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I'm not sure where I should post this.
a,b,c are in R and a < b
NTS: c > 0 => ac < bc
Any help would be appreciated.
ugh I feel stupid I finally figured out how to do it, if an admin could delete the thread, I can't figure out how to delete it.
Last edited by seld; September 8th 2009 at 04:56 PM.
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* Douglas, Isle of Man-based Odyssey Moon Ltd. and Israeli-based NSL Satellites Ltd., in partnership with NanoRacks LLC of the U.S., together launched a number of educational microgravity experiments to the International Space Station (ISS). Three of them are the outcomes of developments made by students from three Israeli high schools. In the past year, the students went through a unique class about space environment, life on the international space station and the legacy of the first Israeli Astronaut, Ilan Ramon, who was killed while on board the Colombia space shuttle. The students pitched many suggestions for experiments in space to a special committee, and only three were elected to actually be performed. One experiment will look at how cancer cells develop in microgravity, another will determine the direction of the sprouts/roots growth of radish seeds under microgravity, and the third will examine the hardening of an epoxy resin sample to test the characteristics of the mix in microgravity conditions. Two experiments were already launched from Cape Canaveral. The third one is due to launch in January.
* One morning, two years ago, Rachel Held-Evans decided to live one year according to the rules of the bible. That decision resulted in one of today's best sellers: Year of Biblical Womanhood: How a Liberated Woman Found Herself Sitting on Her Roof, Covering Her Head, and Calling Her Husband Master . In this book, Held-Evans describes her biblical-style life, including living in a tent during the Time of the Month, no getting anywhere near a television or a computer, avoiding gossip and more. Before becoming a famous publishing author, Held-Evans was a blogger, living in the lap of the Evangelical Church. That lifestyle made her want to examine why people choose to educate their children, especially daughters, to live according to biblical rules.
* A surprise visitor in Israel! Tennis champion, Serena Williams landed in Israel last week, after visiting South Africa and Nigeria with her sister, Venus. The two stayed in Africa for several days, where they played some exhibition games, and inspired African women and emphasized the role of women in African development. On Monday, Williams landed in Eilat, Israel's most southern city, where she played some tennis, but mostly rested and took a short break from her hectic schedule.
* A.B. Yehoshua, one of Israel's most important authors, won the Prix Médicis étranger, a French literary award for a translated work for his novel The Retrospective. The novel explores the relationship between life and art through the eyes of a film director, his screenwriter, and their muse: "An aging film director named Yair Moses has been invited to the Spanish pilgrim city of Santiago de Compostela for a retrospective of his early work. As he and Ruth, his leading actress and longtime muse, settle into their hotel, Moses notices the painting over his bed, Caritas Romana, depicting a classical legend of a starving old prisoner man nursing at the breast of his daughter. For the first time in decades, he recalls the infamous scene from one of his early films which led to his estrangement from his difficult but brilliant screenwriter, Trigano, Ruth's former lover. Throughout the retrospective, Moses is unsettled, straddling the past and the present, and upon his return to Israel, he decides to travel to the south to find the elusive Trigano and propose a new collaboration. But the screenwriter demands a price for such a reconciliation, one that will have strange and lasting consequences". The book was published in Hebrew in 2011 and was translated to several languages, including French. It will be released in English in March of 2013.
* A collection of rare posters stolen by the Nazis in 1938, including advertisement and propaganda from the 19th century, is being sold by the owner's son. Hans Sachs was a holocaust survivor, who escaped to the U.S. after being held in a concentration camp. He is thought to have collected up to 12,500 posters. But only 4,529 have been identified, according to media reports. The German Historical Museum displayed a few posters at any one time, after they became part of its collection following the fall of the Berlin Wall. After years of legal battles in a German court, Sachs Jr. earned back the legal rights for the collection, and is now looking for a buyer. The collection's worth is estimated between 4.5 million to 16 million euros ($5.75 to $20.44 million).
* An innocent shipment of sunflower seeds turned to have not so much of an innocent content. A species of dangerous fire ants was found the shipment, during a routine inspection of the Agriculture Ministry. The infested shipment was detained and quarantined while a specimen was sent to Tel Aviv University for identification. As you probably know, a bite of a fire ant is very dangerous and can sometimes even kill. Thank God it was discovered soon enough…
* For a while now there are rumors that Israel and Turkey are giving their friendship another chance. After a row of diplomatic feuds, it seemed like it can't go any lower, but right in the middle of the peace-making, Turkey took a turn which will put the alliance between the two states yet to another test. Last week, a "show trial" started in Turkey, where four former IDF commanders, including former chief of staff Gabi Ashkenazi, were accused of serious crimes in the 2010 killing of nine Turks on the Marmara ship. If you need a reminder, in May 2010, an IDF naval unit was sent to enforce a naval blockade of the Gaza Strip and killed nine Turks in clashes with activists on board. The Turks later presented the case to the media and public, making it seem as if they were carrying humanitarian aid and was attacked for no reason. Of course, it was as far from the truth as Pluto is far from the sun. I guess it is almost pointless to say Israel took no part in this trial, and even condemned it. More on that story later this week...
* Until Israeli and Turkish officials will shake hands, first steps are being made in the cultural department. Turkey's best-known alternative rock band, Baba Zula, will play its first-ever concert in Israel at Tel Aviv's Barby Club on November 9. Baba Zula was established in Istanbul in 1996 and made it big in 2005. Baba Zula seeks to merge psychedelic and Turkish folk music. The band's rock is also influenced by reggae, dubbed electronic music, '60s rock, as well as gypsy and Turkish music.
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I'm a reasonably active member of the community discussion site MetaFilter, which is notable for its unusually high signal-to-noise ratio and level of intelligence. Usually.
Here's a fantastic comment from member Ian A.T., aka New Orleans novelist, magician and taxi driver Johnny Dale, on neuro-linguistic programming, hypnosis and the power of influence.
Say to someone "You're going to clear your mind, and I want you to think of a number between one and ten, just the first number that pops into your head. Don't change your mind…quickly, do you have it?"
While you said all this, you're doing a little bit of gesturing. Using your hand, make a mark in front of yourself when you say "one." Move your hand over about a foot to the left and make another mark when you say "and ten." Now, make it look like you've just casually dropped your hand, but actually slice it down and to your right: you've just drawn a 7 in the air right in front of them. (Obviously, from your angle it's a backwards 7…I do this demonstration so often that, when writing a check, I have to pause and remember which way 7s are supposed to face.)
On the phrase "POPS into your mind" snap your fingers in the air. Snap them about nine inches to the left of your first mark. Remember, you marked a "one" and then a "ten"? Snap your fingers exactly where the 7 would be on that spectrum. All that's left then is to caution against changing their mind or out-thinking themselves.
There's much more in his post, which is very insightful and utterly fascinating. Dale is also the author of the young adult novel The Darling Budds, which he is syndicating online.


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The 52th annual Poke Sallet Festival continues Saturday in downtown Harlan.
Saturday is the third day of the festival. The Poke Sallet Cook-Off was Saturday afternoon, but there are plenty of other foods at the festival: burgers, hot dogs, and funnel cakes.
There's also live music and family activities going on Saturday evening as well as all day Sunday.


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The length of the three instruments is equal, and is 22 cm. This length was chosen as the shortest which would enable the gynecologist to satisfactorily accomplish the treatment without allowing his hands to come in contact with the patient. This seemed to me important because this method being designed for use at the office or out-patient clinic the thorough sterilization of the hands consumed too much time. With this length of instrument ordinary manual skill and dexterity render such sterilization entirely unnecessary.
The cervical forceps (Fig. 1) was designed to grasp the anterior aspect of the portio vaginalis as near as possible to, but not into, the external os. The tissues are here very often so soft as to tear when so grasped by the ordinary tenaculum or tenaculum forceps under the strain to which this grasp is to be subjected. The ordinary grasp with one blade within and
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Nixon Hall
Named for Samuel Frederick Nixon, member of the Fredonia Council from 1932 to 1952, formerly President of the Chautauqua and Erie and Dunkirk and Fredonia Telephone Companies, member of the American Association of Museums, Vice President of the Genesee Historical Society, and Trustee and President of the Chautauqua County Historical Society; Nixon Hall opened in 1963. It is a first-year female, corridor-style residence hall. It features four recreation rooms, a kitchenette and recreation room on the first floor, two laundry rooms, and a recently renovated lobby and bathrooms. Nixon Hall houses ResNet, the resident student PC trouble-shooting ITS Service Center, and is located across the street from the Reed Library.


