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The California Floristic Province (CFP) lies on the west coast of North America, mostly within the state of California (U.S.A.); however, small portions of south-western Oregon (U.S.A.) and north-western Baja California (Mexico) are included on the basis of similarities in flora and climate (Map 4)..
In California the CFP includes all areas west of the Sierra Nevada-Cascade mountain crests and the islands off the shore of southern California. In Oregon the CFP includes the coastal mountains south of Cape Blanco and most of the Rogue River watershed. In Baja California the CFP includes the forest and chaparral belts of the Sierra Juarez and the Sierra San Pedro Martir (but not their desert slopes to the east), coastal areas south to about El Rosario, and Guadalupe Island. The CFP is approximately 324,000 km² in area: 285,000 km² in California, 25,000 km² in Oregon and 14,000 km² in Baja California (Raven and Axelrod 1978).
Major physiographic regions within the CFP include all or portions of four coastal mountain ranges, a large interior valley and two interior mountain ranges. These regions are: (1) the Klamath Mountains (in south-east Oregon and north-west California) (see Data Sheet NA16c); (2) the Coast ranges (from about Trinidad Head to Point Arguello); (3) the Transverse ranges (from Point Arguello and San Miguel Island east into the deserts); (4) the Peninsular ranges (from the Los Angeles Basin and San Nicolas Island south into Baja California); (5) the Central (or Great) Valley (the Sacramento Valley east of the North Coast ranges and the San Joaquin Valley east of the South Coast ranges); (6) the Cascade range (mostly volcanic mountains from Mt Lassen north into Oregon); and (7) the Sierra Nevada (mostly granitic mountains from near Mt Lassen south to the Mojave Desert). Physiographic regions east of the CFP are the Great Basin, Mojave and Colorado deserts (Norris and Webb 1990).
The coastal slopes of the CFP drain directly to the Pacific Ocean by many perennial and seasonal rivers and streams. The interior slopes of the North and South Coast ranges and the west slopes of the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade mountains drain by numerous tributary rivers to the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, through the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys to the inland delta where these two rivers meet, and finally to the ocean through San Francisco Bay.
The climate throughout the CFP is Mediterranean, characterized by cool, wet winters and warm-to-hot, dry summers. Local climatic conditions within the CFP vary on several axes: (1) from relatively wet and temperate at the northern end to relatively dry and subtropical at the southern end; (2) from relatively moderate daily and annual temperature variations with cooling summer fogs along the coast to more extreme daily and annual temperature variations with intense summer heat in the interior; and (3) from long, hot summers and short, mild winters in the interior lowlands to short, mild summers and long, frigid winters in the high mountains (Major 1977; Barbour et al. 1991).
Geology and soils are extremely varied within the CFP. Granitic, volcanic and marine sedimentary rocks occupy large portions of the region. Serpentinite, limestone, several unusual rock types, and soils ranging from very young to very old and from highly acidic to highly alkaline contribute to habitat diversity (Stebbins and Major 1965; Stebbins 1978a).
Diversity in topography, climate, geology and soils are the main factors leading to the unusual diversity of habitats and plants in the CFP. The CFP exceeds the other four Mediterranean climate regions of the world in diversity of soil types and available moisture regimes (Stebbins 1978a). The newest manual for the California flora recognizes 28 non-overlapping floristic subregions within the CFP of California (Hickman 1989). The CFP also includes portions of 17 different horticultural zones (Sunset Books 1986).
Numerous vegetation classifications have been proposed in the CFP (Munz and Keck 1959; Cheatham and Haller 1975; Kuchler 1977; Matyas and Parker 1980; Barry 1985; Holland 1986), but no single system is widely accepted. One of the most detailed recognizes over 210 separate plant communities in the California portion of the CFP (Holland 1986). General vegetation types covering extensive areas of the CFP and their most common dominant species are listed below.
1. Montane coniferous forests (5,937,000 ha): Pinus ponderosa, P. contorta subsp. murrayana, P. jeffreyi, P. coulteri, Abies concolor, A. magnifica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens, Juniperus occidentalis and others (Rundel, Parsons and Gordon 1977; Thorne 1977).
2. Oak woodlands (3,809,000 ha): Quercus agrifolia, Q. wislizenii, Q. douglasii, Q. lobata, Q. garryana, Q. engelmanii and Pinus sabiniana (Griffin 1977).
3. Mixed evergreen forests (829,000 ha): Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus kelloggii, Q. chrysolepis, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii, Heteromeles arbutifolia and others (Sawyer, Thronburgh and Griffin 1977).
4. Chaparral (3,141,000 ha): Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos spp., Ceanothus spp., Quercus dumosa, Q. durata, Eriogonum spp., Toxicodendron diversilobum and others (Hanes 1977).
5. Montane chaparral (420,500 ha): Arctostaphylos patula, Castanopsis sempervirens, Quercus vaccinifolia and Ceanothus velutinus (Hanes 1977).
6. Northern and southern coastal scrubs (1,015,000 ha): Northern coastal scrub: Baccharis pilularis, Mimulus (=Diplacus) aurantiacus, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Gaultheria shallon, Lupinus arboreus, Eriophyllum stoechadifolium, Rubus spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Castilleja latifolia, Heracleum lanatum and others. Southern coastal scrub: Artemisia californica, Salvia mellifera, S. leucophylla, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Encelia californica, Haplopappus spp. and others (Heady et al. 1977; Mooney 1977).
7. Annual grassland (3,502,000 ha) (picture): Bromus mollis, B. diandrus, B. rubens, Avena fatua, A. barbata, Lolium multiflorum, Hordeum spp., Vulpia spp., Taeniatherum asperum, Erodium botrys, E. cicutarium, Centaurea solstitialis, Medicago spp., Trifolium spp. and other non-native species (Heady 1977).
Several less extensive vegetation and habitat types that contribute significantly to diversity and endemism within the CFP include:
1. Valley and montane riparian habitats (20,000 and 35,000 ha, respectively): Quercus lobata, Acer negundo, Fraxinus latifolia, Alnus rhombifolia, A. rubra, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Platanus racemosa, Populus fremontii, P. trichocarpa, Juglans hindsii, Salix spp., Rubus spp. and others (Holstein 1984).
2. Closed-cone pine and cypress forests (32,000 ha, combined): The pines are Pinus attenuata, P. muricata, P. remorata, P. contorta subsp. contorta, P. contorta subsp. bolanderi, P. radiata and P. torreyana. Common cypresses are Cupressus macnabiana and C. sargentii; rare cypresses are C. forbesii, C. stephansonii, C. macrocarpa, C. goveniana, C. pygmaea, C. abramsiana, C. nevadensis and C. bakeri (Vogl et al. 1977).
3. Alkali sink, grassland and scrub communities (area undetermined): Allenrolfea occidentalis, Distichlis spicata, Sporobolus airoides, Suaeda fruticosa, Atriplex spinifera and A. polycarpa (Griggs and Zaninovich 1984; Coates, Showers and Pavlik 1989).
4. Coastal salt marsh (20,600 ha): Salicornia virginica, Spartina foliosa, Frankenia grandifolia, Distichlis spicata, Atriplex patula, Batis maritima, Scirpus robustus, Grindelia spp. and others (MacDonald 1977).
5. Coastal dunes (area undetermined): Native dominants: Abronia latifolia, Ambrosia chamissonis, Calystegia soldanella, Camissonia cheiranthifolia, Elymus mollis and Poa douglasii (foredune habitats); Artemisia pycnocephala, Baccharis pilularis, Croton californicus, Ericameria ericoides, Eriogonum latifolium, Haplopappus venetus, Lathyrus littoralis, Lupinus arboreus, L. chamissonis and Scrophularia californica (backdune habitats). Introduced dominants: Ammophila arenaria, Cakile maritima and Mesembryanthemum spp. (Holland 1986; Barbour and Johnson 1977).
Two habitat types especially notable for their high levels of endemism in the CFP, serpentine soils and vernal pools, are described in separate Data Sheets (NA16e and NA16g).
The extent and character of natural vegetation throughout the CFP have changed dramatically in the last two centuries (Table 17). The most serious losses of habitat important to plant diversity include a 91% loss of wetlands (due to filling and draining for urban and agricultural growth), an 89% loss of riparian woodlands (due to agricultural and urban development, river channelization and diversions), a >90% loss of native perennial grasslands (through urbanization, conversion to agriculture and a conversion to non-native annual grassland mediated by overgrazing) and a >30% loss of the most diverse conifer forests (through conversion to less diverse forest-scrub, montane chaparral and clear-cut habitats by logging).
Size and degree of endemism
The flora of the CFP is well documented, but remains fertile ground for research and discovery. Major Floras have been published for California (Jepson 1925; Munz and Keck 1959; Munz 1968), southern California (Munz 1974), Oregon (Peck 1961) and Baja California (Wiggins 1980). A completely new manual of the California flora was published in 1993 (Hickman 1993). New taxa continue to be described, especially from the southern Sierra Nevada. Between 1968 and 1986, 219 taxa (116 species and 103 lower taxa) were described or renamed in the CFP (Shevock and Taylor 1986; J. Shevock, pers. comm.).
As of 1978, the flora of the CFP was estimated to include 794 genera and 4452 species; about 3488 species (78.3%) are native. Fifty-two genera (6.5%) (Table 18) and 2124 species (47.7%) are endemic (Raven and Axelrod 1978; Howell 1957). This flora is nearly as large as that of the entire central and north-eastern U.S.A. and adjacent Canada (5523 species, of which 4425, 80.0%, are native) (Fernald 1970), an area over 6 times as large as the CFP. The largest families in the CFP (in order of decreasing size) are: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Polygonaceae, Polemoniaceae, Boraginaceae and Hydrophyllaceae. The largest genera are: Carex, Astragalus, Phacelia, Lupinus, Eriogonum and Mimulus (Smith and Noldeke 1960). Of the 964 or so introduced species, about 672 (15.1% of the flora) are weedy (Raven and Axelrod 1978).
Floristic affinities
Evergreen sclerophyll vegetation in the CFP (mixed evergreen forest, live-oak woodland, chaparral, closed-cone pine and cypress forests, and the soft-leaved coastal scrub) are derived from Eocene floras of the south-western U.S.A. and north-western Mexico which lived in a warm, summer-moist climate. Conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada and more southerly ranges are derived from Miocene forests of the Great Basin and Columbia Plateau, where the climate was also warm and moist. Conifer forests of the north coast are more closely related to forests of the Miocene north-west, which flourished in a cooler climate (Raven and Axelrod 1978; Axelrod 1977).
Increasing topographic relief, climatic fluctuations and climatic heterogeneity during the Miocene and Pliocene promoted migration, mixing, segregation and differentiation among these floras throughout western North America. Coastal and interior floras became distinct, and the mosaic of lowlands and mountains became complex. As the Sierra Nevada uplifted and the Mediterranean climate developed fully during the Pleistocene, the rich Tertiary floras became progressively impoverished, but new species evolved from Tertiary ancestors to occupy new habitats. The Xerothermic period of the early Holocene, warmer and drier than the present, established many of the plant distributional patterns seen today (Raven and Axelrod 1978; Axelrod 1977).
Thus, the CFP emerged as a recognizable entity during the Quaternary, enriched by both old and young species with both northern and southern affinities. Numerous Tertiary relicts (mostly trees and some shrubs) have survived in several coastal and montane mild-climate refugia. Many plants (especially herbs) that became isolated in topographic, edaphic, or other ecological islands in the CFP have diverged from their closest relatives in other physiographic or floristic provinces to become local endemics. Many of the most notable narrow endemics evolved by adapting to unusual combinations of soil and climate that were too physiologically stressful or disturbance-prone for many more common plants to tolerate (Raven and Axelrod 1978; Axelrod 1977).
Numbers of rare and endangered species
Approximately 565 taxa within the CFP of California are recognized by conservation organizations as threatened or endangered. About 32 are believed to be extinct. Approximately 453 more are taxa of limited distribution and 122 are taxa of uncertain but potentially threatened status (Smith and Berg 1988; M. Skinner, pers. comm.). In the California portion of the CFP, 24 plants are listed as threatened or endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act; 191 are listed under the California Endangered Species Act (California Department of Fish and Game 1991). More species are proposed and listed each year. Several additional rare plants occur in the Oregon portion of the Klamath region (see Klamath-Siskiyou region Data Sheet NA16c). Approximately 150 Baja California endemics occur in the CFP of Mexico (R. Thorne, pers. comm.), of which many are rare or threatened.
Centres of diversity and endemism
Floristic diversity in the CFP is highest in the Sierra Nevada and Transverse ranges and nearly as high in the Klamath Mountains and Coast ranges (Stebbins 1978a; Richerson and Lum 1980). Endemism is highest regionally in the Transverse and Peninsular ranges, Coast ranges and Klamath Mountains (Stebbins and Major 1965), although local centres of endemism are widely scattered throughout the CFP. Major centres of endemism within the CFP are listed below, together with their locally endemic plants. Endemism associated with the Klamath-Siskiyou region, serpentine soils and vernal pools are listed in separate Data Sheets (NA16c, NA16e and NA16g).
NA16a - Big Bear Valley and Baldwin Lake area
NA16b - Guadalupe Island
NA16d - Santa Lucia Range and Monterey Peninsula (picture)
NA16f - Kern Plateau and Southern Sierra Nevada
Lesser centres of endemism in the CFP include Pine Hill, the Pitkin-Bodega area, Suisun Bay-west delta area, Ione chaparral, Diablo range, Santa Cruz Mountains, Pajaro dunes, southern San Joaquin Valley and Carrizo plains, Channel Islands and Sierra San Pedro Martir (Emory 1989; Stebbins and Major 1965; Hoover 1937). In addition to its local endemics, each centre of endemism hosts several other rare CFP endemics.
Useful plants
Plants native or endemic to the CFP have been used for wood products, agricultural rootstocks, ornamental plants and sources of medicine. The Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), endemic to 3 small areas on the central coast of California, has become a major component of the forest products industries in New Zealand and Australia. Sugar pine (P. lambertiana) and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum, a CFP endemic), were once major suppliers of wood products. The endemic coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and other more widespread native conifers (especially Abies, Pinus and Pseudotsuga spp.) are the base of a major forest products industry.
California wild grape (Vitis californicus) has been used in developing disease-resistant rootstocks for European grapes that support a major wine industry in California. California black walnut (Juglans hindsii) is widely used as a disease-resistant rootstock for locally grown European walnuts.
The horticultural industry in California and throughout the world has been enriched by many contributions from the CFP. Prized horticultural subjects include: members of several endemic genera (especially Carpenteria, Dendromecon, Lyonothamnus, Romneya, Sequoia, Sequoiadendron and Umbellularia); many species of Arctostaphylos, Ceanothus, Clarkia, Fremontodendron , Iris, Lupinus, Penstemon, Rhamnus, Salvia and Zauchneria; most other native or endemic trees; numerous bulbs (especially Brodiaea, Calochortus, Erythronium and Fritillaria); many annuals; and others (Schmidt 1980). Many native grasses, shrubs and trees are valued for use in erosion control, revegetation and wildlife habitat improvement.
Native Americans in the CFP used many local plants as remedies for illness. Among the most important were yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum), yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica) and cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) (Balls 1962). Modern medicine has scarcely explored the medicinal potential of the CFP flora, but Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), native to the northern CFP and Pacific Northwest, is the source of a potential new anticancer drug called taxol. Vast quantities of bark are being collected for research and, although the species will stump-sprout, it grows very slowly and some populations are threatened (Scher 1991).
Social and environmental values
Individuals, businesses and industries throughout the CFP enjoy substantial social and environmental benefits from its native vegetation and diversity of habitats. Economically and socially important benefits include moderation of local climate, protection of watersheds and water resources, flood abatement, nonpoint source pollution abatement, habitat for wild pollinators of food crops, habitat for a diverse non-game fauna that includes many rare and endangered species, critical links in the Pacific flyway, commercial and recreational fisheries, large and small game for hunters, many forms of passive recreation and opportunities for education and research.
Economic assessment
California is the largest agricultural producer (200 crops worth $1690 million in 1988) and forest products producer (about 4450 million board feet annually) in the U.S.A. (Jones and Stokes Associates 1992). Although made possible by the region's abundance of water, fertile soils and forests, not all of this production can be considered sustainable. For example, the water that irrigates up to 75% of California's cropland is supplied through state and federal water projects that are heavily subsidized by taxpayers, promote agriculture on marginal lands, and have caused many kinds of impacts on native biological resources (El-Ashry and Gibbons 1986).
