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by James McEnteer
The New York Times November 18 editorial urging passage of a free-trade agreement with Colombia is factually challenged and wrong-headed – politically, economically and morally – in many ways. The editorial's expressed sense of false urgency ("There is no more time to waste") sounds like the Bush administration beating drums for war in Iraq. Remember the administration mantra: "We don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud"? There was no smoking gun in Iraq. And there is no pressing need to pass a free-trade agreement with Colombia. Quite the contrary.
The Times says that rejecting the trade pact "would send a dismal message to allies the world over that the United States is an unreliable partner…" But the world already has the message that the United States is willing to support a corrupt, murderous regime – such as that of Colombian President Alvaro Uribe – as long as their own largest corporate sponsors (e.g., Coca Cola, Occidental Petroleum, Chiquita Brands) – can make big profits there.
Hollow U.S. rhetoric has achieved new hypocritical heights under the Bush-Cheney junta. A free-trade pact would only license the Uribe regime to continue its human rights abuses, ceding any leverage to pressure Colombia for positive change. The U.S. has long abetted the crimes of its own companies, supplying Occidental with funds for their own paramilitary troops. Chiquita Brands paid a $25 million-dollar fine last year for hiring paramilitaries to kill union leaders who wanted better wages and working conditions. Such practices send a "dismal message" indeed.
The Times claims falsely that the murders of trade unionists are "down sharply," whereas in fact, by August 2008 the number of union leaders assassinated in Colombia had already surpassed the 2007 total. "Washington must keep pressing Bogota to reduce abuses by Colombia's Army, ensure the prosecution of paramilitary thugs and further rein in violence against union members," says the paper of record. But a free-trade agreement would forfeit that pressure. Instead, the U.S. should make its ongoing "$600 million a year in mostly military and anti-narcotics aid" contingent upon radical government reforms in Colombia. Time for the moral stick, not more financial carrots.
Known and very popular cialis coupon which gives all the chance to receive a discount for a preparation which has to be available and exactly cialis coupons has been found in the distant room of this big house about which wood-grouses in the houses tell.
Despite eight years and hundreds of billions of dollars in aid from the U.S. under Plan Colombia, the flow of cocaine from that country to ours has only increased. The War on Drugs is actually a war on common sense. Government-enabled drug cartels – including Uribe's family and friends – are making enormous profits from this illicit trade. So-called coca eradication campaigns are driving small farmers, including many indigenous people, from their traditional lands. Colombian anti-drug policies have created millions of newly-impoverished internal migrants, forced into cities to try to survive. What will a free-trade agreement do for them?
As the Times correctly points out, "the United States has very few friends these days" in Latin America. And no wonder. Besides propping up the thuggish Uribe regime on behalf of corporate profits, the U.S. has continued its long, sordid tradition of intrigues against democratically elected leaders they view as threats to globalized markets. But the arrogant Bush-Cheney approach to Latin American relations has alienated former allies and stirred a new spirit of regional inter-dependence, apart from U.S. influence.
Bush administration plots against Hugo Chavez and Evo Morales have only strengthened those leaders. The ham-handed Bush approach makes a convenient target and rallying-point for all sorts of demagoguery. The U.S. ambassador to Bolivia met openly with right-wing opponents of the Morales regime, fomenting political violence. When Morales expelled him, the U.S. expelled the Bolivian ambassador in return. Then the Bush regime went further, removing Bolivia's favored trade status by declaring it "uncooperative in the war against drugs." Having no incentive to retain the Drug Enforcement Agency in his country, Morales expelled them too, consolidating his power. Bush makes a noisy school-yard bully but a lousy diplomat.
What we need in Colombia and throughout Latin America is a new spirit of co-operation from the United States, not domination, based on moral strength and mutual respect, not force of arms. The Obama administration must restore credibility to U.S. foreign policy and declarations of support for human rights.
Colombia has been a laboratory for the failure of corporate over human values. Under cover of a war on drugs, the United States has fueled the flames of civil war, supplying a huge arsenal of U.S.-supplied weaponry to a burgeoning military and often unaccountable paramilitary forces. Drug traffic has only increased. Yes, the armed leftist FARC exists, but seems to function more as justification for severe repression than as a threat in itself. If such a force didn't exist, Uribe would have to invent it.
The Times claims that failing to ratify the Colombia free-trade pact would "alienate many people in Colombia and undermine Washington's credibility." Tens of millions of Colombians suffer repression and terror by their own government, supported by the United States. Not just alienation, but violence and disappearances without judicial redress, are daily facts of life. Washington has no credibility there, except for the ruling minority who depend on U.S. arms. There is nothing "free" about a trade agreement with Colombia under these conditions. We must not be part of such a deal.
James McEnteer is the author of Shooting the Truth: the Rise of American Political Documentaries (Praeger 2006). He lives in Cochabamba, Bolivia.
by James McEnteer - Cali, Colombia It looks like just another store front in this burgeoning city of two and a half million people in...
by James McEnteer Colombian President Alvaro Uribe came to Washington last week – along with a huge retinue to lobby Congress - seeking a...
by James McEnteer In poll results released Sunday, Rasmussen Reports says that 59 % of American voters would like to replace the entire...
by James McEnteer According to Tim Dickinson's informative Rolling Stone biography, John McCain crashed three airplanes in his career as a...
by James McEnteer Joe The Plumber, aka Samuel Wurzelbacher, has become a kind of bellwether for the 2008 presidential campaign, though it is...
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Sumatriptan succinate, a serotonin-l (5-hydroxytryptamine-1) receptor agonist, is an antimigraine drug that is reported to act by selectively constricting intracranial arteries. Recently, vasopressor responses that are distinct from the cranial circulation have been demonstrated to occur in the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations. Cases have been published of coronary vasospasm, myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction occurring after sumatriptan use. We report on the development of 8 serious cases of ischemic colitis in patients with migraine treated with sumatriptan.
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On April 27th, TCP honored Senator Dianne Feinstein, syndicated columnist George Will, and Representative Don Edwards (posthumously)...
New report shows lawyers for poor defendants at initial bail hearing will promote justice and save tax dollars....
TCP's bipartisan, blue-ribbon Task Force on Detainee Treatment released a comprehensive report on treatment of suspected terrorist in U.S. custody in...
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Gather Your Rosebuds While You May LbNA # 32416
|Placed Date
|Jun 14 2007
|Claremont, MN
|Found By
|Last Found
|Hike Distance
Once upon a time there was a wee blonde girl with pigtails and a love for adventure. In spring a young girl's fancy turns to...well, something a little more pathetic and distracting like being twitterpainted. She pined for him in her diary and sent an anonymous valentine, but was too shy to declare her love to the boy. He was the first lad she had ever adored, and indeed it was a wonder that boys could turn out to be as loveable as ponies and books. Somewhat disillusioned, this young girl thought that love was eternal and wanted a symbol of this very special and wondrous feeling. So on a whim one day at dusk, she carved their initials on a tree, then wandered along this exact route....
1. Start at Highway 56 and 585th Street. Go left/west to the dirt road of 160th Avenue. At the time of the carving there was an old abandoned farmstead amidst the trees and blackberry bushes. Alas, someone set fire to the house a few years back.
2. Visit the tree with two decade old initials. It is in the middle of the field, closest to the road, next to a bushy trunk.
3. Follow the dirt road south. It will come to a 4-way but keep going straight. You'll pass a brown house on the right. This house usually keeps their Christmas decorations out year-round, but they also have decorative old farm machinery. Go over the bridge then take a quick right. You have now entered my favorite nature preserve (a.k.a.: Private Partyland, for it's hard to get the place to yourself despite its out-of-the-way locale).
4. Follow the dirt road around the curves till it deadends at the water. Off to your right will be a white sign saying: "No Motorized Vehicles Permitted." Ditch your motorized vehicle.
5. Pursue the deer path along the right side of the lake. When the trail starts to turn left around the bottom of the lake, you will see a stand of scruffy but stately coniferous trees ahead of you. Wind your way into this underbrush till you see a dead tree broken about 15 feet up the trunk. Look at the base of a stump next to this tree and you'll find a cannister....
I would like to add that at the time of hiding this letterbox, I was besieged by a malevolent reunion of rednecks who set hound dogs on me. I barely escaped with my life. I only hope the letterbox remains unscathed and undetected.
Thank you for following me down memory lane.