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The series of large, concrete, typographic 'text sculptures' designed by award-winning Wellington typographer and graphic designer Catherine Griffiths are sited at various points along the waterfront. Each sculpture contains a quote by a well-known New Zealand writer with strong Wellington connections.
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Wendi Hartup of Forsyth County Cooperative Extension talks with Margaret Jackson about snakes, and how to keep them away from your home.
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Education Funding
9:39 am
Fri June 13, 2014
Washington Supreme Court Orders 'State' To Contempt Hearing In McCleary Case
A frustrated Washington Supreme Court appears ready to hold state officials in contempt.
The high court late Thursday ordered the "state" to appear at a hearing in September to address the lack of a plan to fully fund basic education.
The court's highly unusual move follows a 2012 ruling that the state isn't meeting its constitutional obligation to school children.
The language in the order is stark: "…the State is hereby summoned to appear before the Supreme Court to address why the State should not be held in contempt." It's signed by Chief Justice Barbara Madsen. She's clearly frustrated that on April 30 lawmakers missed a deadline to provide the court a completed plan to fully fund basic education by 2018.
"We've made a little bit of progress, but not a huge amount and that's what the court is upset about," said Rep. Ross Hunter, D-Medina.
Hunter, who chairs the House budget committee, says he doesn't blame the court.
"They should continue to push us, and I believe that they are going to continue to do it. I think that they should do it in a way that's practical," he said.
By "practical," Hunter means keeping the focus on what's best for kids.
The court, in its order, indicates that everything is on the table including monetary fines, prohibiting the Legislature from spending money on non-education items and even ordering the state to sell property to fund schools.
The contempt hearing is scheduled for Sept. 3.
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Social Marketing Tribe – A Speedy Review
There may be a new social advertising technique out there that should deliver premium social marketing training from some of the greatest experts in all areas of the trade and can make it possible for purchasers to interact with the specialists in live sessions. To become a tribe is usually to belong to one thing higher than a single personal and that's exactly why the title Social Marketing Tribe is properly suited for this latest program from Lewis Howes, Sean Malarkey and their core team of specialists. This technique will allow buyers to have access to weekly live, interactive education sessions where consumers will likely be ready to ask issues immediately to their experts, have their present marketing and advertising reviewed and get the very best strategies to move forward with their organizations and get the most from their efforts. You'll understand the way to do the job smarter not more difficult and specifically how these industry experts were capable to beat the odds and have good results in the incredibly aggressive sector. That is some thing you don't desire to miss turning out to be a element of. This plan is sure to develop and jumping in now indicates you will have the most advantage down the line.
The way the plan operates is the fact that it consists of a core staff who are rock star industry experts and other guest gurus in weekly education sessions which have been all recorded. That is an extra advantage while you critique the training at your leisure and you may also ask queries beforehand and the solutions are going to be taken care of for the duration of the teaching. This way you do not miss anything at all and might study things at your own pace. This type of training would generally cost not less than 500 dollars a month to participate but the actual expense can be a fraction of that volume. The Social Marketing Tribe Review is readily available to you totally free for the first 30 days and after that only $97 monthly right after that time. This is a actual benefit for consumers for the reason that even though you determine that you don't desire to get a edge up on the competitors, that you just don't wish to make additional revenue than you ever have just before, or any other insane purpose – you are going to nonetheless get have the top rated secret super exceptional teaching you received all through the trial period. most likely this will not matter simply because if you see the quality of the instruction you are going to learn you should continue if you're very determined about your business.
The Social Marketing Tribe Review will set the new higher standards for guidance applications. Right after seeing the superior nature of the recommendation and also to enable you to receive what you need to know, you won't be pleased with other coaching plans which supply the globe but with out access to the top persons within the field you happen to be seriously just spinning your wheels. The creators of Social Marketing Tribe have a vast network of the top rated individuals in the arena. The chance to tap into that vast network and interact with the giants of trade can be a exceptional event which you need to not make it possible to slip away from you. Get informed then take action. You will be glad you did.


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PROVIDENCE, R.I. -- State police on Thursday charged a North Attleboro man with cheating at a casino game at Twin River Casino.
Jamil Taban, age 24, of 59 Ash St., was taken into custody after surveillance video showed that Taban allegedly placed a $100 "past post" bet at a black jack table. This
bonus wager would have resulted in an additional $1,400 payout, state police said in a news release.
A "past post" bet is a wager made after the time when no more bets are to be
taken and information may have become available concerning the outcome of the
Taban was charged under a statute forbidding placing or increasing a wager with knowledge of the outcome of a table game.
Judge William C. Clifton of District Court released Taban pending a hearing Nov. 21 and issued a no-contact order.
Location, ST | website.com


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Capes, covers and canopies for mobility equipment
Electric mobility scooter supplier UK. All scooters and powerchairs are available to both UK and worldwide customers.
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Capes, canopies and covers mean that you can get out and about on your scooter, powerchair or wheelchairs come rain or shine. These specially designed covers slip on easily and are designed to keep your mobility product as dry as possible, and, more importantly, to keep YOU nice and dry!
Picking the correct scooter/wheelchair cover can be tricky, so why not contact us, let us know what scooter, powerchair or wheelchair you want a cover for and let us do the work for you!
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2012 Geolocation Use and Concerns Survey
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Geolocation data, revealing an individual's physical location, are obtained using tracking technologies such as GPS devices, IP geolocation using databases that map Internet IP addresses to geographic locations, and financial transaction information. The information's uses are myriad, including direct marketing and context-sensitive content delivery, monitoring of criminals, enforcing location-based access restrictions on services, cloud balancing, and fraud detection and prevention. Geolocation technologies and their application, while offering social and economic benefit to a mobile society, raise significant privacy and risk concerns for individuals, businesses and governments.
Survey Results News Release
The ROUTE Approach to Geolocation


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by Virginia B. Hargrove
In the Spotlight: Is Ketchup the New "It" Condiment?
We've all heard of pickles and ice cream, but what do you think of ketchup and ice cream? Yuck, right?
While we don't know for a fact that Beyonce drowns her ice cream in ketchup, she recently revealed to the U.K. Daily Mall that she craves ketchup with "literally everything." With that kind of definitive statement, we have to assume she does! The singer told the Daily Mall that she carries a bottle of ketchup with her everywhere she goes as she craves the condiment for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Not to be outdone in the odd cravings department, we did some digging and discovered some other "unique" celebrity pregnancy cravings:
According to Virgin Media, when Angelina Jolie was expecting her twins, she would savor her chocolate...with cinnamon. Okay, that sounds pretty good, right? But wait -- she added hot chili powder for an extra flavor boost! Angelina topped off her tasty treat by digging into a heaping plate of onion rings - with a side of mustard, of course.
Speaking of digging, Britney Spears, another member of the celebrity baby bump brigade craved dirt. 'Nuff said. As bizarre as this sounds, it's not that uncommon. There are pregnant women who crave items that aren't even food. It's a condition called Pica and you can read more about it in this article.
Whew, the ketchup craving is starting to sound a lot less weird, isn't it?
Our list wouldn't be complete without at least one celebrity who craved the proverbial "pickles." Our congratulations goes out to Halle Berry, whom we've crowned the pickle-eating queen.
If you're keeping track, we've seen celebrities crave ketchup, pickles and dirt. In our extensive research, not all of the pregnant celebrities craved food items.
Take Kate Hudson for example - she craved sex. Really? While some of us don't even want to think about doing the "deed" that got us pregnant in the first place, Ms. Hudson apparently was insatiable. "I loved being pregnant. It was my favorite time of my life...you are so horny. It's unbelievable...I had one exhausted husband," she told Virgin Media enthusiastically. We're pretty sure her husband didn't mind.
What do you or did you crave during your pregnancy that's out of the ordinary or beyond the norm? Share your secret in the comments. Maybe we'll hear one we've never heard before!
Copyright © Pregnancy.org


