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As regulatory requirements continue to move toward more stringent non-point source discharge requirements, effective sediment control becomes even more important. "Best Management Practices" are continually being adapted to account for new technology and methods of operation. This article reviews various sediment control measures that are currently in use on construction sites and have proven to be effective. It reviews their strengths and weaknesses and discusses how they have been used in some real world applications. If you have not yet seen or used any of these sediment control measures, you most likely will in the near future.
Not all sediment control measures are equal. There is no "Silver Bullet". Sediment control measures need to fit site conditions. As with most tasks in life, the importance of planning cannot be overstated. A site manager must review the site's characteristics before the water starts flowing. This includes taking a careful look at the project and the environment in which it is operating:
1. What types of soils are present
2. How much water is expected
3. How often is water expected
4. What are the anticipated peak flows
5. What is the required storage capacity
6. What is the terrain
7. Where does the water go when it leaves the site
8. What are the discharge goals
The above information allows a site manager or consultant to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the array of sediment control measures and equipment for each site. Sediment control measures differ dramatically in their effective range, cost, and maintenance requirements.
This does not mean that there will not be unforeseen conditions that require modifications or augmentations made to the planned sediment control measures, but it starts the project off on a strong footing—and one that is most often mandated for the Stormwater Permit.
Equipment overview
Sediment control measures and equipment can be grouped into three basic categories.
1. Gravity based settling systems
2. Passive Filtration Systems
3. Polymer Treatment Systems
Gravity based settling systems are currently the most used sediment control measures across the country.
Sediment basins have a long history and are almost universally known[1]. An important fact about sediment basins is not often discussed, however: sediment basins are often pumped down. If care is not taken when pumping a sediment basin, the sediment that was retained in the basin can be sucked downstream. A pump inlet should always be attached to a floating suction or a well-packed and placed well point. If using a floating suction, use one that has a plate on the bottom to guard against sediment being sucked off the bottom.
Strengths: Sediment basins hold large volumes of sediment. Heavy settling sediments such as sands settle out very effectively.
Weaknesses: Sediment basins are ineffective in removing fine sediments such as fine silts and clays. As sediments settle into the basin, the retention time decreases. This decreases efficiency. They require a relatively large surface area.
Tanks are another form of gravity based settling systems. There are two basic designs of tanks. A standard storage tank and a weir tank. Both types of tanks can be mobile up to 18,000 gallons. This allows them to be brought in and out as needed. A standard storage tank is just one large chamber. A weir tank has weirs built into the tank to enhance the sediment settling efficiency. Sediment laden water is pumped into one end of the tank from a collection point. The water travels over and under a series of weirs (baffles) before reaching the outlet at the other end of the tank. The weirs serve to maximize the distance the water must travel inside the tank. They also minimize water turbulence. Both of these factors greatly increase the settling efficiency of the weir tank over a standard tank. The minimized turbulence also allows weir tanks to be used for continuous flow operations much more effectively than standard tanks. For these reasons, weir tanks tend to make a better choice for sediment control applications.
It helps to ensure that the weir tank comes with a cleanout manway in each compartment. Otherwise, cleanout becomes problematic. Usually, a weir tank will not need to be cleaned out during the project. However, long term projects or flows with very high sediment loads may require cleanout during the project. Weir tanks come with open top and closed top designs. For safety reasons, it is preferable to have a closed top or lids that can cover the tank. Open top tanks have no protection to prevent workers or kids from falling into the tank. This is very important because these tanks are often placed in unsecured areas.
Strengths: Mobile tanks eliminate the need for permanent dedication of space or construction of earthen dikes. Small sites rarely have much available land for sediment control. The tanks can hold a large volume of solids before requiring clean out. Tanks require very little operational maintenance. The flexibility of tanks gives the site manager the option of operating in either batch or continuous operating modes. Properly designed tanks are easier to drain down than sediment basins. This allows a more rapid return to full storage capacity.
Weaknesses: Like sediment basins, tanks are rather ineffective in removing fine to medium sized sediments. Mobile tanks have a limited storage capacity—typically 18,000 to 21,000 gallons. This means there are limitations to the flows that can be handled. A weir tank has a practical limit of 65 gpm per tank for adequate sediment settling. (It can be higher for larger sediments such as large sands.) The tanks must be cleaned out when the project is completed.
The classification of Passive Filtration Systems includes sediment control measures that have barriers to remove the sediment from the water.
Portable Sand Filters remove heavy to medium sized sediment under a wide range of flows. Sand filters use a sand media bed as a barrier filter to sediments as water travels through the sand. There are two basic types of sand filters: Gravity Sand Filters and Pressurized Sand Filters. As the name implies, gravity sand filters rely on gravity to draw the sediment-laden water through the sand. Pressurized sand filters hold the sand media bed in two or more pressure rated vessels and the water is pumped under pressure through the sand media bed. Pressurized sand filters are capable of handling much higher flows per square foot of sand media bed (referred to as the flux rate) than gravity sand filters. Gravity sand filters are increasingly used as a post development sediment control measure. Due to the comparatively low flux rate and inability to easily remove retained sediment, they are not very practical as a construction site sediment control measure. In this article, we will discuss the pressurized sand filters.
Over time, sediments build up on the top and within the sand media bed. Removal of these retained sediments is accomplished by backwashing the sand media bed. Backwashing simply means reversing the flow of the water through the sand media bed. The water flows up through the bed dislodging the retained sediment. The backwash water carries the sediment out through a backwash line into a collection tank, sediment basin, or other temporary holding facility. A sand filter can be backwashed hundreds of times. Industrial sand filters often use a separate water source for backwash. On construction sites, this is often not practical. For this reason it is best to use a sand filter that is capable of using the discharge water from the sand filter for backwashing needs.
It is recommended to use a sand filter with automatic backwash capability. The backwash controller allows a backwash sequence to initiated on a regular time interval or based upon an increase in the pressure drop across the sand media bed. (Sediment build up on the media bed causes an increase in the pressure drop.)
Strengths: The ability to backwash makes a sand filter a very cost-effective choice in situations with medium to heavy sediments. Self-cleaning backwashing capability makes them effective in removing large amounts of sediments. An automatic backwash controller eliminates the need for constant operational supervision. Sand filters have a small footprint.
Pressurized sand filters have a high flux rate. This means that the footprint of a sand media filter is very small compared to sediment basins and tanks. A 200 gpm sand filter will typically have a footprint that is 3 feet wide by 8 feet long. A 100 gpm sand filter requires a footprint no greater than 5 feet wide by 20 feet long. Sand filters produce reliable results. By altering the grade of the sand used in the media bed, the micron rating (what size microns are removed) can be adjusted to meet site specific conditions. A portable sand filter using very fine sand can remove sediment down to the 50 micron range.
Weaknesses: Sand filters do not effectively remove fine silts or clays. A medium head pump is required to pressurize the system. The backwash generates a concentrated waste stream that must be addressed.
Bag Filters are another type of passive filtration system. There are gravity based bag filters and pressurized bag filters. Both of these types of filters have roles as sediment control measures on construction sites and dewatering operations.
The gravity based bag filters are not contained within any vessel or enclosure. They lay on the ground. Water is pumped into an opening in the bag filter. The water flows from the inside of the bag, through the filter cloth, and out onto the ground. The filter cloth acts as a barrier to the sediment. As a result, the sediment is retained inside the bag. The retained sediment tends to form a filter cake along the inside of the bag. This will lead to better filtration later in the life of the bag filter than early on—though the flow capacity will also tend to diminish. It is important not to disturb the bag filter. This will break up the filter cake and reduce its efficiency. Once the bag is filled to capacity, it can be cut open and the sediment removed or disposed in a landfill. Some areas will allow the bag filter to be buried in place.
Until a solid filter cake is built up, the bag filter is not effective in removing fine sediments such as silts and clays. The length of time required to build up an adequate filter cake is site dependent. It depends on the types of sediment in the water, the sediment load, and the flow.
Filter bags come in a variety of coarseness. The tighter the bag the more effective it will be in removing sediments, but the greater the resistance to flow.
Storm drain filters and inlet protectors operate on the same principal as gravity based filter bags except the water flows into the opening.
It is important to situate the bag filters in a location where the effluent water does not cause further erosion. Often times this is done by placing the bag filter on a bed of hay bales or gravel. Bio swales can be used, also.
These bags come in various different sizes and can accommodate a wide range of flows.
Strengths: Effective in removing heavy sediments. If used in a vegetated area they can be easily setup. Storm drain filters and inlet protectors can be reused numerous times.
Weaknesses: They will not remove fine sediments such as silts and clays until a filter cake builds up. The length of time it will take for a filter cake to develop is unpredictable. When the filter cake is built up, it is difficult to predict the removal efficiency for fine sediments, and the flow rate diminishes. If you cannot bury the used bag filter in place, they can be difficult to move and dispose. They are not readily portable once they have been used. Care must be taken to ensure that the discharge does not cause further erosion. In some cases this will require re-channeling the effluent flow.
Pressurized bag filters operate on the same principle as a gravity bag filter, but they are placed in a pressurized bag chamber. The water is pumped into the inside of the bag and passes through the bag filter element. The effluent water can then be piped to the desired discharge point. The filtration efficiency of a pressurized bag filter is similar to a gravity bag filter. The surface area of the bag filters tends to be rather small compared to gravity bag filters. A standard 7" diameter by 30" long bag filter can handle up to 100 gpm. Higher flow rates are achieved by using multiple bag filters—up to 1,000 gpm.
Strengths: The containment of the bag filters in vessels makes the unit very portable. It can be moved from location to location rather easily. They are most effective in removing medium to heavy sediments.
Weaknesses: They do not efficiently remove fine sediments such as silts and clays. The smaller bag surface area and volume means that the sediment holding capacity is much smaller than gravity bag filters.
Wound Cartridge Filter Units are the most efficient pressurized filter systems for removing fine sediments such as silts and clays. The cartridges are constructed by winding a polypropylene yarn around a core using microprocessor-controlled technology. The winding process creates an increasingly tighter barrier as you move towards the center. Wound cartridges work in the opposite direction as bag filters: the water flows from the outside of the cartridge to the inside—were the physical barrier is smallest. The water moves down the interior of the core to the outlet of the vessel. A pressurized vessel can hold from one to over 100 cartridges. Typically, each cartridge is 40 inches long with a 2 ½" diameter. The greater the number of cartridges, the higher the flow capacity and sediment holding capacity.
The flow capacity of a wound cartridge filter unit depends on the number of cartridges in the vessel. For projects that can not tolerate maintenance shutdowns such as pipeline dewatering multiple chambers are placed in parallel. This allows the flow to continue through the other chambers while the cartridges are being changed out in one chamber.
Wound filter cartridge filtration units have a very small footprint. A 50 gpm unit requires less than a square foot. A 1,000 gpm system requires less than four square feet. The small footprint makes them ideal for mobile trailer mounted systems.