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635 members139 Stabs
137 members26 Stabs
Posted on August 27, 2013 at 11:00am 1 Comment 1 Stab
The BRAND NEW "Haunt-Strumetal" CD from "The Haunt Rocker" Jerry Vayne is now out!!!
The Digital Download is only $8.99 and 50% of the proceeds from the sale of VIRUS 308 goes to the Brian Wolfe GoFundMe "Fight For Life" campaign. Brian is a good friend and, with his twin brother Nick, part of "Evil Twin FX". The Wolfe Brother's Nick and Brian are World Champion Face and Body painters. Considered…Continue
Posted on May 29, 2012 at 6:00pm 1 Comment 1 Stab
Hey fiends...
I'm the music coordinator for "The Big Scary Show", a new podcast for the haunted attraction industry. I am looking for bands to play on the podcast. We usually air 2-3 songs a show. I am looking for submissions in any genre: horror punk, goth, psychobilly, orchestral, etc. Any…Continue
Posted on May 29, 2012 at 5:50pm 0 Comments 0 Stabs
I'll be at booth #500 at the Midwest Haunters Convention selling my cd's and my new MHC Exclusive EP "From Darkness... They Become!" as well.
Stop by and say hi!
Posted on September 12, 2011 at 1:30pm 0 Comments 0 Stabs
Hey Hey Jerry!! Happy Re-Birth Day!!
Hey Hey Jerry!! Happy Re-Birth Day Man!!
Hey Hey Jerry!! Happy Re-Birth Day!!
© 2016 Presented by World Horror Network Powered by


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Definition of laddertron in English:
A device used to carry charge to the terminals of some electrostatic accelerators, consisting of a series of metal bars joined at each end by non-conducting links to form a closed loop.
Example sentences
- A complete home-made laddertron has been made in Beijing HI-13 Tandem Accelerator Laboratory.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: ladder|tron
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


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It would be nice to know if they use animals. That is THE deciding factor when considering a circus. I will never give money to support mistreatment of animals.
Sadly, she has canceled due to her illness. The show is now a benefit for her.
And to think it used to be just the environmentalists.
Check the refugees to see how many are illegals and/or terrorists before you clasp them to your heaving bosoms.
Unfortunately, with fake IDs, their country of supposed origin not cooperating with information requests, you will have no idea who is going to try to blow up Tucson.
Hope it's. Not my tax dollars at work, wasted a vote on McSally
Hmmmm. So, how many are here legal?
How many are muslim?
Could be a good opportunity to gather some intel.
Great. Plan on going!
Oddessy = an Odd Odyssey.
Stop it OPV. That's kraftaphobia.
are "breeders" allowed?
Editors? Editors? We don't need no stinkin' editors. I'm warming to the idea of crowd sourcing proofreading services.
Writers need a grammer lesson...but dey aint techenn dat n skol eny mor.
Also, shows instead of the word witness.
What's Up, Docs? Not What's Up, Doc's? Also shorts. Not short's. Thanks.
Every time you misuse an apostrophe, baby Jesus cries. *docs* *shorts*
Real writers know that simple plural nouns don't need apostrophes.
This is a joke right?
Already have my tickets. However, my observation last year was that some of the local Burlesque groups are just as good, if not better.
If I never see or hear the word "cosplay" again, it will be just fine with me.
Can't beat this event. It is the best. Thanks to all!


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Every Wednesday the Elks Lodge #2561 in Silverthorne opens its doors, hands out numbered cards and markers and invites the community to sit down for a game of bingo.
A $10 donation will buy in for all cash games. All ages can play, but anyone under 18 must be accompanied by an adult.
This year, the lodge celebrates 35 years of community involvement.