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 9, 2004
|Filing date
|Mar 21, 2001
|Priority date
|Mar 21, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Renato Keshet, Danny Barash, Doron Shaked, Michael Elad, Ronny Kimmel
|Original Assignee
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (38), Classifications (7), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates generally to manipulating image information and more particularly to methods and systems for reconstructing an image from a mosaic pattern of intensity values for different colors.
A digital color image consists of an array of pixel values representing the color intensities at each point of the image. Typically, three colors are used to generate the image, with the intensity of each of the colors being identified for each pixel. In reconstructing the image, the three intensities are combined on a pixel-to-pixel basis to determine the image that is printed or displayed to a viewer.
Conventional color photography utilizes three overlapping color sensing layers having sensitivities in different regions of the color spectrum. Typically, red, green and blue are the three selected colors. However, digital cameras are limited to a single array of sensors, so that there is only one "layer." Within this layer, each sensor determines the intensity of a particular color. As a result, the sensor array does not produce a color image in the traditional sense, but rather a collection of individual color samples. The assignment of the colors to the individual pixels within the array is sometimes referred to as the color filter array (CFA) or the color "mosaic pattern." To produce a true color image, with a full set of color samples at each pixel, a substantial amount of computation is required to estimate the missing information. The computational operation is typically referred to as "demosaicing."
Since only one color is sensed at each pixel, two-thirds of the spectral information is missing. To generate the missing information at a particular pixel, information from neighboring pixels may be used, because there is a statistical dependency among the pixels in the same region of a particular image. A number of demosaicing algorithms are available. "Bilinear interpolation" is an approach that attempts to minimize the complexity of the demosaicing operation. A bilinear interpolation algorithm interpolates color intensities only from the same-color sensors. That is, the red sensors are treated independently from the green and blue sensors, the green sensors are treated independently from the red and blue sensors, and the blue sensors are treated independently from the red and green sensors. To provide a red intensity value at a given pixel, the values measured by the red sensors in a designated size neighborhood (e.g., in a neighborhood of nine sensors having the given pixel as its center) are interpolated. If the mosaic pattern of sensors is a Bayer pattern (i.e., a repeating 2�2 sensor array kernel having two green sensors diagonally positioned within the kernel and having one red sensor and one blue sensor), the bilinear interpolation algorithm may use twelve kernels of convolution to reconstruct the image. However, while the approach of isolating the different colors in the demosaicing operation provides a relatively low level of computational overhead, the reconstructed image lacks the sharpness of conventional color photography. As will be explained below, there is an unfortunate tradeoff between minimizing artifacts and maximizing sharpness.
Another approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,769 to Wober et al. In this approach, the color sensors are no longer treated as being independent of sensors of other colors. As in the bilinear interpolation approach, a defined-size neighborhood of pixels is "moved" about the mosaic pattern and an intensity value is determined for the pixel that is at the center of the neighborhood. Each pixel in the neighborhood is weighted for each color sensitivity relative to the center pixel. The missing color intensity values for each sensor pixel are estimated by averaging the weighted pixels in the neighborhood for each color band. The neighborhood data and the pixel data are arranged in a matrix and vector expression having the form A*W=X, where A is a matrix of neighborhood values, W is a vector representing the weighting coefficients, and X is a vector of color components of the particular wavelength of the center pixel. The weighting coefficients may be determined using a linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) solution.
A single pixel array may be viewed as consisting of a number of separate planes of pixels in which each plane has sensors of the same color. Since the pixels do not overlap, the sensors in the various planes are at different locations. Demosaicing approaches that take weighted averages across more than one monochromatic plane make use of the statistical dependencies among the sample locations. In effect, the blurring of an image by the camera optics allows a true object edge (i.e., an edge of one of the objects being imaged) that would exist precisely on the sensors of one of the monochromatic planes to also be seen in the other color planes, since the image is spread by the blurring onto the sensors of the other monochromatic planes.
While the blurring that is introduced by the camera optics aids in the demosaicing operation to reconstruct an image, the demosaicing operation should not enhance the blurring or add any other artifacts to the reconstructed image. The goal of demosaicing algorithms should be to faithfully reconstruct the image, so as to provide a true-color, sharp print or display. One problem is that the interpolation approaches tend to introduce artifacts at abrupt changes in intensity. As an example of an abrupt transition, a digital picture that is captured in a poorly lit room will have a sharp transition along any source of illumination. Sharp transitions also occur at borders between two bright colors. Because most known interpolation algorithms provide estimation within a neighborhood that is not dependent upon identifying transitions, the averaging that occurs along the transitions will consider both the high intensity values on one side of the transition and the low intensity values on the opposite side. This space-invariant interpolation dulls the image along the transition. That is, the reconstructed image loses some of its sharpness. The degree of sharpness loss will partially depend on the emphasis on controlling the introduction of artifacts at the abrupt intensity transitions (i.e., there is a sharpness/artifact tradeoff).
A space-invariant approach that is designed to increase sharpness may be referred to as the Generalized Image Demosaicing and Enhancement (GIDE) approach of David Taubman. GIDE minimizes an error estimate of the original scene reconstruction on the basis of factors that include sensor characteristics, models of the relevant imaging system and Wide Sense Stationary (WSS) noise, and prior image statistical models. The approach is outlined in a publication by David Taubman entitled, "Generalized Wiener Reconstruction of Images from Colour Sensor Data Using a Scale Invariant Prior," Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2000), Vancouver, Canada, September, 2000. While the approach works well in most instances, there is a tendency to "oversharpen" at the edges of abrupt changes in intensity. That is, if there is an abrupt transition from a first intensity level to a significantly higher second intensity level, the interpolated pixel values for pixels immediately before the transition may drop significantly below the first level, while the pixels located at and immediately after the abrupt transition may be assigned interpolated pixel values that are significantly above the second intensity level. The over-sharpening introduces artifacts into the reconstructed image. While the artifacts are less visually displeasurable than those introduced by other approaches, the artifacts are apparent.
A space-variant approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,322 to Laroche et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,976 to Hibbard, each of which is assigned to Eastman Kodak Company. The Laroche et al. patent relates to interpolating chrominance values, while the Hibbard patent uses the same techniques for interpolating luminance values. Regarding Laroche et al., a digital processor obtains gradient values from the differences between chrominance values in the vertical image directions and the horizontal image directions from a particular pixel of interest. The gradient values are compared with each other in order to select one of the directions as the preferred orientation for the interpolation of additional chrominance values. The interpolation is then performed upon values that are selected so as to agree with the preferred orientation. By performing the comparison of the gradient values, edge artifacts are reduced and image sharpness is enhanced.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,875,040 to Matraszek et al. is another Eastman Kodak Company patent that calculates a direction before pixel interpolation is performed. The Matraszek et al. patent is used to correct defect pixels in a defect region of a source image. The method includes the step of searching for edges in a non-defect region of the image having the defect region. Once the edges of the non-defect region are identified, pixel signals for the defect region are based on the pixel signals for non-defect pixels lying in a direction from the defect pixel which is determined by the direction of the edge. Preferably, both a directional angle and a magnitude are calculated in the detection of the edges. An edge directional angle is defined as being perpendicular to the gradient direction at the pixel being considered. One way of locating the edges is described as selecting the non-defect region as a "sliding" window of limited dimensions adjacent to the defect region, with the window defining a local non-defect region. The patent notes that adjacent does not necessarily mean immediately adjacent, since there may be some preselected distance separating the center of the window or the end of the window from the defect region. The edge of the window can then be located using a gradient field. Using the described method, pixel values can be based upon pixel values from non-defect regions.
By properly selecting the direction from which other pixel values are to be selected in the determination of a particular pixel value, the introduction of artifacts can be controlled. However, the process of first determining the direction and then determining the pixel value is computationally complex. Numerous iterations may be necessary.
What is needed is a method and system for faithfully reconstructing an image from a mosaic pattern of color information without a high level of computational overhead.
Preservation of intensity transitions is enhanced in a demosaicing operation by utilizing bilateral filtering, which will be explained below. As a result, interpolations among neighboring pixels in a mosaic pattern of color pixels are based upon factors that include the relative position and photometric similarity of pixel values within a window that is intensity insensitive. By "intensity insensitive" what is meant is that the position of the window is not a function of photometric similarity or dissimilarity within an image. Rather, photometric similarity is a factor after the position of the window has been determined. Thus, within a fixed-orientation window for determining an intensity value for a specific pixel, intensity values of pixels that are physically close are given greater weight than intensity values of more distant pixels and, simultaneously, intensity values that are quantitatively similar are given greater weight than intensity values that are quantitatively dissimilar. By reducing the effect of pixels on one side of an abrupt intensity transition in determining the interpolated intensity values on the opposite side of the abrupt intensity transition, the sharpness of the transition is enhanced in the reconstructed image. Thus, the adverse effects of the conventional tradeoff between sharpness and artifact-free reconstruction are at least partially eliminated.
