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The Indian Springs Golf Club is 9 holes, 3,180 yards and a par 36. The course offers cart rental, a driving range and has a pro shop with club rental. This course features a challenging, tree-lined layout with two sets of tees. The practice facilities include an oversized putting green with a side bunker and a full length driving range. Outings, playdays and banquets are welcome but must be scheduled in advance.
Located just off of Interstate 57 welcoming to all: truck drivers needing place to stay, families visiting Rantoul or Champaign-Urbana (just an extra 15 miles down I-57 to Champaign and nearest to Market Place Mall), or meeting planners. The Days Inn Rantoul has meeting space provided for you! Days Inn Rantoul is also pet friendly.
Newly remodeled, 198 rooms, 2 suites, game room, pets welcomed, kids stay free, 12 miles north of Champaign-Urbana and the University of Illinois
57 rooms, 3 suites, pets welcomed
Magnuson Heritage Inn is conveniently located in Rantoul, Illinois off of Interstate 57, just 15 miles from Champaign. While in Rantoul check out their many attractions such as Hardy's Reindeer Ranch, Air Museum, play the links at their many golf courses, or just take in the quaint village of Rantoul.
Just like the 1970's and 1980's have your food brought out to you by waitresses on roller skates, and enjoy true classic American burgers and shakes!
Red Wheel Restaurant in Rantoul, IL provides home made family style food. Conveniently located off Highway 57, this is a great stop for breakfast, lunch or dinner.
The North Pole has moved to Central Illinois. Try your luck at the 6+ acre corn maze, the Grand Prix style race track, pick a pumpkin or a Christmas tree (depending on season), stop by the fascinating gift shop and, of course, see the reindeer!
Hap Parker Family Aquatic Center
Fun for the whole family! Highlights include two amazing water slides that splash down into 350,000 gallons of crystal clear water. The zero-depth entry pool also features water toys for children, lanes for swimmers, and diving boards. The 14,000 square foot facility also has a full bath house with accessible restrooms and changing rooms, along with a full-service concession stand, shaded and open lounge areas, picnic tables and much more.
The Chanute Air Museum celebrates the 76 year legacy of the former Chanute Air Force base and the development Illinois aviation. The Museum showcases over 30 aircraft, including a rare P-51H Mustang and XB-47 Stratojet, while exhibits include "Life at Chanute" and "The 99th Pursuit Squadron: From Rantoul to Ramitelli and Beyond." Bus parking and a gift shop are available.
Middle Fork Forest Preserve, 1600 acres in northeast Champaign County, offers visitors a campground (53 of 65 campsites have electricty), brand new playground, swimming beach, fishing, hiking, boat rentals, cross-country skiing, picnicking, a Waterfowl Management Area, renovated meeting facility and programs. The campground now accepts online reservations.
Timber Creek Bed and Breakfast
Timber Creek Bed and Breakfast offers country retreat style lodging in a secluded Illinois meadow surrounded by trees and a stream. It is the ideal setting to escape fast-paced everyday living and relax, recharge, and reconnect with each other.
Located at the intersection of I-57 and IL Route 9 in Paxton, this 28-unit country inn is known for their extremely clean rooms. Conveniently located next door to a restaurant. Queen, Double, and King suites are available with smoking/non-smoking and pet friendly options.
Illinois Central Railroad Historical Society Headquarters
The Illinois Central Railroad Historical Society is dedicated to preserving historical and educational information about the Illinois Central Railroad and the many predecessor railroads that have been part of the IC system. This headquarters feature a depot, museum and library.
Serves breakfast, lunch, dinner, family style.
Family restaurant and pancake house.
Victorian tea room. All food made from scratch. Reservations strongly recommended!
Craft store, country crafts and gourmet foods.
Beautifully organized, clean antique shop in downtown Paxton. Specializing in antiques, collectibles and good old-fashioned hospitality. New items daily. Located in the basement, it is a not for profit thrift store where all items are 50 cents.
Charming diner in historic Paxton. Fresh salad bar, appetizers, burgers, wraps and sandwiches. Full menu includes chicken dinners, salmon, Yellow Fin Tuna, Steak and more. Make sure you save room for a slice of fresh pie. Host your next event at the Tin Pan.Dine-in, carry-out, catering and event hosting. Special catering menu available.
The cemetery is the eternal home of Timothy Webster, a Civil War spy.
This challenging nine-hole, par 36 course is noted for its small greens.
Grand Prarie Families and Farm
The farm offers organic chicken, beef, pork, milk, cheese, bread and herbs.
Pick up sweet corn, as well as cut-your-own scotch, red and Austrian pine trees.


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Sara Milchgrub, M.D.
Clinical Professor
Department Pathology
- Medical School
- Central University of Venezuela (1974)
- Internship
- Yale-New Haven Hospital (1976), Anatomic Pathology
- Residency
- Lenox Hill Hospital (1978), Anatomic Pathology
- Residency
- Sinai Hospital of Baltimore (1979), Anatomic Pathology
Clinical Interest
Thoracic Pathology
- Comprehensive Immunohistochemical Markers including Prognostic Markers
- Evaluation of Lung Cancers, Interstitial Lung Disease, Pleural Disorders including Mesothelioma
- Examination of Biopsy
- Identification of Mutations in Lung Cancer
- Pathologic Analysis & Staging
Featured Publications
- Loss of heterozygosity in benign breast epithelium in relation to breast cancer risk.
- Euhus DM, Cler L, Shivapurkar N, Milchgrub S, Peters GN, Leitch AM, Heda S, Gazdar AF Journal of the National Cancer Institute June 2002 94(11) 858-60
- Presence of simian virus 40 DNA sequences in human lymphomas.
- Shivapurkar N, Harada K, Reddy J, Scheuermann RH, Xu Y, McKenna RW, Milchgrub S, Kroft SH, Feng Z, Gazdar AF Lancet March 2002 359(9309) 851-2
- A postmortem examination of poly-L lactic acid interference screws 4 months after implantation during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
- McGuire DA, Barber FA, Milchgrub S, Wolchok JC Arthroscopy November 2001 17(9) 988-92
- Aberrant methylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter 1A in breast and lung carcinomas.
- Virmani AK, Rathi A, Sathyanarayana UG, Padar A, Huang CX, Cunnigham HT, Farinas AJ, Milchgrub S, Euhus DM, Gilcrease M, Herman J, Minna JD, Gazdar AF Clinical Cancer Research July 2001 7(7) 1998-2004
- High-resolution chromosome 3p allelotyping of breast carcinomas and precursor lesions demonstrates frequent loss of heterozygosity and a discontinuous pattern of allele loss.
- Maitra A, Wistuba II, Washington C, Virmani AK, Ashfaq R, Milchgrub S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD American Journal of Pathology July 2001 159(1) 119-30

subset: commoncrawl


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WORCESTER — Celeste (Nogueira) Ribeiro, 91, of South Dartmouth, passed away July 29 at Rose Monahan Hospice Home following a brief illness. She was the widow of Frank Ribeiro and daughter of the late Clemente and Maria (Pereira) Nogueira.
Born in New Bedford, she graduated from New Bedford High School and Kinyon-Campbell Business School. She was employed as a bookkeeper until her retirement. Mrs. Ribeiro resided in South Dartmouth for 48 years. She was a communicant of St. Mary's Church, South Dartmouth.
In her leisure time she enjoyed spending time with her family, gardening, sewing and rug braiding.
Her family includes three sons, James Ribeiro and his wife Karen of Oakton, Virginia, David Ribeiro and his wife Filomena of Boca Raton, Florida, and Jeffrey Ribeiro and his wife Wendy of Natick, MA; two daughters, Elizabeth Pape and her husband Larry of Sterling, MA, and Sandra Bottiglieri and her husband Stephen of South Dartmouth, MA; a sister, Elsie Pacheco of San Marcos, CA; eleven grandchildren, three great-grandchildren and several nieces and nephews. She was the sister of the late Dulce Sylvia.
In lieu of flowers, donations may be made in her memory to National MS Society Greater NE Chapter, PO Box 845945, Boston MA 02284-5945 or Alzheimer's Association, 480 Pleasant St., Watertown, MA 02472.
Calling hours will be from 4 to 7pm on Sunday. Her funeral will be conducted Monday morning 8:45 at the funeral home with a Mass of Christian burial to be celebrated in St. Mary's Church, South Dartmouth at 10:00 am. Interment in South Dartmouth Cemetery.
Funeral arrangements entrusted to AUBERTINE-LOPES FUNERAL HOME, 129 Allen St., New Bedford.
For online guestbook and directions, please www.aubertine-lopes.com.
Location, ST | website.com