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The following steps describe how to install Office 365 Home, Personal, or University, or a one-time purchase of Office 2016 or Office 2013 on a PC (laptop, desktop, or 2-in-1). To troubleshoot installing Office, see the Troubleshooting section below.
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Install or reinstall Office from My Office Account
If this is a new copy of Office and you haven't redeemed your product key (if one came with your copy) or associated it with a Microsoft account, go to office.com/setup and follow the prompts to sign in and enter your product key.Begin installing Office
Sign in to My Office Account at www.office.com/myaccount with your Microsoft account. This is the email address and password you associated with your copy of Office.
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You are here:
Indian Art
Art World
Subodh Gupta
Cushman & Wakefield, Saffronart to e-auction prime properties
September 23, 2010
MUMBAI: With the rising trend of second home ownership, real estate services firm Cushman & Wakefield along with global auction house, Saffronart, will start the process of online auctioning of heritage and plush residential properties in the country by January next. The bidding, to be done online for four prime properties initially, would be open for all interested buyers across the world, Cushman & Wakefield's Executive Director (Residential Services), Akshay Kulkarni, told reporters here on Thursday.
Saffronart jewelry auction clocks Rs 1.48 cr
April 19, 2009
Ashoke Nag , ET Bureau
KOLKATA: Leading auctioneer Saffronart has achieved a total sale of Rs 1.48 crore in its second auction of jewelry. Sixty-seven lots have been sold out. At the same time, the auction has attracted 40% first-time bidders from across the world. The top ten lots include a five-strand natural pearl necklace which went for Rs 13 lakh, a suite of ruby and diamond jewelry which sold for Rs 8.25 lakh and an emerald and diamond necklace that was picked up for Rs 6.32 lakh. At the same time, a diamond and tanzanite bracelet found buyers at Rs 6.09 lakh, a pair of tanzanite, emerald and diamond ear pendants was bought out for Rs 5.94 lakh, while a pair of diamond flower ear clips was acquired for Rs 5.75 lakh.
Saffronart hopes to draw in $2m from May auction
April 21, 2005
Ashoke Nag , TNN
KOLKATA: Frontline domestic art auctioneer, Saffronart is going with a hefty overall pre-sale estimate on the lower side of $1.8m for its May '05 auction. At the higher rung of the scale, the estimate is pegged at $2.1m. The sale, which will field 145 lots, embraces a whole range of painters. The modernists are led by Tyeb Mehta, FN Souza, SH Raza, MF Husain, Ram Kumar and Akbar Padamsee. Among the younger lot of contemporary painters are Atul Dodiya, Chitravanu Mazumdar, Baiju Parthan and Shibu Natesan.
Saffronart auction: Indian art sets 18 world records
September 5, 2008
Arunava Biswas , ECONOMICTIMES.COM
NEW DELHI: Saffronart closed its exciting Autumn Online Auction of Contemporary Indian art on Thursday, registering a total sale value of approximately Rs 29 crores ($7.2 million), about 72% in excess of the low estimate. At the sale, world auction records were set for 18 Indian artists, including T V Santhosh, Anju Dodiya, Sudhir Patwardhan, G R Iranna, Mithu Sen, Anita Dube, Sudarshan Shetty, Anil Revri, Tushar Joag, Manisha Parekh, Debanjan Roy, Phaneendra Nath Chaturvedi, Kishor Shinde, Chitra Ganesh, Ravikumar Kashi, Ram Bali Chauhan, Mayyur Kailash Gupta and Nicola Durvasula.
Saffronart's sale of Indian masters rakes in Rs 37 cr
June 15, 2007
Ashoke Nag , TNN
KOLKATA: Leading domestic art auctioneer Saffronart has scaled a total value of Rs 37 crore in its summer sale of modern Indian masters. Eighty per cent of the 130 lots on offer, translating to 104 lots, have been bought by buyers from India and abroad. Tyeb Mehta's Kali has swung the highest price of Rs 4 crore. "There has been a very strong participation from new buyers with one-third of the bidders being new collectors. We saw a good deal of presence from mainstream international buyers.
Saffronart will showcase a selection of works on paper
July 7, 2011
Ashoke Nag , ET Bureau
KOLKATA: Auction house Saffronart will showcase a selection of works on paper by 22 Modern Masters at its next 24-hour auction. The selection includes works by leading Indian artists Tyeb Mehta, V.S. Gaitonde, F.N. Souza, Nasreen Mohamedi, Arpita Singh, Jogen Chowdhury and more. The auction, titled '99 Modern Paperworks', will begin on July 20, 2011 at 8.00 pm. The aesthetism of the lots in this auction, coupled with their estimates, offers young collectors an opportunity to acquire modern Indian artworks, and established collectors a chance to enhance their holdings with a range of works on paper by leading modernists, including a selection of drawings by founder members of the seminal Progressive Artists' Group F N Souza, M F Husain and H A Gade.
Summer Art Auction 2012: Saffronart to auction modern, contemporary masters' works
June 9, 2012
Ashoke Nag , ET Bureau
KOLKATA: Leading auctioneer Saffronart will showcase an important selection of works by modern masters and contemporary artists at its annual Summer Art Auction 2012 . The auction will feature a total of 70 lots, by 34 pre-eminent modern and contemporary Indian artists. The sale will take place on June 19-20, 2012. This year's auction includes a collection of major modern paintings by top artists including VS Gaitonde, MF Husain, SH Raza and Ganesh Pyne, and also features a selection of contemporary Indian art, led by Bharti Kher, Surendran Nair, Subodh Gupta and Jitish Kallat, among others.
Mumbai-based Saffronart's annual Autumn Art Auction gets a total of Rs 21 crore
September 25, 2012
Ashoke Nag , ET Bureau
KOLKATA: Led by Tyeb Mehta's 1988 canvas 'Falling figure with Bird' and a rare painting by Amrita Sher-Gil from the early 1930s, Mumbai-based Saffronart's annual Autumn Art Auction achieved a total of Rs 21 crore (US$3.9 million). With a total of 71% of the lots selling, the auction highlighted the unwavering demand for modern masterworks. The painting, an important work from Mehta's suite of falling figures was bid up to Rs. 9.6 crore (US$1.8 million), becoming the fourth highest price paid for Mehta's work globally.
Domestic auctuioneer Saffronart notches up Rs 17.50 crore this summer from Indian art
June 20, 2011
Ashoke Nag , ET Bureau
KOLKATA: Domestic auctuioneer Saffronart has notched up total collections of Rs 17.50 crore in its summer auction of Indian art. The sale was spearheaded by Tyeb Mehta's 1998 Untitled canvas (Kali). This was the last Mehta painted in the Kali series . The work, which had a presale estimate of Rs 1.25-1.75 crore, eventually sold for an unprecedented Rs 5.72 crore which translates to US$1.31 million. At the same time, G Ravinder Reddy's monumental head went at Rs 1.41 crore, Manjit Bawa's 1993 canvas, Nayika, was picked up for Rs 1.08 crore, S H Raza's Carcassonne, which was created in 1951, was lapped up for Rs 95 lakh and Jehangir Sabavala's The Bangle Sellers was purchased for Rs 87.5 lakh.
Saffronart to enter sale of Western art with Impressionist and Modern Art
February 1, 2012
Ashoke Nag , ET Bureau
Auction house Saffronart is entering into a sale of Western art with its inaugural auction of Impressionist and Modern Art on February 15 and February 16. The first ever auction of Western art in India features 73 works by 35 eminent western artists with a total estimate of US$ 3.3-4.2 million. The auction offers an opportunity for collectors to acquire works by the legends of the art world including Vincent Van Gogh , Pablo Picasso , Henri Matisse , Fernand Leger, Camille Pissarro , Salvador Dali and others.
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Anglo Platinum meets sales contracts even as strike cuts output
Andre Janse van Vuuren, Firat Kayakiran
The platinum mining giant was able to fulfill its contracts despite a devastating five-month long strike which wiped out its profits.
Andre Janse van Vuuren, Firat Kayakiran
The platinum mining giant was able to fulfill its contracts despite a devastating five-month long strike which wiped out its profits.
The Amcu leader's speech to members at the end of the historic strike became an exercise in obfuscation, omission and, at times, pure fabrication.
Tshepiso Mokhema, Paul Burkhardt
The Labour Court has handed down a final order preventing Amcu, a minority union on the gold mines, from embarking on a strike.
The platinum strike's final kick and data releases from the US and Europe will head this week's economic news.
Julius Malema has announced the EFF will give more money to Amcu's strike fund, criticising Gwede Mantashe for lambasting the party's involvement.
No date has been set for miners' return to work at Lonmin's platinum mine while workers wait for "unconditional" agreements to be made by the firm.
Amcu says it has accepted a new wage offer from platinum miners, but outstanding issues still need to be discussed with the employers.
ANC's Gwede Mantashe seems to have hardened his stance on the statements he made about foreigners' influence on the mining strike negotiations.
Ngoako Ramatlhodi's softer stance towards Amcu, in comparison to other government officials, could be the reason for his hasty exit from wage talks.
Mineral Resources Minister Ngoako Ramatlhodi says "pulling back" from the negotiations may "exercise the minds ... of the negotiators".
SA's economic slowdown is "domestically driven", says Reserve Bank governor Gill Marcus, adding that the country holds the solutions to the problems.
Wage talks between Amcu and platinum producers were deadlocked, which has prompted Mining Minister Ngoako Ramatlhodi to abandon his mediation role.
The Anglican bishop has rushed to the EFF's defence after the ANC's Gwede Mantashe said its involvement in the platinum strike was problematic.
SA's new mining minister will sit down with company and union officials in a last-ditch attempt to end the platinum sector's long-running strike.
Strike talks between government, platinum miners and Amcu are due to resume after reports the mineworkers' union rejected a pay offer by government.
Amcu is considering a government proposal to resolve a five-month platinum strike and will put it to its members this week.
The Labour Court has rejected an application by Amcu to prevent platinum mining companies from contacting employees directly during current strikes.
Impala Platinum has rejected claims that the platinum mining companies have been involved in tax evasion activities.
A negotiator says the firms involved in a dispute with the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union may be guilty of tax and wage evasion.


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Picasso Nature Morte, Crane, Oursins et Oignon Aquatint
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This is a signed and numbered, colored aquatint etching by Pablo Picasso, circa 1955, depicting a still life painting from 1947 known as "Nature Morte, Crane, Oursins et Oignons", or "Still Life with Skull, Sea Urchins and Onions". Sheet measures approximately 22" x 30" (56 cm x 76 cm) and printed area measures 16.75" x 24.5" (43 cm x 62 cm). Numbered (12 of 150) and signed in pencil by the artist. Printed on woven paper with ARCHES watermark along the bottom edge. Published by Atelier Lacouriere, Paris. This is a bold and colorful work by Picasso, and one of his more appealing still lifes.
This work does not have a print catalogue raisonne number (from Bloch, Baer or Geiser) for it is an aquatint after an original Picasso painting from 1947. The original work is noted in Christian Zervos' Catalogue de l'Oeuvre, volume 15, which details Picasso's paintings, pastels and drawings from 1946 to 1953. We believe the original painting may be held by Musee Picasso at Château Grimaldi, Antibes, France.
This aquatint is being sold on behalf of a collector on the Upper West Side in Manhattan (New York, NY) who purchased the piece in Paris in 1970. It was recently restored by Alan Firkser of Paper Conservation Studio, Inc., 1841 Broadway in New York, NY. Restoration services included surface dry cleaning, foxing treatment, deacidification, sizing treatment, and flattening. Condition is excellent.
This highest known auction sale price for an aquatint of this painting occurred just recently on 10/3/06 at Sotheby's London when lot 211 sold for 20,400 BP ($38,148), including buyer's premium. The second highest known auction sale price for this aquatint was a $36,000 sale (including buyer's premium) for lot 265 at Sotheby's New York on April 29, 2005. And on October 29, 2004, Sotheby's New York sold another numbered print from this series in lot 294 for $30,000, including buyer's premium.