The microprocessor-controlled winding technology not only creates the most efficient sediment filter; it produces a very reliable removal curve. Unlike bag filters, wound cartridges do not require a filter cake to build up for fine sediment removal. This means that these units can be brought online with a high predictability of operational effectiveness.
The wound cartridges we are referring to have a nominal rating of 0.5 microns. It is important to note that wound cartridges can be made using a mechanical winding process. Though, they may have a 0.5 micron rating, they are not nearly as efficient at removing fine sediments and clays. For projects that do not have problems with fine sediments, a lower quality filter might be sufficient.
Strengths: Wound cartridge systems provide the best sediment removal efficiency without utilizing chemical treatment. These cartridge systems are effective in removing fine sediments not removed by sediment basins, sand filters, or bag filters. They are highly portable with a very small footprint. Operational effectiveness is very consistent.
Weaknesses: Wound cartridges will not remove colloidal clays. They have a low sediment holding capacity.
Polymer treatment systems are highly effective in removing colloidal clays. Polymer treatment systems are different than other sediment control measures because they actually fall under the category of a water treatment system. As such, most areas require permits for their use.
There are two basic types of polymer treatment systems in use on construction sites: Cationic and Anionic polymer based treatment systems. Cationic polymers carry a positive charge. Anionic polymers carry a negative charge. Each polymer has its uses and benefits. The polymer attracts a large number of particles (sediments) with an opposite charge to create larger particles. The larger particle will now settle out at a faster rate. This is called flocculation. (Technically, this process incorporates both coagulation and flocculation. The two actions are closely related. However, it is easier and more common in the sediment control industry to call it flocculation.)
The amount of polymer needed to flocculate the sediments from the water depends on types and levels of sediment in the water. The appropriate amount is determined using jar tests. A jar test is conducted by adding different amounts of polymers to a representative sample of the sediment laden water in a series of jars. This process shows the optimum polymer concentration. Currently, batch treatment operation is the favored format.
The polymer is injected into the water flow just prior to a series of settling tanks or ponds in a manner that maximizes contact with the sediments. The sediments then bind with the polymer and rapidly settle into a floc on the bottom.
Float intakes then draw the water off the top of the settled water. Depending on the situation, the water may then be pumped through a wound cartridge filter unit to catch residual suspended solids. Polymer treatment systems consistently discharge water that is less than 30 NTU's. It is important to monitor the operation to determine system efficiency. Changes in influent water quality or flow rates may require changes in the polymer concentration.
The above is a very basic description of the process for informational purposes only. A comprehensive description is beyond the scope of this article. Some important factors such as pH, pond size, and average settling time must be taken into consideration. Also, it is important not to think that any cationic or anionic polymer can be used. Polymer is a very generic term. If polymer treatment systems are used in your area, your local agency should have a list of the polymers that work and are approved for use. Under no circumstances should untrained personnel attempt to design, implement, or use a polymer treatment system.
Cationic polymers tend to create a more complete flocculation when removing colloidal clays from water. The concern with cationic polymers is that unattached cationic polymers can be toxic to aquatic life as low as 150 ppm to 250 ppm, which is in the usage range. The toxic effects occur because the polymer attaches to the aquatic life's gills. Anionic polymer usage range is between 1 ppm and 10 ppm. Toxicity for unattached anionic polymers does not become a concern until over 150 ppm. It is critical to understand that these numbers are for unattached polymer. If sediments are present in the water, these polymers become attached to the sediments. Neither anionic nor cationic polymers are toxic to aquatic life once attached to sediments. The polymers in use on construction sites have been used for years to clarify potable water and in agriculture. They have a long track record of safe and effective use.
There is another method of polymer utilization that is effective in sediment control. Using anionic polymer as a soil binder/tackifier costs much less than water based polymer treatment system. The polymer is mixed at a ratio of approximately 1 pound per 1,000 gallons of water and sprayed over the ground. Each 1,000 gallon solution covers approximately 1 acre. The polymer binds the top the soil together to protect it from erosion. The sediments that do break free tend to be larger. This means that they can be settled or filtered out more effectively than with untreated soil. Though this method is cheaper, effluent water quality appears to be less consistent than with water based polymer treatment systems. Because the polymer is not being used for water treatment purposes, most states will not require a water treatment permit for this activity. (However, it is best to check with your local agency.)
Strengths: Water based polymer treatment systems provide consistent removal of fine sediments—including colloidal clays. CHECK TO SEE ABOUT REDUCED NUTRIENT LEVELS. Effluent water quality typically is below 20 NTU's. The settling tanks or ponds can be designed to hold large amounts of sediments. Anionic polymer ground application enhances erosion control and sediment control simultaneously, and has a low relative cost.
Weaknesses: Water based polymer treatment systems are water treatment systems. As such, they are more complex and costly than other sediment control measures. Trained personnel are required to design and monitor the system. They require continual monitoring during operation. Anionic polymer ground based application is much cheaper and easy, but the effluent water quality is much less dependable than when introduced directly into the water.
Though this article has focused on sediment control measures and equipment, it is worth mentioning the importance of a "Whole Systems Approach" to construction stormwater runoff and dewatering operations. On most construction sites, contractors implement both erosion control and sediment control measures as part of their Best Management Practices (BMP's). This is because erosion control and sediment control each play vital roles in minimizing the amount of sediment that leaves the site. Effective erosion control measures also minimize the cost of overall erosion and sediment control activities. The reason for this is simple. Experience has shown that it is cheaper to keep the sediments in their original place than removing them from the stormwater runoff. Effective erosion control helps keep the levels of sediment in stormwater runoff at manageable levels. However, no system is perfect or failsafe. This is especially true of erosion control. Invariably, some sediment is dislodged from the soil and is carried along with the stormwater runoff. Sediment control measures seek to prevent the sediment from migrating offsite into surface waters, storm drains, or sewer systems.
The "Whole Systems Approach" is also a vital tool when focusing on your sediment control needs. The proper combination of sediment control measures might not only be required for acceptable effluent water quality; it will often mean the difference between cost-effectiveness and a busted budget. A good sediment control plan will utilize measures in such a manner that their individual strengths and weaknesses compliment on another. For example, a sediment basin is not effective at removing fine sediments, but it can hold large volumes of sediments. If a site has both heavy and fine sediments, a wound cartridge filter unit can be used following the sediment basin. In this manner, the sediment basin will adsorb the larger volume of the sediments and the wound cartridge filter unit will remove the remaining fine sediments. The sediment basin alone most likely will not produce acceptable effluent water quality in this case. If the wound cartridge filter unit was used alone, it could be inundated by the large volumes of sediment.
A separate article could be written on each of the above sediment control measures. If you are not knowledgeable about any of the above measures, make sure you talk with someone who has experience with them before attempting to put them into use.
Case Study #1
A contractor on a public works project in the San Francisco Area had two sediment control problems: stormwater runoff, and low flow dewatering operations. Space for sediment basins was minimal. The site managers wanted to consolidate both stormwater runoff and dewatering sediment control measures. It was estimated that the maximum flow during a storm would be 200 gpm. A Sediment basin followed by a weir tank proved inadequate in removing the fine sediments. The next step was to bring in a trailer mounted bag filter and wound filter cartridge unit. The effluent from the weir tank was pumped through the filter unit. This solved the problem with the fine sediments.
Case Study #2
A contractor in the Northwest had very little land with which to work. The soil contained very high levels of clay. Stormwater runoff averaged about 40 gpm. The discharge went to a small creek with sensitive habitat. The site managers first tried using weir tanks. While these retained the large solids, the effluent water was still over 125 NTU's. The next step involved bringing a small sand filter, a bag filter, and a wound cartridge filter unit online. The effluent water went down to less than 70 NTU's. This was acceptable to the local regulatory agency. If it had not worked, the contractor was going to have to install a polymer treatment system.
Case Study #3
A site manger in the Northwest faced the difficult task of working on a site with almost no extra space, but the soil was mostly clay. It was obvious that the runoff was going to contain colloidal clays. Add to this, high projected flow rates—between 200 and 500 gpm. He chose to apply anionic polymer as a tackifier to the exposed ground. This greatly reduced the amount of sediment coming off the site. As a follow on measure, he installed two weir tanks, a sand filter, and a particulate filter. Though this was not as reliable as a treatment system that injecting polymer into the stormwater runoff, it was a much simpler system. The system worked well enough that the manager did not have to use polymer in the stormwater runoff.
Case Study #4
A large scale construction project in the Seattle area faced the danger of being shutdown during the rainy season, if the contractor could not remove high levels of colloidal clays from the stormwater runoff. The site had enough space to put a cationic polymer treatment system in place. Flow rates were anticipated to be as high as 500 gpm. The cationic polymer treatment system worked throughout the entire rainy season. The effluent water was less than 20 NTU's, and the contractor never had to shut down because of effluent stormwater quality.
Case Study #5
A sub-division overlooking the Pacific Ocean had its main sediment basin fill up with sediment before the rainy season ended. As a result, the stormwater runoff contained unacceptable levels of sediment. The contractor brought in a trailer mounted wound cartridge unit to draw water from the sediment basin via a floating suction. This prevented sediments from being discharged into the adjacent stream. By drawing the water level down after each rain, the sediment basin was able to hold the next rain without overflowing. After each rain, the water was pumped through the wound cartridge filter unit for about eight to twelve hours at 250 gpm before reaching the bottom.
Case Study #6
A contractor in the New York/New Jersey area had a project that would last for up to six months. The site was small enough that the contractor did not want to build a sediment basin. Instead he rented a weir tank, a bag filter, and a wound cartridge filter. During each rain event, the water was pumped into the weir tank. The water was then pumped out of the tank and through a bag filter and wound cartridge filter unit at about 20 gpm.
Case Study #7
A new sewer pipe was being installed in the Tahoe Basin. The process involved moving in and out of saturated soils. It was impractical to construct one single sediment control measure for the entire length of the installation. Colloidal clays did not appear to be a problem. A weir tank and mobile wound filter cartridge unit were brought to areas where groundwater created a problem along the length of the installation.
Except for material that is used up in the process such as filter bags and polymer, all of the equipment needed to implement any of the sediment control measures above can be rented or purchased. Because of an almost limitless number of variables, it is virtually impossible to provide pricing in this article. In general, however, the more complex the equipment the more it will cost. This holds true for both rental and purchase. However, equipment cost comparisons alone is not always adequate. Available land, project timeline, regulatory requirements, and operational needs all factor into sediment control equipment decisions.
Sediment levels in stormwater runoff are coming under increasing scrutiny all across the country. Once acceptable practices are now seen as insufficient. The above sediment control measures provide any contractor with a wide array of options to stay in compliance.
[1] For detailed information of Sediment Basin design please refer to your local agencies Field Manual. The San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board's Erosion and Sediment Control Field Manual is also a good source.