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Endicott Microfilm has been awarded the Reseller Service Excellence Award from Kodak's Document Imaging Group. Kodak selected the Ohio-based reseller for exemplary practices related to promotion of and competencies in the sale and fulfillment of KODAK Service and Support for Kodak's capture platform. Endicott Microfilm is an authorized reseller of KODAK Scanners, KODAK Software and micrographics products.
"We're delighted to award Endicott Microfilm for their total commitment to service and customer satisfaction," said Russell Hunt, Kodak's Regional Business Manager for Document Imaging in United States and Canada. "The team at Endicott deserves this! Their understanding of the great value that KODAK Service and Support delivers to customers and their businesses is simply outstanding."
Kodak's worldwide, award-winning service and support organization backs all hardware and software products supplied by Endicott Microfilm. Bundled and supported as an integral part of each sale, KODAK Service and Support enables Endicott Microfilm to create additional customer touch points, assure greater customer satisfaction and protect customers' investments.
"KODAK Service and Support consistently helps Endicott Microfilm enhance our customer offerings and build a stronger competitive advantage," said Zandy Hood, Vice President of Endicott Microfilm."This award demonstrates Endicott Microfilm's dedication to our customers' needs and our proactive approach in making their document-based processes more productive."
Kodak is a global advisor and provider of integrated services to help companies transform and optimize their businesses. Through a network of service professionals in more than 120 countries, Kodak provides technical, professional, consulting and managed services to enable customers to focus on growing their businesses,maximizing productivity, and more effectively managing risks. All KODAK Products and Software are backed by KODAK Service and Support. To learn more, please visit www.graphics.kodak.com.
About Kodak
As the world's foremost imaging innovator, Kodak helps consumers, businesses, and creative professionals unleash the power of images, information, and printing to enrich their lives.
Kodak enables customers to capture and use valuable information from electronic and paper documents. Our document imaging solutions include award-winning scanners and capture software, an expanding range of professional services and industry-leading service and support. From small offices to global operations, Kodak has the right solution to feed your business the information it needs.


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Watch me Note me Prints FeralFlapJack
Commissions = OPEN! Requests/Art Trades = OPEN!
~~~~~~~~~To-Do List~~~~~~~~~
Me & Myself
Halloween Contest Entry 11/7
<a href=fav.me/d5idz24> Facing My Inner Demon 11/22
~~~~~~~~Completed This Month~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~Dear Diary
This hiatus of laziness and blah has been interrupted to bring you an important announcement from squee, the number two word of excitement and glee.
Alright, so, I was checking my DeviantART messages (something I'd been slacking on due to being in a bit of a funk) and I noticed a rare sight: I had a note. I clicked the note, wondering what was going on since the only time I really get notes is when I note someone first and I hadn't noted anyone in a while. The note was from which is a group I'm a part of.
My first thought was "omg I suck so bad they're kicking me out of the group!!!" because I knew I was ACTIVE in the group and my self-esteem is obviously non-existent. :3 XD
So I open up the note and see that it's talking about the feature journal that the group does each month. Now I'm confused, since they'd never noted me to remind me of the journal before. Now I'm curious to see if something is different and go check it out fav.me/d5jtsb5.
So I go down the page, looking it all over, la de la de-OMG!!! About row 26, I see and flip the fudge out. I got FEATURED!!!!! My brother and his dad start giving me odd looks as I squee around the room, giggling and cheering things like "I DON'T SUCK!!! 8D THEY DON'T THINK I SUCK!", and hugging my cat. XD
Then, today, requested my latest art piece in their gallery. Ladies and gentlemen, your Zaggit is out of her funk and ready to get back to work. :'3 XD
Thanks to both groups for the luff and the much needed ego boost. XD I luff them both for it.
~~~~~~~~~Featured Artist~~~~~~~~~
Type: Digital Artist
Details: Looking back, I should have featured FeralFlapJack quite a while back. For one, I've known her for years as an AMAZING artist. She wasn't an amazing artist when I first met her, but over the years I've watched her artwork absolutely BLOSSUM to the point that her talent cannot be touched. She's a true story about how practice, critique, and a few good teachers can turn a beginning artist into a professional artist doing commissions for more money than my entire gallery is worth.
You should go check her out RIGHT NOW before she gets so good at art her work becomes blinding. :3
~~~~~~~~Featured Artwork~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~Featured Groups~~~~~~~~~


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We've excited to announce that there will be three new penny auction sites opening in the very near future. The new penny auctions are GrabLo.com, BidPit.com and BidGal.com. Both BidPit and BidGal appear to be run by the same company, perhaps they have plans to launch two separate penny auction concepts! We're excited to see these new sites launch.
All three penny auctions are accepting e-mail addresses on their launch pages and will alert users of when they will open:
GrabLo.com shares the following coupon code, Grab10 for 10 free bids when they launch.
BidPit's landing page reads, "If you like Groupon, eBay, Great Deals, then you'll Love BidPit" We sure hope so!
BidPit's landing page features a lot of high-end items, not sure this means they will indeed offer them but a Gucci, Rolex, ATV, designer chair sure would be nice to win for just a few bids (if you can, that is). BidPit told us that they will offer never-before-seen features on their penny auction site.
Ladies, it looks like BidGal may just be a penny auction site just for you, think designer goods, handbags, accessories!
Once GrabLo, BidPit and BidGal launch we will be sure to let you know, we just hope you'll tell us about your experiences bidding on these and all other penny auction sites by joining and posting to our penny auction community.
If these penny auctions prove to be legit and you're one of the first bidders you may just get some great deals when they first launch (minimal competition).
Good luck penny auction bidders!


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The Reagan Era
Edwin Meese in The Reagan Era
Edwin Meese (1931-), a conservative Republican lawyer, was for many years a close adviser and confidant of Ronald Reagan. Meese served as Reagan's chief of staff while Reagan was governor of California (1969-74) and, later, as counselor to the president (1981-85) and Attorney General of the United States (1985-88).
Meese, a diehard Reagan loyalist, drew sharp criticism for his leadership of the US Department of Justice during the Iran-Contra Scandal. As Attorney General, it was Meese's duty to investigate possible criminal activity within Reagan's inner circle related to Iran-Contra. But Meese agreed only reluctantly to head the investigation, and when he discovered possible lawbreaking, he tipped off administration insiders before securing critical documents, which allowed Colonel Oliver North to shred thousands of pages of potentially incriminating evidence. Lawrence Walsh, who subsequently led his own inquiry into Iran-Contra as Independent Counsel, believed that Meese's investigation was little more than a cover-up.