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Breed group: Toy Group dogs
Other name(s): Chi; Chihuahueño
Country / place of origin: Mexico
History: Chihuahuas have the rare distinction of being both the oldest breed on the American continent, but also being the smallest known breed in the world. The Chihuahua is native to Mexico, and is believed to be related to small dogs kept by the Aztec Indians. Specifically, the modern Chihuahua is believed to be the result of the breeding of the Mexican Hairless Dog or Techichi, and miniature dogs of Chinese origin brought to the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries by the Spanish Conquistadors, possibly the Chinese Crested. Other theories maintain that the Chihuahua has been around for centuries and originated in Africa; these theorists offer as evidence the remains of a very tiny dog that was uncovered in Egypt and which shared physical characteristics of the Chihuahua. The breed is named after the Mexican State of Chihuahua, where the earliest members of the breed were found.
Details: Ideally, the Chihuahua should be a tiny dog with a well rounded, or "apple domed," skull. They have large, fully eyes that should not protrude, the ears are large and of an erect type, the muzzle is rather short and somewhat pointed, and the nose should be self-colored in the black, blond, chocolate, blue and mole colorations, although a pink nose is allowable in the blonds. The Chihuahua is known for its pert expression.Chihuahua puppies have a soft spot, known as a "molera," on the top of the skull which typically closes with bone growth by the time they are adults. Their bodies are longer than they are tall, which is known as being "cobby," their tails are sickle-shaped and arch up over their backs, their legs are square and straight, and they have a dainty little foot with an obvious split between the toes. The Chihuahua always looks like a tiny dog on a big mission.
Average height and weight (mature size and weight): 6-9 inches, 2-10 pounds
Color / coat variations: The Chihuahua has two types of coat: smooth or long. The smooth-coated Chihuahua coat has a soft texture that is occasionally "whiskery" to the touch, is glossy, and lies close to the skin; though short, the coat should be very dense.The long-coated Chihuahua typically has an undercoat; the soft outer coat hair can be straight or wavy; the tail will be long and plumed, the ears will be fringed, the legs and feet will be feathered, the hind legs will have pants and the neck will have a large, thick ruff.
Lifespan: 15-22 years
Litter size: 1-5 puppies
Grooming and shedding: The long-coated Chihuahua should be combed daily to keep the undercoat under control and to ensure no knotting of the hair. The smooth-coated Chihuahua should be occasionally gently brushed or wiped with a damp cloth. Both types should be bathed about once a month and care should be taken not to get water into their ears.It might seem like the reverse should be true, but the long-coated Chihuahua is known to be less of a shedder than the smooth-coated Chihuahua. Many people who are unable to have a companion dog due to allergies or asthma find themselves quite capable of tolerating a Chihuahua. Check their ears regularly and keep their nails trimmed.
Food habits: Some Chihuahuas can be very food aggressive; they are known for being picky eaters, so ensure that you are giving your Chihuahua the right food. Snacks and table foods are strict no-no's for this breed.
Climate and environment: The Chihuahua despises being cold and will shiver. They will take comfort in a warm sweater in colder weather and generally are not opposed to wearing one. Chihuahuas only make good apartment dogs if the owner is willing to put in the time and energy to train them well. Being good watch dogs they might make neighbors a little nutty otherwise with their barking.
Behavioral aspects: Chihuahuas are devoted to their people and are a very loyal, graceful and amusing little dog. They are known to be reserved, and even skittish, around unfamiliar people. Despite their tiny size, Chihuahuas are excellent watch dogs, and will alert their owners to anything that is taking place.The Chihuahua makes an excellent companion dog. They are very lively, inventive, proud and courageous. He's very bold for such a small dog and quite strong-willed. Chihuahua's tend to be one-person dogs and can be so attached and loyal to their person that they develop jealousy issues. They are suspicious of strangers and most will follow every their owner makes in such a situation. The key to all aspects of a rewarding friendship with your Chihuahua is in the early training and extensive early socialization. Though some may find the Chihuahua somewhat difficult to train, they have a high learning rate and will respond well to positive reinforcement training.
With children: Knowing there are exceptions to every rule, Chihuahuas just are not the right dog for people with small children. Being too small to effectively get away from the teasing of a child, the Chihuahua is well known to resort to her best defense: snapping and biting. Because of their high-strung nature, the noise levels and general busy atmosphere that comes with having small children is often too much for the Chihuahua to handle; and, of course, the delicacy and easy breakability of the Chihuahua is a huge consideration in subjecting one to a home with children. Again, extensive early socialization with many people, including children, will go far to creating a more secure adult Chihuahua.
With other dogs and animals: Despite their diminutive size, Chihuahuas can be very fierce and aggressive toward other dogs and they don't have the necessary mass to back up their aggression! Extreme care should be taken when your Chihuahua is around other dogs – remember, he is the smallest dog in the world. This is yet another area in which that early and extensive socialization process will pay off. Introducing your Chihuahua puppy to many other dogs, utilizing a safe environment, will go far to reducing his hostility toward other dogs. Many Chihuahuas would rather have the company of another Chihuahua or two rather than a dog of a different breed; this works out well in play situations and avoids potential injury due to the exuberance of a larger dog.
Training and learning rate: Chihuahuas are very intelligent and are rated high in learning rate. However, being highly intelligent often equals "hard to train" for a novice. They are NOT an easy dog, and are very good at manipulation.
Activity Level
Agility: Chihuahuas can actually make great agility dogs and have fabulous stamina, but like anyone, need to practice regularly to keep their fitness levels up. Of course, the Chihuahua is also the ultimate lap dog.
Affinity to water: Other than being agreeable to the infrequent bath, Chihuahuas are not generally known to have an affinity to water.
How noisy are they: Chihuahuas are very alert and virtually nothing gets past them. As a result, some do love to bark. This behavior should be corrected during puppyhood with gentle redirection and positive reinforcement.
Exercise: In spite of their difficulty in being able to keep up with rigorous games or, for example, an activity such as running alongside while their owner bicycles, Chihuahuas are busy little dogs. Playing will take care of most of their exercise needs, but a Chihuahua, though tiny, is still a dog and has a dog's instinct to walk. If you don't have a backyard for your Chihuahua, a daily walk and off-leash running and romping in a safe area, will fulfill this need.
Health issues: The Chihuahua is born with a "molera;" a soft spot in the skull. This spot typically hardens during the first half-year of life, but it is essential to protect the puppy's brain from injury until the skull fully closes. Hydrocephalus (swelling in the brain caused by the inability of cerebrospinal fluid to drain) is common in the Chihuahua. The hydrocephalic Chihuahua will have multiple soft spots in his skull because of the skull plates being unable to fuse due to the build-up of the excess cerebrospinal fluid. It may be difficult to distinguish, as all Chihuahua puppies tend to have large eyes, but the pressure from this fluid build-up does put pressure behind the eyes causing the eyes to bulge. The hydrocephalic puppy has a larger head than others in her litter, grows more slowly and does not develop or move as quickly as her littermates. Many breeders advertise "applehead" Chihuahuas. This should not be confused with the "apple dome" their head is supposed to have. Most appleheaded Chihuahuas are hydrocephalic to some degree or another.Other health issues affecting the Chihuahua can be tracheal collapse, luxating patella, heart problems, eye problems (such as secondary glaucoma and corneal dryness), and, due to their tiny size, hypoglycemia. Their bones are fragile and easily broken. Stress related issues and colds are not uncommon. Care should be taken to monitor your Chihuahua's molera to ensure that it closes properly as some never close, thus creating the necessity of always protecting the head from injury that will harm or damage the brain.
|I am incredibly happy with my dog
|My dog is exactly the right dog for me
|I love my dog
|I am very attached to my dog
|Quick to learn and train
|Emotionally stable
|Doesn't bark a lot
|Easy to groom
|Family oriented
|Child safety
|Safe with small pets
|Great guard dog
|Great watch dog
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Jody Vance Joins Leafs TV
August 24, 2006
(TORONTO) -- Leafs TV announced Thursday that former Rogers Sportsnet anchor Jody Vance will join the network for the coming season.
Vance will host Leafs TV's Saturday morning news and information show, "Leafs Latte' plus Saturday night's, "Leafs Late Night', a discussion show featuring a panel of guest reporters that will follow the post-game show, "After the Horn'. Both "Leafs Late Night' and "After the Horn' will be simulcast on AM 640 Toronto.
Vance will also co-host Leafs Game Day with Leafs TV veteran Brian Duff and will be part of the intermission segments that will air during Molson Maple Leafs Hockey on Leafs TV and regional Maple Leafs broadcasts on TSN and Rogers Sportsnet.
The Vancouver native will begin her tenure on September 1.
"We are pleased to bring Jody onboard," said Tom Anselmi, executive vice-president, chief operating officer, Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment. "Her experience and professionalism will only enhance the other changes we are making on Leafs TV and during our game broadcasts."
In the coming weeks Leafs TV will announce the network programming lineup along with graphic and set changes that will position the network for years to come.
Twelve regular season Maple Leafs games, exclusively on Leafs TV, will be accompanied by the one-hour pre-game show, "Game Day' and the 90-minute post-game show, "After the Horn'.
All eight preseason games will be shown live exclusively on Leafs TV, and for the first time, Leafs TV will be airing Maple Leafs' regular season games in High Definition. Each Toronto Maple Leafs game will be carried live on AM 640 Toronto Radio beginning in the preseason and continuing through to the season's conclusion.