While the invention may be used with bilinear interpolation demosaicing, another embodiment is one in which all of the intensity values within a given-sized window of the mosaic pattern are considered in determining the intensity values for pixels in the general center of the neighborhood ("general" center because the precise center may not coincide with the physical location of any pixel, depending on the parameters of the given-sized window). Thus, demosaicing includes utilizing at least Ps�Pt different convolution kernels, where Ps is the number of possible color arrangements within the given-sized neighborhood and where Pt is the number of different colors In the mosaic pattern. For a Bayer pattern Ps=4 and Pt=3, so that there will be twelve convolution kernels. From the previous description of the Bayer pattern, it can be recognized that a small scale implementation of this embodiment, from which larger scale mosaic patterns may be extended, would be
In the bilateral filtering, a similarity function that is indicative of the photometric similarity among intensity values of neighboring pixels is algorithmically combined with determinations of the relative position of the neighboring pixel locations. For each pixel in an image to be reconstructed, the similarity function is applied after the neighborhood of relevant pixels has been selected. As a result of the algorithmic combination, statistical dependencies among the intensity values within the selected neighborhood are more reliably estimated. In one embodiment, the similarity function defines coefficients that are multiplied by the determinations of relative position. In this embodiment, the similarity function returns coefficients that are close to "1" for small absolute photometric dissimilarity and tends to "0" as the photometric dissimilarity is increased. Thus, the similarity function will have little effect in image regions with slowly varying intensities, but will inhibit artifacts around highly contrasted transitions within the image.
The demosaicing process may be considered as forming a number of monochromatic image planes, such as a green image plane, a red image plane and a blue image plane. In one embodiment, each output image plane has the same number of pixels as the original mosaic pattern and each pixel includes an intensity value. Thus, each pixel location is assigned three intensity values (i.e., one intensity value for each monochromatic image), with each intensity value being based upon the relative positions of the pixel location to selected other pixel locations and photometric similarities to intensity values of the selected pixel locations. The selected pixel locations are those that are contained within the given-sized window that has the particular pixel location as its general center, since the position and orientation of the window are intensity insensitive. It should be noted that the shape of the window is not important to the practice of the invention.
The system for carrying out the invention includes a two-dimensional array of sensors in which the sensors are color-specific. While not critical, the sensors may be arranged in the Bayer pattern. Connected to the sensor array is an input that receives signals in a format representative of the mosaic pattern. Demosaicing process software/hardware is enabled to generate intensity values for each of the different colors at each of the discrete pixel locations of the original mosaic pattern. The demosaicing capability includes a bilateral filter that is configured to access the spectral information of the mosaic pattern and to process the spectral information such that intensity values are generated on the basis of both relative position of pixel locations and photometric similarity of spectral information. In one embodiment, the demosaicing capability also includes a multiplier having a first input that is responsive to calculations of relative position between first and second pixel locations within the mosaic pattern and having a second input that is responsive to calculations of photometric similarity between the spectral information contained within the first and second pixel locations. For embodiments in which the mosaic pattern is the Bayer pattern, twelve stored convolution kernels having adaptive coefficients are utilized.
An advantage of the invention is that known linear reconstruction filters, such as Wiener filters, may be modified to become transition and texture sensitive. Apart from being adaptive, the demosaicing having bilateral filtering requires no iterations. This is in contrast to systems in which edges of abrupt intensity (color or luminance) must be identified before interpolation can occur. The transition and texture sensitivity is achieved by causing the process to become space variant, but with only a small amount of additional computational overhead. Applying bilateral filtering to "correct" artifacts in demosaicing may be used in applications such as digital cameras in order to enhance sharpness in the reconstruction of a substantially artifact-free image.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a demosaicing operation in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a plot of intensity as a function of distance across one of the output planes of FIG. 1, with the intensity measures being unfiltered.
FIG. 3 is a plot of the same determination of intensity, but with filtering in accordance with the prior art.
FIG. 4 is the same plot of intensity as FIG. 2, but with bilateral filtering in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of selected components of a demosaicing system in accordance with the prior art.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of selected components of one embodiment of a demosaicing system having bilateral filtering in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of a demosaicing system having bilateral filtering in accordance with the invention.
With reference to FIG. 1, an image sensor array 10 is represented by a mosaic pattern that follows an arrangement referred to as a Bayer pattern. The sensor array is a color-sampling device that acquires its samples using a number of discrete color-specific detectors. The array may have 1500 columns and 1500 rows, but the values of M and N are not critical to the invention.
The image that is captured using the sensor array 10 may be considered as being decomposed into four input image planes 12, 14, 16 and 18. Each input image plane satisfies two conditions. First, the planes have the identical number of samples within a horizontal and vertical sampling interval. Second, all of the samples in a given input image plane must have identical color properties, although multiple image planes can have the same color properties. For example, the image planes 12 and 18 include green samples, as indicated by the letter "G." Image plane 14 includes all of the samples that are specific to the color blue, as indicated by the letter "B," while image plane 16 includes all of the red samples from the sensor array 10, as indicated by the letter "R." While the illustrated embodiment shows a Bayer pattern, any regular sampling lattice can be decomposed into a set of image planes as shown in FIG. 1.
In FIG. 1, there are a total of three different colors (Pt=3) and there are four possible color arrangements (Ps=4) within a two-by-two neighborhood of pixels. The number of possible color arrangements is consistent with the four imaging planes 12, 14, 16 and 18. In this illustrated embodiment, demosaicing utilizes twelve convolution kernels (Ps�Pt=12). The twelve convolution kernels are selected on the basis of which of the input image planes contains the sample for the pixel that is at the present center of the movable neighborhood in which interpolation occurs and on the basis of which monochromatic output plane 20, 22 and 24 is presently being constructed. Each monochromatic output plane contains interpolated intensity values that are derived from the intensity values of the input image planes 12, 14, 16 and 18. Techniques for deriving the output intensity values are known in the art. For example, linear interpolation may be used. However, in one embodiment, the Generalized Image Demosaicing and Enhancement (GIDE) approach is employed. In this approach, the scene statistics and physical properties of the acquisition device (e.g., the focusing optics for the sensor array 10) are considered in producing convolution kernels.
A concern with the known approaches to deriving the intensity values of the monochromatic output planes 20, 22 and 24 is that artifacts are often introduced into the final image that is formed from the output planes. Notably, artifacts are often introduced as a result of abrupt intensity transitions within the captured image. Referring now to FIG. 2, a graph of intensity as a function of distance across a sensor array 10 is shown as including two abrupt transitions 26 and 28 on opposite sides of a plateau 30. The response shown in FIG. 2 may occur when the pixels corresponding to the plateau 30 image a light source, while the pixels on opposite sides of the plateau image dark areas. The flat regions of the response of FIG. 2 are unsmooth, since some noise is generated in capturing the imaging signal.
One source of artifacts is most clearly understood when referring to bilinear interpolation. As previously noted, bilinear interpolation bases pixel values upon neighboring pixel values for sensors of the same color. As an example, for a pixel within the red image plane 16 of FIG. 1, only pixel values of the same image plane are considered in an interpolation step. Since the Bayer pattern has alternating rows of red pixels and blue pixels, a diagonally extending abrupt intensity transition will have an easily detectable remnant of the mosaic pattern when the edge of the abrupt intensity transition is closely viewed in the reconstructed image. This remnant will appear as a diagonal pattern of alternating red and blue pixels along the transition.
A second source of artifacts will be described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. The abrupt transitions 26 and 28 of FIG. 2, as captured by the sensor array 10 of FIG. 1, are blurred if the intensity values of the monochromatic output planes 20, 22 and 24 are determined using a simple averaging approach to interpolation. For example, the interpolated intensity values prior to the abrupt transition 26 will be determined to be inaccurately high, since they will be averaged with the intensity values with at least some of the pixels corresponding to the plateau 30. Similarly, the initial intensity values of the plateau 30 will be inaccurately low, since they will be averaged with the pixels immediately prior to the abrupt transition 26. A similar "smoothing" will occur at the abrupt downward transition 28. The resulting response 32 is represented in FIG. 3. Such a response is most likely to occur if demosaicing is used with linear filtering.
The GIDE approach and other interpolation approaches address this "smoothing" concern in a manner that presents another type of color artifact. This artifact may be referred to as "oversharpening." Still referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, a pixel that precedes the abrupt transition 26 may be "depressed" in order to overcome the error that would be introduced by simple averaging. Similarly, a pixel which immediately follows the abrupt transition 26 may be inflated in order to overcome the averaging difficulties. However, often overcompensation will occur, so that pixels immediately before the abrupt transition will be assigned values that are too low, while pixels immediately following the transition will be assigned values that are statistically too high. Similar ascending and descending humps in the response will occur on opposite sides of the second abrupt transition 28, but in the opposite order.
In accordance with the invention, the artifacts are avoided by incorporating demosaicing convolution kernels into the framework of bilateral filtering. Thus, in addition to utilizing relative position as a basis for interpolating intensity values, photometric similarity is considered. Referring to FIG. 4, the use of bilateral filtering preserves the abrupt transitions 26 and 28 on opposite sides of the plateau 30. Consequently, a sharper final image is rendered by the process. The use of such filtering to perform denoising (as opposed to demosaicing) is described by C. Tomasi and R. Manduchi in the publication entitled "Bilateral Filtering for Gray and Color Images," Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Bombay, India.