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Why New Jersey Needs a Fast Loan
Feel a little light on cash these days? So does New Jersey.
The state has been digging around in its pockets, worried about having enough cash to pay the bills. Gov. Chris Christie has turned to J.P. Morgan Chase to negotiate a line of credit worth up to $2.25 billion that could be tapped in the coming weeks, as The Journal's Michael Corkery reported Monday.
This is the second time in three years that New Jersey has pulled together this type of a backup plan. Former Gov. Jon Corzine, a Democrat, received a $2 billion line of credit from J.P. Morgan Chase in 2009. But he never used it, thanks to last-minute tax revenue.
At the time, Republicans criticized him for the move. State Sen. Kevin O'Toole, now a close ally of fellow Republican Christie, blasted Corzine for "taking on more debt to pay off old debt." O'Toole did not return a call for comment Monday, as lawmakers in Trenton were debating the budget.
To understand why New Jersey needs this line of credit, it's helpful to take a step back and look at state budgeting.
New Jersey's budget runs from July 1 to June 30. The state's spending, in theory, is spelled out in the budget passed by the Legislature and signed by the governor. In real life, however, the state's income (read: taxes) and its bills don't have a cycle that's simple to manage.
The state makes most of its money — through income taxes and other levies — in the fourth quarter, which runs from April through June. Traditionally, New Jersey's biggest expenses have fallen in the first quarter, or July through September, when the state sends billions of dollars in checks to homeowners, seniors, disabled people and renters in the form of property tax rebates.
In its current situation, the state doesn't seem to have any immediate expenses. (Property tax rebates aren't the problem — they don't go out as checks anymore, and Christie has reduced the program and barred some people from getting rebates.) Instead, Christie is trying to deal with the state's tight cash position. Usually, there's surplus money in various accounts — or even built into the budget — that the state can use as a cushion.
During the recession, however, the surplus has been minuscule. Treasurer Andrew Sidamon-Eristoff said New Jersey will end the year with a $696 million balance when it closes out the year on June 30 — from a roughly $30 billion budget.
The new line of credit, if it's tapped, will be used to hold the state over — at least until it can do its usual round of short-term borrowing later in the summer, which it pays back late the next spring.


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S&C Electric Company today announces the successful deployment of a 750-kW PureWave® Storage Management System (SMS) to PNM Resources. The system, installed in Albuquerque, N.M., is the nation's first solar storage facility that is fully integrated into a utility's power grid. The PNM Prosperity Energy Storage Project can produce 500 kilowatts of power and uses high-tech batteries to create firm and dispatchable energy derived from a renewable energy source. v "Integrating large-scale solar energy projects into the grid can be challenging, because output from these projects varies suddenly and dramatically when clouds block the sun," says Jim Sember, S&C Vice President—Power Quality Products. "Energy storage is critical to making renewable energy a more widespread and reliable form of generation."
S&C's PureWave SMS provides two storage functions that are essential for solar generation. It smoothes the output from solar panels, mitigating potential variations brought on by resource intermittency, to ensure continued grid reliability and stability. The system also allows stored solar energy to be dispatched at times of peak demand, eliminating the need to use carbon-emitting generation for this purpose.
"Energy storage is critical to reducing our reliance on fossil-fuel-fired generation. It protects the stability of the grid, ensures a reliable energy supply and mitigates the need to rely on carbon-emitting generation for ancillary grid services," says Sember. "Demonstration projects such as this one at PNM are essential to evaluate how energy storage solutions can be applied to meet the nation's energy goals."
S&C's PureWave Storage Management System features field-hardened power electronics to intelligently manage stored energy sources. Its built-in logic ensures efficient charging of the batteries during times of peak solar energy production, and manages the discharging process to instantaneously dispatch energy to smooth variations in energy output from the PV panels.