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Robert Rossen
Mar. 16, 1908
Feb. 18, 1966
Motion Picture Director, Screenwriter, Producer. Born Robert Rosen to Russian-Jewish immigrants, he was raised in a rough neighborhood in Manhattan's Lower East Side. Following a stint as an amateur boxer, he began acting in stock and later became a playwright and director for the Washington Square Players and the Theatre Guild. When his play "The Body Beautiful" (1936) flopped on Broadway, he accepted an offer to come to Hollywood as a screenwriter. A political idealist in his youth, Rossen belonged to the Communist Party from 1937 to 1945 and his scripts often dealt with the threat of tyranny, economic and social injustice, and the ruthlessness of personal ambition. These include "They Won't Forget" (1937), "The Roaring Twenties" (co-screenplay, 1939), "The Sea Wolf" (1941), "Edge of Darkness" (1943), "A Walk in the Sun" (1945), and "The Strange Love of Martha Ivers" (1946). Making his directing debut with "Johnny O'Clock" (1947), Rossen established himself as a major talent with "Body and Soul" (1947), one of the greatest of boxing dramas. Its success enabled him to form his own production company, releasing through Columbia Pictures. "All the King's Men" (1949), his controversial adaptation of Robert Penn Warren's novel, chronicled the brutal rise and fall of a Southern politician, based on Louisiana's Huey Long. It won the Best Picture Academy Award and Rossen received Oscar nominations for his direction and screenplay. His next film, "The Brave Bulls", showed him working very well with more commercial material, an atmospheric study of the life of a toreador. It was completed in 1950 but witheld from release for a year due to the director's investigation by the House Un-American Activities Committee. Called to testify before HUAC in January 1951, Rossen denied present membership in the Communist Party but refused to admit his past affiliations or name fellow members. He was promptly blacklisted by the film industry. After two years of joblessness he requested a new HUAC hearing and in March 1953 he identified himself and 57 colleagues as onetime Communists. Although Rossen was allowed to work again, he never made another film in Hollywood and his actions tormented him for the rest of his life. His subsequent efforts of the 1950s - "Mambo" (1955), "Alexander the Great" (1956), "Island in the Sun" (1957), and "They Came to Cordura" (1959) - were intelligent and interesting yet somehow half-hearted. But he returned to form and regained much of his lost prestige with "The Hustler" (1961), a moody, profound character study of a young pool shark (unforgettably played by Paul Newman), which many consider his masterpiece. Rossen received an Oscar nomination and won the New York Film Critics Award for his direction. "Lillith" (1964), about a psychologist who unwisely falls in love with one of his patients, was a critical and commericial failure at the time but its reputation has steadily improved over the years. "The Hustler" and "Lillith" marked a new phase in Rossen's work, with the focus shifting from social concerns to psychological ones, and which seemed to mirror his troubled personality at the time. Sadly, "Lillith" would be his last film. He died at 57 from heart failure following surgery.
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Twilight cast gets emotional on final day shoot
The actor has admitted that the cast became emotional on the final day of the production. They literally cried to move away after being together for such a long-time.
"We've literally been filming these movies for the past four years. It's strange to know I'm not going back, that I'm not going to be Jacob Black anymore.On the last day it did get emotional. To be honest (people cried). I was pretty upset myself but I think the biggest surprise was Kristen." the contactmusic.com quoted the actor as saying.
Breaking Dawn is the last chapter in the Twilight series, which has been split into two parts. Directed by Bill Condon, the story revolves around newlywed Edward Cullen and Bella Swan. Breaking Dawn Part I will hit the theaters on November 18, while the Part II is set to release November 16, 2012.


