text:
Beyond violence and non-violence – K Balagopal
Via Jamal Kidwai
[We are posting this piece by K Balagopal, hoping to continue our reflections on violence and non-violence in political movements. – AN]
The public arena is witness to dispirited discussion of the ineffectiveness of people's movements, which are at the most able to slow down things, and nothing more. The discussion often turns around violence and non-violence, not as moral alternatives but as strategic options. Those who are sick of sitting on dharna after dharna to no effect are looking with some envy at violent options,
while many who have come out of armed groups find the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) fascinating.
It is good that there is some openness in the matter now, for dogmatic attitudes have done considerable harm. To say that one should not be dogmatic about violence may be morally a little unsettling but it is a defensible position even without adopting a relativistic attitude towards the preciousness of life or a casual attitude towards one's moral responsibility for injury caused in the course of a struggle. More of that in the right context. But the
discussion will unavoidably be based on assessments of the effectiveness of the alternatives, and a distant view is likely to colour the reality with hopes and assumptions, even illusions. A realistic assessment of what each strategy has been able to achieve would better inform the debate.
The plain and stark fact is that while all strategies have been effective in curbing some injustice, none has succeeded in forcing the government to take back a single major policy in any sphere. And none has been able to reverse the trends inherent in the structures of society and economy. Yet no serious political movement or social struggle we know of is only for softening oppression or improving relief. The general understanding is that governance of the country – and may be the systemic infrastructure of society – is fundamentally wrong and needs remedying, maybe overturning. Do we know of any
effective strategy for that? I am not talking of political strategies,
but strategies of struggle that will successfully put pressure upon the State and the polity to stop them in their tracks. The struggle may be built around class or caste or any other social combination. It may in the end seek reform or the upturning of the polity. It may operate mainly or in part within the polity or keep out of it altogether. Whichever it is, the common problem is this: the experience of this country is that governments do not stop doing some thing merely because it has been demonstrated to be bad. Or even contrary to constitutional directives and goals. They stop only if going along is made difficult to the point of near impossibility. No democratic dispensation should be thus, but Indian democracy is thus. Short of that, you demonstrate the truth of your critique till you are blue in the face or shout till you are hoarse in the throat, it is all the same.
This is the question that haunts all movements, and none has an answer. All strategies, whether violent or peaceful, have found that they are not without success, if by success is meant stemming of local forces of oppression or the local manifestation of global forces, and improving the situation of its victims at the margin or even more. One does not wish to belittle these achievements, and in any case its beneficiaries are grateful, and belittling makes no difference to them. But any attempt to go beyond that has been faced with an insuperable wall which defines the limits of Indian democracy.
The naxalites – in particular the largest of them, the Maoists – are
generally credited with having used strategies of violent struggle to great effect. That they have had substantial effect on the local social and political structures is beyond doubt. From Telangana to Bihar, local society would not be what it is but for their effect in turning much of it upside down. That they have often acted as a very effective deterrent to knavery and charlatanry of all kinds too is true. But looking back on nearly forty years of the naxalite movement, one is surprised how few are the important policy decisions of the State or tendencies inherent in the logic of unequal development that the
naxalites have been able to stall. In fact, one cannot off-hand think of even one. They themselves may answer that it is because they have not tried. It is true that their strategic thinking does not turn around defeating the State politically but mobilizing against it militarily. Hence inflicting major political defeats or reversing trends of unequal or destructive development is not on their agenda. Yet it is also true that even if they tried they would not know how to go about stalling such decisions or forces. To put it simply, you can hold a gun to a landlord's head but Special Economic Zones or the Indo-US Nuclear Deal have no head to put a gun to. This degree of simplification of the issue may be criticized as unfair, and one would readily agree that Maoist violence is not just the armed action of individual Robinhoods. Nevertheless, after dressing up this skeleton with sufficient flesh and blood to make it real, you still do not get away from the basic truth of the caricature.
It is not just the abstractness of these issues that makes violence ineffective as an option against them. After all they do have concrete manifestations that can be confronted by violent mobilisation or armed action. But the subtlety of forms of power other than the feudal makes focused confrontation of a violent kind difficult to operationalise. Violence may be good or bad, necessary or
unnecessary, but it is always crude. Intelligent exercise of power, on the other hand, is subtle. So is capitalist rationality, in general. It is sometimes but not always crudely oppressive. It also comes with promises of a better life for the middle classes and employment for the poor. It spreads its operational incidents all over and each of them offers its own rationality. It gives a little and takes a lot but it gives at one place and takes at another. It speaks in a dozen tongues, each offering a limited rationality, while the totality is hidden behind layers or opacity and subterfuge. Its lies require intelligent nailing, and its logistics requires subtle handling to immobilize it. For in the
better kind of agitational strategy the object of popular mobilization is to immobilize the opponent, and that is where violent methods score over peaceful methods. But whom or what do you immobilize to make an SEZ inoperable?
And then there is the law and its machinery of enforcement.
The law of course does not turn the other way when violent mobilization is used against a landlord or a local oppressor. But neither are the stakes as high nor is social disapproval so strong then as when alleged schemes of development or alleged policies of national security are obstructed by violent mobilization. Agitations
disrupt normal life, violent agitations more so. The insecurity and uncertainty this creates can be exploited by the State to either incite the people against the agitators even to the point of getting them lynched or to cover up for the violent methods of suppression it employs. It can even get righteously suppressive. And when the stakes are high social disapproval can be engineered beyond its normal levels. We are all aware of how much hatred the State can
generate against agitations, especially violent ones, if it believes that its vital interests are affected. And that can be the justification for lawless enforcement of law, the more lawless the more righteous the anger it can whip up in society.
One option then is to throw up one's hands and say that it is futile to
fight an evil beyond a point while it remains in power. And that the real task is to gain political power and replace the fount of evil. This makes sense from one angle but misses the point from another and begs the question from a third. It misses the point because at one level the question we are posing to ourselves is not about this society or this polity, but about democracy as such and the amenability of governance to correction by popular disapproval. To say that we
need not spend too much time over this because we wish to come to power and then we will not face this problem is no answer. It begs the question from another angle because if you do not know how to mobilize people in effective numbers against evil governance, how are you sure you know how to mobilize them for capture of State power?
Peaceful mobilization has one advantage over violent mobilisation. A larger number of people can participate in it, and it can choose its targets and devise its methods of agitation more subtly. It gives space for dialogue even the while agitation goes on, dialogue not so much with the establishment as with society, and so the vital dimension of critique is alive without suspending the agitation
to clear space for it, and this is essential in any struggle against an opponent who operates in a universe of intelligent rationality. This is one reason why peaceful methods of struggle are not only morally but also politically healthier. But in terms of its effectiveness in reversing policy decisions or structural trends, peaceful methods are even more ineffective than violent methods. Quite plainly, dharnas and street plays and hartals and half-an-hour-at-a-time road blocks and street corner speeches and jathas can go on for ever and ever and neither the State nor the Ambanis lose any thing. This is what often makes activists cynical and gives them that urge to seek an
appointment with the Maoists. When they are so tempted they think the only problem they have had with violence is that it is morally problematic and physically unsafe. It is assumed that it is necessarily more effective. It isn't, and it has not been.
Can we turn to the law to make governance answerable to popular disapproval other than at election time? Constitutional democracy as we know it in India gives little scope for such a hope but PILs have held a lot of fascination for activists. Much of it is born of out of ignorance of the law as much as the sociology of adjudication. The average intelligent Indian thinks of PIL as the modern equivalent of the bell which the better kind of king is reputed to have strung outside his palace for the desperate citizen to tug at and get an instant
hearing and instant justice. The average intelligent Indian also thinks that all the limitations of judicial power that he or she is otherwise familiar with will vanish when the Courts sit to hear PILs, namely that they become benign despots who can set every wrong right by passing a condign order. Desperation can be the only reason for these illusions. Less excusable is the ignorance of the sociology of adjudication. Judges, taken as a class, are at one with most of the
political and economic tendencies since liberalisation for no more subtle reason than that they belong to the social class that has benefited and will benefit much more from these tendencies. Extremely derisive comments about PILs are made with juvenile exuberance by the Supreme Court these days to send out a signal
that the activist or desperate citizen need not take the trouble to go all the way to New Delhi. Law journals report some divergence of opinion and even snide comments about judicial activism in the Supreme Court, but the divergence is between conservative judicial activism and conservative aversion to it.
There is no option but to devise ways of stopping the system in its
depredations. Since Indian democracy has not learnt to respect reasoned criticism unless it is armed with the strength to physically prevent the execution of the policies criticized, ways of achieving such strength must be sought by agitational movements. In principle the best method is to mobilize the people likely to be affected in large numbers and physically sit in the path of the State and Capital. But then the people in their concreteness are riven by diversity of interests and insularity of communities, crushed by
poverty and misery, weakened by the disease of opportunism even at the lowest levels which has been the greatest contribution of the Congress party to Indian political culture, enfeebled by attachment to their political patrons, and disillusioned with empty rhetoric and moral corruption of agitations and movements. In particular, they see that activists who were in an earlier generation characterized by sacrifice of personal concerns are no longer the same. To my mind, this is the greatest disservice done by the NGOs, but this culture is now common to a large section of political activists, too. On the other hand, the very effect of politicization has been that the people have lost their innocence and often weigh the costs and benefits of struggle with greater caution than in the past. One cannot blame them, especially when the caution is reinforced by the fact that activists themselves exhibit the same attitude these days. All this combines to make strong mobilisation difficult and tempts honest activists
to look for short cuts, ranging from armed action to PILs. But there are no short cuts.
K Balagopal is a well known democratic rights and civil liberties activist and intellectual on the Left. He is associated with the Human Rights Forum.
January 23, 2009 10:51 PM