"Relative position" as used herein refers to the consideration of the coordinates of two pixels for which intensity values are being considered. Referring to FIG. 1, the relative position of a first pixel i,j with respect to a second pixel a,b may be determined simply on the basis of the coordinate i-a, j-b. In a demosaicing operation, a "movable" window is used and the pixel i,j for which an intensity value is being interpolated is located at the general center and is compared with the intensity value for each other pixel (ξ) in the neighborhood. In accordance with the invention, the shape of the window is not critical and the position and orientation of the movable window are insensitive to the abrupt transitions. That is, the window for a given pixel is intensity insensitive.
"Photometric similarity" as used herein refers to the extent to which two pixel values are quantitatively similar. Referring to FIG. 2, the pixel values in the region prior to the abrupt upward transition 26 are photometrically similar. Similarly, the intensity values for the pixels aligned with the plateau 30 are photometrically similar. However, the intensity values for pixels on opposite sides of the abrupt transition 26 are photometrically dissimilar.
Incorporating linear interpolation convolution kernels into the framework of bilateral filtering provides a result in which for every pixel position (i,j) in the input image I captured by the sensor array 10 of FIG. 1, a filtered output h(i,j) is returned according to the following equation:
where k(�,�) is a predefined two-dimensional spatial kernel which considers relative positions and s(�) is a predefined one-dimensional similarity function that incorporates photometric similarity. Thus, k(i-a,j-b) is responsive to the relative position between the pixel position (i,j), and a nearby pixel position (a,b), while s[I(i,j)-I(a,b)] is responsive to the degree to which intensity values at positions (i,j) and (a,b) are similar. In one embodiment, the spatial kernels are determined by GIDE, so that the incorporation into the bilateral filtering may be referred to as BiGIDE. However, other demosaicing kernels may be used.
While the embodiment that uses Equation 1 has advantages, other algorithms that incorporate convolution kernels into the framework of bilateral filtering may be used. However, if Equation 1 is employed, particular interest is given to similarity functions that return a value close to "1" for small absolute dissimilarity values and that return values tending to "0" as the photometric dissimilarity increases. For example, in FIG. 2, the intensity values along the plateau 30 are photometrically similar, so that the similarity function returns a value at or near "1." On the other hand, intensity values on opposite sides of the abrupt transition 26 are photometrically dissimilar, so that the similarity function returns a value that is substantially closer to "0." In its simplest form, the similarity function may be Gaussian, with a crest of "1" that corresponds to a determination that two intensity values are identical. In this case, the similarity function will play only a small role in the demosaicing of image regions in which intensity values vary only slowly, but will function to reduce incorporation of artifacts in high contrasted regions of the image.
FIG. 5 illustrates a prior art arrangement that enables demosaicing by linear convolution, but without bilateral filtering. A summation device 34 is used to accumulate values for forming one of the monochromatic output planes 20, 22 and 24 of FIG. 1. The summation device outputs C values for each coordinate position i,j in the sensor array 10, where C is the desired number of color planes in the output image process. Each output color plane is indexed by the symbol c, which assumes integer values ranging from one to C. Typically, C is equal to 3. For each output value, the summation device receives an input for each of the pixels a,b in the sensor array 10 that is located within a movable window having pixel i,j at its general center. The selection of the appropriate convolution kernel (k) that is utilized will depend upon the position p and the color c of the output. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, there will be twelve convolution kernels kp,c, as previously explained.
The prior art application of FIG. 5 includes a multiplier 36 that is used in determining the value of hc(i,j). The intensity values at each of the pixels within the window having pixel i,j as its general center are multiplied by the result from the appropriate kernel kp,c. This result is responsive to relative positioning. This process repeats for each pixel of the monochromatic output plane 22 and also repeats in forming the other two monochromatic output planes 20 and 24 of FIG. 1.
While relative positions are considered in providing the input to the multiplier 36 from kernel kp,c, photometric similarity is not considered. Referring now to FIG. 6, the invention adds a differencing circuit 38 and a similarity function device 40, so that the system provides a determination of interpolated intensity values hc(i,j) that is responsive to both relative positions and photometric similarities within the movable window that defines the neighborhood having pixel i,j at its general center. The differencing circuit 38 determines the photometric "distance" between the intensity value at pixel i,j and the intensity value at a pixel a,b within the neighborhood. This sequentially occurs for each pixel within the neighborhood having pixel i,j as its general center.
The output of the differencing circuit 38 is the photometric distance that is received by the similarity function device 40. In one embodiment, the similarity function that is employed by the device 40 is Gaussian, with a crest of "1" that is output as a result of determining that the intensity values at pixel i,j and pixel a,b are identical. However, the output of the similarity function device tends toward "0" as the absolute of the output of the differencing circuit 38 increases.
A multiplier 42 has a first input from the similarity function device 40 that is responsive to photometric similarity and has a second input that is responsive to the relative positions of the pixels i,j and a,b. This second input may be identical to the one described with reference to FIG. 5. When the similarity function device 40 has an output of "1" (i.e., when the intensity at pixel i,j is equal to the intensity at pixel a,b), the input to the summation device 34 will be identical to the input that was described with reference to FIG. 5. On the other hand, if the intensity values at the two pixels are photometrically "distant," the physical proximity of the two pixels will have less effect than in the prior art arrangement.
The embodiment of FIG. 6 utilizes normalization. Thus, this embodiment incorporates all of the features of Equation 1, since the denominator of Equation 1 is designed to achieve normalization. The output of the multiplier is directed to the multiplier 36 and to a second summation device 43. The denominator of Equation 1 is the output of the second summation device 43, while the numerator is the output of the first summation device 34. A divider 45 receives the two outputs of the summation device and calculates hc(i,j). Normalization is not critical to the invention, so that the second summation device and the divider can be eliminated. In FIG. 6, the various components may be implemented in computer software (e.g., in different modules of an application program), in hardware, or in a combination of software and hardware.
FIG. 7 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention. In this system 44, a convolution system such as the one described in FIG. 5 is used to generate pre-demosaiced image �(i,j), the values of which are used selectively as inputs to the differencing module 38. Thus, pre-demosaicing of an image occurs in order to provide the color-specific values. If three color planes are being formed, the convolution system will provide three different intensity values for each pixel. The color component of �(i,j) selected as input to the differencing module 38 is the same mosaic color as that of the entry I(a,b), and is designated m(a,b). The selected color component is designated �m(a,b)(i,j). Thus, for example, if the pixel (a,b) in the mosaic image is red (m(a,b)=red), then the red component of �(i,j) is considered. The remaining operations are identical to those that were described with reference to FIG. 6.
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|Mar 17, 2005
|Yan-Ru Jiang
|Method of reparing scratches in digital images
|Apr 6, 2003
|Mar 16, 2006
|Nobuyuki Sato
|Image processing system, and image processing method, recording medium, and program
|Aug 17, 2006
|Dec 14, 2006
|Peyman Milanfar
|System and method for robust multi-frame demosaicing and color super resolution
|Feb 23, 2007
|Aug 28, 2008
|Microsoft Corporation
|Smart pre-fetching for peer assisted on-demand media
|Apr 30, 2007
|Oct 30, 2008
|Microsoft Corporation
|Joint bilateral upsampling
|Sep 7, 2007
|Mar 12, 2009
|Jeffrey Matthew Achong
|Method And Apparatus For Interpolating Missing Colors In A Color Filter Array
|Oct 5, 2007
|Apr 9, 2009
|Jeffrey Matthew Achong
|Method And Apparatus For Determining The Direction of Color Dependency Interpolating In Order To Generate Missing Colors In A Color Filter Array
|Mar 27, 2009
|Jul 30, 2009
|Uplogix, Inc
|Non-centralized network device management using console communications apparatus
|Feb 25, 2008
|Aug 27, 2009
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Apparatuses and methods for noise reduction
|Sep 9, 2008
|Oct 8, 2009
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Interpolation system and method
|Aug 26, 2010
|Mar 3, 2011
|Dollar James E
|Serial port forwarding over secure shell for secure remote management of networked devices
|Mar 3, 2011
|Uplogix, Inc.
|Secure remote management of network devices with local processing and secure shell for remote distribution of information
|Sep 11, 2009
|Sep 1, 2011
|Beatriz Grafulla-Gonzalez
|Image Processing for Aberration Correction
|Oct 6, 2011
|Mithun Das Gupta
|Bi-Affinity Filter: A Bilateral Type Filter for Color Images
|Mar 1, 2011
|Sep 6, 2012
|Microsoft Corporation
|Noise suppression in low light images
|Apr 8, 2014
|Aug 7, 2014
|Intellectual Ventures Fund 83 Llc
|Using captured high and low resolution images
|U.S. Classification
|348/273, 348/280
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 18, 2001
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY, COLORADO
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|Sep 30, 2003
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY L.P., TEXAS
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Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY L.P.,TEXAS
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Effective date: 20030926
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The blog of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation
Meet Julie Jones, a second-grade teacher with a big idea. She was the winner at the first annual social entrepreneur competition, organized by Charlotte's Social Venture Partners and supported by Knight Foundation. Eighty-two organizations applied. Twenty finalists were selected, and then 40 volunteer coaches worked with the 2012 class to hone their messages and their 3-minute TED talk-like presentations. All were terrific, but Julie especially so.
Her idea: a grub composting program that uses a bioconversion process to divert food waste from our landfills while producing protein-rich chicken and fish feed.
And how did she come to this idea? By watching her students dump food in the cafeteria trash cans each day.
She won the $15,000 grand prize, which she said will fully launch her Grub-to-Grub idea, as well as an additional $5,000 Coaches Award. To learn about the other projects and all winners, go to www.seed20.org.
From the coaches' enthusiasm for the idea-generators they worked with, from the enthusiastic sold-out audience for the presentation and from the idea-generators themselves, it's clear Charlotte needs more of this - more innovative contributions to addressing our area's most pressing problems.
By Susan Patterson, program director/Charlotte at Knight Foundation
Previous Post
A roundup of events for young cultural explorers
Next Post
Ray Turner and Reverend Howard Finster at Akron Art Museum