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Tennis Elbow
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Michael Varin
Dojo: Aikido of Fresno
Join Date: May 2005
Posts: 567
Re: Tennis Elbow
I completely disagree with Mary with regard to limiting range of motion.
When I was doing a lot of heavy weightlifting I got tennis elbow in my right elbow and it was terrible.
This will be somewhat difficult to describe, but using some simple dynamic stretches for my wrist and elbow, and self-myofascial release on my forearm and upper arm using a tennis ball completely resolved the issue.
I have showed others a subset of the movements I used and was told that they could stop going to their physical therapists because my exercises worked better.
The cause of tennis elbow is in the muscles and connective tissue of the forearm, not in the elbow joint. You can alleviate the pain fairly quickly and easily.
You have to know your body.
"Through aiki we can feel the mind of the enemy who comes to attack and are thus able to respond immediately." - M. Mochizuki
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Back in July, I summarised the events surrounding the match fixing allegations on a number of football clubs, mainly Fenerbahçe. Since then, Fenerbahçe was denied entry into the UEFA Champions League and had to sell a number of high-profile players to make up for the sudden financial loss. The public prosecutor's indictment was finalised last week, four months after the arrests were made on 3 July 2011. Of course, a lot of the content was leaked to the media, particularly to Taraf newspaper, since 4 July. Fenerbahçe fans of millions were left bewildered and furious to say the least. After students, environmental activists, workers and teachers, Fenerbahçe fans also took to the streets and were swiftly tear-gassed in typical Fethullah-police fashion.
With judicial comedies like the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases clearly showing political motivations behind the prosecution and clear manipulative tactics being used by the police and justice system to load guilt on suspects, no one with the right mind could not approach the match fixing case, the Şike Soruşturması, with skepticism. Fenerbahçe and Aziz Yıldırım, its chairman, are no simple matters in Turkey. The police, now clearly dominated by Fethullah Gülen followers and part of the cemaat, supported staunchly by Zaman (or vuvuZaman?), Taraf and countless other Gülen funded mouthpieces, go out of their way to execute plans to silence government critics and improve more corrupt business potential. When we speak of Yıldırım, we speak of large military contracts. When we speak of Fenerbahçe, we speak of a society that can mobilise and influence millions of people and make a profit from them as well. This might be tough for some North Americans to understand, but football clubs in Europe have historically stood up for various ideologies, religious beliefs, political stances and communities within their respective countries. Football fans attached to historic clubs are quite religious with their support, but some of the values that these clubs represent are quite significant. Fenerbahçe doesn't represent a specific political ideology, apart from closely affiliating itself with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as do the other two historic giants, Galatasaray and Beşiktaş.
This wouldn't stop an ideological movement aiming to exert influence across the world from taking an interest into using Fenerbahçe. Turkish Airlines, which is half-owned by and aligned with the government (so much so that you can't find government criticising newspapers on board) sponsors Barcelona FC, Manchester United FC and Kobe Bryant, as well as Gülen-organised "dialogue" events. Gülen has himself rubbed shoulders with football personalities since the 90's. Before he escaped to his Pennsylvania mansion, Fethullah was frequently seen with Galatasaray head coach Fatih Terim and their star striker Hakan Şükür, who is now an AKP MP. Fethullah was even the latter's witness at his wedding. Kombassan, a Konya based company and part of the cemaat, runs the club aptly named Kombassan Konyaspor and their fans chant "play for the imam, play for the mosque" every time they play.
The football corruption trial won't begin until 14 February 2012, but the indictment is available for download in all its glory. This now gives everyone the chance to make their own decision on the case, including the media. That's great news for the detainees, who're being ripped apart in public before they've even had a chance to defend themselves. This is typical of Turkish justice, as seen in the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases. Other similarities between the football investigation and these farcical coup claims is the way the indictments are written.
An indictment partly written in Comic Sans
The public prosecutor employed to put the match fixing indictment (35mb PDF file) together was Mehmet Berk, who can be considered a poor novelist with his work in the Balyoz case. Nevertheless, from a government point of view, he's doing a good job when you look at the impressive number of people pacified by thrown behind bars. The Ergenekon and Balyoz cases are full of discredited and flimsy evidence, technical manipulations to computer files and personal opinions presented as fact. This case is no different. The Fenerbahçe section of the indictment begins with Berk saying he's "determined" the following pieces of information: Yıldırım is the chairman of the club for personal and business prestige and that because the club lost the Turkish Süper Lig championships on the last matchday in two seasons of the last five, and that another "would be a big blow to him being elected for another term" and that Yıldırım and "members of the criminal organisation" don't want to let go of the administration of the club.
These claims are merely personal thoughts and there's absolutely no way of determining that Yıldırım wanted to run for another term and that he's in the hot seat of the Fenerbahçe presidency for prestige. That may indeed be true, but only Yıldırım would know that. I somehow doubt he would tell anyone, "I'm in this job for the social and business prestige and we have to win the championship this season or they will want me out". Berk's determinations are presented in the "Introduction" part of the section titled "The criminal organisation headed by Aziz Yıldırım" and are followed by telephone conversation transcripts. We can only explain the inclusion of such statements as a cheap attempt to influence the judge.
In addition, the transcripts strike me and many others as odd. Firstly, they are clearly only parts of conversations. There are no greetings at the beginning of the transcripts which means only parts of the wiretappings have been used. It goes without saying that no one in the general public has listened to the audio tapes, so skeptics like myself will remain so until the tapes are released in full and they're scientifically proven to be legitimate and untampered recordings. The parties involved in the conversations use some strange wordings and phrases, which Berk claims are code to mean other things. Again, this is a claim that's not well backed up, though they could make sense depending on how you put the story together.
A number of Fenerbahçe bloggers have pointed out serious discrepancies between reality and the indictment. The indictment talks of an "anonymous witness" testifying that jailed mafia leader Sedat Peker, a Fenerbahçe member, threatened a number of Beşiktaş players, telling them to "lose in any way possible" to Fenerbahçe in the second half of the 2004 season. The indictment goes on to say that Fenerbahçe won that game with a score of 3-1 and that Tümer Metin, one of the players Peker had talked to before the game, wasn't in the starting 11 of the game and was sent off for spitting at a referee. In reality, however, Metin was in the starting 11 and was not sent off. A very simple fact which could have been established by cross-checking what this dubious witness said by looking at the Turkish Football Federation's database. A number of blogs and newspapers picked up on this right away.
There's also the claim that Yıldırım bribed the players of Manisaspor to play well against championship contenders Trabzonspor in the 2010-2011 season by sending 500,000 dollars to Manisaspor's vice-president. There's no information as to how the money was used to motivate the Manisaspor players and no evidence to show that the money was received by them. It beggars belief that no Manisaspor player was called for questioning regarding this issue. Yıldırım said the money was a personal loan and that it was paid back in four instalments by cheque.
Fenerbahçe vice-president İlhan Ekşioğlu is at the centre of many of the claims as the man who allegedly executed the match fixing by communicating with other clubs and their players. Payments made to Ekşioğlu are claimed to be for the purposes of match fixing, despite being at dates that don't fall before or after these games, a fact Berk recognises in his indictment but says that this is deception to make the payments look less suspicious.
To add, all plastic carrier bags carried by people affiliated with Fenerbahçe are claimed to hold match fixing money, again with no evidence. You might be asking why the police didn't catch these people red-handed. Indeed that's what much of the public has been asking. The public prosecutor says that they didn't order any operation to not expose the investigation. The spying carried on right until the kick-off of the final game of the season, which is also claimed to be corrupt. An operation at that point would have been the perfect time to reveal the corruption. If the prosecutor claims to have known the results of 19 games before they were played, why not make a bold move and catch the perpetrators red-handed before or after the last game to have a solid base for all the allegations?
There's another interesting anomaly in the indictment which involves the AKP. A couple of weeks before the indictment, the statements given to the police by suspects Zeki Mazlum (a businessman also giving security services to Trabzonspor) and Trabzonspor chairman Sadri Şener were leaked on Twitter by an anonymous and angry Fenerbahçe fan. These police documents include the tape transcripts from some of the conversations they had with each other and others, followed by their responses during questioning. In one transcript, Mazlum says: "The AKP's Trabzon office would do everything for Trabzonspor to be champions." He says this after he talks of Trabzon based businessmen that could donate towards a bonus to opponents of Fenerbahçe and "could amass 5 million dollars if they wanted". The sentence involving AKP is nowhere to be seen in the indictment.
The repercussions: AKP-cemaat rift
As prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was hospitalised for an intestinal problem, the parliament was busy putting together a new law to deal with corruption in sports, changing the upper and lower limits of prison sentences. All parties including CHP came to an agreement to allow suspects to be released on bail rather than be kept in custody (this wouldn't benefit Yıldırım, who's also accused of creating an armed organisation to execute the corruption) and for those that are found not-guilty at the end of such trials to be freed from judicial barriers of returning to take positions at sports organisations. The previous law called for much higher prison sentences and was considered too draconian. Yıldırım faces between 59 to 156 years imprisonment if the charges are all accepted, while players accused with very little and fickle evidence could be in prison for around 12 years.
Turkey president Abdullah Gül vetoed the new law on 2 December 2011. The presidential statement said that the adaptations to the punishments for sports corruption "gave the impression among the general public that they have been made to suit the conditions of individuals during an ongoing investigation". It was the first time that Gül, in his four year presidency, had vetoed a bill and sent it back to parliament for reconsideration. The AKP co-founder had been as efficient as a packaging machine at the end of a conveyor belt in churning out laws drawn up by the AKP. Why then, would Gül veto this bill?
If Yıldırım was prosecuted under the current law, he would not be able to take up Fenerbahçe's presidency ever again. This would pave the way for a Gülenist president for Fenerbahçe, perhaps Murat Ülker, a name on the Forbes millionaire list. Fethullah would be able to use Fenerbahçe as a PR vehicle and the 104-year history of the club as a non-political, international athlete producing respected sports club would come to an end. On the other hand, the Çalık Group, owned by prime minister Erdoğan's son-in-law Berat Albayrak, wanted to enter military tenders and couldn't beat Yıldırım's consortium in a tender for a secretive helicopter contract. It's been alleged that Yıldırım was told to stay out of the bidding by Erdoğan, but because he didn't abide, the go-ahead to bring him down by means of a corruption investigation was given. Four days before the bidding for the helicopter contract, said to be worth 4 billion dollars, a change in Law 4734 for Public Tenders was made to "forbid those under criminal investigations for crimes under the Terrorism Law or organised crime to take part in bidding and if they were awarded with contracts before being sentenced for these crimes, the contract will be terminated and the deal deemed invalid".
The two different motivations clash head on, as Ahmet Nesin observes.
It must also be noted that since the match fixing allegations began, Yıldırım and even Fenerbahçe as a whole has been accused, mainly by Taraf newspaper, of having ties to, yes you guessed it, the fable-ous Ergenekon terrorist organisation. "If it's Taraf accusing, then I'm a proud defendant", one fan said to me.
So, we have the cemaat and Erdoğan after different things with Fenerbahçe. There's also the impact on the electorate should Yıldırım and Beşiktaş officials, including their coach Tayfur Havutçu and vice-president Serdar Adalı (part of the consortium that won the helicopter contract with Yıldırım) are found guilty with extremely heavy prison sentences. Losing a few million of AKP's voters who're protesting such sentences will have a serious impact on AKP's next term, which Erdoğan is envisaging as a single-man presidency. This supports why Gül wouldn't care about another term for AKP, because he will have no place to sit and neither will Bülent Arınç, the easily offended, aging weakest link of the party, who when Erdoğan was in hospital, said: "I've never obeyed even Erdoğan, or even [Necmettin] Erbakan." He also said that he was glad the new corruption law was vetoed and that "no party will be able to touch this law again". He was wrong, however, as it has been forwarded to the president without a single word being changed, which means Gül has to pass the law as it is.
Fethullah's warning messages to Erdoğan
The rift between cemaat and Erdoğan due to their sheer greed doesn't end there. Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. This can't be truer when Turkey's economic resources are being taken up in masses by friends and family of Erdoğan and Fethullah Gülen. On 23 November, Zaman re-published a full page letter by Fethullah, which was originally published in the August 2005 issue of his magazine Sızıntı. The letter gives several warnings for "arrogant people" with religious citations. Ali Ünal, a Zaman columnist known for his relationship with Fethullah, had heavily criticised Erdoğan for his "arrogance" and for "not listening to some people around him". Then Fethullah's own letter was re-published in full to hammer in the point. An OdaTV summary can be found here (in Turkish) which also includes links to their articles reporting heavy criticism towards Erdoğan by Zaman writers throughout 2011.
Nihal Bengisu Karaca, a hijab wearing (the slightly revealing kind) religiously conservative columnist for HaberTurk, listed five points where the cemaat and AKP are clashing (in Turkish). Among them are the AKP's foreign policy which is preventing Fethullah from being on good terms with Israel and how non-Gülenist AKP members are annoyed at the fraternity staffing among cemaat members and vice-versa. She makes the claims as "someone close to both sides".
The Fenerbahçe issue could be a tearing point for relations between two power hungry factions within the force that rules Turkey and nearly all of its public institutions. An ideologically fuelled quest for millions of dollars and lira could turn into a head to head clash between the cemaat and AKP as we approach 2014. While the handbags are coming out between Islamocapitalists, the families of those being detained for accusations on laughable grounds in the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases are suffering further in the absence of their loved ones, and sane Fenerbahçe fans are worried that the club they've been proud of supporting will fall into the hands of a neo-Islamist nurjuvazi*.
*Nur (meaning "light") is the name of the sect which Gülen derives from.Fethullah, media, police, politics, society, sport