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Growing food and other agricultural products now has to meet multiple goals. The mosaic of forests, wetlands, semi-intensive and intensive farmed land and settlements found in agricultural landscapes needs to ensure food security, provide energy and clean water, alleviate poverty, safeguard livelihoods and sustain biodiversity.
This must happen against a backdrop of an increasing human population with changing diets; degrading land, water and nutrients; and climate change. It is one of the greatest conservation challenges of the 21st century.
We are at a crucial point in history to shift to sustainable agricultural systems that can support both people and the planet into the future.
Agricultural landscapes are important for biodiversity. Much of the world's biodiversity exists in developing countries where large-scale plantations and smallholder farmers provide agricultural products for local and global markets. If well-managed and well-planned, agricultural practices can provide opportunities to conserve biodiversity, to use natural resources sustainably and to bring people out of poverty.
Regrettably, all too frequently agriculture is responsible for land conversion that threatens species with extinction more than any other sector. It also undermines the very ecosystem services – the benefits provided by ecosystems to humanity – on which agricultural production and rural populations depend. This includes decreased water quality, vulnerability to pests, diseases, floods and droughts, as well as impacting water and soil nutrient cycling, and soil formation.
Fauna & Flora International (FFI) sees the potential for using agriculture as a means to win gains for biodiversity, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods. Many of our projects around the world are already finding ways that work at different scales within agricultural landscapes.
Our Agricultural Landscapes Programme brings together this experience to influence the choices over land conversion, to help protect and restore areas of high biodiversity or ecosystem value and to enable sustainable intensification – increasing food production while minimising pressure on the environment.


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JAN 25, 2013 - CBS Sports
A Must Read - Share
Eagles receiver DeSean Jackson told ESPN he is looking forward to playing for new coach Chip Kelly. I was looking at what he did at Oregon. My little cousin is actually DeAnthony Thomas, the Black Momba, so our styles are kind of similar, Jackson said. What hes done in that offense as far as lighting it up and getting in that end zone, thats what Im excited about. Jackson suffered broken ribs in the teams Week 12 loss to the Panthers and was placed on injured reserve. He finished the season with 45 catches, 700 yards and a pair of
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Secondary Sources Asia: Normalization and its Discontents, Emerging Potential, Food Insecurity
–A survey of economic news on Asia from around the web:
Normalization and its discontents: The World Bank's baseline scenario is that the unwinding of Fed quantitative easing will reduce capital inflows by about 10%, or 0.6% of developing-country GDP by 2016. If markets react abruptly, however, capital flows could decline by as much as 80% for several months, according to Andrew Burns, Mizuho Kida, Jamus Lim, Sanket Mohapatra and Marc Stocker.
Emerging Potential: Both China and India have recently exhibited a slowdown in potential growth, largely reflecting a decline in productivity, while trend growth in Southeast Asia has been stable and might even have increased marginally, the IMF's Rahul Anand, Kevin C. Cheng, Sidra Rehman and Longmei Zhang write. Over the longer term, demographic factors will be much more supportive in India and some Southeast Asian economies than in China.
Food Insecurity: The recent stability of food prices in Asia and the Pacific presents policymakers a window for addressing several crucial issues. If ignored, they risk reigniting the food price crisis of 2007–2012 and undermining the region's rise out of poverty, Vinod Thomas says.
–Compiled by Michael S. Arnold


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Definition of disjoint in English:
verb[with object]
1Disturb the cohesion or organization of: the loss of the area disjointed military plans
More example sentences
- The scenes we see are disjointed as the camera rotates, recedes and zooms into a particular edifice or street with alarming rapidity, as if the camera was desperately seeking a trajectory or subject.
- Poor management that fails to recognise and acknowledge them can result in them disjointing the organisation by ignoring important interdependencies.
- A 500-foot length of thirty-six-inch water main was lowered six feet without cracking the big tube or disjointing any one of the forty-five sections that composed it.
2 dated Take apart at the joints: disjoint a six-pound fowl, put in a pot, and simmer until tender
More example sentences
- The Mule tried to hold himself upright, his torso severed and disjointed by a flabby crack in the mirror, his arms flailing out to either side and trying to latch onto the shoulders of two other stoned zombies who'd risen with him.
- This is a basic method for cutting up and disjointing a whole chicken with the least amount of waste.
(Of two or more sets) having no elements in common.
Example sentences
- Remember how when comparing two hyperreal numbers we form three disjoint sets: the agreement set, and two order relation sets.
- Divergence scores were averaged over consecutive disjoint sets of 15 genes each to smooth the curves.
- A matching in a graph is a set of disjoint edges (i.e no two sharing an endpoint) connecting pairs of vertices, and a maximum matching is a matching of maximum size.
Late Middle English (as an adjective in the sense 'disjointed'): from Old French desjoint 'separated', from the verb desjoindre (see disjoin).
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: dis|joint
Definition of disjoint in:
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The upholstered sofas, chairs, case goods, and ottomans made by the Old Hickory Tannery come in a wide range of traditional and transitional designs that mix easily with classic and contemporary pieces. This family-owned, North Carolina-based company specializes in what it calls "antique furniture of the future" – in short, its pieces are built to last. Skilled craftsmen oversee every step of the process (the average Old Hickory Tannery employee has 18 years of experience), and the resulting items are solid to the core, with quality details like all-hardwood frames and eight-way, hand-tied springs.
Traditional needn't be stuffy—that's clear on first glance at this collection of versatile seating and furnishings handmade in North Carolina. Each is incredibly adaptable to myriad design schemes, and can be dressed up or down.
Kick back and relax — or entertain in style — with these key pieces for your living space. Our buyers hand-picked these furnishings and accents for their winning combination of style and livability. Anything but wallflowers, these designs will make you fall in love with your living room all over again.


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The Battle of Venezuela
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moreIn August 2004, the Venezuelan public came out in record numbers to deliver an overwhelming vote of confidence. After many attempts to unseat him, Hugo Chåvez, the former military man who took the country first by coup and then by ballot, again emerged as the people's choice. It was, in his words, "a victory for the people of Venezuela."
Yet despite Chåvez's successes, having defended his post in six referenda, two elections and against one failed coup, Venezuela—one of the world's largest oil exporting countries—is a nation deeply divided. The power struggle between the country's first indigenous head of state and his detractors expresses a larger conflict gripping the region.
In The Battle of Venezuela, Guardian reporter Michael McCaughan captures the drama of challenges to Chåvez's presidency in the courts and on the streets of Caracas. In this detailed analysis of the political forces at work, McCaughan documents the role of the country's powerful and shrinking middle class, the effects of Chåvez's social programs for his mainly poor constituents, and the rise of the social movement whose members proclaim themselves "Chåvistas." less
Seven Stories Press; January 2011
Download in secure EPUB
Title: The Battle of Venezuela
Author: Michael Mccaughan
Download in secure EPUB
Title: The Battle of Venezuela
Author: Michael Mccaughan
Buy, download and read The Battle of Venezuela (eBook) by Michael Mccaughan today!
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Le leadership charismatique dans les mouvements populaires et révolutionnaires - RISAL
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* One person can save the lives of up to seven people by donating the following organs after death: heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, pancreas and small intestine.
* One person can improve the lives of 40 to 50 people by donating after death skin, eyes, bone and soft tissue, heart valves, veins and arteries.
* All major Western religions support eye, tissue and organ donation.
* An open casket funeral is possible for organ and tissue donors.
* MTS has just made a living donor list available through their office in St. Louis. For more information, visit the MTS Web Site.
* Living donors can provide blood, bone marrow, a kidney, a piece of the liver or a segment of the lung.
Source: Mid-America Transplant Services
To learn more about organ donations, visit Mid-America Transplant Services Web site at www.mts-stl.org or the United Network for Organ Sharing at www.unos.org. Breita Church is also available for public speaking and can be reached at (573) 332-0070.


