyping, we hope to be able to produce a device that can treat more complex tissue types, such as ear and nose replants.
- By 1983 his group had carried out 1100 limb and digit replants.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: re|plant
Definition of replant in:
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How to Get Rid of Bees
Fast, Friendly, Reliable Service.
Solutions for Recurring problems.
Request Service Online
How to get rid of honeybees in my pond, waterfall or pool
In warm dry seasons of the year you may notice heavy bee activity around the pool, bees at your fountain, bees in a pond, or another water source, in some cases this can become a problem. Honey bees need water to make honey, bees prefer natural peaceful locations, but in hot months were some of these resources have dried up bees will seek out other sources. If you need to get rid of honey bees in this case, you have a few choices. One option for getting rid of bees coming to the swimming pool, or water source is to temporarily drain or empty the water, forcing the bees to find a new location and breaking their flight pattern. After a week or two, refill or turn the water back on.
If you cannot empty water in the pool, fountain, pond, or other source, you may choose to add vinegar to it. If it is a small body of water and there are no fish or animals living in it, adding vinegar should help to get rid of the bees. This will cause a disagreeable taste and encourage the honeybees once again to find a new water source.
If you cannot drain the water source, and if adding vinegar to the water, pool, pond, or other location is not an option, you can contact us for other options for getting rid of the bees. There are a few organic compounds being tested to apply as a residual around these areas although they don't work on some circumstances. Another way though not often used, is in tracking and removing and relocate bee nest that has taking over your water source. In the US and Canada call our bee hotline for additional help or request help here. See Questions & answers below - Ask the beeman!
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The Anchor Point
One of the challenges of landscape photography is creating visual depth in our photograph. When we have a wide sweeping vista, to communicate to the mind's eye that it is sweeping, we have to trick it. This is because we are presenting the vista in a very one dimensional manner, computer monitor, iPad, printed page. This is a very flat medium for a very three dimensional scene. How do we trick the eye into seeing depth?
One of the easiest ways to do this is with an anchor point. The anchor point is an item in the foreground that is in focus that the eye can lock on to and then wonder out into the photograph. You have to be selective, just anything in the foreground doesn't fill the bill.
A beer can in the foreground is not an anchor point. The foreground anchor point has to be of interest as well, part of the story yet not so interesting the eye doesn't go into the frame.
In this series, you can see the scene as I saw it that evening. With the D4 / 18AF, I walked down to the shore at Mono Lake with the top scene being the first image. No anchor point, not real visual depth. The second photo has an anchor point but it's too busy. The bottom photo is the best anchor point I could find at that moment. It's a little too massive for me but it was the best option at the time. You can see though how with that element in the foreground we start to introduce visual depth in the photo. It helps create three planes, foreground, middle ground and background which brings depth to our otherwise one dimensional photo.


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Fixed-Price - Intermediate ($$) - Est. Budget: $110 - PostedSkills: IBM SPSS
A detailed through analysis is required Using SPSS software. The analyst is required conduct a detail analysis. The approach needs to be submitted along with the application. The original survey file and other instructions will be provided. Output file in word with detailed explanation and working SPSS file. Timeline 5 days once Job is awarded


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Arts & Life
See top baseball player homes for sale including the house of Rangers star Adrian Beltre
Photo: TopTenRealEstateDeals.com
Adrian Beltre -- The mansion is situated on 4.16 acres with 16 bathrooms and seven bedrooms. It is located in the gated community of the Bradbury Estates. This Mediterranean-style home has a circular driveway with a breathtaking entry-way consisting of a 35' painted ceiling. The inside has a rec room with a batting cage. (TopTenRealEstateDeals.com)
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Many contemplative, prayerful acts involve repetition of action: walking a labyrinth, reciting the Divine Office or saying the rosary. So why not knitting? As their needles flash and click, veteran knitters Jorgensen and Izard practice "contemplative knitting," which they say is just as real and fruitful a spiritual practice as any longstanding tradition of the church. Jorgensen, a Roman Catholic laywoman and spiritual director whose grandmother taught her to knit as a child, rediscovered knitting a few years ago and began to knit as part of her ministry. Her first project was a shawl for a woman in her congregation who had lost her husband in a car accident: "While I knitted, I prayed to enter her grief; I prayed light into every stitch," says Jorgensen. She chose an "Adirondack" pattern to honor the love that this woman and her husband had shared for the outdoors. Izard, a United Church of Christ pastor, shares stories from the shawl-knitting circle she organized at her church. The shawls change the lives of the knitters themselves, inviting them to engage in quiet meditation, and they also make an impact on the people who receive them, many of whom are recovering from illness or bereavement. Fans of knitting will be, shall we say, hooked: the book offers practical steps on selecting yarn and knitting simple prayer shawls, but its most enduring feature is the heartwarming stories of shawls knitted and given as artifacts of prayer.
Spirituality and Health, November 2003
"This is an awe-inspiring book about a very meaningful spiritual practice."
From the Publisher
Selected as one of the 50 "Best Spiritual Books of 2003" by Spirituality & Health magazine.
About the Author
Susan S. Izard is an ordained minister of the United Church of Christ serving as pastor of spiritual life at First Church of Christ, Congregational, in West Hartford, Connecticut. She is particularly interested in biblical reflection and contemplative practices and how we integrate God's continual revelation into our everyday lives and care for others.
Susan S. Jorgensen has been a spiritual
director in private practice since 1989 and leads retreats and workshops
across the country. She is the founding editor of Presence: The
Journal of Spiritual Directors, and the author of several books and
articles on liturgy and spirituality. She lives in Burlington,
Product Description:
Knitters-there are 38 million of them in the United States alone-are part of a long and quiet tradition that's both plainly practical and deeply spiritual. With needles clicking, they weave together not just garments to warm the body but also comfort and companionship to nurture the soul.
This tradition is flowering today through knitting ministries, a worldwide ecumenical movement of small groups of women who gather to pray and knit for those in need. As they create shawls for people burdened with illness and sorrow, their handiwork becomes an expression, not only of their love and concern, but also of the loving care of the God who works through them.
In this beautifully illustrated book,
the authors-a United Church of Christ minister and a Roman Catholic
laywoman-share stories of how the knitting ministry has touched lives
and hearts around the world. They offer directions for knitting the
shawls and for starting a parish or community knitting ministry. The
book also provides a selection of prayers, written from many faith
traditions, to offer along with each completed shawl.


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New Nissan for Sale in Greeley, CO
Show All Filters
View List
View Grid
Search Anything
486 Matching Vehicles Found
Vehicle Condition
New 486
Pre-Owned 443
Body Type
Cars 87
Commercial 89
SUVs 214
Trucks 75
Vans 21
Fuel Type
3rd Row Seat 53
Backup Camera 333
Heated Seats 15
Interior Accents 470
Power Seats 27
City MPG
10 to 20 87
20 to 30 306
30 to 40 21
100 to 200 21
Highway MPG
10 to 20 1
20 to 30 142
30 to 40 283
40 to 50 21
100 to 200 21
MPG Disclaimer:
Based on model year EPA mileage ratings. Use for comparison purposes only. Your actual mileage will vary depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle.
Buying New at Greeley Nissan
There's no greater feeling than buying a brand new Nissan from Greeley. We strive to make your experience as simple as possible. When you visit, one of our dedicated staff members will help you compare our Nissan models so that you can feel secure when making your decision. Whether you're looking for a road warrior like the Nissan Titan or looking to save big bucks at the pump with the Nissan Leaf, our staff is able to help guide you in the right direction.
Find the Perfect Vehicle on Your Budget
We offer ample deals on our new vehicles and are there to support you every step of the way. Our sales team will work with you to find the best car within your budget. After you've found the perfect Nissan you'll be directed to our experts at the Finance Center to cover the variety of options available for a Nissan lease near Windsor, Loveland, Fort Collins, and Cheyenne, WY.
As a Nissan dealer serving Greeley, Fort Collins, Windsor, Loveland and the Cheyenne, WY areas we know customer satisfaction is crucial to our success. We look forward to serving your automotive needs and we hope that we can help you with your next new Nissan.
New vehicle pricing includes all offers and incentives. Some rebates may require financing through NMAC. Tax Title and Tags not included in vehicle prices shown and must be paid by the purchaser. While great effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information on this site errors do occur so please verify information with a customer service rep. This is easily done by calling us at 970-373-3850 or by visiting us at the dealership.
**With approved credit. Terms may vary. Monthly payments are only estimates derived from the vehicle price with a 72 month term 4.9% interest and 20% downpayment.