Amenity values of natural habitats in the CFP are extremely high to residents of, and visitors to, this very populous and mostly affluent region. The CFP contains one of the most visited National Parks in the U.S.A. (Yosemite) and the national forest most used for recreation (San Bernardino) (Jones and Stokes Associates 1992). California's state parks and recreation areas (not counting National Parks) received 10% of all park use in the U.S.A. in 1988. The tourism industry was valued at $3990 million in 1989. During the late 1980s, approximately 2.4 million fishing licenses and 420,000 hunting licenses were purchased annually in California (Jones and Stokes Associates 1992).
The monetary value of the social and environmental values described above is undoubtedly astronomical, but few efforts at quantification have been made. One recent survey of households to assess the "existence value" of wildlands indicated that Californians would be willing to pay $1.5 billion annually to maintain wetlands and $2.4 billion annually for ecological restoration of wetland habitats (Jones and Stokes Associates 1990).
California is the most populous State in the U.S.A. (about 29,976,000 in 1990), with over 10% of the U.S. population. Most of these people (over 29,000,000) live in the CFP portion of the state. Approximately 182,000 and 800,000-900,000 people live in the Oregon and Baja California portions of the CFP, respectively. The highest population densities occur along the south coast (Santa Barbara to Tijuana), central coast (San Francisco Bay and Monterey Bay areas) and the California state capital area (Sacramento and vicinity). California's population is projected to grow 1-2% per year to about 39,000,000 by 2005 and over 44,000,000 by 2035 (California Department of Finance 1991).
Population growth is the driving force behind nearly all the direct causes of habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation in the CFP today. Threats to plant diversity in the CFP include habitat conversion, water use and water projects, unsustainable natural resource harvest and extraction, abusive recreation and vandalism, biological invasions, and others (Jensen, Torn and Harte 1990). Habitats on undeveloped lands are being widely converted to agricultural and urban uses. An estimated 1.7 million acres will be converted to agricultural uses and 1 million acres to urban and rural uses between about 1986 and 2000. Water projects have disrupted flow, degraded water quality and flooded canyons on most rivers in the CFP. Over 100 major and 1200 minor dams exist in California and over 30 more major dams are proposed. Groundwater overdraft has caused and continues to cause wetland and riparian loss throughout the region and land subsidence in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Marginally productive soils are destroyed through heavy irrigation and fertilization leading to salinization. Off-road vehicle activity degrades many sand-dune and serpentine barren habitats. Although much vegetation in the CFP is fire-adapted, fires caused by arson and accident are unnaturally damaging to biodiversity where many years of fire suppression have led to excessive fuel accumulations. Forests, especially old growth, are being cut faster than they will regrow and are being converted to types less supportive of indigenous biodiversity. Livestock overgrazing damages range and riparian vegetation. Mining of precious metals devastates many serpentine areas. Sand and gravel mining has degraded many riparian and coastal dune areas. Invasive exotic plants (especially Bromus, Cortaderia, Cytisus, Ilex, Mesymbryanthemum, Carpobrotus and Senecio mikanioides) outcompete much native vegetation, and some animals present in large numbers (especially introduced feral pigs) cause much direct damage to vegetation.
Status of land protection
Plants and other elements of natural diversity are protected to varying degrees in dozens of federal, state, regional and private parks and preserves ranging in size from a fraction of a hectare to over 300,000 hectares. Lands devoted primarily to biodiversity protection include: National Parks, Monuments, seashores and recreation areas; National Forest Research Natural Areas, Special Interest Areas and Wilderness Areas; California ecological reserves and state preserves; University of California natural reserves; and Nature Conservancy preserves. Lands managed for mixed uses (recreation, hunting, etc.) in addition to biodiversity protection include National Wildlife Refuges, State Wildlife Areas, and State Parks, beaches and recreation areas.
No database has been compiled that summarizes land protection in the CFP separately from other parts of the state of California, or by vegetation type or bioregion within the CFP. Summary data from Jensen, Torn and Harte (1990), revised to exclude several large sites in the California deserts and including a Wilderness Area in Oregon and two National Parks in northern Baja California, result in the following figures: approximately 2.9 million ha in sites devoted primarily to biodiversity protection and approximately 0.7 million ha protected in mixed-management sites (together, about 3.6 million ha, or 11% of the CFP). Areas of selected vegetation types protected in the state of California include: 83,970 ha of subalpine conifer forests (91% of the habitat in California); 252,600 ha of lodgepole pine forest (83%); 377,900 ha of red fir forest (49%); 1655 ha of closed-cone pine and cypress forests (13%); 494,620 ha of mixed conifer forests (12%); 69,890 ha of redwood forests (11%) (picture); 60,870 ha of coastal scrub (6%); 119,200 ha of valley-foothill hardwoods (4%); and 390 ha of valley riparian (2%) (Jensen, Torn and Harte 1990; Forest and Rangeland Resources Assessment Program 1988).
Barriers to progress
A legal basis for biodiversity protection exists in California and Oregon through a variety of federal, state, and local laws and regulations, including endangered species acts (both California and federal), the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Forest Management Act, California Environmental Quality Act, state fish and game department codes, and the open space and conservation elements of county and city general plans (Jones and Stokes Associates 1992). Although significant protection has been achieved through these laws and regulations, protection measures are too often uncoordinated, slow, overly bureaucratic, poorly or unevenly implemented, underfunded and weakened by loopholes.
While public interest in biodiversity protection is growing in the CFP, losses of habitat and diversity continue to accelerate. Jensen, Torn and Harte (1990) identified a variety of legal, social, and scientific barriers that limit progress in biodiversity protection in the state of California:
In Baja California, relatively few laws are available to support biodiversity protection and the two designated National Parks are not fully protected from grazing and timber extraction. The Mexican government is encouraging many people to move to Baja California from other parts of Mexico and establish new settlements. These settlements and the agriculture that supports them are eliminating much of the species-rich coastal scrub in north-western Baja California (Thorne and Moran, pers. comm.).
Current actions and recommendations for the future
Existing and emerging efforts to improve biodiversity protection in the CFP are too numerous and diverse to describe here. Most are occurring in the state of California and are the result of combined governmental and private efforts. Some of the more promising programmes and mechanisms include informal management agreements, memoranda of understanding, transfer of development rights, habitat conservation plans, mitigation banking, open space and conservation easements (Jones and Stokes Associates 1992). Memoranda of understanding are frequently used by the California Department of Fish and Game to enforce implementation of protection and mitigation measures by landowners whose activities impact state-listed threatened or endangered plants.
Ecological and social-economic guidelines have been identified that would improve site selection and management planning for biodiversity protection (Jones and Stokes Associates 1992; J. Shevock, pers. comm.). General ecological guidelines include the following: (1) emphasize contiguous blocks of habitat area; (2) select habitat blocks that are close together; (3) protect blocks of habitat large enough to contain large populations of species; (4) connect habitat blocks that support similar habitats; (5) maintain a broad distribution of protected areas; and (6) ensure adequate representation of all major plant community types in protected areas. Rare plants with narrow distributions and very specific habitat requirements will often need more focused efforts.
Two general social and economic guidelines are: (1) incorporate and maximize compatibility with current patterns of ownership and land use, projected future land use needs and the management objectives of private landowners, public land managers and regulatory agencies and (2) identify the roles and responsibilities of land owners, managers and regulatory agencies early in the planning process. New initiatives for biodiversity conservation must be increasingly strategic (rather than opportunistic), because of competing interests, multiple uses and complex ownership and use patterns on most of the lands now targeted for protection and enhancement.
Further recommendations for improving protection of all biodiversity in California focus on immediate actions, institutional changes and anticipatory actions (Jensen, Torn and Harte 1990): (1) establish a state policy mandating protection of biodiversity; (2) establish a habitat protection act; (3) establish a biodiversity conservation board (a state governmental agency) to coordinate, advocate, administer and enforce biodiversity protection laws and policies; (4) establish a biodiversity research institute; (5) ensure implementation and enforcement of existing laws; (6) acquire significant natural areas and provide additional funding for parkland operations and maintenance; (7) reduce environmental illiteracy by increasing requirements for high school and college-level courses in biology and environmental issues, and increase training of teachers in these fields; (8) broaden representation on state policy-making bodies; (9) close loopholes in the California Endangered Species Act, including those that permit destruction of endangered plants and their habitats; and (10) protect biological diversity in the face of global atmospheric change by mitigating impacts and providing leadership in slowing the rate of atmospheric change. Little action has been taken yet on any of these recommendations.
Map 4. California Floristic Province, U.S.A. and Mexico (CPD Site NA16)
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Jensen, D. B., Torn, M. and Harte, M. (1990). In our own hands: a strategy for conserving biological diversity in California. California Policy Seminar, University of California, Berkeley. 184 pp.
Jepson, W. L. (1925). A manual of the flowering plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1238 pp.
Jones and Stokes Associates (1987). Sliding toward extinction: the state of California's natural heritage. Prepared for the California Nature Conservancy. Sacramento. 105 pp.
Jones and Stokes Associates (1990). Environmental benefits study of San Joaquin Valley's fish and wildlife resources. Prepared for the Federal-State San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program, Sacramento.
Jones and Stokes Associates (1992). Reassembling the pieces: a strategy for maintaining biological diversity in California. Prepared for the California Nature Conservancy, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, and California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento.
Katibah, E. F. (1984). A brief history of riparian forests in the Central Valley of California. In Warner, R.E. and Hendrix, K.M. (eds), California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. University of California Press, Berkeley. Pp. 23-29.
Krantz, T. (1983). The pebbleplains of Baldwin Lake. Fremontia 10(4): 9-13.
Krantz, T. (1988). Limestone endemics of Big Bear Valley. Fremontia 16(1): 20-21.
Kuchler, A. W. (1977). The map of the natural vegetation of California. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 909-938.
MacDonald, K. B. (1977). Coastal salt marsh. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 263-294.
Major, J. (1977). California climate in relation to vegetation. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 11-74.
Matyas, W. J. and Parker, I. (1980). Calveg, mosaic of existing vegetation of California, 1979. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 27 pp.
Mooney, H. A. (1977). Southern coastal scrub. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 471-490.
Munz, P. A. (1968). Supplement to a California flora. University of California Press, Berkeley. 224 pp.
Munz, P. A. (1974). A flora of southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1086 pp.
Munz, P. A. and Keck, D. D. (1959). A California flora. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1681 pp.
Norris, R. M. and Webb. R. W. (1990). Geology of California. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 541 pp.
Peck, M. E. (1961). A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. 2nd ed. Binfords and Mort, Portland. 936 pp.
Raven, P. (1977). The California flora. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 109-137.
Raven, P. and Axelrod, D. I. (1978). Origin and relationships of the California flora. University of California Publications in Botany 72: 1-134.
Richerson, P. J. and Lum, K. (1980). Patterns of plant species diversity in California: relation to weather and topography. The American Naturalist 116(4): 504-536.
Rogers, D. (1991). The Santa Lucia Mountains: diversity, endemism, and austere beauty. Fremontia 19(4): 3-11.
Rundel, P. W., Parsons, D. J. and Gordon, D. T. (1977). Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 559-600.
Sawyer, J. O., Thornburgh, D. A. and Griffin, J. R. (1977). Mixed evergreen forest. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 359-382.
Scher, S. (1991). Conserving the Pacific yew. Fremontia 19(4): 15-18.
Schmidt, M. G. (1980). Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley. 366 pp.
Shevock, J. R. and Taylor, D. W. (1986). Plant explorations in California: the frontier is still here. In Elias, T.S. and Nelson, J. (eds), Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants: proceedings of a California conference on the conservation and management of rare and endangered plants. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento. Pp. 91-98.
Smith, G. L. and Noldeke, A. M. (1960). A statistical report on a California flora. Leaflets of Western Botany 9(8): 117-132.
Smith, J. P., Jr. and Berg, K. (1988). Inventory of rare and endangered vascular plants of California. Special Publication No. 1, 4th ed. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento. 168 pp.
Stebbins, G. L. (1978a). Why are there so many rare plants in California? I. Environmental factors. Fremontia 5(4): 6-10.
Stebbins, G. L. (1978b). Why are there so many rare plants in California? II. Youth and age of species. Fremontia 6(1): 17-20.
Stebbins, G. L. and Major, J. (1965). Endemism and speciation in the California flora. Ecological Monographs 35(1): 1-36.
Sunset Books (1986). The western garden book. Lane Publishing Company, Menlo Park. 512 pp.
Thorne, R. F. (1977). Montane and subalpine forests of the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 537-558.
Twisselman, E. (1972). The Kern Plateau. California Native Plant Society Newsletter 8(2): 4-13.
Vogl, R. J., Armstrong, W. P., White, K. L. and Cole, K. L. (1977). The closed-cone pines and cypresses. In Barbour, M. and Major, J. (eds), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 295-358.
Wiggins, I. L. (1980). Flora of Baja California. Stanford University Press, Stanford. 1025 pp.
This Data Sheet was written by Tim Messick (Jones and Stokes Associates, 2600 V Street, Suite 100, Sacramento, CA 95818-1914, U.S.A.).
Mr Messick thanks Reid Moran, Jim Shevock, Mark Skinner, Robert Thorne and Roger Trott for providing information and comments.
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Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of
Session 6: Safety, Best Practices, Legal Issues.
Refereed Papers
• Code of Best Practices for Classical Biological Control of Weeds.
Lessons Learned During the Design of an Arthropod and Pathogen Quarantine Facility.
• Assessing the Risk to Neptunia oleracea Lourby the Moth, Neurostrota gunniella (Busck), a Biological Control Agent for Mimosa pigra L.
• The Future of Biological Control of Weeds with Insects: No More 'Paranoia', No More
• Guidelines for Preparing Draft Environmental Assessments for the Release of Plant Pests as Biological Control of Weeds.
• Apion miniatum (Coleoptera: Apionidae) and the Control of Emex australis (Polygonaceae): Conflicts of Interest and Non Target Effects.
• Saltcedar Integrated Weed Management and the Endangered Species Act1,2.
• Biological Control in the Developing World: Safety and Legal Issues.
• Non-Target Impact of Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Rare Native
California Cirsium spp. Thistles.
Strategies for the Biological Control of Solanum mauritianum in South Africa.
• Predictability, Acceptability and Potential for Non-Target Damage by Agents Released for
Biological Control of Weeds.
• Denotes Oral Presentations
| Invasive.org is a joint project of The Bugwood Network,
USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ.
The University of Georgia - Warnell School of Forest Resources and
College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Dept. of Entomology
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text:
Honeymoon Sculpt & Countour
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- Add to that pre-marital "glow" with a custom airbrush tanning session from Sun Revolution.
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Veteran Photo Consultant Louisa Curtis of Chatterbox Enterprises will be moderating her excellent panel discussion, "Presenting Your Work to Multiple Markets: They Say One Size Fits All - Or Does It?" Curtis will present this informative and entertaining panel discussion at this year's 30th Anniversary PhotoPlus Expo. Be sure to reserve your spot for this session on October 25th, 8:45 am to 11:45 am at the Javits Center.
Speakers Include:
Darrick Harris
Kaia Hemming
Louisa Curtis
Megan Re
Julie Grahame
Sponsors of this panel discussion are: Agency Access, PhotoShelter and APA National. See more about Curtis's Multiple Markets seminar here on her blog and be sure to Register for Session FA4 as soon as possible. Seats are going quickly and you don't want to miss this one!


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Tote Bag
Travisby Joshua Skerritt
Our quality crafted Tote Bags are hand sewn in America using durable, yet lightweight, poly poplin fabric. All seams and stress points are double stitched for durability. Available in 13" x 13", 16" x 16" and 18" x 18" variations, the tote bags are washable, feature original artwork on both sides and a sturdy 1" wide cotton webbing strap for comfortably carrying over your shoulder.
June twenty-ninth. I gotta get in shape. Too much sitting has ruined my body. Too much abuse has gone on for too long. From now on there will be 50 pushups each morning, 50 pullups. There will be no more pills, no more bad food, no more destroyers of my body. From now on will be total organization. Every muscle must be tight.
*Tags: Robert Deniro/Taxi Driver/Travis Bickle/Movie/New York


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Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed
to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without
your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy.
Minar, Phillip*; Alonso, Maria H.†; Smith, Milton T.‡; Kohli, Rohit*
*Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
†Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
‡Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Rohit Kohli, MBBS, MS, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).
Received 18 October, 2011
Accepted 25 January, 2012
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal's Web site (www.jpgn.org).
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Submissions for the Image of the Month should include high-quality TIF endoscopic images of unusual or informative findings. In addition, 1 or 2 other associated photographs, such as radiological or pathological images, can be submitted. A brief description of no more than 200 words should accompany the images. Submissions are to be made online at www.jpgn.org, and will undergo peer review by members of the NASPGHAN Endoscopy and Procedures Committee, as well as by the Journal.
A 15-year-old previously healthy girl presented with 3 months of right upper quadrant abdominal pain, persistent nausea, and 7-kg weight loss. Her examination revealed right upper quadrant and epigastric tenderness. Laboratory investigations, including bilirubin and liver enzymes, were normal. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a contracted gallbladder and a small ovoid structure in the right upper quadrant suggesting a possible choledochal cyst. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography better defined these lesions as a 2.8 × 2 × 2 cm "ovoid" cystic structure (small arrow in Fig. 1) and a gallbladder (larger arrow Fig. 1). On endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), both structures were filled with contrast with 2 completely separate cystic ducts attached to the common duct (Fig. 2 and online-only images available at http://links.lww.com/MPG/A94).
She continued to be symptomatic and subsequently had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The intraoperative cholangiogram confirmed the ERCP findings. Accordingly, both gallbladders were removed. Examination of the resected specimens by histology confirmed 2 gallbladders and entirely separates cystic ducts (Fig. 3) (see online-only images).
Duplicated gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary system with the reported incidence between 1 in 3800 (1). The differential diagnosis for a cystic structure in the gallbladder region includes choledochal cyst, folded gallbladder, gallbladder diverticulum, focal adenomyomatosis, fibrous or vascular band, and duplication of any other structure in the biliary system (2). Although both ultrasound and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are utilized in the evaluation of gallbladder anomalies, ERCP remains the criterion standard to define this biliary tree abnormalitity (3).
Causey et al (4) published a similar case and contend that defining the type of gallbladder duplication (based on the Harlaftis classification (5) of multiple gallbladders) will aid in the selection of operative technique. They reason that laparoscopy can be used for type 1 (the split primordial group, sharing a single cystic duct) and a traditional open approach should be used for type 2 (accessory gallbladder arising from separate primordium with two discrete ducts) (4). The consensus from multiple case reports has been to only operate on symptomatic patients and remove both gallbladders given the risk of continued symptoms and nonfunctionality of either structure.
Copyright 2012 by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN
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Kindergarten Wars 2: Revenge of the BureaucracyShawn Burns
Well. Kindergarten application season has drawn to its inevitable, stressful close. For our family, at this time, in this situation, we were privileged enough to have school choices available: Our local public school, a local charter school next door, and a private school a short distance away.
Being completely ignorant of the school application process (I always just went to my local school; I doubt my parents had to do more than sign a sheet that said "Shawn is a kid in this town so he has to go to school here"), I had no idea what we were in for once Kindergarten Application season gave way to Kindergarten Application Results season.
Apart from the stress of the debate in the house over whether or not to even try to send our daughter to private school, or whether it was some kind of disservice to send her to the local public school if we had other options available to us, once we had decided to apply for the private school and a transfer to the local charter school, we had a whole new set of complications to worry about.
For the private school:
Is it X dollars better than the local public school? Than the charter school? How can we even quantify that? Can we double it for when our son is ready for kindergarten? Isn't that stupid?
Can I see us, as parents, being involved in the lives of the parents who have their kids at this private school? We don't have a yacht. Not that we're sure they have a yacht either, but when you grow up poor you carry a stereotype of wealth in your head even when you are no longer poor. Would I be able to get past that image? Would I feel like a fraud? Is feeling like a fraud a good enough reason to not apply?
Since the private school is entirely application based, rather than lottery based, would acceptance or rejection make me change the way I viewed my parenting? Would acceptance be validating? Would rejection be undermining?
Can I be charming during the parent interview? Do I want to try to be charming during the parent interview?
For the local public school:
If you're interested in a primer on bureaucracy, look no further than the process involved in enrolling in your local school district. I don't handle stress or bureaucracy well at all, and I am forever grateful to my wife, who navigated the deadly shoals of this endeavor for us. So, it turns out that in order to enroll your child in your local school, you have to prove that you reside in the district. In order to keep people from fraudulently claiming to reside in the district and sending their kids to schools they don't contribute to, the school district requires a lot of documentation that, they claim, proves that you are a resident.
So, what did they require? The deed to our house, where we've been living for years? No. Apparently deeds prove nothing. A utility bill with the home address on it? No. Apparently utility bills don't prove anything either. No, what the district wanted was a bank statement sent to the house.
A bank statement.
Do me a favor. Go into your bank, and tell them you'd like to change your address. Make one up, or choose a real one other than your own. Now ask them to print something up that looks like a statement with this new address on it. There. You are now eligible to send your kid to whatever a school in the district your made-up address is in.
Now, of course they require some other things, like proof of application for the Homeowner's Exemption. But there is just no way that a bank statement, obtained in this way, proves whatever the hell they think it proves. And before you say "Oh, but they must require a real, mailed bank statement, and surely it would be hard to fake that," let me add: THIS IS WHAT THE BUREAUCRAT TOLD US TO DO. We have had our bank statements and other sensitive mail sent to a post office box for years. Nothing comes to the house, because I don't like my mail getting stolen. I certainly don't want my bank statements stolen. So, when we noted this to the bureaucrat, she gave us the plan that would satisfy the requirement. The totally stupid plan. The totally stupid, easily corrupted plan. The plan that we followed, because it met the requirement.
For the charter school:
Now, the charter school is part of the local school system. So, it required all of the bureaucratic dancing that the local public school did (though thankfully not in duplicate), but also added the joy of a lottery to the process.
I've never won the lottery. I might go buy one of them half-a-billion-dollars lottery tickets later, but I know I won't win. Faced with what might be a life-changing outcome for my daughter, dealing with a lottery just seems like cruel and unusual punishment for the crime of being a good parent.
But, we're stuck with a lottery. Yay. It's like going to Vegas, but with more drinking and fewer strippers.
Toss into the big pot o' stress the fact that we would hear from, and have to pay a deposit to, the private school before we even knew if our daughter had won the lottery, and I think I can safely conclude that Kindergarten Application Results season might be even worse than Kindergarten Application season.
Excuse me while I go check the mail. Again.
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County's juvenile justice alternative education program opens food pantry to serve students, families
The Dallas County Juvenile Justice Alternative Education program is opening a food pantry Tuesday with the help of the North Texas Food Bank and the county's jury stipend donations designated for helping at-risk youth.
The idea for the pantry came from Allison Harris, the resource development director for the Dallas County Juvenile Department who learned that students were going hungry at home and probation officers were buying food for the students with their own money. Harris thought a partnership with the food bank would benefit students.
The food "will serve a growing need," said president of the food bank, Jan Pruitt.
"This partnership will provide healthy foods to augment the treatment and social services provided by the Dallas County Juvenile Department," she said.
Students can place orders to receive canned fruits, vegetables, meat and protein as well as pasta, cereal and juices and pick up their boxes of food on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 2-4 p.m.
"We cherish organizations such as the North Texas Food Bank who give of their time and resources to make a difference in the lives of the youth and families whom we serve," said Terry Smith, Executive Director of Dallas County Juvenile Services


text:
The Complete Hebrew Text of the Chochmas Adam Plus English Translation & Commentary
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More than two hundred years ago, Rabbi Avraham Danzig was asked by European Torah authorities to produce a work that would summarize all the laws in the Yoreh Deah section of the Shulchan Aruch. The result -- Sefer Chochmas Adam -- has become a modern classic. To this day, it remains the only published guide to provide a complete, yet succinct, review of these important halachos.
Sefer Chochmas Adam was written in consultation with two of the greatest Torah scholars of the time: Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin and Rabbi Yaakov of Lisa (the Chavos Da'as). Reportedly, even the Chasam Sofer instructed his son that when he had to to make a halachic decision and he couldn't refer to the Shulchan Aruch, he could look into the Chochmas Adam.
Sefer Chochmas Adam on Ta'aruvos (Laws of Forbidden Food Mixtures) features:
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text:
Dear Editor;
I can't say enough about the variety of services now available at the Summit Pacific medical care facility here in Elma, which local health providers can now access on the part of their patients.
In my case, I am most impressed with the portable MRI unit and the X-ray services which assisted my doctor to diagnose my primary complaint but also discovered a serous health condition that neither I nor she was aware of because I was not exhibiting any symptoms.
A few days later, I had need of the emergency care department for a complication connected to this medical condition. I went in at 10:30 p.m. and within the space of approximately 5 to 7 minutes was being seen by the on-duty physician. My problem was diagnosed, treated, and I was out the door within 20 minutes.
When the hospital relocated from McCleary to Elma, I had the privilege to have been serving the citizens of Elma as one of their councilmen. Then, as now, I still affirm that the entire project was one of the finest examples of the use of taxpayers money's I had ever witnessed. CEO Renée Jensen, her board, and the entire staff of Summit Pacific can, and should be, justifiably proud of the timely, quick service they provide.
To all of the Summit Pacific family, thank you for being here and the outstanding job you do on behalf of your patients.
Jim Taylor


text:
Definition of undercast in English:
verb (past and past participle undercast)[with object]
Allocate the parts in (a play or film) to insufficiently skilled actors.
Example sentences
- Apart from the lead, the play is undercast, and it is sloppily staged, even making experienced actors seen ineffectual.
- An undercast and uninterestingly 'effective' production.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: under|cast
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Franchise Encyclopedia ▪ < 1999-00 Los Angeles Lakers ▪ 2001-02 Los Angeles Lakers >
Record: 56-26, Finished 1st in NBA Pacific Division (Schedule and Results)
Coach: Phil Jackson (56-26)
PTS/G: 100.6 (3rd of 29) ▪ Opp PTS/G: 97.2 (23rd of 29)
SRS: 3.74 (6th of 29) ▪ Pace: 91.7 (14th of 29)
Off Rtg: 108.4 (2nd of 29) ▪ Def Rtg: 104.8 (21st of 29)
Expected W-L: 51-31 (8th of 29)
Arena: STAPLES Center ▪ Attendance: 776,336 (8th of 29)
NBA 2001 Playoffs:
Won NBA Finals (4-1) versus Philadelphia 76ers (Series Stats)
Won NBA Western Conference Finals (4-0) versus San Antonio Spurs (Series Stats)
Won NBA Western Conference Semifinals (4-0) versus Sacramento Kings (Series Stats)
Won NBA Western Conference First Round (3-0) versus Portland Trail Blazers (Series Stats)
Promote your website or business by sponsoring this page for $220 on Basketball-Reference.com. Your message will replace this ad.
Transactions listed are from July 1, 2000 to June
30, 2001.
Click on the Team for team roster and stats.
Click on the Player for career stats and accomplishments.
|August 15, 2000
Signed Stanislav Medvedenko as a free agent.
|August 23, 2000
Signed Andy Panko as a free agent.
|August 25, 2000
Signed Isaiah Rider as a free agent.
|September 20, 2000
As part of a 4-team trade, the Los Angeles Lakers traded Travis Knight, Glen Rice and a 2001 1st round draft pick (Jamaal Tinsley was later selected) to the New York Knicks; the New York Knicks traded Chris Dudley and a 2001 1st round draft pick (Jason Collins was later selected) to the Phoenix Suns; the New York Knicks traded Patrick Ewing to the Seattle SuperSonics; the Phoenix Suns traded Luc Longley to the New York Knicks; the Seattle SuperSonics traded Emanual Davis, Greg Foster, Horace Grant and Chuck Person to the Los Angeles Lakers; and the Seattle SuperSonics traded Lazaro Borrell, Vernon Maxwell, Vladimir Stepania, a 2001 2nd round draft pick (Eric Chenowith was later selected), a 2001 2nd round draft pick (Michael Wright was later selected) and a 2002 1st round draft pick (Kareem Rush was later selected) to the New York Knicks.
|October 2, 2000
Signed Mike Penberthy as a free agent.
|October 25, 2000
Waived Emanual Davis.
|October 29, 2000
Waived Andy Panko.
|June 28, 2001
Traded Greg Foster to the Milwaukee Bucks for Lindsey Hunter.


text:
Definition of cane chair in English:
cane chair
A chair with a seat made of woven cane strips.
Example sentences
- He sensed, rather than felt, the coarseness of the cane chair beneath his hand, the hardness of the ring on his finger.
- His liquid brown eyes had clearly conveyed the boredom and disinterest he felt, right from the moment he had lithely eased his sturdy yet slim frame into the cane chair across from her.
- Dressed in a short mundu, his small lean frame bare above the waist except for the thread, he sat in a cushionless cane chair and listened patiently to my questions.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: cane chair
Definition of cane chair in:
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It's Friday Eve once again, dudes. Shipping out another round of books today. Thanks, everybody!
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Relic Native Prairie
Category: Nature
Photo and caption by Donald Hammer
Prairies were perhaps some of the most beautiful flowering landscapes in the world. However, poor land use practices have either destroyed or reduced much of the native prairie ecosystems into small isolated, relic communities. This particular prairie community of Downy Indian Paintbrush, surrounded by Blue Bonnets, has since succumbed to the expansion of the I-35 corridor in Texas. This picture is now the only thing remaining of this once small isolated relic of the original native prairie.
Location: 3 miles northeast of Hillsboro, Texas
More Nature Entries »
By Brenda Stevens
By Gian Luigi Fornari Lanzetti
By Chris Fries


text:
Conservation Central is an award-winning online habitat education program that helps kids learn about the importance of conservation and the challenges faced in preserving temperate-forest habitats through curricula and activities that incorporate actual research conducted by Zoo scientists.
Teach your upper elementary students (grades 3-6) science and math skills and concepts with outdoor activities and classroom lessons using real-life examples from Smithsonian biodiversity research. Each lesson is an inquiry-based outdoor activity that engages students in meaningful explorations of the natural world. Students build critical thinking skills as they analyze data and draw conclusions from their investigations.
The Migratory Bird Center offers a songbird kit for classrooms, fact sheets and articles on bird migration and conservation, publications, and educational games.
The website has animal fact sheets, live web cams, links to other educations sites, photo galleries, articles from our magazine, and other resources for the classroom.
Designed to motivate all types of learners, the kit includes lesson plans and interdisciplinary activities that foster knowledge and appreciation of migratory songbirds and an awareness of the need to conserve and protect birds and their habitats.
This program is a cross-cultural environmental education program that links elementary school classes in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., with classes in Latin America and the Caribbean through an exchange of art work and letters focusing on Neotropical migratory birds.
The Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia, schedules classroom visits that use hands-on activities to educate and inspire students about science, conservation, and the environment.


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Cheat Sheet
Low-Cholesterol Cookbook For Dummies (UK Edition)
We're all aware of the dangers associated with a high-cholesterol diet. Use the practical advice in this Cheat Sheet to get to grips with low-cholesterol cooking and begin your journey towards your new low-cholesterol life!
Healthy Shopping Guidelines for Your Grocery List
You can take a big step towards feeding yourself quality foods if you make good choices at the supermarket. Here are some guidelines to set you on the right path:
Check the ingredient list on labels and avoid products that contain partially hydrogenated oils or lots of added salt.
Read labels for the saturated fat content of products to ensure that you're not underestimating the amount of fat.
Buy low-fat and reduced-fat dairy products.
Favour low-sodium, reduced-fat soups.
To make sure that you're eating nutrient-rich, fresh produce, bring home only as many fruits and vegetables as you expect to eat within a few days. Shop little and often.
Opt for organic meats, poultry, and produce when possible.
Eat liver and kidneys, which are exceptionally high in cholesterol, only occasionally.
Look for low-fat alternatives to fattier foods, such as reduced-fat sausage and lean mince.
For the most flavour and nutrients, buy local and seasonal produce. Check out farmer's markets and farm shops, for example.
If you must have a splurge food, such as rich premium vanilla ice cream, treat yourself to the very best available to fix your craving, and promise yourself you won't indulge again for a long time.
Stock up on wholegrain breads, cereals, pastas, and antioxidant-rich sweet potatoes – the type of starchy foods that have minimal impact on blood glucose levels.
Fruits and Vegetables with the Most Antioxidant Power
When low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the 'bad' cholesterol) oxidises, it's more likely to lead to hardening and furring up of artery walls. All fruits and vegetables are rich sources of antioxidants and help prevent this. Look for fresh seasonal produce where possible.
Here's a list of great foods to shop for, starting with the best:
Great Sources of Soluble Fibre
Soluble fibre helps soak up cholesterol and eliminate it from the body. Here are the ten sources that experts most commonly recommend, listed in alphabetical order. Make sure that you buy and eat these foods regularly:
Brussels sprouts
Green beans
Green peas
Kidney beans
Butter beans
Oats and oatmeal
Sweet potatoes
Foods You Can Include in Your Low-Cholesterol Diet
Controlling cholesterol is more about limiting saturated fat than cutting back on total fat intake, and cholesterol-containing foods are fine if you don't exceed your daily quota. So get ready to enjoy the following foods:
Nuts such as macadamias, almonds, and walnuts, which are sources of heart-friendly oils.
Wholegrains such as barley, rye, buckwheat, quinoa, brown rice, and wholewheat.
An omega-3 enriched egg a few times a week and all the egg white you want.
Cooking oils such as extra-virgin olive oil and rapeseed oil.
Shellfish such as scallops and clams, which are both low in saturated fat.
A little (150 millilitres) red wine every day.
Cholesterol Content in Typical Recipe Ingredients
To help you budget your cholesterol quota for the day, refer to this list of cholesterol amounts, in milligrams, in common recipe ingredients. Check with your doctor to determine your ideal daily cholesterol amount, so that you better know how to plan your meals.
Most people are advised to keep their dietary cholesterol intake to between 20 milligrams and 300 milligrams per day.
Almonds, walnuts, and macadamias (most recommended), and all other nuts, any amount: 0 milligrams cholesterol.
Beef, stewed extra-lean minced, per 100 grams: 75 milligrams cholesterol.
Broccoli (most recommended) and all vegetables, any amount: 0 milligrams cholesterol.
Chicken breast, roast, skinless, per 100 grams: 82 milligrams.
Eggs, large: 213 milligrams cholesterol.
Milk, semi-skimmed, per 100 millilitres: 6 milligrams cholesterol.
Parmesan cheese, grated, per 1 tablespoon: 4 milligrams cholesterol.
Olive oil and other vegetable oils, any amount: 0 milligrams cholesterol.
Salmon, grilled, per 100 grams: 60 milligrams cholesterol.
Yogurt, low-fat, per 100grams: 1 milligram cholesterol.
Saturated Fat Amounts in Common Foods
Limit the amount of saturated fat in your diet and know which items contain it and which don't, starting with this list of common foods. Check with your doctor or dietician to determine your 'acceptable' daily amount of saturated fat intake, and then adjust your menu accordingly.
The usual guideline daily amount is no more than 20 grams saturated fat per day for women, and no more than 30 grams saturated fat per day for men.
Beef, stewed, extra lean, minced, per 100 grams: 3.8 grams saturated fat.
Butter, per 1 tablespoon: 7.6 grams saturated fat.
Carrots, per 1 medium: 0 grams saturated fat.
Chicken breast, roast, skinless, per 100 grams: 0.7 grams saturated fat.
Chicken, dark meat, roast, skinless, per 100 grams: 2.0 grams saturated fat.
Kidney beans, boiled, per 100 grams: 0.1 grams saturated fat.
Milk, semi-skimmed, per 100 millilitres: 1.1 grams saturated fat.
Milk, whole, per 100 millilitres: 2.5 grams saturated fat.
Olive oil, per 1 tablespoon: 1.8 grams saturated fat.
Cheddar cheese, per 100 grams: 22 grams saturated fat.
Temperature Conversion Table
This handy conversion table can help you out when it comes to cooking temperatures. Print it out and pin it up on the kitchen notice board so that you can easily refer to it as and when you need to.


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Clinton handed the Montevideo Spartans their fourth straight loss, 10-2 on Saturday at Clinton.
The Spartans tied the game at 1-1 in the third inning when Mitch Christensen doubled to score Josh Anderson.
Clinton came back with four runs in the bottom of the third.
Montevideo scored its final run in the fourth inning when Cam Vien led off with a double and eventually scored when Spencer Jorgenson grounded into a fielder's choice.
Christensen had three of Montevideo's eight hits. Christian Brabender had a pair of hits.
The Spartans, who are now 1-5, will host the Rosen Express on Saturday at 4 p.m. Montevideo will play the Benson Chiefs on Sunday at 3 p.m. at Benson.
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Location, ST | website.com


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Two wooden empty bushel baskets.
1 1/4"Dia. x 1 1/8"H
1"Dia. x 3/4"H
Scale: 1/12
Assembly Required:
No1/12 scale, also referred to as one-inch scale (or 1" scale), means 1 inch = 1 foot
Very sweet baskets.The slants on the side do move in a little, which I don't see as a problem because filled up or not they stay in place.
miniatures.com is dedicated to bringing you quality items at the best prices, and
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Youth suicide in our state is a major public health problem. Suicide is the second leading cause of death for young people in Oklahoma. This Web site offers helpful resources on ways to prevent suicide in your school and comunity.
These signs may mean someone is at risk for suicide. Risk is greater if it seems related to a painful event, loss, or change. Seek help as soon as possible if you or someone you know exhibits any of the following signs:
Talking about wanting to die.
Lifelines Prevention, Intervention, and Postvention (Grades 8-10)
Hazelden Publishing
15251 Pleasant Valley Road
P.O. Box 11
Center City, MN 55012-0176
(800) 328-9000
SOS Signs of Suicide (Grades 9-12)
Screening for Mental Health, Inc.
One Washington Street, Suite 304
Wellesley Hills, MA 02481
(781) 239-0071
Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (ODMHSAS)
QPR and ASIST training is made available by the Garrett Lee Smith Grant provided be the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. These trainings are excellent programs in terms of raising awareness about suicide, reducing the stigma of suicide and providing important knowledge and skills on how to help someone believed to be at risk for suicide. This training is for adults in organizations that regularly interact with at-risk youth between the ages of 10 and 24.
Looking for a staff development training on Suicide Crisis Management or Suicide Prevention Toolkit? ODMHSAS's will present on crisis team roles, steps to ensure rapid response to a suicide, and how to start prevention efforts from further suicides.
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
HeartLine's Healthy Education for Life Program (HELP) is an interactive suicide prevention presentation for middle and high school students. The HELP presentation is given by volunteers to middle and high school students and designed to fit within one class period. The presentation begins by addressing the stigma that surrounds mental health and suicide, which makes it difficult to ask for help. Then the students watch a 20 minute video where they hear from multiple individuals about their personal experiences with suicide. Students then review the three-step action plan of Ask, Listen, Tell, to help a friend that may be at risk for suicide. HELP trainers elaborate on the message of the video and discuss life stressors, corresponding emotions, and suicide warning signs through an interactive group project.
The 2011 Oklahoma Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) indicates that among high school students:
Click here for a Oklahoma YRBS Unintentional and Intentional Injury Fact Sheet. - Outside Link
Thank you to the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services for their assistance with this Web site.


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What's Included in Premium Membership
- Unlimited access to a garage full of premium videos
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- A library of professional answers to riders' technical questions
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WHAT OUR CUSTOMERS SAYThanks for creating the clutch related videos! Having watched I now think I know what I did wrong when rebuilding a clutch for the first time. I have had trouble getting it adjusted correctly and it was due to missing a couple of important steps that the service manual didn't mention, but your video did. Keep them coming! Cheers, Greg Sign Up
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How Many Starting Quarterbacks Do The Broncos Need?The Denver Broncos signed Mark Sanchez and are courting Colin Kaepernick. Are two starting quarterbacks better, or worse, than one?
RG3 And Colin Kaepernick - NFL Quarterbacks As Fallen StarsOnce franchise quarterbacks, RG3 and Colin Kaepernick are unwanted by their own teams. Will another NFL team give them a chance?
Hammond: 49ers Complete Ruining Of Kaepernick, Is Luck Next?
Seahawks And 49ers Battle To Avoid Last Place In NFC West Thursday NightThe Seattle Seahawks entered the 2015 NFL season with high expectations while the San Francisco 49ers entered the season with more questions than answers.
Hammond: With Hopkins Injury, Texans Teetering On Lost Season
Longtime Rugby Star Steals Show In NFL Debut
The Bracket: Most Interesting NFL Quarterback CompetitionsThis week's B-Straw and Pauly G Bracket looks at the most interesting quarterback competitions in NFL History
Colin Kaepernick Makes Joke Using Picture Of Flooded Cars In Houston
Five NFL Sponsorship Deals That May Surprise YouIt isn't much of a secret anymore that the NFL is the most business savvy of any of the major professional sports leagues in America.
49ers 2014 Season Marred By InjuriesAs the 49ers look back on this season, it will not be positive. The team almost had a losing record, and missed the playoffs after 3 straight NFC Championship games. However, the teams awful season has to do with injuries than anything else, and a problem that shouldn't haunt them next season.
Start 'Em Up & Shut 'Em Down - Week 16 Saturday Games - Fantasy Cover 4
Mike Meltser's NFL Season Win TotalsMike Meltser gives four picks before the start of the 2014 NFL regular season


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Meet Your New Office!
- Nov 30, 2006 2:31 PM EST
- [num] Comments
Like it or not, kids, eventually we'll all be using the new Microsoft Office 12 (except for both of the Corel die-hards who stick with WordPerfect). PCMag's EIC, Jim Louderback, sat down with Antoine LeBlond, the corporate vice president for office productivity applications (and that HAS to be a stage-name, right?) to chat about the new Office; what it means for consumers, and what it means for businesses.
And of course, the conversation eventually shifted to Google (as all conversations do), but LaBlonde didn't seem to see much of a threat there, calling Google's office freeware "toys." Burn!
But here's the real money quote from the Q&A:
"The stuff that is on the Web today would be a whole lot better if it were done a little bit more in the model of 'do it once and do it right.' Don't make your users your testers and don't make your users your designers. Do it right, put it out there, and then we'll learn. The emphasis on iterating super-quickly is a little overblown."
What do you think user/tester/designers? Would you rather have the beta software early to dink around with, or wait months and months for that "perfect" release?


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RoadTrip Stove Grate
3 Questions | 3 Answers
Read All Q&A | Ask a Question | Answer a Question
Chrome-plated steel wire grate turns your grill into a gas stove top to hold a pot, pan or skillet. 10 3/4" dia. x 12"D. Mfr. 1 year warranty.
Technical Specs
Weight: 2.8 lbs.
Manufacturer: Coleman Co
Mfg Part #: 2000019875
Tech Notes: Per Manufacturer: Grate now has 4 prongs for better balance and precision cooking.
Related Items
RoadTrip Stove Grate: Customer Reviews
Camper's Choice Rating
Reviewed by 6 customers
from EL CAJON, CA
Stove Grate(s) for Coleman Roadtrip
161 out of 339 people found this review helpful.
from Oak Forest, IL
Must have for your Roadtrip Grill!
0 out of 0 people found this review helpful.


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The Roller Cover Remover comes assembled and only requires a screwdriver to mount. Works well in gazebos and areas with space restrictions on sides.
The Cover Rx Spa Cover Lift, made by Cover Valet, is mounted under the spa cabinet and works with almost all above ground hot tubs. The basket design is easy on spa covers because it puts no stress on the cover hinge and it puts no stress on spa cabinets.
The Covermate ECO is an excellent cover lift at a great price! It is very similar to the Covermate 1, except that it does not include the towel hooks & the center bar does not extend the full width (down the middle of the cover).
The premium Cover Caddy, made by Cover Valet, mounts under the spa cabinet. It is easy on spa cover hinges and on hot tub cabinets.
Optional kit for swim spas and other deep hot tubs.
The Covermate 1 by Leisure Concepts is the number 1 selling lift in the industry and allows for effortless spa cover removal. Works great on large, heavy covers.
The Covermate 1 Arctic, built by Leisure Concepts, has a bracket designed to fit Arctic Spas® (the bracket is made to sit on top of a vertical trim piece on the spa cabinet). The Covermate 1 by Leisure Concepts is the number 1 selling lift in the industry. It provides effortless hot tub cover removal and works great on large, heavy covers.
The Cover Valet™ is the world's leading premium spa cover remover. Dual gas shocks assist in effortlessly lifting and lowering the spa cover. Works great in tight spaces; can be installed on spa cabinet sides, the cabinet top rail or deck mounted on sunk-in spas. Special Price!
The Covermate 2 lifts we stock, come with true Under Style (Under Mount) brackets. You do not screw them into your spa or deck - the weight of your spa holds the brackets in place.
Accessories Spa Chemicals Hot Tub Covers Cover Lift Removers Filter Cartridges Spa Fragrances Hot Tub Ozonators Hot Tub Parts Pumps and Heaters


text:
38 AGATHA ST, 0850 Urban And Rural Planning
- Evaluations of Greater Tzaneen Municipality:
287 times viewed 539 times listed
Alderman Mayor OJ Mushwana and Mrs Conny Mametja, Acting Municipal Manager receiving the award: GTM WINS NATIONAL AWARD. The Greater Tzaneen Municipality has been awarded the ... more
THE ORGANIZATION The Greater Tzaneen Municipality is a Category B Municipality, which operates on the Executive Committee System. The Municipality has been divided into ... more
Here at the Department of Agriculture, Limpopo, we strive to create a united and prosperous agricultural sector where people livelihoods and natural resources are in a ... more
Publications / Info Recreation Computers Gov/Pub/NGO Commerce Local COMMUNITY SITES Tzaneen Municipality more
Policy, Law, Economics and Politics - Deepening Democracy through Access to Information more
Urban and Community Development, Nsk ... Edit this Company Greater Tzaneen Municipality. 38 Agatha St Tzaneen, Limpopo 0850 more
Under Construction . More Soon... Polokwane: 015 291 5555 Tzaneen: 015 307 6599 Fax: 086 582 7109 more
Greater Tzaneen Municipality Tzaneen, also known as 'Tzaneng', "the happy land", sees about 650 000 people residing within a 30km radius, with the town itself holding a ... more
Projects » Greater Tzaneen Municipality Substations. Director: JH Götze, B.Eng (Electrical) (Pr Eng) Manager: Project Duration: 4 years Project Capital Cost: R3 000 000.00 more
All the business, tourism, community & accommodation information you need about Tzaneen and the surrounding area. more
tender description: closing date : request for proposal for the review of tzaneen nodal plan and formulation of density policy: 03 may2013 @ 12:00 at council chambers. more
Physical Address No 1 Agatha Street Tzaneen 0850: Postal Address P O Box 24 Tzaneen 0850: Telephone Number +2715 307 8000 Fax Number +2715 307 8049 more
GREATER TZANEEN MUNICIPALITY VACANCIES page of the www.govpage.za website more
Greater Tzaneen Municipality Re- advertised . Applications are invited from suitable qualified persons to fill the following position in the Office of the ... more
Greater Tzaneen Municipality is located in Tzaneen. visit www.tzaneeninfo.co.za for an overview and contact details of Greater Tzaneen Municipality. more
Executive Mayor: Cllr Dikeledi Mmetle: Mail: PO Box 24, TZANEEN, 0850: Street: Civic Centre, 38 Agatha Street, TZANEEN: Tel: (015) 307 8007: Fax: (015) 307 8049 more
MACP Construction (Pty) Ltd v Greater Tzaneen Municipality and Another (5906/2012) [2012] ZAGPPHC 55 (12 April 2012) more
167 jobs tzaneen, all tzaneen jobs, tzaneen in Mitula Jobs more
Sekhukhune District www.sekhukhune.gov.za: Fetakgomo Municipality www.fetakgomo.gov.za: Elias Motswaledi Municipality www.eliasmotsoaledi.gov.za: Makhuduthamaga ... more
GPS Commando S 24° 48' 15.7" / 028° 25' 35.1" E Traffic Department GPS 24° 28' 60 S / 30° 3' 0 E Modimolle GPS 24° 28' 60 S / 30° 3' 0 E more


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The Department of Human Services Director Marianne Udow admits mistakes were made in the handling of the Ricky Holland case. Udow answered questioned at a news conference Friday afternoon after the findings of an internal investigation were released.
The results of two investigations into Ricky's situation, before he was murdered, were released Friday. The Office of Children's Ombudsman and DHS both found fault with staff actions.
In the five years DHS was involved with the Holland's in Jackson and Ingham Counties, through foster care and adoption, four complaints were received and responded to by Jackson Child Protective Services workers. Five complaints were made in Ingham County, but after Ricky was reported missing in July of 2005. Udow said additional investigative steps should have been taken in one of the Jackson County complaints.
The internal investigation found all of the children in the Holland home received the proper services, but some services began later then they should have. In one instance, a critical service was stopped solely at the request of Lisa Holland.
In all, 23 DHS employees were involved in the Ricky Holland case. Disciplinary investigations were initiated on 10 of them, six of who were supervisors. Nine people have be reassigned to different roles not involving the safety of children. One person remains in a supervisory position and the investigations are ongoing.


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The Sysadmin's Daily Grind: Leafnode
Leafnode is a Usenet server for small sites where just a few users need access to a large number of groups. The Leafnode server is designed to recover from errors autonomously and needs very little attention.
If you are faced with the task of setting up a news server, you might discover INN in your package management tool. The INN daemon is powerful and flexible, and it scales well. On the downside, INN can be hungry on resources, depending on the configuration and peerings, and maintenance is not exactly trivial. In fact, INN is total overkill for smaller workgroups, and this is where Leafnode steps in. Although Leafnode is formally an NNTP server, it might be more fitting to refer to Leafnode as a news proxy. To save resources, the Leafnode server does not attempt to store every article in every newsgroup. If a user subscribes to a newsgroup, Leafnode will tell the user that the postings for the group are not available and offer to fetch the postings from a real news server.
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LinuxCon North America Convenes in Toronto, Canada
Linux Foundation's big event celebrates the 25th anniversary of Linux
Linux Turns 25
Linux has evolved from a "won't be a professional" project to one of the most professional software projects in the history of computers.
Mirantis Joins Hands with SUSE To Offer RHEL Support; Red Hat Not Happy
Competitors get in the game with RHEL without Red Hat
Linux on Windows 10 Poses a Security Risk
Security researchers have already notified Microsoft; some fixes are available
Mirantis to Refactor OpenStack Fuel for Kubernetes
The company is collaborating with Google and Intel to use Kubernetes as an engine for Fuel
Canonical Joins Document Foundation Advisory Board
The upcoming release of LibreOffice will be available as a snap package
SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.


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5:30–6:30pm - Mary Gates Hall, Room 389
Thank you for your interest in the University of Washington's Husky Signature Employer Program!
The Career Center - University of Washington
Leave Request Confirmation
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If you're looking to recruit candidates for internship or full-time entry-level positions in the consulting & financial services industries, you don't want to miss October 28th's Featured Employers Night: Consulting & Financial Services! A mini-career fair attended by more than 250 current students and recent alumni, this event will help you get your 2008-2009 recruitment started off right!
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Two Problems
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Problem #1: I think, right now, the best thing you can do is be available for your friend. Let her know that you are a shoulder to lean on and an ear to talk to whenever she wants to or needs to. Maybe she'll want to talk about being afraid of her grandma's death, maybe about the cancer or the treatments, maybe she'll want to talk about some good memories, or maybe she'll want to talk about something that has absolutely nothing to do with "dealing" with the cancer. It doesn't matter, just be there for her and listen...don't push anything, she'll let you know what she needs.
And for you--this sounds like you're close with the family and will probably be an upsetting situation for you, so find someone to talk to yourself. Including us here at KH!
You mention that you know the Grandma's cancer is terminal but that your friend does not...maybe you should talk with the mom about that. I think it's the mom's place to inform your friend, you shouldn't be burdened with that.
Problem #2: Hmmm, I dunno really. You could go about organizing an emergency kit yourself to satisfy your own mind though.
--->Clever Sayings Go Here<---
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News 12 11pm/ Monday July 8, 2013
Thomson, GA (WRDW)--- Raysville Marina is a part of Katrina Pentecost's family history.
"My husband and his partner have owned it for 28 years," said Pentecost.
As she pulled up to work Monday morning she could see flames coming out of the building. Investigators say the fire was not an accident. Pentecost isn't surprised and thinks it could be someone near by.
"Teenagers with nothing to do in the summer. Maybe not enough to do-- not enough supervision and just bored in the evening," she told News12.
Investigators haven't said if they've identified any suspects, but Pentecost hopes they find who's responsible.
"People could have lost their lives in this--they sure could have," she said.
The marina filled the pumps with gas in preparation for the coming weekend; so she says it's a miracle the pumps didn't explode, even though they were just feet away from the flames. The damage is extensive and is a big loss for the business, but Pentecost says boaters are losers here too -- considering the closest marina -- isn't all that close.
"At least 15 miles away maybe 20," Pentecost said.
Trash bags filled with melted cigarettes, snacks, and chips, surround the outside of the store, but despite that Pentecost won't quit. She's working to find a way to at least open temporarily this weekend and promises to rebuild.
"We will still be here. We are not going to give up. We are going to come back. We love all of y'all," said Pentecost.
Arson investigators are offering up to $10,000 for any information that leads to and arrest. So, if you heard or saw anything be sure to call 1-800-282-5804. The owner says they are still able to sell gas safely and she hopes regulars will still come by on the weekends.