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I purchased an XL twin size of this mattress last year and my son loves it. We are now installing 2 sets of Queen sized bunk beds and I would like to purchase the same type of mattress. However, queen size order forms gives the option of firm or medium. XL twin does not have this option when you order that size. If I want the same firmness as the XL twin should I order firm or medium? Thank you for your assistance
Christopher Knight Home Aloe Gel Memory Foam 11-inch Queen-size Smooth Top Mattressby Christopher Knight Home
ITEM#: 14024927Make your nights restful with this memory foam mattress from Christopher Knight Home. This 11-inch mattress offers comfort and reduces pressure points, making it easy to sleep without turning or tossing. With memory foam infused with aloe vera gel, this mattress adjusts to your body's temperature for a comfortable night's rest.
- Materials: Aloe vera infused memory foam
- Medium top layer: 1-inch layer of 4-pound gel-infused memory foam
- Medium second Layer: 3-inch layer of 3-pound high density memory foam
- Medium base layer: 7-inch layer of reflex base foam
- Firm top layer: 0.5-inch layer of 4-pound gel-infused memory foam
- Firm second layer: 3.5-inch layer of 3-pound high density memory foam
- Firm base layer: 7-inch layer of reflex base foam
- Mattress measures 59 inches wide x 77 inches long x 11 inches thick
- Incorporated layer system that increases circulation and relieves pressure points that disrupt sleep
- Resistant to dust mites and is naturally antimicrobial
- Quilted jacquard cover (not removable)
- Originally designed for NASA, this mattress cradles your body, reducing pressure points that cause tossing and turning
- Temperature sensitive foam adjusts to your body temperature so you stay warm
- Eliminates motion transfer and evenly disperses body weight
- Never needs turning
- Mattress can be used with an existing frame
- Meets all flammability standards
- Bed frame is not included
Memory Foam Tips:
- Remove from packaging within 72 hours of receipt to maximize memory foam expansion.
- This product arrives very tightly packed. Unwrap and allow 48 hours for this product to return to its original shape.
- Being sealed in plastic packaging sometimes traps odors. After unwrapping, allow product to air for a few hours.
- Due to machine-cutting manufacturing processes, there may be slight variances in the dimensions of this product.
Due to the nature of Memory Foam the firmness level of every item is unique. Please be advised that even similar products may produce different firmness results.
Once opened this product is non-returnable
|Mattress Type
|Gel Memory Foam, Memory Foam
|11 Inch
|Memory Foam Type
|Gel Memory Foam, Memory Foam
|4 Pound
|Firm, Medium
|Mattress Top
|Plush Top, Specialty, Tight Top
|Product Features
|Antimicrobial, Bed in a Box
|Recommended Foundation Type
|Bed Slats, Box Spring, Platform
|See Details
|10 year Limited Manufacturer
|Model Number
|Country of Origin
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Customer Reviews
Most Recent
Great buy
Firm but not hard, great value I am very happy with my new mattressRead More
Great mattress, especially for the price! Comfortable and has decreased my low back pain in the morning.Read More
No complaints.
Is as described. Very comfortable. Not sure if there is a "cooling" effect, but no biggie.Read More
A better night of sleep!
So far I have bought two different brand mattress from Overstock. The first one was for my husband and I (Comfort Dreams CA King) what waste of money: the support did not last, at the same time I bought this mattress Christopher Knight) for my daughter and ended up sleeping in it instead! This is an awesome mattress. the firmness doesn't give in and offers great body support especially if one suffers from neck, back, hip, and leg ache. Would buy a CA King if it was sold in that size!Read More
Corinne T.
Love our foam mattress-sleeping much better.Read More
Most Helpful
Like the other reviews, I am so pleased with this mattress. First, I switched from a 15-year-old traditional pillow-top mattress and box springs to this memory foam mattress. I had purchased a 10" memory foam for my daughter last year and knew I had to have one for myself too. I am like Sherlock Holmes when it comes to researching products before I buy them, so let me say I have done all the research you could possibly fathom doing, and I picked this mattress. Second, the smell was a non-issue - what smell was present was gone in two days (seriously, let it sit out for two days like they recommend even if you think it is "ready"). Third, my husband and I both are very pleased with this mattress - we are both 35, average height and weight, and we feel it is supportive for us without being too firm or too soft. I will say that the Aloe/Cooling feature is definitely noticeable and not a sham: We have a goose down comforter and were sweating with the combination of the comforter and our previuous mattress, but first night in this new mattress and we noticed we were comfortable all night long without being hot or cold! We have had this for three weeks now and the only problem I am having is that I never want to get up! I used to be the snap-out-of-bed as soon as the alarm went off girl, but now sometimes I dont even hear the alarm going off, because I am sleeping that well. I actually wake up in the same position I fall asleep in, and that is impressive. I used to wake up multiple times at night, and I do not do that anymore. Additionally, my small dogs sleep in the bed with me and they actually STOPPED SNORING with this mattress!!! That was a sweet bonus. I notice my husband snores much less now too. You won't be disappointed with this one - the price is almost criminal for what you are getting. You cannot put a price on a good night's sleep. Another bonus - it has strong handles sewn into the cover, which is awesome because you are going to move it eventually. Read this (http://www.memoryfoammattress.org/) - it will tell you everything you want to know about memory foam, then go compare to the one that costs thousands of dollars and you'll see why I picked this mattress.Read More
Great Mattress
This mattress arrived very quickly and expanded within 24 hours. The mattress is great for side sleeping or on your back. It really forms to your body and it keeps you cool. I was worried about buying a bed before trying it but I really don't regret it now. We have been using it for a month and we have had much better sleep then on our old spring mattress. The mattress stays cool which is a plus as well. My partner likes soft mattresses and I like firm, this one is right between and it feels great. Warning, if you buy this mattress you better buy a really good alarm clock. It is hard to get out of bed in the morning.Read More
Cool and comfortable, great support!
I'm thrilled to get a gel memory foam mattress for about a third of what they cost retail!! They're so expensive I wouldn't have done it without Overstock. All the reviews on the site were helpful too, in deciding what I wanted. This is the first time I've ever bought a mattress I couldn't try out first, so that seemed risky, but all the good memory foam mattress reviews made me think it was worth it. It arrived securely packaged and it was easy to set up. Have been really happy with it so far, and don't have back pain in the morning anymore like I did with the pillow top mattress I replaced. This mattress is listed as medium support, but I'd call it medium-to-firm and that's what I like. The cooling layer keeps it a comfortable temperature, it doesn't become too warm the way I've heard other memory foam beds do, so that feature is worth selecting this particular model. Now if only I had more time available to sleep. . .Read More
Amazing comfort!
This is a great mattress, I suffered from back pain for a long time - sleeping on a high quality - high priced spring mattress... NO MORE! This mattress arrived quickly and unfolded with a hiss of air to fully inflate within 3 hours. That night we (the wife & I) went to sleep on it and where stunt at the comfort it offered! I now sleep through the night without waking even once - I can flip & turn without my wife knowing or filling it... I love sleeping on this mattress and I highly recommend it, for this price - you can't beet this deal.Read More
I did a fair amount of research before buying this bed because I was worried about purchasing a bed I couldn't "test" out first. The price cannot be beat--even by Ikea or other on-line sites. It was shipped quickly and arrived in undamaged condition. At 72 lbs., you can't beat the free or $ shipping cost. It's a fantastic bed. Somehow, one sinks into the foam but still gets great support. It's an odd, but perfect, combination of soft but firm. I have never slept as well, even on mattresses at luxury hotels.There was no odor, but we allowed it to air out and "off-gas" for a couple of days anyway. Now the cats are also in love with this bed: That may be the only drawback; everyone who tries it will now want to sleep in it as well!Read More
Questions & Answers
Standard length for queen size mattresses is 80 inches. The description says this queen size is only 77 inches long. Is there a typo in your description?
The listed dimensions are accurate.
Is the cooling affect of the aloe vera gel foam diminished if you put a waterproof mattress pad on the mattress?Thank you
How much does it weigh?
The shipping weight of the Christopher Knight Home Aloe Gel Memory Foam 11-inch Queen-size Smooth Top Mattress, is approximately 71 pounds.
Do you need a box spring for this mattress? Does it sit on top of another mattress or is it the solo mattress?
Hello Kinkylocks99, you are welcome to use this mattress with the support of a box spring on a regular bed. You can also use the mattress without a box spring on a platform style frame or platform style bed that has slats or a deck to support the mattress. ITEM#: 17695842 is a great option for a platform bed. If you prefer a regular style bed, we have a box spring under ITEM#: 17412177.I hope this info helps. Thanks for shopping with us!
Do you have any sizes 65x75x11 mattresses
Hello Denise, Unfortunately, I wasn't able to find to find a mattress with those exact dimensions. We have one, 11 inches high x 60 inches wide x 74 inches long. That is considered a short queen Item # 16146351.
I am looking for a queen mattress 60x75
Hello Denise, I will leave a link to my search results. Thank you for shopping with us and have a great day. http://www.overstock.com/search?keywords=queen+mattress++60+x+75&SearchType=Header
Can this mattress be used on wooden slats?
Hello lalala, this item can be used on wooden slats as well. Thank you for shopping with us.
Can I use this mattress with an adjustable bed frame?
Hello tc, this item can be used with an adjustable frame as well. Thank you for shopping with us.
Why did you choose this product?
quality of construction from pics viewed
Great Price for a new bed. Best Regards, David
Needed a new mattress and it fit budget and brand is a good name
price and free shipping
I purchased one at the advice of my daughter, who's fiancé owns one. I like it so much, I bought another for my second home.
Good reviews... looks to meet my needs
The Reviews.
needed new mattress
Perfect for guest room, love memory foam! Great reviews.
Great reviews and great price
Also, good quality as evidenced by the reviews.
The reviews I read were good!!!
I am replacing an old memory foam mattress and I need something thicker and firmer but won't get too warm like most memory foam mattresses.
looks great
I am purchasing this mattress because after much research. The quality and the reviews helped me make this decision.
I'm not sure probably from the stars an reviews.
The price was right and my body is killing me. So this better be good
- Favorable Reviews - Affordable Price - Looks Good
I read the reviews, hope we are happy with this buy
Can this mattress be used on an adjustable bed frame and is it made in China?
Hello patbar, yes, it can be, as long as it meets the dimensions of this mattress. Yes, this item is made in China. Thanks for shopping with us!
What is the purpose of Aloe Gel?
Hi rayford1, 1The Aloe Gel is infused into the memory foam to provide a cooling effect. Thanks for shopping with us. Miranda G.
The cotton top mattress pad is listed as an item frequently bought together with this mattress. Is it recommended and/or necessary to by the topper? What benefit does the topper provide and would it take away or diminish the benefit of the aloe foam smooth top feature of the mattress?
Unfortunately, at this time, the information is not available. As the information becomes available, the site will be updated. Have a great day.
You don't need it, the mattress by it self it's excellent
What country is this mattress made and where is it shipped from? Will there be a tag verifying that it is 11 inches total, 4 pds density and 3 inches of memory foam?
Hello carrissima, thank you for your interest in the Spinal Response Aloe Gel Memory Foam 11-inch Queen-size Smooth Top Mattress. This was made in China. There is no way for us to know where the mattress will be shipped from until it does ship. We have several warehouses all over the USA. There wont be a tag on the item to verify the info on the product. Thank you for shopping with us, and have a great day!
Thank you. More specifically some mattresses on your site state that they come rolled up in a tight tent like bag , some in a box and others rolled up like a large area rug. What specifically will this mattress arrive in? I need this information because I have a slight frame and will be doing much of the lifting when it arrives.
Thank you for contacting us carrissima. The mattress comes compressed and rolled in plastic, has an additional plastic wrapping over the plastic the mattress is in, then is contained and shipped in a cardboard box. The measurements of the box is 17" x 17" x 61" and the weight is appx 70 lbs.Hope this was helpful. Please let us know if you have any further questions.
It comes rolled up like a rug in side a bag, in side a box. It's not heavy.
How is this mattress delivered and what is it delivered in exactly?
Thank you for contacting us carrissima. This product arrives very tightly packed. Please unwrap and allow 48 hours for this product to return to its original shape.Being sealed in plastic packaging sometimes traps odors. A few hours of airing usually removes the odor.Due to machine cutting manufacturing processes, there may be slight variances in the dimensions of this product. Please let us know if you have any further questions.
We have a full size version of this mattress and the description for that one says it also uses charcoal (to trap any toxic gasses) and green tea...can you please confirm with the manufacturer whether this mattress also contains charcoal even though the item description does not mention it?
Hello weasle34! That is such a great question. The aloe infused gel mattress is Certi-pur certified. To become Certi-pur certified, the foams used in the mattresses must have low emission standards relative to "off gassing". This mattress is Certi-pur certified, but does not contain charcoal in the foam. I hope this helps. Thanks for shopping with us.
does memory foam mattress need a bottom piece ?
Thank you for shopping Overstock.com. It is necessary that you use a bed frame or box springs, this is a top mattress.
Does this mattress contain PBDE's (the toxic chemicals found in fire retardant materials?) is there an list of "ingredients" we cna look at?
Good morning, I have found that all of their gel aloe vera mattresses are certified by Certi-Pur. This mattress does not contain PBDE's. The mattress is made with Low Emission (VOCs) for indoor air qualityMade without ozone depletersMade without PBDE flame retardantsMade without mercury, lead and heavy metalsMade without formaldehyde Made without prohibited pthalates I hope this helps you!
Why does the diagram show so many layers when it states 3 layers of foam?
It is a picture of how the mattress is made and there are 3 layers of foam.
Shopping Tips & Inspiration
How to Choose Mattresses for Children
The right mattress is essential to a good night's rest, and this is especially true for young children. Because high-quality mattresses last up to 10 years or longer, it's important to find one that grows with your child and can accommodate developing bodies.
Mattresses Buying Guide
Your mattress has a significant impact on your life -- it affects everything from sleep quality to the way your muscles feel in the morning. As you're shopping for a mattress, remember that all models are not created equal. The best mattress for you depends on your health, body size, and sleep preferences. When you understand how your individual circumstances impact mattress selection, it's easier to choose one that results in a better night's sleep.
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text:
Does anyone know how to recover KVS and configure it to point to a different
Exchange server name? For example, say in prod the mailboxes are on an
Exchange server named "Exch 1". I'm going to recover KVS and Exchange to
another environment. In that environment Exchange is named "Exch 2". KVS
doesn't seem to like that and wants the Exchange server to be named the same,
but I prefer to not do that for other reasons. Thx.


text:
Ho Sit Down: Pastor Manning Dissing Obama
- By Bossip Staff Categories: Bolitics, Ho Sit Down, News
Posted by Bossip Staff
Here is that Pastor James David Manning is still talking out the side of his neck about Barack Obama. His ho ass needs to sit down and stop getting out of pocket. No wonder he's defending himself by saying he's no "Coon or Buffoon".


text:
According to multiple reports, and Omillio Sparks himself, DMX and Sparks will star in the upcoming "48 Hours Till Dark" thriller movie. According to Omillio Sparks, the movie will also co-star rapper slash actor Fredro Starr. "Movies and TV; we got that all lined up," he explained in an interview. "That's longevity there so I'm not stopping there, like you said it's under my belt now so it don't make sense to stop. It makes sense to keep moving forward, and that what I'm doing. Music is my first love, I gotta do that! That's a no-brainer! I have a film coming up called 48 hours Till Dark staring DMX and Fredro Starr. DMX has his own team, Fredro has his, and I have mine. We all get tipped off about the same spot. It sort of has a Trespass theme, but it's different. I know it's gonna be crazy on set with them!"
Swizz Beatz – Talks On DMX (X Manager Talks Recent Arrest)
DMX – Dr Drew Talks About Celebrity Rehab
DMX – Being Arrested Again In 2010 (TMZ)


text:
whole foods
Help Bring A Whole Foods To El Paso
I'm a huge foodie (Mike will insert 'Tricia is fluffy' joke here!), and I fell in love with Whole Foods when I lived in Austin a few years back. Now there is an online petition to try and bring that foodie haven to the EP!


text:
Spring 2014 Edition, Target 1: F Ring
Spring 2014 Edition, Target 1: Saturn's F Ring
The Cassini spacecraft launched in October 1997 and took seven years to travel to Saturn. On June 30, 2014 we will celebrate Cassini's 10th anniversary orbiting Saturn. Cassini uses its cameras and other instruments to learn about Saturn and its rings and moons. All images taken by the spacecraft are available on this website.
To help you get started on the research for your essay, here is some information about the three topics. Feel free to use other sources for your research as well.


text:
Date : 28/02/2012
Weather : Dry / Wet
Temperature : Air: 37 degrees, Ground: 56 degrees
Humidity : 70%
The Repsol Honda Team returns to Sepang on top
The Repsol Honda Team had a positive start to the second Official MotoGP test in 2012 in Malaysia.
Honda factory riders Casey Stoner and Dani Pedrosa topped the time sheets at the end of the first day both happy with the feeling they had with their 1000cc machine.
A thunderstorm stopped the activity on track early in the afternoon, and Dani took the opportunity to ride a few laps on the RC213V in wet conditions for the first time while team mate Casey chose to remain in the garage instead and discuss testing plans for the second day with his crew.
The current MotoGP World Champion has been working on various set ups and he set the best lap of the day with a time of 2'01.761 on lap 8 of 16 completed.
Dani focused on the chassis geometry, rider position and power delivery of the new engine and finished as the second fastest rider of the day with 2'02.005. On his last run, the Spanish rider had to stop on track for an engine problem that technicians will analyse tonight.


text:
Authorities say a man is in critical condition after being hit by a freight train in northern New York.
The St. Lawrence County Sheriff's Office said when deputies arrived on the scene late Sunday night they found 45-year-old Kevin Seig on the railroad bed in the town of Potsdam, near where he lives.
Deputies say he suffered severe head and internal injuries. He was taken to the Potsdam airport then flown by helicopter to Upstate Medical University in Syracuse.
Officials say the CSX train stopped after the accident.
The cause of the accident is still being investigated.


text:
When General Motors named Mary Barra as its next CEO, making her the first woman in the top job at a global automaker, the business media spun its wheels in a frenzy to cover the news.
Days earlier, defusing -- at least temporarily -- a high-profile controversy around its lack of female board members, Twitter appointed former Pearson CEO Marjorie Scardino as the micro-blogging company's first woman to serve on its board.
Their selections attract headlines only because there are still so few women in top decision-making positions in U.S. public companies.
Though they are welcome breakthroughs -- especially in industries like high-tech and transportation that have traditionally been male-led -- executive suites and corporate boardrooms nationwide continue to be dominated by men.
California would be expected to excel in promoting women, but our research shows companies here are no better than the rest of the country. There is only 1 woman for every 8 men in top management and corporate board positions in the Golden State's largest 400 public companies.
Women hold 10.9 percent of these highest-paid executive positions and board seats, according to our latest UC Davis Graduate School of Management Study of California Women Business Leaders, released Dec. 6. On the bright side, this number has climbed 1 percent this year over last year.
Among the 5,132 directors and highest-paid executives at these 400 firms, there are 316 women directors and 199 executives.
Now in its ninth year, our bench mark study is the only one of its kind focusing on gender in the top decision-making posts in corporate California. The California 400, which includes global leaders such as Apple, Chevron, Facebook and Google, represent an astounding $3.4 trillion in stock market value--much of it headquartered in the Bay Area.
These companies should take note: Having more women in top management and on boards may be associated with better company financial performance. The top 34 firms in our study with the highest percentage of women as board members and executives earned three times more revenue and had nearly 50 percent higher profit than the average company in the study with fewer women leaders.
More than a quarter -- 107 of the California 400 -- still have no women board members or among their highest-paid executives. Monster Beverage, Skechers USA and Tesla Motors are among them.
But for the first time there are companies with a majority of women in top leadership positions. Organic food company Annie's, of Berkeley, and teen clothing retailer The Wet Seal, of Orange County, both have more women than men (54.5 percent) among their directors and top-paid executives.
Our findings are sobering, but there has been incremental progress and much more attention to the issue.
Our research prompted the California Legislature in September to adopt the first resolution in the nation urging public companies to add more women to their boards. Senate Concurrent Resolution 62 sets a timeline and recommended number of women based on the size of a company's board.
While nonbinding, this resolution sends a powerful message to the state's public companies. We need to build on this momentum to push for greater gender equality in corporate boardrooms and among executives.
Companies need to tap leaders from diverse backgrounds, skills and experiences in order to thrive in today's competitive global marketplace. It's time to buckle up, leave the "boys club" mentality behind and race to close this gender gap.
Steven C. Currall is dean and professor of management in the Graduate School of Management at UC Davis. He wrote this for this newspaper.