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| USDA PLANTS Symbol: LACTU
U.S. Nativity:
Habit: Forbs/Herbs
|Lactuca spp.
Jump to: Images | Distribution Maps | Sources
Taxonomic Rank: Magnoliopsida: Asterales: Asteraceae
|Selected Images from Invasive.org
|View All Images at Invasive.org
Cultivar; Red butterhead lettuce 'Red Vogue' at the winter vegetables Field Day at Sakata Seed in Yuma, AZ. January 1995
Gerald Holmes, California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org
Additional Resolutions & Image Usage
|EDDMapS Distribution:
This map is incomplete and is based only on current site and county level reports made by experts and records obtained from USDA Plants Database. For more information, visit www.eddmaps.org
State(s) Where Reported invasive.
Based on state level agency and organization lists of invasive plants from WeedUS database.
|Invasive Listing Sources:
|Native Plant Society of Oregon, 2008


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One Ticket
- One ticket to the Barista Prima Coffeehouse Urban Brunch Series at Asellina on May 20, 2012 from 11 AM – 1 PM
- Family-style brunch prepared by Executive Chef Marco Porceddu
- Barista Prima Coffeehouse® coffee
- Keurig® Single Cup brewing system and a 12-ct box of Barista Prima Coffeehouse® coffee K-Cup® packs (to be shipped after event to all event attendees, value $190)
- Bottomless Fantinel Prosecco
- European-inspired brunch cocktails
- Uber transportation to and from event
- Postagram photo and postcard
- Live music performed by local musicians affiliated with Education Through Music
What we love
- The May 20 brunch will be prepared by James Beard recognized Chef Marco Porceddu in the Asellina kitchen.
- The special menu features primi like fried calamari with spicy tomato sauce and ahi tuna tartare with black truffle. Secondi include a spicy sausage pizza with organic peppers and an egg white frittata with asparagus, dried tomatoes, basil and shaved grana.
- Beverages include Barista Prima Coffeehouse® single cup coffee, and bottomless glasses of Fantinel Prosecco.
- Proceeds will be donated to the Education Through Music, and local musicians affiliated with the school will provide entertainment during brunch.
- Each guest will receive a Keurig® Single Cup brewing system and a 12-count box of Barista Prima Coffeehouse® K-Cup® packs (shipped to you after the event)—a value of $190.
- Uber Cab will provide you a ride from home to brunch and back home again.
What to know
- Redeem on: Sunday, May 20, 2012
- This offer is subject to Terms and Conditions
- Your name will be added to guest list after purchase
- Offer is final sale and nonrefundable
- Offer cannot be combined with other offers
- After purchase, you will receive a voucher via email
- Brewer and coffee will be sent to guests who attend the event and addresses will be collected at the event
- Uber instructions are on voucher


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Lord Jim
by Joseph Conrad
Lord Jim Introduction
In A Nutshell
They always tell you to "write what you know," right? Well, Joseph Conrad definitely took that one to heart. He spent his early life sailing all over the world, and Lord Jim – like many of Conrad's other gems – is all about the life of a sailor. And it ain't a pretty one, that's for sure.
To top off the whole based-in-reality thing, Lord Jim is actually inspired by a real-life event during which some British sailors abandoned their damaged ship and its passengers in the South Pacific. It started as a short story, but over the course of 1899 to 1900 Conrad published Lord Jim in thirteen issues of the adventure-loving Blackwood's Magazine. Later in 1900, it was published as a novel and, well, we're still reading it today. Fancy that.
Not everyone loves them some Conrad, we know. But that's okay: that's how it was when he was alive, too. While many reviewers raved about the originality of Lord Jim, others expressed confusion or concern. A lot of reviewers were either totally befuddled by Conrad or thought he was just writing a weird, longwinded adventure novel that never quite gets on its feet.
Just look at this review from Public Opinion, published in November 1900:
Words cannot describe the weary effect of all this. The reader longs to get at some incidents, some definite plot; all he finds is some introspective criticism and analysis of motive. (Source.)
If you find yourself thinking "Amen!" you're not alone. But Conrad was all about innovation, and as a foreigner (he was Polish) he brought a unique and global perspective to the literature of the British Empire. So it's no surprise that Lord Jim explores issues that crop up in nearly all of Conrad's other novels: community and communal behavior codes, masculinity, national identity, imperial politics, life at sea, and what it means to live an exciting, romantic (and sometimes not-so-romantic) life in the empire.
Yep, this novel is chock full of goodies for you to enjoy and analyze. Lord Jim is just waiting for you to unpack it. And we're here to help.
Why Should I Care?
We are confronted with evidence of people's questionable, bad, and just plain nuts behavior every day. Entire media empires have been built on people behaving shamefully (we're looking at you, Real Housewives). And YouTube has made it so that no social faux pas or furious rant goes unnoticed.
So what does all this have to do with Lord Jim? Well, Joseph Conrad's novel is a meditation on shame, disillusionment, and what it means for the community and the individual when a disgraceful act is committed. Our 24-hour news cycle and live-blogging culture might make it harder for bad behavior to go unnoticed compared to times of yore, but the issues surrounding reputations, rumors, and secrets are nothing new. Jim may not have to combat viral videos and instant replay, but he's subject to the age-old tendency to gossip and never let a scandal die out quietly.
But Jim's behavior isn't so much offensive as it is cowardly. It goes against established ideas of what "gentlemen" (or white British men of a certain social station) should be. Lord Jim doesn't just ask us to think about the impact of bad behavior; it also asks us to consider why certain behavior is considered scandalous to begin with and what that can tell us about the society that's doing the judging.


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Vivendi to Tap Rothschild, Deutsche Bank for GVT Plann
Vivendi SA, Europe's biggest media and telecommunications company, hired Rothschild and Deutsche Bank AG to study strategic options for its Brazilian phone operator GVT, said two people familiar with the matter.
Vivendi may sell the company, or a stake, or propose an initial public offering, said one of the people, who asked not to be named because the plans are private.
GVT, which Vivendi acquired for $4.18 billion in 2009 after trumping a bid from Spain's Telefonica SA, has helped drive revenue growth at the Paris-based media company and may be worth 5.2 billion euros ($6.4 billion), according to estimates in April by Morgan Stanley.
Vivendi is re-evaluating its businesses as Chairman Jean-Rene Fourtou looks to overhaul the company's structure and restore investor confidence after the stock fell to a nine-year low in April. Moody's Investors Service and Fitch Ratings have said that Vivendi's debt rating may be cut unless it reduces liabilities.
Jean-Louis Erneux, a Vivendi spokesman, said the company "never comments on rumors on its different businesses." Representatives for Deutsche Bank and Rothschild declined to comment.
Fourtou said last month in an interview that he was seeking a buyer for Vivendi's stake in video-game maker Activision Blizzard Inc. Vivendi may sell the stake to Activision after finding little interest from potential buyers, according to another person familiar with the matter.
Fourtou has taken over overseeing strategy since Chief Executive Officer Jean-Bernard Levy was ousted in June. The Vivendi Chairman is interested in exploring a de-emphasis of the group's telecommunications businesses, which he believes require too much investment to be successful and lack scale, people familiar with the matter said in June.