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Beaver Concrete Coring - Laguna Hills, CA - Phone: (949) 458-3917
Dave Cook Concrete Construction - Laguna Hills, CA - Phone: (949) 586-5041
New Earth Construction - Laguna Hills, CA - Phone: (949) 859-4007
Pacific Concrete Images - Laguna Hills, CA - Phone: (949) 581-0270
RJD Industries Inc - Laguna Hills, CA - Phone: (949) 582-0191
Concrete in Laguna Hills is a composite construction material, composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a course aggregate made of gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures. Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration. Concrete in Laguna Hills is used to make pavements, pipes, architectural structures, foundations, motorways/roads, bridges/overpasses, parking structures, brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences and poles. Concrete is used more than any other man-made material in the world.
By: Lee Ann Rush Those ubiquitous, multi-flavored individual coffee servings sold in plastic pods known as Keurig K-Cups might have been a clever and novel idea at first, but they are quickly becoming an environmental disaster. In 2014, billions of plastic K-Cups were sold; enough to circle the earth more than 10 times! As bad as that sounds, it gets..


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Oilpocalypse Lasts All of Two Days
Time for another SPR release! Nymex crude jumped 2.5% today to close at $92.89, its biggest one-day jump since May.
Oil is up two of the past three days, and it's only a couple of dollars away from hitting $95, where it closed just before the IEA agreed to dump 60 million barrels of oil on the market. That happened just five days ago, meaning the Oilpocalypse lasted all of two days.
We warned you the effect of a similarly sized IEA oil release after Hurricane Katrina was also small, and you apparently listened, promptly going out to buy as much oil as you could get your hands on.
But what's going on here seems to defy logic. Maybe there's window dressing going in the oil market, too. Could also be a few things Commerzbank analysts mentioned this morning:
US inventory data from the American Petroleum Institute will be published this evening. The anticipated reduction of crude oil stocks could have a supportive effect on WTI…
OPEC General Secretary al-Badri has meanwhile called upon the International Energy Agency to stop the release of strategic reserves immediately as there are no sufficient grounds for this measure in his view. The harsh reaction of the OPEC General Secretary suggests that the IEA's decision was not agreed with OPEC. This increases the risk that OPEC members will react by reducing supply should oil prices come under too much pressure from the additional supply.