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Thursday, July 17: 9am, Osteobusters, Grace Methodist Church (GMC); 11:30am-12pm, Ask The Nurse, Senior Center; 2-5pm, Farmers Market, Speculator Pavilion.
Friday, July 18: 10am, Story Time, LP Library; 3:30-5:30pm, Food Pantry Open, North Country Bible Fellowship; 7pm, Bingo, PCH.
Saturday, July 19: 1-4pm, Piseco Museum Open, Old Piseco Rd; 2pm, Arietta Public Hearing, PCH--proposed land use code changes; 6pm, LP Methodist Church Covered Dish Supper, UMC.
Sunday, July 20: 1-4pm, Piseco Museum Open, Old Piseco Rd.
Monday, July 21: 9am, Osteobusters, GMC; 10am, Story Time, LP Library; 6pm, Morehouse Fire Dept. Drill Night, firehouse; 7pm, Adk. Lake Book Club meets, Gloria Fant's home--548-4751; 7pm, SpARC meets, LP Fire Hall; 7pm, LP Town Board meets, Town Hall.
Tuesday, July 22: 7pm, Morehouse Women's Club meets, Rec Center; 7pm, Speculator Planning Board meets, Village Hall; 7:30pm, VFW Post 7228 meets, Post Home; 7:30pm, AA meets, LP UMC.
Wednesday, July 23: 9:30am, Adk Lakes Quilters meets, PCH; 7pm, Open House, LP Library; 6pm, Arietta Public Hearing, PCH--proposed land use code changes; 7pm, Knit Wits, LP Library.
Thursday, July 24: 9am, Osteobusters, GMC; 2-5pm, Farmers Market, Speculator Pavilion.


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Definition of general-purpose in English:
Having a range of potential uses; not specialized in function or design: a general-purpose detergent
More example sentences
- In fairness, it's important to stress that general-purpose processors were designed for application-related computing.
- An appliance is a device that provides a limited, well-defined function as compared to a general-purpose computer that can provide any function.
- Almost all programs use general-purpose function libraries that come with compilers.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: gen·er·al-pur·pose
Definition of general-purpose in:
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Photo by Jill Bock, Staff
"Tooth" Jezmae Requilme laughs as fellow "tooth" Donnie Garner is doused with pretend mouthwash by Tooth Wizard Jamie Kurth during a presentation of Delta Dental's "Land of Smiles" program Wednesday at Lee Hunter Elementary School in New Madrid. The program seeks to educate children about good oral and overall health habits. Kurth was assisted by P.A.N.D.A., portrayed by his wife, Cassie Kurth.
For more pictures and stories from the Standard Democrat, click here to log on to the electronic edition.


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Ways to get involved
Join Food for the Hungry in doing exciting things around the world. You're an important part of our humanitarian work to make a lasting difference in the lives of needy people. We need your talents and passion to continue helping the poor.
Here are several other ways you can get involved.
Get your church involved
Respond to God's call to serve the poor through a partnership between your church and an impoverished community where FH works.
Take A Mission Trip
Along with other members of your church, use your hands and feet for Christ by going to serve in a Food for the Hungry field.
It's a great place to work, and we offer competitive benefits! See what opportunities God might have in store of you, whether in our Phoenix Global Service Center or a number of offices and fields around the world.
Artists Program
Through the FH Artists program, Christian music artists and other genre artists are using their voices to speak out for impoverished people. You can partner with FH artists by volunteering at events and spreading the message through social media.
FH World Sports
FH World Sports is a movement of athletes driven to end extreme poverty through fundraising efforts. Find out how you can participate in sports events and raise funds for your favorite FH cause.
Raise awareness
Reach out to your circle of influence—such as Facebook, Twitter, church, school or work, and even the government—help others understand how God can use them to help others overcome the cruelties of poverty.


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This Day In Wrestling History – September 21st
In 2003, WWE Unforgiven was a Raw-exclusive event held in Hershey, Pennsylvania
– The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray & D-Von) defeat Rob Conway & La Resistance (Sylvain Grenier & Rene Dupree) in a Handicap Tables Match to win the World Tag Team Titles
– Randy Orton defeats Shawn Michaels
– Kane defeats Shane McMahon in a Last Man Standing Match
– Christian defeats Chris Jericho & Rob Van Dam in a Triple Threat Match to retain the WWE Intercontinental Title
– Al Snow & Jonathan Coachman defeat Jim Ross & Jerry Lawler to win the right to be Raw's announcers
– Goldberg defeats Triple H to win the World Heavyweight Title. Had Goldberg lost, he would have been forced to retire
Title Changes
1992 – Barry Windham & Dustin Rhodes defeat Terry Gordy & Steve Williams to win the NWA Tag Team Titles
1992 – Junkyard Dog defeats Eddie Gilbert to win the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Title
1992 – Moondog Fifi defeats Miss Texas to win the USWA Womens Title
1999 – on Smackdown, The New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn & Road Dogg) defeat The Rock n Sock Connection (The Rock & Mankind) to win the WWF Tag Team Titles
2002 – Xavier defeats Low Ki to win the ROH World Title. Also, The Prophecy (Donovan Morgan & Christopher Daniels) defeat Bryan Danielson & Michael Modest in the final of a tournament to become the first ROH Tag Team Champions
2008 – Low Ki defeats Tiger Mask IV to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Title
2008 – The Colons (Carlito & Primo) defeat Curt Hawkins & Zack Ryder to win the WWE Tag Team Titles
2009 – Kensuke Sasaki & Takeshi Morishima defeat Akitoshi Saito & Bison Smith to win the GHC Tag Team Titles
Happy birthday to tag team legend Ricky Morton (56) and 2-time Zero-1 Champion Kohei Sato (35)
Also, today would have been the birthday of WWE Hall of Famer Jack Brisco (71)
In Memoriam
On this day in 2002, the wrestling world lost former WCW and ECW Tag Team Champion Rocco Rock aged 49. Real name Ted Petty, he started wrestling as 'The Cheetah Kid' in 1978 after graduating from Rutgers University. His first major exposure didn't come until Starrcade 1990, where he appeared 'Colonel DeKlerk', representing South Africa in the tag team tournament. By 1993, he was competing as 'Rocco Rock' and had formed The Public Enemy with Johnny Grunge. The pair began in the UWF, but gained major exposure through ECW, where they became 4-time tag team champions across a 3-year stint. In 1996, they signed with WCW for another three year stint, though this one was less successful, winning only one tag team title. In 1999, they had a brief stint with WWF and also competed as The South Philly Posse for Jimmy Hart's XWF. The pair went their separate ways following their XWF departure and Petty was still active on the independents when he died suddenly of a heart attack. That year, IWA:Mid-South renamed their Sweet Sixteen Tournament to the Ted Petty Invitational as a mark of respect. The tournament was held every year from 2002 until IWA's money troubles caused the cancellation of the 2009 event and attracted many of the top independent talents of its time, including Ken Anderson, AJ Styles, CM Punk, Christopher Daniels, Scorpio and Jerry Lynn


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BELL COUNTY, Ky. (WKYT) - A Bell County grand jury has returned indictments against Bell County Clerk Becky Blevins and two of her employees.
The grand jury charged Blevins with three counts of abusing public trust and one count of criminal possession of a forged instrument.
Kayla Carnes and Connie Watkins are also facing forgery-related charges.
The indictments say the charges relate to forged documents on vehicle transfers in Bell County.


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Walmart Tire Coupons Printable
Get tires from Walmart at extremely low prices. If there's one thing about Wal-mart it's that they don't offer store coupons. Their slogan "every day low prices" means that you're already getting the best deal on what they have to offer. Translate to their stock of tires and you'll find that they're telling the truth. Some of the best tire deals around can be had at Walmart.
If you pair a manufacturer coupon with your Walmart tire purchase you're pretty much assured the huge savings.