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Super 8 New Rochelle properties are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Super 8 hotel rooms in New Rochelle, NY for your upcoming meeting or individual travels. We list the best Super 8 New Rochelle hotels + motels so you can review the New Rochelle Super 8 hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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Enter your stay dates and any discounts you qualify for to see New Rochelle, NY rates found only on HotelPlanner!
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9(4), 1135-1158; doi:10.3390/ijerph9041135
Suicide Methods in Asia: Implications in Suicide Prevention
1 Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 2F Medical Humanity Building, No. 1, Section 1, Ren-Ai Road, Zhong Zheng District, Taipei 10051, Taiwan 2 Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Zhong Zheng District, Taipei 10048, Taiwan 3 Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 309 Songde Road, XinYi District, Taipei 11080, Taiwan 4 Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Bei Tou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan 5 Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 6 Hong Kong Jockey Club Center for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 14 February 2012 / Revised: 13 March 2012 / Accepted: 20 March 2012 / Published: 28 March 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Prevention and Public Health)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [353 KB, uploaded 19 June 2014]
AbstractAs the largest continent in the World, Asia accounts for about 60% of World suicides. Preventing suicide by restricting access to suicide methods is one of the few evidence-based suicide prevention strategies. However, there has been a lack of systematic exploration of suicide methods in Asian countries. To amend this shortage, the current review examines the leading suicide methods in different Asian countries, their trend, their age- and sex- specific characteristics, and their implications for suicide prevention. In total, 42 articles with leading suicide methods data in 17 Asian countries/regions were retrieved. The epidemiologic characteristics and recent trends of common suicide methods reflect specific socio-cultural, economic, and religious situations in the region. Common suicide methods shift with the introduction of technologies and constructions, and have specific age- or sex-characteristics that may render the restriction of suicide methods not equally effective for all sex and age sub-groups. Charcoal burning, pesticide poisoning, native plant poisoning, self-immolation, and jumping are all prominent examples. In the information society, suicide prevention that focuses on suicide methods must monitor and control the innovation and spread of knowledge and practices of suicide "technologies". It may be more cost-effective to design safety into technologies as a way of suicide prevention while there is no rash of suicides yet by the new technologies. Further research on suicide methods is important for public health approaches to suicide prevention with sensitivity to socio-cultural, economic, and religious factors in different countries.
Keywords: suicide; suicide method; Asia; trend; age; sex; technology; information; media; culture; religion; economic; public health
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Wu, K.-C.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Yip, P.S.F. Suicide Methods in Asia: Implications in Suicide Prevention. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 1135-1158.View more citation formats
AMA Style
Wu K-C, Chen Y-Y, Yip PSF. Suicide Methods in Asia: Implications in Suicide Prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(4):1135-1158.Chicago/Turabian Style
Wu, Kevin Chien-Chang; Chen, Ying-Yeh; Yip, Paul S. F. 2012. "Suicide Methods in Asia: Implications in Suicide Prevention." Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 9, no. 4: 1135-1158.
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Movie Reviews - 1940s postsFriday June 17, 2016
Movie Review: The Red Menace (1949)
"The Red Menace," a 1949 B-picture from Republic Studios, was one of the first anti-communist movies to be released during the post-WWII Red Scare, but from a distance it's kinda quaint. Sure, there's a Soviet cell operating in the U.S., but it's the furthest thing from effective. A better title for the movie might be: "Red ... Menace?"
A tall, broad-shouldered lunkhead, Bill Jones (Robert Rockwell), is pissed that he's been ripped off in some GI real estate scam and the government won't do anything about it. Overhearing, a party member invites him to a nearby bar "for discriminating people," where two broads make a play for him. While the brunette, Yvonne (Betty Lou Gerson), looks on disgruntled, the blonde, Mollie O'Flaherty (Barbra Fuller), takes him back to her place and mixes drinks while he peruses the shelves and ... Hey, what are these books? Marx? Lenin? You're a commie! Yeah, but a looker. C'mere. Pucker up, baby.
Irish Italian Jewish Negro
The Soviet cell that Bill Jones is slowly indoctrinated into is like one of those WWII movie platoons: someone from every race:
- Henry (Shepard Menken), a nice Jewish poet, cuckolded by Mollie on a weekly basis.
- Mollie, Irish Catholic, whose mother hangs around like a gray cloud, mourning the loss of her daughter's respectability.
- Sam, the affable Negro front-office worker at The Toilers, the commie newspaper.
- Reachi, the Italian, who wonders if communism is a democracy as they say, why is it called "a dictatorship of the proletariat"?
- Nina, the foreign beauty, who will become The Love Interest.
Things first go south when Reachi is killed in a back alleyway for asking questions. Then Henry gets curious, too, and is kicked out of the party. He quickly turns into a patriot:
At least that [American] flag has three colors in it, not one. Not one bloody one!
But he can't take the ostracism and throws himself out a window. He leaves a note for Mollie, telling her to return to her mother, which she does; in a church. Sam leaves with his respectable father, while Yvonne, always ratting out others, is picked up by the cops, who, it turns out, know everything. (Because our law enforcement is on the case.) Then she goes mad. (Because that's what happens to commies.)
That's it. The filmmakers, I'm sure, wanted to make sure communism didn't seem attractive, but they were so successful they made it seem hardly a threat at all. Which makes the way the movie is bookended even odder.
'We can't suspect everybody'
It opens steeped in paranoia. Nina and Bill flee California, sure that communists are right behind. At an Arizona gas station, the attendant makes small talk—Where are you from? Where are you going?—and Nina freezes:
Nina (whispering): Why'd he say that?
Bill: Just to make conversation probably.
Nina: I don't believe it. There must be some reason why he's so curious.
Bill: Take it easy, Nina. We can't suspect everybody.
After we get the rest of the story in flashback, we see them driving into Talbot, Texas, where Bill suddenly becomes sensible: "I've been thinking, Nina. What are we running away from? This is the United States not a police state. Let's go see that sheriff." Which they do. And they tell him their tale. (This really should've been the spot for the flashback, but the movie screwed up that, too.)
The sheriff's response to their tale?
You folks have been running away from yourselves, and the fear in your own minds.
The entire movie is an argument against the paranoia of groups like HUAC, presented as an argument in favor of such groups.
Nobody on either side of the political fence saw this. The Daily Worker denounced the movie, while California's own HUAC, the Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, honored it, commending "Republic Studios and those persons who have so courageously assisted in this production."
And then, like most anti-communist movies, it died at the box office. No one went to see it because that stuff's a drag: preachy, heavy-handed. It's called the free market.
Posted at 06:00 AM on Jun 17, 2016 in category Movie Reviews - 1940s
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Movie Review: Intruder in the Dust (1949)
"Intruder in the Dust" was one of several movies produced in the short progressive period between the horror of the Holocaust (when tolerance suddenly seemed like a good idea) and the paranoia of the Red Menace (when fuck it). They were called "message movies" or "problem pictures" and included such films as "Gentleman's Agreement" and "Crossfire" (anti-Semitism), "Pinky" and "Home of the Brave" (racism).
"Intruder," also about racism, only got made because of one man, Clarence Brown, who learned at the feet of Maurice Tourneur, Jacques' daddy, during the silent era, then became one of the main dudes at MGM during its lush glory days. He was also a member of the right-wing Motion Picture Alliance, and a Southerner, making him an odd choice to push for such a racially progressive picture.
Why did he do it? In Patrick McGilligan's book, "Film Crazy: Interviews with Hollywood Legends," he talks about being in Atlanta during the 1906 race riots when 16 black men were lynched. Three decades later, William Faulkner published his novel about a near lynching, and as Brown recounts:
I didn't walk, I ran up to the front office at MGM. "I've got to make this picture," I said. "You're nuts," said [Louis B.] Mayer, because the hero was a black man. "If you owe me anything, you owe me a chance to make this picture," I said.
There were battles throughout production—both on location in Oxford, Mississippi (Faulkner's hometown), and at MGM. Mayer felt the protagonist, Lucas Beauchamp (Juano Hernandez), was "uppity," and that the picture would lose money. He was right about the latter—did it even play in the South?—but the picture earned critical raves. The National Board of Review included it on its top 10 list, and it finished second to "All the King's Men" in the New York Film Critics Circle's best picture category. It received multiple nominations from the WGA, Golden Globes, and British Academy, and won BAFTA's short-lived "UN Award" (for the film "embodying one or more of the principles of the United Nations Charter"). In The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "By all our standards of pre-eminence, this is—or will prove—a great film."