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Ranbir Kapoor finally proposes to Deepika Padukone!
Well, do not let your imaginations fly too high as their romance is limited only on screens! Reportedly, Ranbir has proposed Deepika in one of the scenes of the film and the lady has accepted it. The story goes in a way where Ranbir and Deepika are visiting Kulu-Manali as trekkers. After few days during their trip, Ranbir falls in love with Deepika.
According to eyewitnesses, the couple is bonding really well even in their personal lives. Some also say that the couple have buried the hatchet long back and is giving a second chance to their relationship.


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WoW Fishing Leveling Guide 1 - 700
This Fishing leveling guide will show you the fastest and easiest way how to level Fishing from 1 to 700.
Updated for Legion pre-patch 7.0.3
You'll discover that it requires a lot of patience and time to build your skill level up to the maximum level. You will have to catch about 3000 fish to get from start to finish.
You can skill up your fishing from 1 to 700 in any fishable water. This means you can stand in Orgrimmar all day long and get skillups on your fishing at the same rate as you would in a higher level zone. What decides your skillups is the number of successful catches. From level 1 to 75 you will get a skillpoint on pretty much every successful catch.
If you are low on gold, I recommend you to try this Gold Making Guide, it can help you to make loads of gold.
If you are still leveling your character or you just started a new alt, I recommend you to use a leveling guide. You can level your character to level 100 in 8 days with this guide.
Table of contents
How do you catch a Fish?
First, visit any trainer in the main cities of old Azeroth - just ask a guard, and learn Fishing Apprentice. Or you can learn fishing at your garrison's Fishing Shack.
If you fish at open water in Draenor, your first catch will be [Fishing Guide to Draenor] (can't get this at garrison's pond). Use this scroll, and it will put your maximum skill up to 700, so you don't have to visit your trainer again. If you are below level 90 and you can't start fishing at Draenor, then don't forget to visit your fishing trainer when you reach skill 75, 150, 225, 375, 450, and 525!
Go to the nearest water, find the fishing skill icon in your spell book (P) at the profession tab, drag this icon to somewhere on your action bar. Stand in front of the lake/river and press the fishing button. Mouse over the lure in the water, and when it splashes, right click on it. Repeat this several hundred times.
Where to fish?
You should level your fishing at Draenor, there you won't catch any junk even with Fishing skill 1. You will catch fish like [Small Fat Sleeper].
The higher your effective fishing skill, the more likely you are to catch larger sizes of fish like [Fat Sleeper]. Small, Normal and Enormous sizes will contain different volumes of Flesh (example: [Fat Sleeper Flesh]), and that Flesh will be used in cooking, alchemy, and in first aid recipes.
If you are not level 90, or you don't have access to Draenor, then you can simply fish anywhere else. You will mostly catch junk, but your fishing skill will increase if you catch something, it does not matter if it's a fish or some junk.
Important! Don't fish at your garrison's pond if you don't have a level 2 Fishing Shack. You can't catch normal sized fish with a level 1 Fishing Shack. And when you reach 600, you should leave your garrison unless you have a level 3 fishing building, else you can't catch Enormous size fishes.
Baits and filleting
The methods outlined below only apply to Draenor waters.
Each area of Draenor is associated with a different bait and fish. These areas are:
- Fire Ammonite - Frostfire Ridge inland
- Blind Lake Sturgeon - Shadowmoon Valley inland
- Jawless Skulker - Gorgrond inland
- Blackwater Whiptail - Talador inland
- Abyssal Gulper Eel - Spires of Arak inldand
- Fat Sleeper - Nagrand inland
- Sea Scorpion - fished in coastal ocean waters everywhere in Draenor
- Crescent Saberfish - Everywhere in Draenor (trash fish)
Baits are used to increase the chance to get a more valuable fish.
When you fish without bait, 70% of the catches will be [Crescent Saberfish] and 20% of the catches will be the area's named fish. But, with the appropriate bait, these percentages flip and 70% of the catches will be the area's named fish.
The bait will be caught alongside the fish, as a bonus item in the loot window (about 20% chance). Each type of bait is unique, which means you will not catch a second bait of the same type while you have one already in your inventory.
Example: Let's say you want to farm [Fire Ammonite]. First, you have to go to Frostfire Ridge, then start fishing in inland waters until you catch [Fire Ammonite Bait]. And then you just simply use this bait, and 70% of your catches will be [Fire Ammonite].
Caught fish must be gutted and cleaned before you can get the flesh. To filet the fish, just click on a stack of the same size and type of fish.
Fishing daily quest for faster leveling
If you have a level 94 character and you upgraded your Garrison's town hall to level 2, then you can complete a small quest to get a Fishing Shack at your garrison.
- Alliance: Accept Looking For Help from Ron Ashton and complete the quest chain.
- Horde: Accept Looking For Help from Ron Ashton and complete the quest chain.
After you completed the quest chain, you can get daily quests at your Fishing Shack. These daily quests give +15 fishing skill each day.
To complete the daily quests, you have to get 10 eggs from gutting fishes. I will use the Abyssal Gulper Eel daily quest as an example to explain how to get the eggs.
So, to complete this quest, you need 10 [Abyssal Gulper Eel Eggs] from Spires of Arak. You should always read the quest description to know which zone you should fish in, and it's always in-land waters, don't fish in the ocean because you will only get See Scorpion.
Go to Spires of Arak and fish until you get the [Abyssal Gulper Eel Bait]. Apply the bait and fish until you get 5 [Small Abyssal Gulper Eel] (if you have higher fishing skill, it will be 5 [Abyssal Gulper Eel] or 5 [Enormous Abyssal Gulper Eel]).
Gut 5 fish and pray that you will get 10 eggs from it because sometimes you only get 6-7, so you have to farm another stack of fish.
I recommend Zygor's Leveling Guide. The guide is in an small window on your main screen in-game. All the detail that you need to complete the quest is included. You'll never have to switch back to a website, or even the in-game main map to see where you have to go or what's next. The guide is available for both Horde and Alliance.
I use Zygor's guide for leveling and I highly recommend it.


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Executive Functioning
Executive functioning, or executive control, describes the processes of developing and applying systematic approaches to solving problems and challenges. This is one of the most complex functions that our brains perform. It involves planning, self-regulation, and the ability to think flexibly or creatively. This allows us to consider more than one option, choose one, and then create a plan of action based on past experience, rather than acting on impulse or emotion.


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Photographers from Kirkbymoorside and District Camera Club will showcase their work at their annual exhibition from Friday.
The Old Library at Helmsley Town Hall will host the exhibition which will feature more than 100 prints, both colour and monochrome, snapped by around 30 club members.
The full genre of photo-graphy will be represented, from landscapes to portraits and abstracts to architecture.
There will be the opportunity for visitors to win the picture of their choice and also chat with members to learn more about the club, which meets on the first and third Thursdays of each month at the British Legion Club, Kirkbymoorside.
Entry to the showcase, which is open daily from 10am to 4.30pm until Sunday June 29, is free. Donations are welcome.
Full details of the club and its programme can be found at www.kirkbymoorside-camera-club.co.uk or by requesting an information pack from firstname.lastname@example.com