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by Chris Woodford. Last updated: September 28, 2015.
Earth scientists believe the world has about 40 years worth of oil still buried in its rocks—but they've been saying the same thing now for at least... 40 years! Whatever the reality about "peak oil", one thing is certain: with ever-growing numbers of vehicles on our streets, oil is going to become more expensive and harder to obtain over the next few decades. That's why many people think the future lies with alternative fuels made from crops and waste products. Known as biofuels, these potentially offer many advantages over petroleum. They could help us tackle global warming and, by reducing our dependence on oil from the Middle East, they could help make the world a safer place. But biofuels have major drawbacks too. Critics think their environmental benefits are overstated and argue that, by taking land that would otherwise be used for growing food, they could severely worsen poverty and hunger in developing countries. Let's take a closer look at how biofuels work and consider some of the pros and cons.
Photo: One day, every gas station could be pumping out fuel made from plants, like this one in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Photo by Charles Bensinger and Renewable Energy Partners of New Mexico courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL).
What are biofuels?
A fuel is something we burn to release energy in a chemical reaction called combustion, which goes like this:
Fuel + oxygen (from the air) → released heat energy + carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)
The exact chemical reaction depends on which fuel you burn, but broadly the same process is at work whether you burn natural gas in a central-heating boiler, wood on a camp fire, gasoline in a car engine, or coal in a power plant.
Almost any organic (carbon-based) substance can be a fuel. Our commonest fuels are such things as coal, oil, gas, peat, and wood—all of them made from hydrocarbons (molecules built from hydrogen and carbon atoms) and all of them ultimately derived from living things (either dead plants or animals). Strictly speaking, the word biofuel can mean any fuel made from living organisms or their waste—which means most of our fuels are biofuels. But we normally use the word "biofuels" in a much more restricted sense to talk about liquid and gas vehicle fuels made from crops or waste products. The best-known biofuels are ethanol (an alcohol made from sugar beet) and biodiesel made from vegetable oil.
Types of biofuels
Biofuels are a hot environmental topic at the moment, but they've been around for many decades. People who work with them often talk about first- and second-generation biofuels to distinguish between simple, traditional biofuels that have been used for a long time and the more complex, more advanced, and more efficient ones that are currently in development.
First-generation biofuels include such things as vegetable oil, biodiesel, ethanol, and methanol. Ethanol and methanol are very strong alcohols made from sugar, wheat, or corn in a process similar to brewing. Vegetable oil made from such things as peanuts and soybeans can be burned directly as a fuel, or it can be turned into biodiesel, a gasoline substitute (or additive) that can help to reduce vehicle emissions.
Photo: Most biodiesel in the US is made from soybeans, like these, or recycled cooking oil. Photo by Scott Bauer courtesy of US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.
Second-generation biofuels are made by turning crops into liquid fuels using more sophisticated chemical processes and include such things as BioHydrogen (hydrogen gas made from crops) and mixed alcohols. They are generally more efficient than first-generation biofuels because they release more energy per volume, so you can go further on a tank filled with them. It also helps if you are growing crops to make fuels, because it means you have to grow fewer plants and cultivate less land to produce the same amount of energy.
What are the benefits of biofuels?
If you read the news, you'll have seen a great deal of coverage about biofuels in the last few years. The basic idea is certainly very attractive: instead of pumping oil out of the ground and shipping it round the world, we could produce biofuels from crops and waste instead. For a country such as the United States, which is hugely dependent on oil from the Middle East (the world's most politically unstable region), a plan like that has huge attractions.
There's another great benefit too. Burning fuels such as petroleum,
coal, and gas (which were made millions of years ago) releases carbon
dioxide into the air. This gas smothers Earth like a huge invisible
blanket, heats the planet—the problem we now call global warming—and is starting to
change the
climate. In theory, biofuels don't suffer from the same problem. When a
tree grows, it absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
air, and water (H2O) from the soil, and uses sunlight to
convert the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from these molecules into more
complex carbohydrate molecules (sugars and starches) that it stores.
This process is called photosynthesis and it's a little bit like combustion running in reverse. Through photosynthesis, a tree uses carbon dioxide to grow. If we burn the tree as a fuel at the end of its life, the process of combustion releases exactly the same amount of carbon dioxide as the tree absorbed when it grew. So biofuels are (at least in theory) carbon neutral: growing a tree (or any other plant) and then burning it as a biofuel doesn't add any carbon dioxide to the atmosphere or make global warming any worse.
Photo: As you read this, scientists are working hard to develop the next generation of biofuels. Photo by Scott Bauer courtesy of US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.
What are the drawbacks of biofuels?
If it were only that simple, we'd be growing biofuels like crazy and switching half the planet to biofuel production tomorrow. Unfortunately, biofuels have some drastic drawbacks.
Carbon neutral?
Imagine you're a farmer. You've heard great things about biofuels and how they can help to save the planet, so you decide to convert all your fields to soybeans and produce biodiesel. You'll need energy to power your tractors to plant the fields and harvest them and more energy to ship the beans round the world. More energy will be needed to power the chemical plants that turn the beans into biodiesel and even more will be needed to transport the finished biodiesel to the vehicles that use it. Using all this energy means burning fuel and releasing carbon dioxide. You may be trying to help the planet reduce its carbon dioxide emissions, but you're actually generating quite a lot of the very gas you want to prevent in growing, processing, and transporting your crops! That means biofuels are not actually carbon neutral at all. Some studies have found that biofuels save 50–60 percent of carbon dioxide emissions (which is a very worthwhile saving). But at least one study has shown that the process of producing biofuels can produce more carbon dioxide than the fuels themselves eventually save (which casts considerable doubt on whether some biofuels are worth growing at all).
Photo: Giant farm machines use huge amounts of energy. These tractors and harvesters at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center run on a mixture of diesel and biodiesel made from soybeans. Photo by Bob Nichols courtesy of US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.
Relatively little land is needed for oil rigs and pipelines compared to the size of the vast underground oil fields that they tap into (not least because many oil fields are offshore). The same is not true of biofuels: enormous amounts of land are needed to grow the crops. If you planted up a forest on top of an old strip mine and harvested the trees to make biofuels, there'd be a net benefit to the planet. But what if you felled and burned a large area of rainforest to grow palm oil for making biodiesel? Then you'd be releasing a huge amount of energy by burning the trees, the planet would no longer benefit from the trees growing and removing carbon dioxide, and we'd lose the forest's wonderful biodiversity (its dense collection of animals and plants). You might think you were making "environmentally friendly biofuel", but you'd be doing so much damage in the process that there could be an overall negative impact. This problem is already occurring in developing countries where forests are being felled (because they have no immediate financial value) to grow lucrative crops for biofuels. Mark Avery, conservation director of the UK charity RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) argues that this "threatens to accelerate the destruction of some of the world's most precious habitats and wildlife. Without environmental standards, biofuels will be little more than a green con." (Quoted in: 'Green fuels' could be bad for the environment, Friends of the Earth, April 10, 2007).
Fuel versus food?
There's only so much land in the world, but the number of people each acre has to support is increasing rapidly. As oil becomes more expensive, so biofuels become more attractive to grow. That means farmers may find they can earn more by growing biofuel crops than food crops, which could lead to food shortages and increasing food prices. People in developing countries (already with the greatest struggle for survival) will be hardest hit by any rise in the price of basic commodities such as wheat. In our haste to use biofuels to tackle global warming (one of the world's most pressing problems), it's possible we could worsen world hunger and poverty (two of the world's other pressing problems). (See for example: How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor" by C. Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2007 and Biofuel rush harmful, Oxfam warns BBC News, October 2007.)
Not everyone agrees with this assessment. Some think growing biofuel
crops could be a lifesaver for farmers in both developed and developing
countries. According to a 2007
study by the Organisation for Economic Development (OECD),
US ethanol production for biodiesel will double by 2016,
while biofuel production in Brazil is forecast to increase by about 150
percent in the same period. Rising prices could be good for farmers.
Photo: Do we really have to choose been food and fuel? Photo by Scott Bauer courtesy of US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS).
Some argue that biofuels could bring benefits for developing countries. According to Peter Kendall, president of Britain's National Farmers Union: "What has been holding back agriculture in the developing world is not a shortage of land, but the rock-bottom prices caused by the fact that world markets have been swamped by surplus grain, from both the EU and US. If the demand for biofuels helps to change that, directly by lifting prices and indirectly by mopping up the surpluses, then it will give Third World farming the biggest single boost it has ever had. That, in turn, will do more to alleviate starvation in Africa and elsewhere than all the food aid programs put together." (Quoted in: Biofuels 'will not lead to hunger', BBC News Viewpoint, October 5, 2006).
Power to the people?
In theory, biofuels give local communities the power to grow their own fuel and lead self-sufficient, sustainable lives with little impact on the planet. There's nothing to stop anyone making their own biofuels by growing "energy crops" on their own land or producing their own biodiesel from waste products. Indeed, When Rudolph Diesel (1858–1913) invented his diesel engine in the 1890s, he envisaged people doing just this: his vision was one of local communities growing crops to run their engines and making themselves entirely self-sufficient in energy in the process. Ironically, Diesel's community-spirited ideas were quickly lost and forgotten. Today, hardly anyone makes their own fuel; virtually all diesel engines run on petroleum pumped from the ground by multinational oil companies in a centralized, globalized market. Just as huge multinationals dominate oil production, so they are already dominating the production of biofuels. Far from taking control of their own future, local communities in such places as Kalimantan, Indonesia have been forced from their land so that large companies can fell their forests, strip the land, and grow palm oil for making biodiesel. (See, for example: "Losing land to palm oil in Kalimantan", BBC News, August 3, 2007).
Venture capital firms, genetic engineering corporations, oil firms, and car firms have already moved in on what they see as the next hugely lucrative business opportunity. Some would see that as a good thing. The world has a huge investment in burning oil and it will take a herculean effort (and massive investment) to switch people over to more environmentally friendly forms of power. But, on the other hand, are we simply switching all the problems of an oil-dependent economy for a different set of problems with biofuels?
Photo: Power to the people: This truck driver is helping save the planet by filling up with 95% ethanol, a fuel made from corn. It's just the same as filling up with ordinary diesel or gasoline, but the truck's engine has been specially modified. Photo by Warren Gretz courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL).
Biofuels: good or bad?
On balance, then, the case for biofuels isn't nearly so clear cut as it seems. If they're produced in a responsible way, biofuels could help us cut carbon dioxide emissions and tackle global warming. But in the dash for profit, there's a risk they could lead to greater emissions and significant loss of biodiversity and exacerbate problems such as poverty and hunger in developing nations. With limited world resources and a growing global population, perhaps it makes more sense to try to cut the energy we use and reduce our dependence on cars than simply to substitute biofuels for oil and carry on as we are. Scientists are urging us to act quickly to reduce the impacts of global warming, but it might pay us to take a bit more time with biofuels and act more wisely. In our haste to protect the planet, we have to be absolutely certain we're not helping to destroy it.
Find out more
On this site
- Climate change and global warming
- Diesel engines
- Energy
- Environment: A full list of other environmental articles on Explain that Stuff.
On other sites
- Biomass: An introduction to biomass and biofuels from the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, including details of the latest research.
- Biofuels: Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Sustainable Development by David Mousdale. CRC Press, 2008. A detailed, academic text that covers the technical aspects of biofuels very well, including their history, chemistry and manufacture, and the economics of their production and distribution. There's not too much coverage of the political controversies and debates, but you can find that in other books.
- Biofuels by Wim Soetaert and Erik Vandamme (eds). Wiley, 2011. Another fairly detailed technical book with a focus on production technologies.
- The Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large Scale Agro-biofuels Production by Mario Giampietro and Kozo Mayumi. London: Earthscan, 2009. The authors present a comprehensive, factually argued case against biofuels as a solution to peak oil and climate change.
- Biofuels for Transport by Worldwatch Institute. London: Earthscan, 2007.
Background: the looming oil crisis
- Former BP geologist: peak oil is here and it will 'break economies' by Nafeez Ahmed, The Guardian, 23 December 2013.
- How Long Will the Oil Age Last? by Kevin Kelleher, Popular Science, August 2004.
- The End of Cheap Oil by Tim Appenzeller, National Geographic, June 2004.
For and against biofuels
- Biofuels: 'Irrational' and 'worse than fossil fuels': BBC News, 15 April 2013. A Chatham House report argues that biofuels are worse than fossil fuels.
- EU acts against harm from biofuel crops: BBC News, 17 October 2012. The EU has set a cap on biofuels and plans to increase other forms of renewable energy production instead.
- Biofuels industry does not deserve to be demonised by Clare Wenner. The Guardian, 16 October 2012. An impassioned defence of biofuels, arguing that they are indeed part of the solution to the problems of peak oil and climate change.
- Brazil president defends biofuels by Emilio San Pedro, BBC News, 17 April 2008. Biofuel production is not pushing up food prices, according to Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, speaking at a UN conference.
- The biofuel myths: By Eric Holt-Giménez, New York Times, July 10, 2007: A good, simple summary of the case against biofuels.
- How to run your car on chip oil: BBC News, 17 October 2007. A quick guide to the benefits of biodiesel.
- OECD Round Table on Sustainable Development: Biofuels: Is the cure worse than the disease?: A more technical, 57-page report looking at the pros and cons of biofuels.
- Biofuels and food prices: The Guardian publishes an internal report from the World Bank on the link between biofuels and increasing food prices. [Archived page via the Wayback Machine]
- Oxfam: The Hunger Grains: The anti-poverty campaign organization argues that we should not be subsidizing biofuels that "deprive millions of people of food, land and water."
- Friends of the Earth: Food and Technology: News from FoE's campaign against biofuels.
- Current biofuels policies are unethical, says report: A press release summarizing a report on the impacts of biofuels by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics in April 2011.
- Growing energy: How biofuels can help end America's oil dependence: This 80-page NRDC report from December 2004 presents the case for "an aggressive push on biofuels", but was written before more recent controversial research emerged. [PDF format]