A sage piece–as always expected from Balgopal. He is effectively asking to counter intellegent and strategic rationality with a similar force–beyond legal, militaristic or subjective approaches. So, it is a moral, rights based argument for greater participation and subtler bargaining strategies. The only chink, and Balgopal is alive to it, is that this moral politics of means is ineffective–does not achieve ends in the Indian scenario. Is direct democracy all about patience then?
January 27, 2009 7:06 AM
Dear Prasanta,
Someone else has made the case for a moral, rights based argument for greater participation and subtler bargaining strategies – and above all, a politics of patience — Arjun Appadurai in his celebratory essays on deep democracy and grassroots globalization in Mumbai around 2000. From more recent accounts, it appears to have achieved some pretty depressing ends!
From Balagopal's own practice, one might assume that he is making the argument that you suggest he is making. But at the same time, as you rightly point out, there is no force of conviction in this particular commentary. It seems to me that continuing to pursue what one has pursued for 30 odd years – building a broad radical discourse of rights, claims and democracy is a default option for civil liberties/human rights activists.
A more open ended and productive line of thought would need to actually press on with three important points Balagopal raises in his inimitable style – 1. Movements may be successful (even if only partially) in local contexts but do not seem to be able to overturn the logic of opression (which one assumes operates in a global context). 2. The SEZ does not have a head to put a gun to. 3. people's interests are diverse and some of them are met by capitalist/state logics.
At a minimum these points must force us to ponder over
1) whether there is now a need to rethink the relationship between the local and the global. For Balagopal this relationship seems to map on to concrete and abstract, but in its more pejorative form it maps on to 'here' and 'over there'.
2) whether such a rethinking will force us to reckon with new contradictions within the state-capital -social formations entailed in an SEZ, – contradictions that we are missing out completely because of the limits of our own imagination.
3) whether the class caste locations of the activists themselves are limiting their understanding of how different sections of 'the people in their concreteness' are responding to what state-capitalist logics are offering to them.
Further it is pertinent to ask what is really happening with those sections whose ability to respond is quite limited. They may not even be visible as social groups to us because they remain outside of the rationalities of mobilizations and counter mobilizations.
In other words, are we ready yet to take an honest look at how fights for ideological sway on different sections are playing out between state-capital on the one hand and activists-NGOs and movements on the other?
January 27, 2009 12:13 PM
Dear Anant,
I guess no one would disagree about the positives of open-endedness, not least Balgopal, except for the fact that there always remains a gradient between the logic of authority and that of resistance and activism. Some prefer to remain silent on this gradient, some take a more reptilian pragmatic route, and few raise a critical voice. Now if you are suggesting that the activists are hijacking the cause and acting as vanguards for the people who need to decide on their own, we come back to the old question of who speaks for the subalterns and so forth. Needless to say, all movements, small and large, eventually find leaders—representatives even in direct democracy. But I feel the difference finally lies in whether these people are open ended enough and yet appreciate the power gradient and act upon it. It's a difficult thing to do, especially if one is looking for solutions at the end of the day. You will excuse me if I differ from you about the conviction bit in this particular essay. I feel, as you have put it so well, building up something patiently for the past 30 years, requires an uncluttered kind of a conviction, which Balgopal has been able to achieve. Here is someone who understands the depressing bit and yet will dive headlong into it. All this because one appreciates the very process of going through the grind, instead of gunning for any ready made solution. And yet being acutely aware of the big picture.
I also understand that many wish to embrace capitalism in its full glory. Fair enough, except for the fact they do often encroach on other sensibilities and possibilities that life may have to offer—just like your busy social actors do. And these other options—not just the social-democratic and the seriously romantic ones, but the civic and the classical too—have been systematically rendered irrelevant. That Balgopal, after a lifetime's fight, is being pilloried both by his own constituency today and from the state-capital complex alike, is the typical bouquet always reserved for someone interested in time consuming, deep democracy.
By the way, could you please elaborate a little on the contradiction in SEZ that you refer as point no. 2? And thanks for the Appadurai reference—I have not read that particular book.
January 27, 2009 6:30 PM
Dear Prasanta,
Appadurai's essays were published in public culture and environment and urbanization — i think.
Actually to my knowledge, Balagopal has been pilloried not by his own constituency – I am not sure what you mean by that – but by adherents of ML influenced civil liberties activism that was prevalent until about early 90s. Balagopal began to diverge from this around 1991 after some 12 years of dedicated work and completely broke free of it both ideologically and organizationally between 1995 and 1997. The gauntlet he threw at that time was picked up by those who wanted to continue with tactically using institutions of parliamentary democracy to demonstrate their own hollowness. That is where the pillorying continues to come from – although it is much muted now.
But a close reading of Balagopal's writing over the years makes one wonder if the break in 1995 was really due to any major change in convictions or even due to his class position as his critics at that time kept derisively suggesting. There are significant continuities in the evolution of his thinking and by that I do not mean only his personal evolution, but that of a particular generation of intellectual activists that came to in the immediate wake of the Janata experiment and the rise of what one may call peasant capitalist classes. (Some of its best articulations are to be found against the backdrop of the peculiar and short-lived 'mode of production' debates in the 70s and 80s).
I have no difficulty with the proposition that one would have to be strong in conviction to continue along the path that one has chosen. But I do believe that this particular commentary offers a sort of status report rather than any new insights. Compared to the forcefulness with which he made the arguments against the dangers of smuggling in ML ideology into human rights movement and declared that human rights movement cannot be the handmaiden of any other political movement, this essay is cautious, sober and matter of fact in its tone. I am not sure if and where the 1996(7?) essay was published. It was originally delivered at a conference organized by APCLC in Hyderabad. It dealt with the question of violence and counterviolence much more head on. It is water under the bridge now.
On subalternity etc., I think we are actually in a position now to raise more productive questions than who is the subaltern and who speaks for them and so on. The on the ground experience of middle class activists of the older traditions in recent years has often been that the poor cannot be really trusted anymore. Balagopal puts it much more subtly than that. But the truth is that the poor often use activists instrumentally and tactically and often have a card up their sleeve that they do not reveal.
They do this because when it comes to the crunch, somehow the vanguard does not have the answers they are looking for, but the vanguard does get them some distance. So for instance, you go and get a stay order against an eviction and create some noise in the press or even provide strong arme support. They join you at the rallies and give you moral support while exploring their own individual and collective options.
The vanguard can go on exhorting them to fight for their own rights but it knows all the way through that the poor have their own understandings and interpretations of rights and claims and are making their own calculations. How do we deal with this peculiar situation ?
Most organizations and activists do not really have any clear cut strategy as to how to deal with this reality.
What can the 'vanguard' (to use your expression) do ? Disown the people ? Build an argument that it thinks best represents everyone's interests knowing full well that it is not reaching even half way ? turn a blind eye to the exclusions and mini strategies that people pursue so that the vanguard can go on being comfortable with its own accounts of itself ? How does it account for those who get marginalized in such mobilizations ?
These are all issues that Balagopal hints at in the essay without elaborating. But most importantly, he is saying that the path ahead is not clear. And he is right. The path ahead is indeed not clear. We have ghosts of old certainties of state structures in swanky gear – mobile phones, hired quavalises and GPS and laptops. We cannot expose the hollowness of the state while swearing by the constitution of India – a fallacious approach to start with as Balagopal pointed out in 1995, simply because it is only a ghost that we are chasing. We do not seem to have gained anything much by trying to force the state to pursue some kind of halfway decent rationalities either. In place after place such efforts are folding up. What do you expect when the function of lawmaking itself is outsourced ?
That brings me to the SEZ question. This is actualy a point I have made previously somewhere else in relation to Singur and Nandigram. We can find numerous examples from elsewhere but let me stick with that. What really happened in Singur is that farmers had been systematically lying about the crop yields of their lands as well as about their own status as bargadars to save on revenue demands and hold on to land. Thus, land records in the revenue department cooked up by local revenue officials show much of the land as single crop and show some people as owners and bargadars while actual work was being done by someone else. But of course everyone knew that it was multiple crop. But to change the status of land in the records after somany years of systematic fabrication is not easy. So the officials took an easy way out, show it as single crop – consistent with tax records and pay higher compensation than they would normally pay for single crop land.
Such strange collusions of landowners, non bargadar bargadars, revenue officials and local party workers are getting reworked everywhere in the context of a state that is seriously cash strapped and has to depend mainly on land as equity to be able to conduct its own business. In the short term it is operating on margin moneys from donors to appear to be in good financial health.
The events that hit headlines from different SEZ sites or even from urban mega infrastructures or new irrigation projects in this sense are not really local in the sense of originating in local practices or even local institutional compulsions. Nor do they arise from any abstract logics of global capital. They arise from the concrete actions of hundreds of people in all kinds of extra local places. They are also shaped by historical trajectories of accumulation strategies at family and caste associational levels which are recombining through electoral alliances.
What seems to be happening is a long drawn process of gradual insertion of different parts of what goes by the name of the state machinery into bigger and bigger circuits of personal and collective mobilities.
Different levels of bureaucracy, different levels of party workers and politicians, judiciary, not to mention the ideological and repressive apparatuses of the state — each of them gets inserted into a complex maze of connections in which it is no longer easy for anyone to discern where decisions are being taken and how they are being implemented. This is what it really means to say that the SEZ or the nuclear deal does not have a head to put a gun to.
But this monster must have its command centers somewhere. There must be systems of circulation that permeate it all over. (For example, the switching of accounting systems at all levels of government from single entry to double entry ledgers has transformed the calculative logics of government institutions across the country in a short span of time. It is because of this that we find that despite the vast differences in concrete details government officials, politicians and investors do speak shared languages and voice shared frustrations and fight each other on specific issues and yet realign. These resultant alliances among different fractions of the state are somewhat keleidoscopic. But it is not impossible to pin down how and why they are occurring both in their concrete detail and in aggregate effects. That is what I meant by the new contradictions entailed in an SEZ. In fact, I would say unless we pin down what these new formations are, we really can only go on talking until we are blue in the face – to borrow Balagopal's expression.