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- Local artists will display works at Gretna show
- Cub Scout Pack 44 welcomes kindergartners in new pilot program
- New book a 'sign' of hope for local author
- 50 years of art: Lititz Outdoor Fine Art Show set for July 30
- Police departments plan community events
- The 'Great Eastern Wizard' of the Park House hotel
- Manheim woodworker crafts bodies for Martin Guitar
- Siblings homeless after being separated 40 years
- Going, going, gone! Local beer events selling out quickly
- 'American Idiot' at EPAC
Spartans prevail in Section showdown against Central
The Garden Spot boys took the inside lane for the Section Two track and field championship on Monday, defeating Manheim Central 81-69 in a battle of unbeatens in New Holland.
With the victory, the Spartans (6-0 L-L) can clinch the crown by defeating Solanco next week. The Barons (5-1 L-L, 6-1 overall), meanwhile, finish the regular season by hosting Lampeter-Strasburg.
Mason Hepner did all he could to help the Central boys on Monday as a double individual winner in the 200 (22.9) and 400 (51.7). He also anchored a pair of first-place relays, teaming with Wade Beamesderfer, Nathanael Erk and Josh Lachman to claim the 4×400 relay (3:34.7) and then combining with Lachman, Jordan Shimer and Erk to win the 4×800 relay in 8:50.2.
But the Spartans had too much firepower in the distance events with James Martin, who took the 800 (2:05.2), 1,600 (4:43.2) and 3,200 (10:14.2), and Malik Parsons stepped up big with wins in the 100 (11.5), high hurdles (15.6) and 300 hurdles (41.8).
In the field events, Central earned top honors in three of seven events behind Tyler Hoag in the shot put (49-11), Ethan Lindsey in the discus (127-8) and Cole Proffitt in the javelin (187-8). But GS got double wins from Austin Haas in the long jump (19-11 1/4) and triple jump (38-8 1/2) and pulled out the team victory.
Elsewhere, the GS overcame three individual wins by Central distance runner Danae Peters to complete the sweep, defeating the Lady Barons 92-58. The Lady Spartans rode a big day from Hannah Williams to improve to 5-1 in Section Two. The GS senior took the high hurdles (16.6), 300 hurdles (47.2) and pole vault (9-0), in addition to competing on the first-place 4×400 relay.
That helped to offset Peters' points, after she captured the 800 (2:29.6), 1,600 (5:31.0) and 3,200 (3,200).
Kelli Barber added a victory in the 400 (64.6), while the 4×100 relay of Bethany Dorwart, Anna Burkhart, Morgan Valle and Kristin Robeson accounted for Central's other win on the track in 57.1 seconds.
In the field events, Lauree Wiegand earned the Lady Barons' win, taking gold in the long jump with an effort of 15-2.
Last Thursday, Manheim Central split in non-league action against Palmyra, with the boys capturing a 93-57 win and the girls dropping a 100-50 decision.
The Barons had four athletes earn two individual wins apiece to lead the way. Chris Lynn was victorious in the 100 (11.7) and 200 (24.1), Austin Hart took the high hurdles (16.7) and discus (137-7), Beamesderfer prevailed in the 300 hurdles (44.4) and high jump (5-10), while Steve Young led the way in the field events with gold in the long jump (19-6) and triple jump (40-8 1/2).
Hepner broke the tape in the 400 (51.7), Lachman set the pace in the 1,600 (4:46.1) and both were members of two winning relays. The teamed up with Beamesderfer and Erk on the 4×400 (3:36.9), and then joined Shimer and Erk for the 4×800 (8:46.6).
Other individual winners for the Central boys were Hoag in the shot put (51-2) and Proffitt in the javelin (189-7).
On the girls side, Peters was a double individual winner in the 1,600 (5:17.9) and 3,200 (11:56.4) to lead the Lady Barons in a losing cause.
Wiegand added a win in the 300 hurdles (52.3), Brigette Fittery took the javelin (101-5) and Shelby Hontz captured top honors in the pole vault (8-0). More SHOWDOWN, page B-10


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Uber Dallas warns customers: Order a car on New Year's Eve and risk running into 'surge pricing'
On January 13 the Dallas City Council's Transportation and Trinity River Project Committee will rev up the first of three hearings dealing with "the issue of vehicles-for-hire service and regulations" — Uber, in other words, which has bedeviled Dallas City Hall ever since interim city manager A.C. Gonzalez tried to sneak the subject onto the council's consent agenda in August. But the smartphone-ordered car-for-hire service ends the year in the headlines as well: Last night Uber Dallas, like its counterparts across the country, warned customers that if they plan to call for a ride on New Year's Eve, expect to pay through the champagne bottle.
In other words: It's the return of "surge pricing" … or "price gouging," depending on your perspective or if you're the wife of Jerry Seinfeld and you need a lift in the middle of a Manhattan winter storm.
In an email sent to users Monday, Uber Dallas said it will "have a record number of cars on the road ready to get you where you want to go." Which is great, but there's only so much supply to meet the crushing demand on a night when one of your resolutions is to not drink and drive.
"We use surge pricing to help solve this problem," says the missive. "Higher prices bring more cars onto the system when you need them most, and prices return to normal as soon as there are enough open cars. When drivers are paid more to log on to Uber, they complete more trips on Uber. But you can avoid the peaks of surge pricing with good timing on when you travel."
Hence the guide you see below.
Uber's actually been surge-pricing for years on New Year's; this will just be the first year so many Dallas users will feel the sting. But as the company notes, you get what you pay for — a safe ride home, of course, and "glamour, convenience, and a dash of outrageousness," in the words of one Fortune writer in a post yesterday headlined "Why the surge-pricing fiasco is great for Uber."
If you need to know the price tag before you hop in, there is a fare estimater. Or … you could just stay home.
The bigger issue is: Will the Dallas City Council welcome in the new year with a big French kiss for Yellow Cab and force Uber users to wait 15 minutes for their rides?


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MOBILE HOMES FOR SALE: NEW DOUBLEWIDE AND NEW SINGLEWIDE for sale in a 55+ senior community. Call Call 478-955-7457More info Email a friend
CEMETERY LOTS: 4 ADJACENT BURIAL plots in Glen Haven Memorial Gardens, 2 vaults & military marker, retail $10K, call with serious offer. 478-230-5848More info Email a friend
LAND: JONES COUNTY: 30 ACRES WITH 6 - ACRE LAKE, corner of Mt. Springs and Pitts Chapel Road. Property actually on Mt. Springs. $103,000, negotiable. Call 478-986-9903More info Email a friend
LAND: SOUTH MONROE off Pate Rd. on Sapphire Cir., 2 1/2 residential acres, county water, $16,500. 478-986-6646 leave msg.More info Email a friend
CEMETERY LOTS: Cemetery Lots and Vaults 2 Cemetery Lots and custom deluxe vaults for sale at Glen Haven Memorial Gardens. $4,000. Valued at $6018. Negotiable firstname.lastname@example.com or 478-737-4393More info Email a friend
LAND: 17.83 ACRES, PEACH COUNTY, 2 mobile homes, well, 5 1/2 mi., north of Perry, 478-951-3810More info Email a friend
Need a job?
Need to hire some help?


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Servicios Personalizados
Links relacionados
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Revista clínica de periodoncia, implantología y rehabilitación oral
versión On-line ISSN 0719-0107
CARTES-VELASQUEZ, R y ARAVENA TORRES, P. Bibliometric profile of chilean dentistry, 2001-2010. Rev. Clin. Periodoncia Implantol. Rehabil. Oral [online]. 2012, vol.5, n.1, pp.5-8. ISSN 0719-0107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0719-01072012000100001.
Introduction: There is an increasing need to characterize personal, institutional or national scientific output in order to understand and improve the generation of knowledge. The aim of this paper is to define the bibliometric profile of Chilean dentistry for the last decade. Methodology: A search was performed in WOK platform using an algorithm to define ISI Chilean dental publications. Data: number of publications, impact factor (IF), TOP-10 for: authors, institutions, journals and co-authored countries are shown for the period 2001-2010 and its five-year periods. Results: The total number of publications was 195, with an annual average of 12.8 and an IF of 1.18 for the first five-years, numbers increased to 26.1 (105%) and 1.82 (54%) respectively in the second ones, but with an IF decrease to 1.73 for last two-years. Among the authors, Gamonal stands out in institutions the UChile leads, followed far behind by the UdeC and other universities which improved their participation in the second half as UFro, UMayor, UValpo and PUC; in international cooperation Spain, USA, Brazil and Sweden, albeit with lower rates; as for journals, periodontology detaches itself and in the second half two non-dental Chilean publications. Discussion: There is a noticeable rise of production over the last decade, but still very far from big international producers and the IF decrease in the last two-years is a concern, together with the high concentration of production (UChile) and the low rate of international cooperation, facts that should be improved, in order to maintain the growth.
Palabras clave : Dentistry; Chile; bibliometry; assessment.


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Resolutions News
The Origin New Year's Resolution Revolution
It's the end of the year. This is the time where we take a moment and look back at all the things we could have been doing, and vow to do them better next year. You know, New Year's Resolutions. Make your New Year's Resolution one you can keep: "I vow to play more games."Read More...
Posted by Craig Harris on December 23, 2013