text:
Designed for smaller scales, but also work in tight spots of large gardens. Foambased with a slight crescent shape. The bottoms look like dirt and the tops are a mix of greenery and color.
3 1/2"W x 5/8"H x 1 1/2"D
Scale: 1/12
Assembly Required:
No1/12 scale, also referred to as one-inch scale (or 1" scale), means 1 inch = 1 foot
miniatures.com is dedicated to bringing you quality items at the best prices, and
we stand behind our products 100 percent. Satisfaction guaranteed. If, for any reason,
you are not completely satisfied with your order from miniatures.com, simply return
it to us within 30 days. We are more than happy to exchange it or provide you with
a credit or refund.


text:
Posted: Wed Feb 20, 2008 10:03 am
Post subject: Midwife?
Im 7 weeks pregnant and still haven't heard from my midwife yet. I have a 5 year old daugher and I'm sure I had been contacted by the midwife by 7 weeks. I'm not sure because it's my second pregnancy that they don't rush into appointments as quickly as if it was my first. If anyone is in the same boat or knows how things work, I'd really like to hear from you..
Thanks Gem
Posted: Wed Feb 20, 2008 12:56 pm
Post subject: Hi
I didn't see my midwife untill i was 16 wks !! and im a first time mum. I understand that this isn't normal she did have to rush me in for certain appointments.
I have to say i find my antenatal care rubbish and feel very let down by my midwife.
Hope all goes well
Posted: Wed Feb 20, 2008 1:04 pm
Post subject:
I went to the Dr at 5wks and he said the midwife would contact me. After 2 weeks I made an appointment myself with the midwife as I hadn't heard from her. When I saw her (at 9weeks then) she said when she came to contact me she saw I'd already made my appointment so she didn't get in touch before seeing her. I've just had my scan date through for 12 weeks so very excited.
My advice is book a 45min slot in the midwife's clinic if you haven't heard by about 7-8wks for 9-10wks and that should be fine, always better to be pro-active and saves them a job!
Posted: Wed Feb 20, 2008 1:42 pm
Post subject:
Hey, i had to make my first midwife appointment for 10 weeks. Which was abit dissapointing because with pregnancy the first 12weeks are the most important. But all is going ok (im 18 weeks now).
I did get a doctors appointment at 8 weeks just to ask what i can and cant do, so if your worried do that.
Hop your ok x x
Posted: Thu Feb 21, 2008 9:41 am
Post subject:
I had my notes done at the hospital when I was around 6 weeks pregnant - I never actually seen my midwife until I was 20 weeks, which I was very annoyed about. I had to do all the chasing myself .. even booking in for scans
If you feel like it's taking too long, contact the hospital or your midwife, hopefully yours won't be as bad as mine!
Posted: Thu Feb 21, 2008 2:40 pm
Post subject:
Hi Gemma - my doctor arranged my dating scan and contacted midwife to arrange first "booking appointment". I think i was lucky in this regard. However, i have to book and organise every appointment and scan from here on in. I would definitely give midwife a call or go back to GP and ask them to advise you on how to organise scan/midwife appointment. Im so glad to hear that someone else is starting to show early. I am 9 weeks and i have a definite "tummy". Normally i could put this down to eating too much but ive not eaten very much recently due to nausea!! Also tummy is different shape to normal excess . How are you feeling? Im still getting cramps/twinges which make me panic all the time that somethings wrong!


text:
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Shvetsov, Yurii B.; Hernandez, Brenda Y.; Wong, Sze H.; Wilkens, Lynne R.; Franke, Adrian A.; Goodman, Marc T.
From the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI.
Submitted 21 December 2007; accepted 15 July 2008; posted 23 September 2008.
Supported in part by grant CA 077813 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and by Cancer Center Support Grant (P30) CURE Supplement (CA71789).
Correspondence: Yurii B. Shvetsov, Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, 1236 Lauhala Street, Honolulu, HI 96813. E-mail: email@example.com.
Background: Although serum measures of micronutrients are more specific than questionnaires in quantifying nutritional status, the reliability of serum measures depends on between- and within-person variability of circulating micronutrient levels. The extent to which multiple samples per person might improve reliability is useful information for planning studies and interpreting results.
Methods: We analyzed levels of 25 micronutrients in serum samples taken from 381 Hawaii women at 4-month intervals. For all subjects and for subjects at the low and high end of the micronutrient distributions, we calculated inter- and intraindividual variability, reliability coefficients, and the number of measurements required to limit attenuation in estimated parameters (ie, to keep estimates close to their true values).
Results: For 18 of the 25 micronutrients, a single measurement provided an estimate within 20% of the true value. For regression coefficients, 2 measurements were needed to limit attenuation to no more than 20% for nearly half of the micronutrients. To achieve no more than 10% attenuation, the number of measurements required ranged from 2 to 10 for correlation and from 3 to 20 for regression coefficients. To achieve no more than 5% attenuation, the corresponding ranges were 3 to 21 for correlation and 6 to 42 regression coefficients. In general, more measurements were required for adequate characterization of subjects with relatively high levels of micronutrients than for subjects with lower levels.
Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that 2 or 3 blood measurements are enough to limit attenuation of regression coefficients within 20% of the true value for most carotenoids and tocopherols. For 10% attenuation or less, 4 or more micronutrient measurements may be needed.
Investigators have reported on the role of micronutrients (specifically circulating and dietary carotenoids and tocopherols) in the etiology of various types of cancer.1 Results of such studies have not been entirely consistent, with some studies reporting inverse associations of micronutrients such as β-carotene with cancer risk, whereas others suggest positive associations.2,3 These inconsistencies could be due to various factors, one of which is imprecision from intraindividual variability in micronutrient levels.
Circulating micronutrient levels differ among individuals by various factors including age, sex, ethnicity, genetics, physiology, lifestyle (eg, alcohol use and tobacco smoking) and dietary habits.4,5 Within-person variability of circulating micronutrient concentrations can be caused by environmental exposures, changes in daily diet, weight, physical activity, and seasonality.6–8 The extent of such within-person variability also depends on the micronutrient under consideration. For example, micronutrients derived from common food sources or that have longer half-lives in circulation would be expected to exhibit less within-person variation. On the other hand, some foods are consistently consumed by certain individuals but not others, thereby affecting within-person variability even in otherwise homogeneous populations.
Inter- and intraindividual variability can greatly affect the results of a statistical analysis. A common assumption is that the observed blood levels of micronutrients vary randomly about a long-term average level. Measurement of micronutrient concentrations in a single blood sample per individual to characterize the average level among participants in epidemiologic studies might result in substantial attenuation in the estimated parameters.7 One way to improve the accuracy of the statistical estimates is to increase the sample size, thereby reducing the effect of overall variability. Another way is to decrease the influence of intraindividual variability by increasing the number of measurements taken from each participant.
The influence of intraindividual variability in the data can be quantified by the attenuation coefficient, which measures the degree to which the estimated parameter differs from its true value, that is the value obtained in the absence of intraindividual variation. Liu et al9 and Keys10 have discussed a formula for the estimated correlation coefficient compared with the true correlation ρXY: ρXY/(1 + σw2/σb2)1/2, where σb2 denotes the variance between group means and σw2 the variance within groups. An important question for researchers is how to determine the number of measurements necessary to limit attenuation to some acceptable level. The answer depends on the relative size of inter- and intraperson variability. In the aforementioned formula, the expression 1/(1 + σw2/σb2) is referred to as the intraclass correlation (or reliability) coefficient. It measures the fraction of total variance that is attributable to variance between group (subject) means.
The objective of this analysis is to compute the estimates of inter- and intraindividual variance components and intraclass correlation coefficients for 25 plasma micronutrients, using well-controlled, standardized procedures during the collection, processing, storage, and analysis as a means of restricting external variability. We also present the number of observations necessary to limit attenuation in each of the micronutrients to some acceptable level, as well as an estimate of how reliable the data would be if just 1 observation of a micronutrient level were taken.
In this analysis, we used 1502 blood samples obtained from 381 women participating in a cohort study of cervical human papillomavirus conducted at the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii.11 To be eligible, women had to be 18 years or older and residents of Oahu. Women who had undergone hysterectomy, who were pregnant within the past year or diagnosed with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion within the past 18 months were ineligible. Subjects were recruited at 5 clinics in Honolulu between July 1999 and December 2003 and followed with repeated visits at 4-month intervals. All subjects completed 2 to 16 visits. At baseline, a questionnaire was administered by an interviewer to collect information on social and demographic factors, medical and sexual history, and tobacco and alcohol use. At each visit, a blood sample was obtained and a questionnaire updating information on tobacco and alcohol use was conducted. The study was approved by the Committee on Human Subjects of the University of Hawaii.
Blood was drawn at the clinic after a 10- to 12-hour fast and was used to determine plasma levels of both cis and trans forms of lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, total cryptoxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, total carotene, α-carotene, β-carotene, retinol, total tocopherol, α-tocopherol, β- and α-tocopherol, and Δ-tocopherol. Specimens were wrapped in foil for light protection immediately upon blood draw, and all processing was conducted in the dark. The plasma was separated from the cells by centrifugation (4°C for 15 minutes, 1800g) and frozen (−80°C) until analyzed. The median time from blood draw to freezer was less than 2 hours. Sample extracts were analyzed isocratically by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection.8,12 Absorption spectra and retention times for each peak were compared with those of known authentic standards. Briefly, under subdued light, 0.5 mL of thawed plasma was vortexed by hand for at least 1 minute with 0.5 mL of ethanol containing 0.3 mg/L n-butyl-, β-apo-8′-carotenoate (as an internal standard for carotenoids), 1.0 mg/L retinyl laurate (as an internal standard for retinoids), 6.0 mg/L tocol (as an internal standard for tocopherols), and 250 mg/L butylated hydroxytoluene (as preservative) followed by extraction with hexane. After drying the hexane extracts with nitrogen at ambient temperature and redissolving it in mobile phase, 0.01 mL was subjected to HPLC analysis. The quality of all laboratory analyses was evaluated by participation in the quality assurance program for lipid soluble vitamins organized by the US National Institute for Standards and Technologies (Gaithersburg, MD) and by comparison with external standards (pooled plasma from 8 healthy volunteers). The validation results were within 1 standard deviation from the true value. Interassay coefficients of variation were not more than 17% for trans-zeaxanthin, 37% for Δ-tocopherol, 12% for retinyl palmitate, and within 5% for the other 22 micronutrients. Intraassay coefficients of variation were between half and two thirds of those for interassay variation.
Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Means, medians, ranges, and standard deviations were computed for untransformed micronutrient levels. As noted by Morgan et al,13 individuals with higher mean nutrient levels also tend to have higher within-person variability. For this reason, we scaled and log-transformed the data before proceeding with the remaining computations. Scaling the data allowed comparisons between micronutrients, and log transformation normalized the data. Between- and within-person variances were determined through mixed-model analysis using by restricted maximum likelihood methods and adjusting for age, ethnicity, smoking, and drinking habits. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated as a ratio of between-person and total variances. Similar to Block et al,14 we calculated the number of measurements required to limit attenuation to 5%, 10%, and 20% of the true value in correlation coefficients, where correlation of a micronutrient level and another factor, measured without error, is investigated, and in regression coefficients, where a nutrient level is an independent factor. Liu et al9 and Sempos et al15 provided the following formulas for the required number of measurements:
where nρ, nβ denote the number of measurements to limit attenuation in correlation and regression coefficients, respectively; sw2,sb2 denote the observed within- and between-person variances, respectively; and P equals 1 minus the maximum allowed attenuation, expressed as a fraction of 1. Fixing n = 1 and solving for P, we obtain formulas for attenuation (denoted λρ for correlation and λβ for regression) that results from using a single measurement:
These 2 attenuation coefficients can serve as a measure of reliability of the nutrient data. They value between 0 and 1, implying substantial or little attenuation, respectively.
To assess the effect of seasonality on within-person variation, a season effect was introduced. To account for different seasonal patterns in levels of various micronutrients, we defined a season as 3 consecutive months, rotated through all 12 months, compared with the rest of the year. The ICCs and attenuation factors were also computed for the extreme quartiles of distributions of the 25 micronutrients, using a model with 3 variance components (between-quartile, between-person within quartiles, and within-person). To prevent artificially deflating the between-person variance due to quartile stratification, this variance component was estimated as a sum of between-quartile variance and the between-person variance within quartiles. Quartile classification was based on the log-transformed micronutrient levels.
An average of 4 blood specimens was collected from each of the participants during an average of 1.25 years of follow-up (Table 1). The mean age of the participants at first visit was 30 years. The majority of women were nonwhite. Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking were uncommon.