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EXETER — The Supervisors of the Checklist will be in session at the Town Clerk's Office on Saturday from 11 a.m. to noon, to accept voter registrations, make corrections and/or additions to the voter checklist.
This is the final registration before town elections for school/town officials and warrant articles on March 11.
When registering to vote, residents must provide photo ID and proof of residency, as well as naturalization papers if applicable.
EXETER — Join the Exeter Historical Society on Tuesday, March 4, at 7:30 p.m. (with refreshments at 7 p.m.), for a presentation by historian Barbara Rimkunas, entitled "Slavery and Exeter."
The program will take place at the Exeter Historical Society, 47 Front St., and is free and open to the public. (There is a $5 suggested donation for not-yet members.)
The town of Exeter had conflicting views on the issue of slavery. In colonial times, there were a handful of slaves in town; later, an abolitionist meeting was broken up by a mob. In this talk, curator Barbara Rimkunas will explore the conflict-ridden relationship the town had with the issue of slavery.
The Exeter Historical Society is a non-profit organization dedicated to the research and preservation of Exeter's past.
Location, ST | website.com


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Beautiful Photos From the Peoria Tribe's Pow Wow in Oklahoma
Over the last 15 years the annual Peoria Pow Wow has flourished into something special for the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma.
"The first pow wow we had was sparse and there was only about 40-50 dancers," said Peoria Chief John P. Froman. "But this year we had well over 200 dancers and around 1,800 to 2,000 people attend the pow wow."
The 15th Annual Peoria Pow wow was in Miami, Okla., on Friday, June 22 through Sunday, June 24.
Froman has attended every single pow wow and has enjoyed seeing it grow year after year.
"Each year we try to make improvements to the pow wow ground and we have put about $100,000 into it," Froman said. "We have put in lighting, speaker stands, arbors, bleachers and expanded the camp ground."
Froman adds that the tribe has made a commitment each year to provide a nice place for tribal members and guests.
"There is a great group of participants and many tribal nations represented at this pow wow," said Froman. "The support is great from tribal members and visitors-it's a great family event."
The pow wow was started 15 years ago by a group of tribal members who simply just wanted to have their own tribal pow wow.
"In this area there are nine different tribes and almost all of them have their own powwow," said Rob Blalock, Peoria Pow wow Committee Chairman. "We wanted to have our own pow wow so people could come and enjoy a weekend with us."
The Peoria Tribe had land available so Blalock and others built the pow wow grounds.
Blalock, Peoria and Shawnee, said the first couple years the pow wow was only 2-days long and there was no contests. Then the committee added contests and began adding money each year.
This year the pow wow had a $1,600 All-Category Women Special Contest and a $2,000 Special Chicken Dance Contest. Both specials also had four consolation prizes of $400 each.
Blalock said that the support from the Peoria Business Committee and the Peoria General Council is what has really built the pow wow. The pow wow budget each year is $30,000.
"I have helped built the pow wow to what it is now and to see it grow makes me feel really good," said Blalock. "It helps when you got good people helping."
Blalock has been involved with the pow wow for 15 years and was the very first head man dancer. He has also been the arena director and has served as the committee chairman for seven years.
Blalock has been a part of the pow wow since it started because he wants to help his tribe as much as he can.
"I use to dance but I am older now and I don't dance anymore but I want to help and have something for younger generations to look forward to," Blalock said.
Blalock is always looking for ways to fix up the pow wow grounds and by next year's pow wow he said the grass parking lot will be paved.
Jay Blalock, Shawnee, thinks the drive for the pow wow is great and it is just a good place to go.
"This year the women's special had five groups of 13 contestants and the chicken special had about 27 contestants- for that corner of the state that was huge," Jay said.
Jay has not missed a pow wow and helps in any way possible. This year he helped cook food for the pow wow concession stand, he helped run the contests and did anything else Blalock needed.
"I love the pow wow, the commodity around the pow wow and the people who come around," Jay said. "It is a nice place to go laugh, giggle and have a good time."
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Xero announced today that the rumors are true: It's planning on filing for a U.S. initial public offering in 2015.
The announcement is a major bid for the U.S. market and a dig at Intuit, a leader in business software who holds sway in this part of the world.
The cloud-based accounting software firm has been growing steadily. In the fall of last year Xero reported a $150 million raise, which was mostly backed by U.S. investors. Now, the company says it's valued at $2.7 billion.
Meanwhile, Intuit, with its signature business management software, Quicken and QuickBooks, has been struggling to restructure. Recently the company snapped up a few startups to help it stay relevant. To date, Intuit has acquired Docstoc, which hosts a cache of how-tos and business documents; Prestwick Services, a payroll-based billing and payment system; Full Slate, an appointment scheduler; Level Up Analytics, a data consultancy; and GoodApril, a tax planning service.
But just last week, Intuit laid off 150 employees at its Stafford County, Va., location. The layoffs were part of company-wide restructuring aimed at shifting focus onto QuickBooks online ecosystem, according to a Intuit spokesperson, reports the Free Lance-Star.
Right now Xero has a slim share of the U.S. market — an estimated 6 percent, according to a document distributed at its annual meeting. Outside the U.S. however, the company seems to be gaining ground. Xero has 330,000 users in 150 countries, the company claims. Most of their user base is in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK.
Luckily for Intuit, most U.S. businesses are loath to change over any component of their business infrastructure.
But the Xero still thinks it has a fighting chance. "We just have a better product," said Xero U.S. CEO Peter Karpas in an interview with VentureBeat.
He should know; he spent 10 year working at Intuit, most recently as president and general manager of the Quicken Health Group. Between Intuit and Xero, he worked at PayPal.
He says Intuit's Frankenstein-style approach to addressing business needs with product acquisitions is not the way to win. Rather than create every product a business could ever need Xero focuses on cloud accounting and its software is designed to integrate with 300 other applications, like Square and Expensify. "The big advantage of cloud is the ability of data to flow and we're superior there," he says.
As for the U.S. public offering, Karpas says if everything goes according to plan over the next year, a U.S. IPO would be the next logical step for the company.
"I think the big thing [with a U.S. IPO] is it will give an indication of how much we've grown globally and send a message into the U.S. market," he says.
Karpas says that if U.S. businesses know there's a true alternative to Intuit's software, they'll jump ship — better products always win.
Intuit Inc. is a leading provider of business and financial management solutions for small and mid-sized businesses; financial institutions, including banks and credit unions; consumers and ... All Intuit news »
Xero develops online accounting software for small businesses and their advisors. Designed to be fun and easy to use as well as making key business information accessible in real-time for be... All Xero news »