He's right. At the least, I was startled by how good "Intruder" is. The cinematography is often reminiscent of Dorthea Lange's Dust Bowl photographs, while Beauchamp (pronounced "Beach-em") is a type of rich, powerful African-American character that Hollywood, always worried about the Southern market, rarely allowed to be seen on screen.
It also bears a passing resemblance to a later, much-beloved film. Maybe more than a passing resemblance.
Before Atticus, before Superman
Seriously, when "To Kill a Mockingbird" was published in 1960, didn't anyone bring up "Intruder in the Dust"? Let's count it off:
- A black man is jailed for a horrific crime.
- He's represented by a white lawyer.
- A kid, related to the lawyer, is central to the story—the main character, more or less.
- There's a standoff on the courthouse steps between an unarmed white person and a white mob, who want to lynch the black man.
- The real criminal is a white relative of the victim.
Yes, there are differences. It's murder rather than rape. The black man here, Beauchamp, is proud, almost haughty, as opposed to the humble, bland Tom Robinson. Our lawyer, John Gavin Stevens (David Brian), is no Atticus, and starts the case assuming his own client guilty. Rather than the lawyer's children, Scout and Jem, it's the lawyer's teenaged nephew, Chick (Claude Jarman, Jr.), who acts as our eyes and ears. Oh, and Stevens proves Beauchamp innocent even without a trial. Apparently, in 1949 Mississippi, the criminal justice system worked.
The courthouse-steps confrontation not only prefigures "To Kill a Mockingbird" but—indulge me—"Superman vs. The Mole Men," an hour-long intro to the 1950s TV series, in which the Man of Steel stops a Texas mob from lynching an alien. Of course, being Superman, he's hardly unarmed, but otherwise the dynamic is the same as in the other two: the stalwart one (without a gun) against the angry many (Southern racists) to protect the defenseless one (black/alien). (Note to readers: If you know of other such scenes in novels/movies, write me.)
Here, the stalwart one is old Southern white lady, Miss Eunice Habersham (Elizabeth Patterson), sitting in a rocking chair and doing her mending. Why her? Calculation on the part of Stevens. The mob, he says:
...would pass even [deputized] Will Legate sooner or later when there's enough of them. But there's one thing that would stop them. Long enough anyhow. And that's somebody without a gun. [Pause] A lady. [Pause] A white lady.
I have to admit, I always found the "Mockingbird" scenario absurd. Atticus thinks one unarmed man can turn back a mob in the middle of the night? Him and his lamp and his book? Really, he's only saved because Scout and Jem show up, and Scout (a white lady) asks questions of different people in the mob. She humanizes them.
Faulkner's way is smarter, and Patterson, supposedly handpicked by Faulkner, is a story in herself. Born in Tennessee in 1875, 10 years after the Civil War, she died in 1966, a year after the 1965 Voting Rights Act. She began her career on stage, and became a frequent character actress on Broadway before doing the same in movies. The subhed to her New York Times obituary reads: "Was Said to Have 'Played Mother of About Every Star in Hollywood.'" Here, she mothers this role into being. She was Atticus before Atticus, Superman before Superman.
Her nemesis in the scene is the perfectly named Nub Gowrie (Charles Kemper), the brother of the deceased, and the man who actually did the killing. He's a Southern stereotype—fat, ineffectual, unethical—but you also get a sense of a man trapped in his role. As in Orwell's "Shooting an Elephant," Nub is propelled along by the expectations of the mob.
There's already a sleepy, carnival atmosphere in town, as folks gather to watch the lynching, and Gowrie, sitting in his truck, is confronted in by-the-way fashion. A woman with a baby begins it. (Think about that for a moment.) She says, "Well, Mr. Gowrie, when you reckon you gonna get started?" Jokes are made, Nub gets fed up, and after he gets a metal canister overflowing with gasoline, he walks across the street, sloshing things as he goes, to confront Miss Eunice through the screen door. She refuses to budge. So he dumps gas on the floor, and, with a bully's grin, lights a match.
Miss Eunice: "Could you step out of the light so I can thread my needle?"
And that defuses it. Literally. Nub waves the fire out, puts the match in his shirt pocket (nice touch), and we get the following exchange:
Nub: Miss Habersham, I ain't gonna touch you now. You're an old lady but you're in the wrong. You're fightin' the whole county but you gonna get tired. And when you do get tired, we gonna go in.
Miss Habersham: I'm goin' for 80 and I'm not tired yet.
Then she stands up, goes to the porch, and talks to the crowd. "Go home! Everyone one of you, go on home. You oughta be ashamed!" Trying to shame the crowd. So she was Joseph Welch before Joseph Welch, too.
To be honest, I think the scene should've ended with "I'm not tired yet." But the movie keeps doing this. It keeps pulling back to make grander, progressive points that deflate the power of its smaller scenes. It doesn't trust its micro and insists upon the macro. It wants pontification.
The worst example is in the movie's penultimate scene.
Micro > Macro
"Intruder" opens beautifully with the arrival of Beauchamp in the custody of the benevolent sheriff (Will Geer), and his walk through a gauntlet of tense, Southern faces. Beauchamp, unbowed even in handcuffs is almost contemptuous here; and on the courthouse steps, he turns and orders Chick to get his uncle to represent him. Interestingly, though he asks for him, he never confides in the uncle; he confides in Chick, with whom he has a history. Halfway through the movie, Stevens wonders over this. Why didn't Beauchamp trust him? It's Miss Habersham who answers: "You're a white man," she says. "Worse than that, you're a grown white man." Worse than that. From a 1949 movie? Amazing.
Most of the movie's casting (Miss Eunice, Beauchamp) is perfect, but Brian, I have to say, is all wrong for Stevens. Born and bred in New York, he doesn't attempt a Southern accent; he just has that bland, post-World War II voice. There's something unpleasant about him in look and manner, too; something pinched in the eyes. In his obit, from 1993, the Times wrote, "Mr. Brian repeatedly portrayed characters who were ruthless or powerful or both, including some villains in Westerns," and I can see it. But maybe that's what makes him right for this? Stevens isn't an Atticus, after all. He's supposed to be the hero but he actually gets in the way of justice. Everyone else does the hard work—digging up graves, jumping into quicksand—while he stands around pontificating and sucking on his pipe.
He's doing the same in the movie's penultimate scene.
By this point, Nub has been arrested for the murder of his brother, the crowd dispersed, Beauchamp freed. We get some awful dialogue between Chick and Stevens as they watch the crowd disperse ("It's alright, Chick"/"Is it?"), when silence would've spoken volumes. Then a few days later, Beauchamp shows up at Stevens' office to settle his debts, but Stevens, all paternal benevolence, refuses payment since he didn't do anything. (He's right.) Beauchamp insists; Stevens mentions that he did break his pipe, and it cost two dollars to fix. Beauchamp says he'll pay for that, then pays him with: a bill, two quarters and 50 pennies. "I was aimin' to take 'em to the bank, but you can save me the trouble," he says, with a glint in his eye. Then he insists, as in any transaction, that the pennies be counted. Stevens, still with the upper hand, tells him to do it. Which he does. And as he does, we get this exchange:
Stevens: That night in the jail—why didn't you tell me the truth?
Beauchamp: Would you have believed me?
It seems straightforward enough, this back-and-forth, but there are chasms beneath it. Stevens is acting the great white father here, even though he knows what he knows; and instead of playing along, Beauchamp calls him on it. Beneath the bland words, he's calling Stevens a racist. And that's too much for Stevens, our ostensible hero, whose face suddenly darkens and becomes pinched; and he puts up a barrier—a book—between himself and Beauchamp. He expects Beauchamp to leave. But Beauchamp doesn't leave. He keeps standing there until Stevens testily admonishes him.
Stevens: Now what. What are you waiting for now?
Beauchamp: (Standing taller) My receipt.
Holy crap, that's good. The movie really should've ended there (the novel, in fact, does), or with Beauchamp walking outside, and through the town, and past the people that wanted to lynch him just a few days earlier. But instead we pan back to Stevens and Chick on the balcony, watching Beauchamp. And we get more pontificating:
Chick: They don't see 'em—as though it never happened. ... They don't even know he's there.
Stevens: But they do—same as I do. They always will as long as he lives. Proud, stubborn, insufferable. But there he goes, the keeper of my conscience.
Chick: Our conscience, Uncle John.
(Music wells up: THE END)
MGM saves the white man in the end by letting him sound profound; by pretending he's the hero. The story knows different.
INTRO: Lucas Beauchamp (an amazing Juano Hernandez) arrives at the police station, unbowed, despite being charged with the murder of a white man.
The crowd isn't exactly friendly.
It is, however, reminiscent of Dorthea Lange's photography.
John Gavin Stevens: the lawyer Beauchamp asks for but never trusts. Not exactly Atticus Finch.
The movie's villain, the perfectly named Nub, walks with a cannister of gasoline to confront another of the movie's heroes.
Miss Habersham is Atticus before Atticus, Superman before Superman.
The threat is ignited.
And defused. "Could you step out of the light so I can thread ma needle?"
Shaming the crowd that has no shame. She's Joseph Welch before Joseph Welch, too.
The movie ends on this false note, with this false hero.
Faulkner's novel ends on this true note with this true hero: "My receipt." *FIN*
Posted at 07:03 AM on Mar 14, 2016 in category Movie Reviews - 1940s
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Movie Review: Mission to Moscow (1943)
If I'd been a member of HUAC back in 1947, this is the movie I would've focused on. Screw the others. Seriously, someone saying "Share and share alike" in a Ginger Rogers movie? Gregory Peck and Paul Muni portraying allied soldiers as heroes? Russian peasants smiling? You look small just bringing it up. You look like bullies. Which you were.
But "Mission to Moscow"? Good god, is there a movie more wrong in the history of Hollywood?
At the same time, I don't think Hollywood is to blame for it.
Stalin: for all mankind
Some background: In 1941, Simon & Schuster published a book, "Mission to Moscow," by Joseph E. Davies, about his experience as U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938. Once the U.S. entered World War II, according to Jack Warner, Pres. Roosevelt urged him to make a movie out of it, which Warner Bros. studios did, with Walter Huston, Abe Lincoln himself, as Davies. The real Davies not only introduces the movie (in ponderous fashion), he had creative control over the script. And when he didn't like the original draft, Jack Warner tapped Howard Koch to do the rewrite. Four years later, as a friendly witness before HUAC, Jack Warner denounced Koch as a communist sympathizer for that work, and he was later blacklisted.
Politically, Koch was definitely on the left, stumping for Henry Wallace in 1948, for example, but that's only a crime to the Breitbarts of the world. One of the original "Hollywood 19" called before HUAC, he was also the first to break ranks with their ultimately unsuccessful legal strategy. In an open letter in The Hollywood Reporter in November 1947, he went his own way. Meanwhile, scapegoated and fired by Warner, he freelanced for a few years ("Letter from an Unknown Woman" for Max Ophuls) before work mysteriously dried up; so in 1950 he moved to England, where he continued to write under a pseudonym. He eventually returned to the U.S. and settled in Woodstock, NY, wrote several forgettable screenplays in the 1960s, published his memoir, "As Time Goes By," in 1979, hocked his Oscar to pay for his granddaughter's law school in 1994, and died in 1995 at the age of 93. (Heather Heckman, a Ph.D. student at Madison, goes deep into Koch's story here.)
That Oscar, by the way, was for writing "Casablanca." He also wrote "Sergeant York." That's your communist sympathizer. Sergeant York. Only in America.
The director of "Mission," meanwhile, was Michael Curtiz, whose previous films had been "Casablanca" and "Yankee Doodle Dandy," and who went on to make "This is the Army," starring Ronald Reagan, among others. Another obvious com-symp.
So how did we get this apology for Stalinism? The problem, I assume, is Davies. The dude was just wrong about everything.
In some respects, "Mission" is a typical, corny, Hollywood movie. As it opens, Davies, a lawyer, is about to go on a long-delayed lake vacation with his wife and daughter (Ann Harding and Eleanor Parker), when he's pursued in a boat by his chauffeur Freddie (George Tobias, Abner Kravitz of "Bewitched"), with news of a phone call. "I don't care if it's the president of the United States!" Davies cries. Setting up the obvious punchline and titular mission. FDR wants him to suss out both Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in terms of the looming war.
When he arrives in Germany? Awful! Davies looks with disgust as Hitler Youth march near the Hamburg train station. When he arrives in Russia? Great! Davies looks with delight as Soviet troops train near the Moscow train station.
How good are things in the Soviet Union? Very good! Caviar is plentiful, gender discrimination nonexistent, workers happy. The Soviet leaders, meanwhile, are down-to-earth and open-minded. "I believe in individualism as it's practiced in America," Davies declares upon arriving. "All we want is that you see all that you can before you arrive at your conclusion," Soviet leaders respond sagely.
He visits a factory and is amazed by its output. His wife visits a department store (run by Mrs. Molotov) and is amazed by its luxury items. He's told that the harder the people work, the more money they make. "The greatest good for the greatest number of people," he's told. "Not a bad principle," he responds. "We believe in it, too!"
Ah, but there's trouble in paradise. Sabotage! Betrayal! And in whose name? Nazi Germany! Thus we get a truncated, laughably incorrect version of the show trials, the Stalinist purges, that led to the death of millions of innocent people. But here, no one's innocent. Here, they all confess without pressure. "The only pressure came from my own conscience," says one saboteur stoically. "Based on twenty years of trial practice," Davies pontificates from the cheap seats, "I'd be inclined to believe these confessions."
Seriously, you couldn't create a better dolt if you'd tried. At one point, others in the U.S. embassy are suspicious of the Soviets. Not Davies:
U.S. official: The Kremlin may be recording every word we say.
Davies: Well, perhaps they have a reason. Moscow is a hotbed for foreign agents.
Official: But eavesdropping, sir! Why that is an open affront of international rights!
Davies: I never say anything outside the Kremlin about Russia that I wouldn't say to Stalin's face, do you?
Official: Well, that's putting it rather stiffly sir.
Davies: Then stop gossiping and stop listening to it. We're here in a sense as guests of the Soviet government. And I'm going to believe they trust the United States as a friend until they prove otherwise.
The kicker is when he meets Stalin himself, and tells him, "I believe, sir, history will record you as a great builder for the benefit of mankind." Then it's off to Britain for a meeting with an up-and-comer, Winston Churchill, to tell him how the world really works.
At home, as war approaches, Davies makes excuses for everything Stalin does. The Nazi-Soviet Pact? Stalin had to do that to give himself more time to prepare for war. Attacking Finland? Finland asked Russia to attack it—to protect herself against German aggression.
You can barely watch "Mission to Moscow" for the number of times you facepalm.
War-time propaganda
Occasionally, we get something good. I like the conversation Davies and his family have on a train bound for Berlin:
German: You Americans have a very good tobacco. Ours is terrible—at the moment. We tend to improve it. Very shortly.
Mrs. Davies: Really? What do you intend to buy?
German: I'm not so sure we'll have to buy from anyone. Our Fuehrer is a very clever man. He has many ideas. ... We Germans don't mind a few discomforts now because we know what's in store for us in the great future life.
Davies' daughter: You mean on earth or somewhere else?
German: Shall we say, somewhere else on Earth.
That's nice wordplay, and the scene isn't overdone. Throughout, Curtiz plays with shadows well, as he always did. He's a pro, Koch is a pro, it's a Golden Age Hollywood movie.
And it's still atrocious.
Even so, I would argue "Mission to Moscow" is less communist propaganda than war-time propaganda. If it stands out, it's because the rest of our war-time propaganda (portraying Japan and Nazi Germany as cruel regimes), was, if anything, underplayed against the awful reality. There's no conspiracy here, just stupidity. "Mission" is a tale told by an idiot, but the idiot didn't come from Hollywood.
Posted at 07:41 AM on Mar 09, 2016 in category Movie Reviews - 1940s
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Captain America (1944): The Slideshow Review
The first issue of Captain America was published in March 1941, nine months before the U.S. entered World War II. It was a time when Hollywood was still timid about making anti-Nazi movies, but Joe Simon and Jack Kirby were bolder: they drew Cap decking Hitler on the first cover. So what did Hollywood do when they got ahold of Cap three years later?
They turned him into this. Where are his wings? Where is his shield? Where's Bucky?
He isn't even Pvt. Steve Rogers. He's Grant Gardner, district attorney. Worse, he doesn't fight the Nazis.
He fights this guy.
With a gun.
He does have this hot number as an assistant. She seems to know Grant is Cap. She also sends the final clue that will make the D.A. (or C.A.) realize who the villain is.
But for most of the serial, she's reduced to this.
And this.
Or she's being hypnotized into doing whatever the Scarab wants. No, he doesn't want that.
There's some cool stuff in the 15 chapters: Cap riding a motorcyle ...
... a few shots that impress.
And it's kinda cool when he changes into Cap ...
Some of the time.
But it is what it is: a 15-chapter movie serial with cliffhangers. The title cards, which are supposed to get us up-to-date at the beginning of each episode, actually demonstrate Cap's complete incompetence.
He tries ...
... and tries ...
But he keeps failing.