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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE August 15, 2008
Janet Keating, Executive Director, Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition, 304-522-0246
Vernon Haltom, Co-Director, Coal River Mountain Watch, 304-854-2182
Cindy Rank, West Virginia Highlands Conservancy, 304-924-5802
Oliver Bernstein, Sierra Club, 512-477-2152
Community Members Want "Green Jobs" AND Clean Water for Families
Hobet 22 Strip Mine a Step Backward for Communities and Workers
HUNTINGTON, WV — In the wake of a new mountaintop removal permit, several community organizations have vowed to continue supporting and protecting communities affected by irresponsible strip mining. The groups contend that expanded mountaintop removal coal mining at the Hobet 21 mine in Boone and Lincoln counties would be another step backward for communities and that a clean energy future with long-term, sustainable "green jobs" is possible.
The U.S. District Court granted a temporary restraining order on August 11, putting a stop to mine expansion at adjacent "Hobet 22." The order expires next week, and a hearing on August 20 in Huntington will determine whether additional, destructive mining will be allowed.
"Clean, safe water is a requirement not only for healthy people and communities, but for sustainable, economic growth for future generations. If our government will not look out for the long-term economic health and prosperity of southern West Virginia, then the citizens will be the leaders on this issue," said Janet Keating, Executive Director of the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition (OVEC).
Mountaintop removal mining operations such as Hobet's have resulted in consistent job loss across the state of West Virginia. From 1950 to 2004, coal production has remained steady, and in some years increased, yet jobs have declined dramatically. Rather than provide citizens with jobs, mining companies now rely on large machinery to replace workers. Direct mining jobs have fallen by 87%, from 119,500 in 1950 to 16,000 in 2004. Just since 1990, the number of mining jobs has decreased 45% due to mechanization.
"Mining jobs in West Virginia are not disappearing because of environmental regulation but because coal companies looking to improve their bottom line have replaced miners with heavy machinery and explosives," said Cindy Rank with the West Virginia Highlands Conservancy.
The proposed "Hobet 22" mine expansion would generate about 30.5 million cubic yards of mining waste and would permanently eliminate 4.2 miles of streams, destroying miles of habitat for fish and other aquatic life.
"West Virginians deserve a new, sustainable economy that will create lasting jobs and growth opportunities," said Vernon Haltom, Co-Director of Coal River Mountain Watch. "West Virginia's wind potential and chance at becoming a renewable energy leader will be lost as a result of continued, short-term mining operations such as this one. Projects such as the proposed Coal River Mountain wind farm are the future of the state."
Data from mountaintop removal mine permits show that this destructive form of mining will only provide jobs and energy for another few years. When not strip mined, West Virginia's mountains are home to some of the country's best wind power potential, an energy source that will provide power for the foreseeable future.
Mountaintop removal mining is a destructive form of coal mining that has already buried more than 1,200 miles of streams and threatens to destroy 1.4 million acres of land by 2020. The mining poisons drinking water, lays waste to wildlife habitat, increases the risk of flooding and wipes out entire communities. For more information, visit: