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SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Public Health for a Global Community
Department of Community Health Sciences (CHSC)
Full-Time Faculty
- Aimee Afable, PhD, MPH
- Denise M. Bruno, MD, MPH
- Barbara Delano, MD, MPH
- LeConte J. Dill, DrPH, MPH
- Tracey E. Wilson, PhD
Adjunct Faculty
- Jeffrey Birnbaum, MD, MPH
- Ruth Browne, ScD, MPH
- Gerald Deas, MD, MPH
- Francesca Gany, MD, MS
- Robert Karp, MD
- Patricia Kizilay, EdD
- Joseph Lovett
- Helen E. Murphy, PhD, MSW
- Karen Myrie, MD, MPH
- Pamela Sass, MD
- Rebecca Schwartz, PhD
Department of Community Health Sciences (CHSC)
The Department of Community Health Sciences is committed to educating and training public health practitioners in the health of urban and immigrant communities around the world. We accomplish this through state-of-the-field graduate curricula, distinguished by several unique features.
Unique Features of CHSC:
In the Field
All of our MPH and DrPH core courses include time spent in communities: contributing to, observing and learning about the health of local neighborhoods.
Global Emphasis
When we study immigrant communities we simultaneously study the countries of origin for those immigrants. In a CHSC course you will find assigned readings focusing on urban communities around the world.
Community Research with Faculty
Graduate students have the opportunity to work with CHSC faculty on innovative research studies serving the health goals of local communities as well as those across the country and in other parts of the world.
Here in Brooklyn we collaborate with community-based organizations, such as the Arthur Ashe Institute and CAMBA, in developing and evaluating interventions for pressing health issues.
The community interventions we research cover a wide range of channels, from in-person outreach in barber shops, beauty salons and restaurants to supportive outreach through cell-phone counseling.
South Africa Field Experience
Our department sponsors a field experience in Limpopo province of South Africa, where our students work side by side with South African health practitioners in disseminating health services to impoverished communities.
We actively engage with communities through all aspects of our work: coursework, service and research.
Our CHSC faculty particularly enjoy spending time with their students and are happy to meet with prospective students to discuss our program.
Please feel free to contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com to set up a time to talk or meet in person.
Best Wishes,
Barbara Delano, MD, MPH
Chair and Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences
New Publications from CHSC
- Clinic-wide intervention lowers financial risk and improves revenue to HIV clinics through fewer missed primary care visits.
Gardner LI, Marks G, Wilson TE, Giordano TP, Sullivan M, Raper JL, Rodriguez AE, Keruly J, Malitz F.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2015; 68(4):472-6.
PubMed [journal]
- Changes in knowledge of
cervical cancer following introduction of human papillomavirus vaccine
among women at high risk for cervical cancer.
Massad LS, Evans CT, Weber KM, D'Souza G, Hessol NA, Wright RL, Colie C, Strickler HD, Wilson TE.
Gynecologic oncology reports. 2015; 12:37-40.
PubMed [journal]
- Estimating the cost of increasing retention in care for HIV-infected patients: results of the CDC/HRSA retention in care trial.
Shrestha RK, Gardner L, Marks G, Craw J, Malitz F, Giordano TP, Sullivan M, Keruly J, Rodriguez A, Wilson TE, Mugavero M.
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2015; 68(3):345-50.
PubMed [journal]
- Bruno DM, Imperato PJ. A Global Health Elective for US Medical Students: The 35 Year Experience of the State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, School of Public Health. Journal of community health 2015.
- Bruno DM, Wilson TE, Gany F, Aragones A. Identifying human papillomavirus vaccination practices among primary care providers of minority, low-income and immigrant patient populations. Vaccine 2014;32:4149-54.
- Dill, L. J., Mahaffey, C., Mosley, T., Treadwell, H., Barkwell, F., & Barnhill, S. (2015). "I Want a Second Chance": Experiences of African American Fathers in Reentry. American Journal of Men's Health, 1-8.
- Furman, R., & Dill, L. (2015). Extreme data reduction: the case for the research Tanka. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 2(1), 43-52.
- Dill, L. J. (2015). Poetic Justice: Engaging in Participatory Narrative Analysis to Find Solace in the "Killer Corridor". American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1), 128-135.


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Woodward build lapse at Superpark 17
If you've ever wondered what happens to transform an empty trail into finished features, check out this time-lapse of the Woodward crew.Read More
If you've ever wondered what happens to transform an empty trail into finished features, check out this time-lapse of the Woodward crew.Read More
There's a new crew of Quebecois hitting the streets of French Canadian cities and staking their claim. Check out the teaser of "Pourquoi Pas" and familiarize yourself with Gabriel Pleau, Tim Bouvette, Vincent Desrochers, Christopher Houle, Mathieu Gélinas, Nathan Therriault, Francis Bourgeois, Francis-Olivier-Jutras, and Bernard Sauvageau, because by the looks of the teaser for their Fall 2013 movie, these are names you're going to want to pay attention to.Read More
Ethan Deiss' game shines in the streets, so when he takes his talents to his home resort of Trollhaugen, his riding is casually flawless. It's no surprise he is so solid on rails since he learned his craft on the variety of kinks, curves, and shotguns at Trollhaugen. Check out this bonus days edit from Monster Energy, of this Midwestern rider doing what he does best.Read More
Spencer Schubert and Mark Wilson take you to Dreamworld at Superpark 17.Read More
Late season, Nick Poohachoff sent it at a private shoot at Squaw Valley, showcasing his talents on both jumps and jibs. Pooch's notoriety has been increasing over the past few winters, and with sessions like this under his belt, it's clear he's not interested in stopping, because, no matter what lies in front of him, this Tahoe local doesn't hesitate to drop in and throw down.Read More
Footy Fiend park laps at Blackcomb's last day of 2012/13 with Braedon Wheeler and Chris Mullins.Read More
The spring went by too fast, so the Growling Tribe set up their own jibs for some post-season shredding.Read More
Dan Spooner worked hard in the streets of Duluth, Minnesota to make his season edit from 2012/13. Check it out.Read More
Dragon's team includes a plethora of sick riders whose abilities span from manhandling metal to terminating transition and when their efforts are combined into a single video, the result isRead More
Photographer: Daniel Blom Rider: Eero EttalaRead More

subset: commoncrawl


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- Report: #1039360
Report - Rebuttal - Arbitrate
Complaint Review: Food Lion
Food LionStore #1532 Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina United States of America
Food Lion Massive Coupon Cheat Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina
*Consumer Comment: Reduce your caffeine intake.
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hundreds, maybe thousands. Coupon for Blue Diamond Almond Breeze
Almondmilk from coupon distribution box at the shelf is for .55 cents
off. At the register, only given .20 cents. I bought five (5) half-gallon
cartons. Food Lion cheated me out of $1.50. Now, multiply this times a
thousand, times how many stores??? Can you say, CROOKS!
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 03/30/2013 03:59 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/r/Food-Lion/Kill-Devil-Hills-North-Carolina-/Food-Lion-Massive-Coupon-Cheat-Kill-Devil-Hills-North-Carolina-1039360. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 Consumer Comment
Reduce your caffeine intake.
AUTHOR: The Insensitive Lobster - ()
SUBMITTED: Sunday, March 31, 2013POSTED: Sunday, March 31, 2013
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text:
Weiner Eyes 'Now or Never' Run for NYC Mayor
Posted April 10th, 2013 @ 7:05am by Rob Quinn, Newser Staff
(NEWSER) – Anthony Weiner thinks it's time people gave him a second chance—and possibly a shot at running the nation's biggest city. After spending $100,000 on consultants and pollsters last month, the former congressman has confirmed in a New York Times Magazine interview that he is considering a run for New York City mayor. He didn't say when he will make up his mind, but he will need to enter the race by June 10 to qualify for public funding.


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Share Photo
Jonathan Umali gestures as he recounts his experience when a ferry sunk during an interview Sunday, Dec. 27, 2009, in Batangas City, south of Manila, Philippines. A passenger ferry sank in the northern Philippines in a second sea disaster in three days. Six bodies, including three children, were recovered and at least 22 people were missing Sunday. (AP Photo/Pat Roque)


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Utility Locker
The Utility Locker is designed to make your life a bit more organized.Perfect for a day on the river or out on the boat. Waterproof design makes itgreat for storing cameras, phones and other personal items. Sleek design makesit easy to store in a backpack or duffel bag.
|8" Width x 3" Height x 5" Depth
Reviewed by 1 customer
Comments about WITZ Clear Utility Case:
Perfect for travel. Fits phone, wallet, passport, and boat keys while island hopping :)


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Blog |
Popular Searches: BP Monitor
Pregnancy Center
Diabetes Center
Pregnancy is that wonderful period in a woman's life when she spends each and every day in pleasant anticipation, waiting to hold her bundle of joy in her arms at the end of the ninth month. Everything feels rosy and she enjoys every bit of pampering that she gets from her husband, in-laws, and parents. Every woman hopes for a normal pregnancy and normal delivery so that she can cradle and nurse a healthy baby. There is a lot of information everywhere, but we provide the same logically and simplistically for the benefit of the mothers-to-be. Knowing the do's and don'ts of pregnancy can empower a woman with the ability to stay in control all the time and to experience the transition to motherhood without any untoward incidents. So, just sit back, relax, and browse through these pages of wisdom. Get your husband to read them too. After all, even he has the right to cherish every moment on his way to fatherhood!
Several studies have shown that women are more prone to suffer from severe depression than men, and this tendency seems to increase when a woman is pregnant. Pregnancy and postpartum are considered to be relatively high risk periods, especially for women who have already suffered from some psychiatric illness in the past. Studies have shown that there is a significant increase in the occurrence of psychological problems in the first three months of pregnancy.
Women who have been on antidepressant medications before conception have greater chances of an aggravation during pregnancy. It is a common practice for women who are on antidepressants to stop taking them before or after they conceive. A medical expert is often in a dilemma in such cases because taking antidepressants during pregnancy may not be safe, but terminating treatment could precipitate a relapse that can affect the unborn child adversely. It is therefore very important for the clinician to closely monitor every such case on a regular basis.
Doctors have to be very cautious when prescribing antidepressants for pregnant women due to the potential risk posed to the fetus by these medicines. Although research findings and clinical trials show that both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants do not have any teratogenic effects, yet more information needs to be gathered in such cases. Depression can affect the pregnant woman as well as her offspring; hence, treatment becomes the utmost priority.
The biggest risks of administering psychotropic medications are toxicity and the manifestation of withdrawal symptoms following delivery. There is also a possibility of the infant's nervous system not developing properly or getting affected in the long run. In a nutshell, the factors to be borne in mind before starting or stopping antidepressant therapy are teratogenesis, toxicity or withdrawal symptoms in the newborn, neurobehavioral effects, the dangers of untreated depression during pregnancy, and the risk of discontinuation of medication.
Important Safety Information: Information provided here is NOT a prescription
or medical advice. You must consult with an authorized healthcare professional before using any of the above
© 2012 Healthizen. All Rights Reserved Last modified & reviewed 26/11/2012
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verify here.


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The Opera House banquet facility has a sign on the door that says, "Opera House Banquets, Inc. has gone out of business," an attorney saying the catering company that hosted events there is "dissolving" operations.
David Henshaw represents Opera House Banquets, the corporation that includes Village Caterers. Village Caterers has had the contract for Opera House events since 1998.
"Opera House Banquets is dissolving," Henshaw said. "It's the same thing as bankruptcy but without going through the bankruptcy steps."
There are events scheduled at the Opera House this weekend that apparently will go off as planned.
As for future booked events, Henshaw said, "I'm working with the property owner and passing on information." He indicated people have called offering to help with upcoming events and that their contact information is what's being passed on.
Henshaw also said that some people have been notified that the events company has ceased operations and arrangements are being made to return their funds. "We're paying off creditors and deposit holders," Henshaw said.
Opera House Banquets reportedly owes back rent to the building's owner, but Henshaw would not confirm an amount.
"They couldn't keep it going in that space. The economy is still pretty tough," Henshaw said.
The banquet company's dissolution does not impact other businesses located at the Opera House that remain open.


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[Turbine News] News from Turbine
Discussion in 'LotRO News and Announcements' started by Triberius, Sep 30, 2011.


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Comic Relief - red nose day tomorrow.
By timatworkhomeandinbetween on Mar 10, 2005
At Home ======= On a Thursday morning my wife goes out for coffee with her friend(!), not because she likes coffee but because she is in the house all the time. She gave up her job as a nurse when we had kids and now as the kids get older we have two dogs. Finn as a puppy is quite restrictive as he can't be left for long - his teeth are coming out so he wants to chew and chew. So I work from home on a Thursday morning. Work! not this morning. I walked the mutts in the park and everything was good, they behaved well until Cleo found some fox muck! Just imagine a white fluffy Samoyed rolling around on her back in fox muck! She was plastered in it and the smell - bad! She got bathed in the garden when we got home so she white again, it just takes a couple of days for her to dry out. This evening when I returned home I discovered they had been rolling around in the muddy garden and my white dog is a nice muddy brown again... At Work ======= I have a customer's machine where occasionally a cpu goes to 100% system time for a few seconds, curiosity means I want to know why? As the box is running solaris 9 I can't use dtrace so we have to resort to more brute force techniques. The question is which technique? kstat? tnf? lockstat? mdb -k? live savecore? forced crash dump? In the end i think the easiest will be one window running mpstat 1, and in another running # lockstat -I -i 977 -s 30 -p sleep 2 > /tmp/file lockstat in this mode samples each cpu 977 times a second using a level 14 interrupt. Each sample contains the kernel stack trace. Lockstat then aggregates samples with the same stack by keeping a count of each unique stack it sees on each cpu. The -p for parseable output means each aggregated stack/count is spat out on one line. So if you ran this on a single cpu machine and added up the number of samples for each stack in column two of the output it should be (1\*977\*2). If you have a 100 cpus then the addition should equal (100 \* 977 \*2). So this allows you to do time based kernel profiling with a bit of awk. I like to grab a number of short samples say 1 or 2 seconds rather than run lockstat for 30 seconds or so and need to tune the record number etc.. It's only statistics! So tomorrow's job is to process all those lines.. I also looked at a crash dump from a cluster machine - good job it was a cluster! The customer made a good decision there. Our machines are very reliable but they are not fault tolerant, you need to do the math(s) and work out if a single machine can provide your required availability. In the depths of our nice new building is a lab and at the back are some fault tolerant machines that Sun built and sold following the IMP purchase. The machines were designed by some very very clever people and had loads of patents, but they were a little bit expensive, it was the cluster technology that stopped them selling outside the telco market. Take two or three or more cheaper machines, run some smart software and get acceptable service availability numbers. It was interesting as the cause of the crash was using a bogus value as kernel thread pointer. By bogus I mean it looked like a real address with an extra bit set - must be hardware I thought, but by looking a bit more I found that the bogus value was correct it was just that we read it from a bogus address. By bogus address I mean we thought it was a held kernel mutex but it wasn't, a bit more digging and eventually we get to the problem. The moral is keep looking. In fact over the last XX years of staring at crash dumps very few have been undiagnosable eventually. I saw the first "help with writing dtrace" escalation today. In Between ========== 15 miles in the smart car, fuel gauge is saying 4 litres left. 0 miles on the bike, I'll ride tomorrow honest! tim


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 12, 2000
|Filing date
|Sep 20, 1996
|Priority date
|Dec 23, 1981
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Rolf Muller
|Original Assignee
|Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (41), Referenced by (6), Classifications (5), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/928,976, filed Aug. 12, 1992, abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/448,760, filed Dec. 11, .[.1969.]. .Iadd.1989.Iaddend., abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/177,692, filed Apr. 5, 1988, abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/079,100, filed Jul. 29, 1987, abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. .[.06/635,251.]. .Iadd.06/635,253.Iaddend., filed Jul. 27, 1984, abandoned; which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/447,688, filed Dec. 7, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,275.
In parent application Ser. No. 447,688, whose entire disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, commutation circuits are disclosed for a brushless D.C. motor, the exemplary motors having two independently energizable windings and per rotor rotation each winding receiving one respective current pulse; or else the winding consists of a single winding but per rotor rotation a first pulse of current is passed through the winding in one direction and then a second pulse in the opposite direction. In both instances there are two winding current paths each containing at least one power transistor switch controlled by a driver transistor switch; when the driver transistor switch assumes its high-output-impedance state the respective power transistor switch is rendered conductive, and when it assumes its low-output-impedance state the respective power transistor switch is rendered non-conductive. Also, the circuits illustrated in the parent case are provided with means for delaying switch-on of the power transistor switches, such that in the course of commutation it does not happen that the power transistor switches in both winding current paths are in conductive state simultaneously.
Although these circuits satisfactorily perform their intended functions, it has been found that they can in advantageous ways be further simplified.
In accordance with one advantageous simplification contemplated herein, the entire commutation circuit is configured as two mirror-symmetrical halves, and the rotor position sensor generates two output signals each furnished to a respective circuit half or signal channel. Although this does incidentally involve an increase in the number of circuit elements relative to certain circuits disclosed in the parent application, the mirror-symmetrical configuration is particularly well suited for integrated-circuit realization.
In the mirror-symmetrical circuit, the delayed switch-on of the power transistor switches can be implemented using the inherent input-circuit capacitance of these switches, or by providing auxiliary input-circuit capacitors. Alternatively, the delay can be effected by provision of circuit elements which establish the value which the rotor position signal must reach before the driver transistor switches assume their high-output-impedance state. This may make unnecessary the use of discrete capacitors, which is a desirable simplification. Also, such alternative circuit elements may in various ways be made adjustable and externally accessible for adjustment.
The power transistor switches, although turned on and off under the control of the driver transistor switches, may be controlled as to the magnitude of current they carry when turned on by application of an externally furnished control signal, thereby to modify motor rpm in dependence upon such control signal. If the power transistor switches exhibit high gain the control signal can desirably be of low magnitude; otherwise, the control signal can be applied via amplifying elements in a manner which will be clearer in the description, below, of preferred embodiments.
The novel features which are considered characteristic for the invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawing.
FIG. 1 depicts merely by way of example a motor of a type for which the illustrated commutation circuits may be provided.
FIG. 2 depicts a first embodiment of an inventive circuit.
FIG. 3 depicts a modification 100' of the portion 100 of the circuit of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a signal diagram referred to in the explanation of the operation of the circuits of FIGS. 2 and 3.
FIG. 5 depicts a commutation circuit in which the portion 100 of the circuit of FIG. 2 is unchanged, but wherein the remainder of the circuit is different from that shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 depicts a control circuit which again incorporates portion 100 of the FIG. 2 circuit but utilizes only half the capabilities of portion 100, for the control of a motor receiving only one, and not two, current pulses per 360°-el. of rotor rotation.
FIG. 7 depicts a second modification 100" of the portion 100 of the circuit of FIG. 2.
FIG. 8 depicts a third modification 100'" of the portion 100 of the circuit of FIG. 2.
FIG. 9, finally, is a signal diagram referred to in the explanation of the operation of the circuit configuration of FIG. 8.
FIG. 1 is identical to FIG. 1 of parent application Ser. No. 447,688, to which attention is referred, and depicts a type of brushless D.C. motor, merely by way of example, with which the circuits here illustrated may be used.
Present FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of the invention which is an alternative to the control circuits shown in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5 of the parent case. Present FIG. 2 depicts a circuit which can be used with a two-winding-path motor having, merely by way of example, a power of 4 W and an operating voltage between 8 and 30 V; self-evidently the circuit could be designed for higher powers and higher operating voltage values. The commutation circuit is here designed as including a commutation circuit module 100, preferably an IC module because such approach is particularly advantageous for spatial economy for example in the case of compact fan-motors. Circuit module 100 is here designed such that, when incorporated in the complete circuit of present FIG. 2, the connections between the circuit-module terminals and the remaining circuit elements are particularly advantageous relative to the segregation of low-energy and high-energy sections of the complete circuit; in this way, within the circuit module 100 itself, only low power losses are involved. This affords, among other things, an increased efficiency for the motor.
A positive-temperature-coefficient resistor 101 is provided in the positive operating voltage line of the circuit; if the motor is blocked in any way against rotation and therefore is beginning to overheat, PTC resistor 101 serves to lower the effective operating voltage and thereby counteract overheating. One of the stator winding's two current paths has its terminal 27 connected to positive operating voltage line 44 and its terminal 28 to the collector of an npn Darlington transistor 102, whose emitter is connected via a low-resistance resistor 103 (e.g. of between 0.1 and 3 ohms) to the negative operating voltage line 45. The presence of resistor 103 serves to establish a negative-feedback stabilization of the magnitude of the current flowing through the collector-emitter path of power transistor 102, and thus through winding path 25. Resistor 103 is analogously connected between the emitter of a second npn Darlington transistor 104 and negative voltage line 45. The collector of transistor 104 is connected to terminal 29 of winding 25, the winding's center terminal 27 being as shown connected to the positive voltage line 44. Transistors 102 and 104 are provided with base-emitter resistors 102'. 102", 104', 104" and with freewheeling diodes 102'", 104'". By way of example these transistors can be of type BD 679. When one or the other of transistors 102, 104 is conductive, there is produced across resistor 103 a voltage drop which reduces the magnitude of the base-emitter voltage of the conductive transistor, thus implementing a negative-feedback-type, stabilizing action. In this way it is prevented that these transistors--for example, in the case they are subjected to different respective temperatures--would carry current of different respective values. These two transistors preferably have high current gain on the order of 1000 to 1500, which is advantageous for reasons which will become clearer below.
Circuit module 100 has its terminal 105 connected to positive voltage line 44 via a resistor 106, or else via a diode 107 (shown in broken lines), or by a non-illustrated series connection of such resistor and diode; and its terminal 108 is connected to negative line 45. Terminal 105 is connected to the accessible operating-voltage terminal of an integrated voltage-regulator stage 110 contained in circuit module 100. Voltage regulator 110 has an output voltage of e.g. 3-5 V; the other accessible operating-voltage terminal of voltage regulator 110 is connected to terminal 108 and thereby to the negative voltage line 45. Voltage regulator 110 furnishes regulated voltage at its output 111.
Circuit module 100 contains a Hall cell 112 having a current input connected to output 111 and another current input connected to terminal 108. The left Hall output 113 is directly connected to the negative input of an operational-amplifier comparator 114, and the right Hall output 115 is connected via a resistor 116 to the positive input of comparator 114. A feedback resistor 117 connects the comparator output 118 to its positive input terminal.
In a manner symmetrical to that just described, Hall output 115 is directly connected to the negative input of an operational-amplifier comparator 120, whereas Hall output 113 is connected via a resistor 121 to the positive input of comparator 120; comparator 120 has a feedback resistor connecting output 123 to the positive input terminal of the comparator. As shown, the comparators 114, 120 have their operating-voltage terminals connected to the negative line terminal 108 and to the regulated output terminal 111.
The output or driver stages of circuit module 100 are constituted by two npn transistors 126 and 127. The base of driver transistor 126 is connected to comparator output 118, and its emitter to negative terminal 108; its collector is connected to module output terminal 108 and, furthermore, connected either (as shown) via an integrated constant-current stage 129 to the regulated-voltage terminal 111, or else (as indicated by broken lines) is connected via a high-resistance resistor 130 to the positive voltage line 44, in which event constant-current source 129 can be omitted. A low magnitude current of for example a few milliamperes (1-5 mA) flows to the collector of transistor 126 via the constant current source 129, or via the resistor 130. Also connected to the collector of transistor 126 is the anode of a diode 133, whose cathode is connected to a terminal 134 of circuit module 100. In a manner described below, module terminal 134 receives a low-energy control signal which can be used to increase or reduce motor speed in dependence upon a sensed or measured quantity, such as some aspect of fan operation when the motor is used for a fan.
In a manner symmetrical to the foregoing, the base of driver transistor 127 is connected to comparator output 123, and its emitter is connected to negative terminal 108. Its collector is connected to the regulated-voltage line 111 via a constant-current stage 135, or alternatively is connected to the positive voltage line 44 via a high-resistance resistor 136. Here likewise, constant current flows to the collector of transistor 127 having a magnitude of a few milliamperes. If the magnitude of this constant current is made smaller, the power loss in circuit module 100 becomes smaller; the motor efficiency becomes higher; and it becomes easier to influence the power furnished to the motor within wide limits by means of a low-magnitude control signal. The collector of driver transistor 127 is connected to output terminal 137 of circuit module 100. Also connected to the collector of transistor 127 is the anode of a diode 138, whose cathode is connected to module terminal 134.
Module terminal 134 is connected to the tap 141 of a voltage divider 142, 143 connected across the positive and negative voltage lines 44, 45 and comprising a fixed resistor 142 and a PTC resistor 143. PTC resistor 143 can for example be located in the air flow of the fan powered by the motor 10. If the air moved by the fan grows warmer, the potential at voltage-divider tap 141 increases, which consequently increases the bias voltage to the base of Darlington transistor 104, motor 10 accordingly receives higher electrical power and its rpm rises, as a result of which a greater air flow rate is established, so as to bring down again the temperature of the air.
Instead of temperature-dependent voltage divider 142, 143, use can be made of a temperature-dependent voltage divider 144, 145 (shown in broken lines) containing a fixed resistor 145 is its lower part and a negative-temperature-coefficient resistor 144 in its upper part. Such alternative voltage divider in principle operates equivalently to divider 142, 143. However, the alternative with PTC resistor 143 is preferred; if resistor 143 is destroyed or fails, terminal 134 will automatically be established at a potential effecting an increase in motor rpm, rather than a decrease.
Connected to module output terminal 128 is the base of a power transistor 102; connected to module output terminal 137 is the base of a power transistor 104. A capacitor 46 is connected between the positive and negative voltage lines 44, 45; it serves to somewhat stabilize the potential difference between these two lines and, importantly, serves to receive and temporarily store energy from one or the other of the two windings 25 during the commutation process.
The illustrated circuit contains relatively few components, namely the two power transistors 102, 104, the capacitor 46 of about 22 microfarads, the integrated-circuit module 100, the resistor 106, and (if provided) the voltage-divider resistors 142, 143 or 144, 145. (The module's control terminal 134 could alternatively be connected to a source of fixed or manually adjustable potential.)
The circuit of FIG. 2 operates as follows:
The circuit module 100 with its Hall cell 112 can, for example in the case of the motor of FIG. 1, be so arranged that Hall cell 112 is at the position of, and replaces, the Hall-IC 32 of FIG. 1, so as to be influenced by the rotor magnet 13. When the rotor 11 turns, there is produced between the outputs 113, 115 of the Hall cell 112 a voltage as shown in FIG. 4A, whose waveform closely simulates the magnetization distribution of the rotor magnet 13. The Hall voltage is applied, e.g., to the comparator 114 and a corresponding rectangular voltage u114 shown in FIG. 4B appears at the output of the comparator 114. The rectangular voltage u114 controls the driver transistor 126 and a voltage u126 shown in FIG. 4C appears at the collector of transistor 126. Actually, the potential level of u126 can be clamped by diode 133 at a predetermined (but variable) level. In particular, if the potential at voltage-divider tap 141 is high, diode 133 remains non-conductive and (as shown if FIG. 4C) voltage u126 can assume the solid-line level a; this corresponds to a high temperatures of the PTC resistor 143, and thus corresponds to maximum motor power being needed. Voltage level a corresponds approximately to the potential level u111 produced at regulated-voltage line 111. As already stated, PTC resistor 143 may e.g. be located in the fan's airflow path; if it experiences a relatively lower temperature, then the potential at voltage-divider tap 141 is lower; and voltage u126 assumes the lower level b shown in broken lines in FIG. 4C; i.e., the motor receives a corresponding lower level of energization. If the temperature of PTC resistor 143 is very low, there results the low potential level c shown in dash-dot lines in FIG. 4C; i.e., the motor receives even lower current and runs still more slowly. In this way one can effect closed-loop or open-loop control of the motor rpm using very low current for a control signal, of a few milliamperes, i.e., by limiting the excursion of the collector voltages of transistors 126, 127 by means of a common control signal applied to module terminal 134.
To effect delayed switch-on of the power transistors, there can additionally be provided (as shown in broken lines in FIG. 2) a capacitor 148 between the base and emitter of transistor 102 and a capacitor 149 between the base and emitter of transistor 104; these typically can have values between 1 and 10 nanofarads. When driver transistor 126 becomes conductive, capacitor 148 can very quickly discharge in order to render power transistor 102 non-conductive very abruptly. Conversely, when driver transistor 126 becomes non-conductive, power transistor 102 cannot actually become conductive until capacitor 148 charges up to a predetermined level via the constant-current source 129 (or, alternatively, via the high-resistance charging resistor 130); thus, delayed switch-on of power transistor 102 is assured. In certain situations, capacitor 148 may be unnecessary, and the inherent base-emitter capacitance of the power transistors may be sufficient to accomplish a switch-on delay of sufficient duration. On account of the circuit's symmetry, the above remarks apply equally to power transistor 104. In certain situations, the capacitors 148, 149 may be unnecessary, and the inherent base-emitter capacitance of the power transistors 102, 104 may be sufficient to accomplish a switch-on delay of sufficient duration; also, in the case of motors having two windings 25 as in FIG. 1, the desired gap in current flow during commutation need not be of great duration.
The control potential applied to the aforedescribed module terminal 134 can be developed, of course, in various ways, e.g. in dependence upon a pressure value which is to be regulated or stabilized, or in deendence upon air moisture, rpm, etc., etc. If the power transistors 102, 104 are of high current gain, then they can be adequately controlled by means of low base current on the order of a few milliamperes, in which case the voltage divider 142, 143 (or 144, 145) can be of high ohmic resistance, thereby contributing to the motor's efficiency. For this reason the circuit module 100 is particularly well suited for use in conjunction with Darlington transistors of high current gain, or equivalent transistor configurations. Of course, the power-carrying switches, instead of being such high-gain transistors, could be thyristors or SCR's, or the like.
In FIG. 2, instead of implementing the power-transistor switch-on delay by reliance upon inherent base-emitter capacitance or the discrete base-emitter capacitors 148, 149, it is also possible to implement the delay further upstream, i.e., closer to the output voltage of the Hall cell 112. This alternative involves the use of the two resistors 185, 186 shown in broken lines. Resistor 185 is connected between the regulated-voltage line 111 and the positive input of comparator 114; resistor 186 is analogously connected, but to comparator 120. Selection of the values of resistors 185, 186 contributes to establishment, at each comparator's positive input, of the reference level determined at such positive input, and can be so done as to introduce an interval during which both driver transistors 126, 127 are conductive, so that both power transistors 102, 104 be non-conductive. For example, as shown in FIG. 4B, comparator 114 is in the high state during 50% of each rotor rotation, and the other comparator 120 is in the high state during the other 50% of each rotation; this is because comparator 114 is assumed to convert to the high state when the Hall voltage exceeds zero, whereas comparator 120 assumes the high state when the Hall voltage falls below zero. If now by means of resistors 185, 186 the reference levels of the two comparators are somewhat raised, then comparator 114 will not assume the high state until the Hall voltage exceeds zero by a predetermined small amount; and comparator 120 will not assume the high state until the Hall voltage falls below zero by a predetermined small amount. In this way, each comparator 114, 120 will be in the high state for less than 50% of each rotor rotation, so that twice per rotation, namely at the points in time at which commutation is to occur, neither of the two power transistors 102, 104 will be conductive.
FIG. 3 depicts a modified circuit module 100' suited where higher output currents are employed. Except for a few differences to be described, module 100' is the same as module 100 of FIG. 2. Elements identical or equivalent to those of FIG. 2 are denoted by the same reference numerals as there, and need not be described a second time.
Instead of the diodes 133, 138 of FIG. 2, there are provided in FIG. 3 two pnp transistors 155, 156 (or their IC equivalents). The emitter of transistor 155 is connected to module output terminal 128; its collector to the module's negative voltage terminal 108; and its base to the module's control signal input terminal 134. Analogously, the emitter of transistor 156 is connected to terminal 137, its collector to terminal 108 and its base to terminal 134. Thus, if the constant-current sources 129, 135 (or 130, 136 of FIG. 2) are dimensioned to carry relatively higher current than in FIG. 2, the control signal applied to module terminal 134 can still be of low magnitude and nevertheless effect clear control of motor power; namely, the transistors 155, 156 will be capable of controllably diverting away a sufficient fraction of the (here relatively higher) collector currents of driver transistors 126, 127.
(The delayed switch-on of the power transistors in FIG. 3 can be effected in any of the three ways shown in FIG. 2; i.e., inherent base-emitter capacitance, or the equivalent, discrete base-emitter capacitance, or the comparator reference resistors 185, 186 of FIG. 2.)
FIG. 5 depicts a motor communication and control circuit which has a configuration which is very similar to that of FIG. 4 of parent application Ser. No. 447,688, to which attention is directed; corresponding elements are denoted by the same reference numerals here as there. The freewheeling diodes 70' to 73' of FIG. 4 of the present case are here omitted for simplicity.
In present FIG. 5 the emitters of the bridge transistors 72 and 73 are connected together and to the negative voltage line 45 via a low-resistance resistor 160 of, e.g., 0.1 to 3 ohms. The base of power transistor 72 is connected to output terminal 137 of circuit module 100; the base of transistor 73 to the terminal 128. The capacitor 87, typically of 0.1-2 nF, in many instances can be eliminated, but here is connected directly between terminals 128 and 137 of circuit module 100, in contrast to present FIG. 2 where between these two terminals there is connected the series connection of capacitors 148 and 149. For this reason the capacitor 87 can be of lower capacitance than capacitors 148 and 149. Operating voltage terminal 105 of circuit module 100 is connected via a diode 107 to the positive voltage line 44, and its terminal 108 is connected to negative line 45. As in present FIG. 2, the tap of the PTC voltage divider 142, 143 is connected to the control terminal 134 of circuit module 100.
The circuit of present FIG. 5 operates in the same way generally as that of FIG. 4 of parent case Ser. No. 447,688. If for example power transistor 73 has been conductive but now becomes non-conductive, the potential at its base is very quickly brought down by the driver transistor 126 internal to module 100 (see present FIG. 2). This change in potential is transmitted by capacitor 87 to the base of power transistor 72, causing the base potential to become more negative than the negative voltage line 45, and thereby holding transistor 72 non-conductive. Then, via constant-current source 135 (or alternatively the resistor 136) substantially constant current flows to the capacitor 87 to reverse the polarity of charge on the latter; after elapse of a certain time, the charge reversal is completed and transistor 72 becomes conductive, as does also the transistor 71. When the communication is proceeding in the opposite sense, the circuit operations proceed in analogous manner, in correspondence to the mirror-symmetrical configuration of the circuit.
FIG. 6 depicts the use of the circuit module 100 in the communitation of a motor 162 of the type having only a single energizable winding portion, the winding receiving furthermore only a single pulse of current per rotor rotation (or, more generally, per 360°-el. of rotor rotation, for cases where the rotor has more than one pair of poles). Numeral 163 denotes the motor winding, and 164 the rotor. Such motors are disclosed, merely by way of example, in West German published patent application DE-OS 22 60 069 (D37), and are known to persons skilled in the art. Because only one current pulse is required per rotor rotation, only the output terminal 137 of circuit module 100 need be employed; output terminal 128 remains unused, and can (in non-illustrated manner) be connected via a resistor to the negative line 45. Module output terminal 137 is connected to the base of an npn Darlington transistor 165, the collector of Darlington transistor 165 is connected via the winding 163 to positive line 44, and the emitter of Darlington transistor 165 is connected via a low-resistance resistor 166 to the negative line 45 and via a resistor 167 to the base. Connected between the positive and negative voltage lines 44, 45 is a high-resistance potentiometer 168, whose wiper 169 is electrically connected to control terminal 134 of module 100 and mechanically coupled to a barometric transducer 170 which controls the wiper's setting; transducer 170 in conventional manner is an evacuated device. If the ambient pressure rises, potentiometer wiper 169 shifts upwards, the rpm of motor 162 increases, and, e.g., more air is transported by the fan, e.g., assuming the motor is that of a fan. The transducer 170 could instead be, for example, a differential-pressure transducer, or a hygrometric transducer used to cause the motor rpm to automatically rise in response to a rise of air moisture. Still other types of transducer 170 will suggest themselves for various other types of applications.
PTC resistor 101 serves to reduce the motor current to a low value, when as a result of the motor being blocked against rotation overheating begins to occur and the resistance of resistor 101 rises. Diode 107 protects the motor and its circuit from inadvertent wrong-polarity connection to voltage; if the motor and its circuit are wrongly connected to voltage, circuit module 100 receives no current and accordingly cannot be damaged.
FIG. 7 depicts a modified, here unsymmetrical configuration for the integrated commutation circuit module, here denoted 100". Its function is generally the same as that of the circuit modules 100 (present FIG. 2) and 100' (present FIG. 3). Also, its configuration is to a considerable extent similar thereto. The voltage regulator 110 with its output 111 of e.g. 3-5 V, the Hall cell 112 with its outputs 113 and 115, the comparator 114, the one driver stage (e.g., the constant-current source 129 with its current of e.g. 1-5 mA plus the npn driver transistor 126) are configured identically to the left part of the circuit internal to the module 100 of present FIG. 2. Also, the current-diverting diode 133 is identically connected to module output terminal 128. The resistor 116 is here, as in the preceding embodiments, preferably of much lower ohmic value than the feedback resistor 117, e.g., in a ratio from 100:1 to 10:1. (This applies analogously for the resistors 121 and 122 in FIGS. 2 and 3.)
Likewise the other driver stage (constant-current source 135 for e.g. 1-5 mA plus npn driver transistor 127) is the same as in FIG. 2, and likewise the current-diverting diode 138. Also, the external terminals of circuit module 100" are denoted by the same numerals as those of circuit module 100 of FIG. 2, or those of circuit module 100' of FIG. 3, as the operation of these circuit modules (electrical characteristics, signals, operating voltages, etc.) is the same.
However, in FIG. 7, in contrast to FIG. 2, the second comparator 120 is omitted and in its place there is provided a phase inverter stage 175, here having the form of an operational amplifier whose operating-voltage terminals are connected to the regulated-voltage line 111 and to the negative voltage terminal 108. Its inverting input is connected via a resistor 176 to the junction 118, i.e. to the output of comparator 114, and via a resistor 177 is connected to its output 178.
Preferably the resistors 176 and 177 are of about the same resistance value, to establish a gain of about unity. The output 178 of the phase inverter is connected to the base of driver transistor 127 and controls the latter. The phase inverter stage 175 thus effects a phase invertion of the generally rectangular signal u114 (at junction 118) as indicated at 180 in FIG. 7. In this way one obtains at the two module output terminals 128, 137 in FIG. 7 two phase-opposed signals, as was the case at the outputs 128, 137 of the module 100 of FIG. 2. Thus, although the module 100" of FIG. 7 has a non-symmetrical configuration, its action is the same, externally, as that of the modules 100 of FIG. 2 and 100' of FIG. 3. Which of these configurations is to be employed depends upon various considerations, including for example considerations of integrated-circuit fabrication in the particular context to be faced.
However, a considerable advantage of the circuits of FIGS. 2 and 3 is that, there, the Hall cell 112 furnishes two separate signals which can then be utilized in two separate signal channels; in contrast, in FIG. 7, the Hall cell 112 is shown as producing but one signal which is used twice, i.e., in both non-inverted and inverted form.
If two separate signals are employed and applied to two comparators 114 and 120, as in FIGS. 2 and 3, then the comparators can be individually set, making it possible to implement either a small time separation between their respective output signals, or else such that one comparator's output signal follow the other's without a gap, or else such that the two comparator output signals actually overlap in time. Naturally, the first of these three possibilities (i.e., time separation) is for many motor types the preferred choice because of the improvement in motor efficiency; this is particularly the case for two-pulse motors, i.e. motors whose stator winding system receives two energizing current pulses per each 360°-el. of rotor rotation.
Present FIG. 2 is an example of this last-mentioned alternative. To this end, the positive input of comparator 114 is connected via a high-resistance resistor 185 to the regulated-voltage output 111 of voltage regulator 110, and the positive input of comparator 120 is likewise connected via a high-resistance resistor 186 to the regulated-voltage line 111. For example, in FIG. 2 the resistor 117 may be about ten to one hundred times greater in its resistance value than resistor 116, and resistor 185 is about two hundred times greater than resistor 116. Similar relationships apply to the corresponding resistors in the other half of this two-half symmetrically configured circuit. In this way comparator 114 does not change state until the potential at Hall output 115 has assumed a value more negative than would be needed without the resistor 185. And conversely, comparator 120 does not change state until the potential at Hall output 113 reaches a value which is more negative than would be needed without the resistor 186. In this simple way there is accomplished the desired time separation between the signals produced at the output terminals 128 and 137. Instead of thusly influencing the comparator's reference levels at the stated input terminals thereof, equivalent influencing could be accomplished at the other inputs of the comparators.
Thus, with the very simple circuit configurations here disclosed one can achieve an optimum of operating capability and reliability. Because of the relatively small number of discrete elements, modules and stages, the illustrated circuits are particularly suited for use in the motors of fans of the type built into electrical and electronic equipment; very frequently, such fans are permitted to have an axial length of about 38 mm, thus leaving within the outlines of the fan's motor very little space for circuit elements. It will be appreciated that the principles of the invention can likewise be employed with circuits incorporating so-called half-bridge power-transistor configurations.
In the embodiments described above, and in the one yet to be described, various alternatives are depicted in broken lines or other set forth. It will be understood that these variousalternatives are not explicitly depicted repetitiously in each successive embodiment, for simplicity; however, where the configuration of one embodiment corresponds in part to that of another, the alternatives depicted or described for one can likewise be employed in the other, and are intended to be so disclosed herein.
FIG. 8 depicts a further embodiment very similar to FIG. 3, and thus very similar to FIG. 2 of which FIG. 3 constitutes a modification. FIG. 8 differs from FIG. 3 in the provision of two further resistors 200, 201. The lower terminal of each resistor 200, 201 is connected to the non-inverting input of a respective one of the two comparators 114, 120, and their upper terminals are connected together and to a further input terminal 202 of circuit module 100'". An external adjustable resistor 203 is connected between the operating-voltage input terminal 105 of voltage regulator 110 and the module terminal 202; the left terminal of resistor 203 is thus connected to the positive voltage line 44 (see e.g. FIG. 2) via for example the resistor 106 (again, see FIG. 2). Adjustment of the resistance value of adjustable resistor 203 modifies the reference potential applied to the positive inputs of the comparators 114, 120. As shown in FIG. 9, line A, the Hall voltage uHall has one polarity during one half a rotor rotation and the opposite polarity during the other half rotation. Line B in FIG. 9 depicts the output pulses produced at module output terminal 128 under the control of comparator 114; line C depicts the output pulses produced at module output terminal 137 under the control of comparator 120. As shown in lines B and C, the comparator reference potential can be so adjusted that the durations of the output pulses do not correspond to the periods in which the Hall voltage is of one polarity or the opposite polarity; instead, the output pulses can each be made to be of shorter duration than 180°-el., thus establishing a gap between the end of a pulse in line B and the start of a pulse in line C, and likewise between the end of a pulse in line C and the start of a pulse in line B. In line A, .[.u128 and u137 .]. .Iadd.u1128 and u1137 .Iaddend.indicate the comparator reference potentials corresponding to the pulses in lines B and C, and 229 indicates the range of Hall-voltage values within which neither of the module output terminals 128, 137 produces an output pulse. As indicated in line B, each pulse commences delta-t later than the corresponding zero-crossover point of the Hall voltage; and likewise, ends delta-t before the next-following zero-crossover point occurs.
Instead of using the externally accessible, adjustable resistor 203, the two resistors 200, 201 could each be adjustable and externally accessible to produce an equivalent result, but with the additional advantage that the durations of the pulses in line B of FIG. 9 could be selected somewhat independently of those in line C, which may sometimes be helpful in correcting for any tendency of the two symmetrical halves of the module's circuit to operate non-identically. In such case the upper terminals of resistors 200 and 201 could alternatively be connected to the regulated-voltage line 111 and adjustable resistor 203 would not need to be present at all.
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find a useful application in other types of commutation circuits differing from the types described above.
While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in motor having improved commutation circuits, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown and described, since various modifications and structural and circuit changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of the prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention.
What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 23, 1969
|Jan 26, 1971
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Commutation overlap control for brushless d.c. motor
|Aug 13, 1969
|Jan 26, 1971
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Single sensor brushless d.c. motor
|Apr 1, 1969
|Jun 8, 1971
|Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co
|Transistor motor apparatus including current attenuation means
|Mar 31, 1970
|Jun 6, 1972
|Xerox Corp
|Transition integration switching amplifier
|Dec 22, 1971
|Feb 13, 1973
|Siemens Ag
|Brushless d.c. motor having permanent magnet rotor and hall effect commutation including speed control responsive to winding voltage
|Aug 3, 1971
|Sep 18, 1973
|Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co
|Dual compartment-temperature refrigerator with positive internal air circulation
|Feb 4, 1972
|Oct 30, 1973
|Philips Corp
|Electronic control device in particular for use in a variable reluctance motor
|Dec 21, 1973
|Mar 25, 1975
|Papst Motoren Kg
|Physical condition responsive transducer system, particularly magnetic field transducer system especially for use in or combination with brushless D-C motors
|Dec 12, 1973
|Jun 3, 1975
|Pioneer Electronic Corp
|Overcurrent protection circuit for a brushless direct current motor
|Feb 5, 1973
|Aug 5, 1975
|Canon Kk
|DC brushless motor
|Mar 29, 1974
|Sep 30, 1975
|Sansui Electric Co
|Self-exciting direct current motors
|Apr 9, 1975
|Oct 26, 1976
|Kabushiki Kaisha Suwa Seikosha
|Stabilized brushless motor drive circuit
|Jun 24, 1974
|Mar 29, 1977
|General Electric Company
|Refrigeration system and control therefor
|Aug 12, 1976
|Jan 24, 1978
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Driving circuit for brushless DC motor
|Dec 15, 1976
|Jun 27, 1978
|Danfoss A/S
|Control circuit for a self-starting electric motor
|Nov 17, 1976
|Aug 8, 1978
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Position control device
|Apr 7, 1977
|Oct 10, 1978
|Papst-Motoren Kg
|Brushless d.c. motor with precise speed control
|Jun 10, 1977
|Dec 12, 1978
|Electronic control arrangement which can be used in particular for driving a brushless and slip-ringless motor and an installation incorporating such an arrangement
|Jan 12, 1978
|Jan 16, 1979
|Sony Corporation
|Drive circuit for a brushless motor
|Dec 21, 1979
|Sep 29, 1981
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Control signal transmitter for the commutating device of an electronically commutated d-c motor
|May 18, 1978
|Oct 20, 1981
|Beasley Electric Corporation
|Motor having electronically switched stator field current and integral torque control
|Mar 2, 1981
|Aug 31, 1982
|General Electric Company
|FET Motor drive system
|Jul 17, 1980
|Oct 26, 1982
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Control circuit for DC motors
|May 15, 1980
|Dec 21, 1982
|Rotron Incorporated
|Brushless D.C. motor
|Jul 13, 1981
|Jan 11, 1983
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Control system for electric motor
|Mar 2, 1981
|Jul 12, 1983
|Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.
|Motor apparatus
|Aug 17, 1981
|Sep 6, 1983
|Kabushiki Kaisha Sankyo Seiki Seiksakusho
|Commutatorless DC motor drive device
|Sep 12, 1980
|Jan 31, 1984
|Technicare Corporation
|Three phase motor oscillatory servo control
|Aug 31, 1981
|May 8, 1984
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Control system for synchronous brushless motors
|Jan 10, 1983
|May 15, 1984
|Papst Motoren Kg
|Compensating outputs of hall generators to minimize effects of temperature variation and the like
|Aug 16, 1982
|Sep 25, 1984
|Danfoss A/S
|Control device for a brushless D. C. motor
|Mar 4, 1982
|Nov 20, 1984
|Rotron, Incorporated
|Self-starting brushless DC motor
|Dec 7, 1982
|Aug 13, 1985
|Papst-Motoren Gmbh & Co., Kg
|Brushless D-C motor system with improved commutation circuit
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 19, 2004
|May 23, 2006
|Hr Textron Inc.
|Motor state counting
|Apr 28, 2006
|Jun 12, 2007
|Hr Textron, Inc.
|Motor state counting
|Jul 7, 2009
|Hsien-Meng Lee
|Brushless motor control circuit assembly for ceiling fan
|May 19, 2004
|Jul 14, 2005
|Morita William K.Jr.
|Motor state counting
|Apr 28, 2006
|Nov 23, 2006
|Hr Textron, Inc.
|Motor state counting
|Jun 7, 2007
|Dec 11, 2008
|Hsien-Meng Lee
|Brushless motor control circuit assembly for ceiling fan
|U.S. Classification
|318/400.13, 318/400.26
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 11, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 20, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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STOCKTON – A 9-year-old girl who was a fourth-grade student at Kennedy Elementary died Sunday at an Oakland hospital, possibly from bacterial meningitis, Stockton Unified announced Monday.
Confirmation of the cause of death was pending completion of laboratory work, said Stockton Unified health administrator Tammy Evans, but the district is treating the cause as if it was bacterial meningitis.
Kennedy, in north Stockton, was open for regular hours Monday, and district officials said they believe the case of meningitis was isolated. Stockton Unified did not immediately release the name of the girl.
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Friday, November 30, 2007
A feature on green entertaining in the Home & Garden section of the New York Times:
Perhaps the greenest party this year wasn't billed as such. Deitch Projects was the host of a do last February for the publication of the photographer Jason Schmidt's book, "Artists." The décor was supplied by Gelitin, four male Viennese conceptual artists who wore high heels and buckets on their heads but no pants, and who spent the evening building a plywood structure over the bewildered guests' heads.
Anthony Roth Costanzo, a countertenor, sang a 16th-century melody called "Flow My Tears." And then the Gelitin members, along with three Icelandic artists, also men, from a collective called Moms, took the buckets off their heads and urinated - with dead-eye accuracy, said Dodie Kazanjian, a Vogue editor and one of the events' hosts - into one another's pails.
The future will be an interesting place.
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Insurance Group Rides Shotgun With Driving Game
Remember that brain-training flash game that Allstate Insurance was looking into as a way to offer insurance discounts to drivers? Now the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety is behind it, too.
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Allstate Insurance and Posit Science, a San Francisco start-up, are looking into brain-training video games as a way to give drivers a discount on auto insurance.
Empire Teams With Mensa For Real Brain Games
Dust off your thinking cap and prepare for some hyper-intelligent gaming, as Empire Interactive signs an exclusive game development deal with the world's oldest high-IQ society, Mensa.


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4. Candidates who have been awarded the Ph.D. degree in accordance with the University Grants Commission ( Minimum Standards and Procedure for Award of Ph.D. Degree ) Regulations, 2009, shall be exempted from the requirement of qualification in the NET.
For direct recruitment of Assistant Professor in the University, weightages to be considered for selection along with other specified eligibility qualifications shall be as stipulated in the Regulations 2010. Interview criterion, out of 100 points, shall be as follows :
1. Academic Record and Research Performance : 50%
2. Assessment of Domain Knowledge and Teaching skills : 30%
3. Interview Performance : 20%
JNU New Delhi Application Form 2014 :
1. JNU New Delhi Teaching Faculty Recruitment 2014 Application Form can be obtained / submitted in person on payment of 500/- by demand draft by candidates belonging to General & OBC category or can be obtained by post by sending a demand draft for 520/- ( 500/- plus 20/- postal charges for General & OBC category ). Payable on any nationalized bank in favour of " The Finance Officer, Jawaharlal Nehru University " payable at New Delhi ( non – refundable ) to The Section Officer, Recruitment Cell, Room No. 131 – 132, Administrative Block, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi – 110067.
2. The JNU New Delhi Teaching Posts Application Form 2014 can also be downloaded from Jawaharlal Nehru University website : www.jnu.ac.in. and the duly filled – in JNU New Delhi Application Form can be submitted along with the demand draft of 500/- in case of General and OBC category to the University at the above address.
3. The last date for receive of Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi Teaching Jobs Applications is 22nd April, 2014.
4. There is no Jawaharlal Nehru University Teaching Faculty Application Fee for SC / ST / PH candidates. They can also obtain the JNU Teaching Faculty Recruitment 2014 Application form in person by producing the copy of the caste certificate. Further information cisit official website :www.jnu.ac.in
JNU General Instructions :
a) JNU New Delhi Teaching Posts 2014 Application Form 2014 duly filled in all respect by the candidate must be supported by self – attested copies of all certificates, Mark Sheets, evidence of teaching, research experience and production of M.A. / M.Phil / Ph.D. / NET certificates, copies of reprints of published articles, certificate containing the record of date of birth, etc. Documents enclosed with the JNU New Delhi Teaching Faculty Vacancies 2014 Applications may be securely tagged to avoid loss in handling.
b) Incomplete Jawaharlal Nehru University Application form without signature of candidate or without the prescribed fee shall summarily be rejected. The University reserves the right to :
(i) Draw panel ( s ) for future appointment ( s ) in the event of non – joining of candidates within the stipulated time.
(ii) Consider the JNU New Delhi applications received after the last date; but eligibility will be determined as on the last date of submission of JNU New Delhi Teaching Jobs Application Form 2014.
(iii) Consider candidates applying from abroad or from PH category for Skype interview; and
(iv) Not to fill up any of the advertised positions.
c) Qualifications and other conditions applicable are subject to UGC regulations 2010 as amended from time to time. The period of time spent by the candidates to acquire M.Phil and / or Ph.D. Degree shall not be considered as research experience.
d) Relaxation in educational qualifications, experience, age, etc. to the reserved category candidates will be permissible as per Government of India rules. The candidates applying under PWD Category are required to submit the Disability Certificate issued by the competent authority in the format prescribed by Government of India for this purpose.
e) Candidates belonging to SC / ST category must submit appropriate certificates issued by the competent authority recently. In the case of OBC reservations, recent certificate should be issued from competent authority particularly with reference to Non – creamy layer. Those who fail to submit the required certificates will be treated as General Category, subject to fulfillment of other terms & conditions.
f) The prescribed essential qualifications are the minimum and the mere possession of the same does not entitle candidates to be called for interview.
g) Where the number of applications received in response to an advertisement is large and it will not be convenient or possible to interview all the candidates, the University, at its discretion, may restrict the number of candidates to a reasonable limit on the basis of qualifications / experience higher than the minimum prescribed in the advertisement.
h) Advt. No., Post number and post applied for should be clearly indicated on the JNU New Delhi Application Form. Separate JNU New Delhi Teaching Posts Application Form / Bio – Data Form is required to be filled up for each post. The JNU New Delhi Teaching Faculty 2014 Application Form, Bio – Data Form is obtainable from the Recruitment Cell or to be accessed from Jawaharlal Nehru University Website : www.jnu.ac.in.
i) Those already in Government service should forward their JNU New Delhi Teaching Jobs Application through proper channel. Candidates applying for the post of Professor and Associate Professor are advised to satisfy themselves before applying that they possess the minimum API Scores prescribed, minimum essential qualifications as well as the specializations / desirable qualifications and attach evidence thereon.
j) The list of refereed Journals ( Classified in Category A, B, C & D ) of all Schools / Centres / Special Centres of the University have been uploaded on the JNU website under "Career Option" for the reference of the candidates. The eligibility of the candidates will be determined on the basis of qualifications acquired by them upto the last date fixed for receipt of JNU New Delhi Applications 2014.
k) The University reserves the right to modify / withdraw / cancel any communication made to the candidate(s) at any stage in case of any inadvertent mistake in the process of selection may be detected even after issue of appointment letter. The University shall verify the antecedents or documents submitted by a candidate at any time of appointment or during the tenure of the service.
l) In case, it is detected that the documents submitted by the candidates are fake or the candidate has undesirable clandestine / antecedents and has suppressed the said information, then his / her service shall be terminated.The JNU New Delhi Applications should reach the University at the address given below within one month from the date of publication of this advertisement in the Employment News.
m) The advertisement has been published in the 22nd March, 2014 issue of the Employment News. The last date for receive of Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi Teaching Jobs Applications is 22nd April, 2014. A candidate, who has applied earlier informally and sent his / her bio – data / academic vitae earlier to the Vice – Chancellor or any other competent authority of the University, must apply by following the procedure.
n) Candidates are advised to submit their JNU New Delhi 2014 Applications well in time and do not wait for the last date of receipt of applications. The University will not be responsible for postal delays etc. and no correspondence / queries will be entertained from candidates on this account.
o) The University reserves the right to alter / insert any corrections / additions in the advertisement / website in the event of any typographical error etc. before the last date prescribed for the receipt of JNU New Delhi Teaching Faculty Jobs Applications, for which the candidates are advised to be in the lookout for announcements in the Jawaharlal Nehru University website : www.jnu.ac.in.


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You're spoilt for network connections as the server sports a pair of embedded dual-port Gigabit adapters - no other server vendor apart from Sun (or Oracle as it is now) offers this many standard ports. They're also iSCSI ready as they have an integral TOE (TCP offload engine) which can be activated with a simple upgrade. There's even room for two expansion cards as the server has two riser cards each offering a PCI-Express slot.
The mysterious black box at the rear of the motherboard is Dell's new Lifecycle Controller. Inside is 1GB of NVRAM, which you can use to boot the server from. This takes you to the new UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) environment complete with GUI plus mouse and keyboard support.
Dell's thinking with the UEFI is you no longer need to boot your server from a disk to install an operating system as it's all done from here. You can also store firmware versions and drivers on the controller for immediate access and it provides diagnostics and server update tools as well.
Dell has completely revamped its management software with the aim of providing a central console that can manage not only Dell systems but other vendors' servers and all networking equipment as well. Dell's old IT Assistant gets the boot and is replaced with the Management Console, which has Symantec's Altiris Notification Server at its heart.
It provides vastly superior reporting facilities and can automate tasks to run jobs on multiple systems. An auto-discovery populates its database with all servers and SNMP enabled devices, and you can push an agent to each server and workstation that adds features such as automated inventory and remote control.
Remote management gets another boost with Dell's new iDRAC6 card, which adds a dedicated network port at the rear. The standard model offers server monitoring where you can keep an eye on critical components, add alert notifications if things go awry and remotely control power. The Enterprise upgrade brings in KVM-over-IP for full server remote control and support for virtual media.
Dell's new PowerEdge R610 is one classy rack server that delivers a remarkable range of new features, some of which are unique. It's very well-designed and offers full support for the latest Xeon 5500 Series processors plus Dell has made some huge improvements with its new systems management software.
Dell PowerEdge R610 Virtualization Server 2.53GHz 8-Core E5540 32GB 2x146G PERC6$253.61 View Item
Dell PowerEdge R610 Virtualization 2x2.26GHz Quad Core 64GB 4x146GB 4-Port NIC$347.06 View Item
DELL POWEREDGE R610 SERVER 2X INTEL XEON E5640 3 x 146GB 10K RPM HDD 6GB RAM 0 bids$199.00 View Item
Dell PowerEdge R610 Server 2 x QUAD CORE PROCESSORS 16GB RAM PERC6i iDRAC6 1PS$177.96 View Item
Next Gen Dell PowerEdge R610 8-Core Server 32GB(4x8GB) 3x146GB PERC6i QUAD NIC$244.71 View Item
More information -
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I didn't want to leave you hanging , so I am going to share the guest posts I have written for other blogs in the past few months.
At Crayon Freckles' In Her Shoes series, I reflected on the challenges and rewards of mothering.
Over at Quirky Momma, I shared ideas to get creative with coloring pages.
I wrote about journal writing for pre-writers at No Time for Flashcards.
I got crafty with instructions about how to make art magnets at Free Fun in Austin.
I am honored to be able to share my work on these amazing sites. Thank you, Free Fun in Austin, No Time for Flashcards, Quirky Momma, and Crayon Freckles for sharing your brilliant blogs with me, and lighting up kids lives with the inspiring ideas found on your blogs.


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Cao Cao fought in the Yellow Turban Rebellion,and then he fought Yuan Shao,he defeated him in the year 200,after that,he established the Wei Dynasty,he bacame King of Wei in 216 A.D.he died of brain tumour in 220 A.D.
Cao Cao lived from 155 A.D.-220 A.D.
by Mo June 06, 2004
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
Top Definition
King of Wei, Prime Minister of the Han and self styled warlord of the Three Kingdoms era of China. Brilliant in politics and a genius in warfare, Cao Cao rose to fame during the Yellow Turban rebellion and later used his small private army to rule half of China within 30 years. After his death, his son Cao Pi removed the Han emperor from power to proclaim the kingdom of Wei, thus ending 400 years of reign from the bankrupt Han.
by Radish July 30, 2003
The greatest leader in the three kingdoms era. He was strong, but not tyranical. His power and intelligence helped him form the most powerful army at the tim in wei, but was defeated at chi bi and later died supposedly of a brain tumor.
by Anonymous June 26, 2003


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A Pocono Lake woman ended up in jail after throwing a spoon at her fiance Sunday.
Pocono Mountain Regional Police said Jessica Carlson, 22, admitted to throwing the spoon at her fiance, Joshua Mercado, 25, also of Pocono Lake, around 6:45 p.m.
When police arrived at the home at 145 Bushkill Drive in Arrowhead Lakes, Tobyhanna Township, they found Mercado with a bloody cheek from the spoon.
She faces charges of simple assault and harassment.
Location, ST | website.com


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PARKERSBURG - Wood County commissioners voted Monday to raise the percentage paid by the county for employee insurance coverage on family plans to help defray the additional expense for employees.
The cost to the county to cover the 84 affected employees will be about $20,000, officials said.
"It's a nice thing to do for the employees, and it's not costing the county that much," said commission President Wayne Dunn.
Article Photos
Photo by Pamela Brust
Wood County commissioners — Wayne Dunn, Steve Gainer and Blair Couch — voted Monday to cover an increase in health insurance costs for employees who have family coverage.
Single insurance coverage for county employees is currently fully paid by the county.
"For each individual covered, there is now a fee to be paid to help cover research/uninsured individuals," deputy clerk Mark Rhodes said. The additional fee is part of changes in the federal insurance plan. The additional cost for the single coverage on employees is being absorbed by the county, but those with family coverage would have been left to pay an additional cost, approximately $240 annually.
The county currently pays 69 percent of the family insurance coverage. The commissioners voted Monday to raise the percentage rate to 71.5 percent in order to cover the additional increased cost.
"As the cost goes up the cost for the employee goes up and this time it affected those on family insurance plans. So to help them out we can either increase the percentage we cover or increase their pay. We are still one of the few entities that pays 100 percent of single insurance coverage," said Commissioner Blair Couch.
The commissioners are still discussing weighing a possible employee pay hike.
Wood County Clerk Jamie Six earlier told commissioners there was money in the budget from additional fee revenue to cover a $1,000 employee pay raise. The commissioners delayed a decision until more definitive year of the fiscal year budget numbers are available. The county's budget year runs from July 1 to June 30.
Six said fees collected from documents related to increases in the oil and gas industry and additional documents required by the Division of Motor Vehicles have resulted in increased revenue from fees charged for those documents. The total for an across-the-board $1,000 raise would be about $180,644.
Commissioner Blair Couch noted there are salary differences existing between the offices for employees doing similar jobs, adding the new hire wage for different departments varies from $21,000-$22,000 to more than $29,000.
Couch said a breakdown of salaries showed about 15 employees at $22,000; 20 in the $22,000-$25,000 range, and 15 in the $25,000-$29,000 range.
"We have about 50 employees under the starting salary paid in the county clerk's office. There are some offices that have several employees in the lower salary ranges. I'm interested in trying to raise the bottom up. I'd rather look long and hard at raising those on the bottom then giving an across-the-board raise, I'm not really interested in that. I think we need to give our lower salaried employees a raise," Couch said.
"I think we would all agree we need to bring the lower end up," Dunn said.
"I think we need to know what money we have before we spend it though. We also need to check years of service, but I'd still like to see us bring up the lowest salaries," Couch said.
The commissioners decided to table the discussion to their next meeting which will be July 15.


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"Honeywell Quiet Care Ultra Quiet Programmable HEPA Air Cleaner" is not available for sale online.
This item may be discontinued or not carried in your nearest store. Please call your local store to check in-store availability before heading there. For informational purposes, the product details and customer reviews are provided.
- Runs extremely quietly.
- The activated carbon pre-filter helps reduce common household odors and protects the HEPA filter life.
- HEPA filter is 99.97% effective at capturing airborne particles as small as 0.3 microns.
- Perfect for a bedroom or family room that is approximately 14' x 14' or a room up to 196 square feet.
- Remote control uses two AAA batteries (included).
- Measures approximately 15 1/4" H x 13 3/4" D x 10 1/2" W.
- Limited 5-year warranty.
- UL listed.
- Model # 17005.


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Second Derivatives and Beyond
At a Glance - I Like Abstract Stuff; Why Should I Care?
Most of the functions we've been dealing with in this unit are differentiable, or at least have only a few problem spots where the derivative doesn't exist. We know that if a function is differentiable it must be continuous, but a continuous function doesn't need to be differentiable.
Here's a strange fact: it's possible to build a continuous function that isn't differentiable anywhere. That is, the whole function consists of corners. There's a little dot you can slide that starts at n = 0. As n increases the number of corners on the function also increases, and the limit of these functions as n approaches ∞ consists entirely of corners.
Here's an even stranger fact: most continuous functions aren't differentiable anywhere. This is similar to the fact that most real numbers are irrational—after all, we can count the rational numbers but we can't count the irrational ones.
All this means those few functions that are infinitely differentiable are special.


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- Know Your History!
- Currently Unavailable
In 1892 Newton Heath LYR F.C. had is first season in the English Football League. Ten years later in 1902 Newton Heath would change its name and become the team you now know as the legendary Manchester United! Celebrate the rich history of this club when you're wearing this Newton Heath replica jersey from Toffs. The classic Newton Heath crest is embroidered over the right chest.
100% cotton. Imported.
Lamentamos que todavia no hay descripción en español para este producto.


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I just heard Glenn Beck say he started his show at Fox News Channel with a handshake with Roger Ailes.
I thought, "so did I."
9 1/2 years ago I met with Roger, we talked about the possibilities for both of us, we agreed, and we shook hands. It was pretty simple. We had a deal. I trusted Roger and he trusted me.


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George W. Bush Presidential Center
Photo: G.J. McCarthy/Staff Photographer
Oscar Garcia of Texas Stone and Tile works on a wall of donor names in the George W. Bush Presidential Center in University Park.
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Steve wrote:
> Hi,
> Fairly new with a Radius server, I succeed in having a very basic
> configuration, which works,
> The problem is that, the system is taking login and password from my
> Linux system....
> I would prefer to get the list of login from an ASCII file of database
> - Is that possible ?
> - Would LDAP be a solution ?
> - What about kerberos ??
> ( I should admit that I am a bit lost with all this system... )
> Thanks in advance for your help
ASCII flat text file, unencrypted passwords? No good, the passwords can be
read. Well managed, encrypted passwords, with Kerberos or even NIS? Sure, if
your Radius server supports it.
LDAP authentication usually rides atop Kerberos, but it can be independent of


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ROME: Germany launched their World Cup preparations yesterday with the start of a 10-day training camp in the Italian Alps aimed at fine-tuning a team bidding for a first international title in 18 years.
Germany coach Joachim Loew, in charge for his fourth tournament and second World Cup since taking over in 2006, has invited 27 players in his provisional squad which will be cut back to 23 by June 2.
Their cool and tranquil South Tyrolean mountain retreat deep in the Alps is a far cry from the hot and humid tropical conditions they will have to weather in Brazil as the three-times winners seek to end their title drought.
But the focus is firmly on becoming the first non-South American team to win a World Cup on that continent.
"The greed for the World Cup trophy is there," captain Philipp Lahm said ahead of their departure for northern Italy, site of their pre-World Cup preparations in 1990 when they last won the trophy.
"We have the punch to win the title but we have to be careful that the talent and ego of each of us serves the team. We need heart and passion in Brazil," he told Bild newspaper.
Lahm will skip training at the secluded football pitch surrounded by a high cloth-covered fences at the five-star hotel for at least five days as he recovers from an ankle injury picked up in the German Cup final on Saturday.
"I do not want to be eliminated in the semis or travel to Brazil for the sun," said the 30-year-old, preparing for his third World Cup. "I have a clear goal and that is obviously the biggest possible success which is the World Cup trophy."
Loew will also be without first choice keeper Manuel Neuer at the start with the Bayern Munich player wearing a sling following a shoulder injury in the same game.
The coach's biggest concern, however, is his defence with the once solid German backline struggling to find stability in the past months.
Loew has yet to settle on a central defensive partnership with Per Mertesacker, Jerome Boateng and Mats Hummels the strongest candidates for the two positions.
Lahm's own contribution is still unclear with the right back wanting to move permanently to a midfield position, where he played in their friendly 1-0 over Chile in March. But his coach is struggling for fullback options, with Marcel Schmelzer and Benedikt Hoewedes only recently back from long injury absences and Marcell Jansen, who played left back in four of their last five internationals, not in the 27-man squad.
"We have to work specifically on our defence," Lahm said. "We have been conceding too many goals lately, allowed opponents too many clear chances. We have to make sure the defence is positioned well. That is a challenge for the entire team."
The Germans, who have been drawn in Group G along with Ghana, United States and Portugal, will be using German youth team players who will emulate the playing style of their group rivals in training.
They will round off preparations with friendlies in Germany against Cameroon on June 1 and Armenia on June 6 before leaving for Brazil. REUTERS


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Visit the This-Old-Jeep.com Bulletin Board by clicking the logo!
A quick succession of jeep military model history. From left, the Willys MA, the MB, the M38 and the M38A1.
The ball got rolling in the summer of 1940, as things were heating up in the war in Europe. The 22nd of June saw an Army sub-committee composed of Infantry, Cavalry and quartermaster officers convene and propose the specifications for a new vehicle to fill a niche that had been unsuccessfully toyed with since the end of the First World War. It was to replace not only the motorcycle, but the horse and pack mule as a light weapons and personnel carrier as well as having a reconnaissance role.
The specifications were drawn up and sent out to the automotive world at large. Two automotive companies, American Bantam and Willys-Overland were the first two to show any interest with their bids submitted by the morning of July 23, 1940. The Ford Motor Company did as well, but not until after it sniffed money in the water. It was also talked into the bidding process in part by the Army, among whom there were many who believed that a large automotive company was needed to meet production needs.
The Bantam Mark I, sometimes called the GPV or simply Number One arrived at Camp Holabird in Maryland on the 23rd of September, 1940, driven by Karl Probst, Bantam's Chief Engineer and fellow engineer, Harold Crist. The following presentation given to the Army was attended by representatives from both Willys-Overland and Ford Motor Company at the behest of the Army. Notes were surely taken and ideas must have been running through the competition's heads as they observed what was to evolve into one of the most famous and influential of military vehicles.
Both Willys-Overland and Ford Motor Company soon followed suit with their own pilot models submitted in November of 1940. The Willys became known as the Quad and the Ford as the Pygmy. Both superficially resembled the Bantam Number One for the simple reason that notes were being taken two months prior and the Army's position was that the design belonged to the Army. Bantam, naturally, could not object. It was then decided that the Army would purchase 1,500 vehicles each from the three manufacturer's and the testing would resume.
By the spring of 1941, the first of the prototypes were starting to be delivered. Each of the three had their pluses and minuses. The Willys model had the superior engine with the Go-Devil flathead, but still hadn't the leg up on the competition. As it turned out the Go-Devil engine, which had its origins back in Willys-Overland's early days, was the one big factor that eventually swung the decision in their favor. Both the Ford and the Bantam models had underpowered engines that just were not suited to the needs of the jeep.
Nonetheless, testing continued and many of the prototypes were sent to bases all over the country. By the Summer and Fall of 1941, it was time to select a model to use as the basis for the standard jeep. There was controversy that still exists today between the known production giant, Ford and the little company that produced the first model, Bantam. In the end, the Willys model with the help of the Go-Devil engine pushed the MA to the finish line. Perhaps it was a best of all worlds compromise. Perhaps Bantam was treated unfairly having only ended up with the contract to produce the trailer for the jeep, but the Willys ended up with the contract and Ford took over some of the slack as a secondary supplier of the jeep. The contract awarded on July 23, 1941 called for 16,000 jeeps at a cost of $738.34 apiece. The composite design became known as the MB model.
The jeep served honorably and garnered attention and respect wherever it went with both Americans and our allies, throughout the Second World War and on into occupation duty and peacetime. The last model MB rolled off the assembly line in the summer of 1945. It was, of course, not the last time that the jeep would see action in the military or overseas.
Bantam BRC-40's, the ultimate Bantam design Note that the top two and left photos were one of eight subcontracted models, built by Checker Cab Co. with four-wheel steering in 1941. The bottom two were Bantam built, left,1941 and the right dates from 1940.
The Number One in front of American Bantam's Butler, Pennsylvania headquarters on September 21, 1940, two days before they presented her to the Army. Harold Crist is driving and Karl Probst is at far left with hand on spare tire. ( Photo courtesy http://www.olive-drab.com )
Ford GP being tested at Camp Holabird, Maryland.
The Willys MA model.
Thanks to www.olive-drab.com for the help sourcing many of these old photos as well as some of the help with this quick historical reference guide!
The MB model in action at Ft. Riley, Kansas, April 1942, above and the nearly identical model Ford GPW, below at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland, September 1943.