It's almost like a bad dream. Full review here. *FIN*
Posted at 06:00 AM on Mar 27, 2014 in category Movie Reviews - 1940s
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Movie Review: Captain America (1944)
Captain America was born fighting the Nazis. Literally.
On the cover of Captain America #1, artist Jack Kirby, not yet "Jolly Jack," and truthfully never really "Jolly Jack," drew Cap infiltrating Nazi headquarters. On the wall there's a "television" showing a man blowing up a U.S. Munitions Works. On a nearby table, we see a map of the U.S.A. along with "sabotage plans" for same. And front and center, there's Cap, in all of his red-white-and-blue glory, and with bullets zinging off his then-badge-shaped shield, decking Adolf Hitler. It was March 1941. Pearl Harbor was nine months away. Captain America was fighting the Nazis almost a year before America was fighting the Nazis.
The Republic Pictures serial "Captain America" was filmed and released in the midst of World War II (1943 and Feb. 1944, respectively), so you'd think you'd see him decking a few Nazis, if not Hitler himself, but neither is seen in this thing. Captain America isn't in Europe, he isn't a soldier, he isn't even Steve Rogers. He's Grant Gardner, district attorney (Dick Purcell), fighting the Scarab (Lionel Atwill), a typical movie serial villain. There's no Bucky, no shield, and no origin, either. The movie begins with Captain America a known figure, but there's nothing particularly super about him. He's not stronger than 10 men. He sometimes loses fights with one. He relies on a gun. Basically he's a dumpy, middle-aged D.A., who, in the midst of a bumbling investigation into multiple murders, takes off his suit to reveal a red-white-and-blue outfit, with which he goes forth to engage in prolonged fistfights with two (always two) henchmen in a barn or a factory or a garage or a cave. If we didn't know the tropes of superhero movie serials, we would think him insane.
Of fistfights and vibrators
Why watch the 1944 movie serial "Captain America"? For the history of it, I suppose. We get to see how far we've come. We get to see what fascinated kids—or what movie executives think fascinated kids—70 years ago.
So what fascinated kids 70 years ago?
A masked superhero? Check. Although feel free to put quote marks around "super."
Mystical, exotic locations? Check. A group of scientists have recently returned from excavating an ancient Mayan ruins, from which they've discovered the usual: plant extracts that allow you to hypnotize people and make them do whatever you want, etc. Plus a lost city.
The magic gizmos of science? Check. Has anyone tabulated these, by the way? The inventions that scientists created in movie serials of the '30s and '40s? I think it would be worth a study. (Someone else's study.) In this 15-chapter serial alone we get the following:
- A thermodynamic vibration engine: it can destroy buildings.
- A portable electronic firebolt: it cuts through safes.
- A robot-controlled truck.
- A radio dictograph: a bug, basically.
- A perpetual life machine: it can bring people back from the dead.
I'll talk more about the last one, introduced in chapter 11, later. It's the first one, though, introduced in the first chapter, that had me snickering like Beavis and/or Butthead. Because it led to lines like this:
- "I want to know more about the vibrator!"
- "We're not the only ones who know the secret of Lyman's dynamic vibrator!"
- "Mr. Merritt and Mr. Norton are here to witness your demonstration of the vibrator! ... I know the secret of this machine and it's a heavy responsibility."
The Scarab is really Dr. Cyrus Maldor, who was a participant in the recent scientific expedition to the ancient Mayan ruins. Now, behind the bland facade of the Drummond Museum of Arts and Sciences, with its suspicious-looking shoeshine boy out front, he's killing off all the other members of the expedition. Why? We don't find out until Chapter 13. It has to do with two halves of a map to the fabled Lost City of Zada, where riches beyond anyone's imagination can be found.
So ... money. Always money.
The problem with the radio dictograph
Look, I know the deal. I know these serials were made quickly, with little budget, a long time ago, and designed to keep viewers coming back next week. I guess I just want them to sense within their own framework.
Maldor? The Scarab? He can hypnotize people. So if the end game is the other part of the map, why not hypnotize people into revealing who has it? Why not hypnotize them into finding out where it is. They can do your work for you. Instead, he has them commit suicide. Then he goes after Prof. Lyman's vibrator. Why? I'm not sure. The next chapter it's the firebolt. So he can crack safes. What does that have to do with the Lost City of Zada? And why doesn't he just hypnotize guards or bank managers to get into the safes? Seriously, the man needs to focus. But focus has never been big in movie serials.
My favorite nonsense bit is from Chapter 14 when the Scarab finally captures G.F. Hillman (John Hamilton, Perry White from the "Adventures of Superman" TV series), the man who has the other half of the map. Hillman is taken to a secluded farm, where Maldor reveals himself to be the Scarab. Then he says the movie-villain line: "You are very headstrong. But there are ways of making you talk."
Ah, back to the hypnosis, I suppose.
Nope. "Tie him to that chandelier!" he says. Then he whips him.
Did he forget he could hypnotize people into telling the truth? Is he a sadist? Did he just need the exercise?
Neither of our principals is exactly Einstein. By Chapter Six, Maldor suspects Gardner is Captain America. That's why they bug his place. But when Gardner returns home, his assistant, Gail Richards (Lorna Gray), reaches him on the phone and mentions in passing that his line has been busy. This clues Gardner in. Someone has been in his apartment! And he finds the radio dictograph. Now he has the upper hand! He knows, but they don't know he knows. So what does he do?
At this point, the Scarab is blackmailing an oilman, J.C. Henley (Tom Chatterton), for a million dollars. So Gardner tells Henley, within range of the bug, that they're including a "radioactive cell" in the briefcase full of money. "By means of triangulation," he says, "we can locate the case wherever it is taken." But it's a lie. They're not bugging it at all. The oilman is confused. So are we. How does this help? They're letting the bad guys know they can locate them when they really can't. Gotcha! Or ... would .... if we knew where you were. Really, the whole thing is just an excuse to leave the briefcase in the hills atop Los Angeles, so there can be a fight in a nearby cave, during which Captain America will fall down a mineshaft and ...
And we start over again.
The radio dictograph? Forgotten in the next episode. The briefcase full of money? Taken. But Gardner does plant a story in the press about how the bills were all marked, so they're useless to the Scarab. Ha ha. Except all this does is refocus the Scarab's anger on Henley. "I was a fool to take your advice" Henley says to our hero. Totally. Plus you're out a million bucks. That money ain't coming back.
At least Henley lives. More than you can say for others under Gardner's protection. Prof. Lyman (Frank Reicher), he of the dynamic vibrator, dies in Chapter 1. The inventor of the electronic firebolt, Prof. Dodge (Hugh Sothern), lasts a few chapters before getting it in Chapter 5. Then Lyman's brother, Dr. Clinton Lyman (Robert Frazer), comes onto the scene with the greatest invention of all: He can reanimate the dead! Wow. This may be the greatest invention of all time. And what does he get for his trouble? Dead. Somehow this ineptitude is spun into heroic deeds for Gardner and Captain America. At one point, the Scarab, still intent on revenge on Henley, sends two men to blow up his Gas Works plant. Captain America battles them but can't turn off the pressure gauges. Kablooey! The report on the radio the next morning? Only one of the buildings blew up "... thanks to the timely arrival of Captain America!" Some press agent he's got.
The greatest insult may be how often Captain America gets a bead on the two henchmen in the remote location but for nothing. It works this way. They're planning something nefarious. He shows up with gun drawn. One of them throws something at him and knocks the gun loose. Then there's a fistfight. Then he is imperiled and ...
See you next week.
The final death
Interestingly, for all its faults, the serial has been praised by fans of the genre. They say it's Lionel Atwill's best work—and he's not bad in it. They say the fight scenes are among the best—and they're athletic and well-choreographed. But it's still a dance whose outcome we know. It's still painful to watch.
This doesn't help: Did the strain of making the serial contribute to actor Dick Purcell's death by heart attack at the age of 36, just a few months after filming? He's often called the first actor to play Captain America; but he's also the first actor who died suddenly after playing a superhero. We call it the Superman curse but maybe it should be the superhero curse.
Captain America was only the fourth comic-book-based, live-action superhero to show up on our movie screens—after Captain Marvel (1941), Batman (1943), and The Phantom (1943)—but he wouldn't return for another 35 years, and even then it was on the small screen in an abysmal 1979 TV movie starring Reb Brown. Eleven years later they tried again, with Matt Salinger, and with worse results. (Jack Kirby fought to get his name on the movie; after its premiere, he wanted to get his name off the movie.) Meanwhile, Superman and Batman movies are being made again and again. Then X-Men movies and Spider-Man movies and the Fantastic Four and even freakin' Ghost Rider starring Nic Cage. But Cap? Bupkis.
It wasn't until 2011, 67 years after this one, that Cap finally became the subject of a theatrical movie that got released in the U.S., "Captain America: The First Avenger," starring Chris Evans. They got it right, too. They had him fighting Nazis.
Captain America was born fighting the Nazis. The first issue came out in March 1941, nine months before the U.S. entered the war, a time when Hollywood was still timid about making anti-Nazi movies. But Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, in a nascent industry with fewer rules, had no problem at all drawing Cap decking Hitler on their first cover.
Yet this is Cap when he finally turns up in the movies. Where are his wings? His shield? Bucky? None of them made the transfer to the silver screen.
He isn't even Steve Rogers. He's Grant Gardner, district attorney. And he doesn't even fight the Nazis.
He fights this guy.
With a gun.
He does have this hot number as an assistant. She seems to know Grant is Cap. She also sends the final clue that will make the D.A. (or C.A.) realize who the villain is. She saves the day.
But for most of the serial, she's reduced to this.
Or she's being hypnotized into doing whatever the Scarab wants. (Pity every boy in America watching this in 1944, with better imaginations.)
Then back to this.
There is some cool stuff in the 15 chapters: Cap riding a motorcyle ...
... a few shots that impress.
And it's kinda cool when he changes into Cap ...
Some of the time.
But it is what it is. The title cards, which are supposed to get us up-to-date at the beginning of each episode, also demonstrate Cap's complete incompetence throughout the serial.
Captain America tries ...
... and he tries ...
But he keeps failing.
It's like it's all a bad dream.
Posted at 06:30 AM on Mar 25, 2014 in category Movie Reviews - 1940s
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Mike Kirschner
Supply Chain
While no additional substances were restricted when the European Union's Recast RoHS directive (2011/65/EU) took effect earlier this year, the number of substances on the radar of the world's regulators continues to increase.
What does all this mean for component manufacturers? It means that your customers are being driven to understand more and more about the substances, and sources of supply of those substances, that comprise the products you sell to them. Not so they can compete with you, or sell it to the highest bidder (that's what Non-Disclosure Agreements are for!), but so they can comply with regulatory – and, increasingly, customer – requirements.
There are problems and opportunities for you because of this. The problems are:
These are "problems" because historically this sort of information was not considered relevant to your customers. Now that it is, the onus is on you to learn about these issues and incorporate solutions into how you do business.
The initial steps to address these long-term and systemic challenges include the following:
You can, and should, go even further. Here are two areas to consider as "opportunities":
What we are learning from this is that very often the way we are doing something today is not the only way to do it. We're simply doing it that way because that's the way it's always been done, it works, and manufacturing businesses often go by the maxim "if it ain't broke, don't fix it!", and rightly so! However, in many cases it is broken; we haven't been looking at our products and processes through an "environmental lens" so we haven't seen it. But if you take the time to look, you may find problems just waiting to be found. Better you should find them and fix them before governments or your customers insist on it.
Statements of fact and or opinions expressed in MarketEYE by its contributors are the responsibility of the authors alone and do not imply an opinion of the officers or the representatives of TTI, Inc.
Mike Kirschner is a product environmental compliance and performance expert who provides advice and expertise to manufacturers in a variety of industries. His primary areas of focus include EU RoHS, the impact of EU's REACH regulation on article manufacturers, California's Safer Consumer Products regulation, and performance standards like IEEE-1680.x for electronics. Mike helps manufacturers define, implement and troubleshoot internal management systems that result in compliant products, and assesses and monitors environmental regulations around the world on their behalf. ( More... )
He contributed two chapters to the Governance, Risk, and Compliance Handbook, published by Wiley in 2008, and is featured in the critically acclaimed book, Exposed: The Toxic Chemistry of Everyday Products and What's at Stake for American Power. In 2009 he was appointed to the California EPA Department of Toxic Substance Control's Green Ribbon Science Panel.
Mike is President and Managing Partner at product lifecycle and environmental consultancy Design Chain Associates, LLC (DCA). He spent 20 years in engineering and engineering management roles within the electronics industry with manufacturers including Intel and Compaq. Mike holds a BS in electrical engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute.


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The Passions of Youth: Evaluation Consultant
Working as Evaluation Consultant on The Passions of Youth was an action research project developed by Manchester Metropolitan University, involving artists, youth workers, and heritage organisations working with young men in groups across Manchester, to help them explore the pastimes that fuel their life, such as football, music, and speedway racing through media training, heritage exploration and interviewing older men who paved the way for them. The evaluation briefwas to identify the successes and challenges of the project, the outcomes for the young men involved, to what extent the project meets its aims, and how the programme could influence the work of other heritage based youth and community engagement projects in the future.
Manchester International Festival Creative Programme
Evaluating the Sacred Sounds and Biospheric Project programme strands for Manchester International Festival. This work was an impact study reporting against the objectives for both projects, looking at how they make a difference locally and nationally, and their potential to influence change internationally.
Image: Sacred Sounds Choir, copyright Robert Martin.
National Maritime Museum Interactive Development
Working as an associate of Frankly, Green + Webb, helping the National Maritime Museum develop and evaluate a new interactive area of their museum. Together we explored how maps and digital technologies can help encourage family interaction and increase the personal relevance of the museum and it's stories of maritime heritage for families and other visitors.
(Photo: James O'Kenkins)
Earlyarts & Youth Music
Earlyarts worked with Youth Music on the Spotlighting programme delivering professional development for those working in early years and creative sectors in order to enhance the skills, confidence and resources for their work with young children. The evaluation reported on skills and attitudes the practitioners developed, and the potential impact on the children they work with, as a result of the sessions which covered music, story telling, and outdoor learning in woodland and beach environments.
Seeking Perfection
STEM evaluation working with Nowgen and Manchester Science Festival evaluating the partnership, experiences of young people, and audiences of this project which explores the subject of human enhancement. The team worked together creating a drama production investigating some of the facts, myths, benefits and controversies of this subject. The performance they created was shown during the festival, accompanied by a public debate. A fascinating example of creative public engagement and science communication. More here and here
Manchester City Council:cultural entitlement
Manchester City Council contracted Sally to evaluate their two year pilot cultural change pilot programme. The programme aimed to test models of what 'cultural entitlement' might be for children and young people aged 0 to 19. The evaluation explored the transferability and sustainability of children and young people's activity and associated capacity building and professional networks; the accessibility of the programmes for their target participants; relevance of the programme to the Council's Local Authority Agreements and Children & Young People's Plan; and made recommendations with regard to rolling the programme out across the city.
Manchester Science Festival
Evaluation Consultant for the 2008 to 2012 Manchester Science Festivals. The festival includes over 30 partners and over 200 events. Evaluation each year tests how effectively the festival delivers its intended aims and objectives, with a special focus which changes each year and has so far included:
- Understanding who visitors are and what types of learning takes place
- Partnerships with higher education institutes
- Community and outreach work
- What motivates people to come to the festival
Evaluation includes quantitative and creative qualitative information gathering, including creative consultation and feedback opportunities integrated into the festival's programming.
MOSI 'Wasted' Exhibition
Exhibition evaluation for MOSI (Museum of Science & Industry). User testing the interactives and exhibition layout through creative consultation with children aged 7 to 11, to explore the exhibition's success in being suitable for a target audience of families and school groups. The exhibition intends to challenge preconceptions of waste disposal mechanisms; relay key messages about environmental choices; and identify the project's impact on professional practice to inform other exhibition development.
Urbis: Art & SuperCity
Sally wrote the exhibition evaluation and art education project evaluation report for Art, a contemporary street art participation project by Urbis exhibitions centre; street art and youth culture company Spearfish; and St Ambrose Barlow School in Salford. The project developed young people's work on the theme of the urban environment. This was then integrated into a major architecture and public realm exhibition of the work of Will Alsop, entitled SuperCity. The evaluation gathered and analysed qualitative and quantitative information from artists, project managers, teachers, students and visitors, to determine the successes and challenges of the project and make recommendations for the future.
Liverpool Capital of Culture: Little Acorns
Contracted as Early Years Evaluation Consultant for part of Liverpool Capital of Culture to explore a programme aiming to identify good practice in artists of all types, working in early years settings across Merseyside. The project invited the artists, staff and children to find ways of exploring the central themes of Liverpool, community, heritage, identity and family.


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Reviews for Arby's
Latest Yelp Reviews
Overall Rating:
Based on 3 Reviews
Based on 3 Reviews
Jeff E. posted on 02/04/2015
Rating & Review:
Stop in for lunch for a quick bite to eat. A standard Arby's experience at this location with a bit of pep in their step at lunch from others I have... read more
Nicole P. posted on 01/28/2013
Rating & Review:
I am biased towards Arby's, as I love their Jamocha shakes A LOT. This place was like most Arby's. The lady behind the counter was surprisingly chatty,... read more
Terri W. posted on 09/29/2013
Rating & Review:
My husband and I eat at this Arby's at least twice a month, we do enjoy the service and the food is good for fast food, but the last time we were there,... read more
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Google Sounds Alarm on Malware Problem
digits: A Million Users Affected by Google Malware
Google said late Tuesday that it will use its search engine to respond to an outbreak of malicious software, or malware, that the company recently uncovered.
Writing on Google's blog, Damian Menscher, a security engineer, said the company discovered "unusual search traffic while performing routine maintenance on one of our data centers." After collaborating with security engineers at several companies that were sending the data traffic, he said, Google concluded that the computers associated with the traffic were previously infected with a particular strain of malware.
A Google spokesman said the company believes more than a million computers were affected by the malware strain. The malware appears to have been downloaded by people who were fooled by online scams that offered them anti-virus protection but were really malware in disguise.
The malware causes infected computers to send traffic to Google through a small number of intermediary servers called "proxies," Menscher wrote. Google plans to notify users whose traffic is coming through these proxies to help them update their antivirus software and remove the infections, he said.
Starting Tuesday, Menscher said, some people will see a prominent notification stating that "your computer appears to be infected" at the top of their Google Web-search results. The notification includes a link to help people "learn how to fix this" by running a system scan of their computer, updating their antivirus software and remove the infections, he wrote.
Malware is typically created by criminals or pranksters and secretly installed on people's computers, often to track their behavior or obtain their personal financial information or passwords. Computers cannot be infected by malware from executing searches on Google. Rather, computer users download malware unintentionally, sometimes by clicking on links in emails they thought were sent by friends or trusted colleagues, among other ways.
Google's move against the malware outbreak comes on the heels of incidents such as its public warning that China-based hackers were targeting the Gmail accounts of prominent U.S. officials and human-rights activists, fooling them into giving up their usernames and passwords.


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Here's what to do if the current storms and floods or other adverse weather affects you.
The Perils of Paperwork: Tips for Tradesmen to get a Handle on Admin
Try and keep paperwork to a minimum by transferring as much as you can online. We've put together some tips to help you get a handle on your admin.
Paperwork. Arrgh. Most of us hate it and it's even worse when you know you're a little on the disorganised side and find yourself drowning under a pile of it. So, what can you do to sort it out once and for all so that the days of wasting your precious time (and money) tracking down the important document you left in a 'safe place' become a thing of the past? Well, we've put together some tips to help you get a handle on your admin so that you can get on with your 'proper' job.
Try and keep paperwork to a minimum by transferring as much as you can online. We've listed some ideas below.
- Arrange for paperless billing and payments for your utility bills, tax & national insurance, and credit and debit cards.
- Wherever possible send invoices, estimates, quotes and other correspondence by email.
- Set up an online and/or mobile phone diary and reminder system.
- Set up a filing system on your computer. Create and name separate folders within your email account and my documents section.
- Back up all of your documents and emails. (You could do this by using a memory stick, CDs and/or other external hard drives.)
In your 'office'
Whether it's your van, spare bedroom or the lounge, you probably have a space where you do your admin. Wherever that place is, by now it's likely that you've noticed that it's virtually impossible to completely escape from paperwork so consider doing the following things to keep it under control.
- Sort out post as soon as it comes in. Separate it into piles which require an immediate or non-immediate response. Deal with the immediate items and set a date for looking at the other things which have come in. Once you've dealt with it, file it.
- Once you've started work on a document, finish it. Do what you need to do with it then file it.
- Set up a filing system. Buy a filing cabinet (if you can squeeze one into your 'office') and get some folders and labels - use them. Separate items such as correspondence, client-related documents, invoices, estimates and quotes, staff, tax, bills, etc.
- Shred confidential or sensitive documents that you no longer need and bin the other junk that's been piling up.
- Consider whether there's anything you can do to streamline your systems, e.g. getting insurance under a single policy rather than dealing with lots of different providers.
- Take 10 minutes to tidy up your admin area at the end of each day.
Review your system at least twice a year to make sure that it's working for you. Give yourself a pat on the back if it's ticking along nicely. Make any tweaks you think are needed if you feel it's not quite up to scratch yet.
Staying on top of paperwork will save you time, money and hassle. By taking steps now you can free up your working day so that you can get on with the trade you love rather than the admin chores that get you down.
Keep up to date
See our Knowledge Centre for recent articles on current trends, guidance, advice and more. You can also keep in the loop by following us on Google+ or Twitter.


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Share Photo
James Araiza, 29
Wanted: Araiza is wanted for violating his parole. He is a registered sex offender who was convicted of annoying a child. Araiza's criminal history also includes possession of a dangerous weapon, possession of stolen property, burglary and multiple drug-related offenses.
Description: Latino, 5 feet 8 inches tall, 170 pounds, with brown hair and brown eyes.
Frequented areas: He is a transient known to frequent South County and central San Diego.


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Forums Lobby MASTER YOUR NIKON CAMERA Nikon D7000 Series topic #23552
NEF help
Ray P Registered since 07th Jul 2009
Wed 30-Jan-13 12:05 PM
I have a recently bought D7000 and my versions of cs4 and cs5 will not open NEF files. States camera is not supported. Shows file as XMP. They both however open NEF files from my D60. Any ideas??
Visit my Nikonians gallery.
#1. "RE: NEF help" | In response to Reply # 0Rassie Nikonian since 08th Jan 2006Wed 30-Jan-13 11:20 AM
If you have CS5 open, cluck on "Help", then "Updates" on the menu bar up top, and download the latest updates. You need to install the latest version of ACR (Adobe Camera Raw) for CS5. That version supports the D7000 NEF files.
Visit my Nikonians gallery.


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To see anything at all you have to take a 15 Min. cab ride and then you get to the "main area" and there is nothing to do. The shopping was pitiful but the beach was decent.
I really love Nassau and no matter how many times I go there, I always find something new to do. I highly suggest taking the $4 water taxi to Paradise Island. Everyone I have ever met in Nassau is so happy and very helpful!
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Alumni Connections
Affinity reunions are in the works for other Drake University colleges, schools and organizations, as well as 30- and 50-year cluster reunions.Read more
Affinity reunions are in the works for other Drake University colleges, schools and organizations, as well as 30- and 50-year cluster reunions.Read more
Chair of Ethics and Professions established; Weaver Medal of Honor recipient named; Twyla Tharp gives Bucksbaum Lecture; Admission updateRead more
"Drake is uniquely positioned to achieve ambitious goals that would have been unimaginable just a few years ago. And now, we have plans in place to act on our collective hard work to benefit the future of countless students."Read more
As a jammer for the Des Moines Derby Dames, Malay Bouaphakeo, JO'05, strikes without hesitation. As a blocker she's always ready to throw a hip and send a rival to the skating rink floor. Bouaphakeo is the co-founder, coach, owner, member of the board of directors and PR maven for the Derby Dames — the newest roller derby league in central Iowa.Read more
The concept of "collective" is, in many ways, central to who and what we are as a University community. In recent years, Drake has emerged as a model for excellence, accountability and integrity in higher education, and it is clear that what we have done is indeed the consequence of collective strength.Read more
Senior magazines majors found their way into the homes, hands and even pockets of a diverse community this year with the publication of their all-digital lifestyle magazine, Urban Plains. With the bold decision to not produce a print publication, the class became one of the first in the country to create a fully multimedia-integrated digital edition of a student-produced publication.Read more


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Get an alert when new Cage The Elephant dates are announced
A fantastic US punk-funk rock five piece band who have previously toured with Queens of The Stone Age and take their influences from Red Hot Chili Peppers, Fun Lovin Criminals and Pearl Jam.
See more info at cagetheelephant.com
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University Testing
Welcome to University Testing (UT) Services at Arkansas Tech University. UT provides services which assist in the recruitment, retention, and graduation of students. The Test Lab is located in Doc Bryan Student Services Building. Examinees must check in at Suite 171. Feel free to contact us if you have questions regarding standardized testing.
Tests Offered
Arkansas Tech University accepts either the ACT or SAT tests for admission purposes. COMPASS is also administered on ATU campus for admission purposes.