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Monday June 23, 2008
OMAHA, Neb. (AP) -- Joey Lewis hit a tiebreaking double in
Georgia's four-run eighth inning, and the Bulldogs came from three
runs down to defeat Fresno State 7-6 in Game 1 of the College World
Series finals Monday night.
Fresno State appeared to take control in the top of the eighth
when it scored three runs to go up 6-3. But Georgia wasn't
finished, and now stands one win away from a second national
championship to go with the one it won in 1990.
Fresno State, 4-0 in elimination games in the NCAA tournament,
will try to keep its improbable postseason run alive when the teams
meet in Game 2 on Tuesday.
(Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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Plein Aire Painters of the
Nave Bass
Ann Nave Bass, better know
as Andy, has had a life long interest in art. She
now concentrates on painting after a career in graphic design. She finds
design and color to be the most exciting elements of a painting. Working in
oils has given her the perfect medium to explore the many aspects of her
artist journey. Along that
journey Plein Aire painting has proven to be the most exciting and
challenging. She has a studio in Artists Attic, Victorian Square in
downtown Lexington.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
grew up in Alabama where the Black Warrior River bordered our farm in a wonderful
pastoral setting. As a child I learned to love and appreciate the beauty of
my surroundings. I became interested in art at an early age. The basic fundamentals of art were taught
to me by Ilona Royce-Smithkin
of New York City and the late William
Schultz of Vero Beach, Florida. Practice has inspired me to
learn and try to develop greater depth and spontaneity in my work. I maintain a studio at Artists Attic in
downtown Lexington, Kentucky.
Site: www.annrutherfordpass.com
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Having retired from the Lexington Police
Department and becoming an empty-nester, Beth Hegeman
now has time to pursue her passion for painting. She studied with Lexington
artist Bill Fletcher, with whom she traveled and painted in the south of
France. A member of Plein Air Painters of the Bluegrass, she has attended
several workshops and paint-outs, twice winning awards at the "First Brush
of Spring" in New Harmony, Indiana. Her work has been shown at Artist's
Attic and at Gallery B in Lexington. She applies her craft both "en plein
air" and in her studio at the Walton and Main Studios in downtown
I live in rural Kentucky,
north of Frankfort
on the Elkhorn Creek. I love painting outside especially our local
landscapes and the Kentucky River
watershed. I began painting at the Artist Attic in Lexington and continue to learn through
local workshops. I paint predominately for my own pleasure but offer works
occasionally for charitable causes and through local galleries.
Beverly Bruntz
is nothing more exhilarating than to paint on location, capturing that one
moment in time. Each painting is an opportunity for a fresh look at the spectacular
location, light and color. She received her Master of Arts degree from California State
University, Fullerton and worked for several years as
a graphic artist. Since pursuing painting full-time, her paintings have
been juried into numerous nationwide and regional shows. In 2009 she relocated to her home state
of Kentucky.
Rolling green acres, forests, ponds, creeks and country roads are now part
of her everyday life and favorite subjects to paint.
Web Site:
Robert M. Sandford,
an oil painter from Lexington, Kentucky, specializes in Plein Air
landscapes. His training has includes a Bachelors, Master and Rank I in Art,
he has also studied with Scott Christensen, Kenn
Backhaus, Dee Beard Dean, Dan Young, Chris Groves and Bill Fletcher.
Sandford's latest work can
be viewed at his studio located in the Artists' Attic in downtown
Lexington. His paintings are also on display at the Main Cross Gallery, in
Lexington, Shaker Village in Harrodsburg, KY, Ralice
Gallery in Ft. Mitchell, KY and at the Anderson Fine Art Gallery in St.
Simon's Island, Ga.
Email email@example.com
site: www.sandfordpaintings.com
"I am a designer and an artist. I paint
things as I see them and how I would like others to see. I want to make beautiful
things that others can enjoy in their own way to escape and appreciate. I
enjoy painting landscapes and have recently begun dabbling in still life's
and am undergoing formal tutelage to constantly improve my technique. I
receive a great joy and solace when I paint, and an even greater joy when
an audience appreciates it as much as I do."
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: www.fineartcandice.com
Cate Wagoner
Cate Wagoner primarily paints in oil,
with additional work in pastel, conte crayon and
graphite. During a workshop under Wolf Kahn at the National
Academy in New York, she decided to pursue a new
vocation as a professional artist after a vibrant career as a residential
and commercial design consultant in the Southeast. Her award-winning work is now privately
collected in the South and is shown at Gallery B, Lexington Allison Sprock Fine Art in Charleston,
South Carolina, and Holly Hill Inn in
Midway, Kentucky.
site www.catewagoner.com
I may be better known as a
master sand sculptor, but I spend more time with acrylic paint than sand. I've
painted since '67, but after moving to rural Woodford County in '94, I
began to enjoy not only the double pleasure of painting and spending time
in beautiful outside locations, but also to appreciate the merits of plein
aire. There's so much more visual information available directly, compared
to working from photos. I strive to accurately translate that richness to
the canvas.
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: shadetreestudio.com
the outdoors, my idea of a perfect day is to go out and paint a study on
site and return to the studio for larger paintings. Having been a swimmer,
kayaker, rafter and skin diver, streams, rivers and lakes are favorite
subjects. I believe that all of nature is sacred and that realism can best
convey my goal of bringing the incredible beauty, mood and variety of the
natural world to the canvas."
site: www.danmcgrathstudio.com
moved to Woodford County, Kentucky in 2003, She has studies with artists
Betty Plymale and Marianna McDonald. Debbie's
works have been on display at a number of shows including Francisco's Farm
(Midway, KY) and at the Jack Jewett House (Versailles, KY). Since 2006 she
has been invited to gather at various well-known thoroughbred horse farms
to create paintings for special art exhibitions to benefit the Woodford
Humane Society's yearly "Freedom Fest" event. In April of 2009 she traveled
to Florence and Deruta, Italy in order to broaden
her experience in oil painting and pottery techniques and continued
expanding her education by returning to Calabria, Italy in 2011.
"My interest and passion for learning and doing
art has been with me forever. I find deep joy and contentment in the
creative process and value being part of a creative community, sharing
experiences, and enhancing creative expression. Beauty's glance
calls me into my painting journey."
Email: email@example.com
Singleton Hayhurst
an educator for more than 25 years I have always loved the process of
learning and the opportunities it brings. Upon retirement I explored art
through the University of Kentucky's OLLI (Off Campus Lifelong Learning
Institute) and never imagined how passionately I would come to love
painting. I have recently discovered the joy of oil painting and "plein
air"! I particularly enjoy painting children and it gives me a special joy
to paint something or someone that is especially meaningful for someone
else. I have been a resident at Walton and Main Studios for 3 years.
EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com Web: www.facebook.com/WaltonAndMainStudios
Liz Coomes lives in Louisville
Kentucky. In the last five years she
has concentrated on painting landscapes but has been painting and drawing
since 1998 when she enrolled in a drawing class at the Louisville Studio
School. "I have been fortunate to take classes and workshops with some of
Kentucky and Indiana's fine artists including Guinevere Smith, Martin
Rollins, Gaela Irwin, Debra Huse,
Joel Knapp and Bill Fletcher. My goal as a plein air artist is simple – to
continue to improve my ability to convey light on form."
Eric is a full-time artist with his own
gallery in Versailles, Kentucky (about 20 minutes from Lexington). He lives
in Nonesuch in southern
Woodford County, in the heart of the beautiful Kentucky
Bluegrass. He studied illustration at the Art Center College of Design in
Pasadena, CA, and watercolor with Tony Couch. He works in watercolor, oil,
and acrylic, depending on the job, the subject matter, and his inclination
at the moment. Eric has completed illustrations, through his representative
in Atlanta, for such clients as Coca Cola, McDonald's, and Turner Classic
Movies. He has also been the official poster artist for both U.S. Opens
held at the famous Pinehurst #2 golf course in Pinehurst, North Carolina,
first in 1999 and again in 2005. He paints his portraits in oil.
Email: email@example.com
Frank received some of his training in
art while attending the College of Architecture at the University of
Kentucky in the early 1980s. Frank has practiced Architecture for the past
28 years, however 3 years ago he began to pursue a
study in Modern Impressionism through the medium of oils. Residing in
Lexington Kentucky, he has been studying with local artists and attending
workshops. Through this pursuit, he is continuing to develop as an Artist
emphasizing Landscape Impressionism and Still Life as his subject of
choice. He continues to grow as an artist while using his Plein Air
experience as a spring board in selecting his subject matter in the rural
Kentucky landscape.
Powell, a native of Rome, Georgia, is a citizen of the Bluegrass by choice,
having spent her career here as a landscape architect and architectural
historian. Now an avid plein air painter, she can indulge in two of her
passions, hiking and painting outdoors in the gorgeous Kentucky landscape.
"My paintings reflect my love of
landscapes, especially those in central Kentucky with its changing light,
as well as my love of light and color.
I paint mainly in oils, and I also enjoy working in pastels,
encaustic and printmaking. Over the years, I have taken classes at Miami,
Eastern Kentucky University, and the University of Kentucky, and
participated in workshops with Diane Tesler, Bill
Fletcher, Tom Blumlein and others."
Karen's studio is at 710 McClure
Building, in downtown Frankfort, Her
work has been shown at, the Scott County Arts and Cultural Center, Art on
Main in Georgetown, the Elk Creek Winery Gallery and Capital Cellars in
have always had a love of the arts. It began in middle school where I
learned the basic skills of drawing and painting. In college I shifted
my focus from studio art to the the historical
aspect and graduated from the University
of North Carolina
with an Art History degree.
Motherhood and family have been my central focus for the past
decade. Several years ago a little divine intervention led me to
dust off the charcoal pencils, pick up my paint brushes and rediscover my
passion for the creative arts. I became a member of Artist's Attic
Studios in April 2007. I am inspired to develop as a painter and
artist and I am filled with gratitude for the love of picking up
a paint brush!
Site: http://www.kellybrewerstudio.com
"I draw
on places I have visited and my imagination for subject matter. In addition
to painting with the Plein Air Painters of the Bluegrass, when traveling
out of state or country, I take art supplies along and make sketches on
site, or finish an alla prima painting to carry
home. The sketches and studies evolve into larger paintings back in my
studio. It is my hope that some of the joy, color and beauty of our world
expressed in my paintings can be shared with viewers." Margaret has studied
painting with Edward Knippers at Asbury
University, Carla House of The Atlanta Institute of Art, Billy Morrow
Jackson of the University of Illinois, and M. Katherine Hurley. Her work
has appeared in a traveling exhibit sponsored by Women in the Arts, and the
National Endowment for the Arts, Gallery B in Lexington, Shaker Village at
Pleasant Hill, The Art Depository and Haute Couture.
Although trained in figure painting at
Murray State University, landscape has always been my first choice of
subject matter. As soon as I graduated I started painting what I loved—the
land. In 1983 I moved from working in watercolor and oils to pastel which
is my favorite medium for its vibrant color. I want my paintings to express
to the viewer the peace I feel when I walk this land. I paint what I see,
but distill the details of nature to focus on the essence of the landscape.
I adjust the color to emphasize the light and shadows, and hope the viewer
connects to the sense of place, which attracted me to the scene.
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
resident of Versailles,
Kentucky, Marilyn combines
artistic flair with knowledge gained from years of hands-on experience of owning,
breeding and training Thoroughbred racehorses to specialize in equine
portraiture. Marilyn also accepts
commissions to portray favorite pets.
She is a member of the Plein Air Painters of the Bluegrass. Marilyn's work has been accepted to many
juried exhibitions and various local art shows. Marilyn was the artist chosen to paint
the Signature Artwork for Woodford Humane Society's Freedom Fest, 2008.
Site: www.marilynsadler.com
Louise Dean
The act of
painting in nature is the best way to discover a true connection to self.
a 30-year advertising and marketing career throughout the United States, Mary Louise returned home to
the Bluegrass to paint. She devotes the
greater part of her days to painting and writing at her small farm in Nicholas County. Plein Aire painting is a
favorite because it provides a multitude of subjects and at the same time
it challenges one's patience and palette. Her painting style has been
influenced by the study of fine arts and the management of creative design
and mass communications.
Email: email@example.com
grew up in Louisville Kentucky's beautiful Cherokee park
trailing Beargrass Creek with my dog, my BB gun
and my sketch book. I owe my basic skills
to my mentor, Miss Lucy Diecks, longtime
instructor at Atherton and University
of Louisville". After graduating from University of Kentucky
with a degree in Art Education, she continued her study at University of
Michigan, Dayton Art Institute and Art Students League of New York under
Daniel Greene. Today, Mary maintains
a studio, where you may view her work, at the Artist's Attic of Victorian
Square in Lexington, Kentucky, where she teaches weekly
site www.NeelyFineArt.com
I grew up as an Army brat and lived in many different parts of
the world. As a child, I went to Saturday art classes at museums and attended
summer art programs for children. An educator for 30 years, I taught middle
school science and high school biology for 7 years. Then for 21 years I
worked at the Kentucky Department of Education in Adult Literacy. After
retiring in 2009, I took my first art class through the UK OLLI program. I
continued to take classes with local artists including Marianna McDonald,
Bill Fletcher and Dreama Tolle
Perry and I discovered I really loved painting.
graduated from Pasadena
Art Center
of design where she majored in illustration, and worked as a freelance
illustrator for twenty-three years. She is one of the foremost
watercolorists in America
specializing in equine, particularly racing, subjects. She is a Full Member
of the American
Academy of Equine Art
(AAEA) and a member of the Kentucky Watercolor Society. She has exhibited
widely and garnered a number of major awards. She exhibits locally at Cross
Gate Gallery in Lexington.
Her work has appeared on the covers of The Anvil, Keeneland Magazine, and in the Polo
Magazine. Her work appears on
the AAEA
Yvonne earned a degree from
Transylvania University and attended workshops with Sam Savitt,
John Seerey-Lester, and Scott Christensen.
Featured in the March 2012 issue of Southwest Art, her pen and ink of a
raven is also included in North Light Publication's third edition of Stokes
of Genius.Yvonne also produced the eventing obstacle drawings for the Rolex Three Day
Event for 35 years. Yvonne's passion for animals has led to numerous
commissions as well as exhibits including the Master of Foxhounds
Centennial Travelling Exhibit. She was selected as a Top 100 artist in the
prestigious Arts for the Parks competition in Jackson Hole. She continues
to paint portraits of various animals on commission and enjoys the comradery of plein air painting as often as she can.
site www.yvonnetodd.com
Copyright © 2014, All rights reserved. No portion may
be used without permission. All visual copyrights belong to the artists.
Updated 03/08/14