Our difficulties in grasping what is happening comes from a variety of sources, not the least important of which is that the logic of this brand of capitalism and state action is to appear as if it doesnt have any singular monocentric calculative rationality. But the more difficult part of the puzzle is that we are often trying to read singular logics and rationalities into the chaos. We do a sort of forcefitting quite by reflex because without a rational and simplified picture we cannot operate or mobilize. But in the process, we also often end up completely missing how things are actually happening.
It is not that we do not know what actually is happening. But we relegate it to the margins of our consciousness because we think what we are witnessing is just an aberration. But what if, what if the aberrations are really pointing us to systemic transformations? It is unrealistic to expect the Maoists to pursue these transformations strategically.
To be fair, it has been a consistent complaint from the Maoists that intellectuals have not done their job well. That the Maoists themselves must bear partial responsibility for that failure is a story we need not go into now.
January 28, 2009 11:13 PM
Dear Anant,
You are correct to make the distinction between currents of Maoism and human rights and Balagopal's gradual shift towards the latter. But I am aware of quite a few human rights activists and theorists themselves unhappy with this shift in Balagopal (those who factor in serious egalitarianism and/or subjectivity within the rights discourse, for instance), especially because from time to time he blurs the distinction himself—underscores his continuities—as you say. I personally think this owes precisely to the fact that as a man of action, a part of him wishes ardently to question his own intellectualism and looks for some concrete results in material terms. It is in this context I used the word constituency—a larger one I guess. But you know, I am not so sure these new entries are merely status reports too. One important aspect is to return to the issue of violence itself—which is a reason for the post in the place. It is worth noticing from the title itself that he is loathe to valorize non-violence (just like violence) as a mode of politics and yet he is looking for some kind of tangible outcome of radical politics: hence, his sobriety for procedural human rights approach, I guess. His call for patience is angst ridden. That comes most clearly in his disillusion with the procedural aspect of radical legalism, from judiciary's side particularly. More importantly, I think unlike the way you are putting the issue, Balagopal is quite categorical that he is less interested in polity and more in oppositional democracy and popular mobilization. He particularly uses the phrase 'popular disapproval' as a lynchpin of his politics—which is possibly fundamental to his notion of democracy. There is a watchdog sense involved here.
And yes, no conclusive answers—but again I do not think Balagopal's is a dejected voice, but searching, looking for a sagacious alternative rather. May be going on exposing these new structures of governmentality as best as one can in multiple ways, sometimes in local, fragmented forms, hoping that leads to a more concerted effort and popular action, not from any moral high ground, realizing and accepting one's complicity too. May be not speaking for anybody but just sharing in the most basic relational sense and then maneuvering at the everyday level, forming concentric circles of challenge: an old style, living ones premises perhaps. You highlight an interesting aspect of the network on is up against—operating between the local and the global. But the story of economic liberalism has also other tentacles—your own delineation shows the importance of local complicity. But there ought to be a caveat to pure interest-theory from another angle too: simply put, if the whole thing in Nandigram was/is about bargaining and interests from the receivers' end too, then would they not go the whole hog and get into the game right away, instead of queering their own pitch and now awaiting severely depleted multi-crop land? Would someone go to the market place with firearms or get raped if she wishes to be market-worthy?
And would it be fair to say that there is always a game of distrust going on among those who participate in a movement or strategic manoeuvre, though I take your point on this seriously? Even if we keep aside ethical issues of moral philosophy, there is this matter of accountability and corruption at the most tangible level of public choice theory too. I am not going to build up any norma by speculating on human tendencies—like a Hobbes/Mandeville/Hayek/Ken Arrow does on one hand or the more cheerful accounts of social inclinations and dynamics of a movement on the other. People use others, but they also form relations and bonds. I will prefer to err on the side of hope.
And I do apologize for misspelling Balagopal's name in my previous posts.
January 30, 2009 8:16 AM
Dear Prasanta,
It strikes me that we are each reading into Balagopal's essay things that are important to ourselves. The following is mainly meant to make sure that my own angularity is a little more transparent.
About five years ago, I spent a few months in Hyderabad with a view to understand the import of the city's restructuring to transformative activist agendas. Balagopal was one of the first people I met and in response to my question as to where he saw the hotspots of resistance to restructuring, he said he did not see resistance at all. He saw widespread resentment.
I could empathize with that understanding, but as I saw it, resentment actually could operate as resistance. Not as conscious oppositional democracy; but it slowed down the pace of neoliberal reforms, subverted and diverted the direction of reforms and in its own peculiar ways it stalled disposession.
My intuition was reinforced by what many lower level government officials began to tell me later on. As one of them put it succinctly, the law cannot protect the poor from being disposessed because the forces of disposession in Hyderabad arose from local and extralocal compromises and collusions among a host of actors. Successful stalling of disposession in specific instances therefore could only happen through participating in those compromises and collusions and diverting them to other ends. You gather force and move towards your particularist ends by playing the game – not by disapproving and staying out if it. It struck me that this sort of rationality was not merely seductive as my purist self kept telling me. Like any ideology, it worked through practice. "Kneel down and move your lips in prayer and you will believe." And as you repeat it, the instrumental rationality will disappear!
In an interesting variation of this theme, a senior planning official in the city put it thus: we simply cannot have a master plan in this city because the law constrains both the poor and the rich. We keep drafting and redrafting the plan, but it simply cannot go past the assembly and be passed into the law. It is a sort of 'catch me if you can' game.
This has now become the default situation.
It doesnt work for everyone. In fact it doesnt work for the majority. Even those who can play the game are doing so at a high risk – whether it is Ramalinga Raju who finally confessed to a 70000 million rupee fraud or the auto rickshaw driver who goes bankrupt and disappears without a trace, the individual and social costs of this game are tremendous. The difference is really between the implications of the risk. When Raju played the game, he was betting on not just the the lives of 50000 employees but on the future of a city of 10 million. When Raji Reddy the farmer took his chances with cotton he was betting on his life.
I am reading Balagopal's stand against this backdrop. To me, his position seems to be this.
Both violence and non violence have been partially successful in bringing some local relief. But each in its present configurations of power is unable to go beyond that to take head on the real challenge: how to cry a halt to this game of Russian roullet!
Against this reading, I am concerned mainly with how and to what ends the virtues of patience (which I do appreciate) can be harnessed.
[I can see some people being upset by this, but as I read this essay in light of his previous commentary on violence in 2007 -I think Himal Mag published it – Balagopal is hinting at a (limited no doubt) parallel between the NGO filing the PIL and the dalam issuing the writ to a contractor. They are both following their own trajectories independent of the people. He is saying that we may be attracted to either of them because of our own sense of urgency (impatience) but we must distinguish between a sense of urgency and its conversion into a compulsion because once that switch happens. the survival of the dalam or the NGO as the case may be becomes the frame that structures relationships, bonds and struggles involving diverse social groups.
To that extent, he is cautioning against being drawn to either violence or non violence as the answer – because they can both potentially subvert the main question -"how to stop the state and the polity" in its tracks.]
As for Nandigram, public choice and pure interest etc… I shd. have taken care to point out that my remarks about land records were restricted to Singur. Nandigram was a different ball game altogether. But as a general rule, using people does not rule out formation of bonds and relations. The point is not really about using others instrumentally but about how far people can really travel with each other and towards what destinations. By no means am I suggesting that Tapasi Malik's death is a milestone of achievement in an elaborate scheme cooked up by her father and brother to become market competent.
January 30, 2009 10:49 AM
Yes, its always a mark of a sophisticated work that it will give rise to multiple and contradictory responses. Thanks for your input. I am sure others have different and important things to say too.
atreyee permalinkFebruary 4, 2009 2:51 AM
Thank you for a fine-grained response. I didn't find the Himal article that you allude to, but do want to follow up on your comments on the NGO filing the PIL and the intellectuals rifting from the Maoists (or generically speaking, from any radical action group).
Bourgeoise cultures (eminently print culture, text-canonising) have informed the dissemination of socialisms as other Biblical ideological apparati. I want to throw in a random thought that the socialisms were probably never in sync with each other (even under the same red/pink/yellow blankets) such that the dashing intellectual and the Maoist breaking with the elite ideological establishment would necessarily conflict. To the effect I would argue that the political economist, the cultural Marxist, the NGO middle-class consciousness-bearer and the extreme Maoist would predictably churn up cultural variants of corrective action in a situation of mass state-sponsored violence. I also to throw in the possibility of decentering the image of the radical command center- are the CPI(M) minister, local muscleman, dalal, Karat all of the same socialist pedigree? Maybe not. Maybe their pedigrees breed myriad command centers within the same ideological apparatus.
I found this piece from the New Left Review interesting (on print cultures/graphospheres and as the mediators of socalisms as opposed to visual media as the new mediators of ideology):
February 4, 2009 2:22 PM
Dear Atrayee, thanks for that newleftreview link. You have to register with Himalmag website to be able to access its archives. But here is an alternative link to "The limits of Violence" Balagopal's 2007 article.
February 4, 2009 2:23 PM
Oops ..sorry about that typo :(
Ramana permalinkJune 24, 2009 8:25 AM
Pardon my ignorence, what is PIL?
Ramana permalinkJune 25, 2009 3:57 AM
Thanks for the information.
dr.rampelli Satyanarayana permalinkOctober 9, 2009 3:10 PM
With the given little interaction with him, for me, he is a person with tones of literature and also always possesses an ounce of integrity in his deeds. We always find people with ideological dogmatism or popularize justifying personnel ends, but Dr.Balgopal was a person with pragmatism, human warmth, empathy with fully loaded with ideology. His travel is endless. His commitment would definitely influence people who strive for humanity and creativity. His death is lose for entire human kind in the third world countries people who work for real people without vested interest. Especially for those who have emotion to change the society. He is a person blended with emotion and utmost human compassion. He had a purpose of live which has been accomplished without any compromises
jayaprabha permalinkOctober 13, 2009 12:51 PM
balagopal , to me a hero in my university days. he wrote very good literary criticism too[ in telugu].
may be in early 80's once he spoke on "kolimanTukundi" a novel written by allam rajaiah[ a committed marxist writer]. he wrote some other essays too, but some how he didnt contribute much to the literary criticm later. with his untimely death,we lost an intelectual , a commited human rights activist who could do much to the poor of this country.


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I agree with letter writer W.B. Evans. Everyone has a right to express his or her opinion. Where I disagree with a lot of opinions, is when they are not based on real facts.
Here are real facts:
dition of The Lancaster News said Lancaster County is getting a $1.7 million U.S. Transportation grant to improve the Lancaster County Airport runway. In that same edition was a story about the 19.1 percent unemployment rate.
So, probably less than 1 percent of Lancaster County residents will even see improvements, much less use them.
We would like to thank Bill Thrailkill, Sonic general manager, for supporting the Salkehatchie workers who were housed here in Lancaster in June. There are no words adequate enough to express our gratitude for the wonderful hamburgers you provided for their meal on Friday. They were so excited when we arrived with the burgers. Your support of this wonderful mission work was appreciated and enjoyed by all. Lancaster is truly blessed to have such a caring member of our community. Again, from the bottom of our hearts, we thank you.
First impressions count. They matter whether it's a blind date or a job interview.
They also matter to industrial prospects who come to Lancaster County to check us out as a potential location for their business.
That's just one reason the $1.7 million federal grant that was recently awarded to Lancaster County for improvements to the county airport is important.
Many of you have contacted me recently regarding concerns surrounding the health care legislation pending in Washington, known variously as H. 3200, Health Care Reform, Obamacare, etc. Ordinarily, I don't delve into federal issues in this column. However, while I share the same concerns many of you have expressed regarding costs, taxes and service levels, there is yet another reason that this bill bothers me – its tremendous expansion of the federal government, often at the cost of states and localities.
About three weeks ago, The Lancaster News featured an article about Rosemary Fann, who had lost her home due to repossession and she was in serious need. Finding Mrs. Fann another home seemed to be a task that was far to big for any one church or agency to handle.
Her church family, Christ Fellowship Community Church, was helping her as much as they could with food and the money needed to purchase gas, medications, etc. She is temporarily staying in the home of her pastor and his family.
The following was addressed to President Barack Obama:
The government has gone completely nuts. How can government officials keep a stern straight face when they present their health care plan to the American people?
Sixty percent of us do not want you taking away our freedom to choose. You are simply disingenuous. We do not need all of this government intervention in our lives. You also stated recently that "we should not bet against you."
Debra Dawkins remembers a day in 1987 when her father's tractor was on fire.
Worried he was injured, Dawkins raced to the scene to find the Elgin Fire Department putting out the fire and a man helping her father.
That man was Rudy Carter, current chairman of Lancaster County Council.
Now more than 20 years later, Carter was again present on another important day in Dawkins' life. Dawkins, who has served as a county magistrate judge since 1999, was honored by Carter and other county employees at her retirement party Friday afternoon.
Remnants of a cotton mill loom above the town's skyline. Once thriving downtown businesses are boarded up with plywood. The mills are closed and even the Columbia-to-Charlotte and vice versa traffic has been rerouted to I-77.
To a casual observer, Great Falls might seem abandoned, forgotten and lives only in the memories of former residents.
But not to Cherry Doster. In fact, she sees something quite different.
Lancaster County's jobless rate in June increased slightly from May to 19.1 percent. That amounts to almost 1 in 5 people here being considered unemployed.
The increase in June was by 0.7 percent, according to the latest figure from the S.C. Employment Security Commission.
The county now has the seventh-highest unemployment rate in South Carolina.
Allendale County had the highest jobless rate in June at 23.5 percent.
Neighboring Chester County had the third-highest jobless rate at 21.9 percent, a 0.7 percent increase from May.
Copyright © 2016
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..

subset: commoncrawl


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If your dataset is not too large, you could probably have an interactive
result set using "OR" conditions within a structured vocabulary. For
example, you can set some parametric ranges for price, some literal
values for land type, and require that the user specify one or more
unique values in the set to display over a scoped map, much like Yahoo
If the dataset is too large, or if interactivity is not required, then
you could just use a standard query builder.
Maybe I'm missing some nuance, but the solution seems pretty
straightforward. Hope my comments help.
Dante Murphy | Director of Information Architecture
Medical Broadcasting Company | A D I G I T A S INC. COMPANY
-----Original Message-----
Apologies for the title. A picture would be so much easier to explain.
We have a rich GIS mapping application that serves the Oil and Gas
industry. One of its functions is the ability to query a vast array of
data types such as wells, batteries, fields, crown land, freehold land,
dominion land, indian lands etc. The data types, especially the land
data types, contain similar data attributes such as expiry date,
price/hectare, bonus price, issue date, Hydrocarbon substance licenced,
etc. Presently a user who wishes to find all Freehold land expirying by
12/31/2007 and all Crown Land expirying by the same date has to run two
separate queries,(searches). We do not allow queries on similar data
attributes across separate data types until now.....
We have been toying with the idea of an "anchor" on data attributes
that are related between data types. The thinking being that a user
could create a query against data type Freehold Land, data attribute
expiry date and upon running the query, more than one query would be
performed. So in the above example, an expiry date query against
Freehold land would also run queries against data types crown land,
dominion land, indian land that were expirying on the same date. All
this would be inititated by the user having the option to set data
attribute anchors On or Off.
The example here is the simple case. Users can build complex queries
that contain more than one data attribute.
For example: Freehold land Expirying 12/31/2007 and Substance = oil and
price/hectare is $200 and operator is Nexan.
Throw anchors on/off into a query like this and a few minutes on the
whiteboard starts getting real ugly.
Is there any similar concepts out there in web search engines or free
software that I could download and take a look at?
Mark Pawson


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An upcoming concert will feature a salute to our veterans.
The Chippewa Valley Concert Band "Saddle Up" concert will be held Wednesday, November 14 at 7:30 p.m. at the Mayo Clinic Health System Hospital auditorium.
The cost is $7 for adults, $5 for seniors & students and free for veterans.


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ABC 17's Joey Parker stopped by Columbia's community violence task force meeting. But the forum was filled with delays and frustration from citizens.
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Illinois State University has been providing quality paralegal education since 1975. The ISU Legal Studies Program, an American Bar Association approved program, prepares students for a career as a paralegal in public and private law offices, corporate law departments, and government agencies. Students learn how lawyers think and how to communicate effectively with both lawyers and laymen. When acting under an attorney's supervision, a trained paralegal can perform many law-related tasks although they do not give legal advice to clients, set fees, or represent clients in court. Paralegals may not provide legal services directly to the public except as permitted by law.
The Legal Studies Program offers five program options: Major in Legal Studies; Minor in Legal Studies; and two non-degree alternatives (Certificate in Legal Studies with a Bachelor's Degree and Certificate in Legal Studies without a Bachelor's Degree). Students who successfully complete one of the options earn a Legal Studies certificate, a respected credential that is helpful in securing employment. Specific information for each course of study is provided on the Program Options page.
Students in all options must successfully complete a 15 semester hour core that covers: the operation of the legal system and the role of the paralegal within that system; an overview of major substantive areas of the law; legal research and writing; as well as civil and criminal practice and procedure. They also must complete nine semester hours of paralegal specialty coursework.
Internships provide students with an opportunity to apply classroom knowledge to real world problems. Legal Studies majors are required to complete three credit hours of Paralegal Internship (135 clock hours) and may complete an additional three credit hours (135 clock hours) of internship which counts toward the elective requirement. Minors and non-degree option students may complete up to six credit hours of internship (270 clock hours) to satisfy part of the nine hour elective course requirement.
Internship placements involve different areas of law in a variety of settings such as private law firms, the State's Attorney's Office, the Public Defender's Office, and corporate legal departments.
The paralegal profession is expanding much faster than the average for all United States occupations. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment of paralegals and legal assistants will grow 28 percent between 2008 and 2018. Similarly, the Illinois Department of Employment Security projects that employment of paralegals and legal assistants will grow 24.99 percent between 2008 and 2018. Of the 915 occupations considered in the IDEC projections, paralegals/legal assistants rank number 36 in terms of employment growth rate during this ten year period.
Legal paraprofessionals work in a variety of private and governmental settings. Depending on the area of legal specialization involved, legal assistants or paralegals may interview witnesses and take statements; gather medical records, government records, and corporate documents; undertake legal research and write legal memoranda; develop preliminary drafts of pleadings and agreements; calculate taxes; arrange for expert witnesses; digest deposition transcripts; maintain a law library; or coordinate real estate closings.
Salaries vary widely and depend upon the degree of formal education, the level of prior experience, the type of employer, the specialty area involved and the geographic location. Local paralegal associations are the best source for specific information.
Illinois State University is committed to helping its Legal Studies graduates obtain appropriate paralegal positions. While the University does not guarantee placement, it will assist the graduate in locating employment within the paralegal profession. The Legal Studies Program publishes a bi-monthly placement e-newsletter for graduates and students entering their last semester of studies. The University maintains a Career Center which provides assistance in resume drafting, interviewing strategies, and job search techniques.
Paralegal job search link: TopUSAJobs
Students who completed legal specialty courses at a school that has an articulation agreement with the Illinois State University Legal Studies program can receive credit towards a Legal Studies Major, Minor or non-degree students seeking a certificate. Students should contact the Director of Legal Studies to determine whether they are eligible for this credit.
Students who have completed legal specialty courses in other paralegal education programs may receive up to 12 credit hours towards their graduate or undergraduate certificate. The Director of Legal Studies shall have the discretion to award this credit based upon the following factors:
• Whether the course was taken through an ABA approved paralegal education program
• Similarity of course content (e.g. textbooks used, topics covered, nature of assignments)
• Date of course completion
• Grade received


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Nashville Predators Foundation Annual Wine Festival Sets New Records
Monday, 04.4.2011 / 3:36 PM CT / Community
Nashville Predators
|2011 Wine Festival & Tasting Photo Gallery
A VIP Dinner and Tasting was hosted in the Patrón Platinum Club by Corey Beck, Director of Winemaking of Francis Ford Coppola Winery. The VIP Dinner and Tasting featured a five-course dinner with wine pairing and hand-crafted wines from Francis Ford Coppola Winery.
All proceeds from the event benefitted the Nashville Predators Foundation. Established in 1998, the Predators Foundation strives to meet the educational, social, health and cultural needs of our community by offering unique resources and financial support to local youth-oriented organizations. Through several fundraisers held throughout the year, the Predators Foundation has awarded close to $3 million to Nashville and Middle Tennessee area charities and community service organizations since its creation and a record $325,000 this year to Nashville area organizations. Additionally, the foundation has provided in-kind donations, including memorabilia and tickets, to many organizations and fund-raising events.


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Landfill Methane Outreach Program
LMOP Partner Profile
Additional Resources
- Organization Address
- 1165 Allgood Road
Suite 6
Marietta, GA 30062
United States
- Professional Services
- Engineering/Design
- Broker, Exchange/Registry, Verifier
- Primary Contact
Mr. Matt Gedney (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Phone: (678) 990-1051
Fax: (770) 977-2832
- Description
- Unicoi Energy Services (UES) purchases, markets, and sells renewable energy certificates from biomass facilities and provides consulting services in support of clients for this purpose, particularly for complex systems involving multiple power plants and turbine generators. UES provides procurement, consulting, and project development services for biomass projects and has equity interest in a wood-fired power plant in the Southeast United States. UES also provides services relative to realization of production tax credits for electricity and alternative fuels, and brokerage and consulting services for the sale of renewable fuels and new and used biomass equipment.


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A Comcast rep called "absolutely ridiculous" the rumor that they might have disrupted a Good Morning America broadcast featuring a Comcast-office-smashing-with-hammer-customer. [Comcast Must Die]
They also say they aren't interfering with BitTorrent traffic. Take a guess as to just how much their credibility is on the subject of coincidentally blacking out certain areas is with me.
So I guess it was an "accidental" glitch?
If Comcast had a cabal of censorship goons waiting for bad Comcast news, why did it only happen in some locations?
@swalve: Because they're as bad at censorship as they are at billing, installations, customer service, signal maintenance, traffic routing, and everything else.


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"Leave nothing but footprints....take nothing but pictures."
It has a great diversity of habitats ranging from wetlands and ponds to mixed hardwood forests of oak and hickory to wonderful meadows laden with milkweed, goldenrod and thistle. Loudoun Wildlife Conservancy and its members played an important role in establishing Banshee as a passive preserve, home to wildlife and refuge for all.
The Friends of Banshee Reeks, started by our own Joe Coleman, supports the preserve through volunteers who take on projects to improve facilities and maintain the trails.
Loudoun Wildlife Conservancy holds field trips and programs at Banshee Reeks throughout the year. We also maintain a bluebird nestbox trail that serves as home for bluebirds, tree swallows and bats.
You can read through our field trip reports from walks at Banshee Reeks on our Blog.
Banshee Reeks is part of the Virginia Birding and Wildlife Trail.
Facilities: There is a visitor center with volunteers on-hand on the third weekend of each month to answer questions, tell you about latest sightings, provide trail maps and lend field guides for reference. There is a restroom inside the visitor center and a port-o-jon outside.
Driving directions: Banshee Reeks is located at 21085 The Woods Road, in Leesburg, VA. Take U.S. Route 15 South from Leesburg. Approximately 1/4-mile south of the Leesburg Bypass, turn left onto Route 621, Evergreen Mills Road. Proceed South along Evergreen Mills Road about five miles. Turn right onto The Woods Road (Route 771). Proceed down The Woods Road for approximately one mile. Entrance to Banshee Reeks is on the left.
Visit our Google Map of Great Places in Loudoun


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See Grand Prairie's Selena Gomez through the years
Photo: Jordan Strauss/Invision/AP
Selena Gomez arrives at the LA premiere of "Spring Breakers" at the ArcLight Hollywood on Thursday, March 14, 2013 in Los Angeles.
Grand Prairie's own Selena Gomez is finally a big sister
Grand Prairie's Selena Gomez is No. 2 on Maxim's Hot 100; Demi Lovato is No. 26; both were on 'Barney and Friends'
Selena Gomez acting like a bad influence (and maybe under the influence) in 'Spring Breakers' trailer
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Tuesday, September 20, 2011
Quick Notes: Nirvana, Mastodon, The Jesus & Mary Chain + More
*[pitchfork.com] Next Tuesday, Universal will celebrate the 20th anniversary of Nirvana's Nevermind with a massive reissue package. As previously reported, the album will be available as a four-CD/one-DVD box set, a two-CD deluxe edition, a one-CD remaster, a four-LP set, and as a digital download.
Right now, Seattle radio station 107.7 The End is sharing three previously unreleased recordings from the reissue. There's a demo version of "Breed" recorded at producer Butch Vig's Smart Studios, an early "boombox demo" version of "On a Plain", and a furious live version of "Smells Like Teen Spirit" recorded at Seattle's Paramount Theater on Halloween, 1991. A live recording of the full Paramount concert will be released on CD and DVD as part of the super deluxe Nevermind reissue. Hear them HERE.
*[theprp.com] Mastodon's new album "The Hunter" can be streamed in its entirety along with a visual preview below. The effort will see a release next week on September 27th.
*[pitchfork.com] This fall, Demon Music Group will re-issue the Jesus and Mary Chain's six studio albums in a deluxe rollout replete with B-sides, demos, radio appearances, and multi-page booklets, as previously reported.
Last night, the Scottish noise-pop outfit's frontman, Jim Reid, posted a new track on the official JAMC Twitter, as NME points out, the spare, achy breaky "Black and Blues". Reid attached the following note: "what i've been wasting my time with lately." Hear it below.
Jim Reid - Black and Blues by jim reid
*An update from Battleme... "Yo! 2011 feels like it's rolling right into 2012. Several songs off the new record (Killer High, Pocket Full of Flies) got picked up by the new Sons Of Anarchy season already. Lots of things happening. Back in Austin for a brief moment. Touring dates should be coming within the next few months. Big band. Some concrete, some heavy, some soft, some electronic, some rock. It's gonna be fun! See you soon."
*[filtermagazine.com] Male Bonding have released a new video for their single "Tame the Sun" off their newest album, Endless Now. The band's resorted to recording a type of video "collage." We say "collage" because throughout the video we are zoomed into photographs that are hanging on a mustard-colored wall. Expect to see plenty of photos with cut-out mouths doing all the singing. You'll see dogs, kids, and grandparents singing the entire song; a ghost even makes an appearance for a guitar solo. The photographs range from Halloween related events to Birthdays. Enjoy the video below.
Posted by Dan Goldin at 5:20 PM
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Saving RealAudio/Video streams JUL 21 1999
Does anyone know how to save RealAudio/Video streams off of the Web? Attempting to save the file just gets you the metafile that points to the actual RA/V file, and if you try and point to the actual file, it won't let you d/l that. Any ideas?


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Is it organic? Is it gluten-free? Is it driving you crazy trying to figure out?
The folks at that nifty grocery store called Market Street are hosting Healthy Heart Cart tours (among others) in honor of, well, Heart Health month.
In light of that activity, we asked one of their registered dietitians, Alicia Jerome, to give us a few pointers/clarifications on labels that are ever so prevalent (and potentially confusing) on food products these days. Here are her responses, direct from her email.
"Often, consumers reach for organic-labeled foods, without an understanding of what the labels mean. The organic label is designed to enable consumers to choose products that have been made without the use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and other chemicals.
- "When ALL ingredients are certified organic, a product may use the USDA organic seal and be recognized as 100 percent organic.
- "Organic labels also are used when at least 95 percent of the ingredients are certified and can bear the USDA organic seal. The organic ingredients must be identified in these products.
- "When 70 percent of the ingredients are certified organic, a product may be labelled "made with organic ingredients," and list up to three ingredients. These products may not use the USDA organic seal."
"There continues to be heightened interest in avoiding foods that have been genetically engineered. It's a highly controversial topic with well-educated people defending both sides of GMO food.
"Those against GMOs worry that merging DNA from different species creates an unstable combination of genes that may pose risks such as toxicity; creating herbicide-intolerant 'superweeds;' harming soil quality and perhaps risk to human health.
"Meanwhile, those promoting the safety of genetically engineered food feel these foods are strictly regulated for safety, and also reduce pesticide use, help the environment and can reduce energy use.
"The term 'GMO free' and similar claims are not legally or scientifically defensible due to testing limitations. Currently, the only organization offering independent verification of testing is the Non-GMO Project.
"For many consumers who have celiac disease, eating gluten-free is key to managing their health. Until recently, there was never a clear definition on gluten-free foods. Many companies would label 'gluten-free' on their products, but shoppers could not be certain that the criteria were the same between products.
"On Aug. 2, 2013 the FDA issued a final ruling defining 'gluten free.' In order for a product to make a gluten free claim, the food must contain less than 20 parts per million (ppm) of gluten.
"In addition, any manufacturer using 'no gluten,' 'free of gluten,' and 'without gluten' must meet the same criteria. Manufacturers have until August 2, 2014 to bring their package labels into compliance."
Market Street, by the way, Market Street provides a Gluten Free health tag to help guests identify certified gluten-free products. About 2,000 are now on the list.
So there you have it. Make sense? If you have questions or want to learn more about these and various tours, click here.


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2012 Annual Report
Research on animal seed-dispersal vectors of expanding populations of western juniper continued this year, with successful results from a field experiment comparing germination rates of seeds dispersed by birds, by small mammals, and by neither of these seed dispersers. Results clearly indicated that a two-phase dispersal system yields the best seedling recruitment in which birds consume fruits, defecate the seeds, and small mammals then harvest and cache the seeds from the bird droppings. Results of a successful field experiment using "diversionary seeds" to enhance seedling recruitment of Indian ricegrass from seeds cached by small mammals were published in a peer-reviewed article in the journal Restoration Ecology. This was in collaboration with a USGS scientist. The Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model tool was used to estimate runoff and erosion at the hillslope scale for over 10,000 sample points in the 17 western states on non-Federal rangelands. Modeling of soil erosion based on quantitative data derived from the rangeland National Resources Inventory (NRI) can be used to predict the effectiveness of alternative management actions and support cost-benefit analysis to optimize return on investment in conservation. The spatially unbiased nature of the rangeland NRI assessment allows for rapid determination of regional needs and identification of where conservation may be most cost-effective in arresting land degradation and enhancing ecosystem services. This same concept can be utilized to inform policy and provide a quantitative mechanism to justify when targeting to meet specific goals.
Review Publications
Blank, R.R., Morgan, T.A. 2012. Mineral nitrogen in a crested wheatgrass stand: implications for suppression of cheatgrass. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 65:101-104.
Finzel, J.A., Seyfried, M.S., Weltz, M.A., Kiniry, J.R., Johnson, M.V.V., Launchbaugh, K.L. 2012. Indirect measurement of leaf area index in sagebrush-steppe rangelands. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 65:208-212.
Clements, D.D., Waldron, B.L., Mccuin, G. 2011. Immigrant forage kochia: A closer look at this rangeland plant. The Progressive Rancher. 5(8):16-17.
Al-Hamdan, O.Z., Pierson Jr, F.B., Nearing, M.A., Stone, J.J., Williams, C.J., Moffet, C.A., Kormos, P.R., Boll, J., Weltz, M.A. 2012. Characteristics of concentrated flow hydraulics for rangeland ecosystems: Implications for hydrologic modeling. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 37(2):157-168.
Longland, W.S., Ostoja, S.M. 2012. Ecosystem services from keystone species: diversionary seeding and seed-caching desert rodents can enhance Indian ricegrass seedling establishment. Restoration Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.00895.x.
Al-Hamdan, O.Z., Pierson Jr, F.B., Nearing, M.A., Williams, C.J., Stone, J.J., Kormos, P.R., Boll, J., Weltz, M.A. 2012. Concentrated flow erodibility for physically-based erosion models: temporal variability in disturbed and undisturbed rangelands. Water Resources Research. DOI: 10.1029/2011WR011464.


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Raffaello Follieri did not take his arrest yesterday for wire fraud and money laundering well. According to People, he wasn't looking too good during his hearing in Manhattan federal court:
Dressed down in jeans, a royal blue sweater over a white collared shirt and disheveled hair — a far cry from his usual dapper look in crisp Italian suits.
Well, to be fair, you can't blame him for not wearing the evidence. But police also said that when Follieri was arrested he had opiates in his system, and during the hearing he acted weird, chuckling and making faces. Then, immediately afterward he collapsed and in fact spent last night in custody in the hospital. His bail was set at $21 million — "one of the stiffest bail packages I have ever seen," his lawyer told reporters. "We are going to do everything we can to meet it." Good luck with that. We sort of doubt Follieri has any friends willing to throw millions at him these days, and we sure hope his ex-girlfriend Anne Hathaway is smart enough not to.
Anne Hathaway's Ex Appears in Court on Fraud Charges [People]


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Teams: Atletico de Madrid vs 1SK_Mankind
Score: 2 - 1 (Atletico de Madrid's way)
Date: 7:00pm Sunday the 28th of June 2009
Map: Map 1: Cybergamer Stadium
CyberGamer Competition: XBOX360 Fifa09 1v1 Pro Invite League - View Match Details
great game mankind dominated possession but couldn't grab a goal early on but he is a great dude and was a GG.
Edited once, 28/6/09 - 7:46pm.
im proud of u diddy, u just won some respect


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When I was a kid, I remember the catch phrase on every action figure package was "Collect Them All!" usually surrounded by blazing star flash. Call it crass marketing, but it made sense to my 7-year-old mind. What could you do with only one toy? I mean, if I needed my G.I. Joes to go on a stealth mission and I only had a medic like Doc or a pilot like Wild Bill, I'd be in a bind! I would want that ninja Snake-Eyes!
Given that my mind's 7-year-old common sense never had an expiration date, I look out on the world at 32 years old and wonder why a delivery company would limit itself to one type of alternative fuel technology? There are so many to choose from, each with distinct advantages. Who only wants one toy?!
This year UPS's alternative fuel fleet has crossed the 200 million mile marker. Yes, since 2000, we've driven our alternative fuel vehicles halfway to Jupiter…well, the equivalent distance anyway. What's more interesting to me is the fact that we have the most technologically diverse fleet of AFVs. The competition is stuck on one, maybe two types. That's a boring toy bin.
At UPS we have six types and we're exploring a seventh. We have so many because our research has proven different types are needed for "different missions," to use action figure logic:
- Our hybrid-electric vehicles are ideal for urban delivery routes with heavy stop-and-go traffic.
- Our compressed natural gas delivery vehicles are a no-brainer for locations with the fueling infrastructure.
- Liquefied natural gas is the perfect alternative fuel for tractor trailers because a lot can fit in a small canister while providing a very long range.
- Compressed natural gas isn't a compact fuel, so it isn't effective for long range vehicles, while liquefied natural gas isn't good for frequent stop-and-go applications like an urban delivery vehicle.
- In Canada, there is an abundance of propane and we deploy propane delivery vehicles there to take advantage of that fueling opportunity, all while getting the added benefit of fewer emissions and greater energy sustainability.
We're taking advantage of the best alternative technologies out there in a true "Collect Them All!" spirit, and it's paying dividends for the community in lower emissions, increasing energy security and efficient use of our resources.
But don't take my metaphor too literally. UPS is out for the most efficient and durable new technologies. We aren't collecting everything. You won't see a steam-powered delivery truck anytime soon. It was the same when we were kids. You passed on some action figures. I never wanted Croc Master. Not once did my G.I. Joes need the skills of an alligator wrangler.
|alternative fuels, compressed natural gas, Environment, green, hybrid-electric vehicles, Liquefied natural gas, propane


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Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries
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Rules concerning the Control of Wireless Telegraphy in Time of War and Air Warfare. Drafted by a Commission of Jurists at the Hague, December 1922 - February 1923.
Part II: Rules of Air Warfare#Chapter VII: Search, capture and confiscation. - Art. 59.
Art. 59. Before a private aircraft is destroyed, all persons on board must be placed in safety and all the papers of the aircraft must be put in a safe place.
The captor who destroys a neutral private aircraft must submit the validity of the capture to the prize court and must, first of all, prove that he was entitled to destroy the aircraft under Article 58
. If he fails to do so, the parties interested in the aircraft or in its cargo are entitled to compensation. If the capture of an aircraft the destruction of which has been held justified, is declared invalid, an indemnity must be paid to the parties interested in place of the restitution to which they would have been entitled.
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rogerfederer.com - First final 2011!
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First final 2011!
Roger is through to his first final of 2011! He defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 6-3, 7-6(2) at the Qatar Open today.
"I started very well. The break in the first set was, of course, very important," Roger said. "I had a few problems in the second set, but my serve always kept me in the match. It was a great match all in all. I feel good and am looking forward to the final."
Roger looked untroubled as he brought home the first set after just 25 minutes. He only dropped four points on his own serve in the opener and broke Tsonga once to take the lead. Tsonga rallied in the second which ended in a tie-break - and Roger once again thrived under pressure to book his spot in the final.
Roger is seeking his third title in Doha after 2005 and 2006 and will play Nikolay Davydenko in the final.
1. vs Tim Henman in 2nd round of US Open 2006 (winner).
2. vs Andy Roddick in QF of Madrid (clay court) 2009 (Andy surprised by the ball
and put it in the net) .
3. vs Novak Djokovic in SF of US Open 2009 (winner).
4. vs Dabul in 1st round of US Open 2010 (winner).
5. vs John Isner in 2nd round of Shanghai 2010 (John surprised by the ball and
put it in the net).
6. vs Schoorel in 2nd round of Doha 2011(winner like that vs Henman).
Unfortunately I forgot to schedule the recording of your SF match and so I didn't watch it. Congratulations on reaching your first final of 2011. I you can keep on playing the way you are doing now, I have do doubt that there are more to come this year.
I wish you all the very best for your final match against Nicolai Davydenko.
may God with you
just do it, just be yourself the king of the tennis


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JAN 21, 2013 - San Francisco Chronicle
A Must Read - Share
Obama officially signs Cabinet nominations
In a traditional inauguration signing ceremony in the U.S. Capitol after he took the oath of office, Obama affirmed the nominations of John Brennan to be director of the CIA, former Sen. Chuck Hagel for secretary of defense, Sen. John Kerry to be secretary of state and Jack Lew for Treasury secretary.
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© 2011 Comunitee, Inc.


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In 1998, Parisian fragrance designer Annick Goutal created this irresistible fragrance for her daughter Camille. It has since become one of her most popular scents. The confident blend of fruity and musky notes is clean and sweet, a scent that embodies purity and boldness.
This was a nice, feminine scent, but just not for me. I might recommend this to a friend who is looking for a light, floral sort of scent. I will say that this is one of the better perfume samples I have received from Birchbox. This and the Juicy scent from the February box.3


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The Chiastic Structure of Revelation
Publish date: Dec 14, 2009
Summary: Biblical writers and prophets often used forms of poetry to write down their messages from God. This poetry does not use a specific rhythm or rhyme. Rather, literary artistry brings import to the message.
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The book of Revelation is written as a chiasm. A chiasm is a double list of related items in which the order of the second list is opposite to the order of the first list. If we divide Revelation at the end of chapter 14 into two halves, and then divide each half into separate divisions we can find related pairs of content. These pairs go in opposite directions. It is organized like a mirror image.
The entire book of Revelation shows this concept at work. The first part is called the prologue; it is the introduction and is found in Revelation 1:1-8. The ending is called the epilogue and is found in Revelation 22:8-17. Note the similarities (hold your mouse over a colored section to see the details):
- Introduction.
- Testimony of Jesus. 1:2
- Blessed is he who reads. 1:3
- Behold He is coming. 1:7
- I am the Alpha and the Omega. 1:8
- -
- I, Jesus, sent this testimony. 22:16
- Blessed is he who keeps. 22:7
- Behold, I am coming soon. 22:12,20
- I am the Alpha and the Omega. 22:13
- Christ walks among seven lamps. 2:1
- Tree of life. 2:1
- Open door. 3:8
- Christ sits on His Father's throne. 3:21
- New Jerusalem comes down
from heaven. 3:12
- I am coming soon. 3:11
- Christ is the eternal Lamp. 21:23
- Tree of life. 22:2
- Gates never closed. 21:25
- Throne of God and of the Lamb. 22:1,3
- New Jerusalem comes down
from heaven. 21:10
- I am coming soon. 22:7
- Heaven opened. 4:1
- Rider on white horse and riders
on colored horses. 6:2-8
- Souls of martyrs under altar ask
for judgment. 6:9-10
- White robes. 6:11; 7:9-14
- Kings, etc. ask to be killed. 6:15-16
- Heaven opened. 19:11
- Rider on white horse followed by other
riders on white horses. 19:11-16
- Souls of martyrs resurrected
and enthroned as judges. 20:4-6
- White robes. 19:14
- Kings, etc. are killed. 19:17-21
- 1. Earth. 8:7
- 2. Sea. 8:8-9
- 3. Rivers and fountains. 8:10-11
- 4. Sun, moon, stars. 8:12
- 5. Darkness, bottomless pit, locusts. 9:1-11
- 6. River Euphrates. 9:13-21
- 7. Loud voices: The kingdom
- is Christ's! 11:15-18
- 1. Earth. 16:2
- 2. Sea. 16:3
- 3. Rivers and fountains. 16:4
- 4. Sun. 16:8-9
- 5. Darkness on throne of the Beast. 16:10-11
- 6. River Euphrates. 16:12,16
- 7. A loud voice: It is done! 16:17-21
- True mother dressed in white. 12:1-2
- Her children keep the commandments. 12:17
- Woman in wilderness. 12:14
- Beast with 7 heads, 10 horns. 12:3;13:1
- Fallen is Babylon! 14:8
- Testimony of Jesus. 12:17
- False mother, dressed in purple. 17:4
- Her children are harlots. 17:5
- Woman in wilderness. 17:3
- Beast with 7 heads, 10 horns. 17:3
- Fallen is Babylon! 18:2
- Testimony of Jesus. 19:10
The similarities are not hard fast rules. For instance, there is a warning in the epilogue that isn't found in the prologue; and Christ's promise to come again is found only one time in the prologue but twice in the epilogue. The writers of the Bible used their style as a method but never let the method become more important than the message. That is why we can sometimes find some exceptions to these rules. We must also keep in mind that the chapters and verses we use to organize the Bible were not determined when John wrote this book but were added more than a thousand years later.
The chiastic structure divides Revelation into two major groups. The first half deals primarily with the experience of God's people during the Christian era. This is called the historical half. The second half deals almost exclusively with last day events and is called the eschatological half. The word " eschatological" comes from the Greek word eschaton, meaning "end."
The historical half covers all of human history. Therefore, it has not been completely fulfilled yet because not all of Christian history has happened yet. For example, the seventh seal, seventh trumpet, and final scene in the great controversy division are still waiting for their fulfillment. The eschatological half is still to be fulfilled in the future. We can see the inspiration of God in this beautiful demonstration of literary art as well as the love of God who does everything He can to warn us and call us out of the false systems of this world into His marvelous truth.
Biblical writers and prophets often used forms of poetry to write down their messages from God. This poetry does not use a specific rhythm or rhyme. Rather, literary artistry brings import to the message.
Is the book of Revelation meant to be understood by the common person?
Revelation 1 sets the tone for the rest of the book: it establishes Christ at the center of the story.
Read Revelation 1 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Seven letters are send from Christ to seven churches throughout Asia Minor in Revelation 2-3. These letters have prophetic significance for all God's people throughout history and today.
Read Revelation 2 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 3 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 4 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
This article on Revelation 4 and 5 is an excerpt from the book Unveiling Daniel and Revelation by Roy Allan Anderson.
Read Revelation 5 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 6 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 7 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 8 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 9 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 10 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 11 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 12 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 13 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 14 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 15 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 16 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 17 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 18 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 19 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 20 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 21 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
Read Revelation 22 KJV along with a helpful commentary.
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Featured · Health Care · Politics · Regulation
Watch: Heartland's Ben Domenech Blasts Obamacare on Blaze TV
On July 8, 2013, The Heartland Institute's Ben Domenech was featured on The Blaze TV to talk about Obamacare in light of the last week's employer mandate delay. Ben exposes the real agenda behind failing Obamacare – single-payer health care.
This was a plan that was never designed to work. It was designed to pass."
Ben points out how leftist writers are already admitting it. They are now claiming they didn't want employer mandates in the first place, but needed them to make the numbers look good to get Obamacare passed. Ben says that from that failure comes the next step towards their ultimate goal of government run single-payer health care.
He explains the disastrous results of the failing mandates will still hit us in 2015, but the calculated delay ensures Obama won't have to face the consequences during elections.
Watch Ben expose Obamacare for yourself in the player above.


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Security Statement
Evergreen Federal Bank is committed to doing everything possible to secure customer information such that unauthorized parties cannot access it. A number of measures have been taken to secure customer information over the Internet, one of which is the Login Name and Password used to authenticate (login) to Online Banking. Evergreen Federal Bank owns a digital certificate that encrypts customer information while it is transmitted over the Internet and positively identifies the Bank to its customers. Once a session is established on a secure site, the user and the site are in a secured environment. Data traveling between the user and the site is encrypted.
Additional security features have been implemented to help protect you from identify theft. Please take a moment to familiarize yourself with the following features:
Call-Back Verification
For certain high-risk account activities, we may place an automated phone call to you to confirm your identity.
In addition, to help protect your accounts, our systems constantly watch for unusual activity. If we detect something out of the ordinary involving your online account, such as logging on from a different computer or uncharacteristic funds transfer activity, we will verify your identity using a set of security questions and telephone callback numbers before allowing the process to continue.
Site-To-User Authentication
This feature provides additional protection against hackers, phishers or fraudsters and will be very helpful in the fight against fraud. Here's a brief summary of how the Site-To-User works:
- First, you will input your username without a password.
- Then you will be asked to input your password.
- You will then be required to select an image and a phrase.
- When your selected image and phrase is displayed on our site, it confirms that the site is indeed authentic.
You will then continue to access your accounts with a greater level of security. PLEASE NOTE: DO NOT supply your password if the image and phrase are not familiar to you. The purpose of the Site-to-User image and phrase is to confirm that you are logging into Evergreen Federal Bank's legitimate Website and not a fraudulent Website designed to look like Evergreen Federal Bank's.
Strong Passwords
You will need to choose a password to include at least eight characters with a combination of both numbers and letters.
Activity Alerts
Email alerts are setup to assist you in monitoring your account activity.
Bill Pay Limit
Each bill payment will be limited to a maximum amount of $20,000 per transaction. For payments over this amount, please contact us for other payment options.
Online Agreements
The first time you sign in you will be asked to agree to an Online Banking agreement and Bill Pay agreement, as applicable.
To learn more about online security, please click the links below:Online Banking - Data Security and You Brochure
Any time you suspect suspicious or fraudulent activity involving your accounts you should contact your local branch or call us immediately at (541) 479-3351 or (800) 275-6148.


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- Report: #659480
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Complaint Review: Encore Nationwide
Encore NationwideInternet United States of America
Encore Nationwide Promo Nightmare Internet
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 11/08/2010 06:53 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Encore-Nationwide/internet/Encore-Nationwide-Promo-Nightmare-Internet-659480. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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