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Please log in or register to manage your account
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Poets sought for slam event
ENCINITAS Full Moon Poets will present its La Paloma Winter Poetry Slam at 6 p.m. Feb. 24 at the La Paloma Theatre, 471 S. Coast Highway 101. Admission is free. Poets wishing to enter should arrive at 5 p.m.
The 13th annual event is expected to pack draw several hundred people. Poets' names will be placed in a popcorn bucket and the first 17 names will be pulled for the line-up for the night.
There are three elimination rounds going from 17 poets to 8 and the final 3 for the last round. Prize money collected from the audience will go to the winners. No props, musical instruments, costumes or recorded music allowed.
Poets need three original poems that do not exceed 3 minutes each.
For more information and rules go to fullmoonpoets.org


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An Eye on the Lower Muskingum: Day Civil War should have started
May 11, 2013
The Buell Memorandum, at least according to Buell, also told when the Civil War should have started. Major A. W. Nellis of Maysville, Kentucky, visited Gen....
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Holly Point Market, Groovin' concert to be featured Saturday at maritime park
|The "Cigar Box String Band" (above) will perform from 5-6 p.m. on Saturday, August 27, at the Deltaville Maritime Museum as part of the Groovin' in the Park concert series. Tom Dikon, Jon Vallett and O.T. Adcock will perform from 6-8 p.m. Bring lawn chairs and coolers.
by Bill Powell
President, Deltaville Maritime Museum
It will be a big day this Saturday, August 27, at the Deltaville Maritime Museum and Holly Point Nature Park as everyone welcomes back "F.D. Crockett" from her two-week cruise of the Chesapeake Bay. With stops in Cape Charles, Tangier Island, Solomon's Island, and St. Michaels, Crockett has taken the message of the museum and Middlesex County's maritime heritage to a host of folks along the Chesapeake. It's good to have her back! She will be open for tours starting at 10 a.m.
Also on Saturday, the Holly Point Market opens at 9 a.m. for a day of shopping, food and music. Singer/guitarist David Moran will perform starting around 9:30 a.m. in the pavilion. From 10 a.m.-1 p.m. restored workboat tours and creek cruises will happen on the Pierwalk. The Groovin' in the Park concert with the "Cigar Box String Band" will open at 5 p.m. for the crowd-pleasing Tom Dikon, Jon Vallett and the "Bucket" from 6-8 p.m.
Breakfast on Saturday begins at 8 a.m. in the North Pavilion.
Find the Market amongst the trees and gardens of the maritime park events and waterfront areas. Anchored by fresh local produce by Garner's, and the goat cheese soap and fresh local eggs of Lover's Retreat Dairy, vendors will line the market lanes offering local crafts, art, jewelry, hand-painted glass, natural soaps, quilts, Captain Tom's oyster floats, handmade leather goods, Whitley Peanuts, clam chowder, local meats, fiber-silk woven items, beads, and sweets. Steve's Fruit Smoothies and Marty's popular Swine Skins will be featured on the waterfront. The Middlesex Lions Club will bring their brooms to Community Row in the Turner Fountain Courtyard.
The museum will open an hour early at 9 a.m. There are new additions to the Fishing Bay Yacht Club and "Lighthouses of the Chesapeake" exhibits, and don't miss the gift shop.
At 10 a.m. the Pierwalk offers boat tours on the restored buyboat F.D. Crockett.
Free workboat cruises of beautiful Mill and Jackson creeks will be offered on the waterfront's floating pier aboard the restored diesel Deltaville Deadrise "Only Son" with Captain Pete. Only Son is owned by the Farinholt Brothers of Chesapeake Boat Works. Thanks Farinholts.
"Explorer," the museum's own 1608 John Smith shallop replica, will be on display on the floating dock at the waterfront. The Explorer Society will be aboard to answer questions and, if anyone wants to go on a 1600s rowing experience, just ask.
Come back to the park around 4 p.m. as the gates open for a wonderful evening of music from the Cigar Box String Band (5 p.m.) and Tom Dikon, Jon Vallett and O.T. Adcock (6-8 p.m.) at Groovin' in the Park. This is a "bring your own lawn chair, cooler, and picnic" event. Hot food, fruit smoothies, swine skins and bottled water is available next to the Tea House.
Groovin' will happen, rain or shine. Tickets are $10 advance and $15 at the door. Get yours at the museum office, on the museum's website, or at Nauti Nell's in Deltaville.
Deltaville Maritime Museum and Holly Point Nature Park is at 287 Jackson Creek Road. To get to the museum and park, follow Route 33 through Deltaville and turn right across from the Citgo Station. Visit http://www.deltavillemuseum.com or call 776-7200 for more information.


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Big data
Big data is everywhere, and although the collection of huge datasets from sensors, machines and device-wielding humans has become increasingly automated, understanding causes and connections is still left to people.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency wants to change that.
DARPA's Big Mechanism program will provide up to $45 million in contracts, grants and cooperative agreements for as many as 12 award winners that demonstrate "innovative approaches that enable revolutionary advances in science, devices or systems," according to a newly released solicitation.
In other words, if big data highlights the search for a needle in a haystack of data, DARPA aims to develop technology that explains why the needle is there.
"Big Mechanisms are causal, explanatory models of complicated systems in which interactions have important causal effects," the solicitation states. "The collection of Big Data is increasingly automated, but the creation of Big Mechanisms remains a human endeavor made increasingly difficult by the fragmentation and distribution of knowledge. To the extent that we can automate the construction of Big Mechanisms, we can change how science is done."
DARPA said new research will be necessary in numerous fields related to how machines and humans process massive amounts of data, including statistical and knowledge-based natural language processing, curation and ontology, systems and mathematical biology, and representation and reasoning.
As the solicitation points out, some of the systems that matter most to the Defense Department are complex, but they are studied in a fragmented, inconsistent fashion that makes it difficult to build complete, accurate models.
For its first project, DARPA plans to use the Big Mechanism program to address cancer pathways, which are molecular interactions that can cause some cells to turn cancerous.
Officials are seeking an automated way to extract useful information and causal mechanisms from abstracts and research papers about cancer biology. Computers should then assemble the fragments of data into "complete pathways of unprecedented scale and accuracy" to determine cause-and-effect relationships and how those relationships could be altered or manipulated to prevent or control the disease.
"The language of molecular biology and the cancer literature emphasize mechanisms," said Paul Cohen, a DARPA program manager, in a press release. "Papers describe how proteins affect the expression of other proteins and how these effects have biological consequences. Computers should be able to identify causes and effects in cancer biology papers more easily than in, say, the literatures of sociology or economics."
He added: "Unfortunately, what we know about big mechanisms is contained in enormous, fragmentary and sometimes contradictory literatures and databases, so no single human can understand a really complicated system in its entirety. Computers must help us."
If DARPA's effort with cancer research shows promise, the implications would be far-reaching. Any article or bit of published research about any topic of interest could become part of a computer-maintained and computer-examined causal model of a larger system -- what DARPA calls the Big Mechanism.
"Causal models are needed to predict how systems will respond to interventions -- how a patient or an economy will respond to a drug or a new tax -- and to understand why systems behave as they do," Cohen said. "By emphasizing causal models and explanation, Big Mechanism may be the future of science."
About the Author
Frank Konkel is a former staff writer for FCW.
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In the latest issue: grid security, agile development, BYOD and more!
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Steve Kelman contends that a recent report on agencies' prize challenges tells only half the success story.
OMB's Data Center Optimization Initiative gives agencies new metrics and goals for fiscal 2018.
NSA and the CIA have revamped themselves in the past year. FCW asked officials how well Fort Meade and Langley are collaborating in cyberspace in pursuit of their separate missions.
The latest version of the Defense Department-wide Enterprise Service Management Framework places more emphasis on managing IT risk.
Despite GSA's efforts to accelerate the FedRAMP approval process, the lack of agency reciprocity puts the program's central goals at risk.
Got some early-career colleagues who are doing great things in federal IT? Nominate them for FCW's 2016 Rising Star awards.
The agency software inventories required under the draft category management policy will be treasure maps that lead to efficient, effective, streamlined buying and unprecedented savings.
As experts warned of the "dire" threats posed by outdated federal technology, lawmakers grilled top feds, debated workforce issues and inched closer to backing a $3.1 billion fix-it fund.
The agency is making strides in developing and deploying border technologies but still has some weaknesses.
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The world's largest producer of casual games has selected MySQL Cluster to power its real-time recommendations platform.
High velocity data ingestion, low latency reads, on-line scaling and the operational simplicity delivered by MySQL Cluster has enabled Big Fish to increase customer engagement and deliver targeted marketing, providing a more personalized experience to its users.
You can read the full Big Fish …[Read more...]