text:
Poll: Gingrich Keeps His Lead in Georgia
A new poll puts former House Speaker Newt Gingrich ahead by double digits in Georgia, the biggest state to vote on Super Tuesday and the linchpin of Mr. Gingrich's southern strategy. But is not yet clear how Mr. Gingrich will regain momentum in the fight for delegates.
A poll released Saturday by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution shows Mr. Gingrich in the lead with 38% support in Georgia, followed by Mitt Romney with 24%, and Rick Santorum with 22%. The poll, conducted by Mason Dixon Polling & Research, has a margin of error of four percentage points.
Another Georgia poll released this week also showed Mr. Gingrich on top with 38% support and Mr. Romney in second with 26%. Click here to see recent polling in Georgia.
For Mr. Gingrich, who represented a Georgia district when he was in Congress, a big win in the Peach State on Tuesday will be important as he tries to remain competitive in the delegate race. Georgia has a complex two-tier delegate award system in which it awards three delegates for each of its 14 congressional districts. If a candidate breaks 50% in a congressional district, he wins all three of its delegates. If he wins with a plurality, he gets two delegates and the runner-up gets one.
The state also has 34 at-large delegates. The first three–state party leaders–go to the winner of the statewide popular vote, with the remainder allocated proportionately among candidates who win at least 20% support statewide.
While Georgia is the largest delegate prize Super Tuesday, Mr. Gingrich does not appear to be leading in any of the other states that vote March 6. His campaign hopes it can rebuild momentum with a sizable Georgia win and victories in the next deep-red states to vote: Mississippi, Alabama and Kansas.


text:
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text:
Marcelo in the Real World
by Francisco X. Stork
Minor Characters
Character Analysis
Jerry Garcia
Arturo's former classmate at Harvard Law and Ixtel's attorney, he practices in Jamaica Plain, a largely Latino neighborhood in Boston. Although he makes nowhere near Arturo's salary, he knows he's doing the right thing in helping the less fortunate.
Robert Steely
Mr. Steely's an attorney who gets fired from Sandoval and Holmes for (a) being "too soft," and (b) questioning Mr. Holmes (how dare he!). He tells Marcelo about the 36th box of Vidromek documents, which adds a whole new dimension to the plot.
Jasmine's father, Amos is a farmer and fisherman in Vermont who suffers from dementia.
Jonah Shackleton
He's one of the brothers who lives near Amos in Vermont and has a crush on Jasmine, big-time.
Cody Shackleton
Jonah's brother is the former best friend of Jasmine's deceased brother.
Samuel Shackleton
Jonah and Cody's father owns the bull that shunned Amos's cow.
Sister Juana
She's the nun from El Salvador who runs the Sisters of Mercy convent, where Ixtel lives.
Stephen Holmes
Arturo's partner at Sandoval and Holmes, he's only slightly less awful than his son. We only really see him once, when he invites Marcelo into his office and calls him "Gump." What's wrong with this family, anyway?
Stephen Holmes' stuck-up secretary and Jasmine's antagonist, Juliet may or may not have fooled around with Wendell on his yacht.


text:
For the first time, the Spanish capital is hosting a CSI3* and a dressage competition, from December 20 to 23.
The CSI has attracted a large number of top riders, with superstar Sergio Alvarez Moya leading a host of fellow Spanish competitors.
Michel Robert, who was in great form in La Coruna last week, will defend the French flag with compatriot Julien Epaillard.
Ireland will be represented by two high quality riders: Jessica Kuerten and Denis Lynch. The German rider Daniel Deusser will also take part, as will the Dutchman Jeroen Dubbeldam and Beat Mändli from Switzerland.
In a bid to promote the event, organisers have proposed equestrian spectacles together with horse-ball demonstrations and Guardia Civil and Royal Guard carousels.
- Sports & Recreation
- Equestrian Sports


text:
Albert Ames Tucker (Tuck)
Position: Power Forward ▪ Shoots: Right
Height: 6-8 ▪ Weight: 190 lbs.
Born: February 24, 1943 in Dayton, Ohio
Died: May 7, 2001
High School: Jefferson Township in Dayton, Ohio
College: Oklahoma Baptist University
Draft: Seattle SuperSonics, 1st round (6th pick, 6th overall), 1967 NBA Draft
NBA Debut: October 13, 1967 ▪ ABA Debut: February 28, 1971
Sponsor this page for $5 and help Basketball-Reference.com provide this service. Your message will replace this ad.


text:
Northwave are an Italian company focused on producing cycling apparel of the highest quality for professionals and amateurs alike.
A short sleeve lightweight cycling jersey ideal for those long summer days. A combination of Revolutional fabric and Biomap inserts ensures maximum muscular compression and freedom of movement whilst increasing comfort and reducing weight.
Key feature:
Please remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing your account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbors to see if your delivery has been left with them, check any places it could be left such as: garage, porch, or behind garbage cans if it was too big to fit through your mailbox. Contact your local post office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
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text:
People should play gigs in houses more. Or backgardens.
Una covers it too.
Kind of goes back to the Stations blog post I write way back when.
2500 people have subscribed to my website instead of coming back each day. You can subscribe to the site using a feedreader or email. I'm also on Twitter. My online marketing blog might also be worth a visit. Thanks for visiting - Damien.


text:
Not bad....
Honda enters an entirely new market segment with the world debut of the 2006 Ridgeline pickup truck.
Hondas first entry into the half-ton pickup segment is a 4-door 5-passenger truck that offers a number of innovative features including a steel reinforced composite bed, a dual action tailgate, and a lockable watertight storage area location under the truck bed. The Dual Action tailgate can be lowered like a traditional tailgate or swing to the side.
Ridgeline is powered by a 3.5-liter VTEC V6 engine that produces 255 horsepower and 252 lb-ft of torque, mated to a standard 5-speed automatic transmission.
Standard equipment includes air conditioning, power windows, power door locks, air conditioning, and 5-passenger seating. The second-row features a 60/40 split bench seat will lift up to allow using the rear seat area for cargo. Standard safety equipment includes side curtain airbags with rollover sensor, front side airbags, ABS with Electronic Brake Force Distribution, Vehicle Stability Assist, and traction control.
Unlike traditional full-size pickup trucks, the Ridgeline does not have a cargo bed that is separate from the passenger cab; the bed and cab are integrated, giving the truck a distinctive look. The Ridgeline uses a fully integrated closed box frame and unit body construction, and is rated for a half-ton (1,100-pound) bed capacity and 5,000-pound towing capacity.
The Ridgeline also features four-wheel fully independent suspension and a fully automatic Variable Torque Management 4-Wheel Drive System (VTM-4WD) that can transfer up to 70 percent of the available torque to the rear wheels.
Ridgeline will be offered in three versions, RT, RT-S, and RT-L, and will go on sale at Honda dealerships in March of 2005. Final pricing has not been announced but is expected to be in the range of $27,000 to $32,000.


text:
Take a sneak peek at the new NIST.gov and let us know what you think!
(Please note: some content may not be complete on the beta site.).
NIST Authors in Bold
|Yadu D. Tewari; Brian E. Lang; Stephen R. Decker; Robert N. Goldberg;
|Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis reactions of 1,4-beta-D-xylobiose, 1,4-beta-D-xylotriose, D-cellobiose, and D maltose
|October 01, 2008
|Microcalorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of the following reactions: 1,4--D-xylobiose(aq) + H2O(l) = 2 D-xylose(aq), (1) 1,4--D-xylotriose + 2 H2O(l) = 3 D-xylose(aq), (2) D-maltose(aq) + H2O(l) = 2 -D-glucose(aq), (3) D-cellobiose(aq) + H2O(l) = 2 -D-glucose(aq). (4) The results of the equilibrium measurements were K = (1.46 ± 0.15)∙103 for reaction (1) and K = 551 ± 34 for reaction (3). Although it was not possible to measure a value for the equilibrium constant for reaction (4), it was possible to obtain the value K = 657 for this reaction via a thermochemical cycle calculation. Selected property values from this reaction catalog were then used to calculate best values of the standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation fGm, the standard molar enthalpy of formation fHm, the standard molar entropy Sm, and the standard molar heat capacity Cp,m for the substances of interest to this investigation.
|Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics
|pp. 1517 - 1526
|Research Areas:
|Life Sciences Research