The intraclass correlation coefficients for the 25 plasma micronutrients were generally greater than 0.6 (Table 2). Age adjustment made little difference to the ICCs (data not shown). About 3 to 21 micronutrient measurements were required to limit attenuation in ICCs to 5%, 2 to 10 measurements were required for <10% attenuation, and 1 to 4 measurements were required for <20% attenuation. In the latter case, the only micronutrients requiring more than 1 measurement were lycopene (including total and dihydro-lycopene) Δ-tocopherol, and retinyl palmitate. These were the only micronutrients with ICCs of 0.5 or lower, and they consistently required more measurements than other micronutrients. Attenuation factors for correlation coefficients resulting from the use of a single measurement ranged from 0.56 to 0.88. Lycopene (including total and dihydro-lycopene) Δ-tocopherol and retinol palmitate were the only micronutrients with attenuation factor below 0.7.
The number of measurements required to limit attenuation in regression coefficients was 6 to 42 for <5% attenuation, 3 to 20 for <10% attenuation, and 1 to 9 for <20% attenuation (Table 2). Again, the aforementioned 5 micronutrients required the greatest number of measurements (≥5). At 20% attenuation, nearly half of the micronutrients required 1 or 2 measurements. The attenuation factors for regression coefficients resulting from a single measurement ranged from 0.31 to 0.78.
Seasonal variation accounted for a small fraction of within-person variation: less than 7% for α-carotene and less than 3% for all other micronutrients (data not shown). Analyses were also repeated after omitting the 48 (13%) women who changed their smoking habits during follow-up. The results were nearly identical for all micronutrients except dihydro-lycopene, for which the ICC increased from 0.43 to 0.57 and the required number of measurements for regression coefficients dropped nearly 2-fold (from 12 to 7 for <10% attenuation and from 6 to 3 for <20% attenuation; data not shown).
The ICCs based on the high quartile of micronutrient distribution were lower than those based on the low quartile (Table 3). For subjects at the low end of the micronutrient range, 1 measurement was required for <10% attenuation in both correlation and regression coefficients for nearly half of the micronutrients. All micronutrients required a single measurement at 20% attenuation. For subjects whose levels were above the 75th percentile of circulating micronutrient concentrations, the number of measurements required for <10% attenuation was 1 to 11 for correlation and 2 to 23 for regression coefficients; and 1 to 5 and 1 to 11, respectively, for <20% attenuation.
The analysis in Table 2 was repeated separately for younger (<45 years) and older (≥45 years) women. For all micronutrients except retinyl palmitate, the ICCs for the older group were slightly higher than the ICCs for the younger group. For correlation coefficients, the required number of measurements to limit attenuation to 20% was reduced for 6 micronutrients, whereas for regression coefficients, the corresponding number of measurements was reduced for 15 micronutrients as compared with the overall population (data not shown).
Our findings suggest that a single measurement of circulating carotenoids and tocopherols is often not enough to characterize adequately an individual's average blood levels within 20% of their true level. At least 1 or 2 measurements are required to limit attenuation in correlation coefficients to 20%; and 2 to 3 measurements are required for <10% attenuation. Because the 10% attenuation limit would likely be acceptable in most epidemiologic studies, a study design with 2 to 3 micronutrient measurements per subject would generally resolve the attenuation problems resulting from within-person variability. For regression coefficients, the number of measurements required to adequately characterize an individual is nearly twice that for correlation coefficients. About 2 to 4 measurements would be sufficient for all but 5 micronutrients to bring attenuation within 20% of the true value. With a requirement of 10% attenuation, this is true for only half of the micronutrients. In a study in which only 1 measurement is used, great care should be exercised in interpreting results of no association. Such results could be caused by attenuation in true parameter values, even when a substantial association does exist (type II error). We note, however, that the improvement in parameter precision with repeated measurements comes at the expense of increased cost and more complex logistical issues associated with multiple specimen collection.
Our results also suggest that for a group of individuals at the high end of micronutrient range, the proportion of the total variability that is due to within-person variability is greater. Thus, this group may require more observations. This becomes increasingly important if the desired maximum attenuation is 10% or less. This observation may be useful to an investigator designing an intervention study that includes initial screening, in which only the subjects with high (or low) initial screening levels are entered into the study.
The difference in the number of measurements required to limit attenuation in regression and correlation coefficients follows directly from the difference in attenuation factors λρ and λβ Eq. (2): λβ depends on the within-person variability of the micronutrient alone, whereas λρ depends on within-person variability of both the micronutrient and another factor. Assuming, as we have done in this study, that the other factor is error free, the correlation coefficient is attenuated less than the regression coefficient and thus requires fewer measurements of the micronutrient to keep it within a certain percentage of its true value.
The notable exceptions to our findings are for lycopene (including total and dihydro-lycopene) Δ-tocopherol, and retinyl palmitate. These 5 micronutrients had the lowest intraclass correlation coefficients among the 25 micronutrients, which imply that their intraindividual variance is highest as a fraction of total variance. Consequently, they require a higher number of measurements to limit the influence of within-person variation and to lower attenuation. This finding results from the shorter half-life of these micronutrients in circulation. Schwedhelm et al16 reported half-life of 2 hours for Δ-tocopherol, 13 hours for α-tocopherol, 73 to 81 hours for α-tocopherol, 2 to 3 days for lycopene and 5 to 7 days for β-carotene. Burri et al17 determined that in persons on carotenoid depletion diets, the half-life of lycopene is 26 days, whereas the half-lives of lutein, α- and β-carotene, cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin are between 37 and 76 days. The half-life of retinyl palmitate has been estimated to be less than 2 hours.18 Our results indicate that Δ-tocopherol has the smallest ICC among tocopherols, and lycopene the smallest ICC among carotenoids. Although α- and β-tocopherol have shorter half-lives than most carotenoids, their ICCs are comparable with those of other carotenoids with the exception of lycopene. This could be because tocopherols come from more stable food sources, which results in continued supply of these substances and reduces within-person variation in blood levels.
A number of past studies could have benefited from taking 2 or more micronutrient measurements per person. This is especially true of prospective cohort studies, in which participants are followed over a long period of time. It is not uncommon for such studies to use 1 plasma micronutrient measurement per person. In some cases, no association has been found between cancer risk and such micronutrients as lycopene, retinol, and tocopherols. These null results could have been caused by attenuation due to the use of a single measurement. Methods exist19,20 to construct unattenuated parameter estimates with only 1 measurement per person, but such methods require a good estimate of within-person variance in the target population of the study. In the absence of such estimates, the attenuation factors reported here could be used to perform a sensitivity analysis and to determine the potential influence of attenuation on the study results.
Few investigators have examined the intra- and interindividual variability of circulating micronutrient concentrations. Tangney et al21 compared within- and between-person variances of fasting venous blood samples taken from 24 male medical staff once each week for 4 consecutive weeks. The number of measurements to attain 10%, 20%, and 40% attenuation was calculated for β-carotene, retinol, α-tocopherol, and total tocopherol. The numbers reported were 3, 4, 8, and 8, respectively, at 10% attenuation, which is generally higher than our results (2-4 at 10% attenuation). Similar to our results, β-carotene required only 1 measurement at 20% attenuation.
Cooney et al8 measured plasma levels of 12 micronutrients in samples from 21 persons taken at monthly intervals over a 1-year period, and calculated the number of measurements required to characterize accurately long-term plasma levels at least 80% of the time. The numbers reported for lutein/zeaxanthin, α-carotene, and retinol (3, 4, and 8.3, respectively) were substantially higher than our results (1, 1, and 2, respectively), whereas those for lycopene, β-carotene, α- and β-tocopherol (3, 1, 1.5, and 2.6, respectively) were similar to our findings.
In a much larger study of 206 primary and second-hand tobacco smokers, Block et al14 measured micronutrients in 2 fasting blood samples from each participant separated by 2–4 week intervals. Reliability coefficients and attenuation factors calculated for 25 micronutrients (generally overlapping with ours) were obtained through a different estimation method and were comparable with those in our analysis, but generally higher than those reported by Tangney et al21 Block et al14 concluded that 2 measurements were adequate for a reliable dataset.
There is ongoing debate as to whether standard methods of handling measurement error can be applied to the intraindividual variability in micronutrient levels because such variability may not be random. Morgan et al13 described substantial autoregressive trends in daily nutrient intakes that might be explained by temporal factors. In an analysis of variability in daily food records, Sempos et al15 argued against strong influence of long-term changes in diet on within-person variance. Rather, short-term dietary variation, including seasonal influence on food choices, appears to have a stronger influence on micronutrient intake. In the present study, however, seasonality was not an important source of variability in serum micronutrient levels, generally accounting for less than 3% of intraindividual variation. This might be because of the general availability of major food sources throughout the year in Hawaii, which is not true in all populations. In our cohort and others in which seasonality is not important, sample collection from the same person could be spaced several days or weeks apart for more precise micronutrient classification. In populations with strong seasonal variations in diet, samples should be taken several months apart to capture seasonal effects.
The ICCs for serum micronutrients depend on inherent characteristics of micronutrients (such as half-life in circulation) as well as dietary factors, age, sex, ethnicity, geographic location, and seasonality. Our results may not be generalizable to other populations with different distributions of micronutrient levels, as the ICC is affected by the interindividual variability within a population. Thus, the number of required measurements may vary depending on the range of distribution of the corresponding micronutrient.
Strengths of our study include the relatively large sample size, long follow-up period (up to 4 years), and a large number of measurements per subject, which provides a reasonable estimate of the within-person variability and the intraclass correlation coefficient. As eating patterns and other exposures differ for men and women, increasing the sources of dietary variability, it may be inappropriate to extrapolate our results to men. On the other hand, the multiethnic composition of the study population may have enhanced the range of dietary intakes compared with other studies. As many epidemiologic analyses are sex specific, our results are applicable to many investigations. A potential limitation of this analysis was the relatively young age composition of the study. Because older people are at a greater risk of developing chronic health problems, they are of particular interest to prospective cohort studies. Our results suggest that women 45 years and older tend to exhibit more stable plasma micronutrient levels, and hence may require fewer measurements to attain a desired precision for some micronutrients. However, due to the small proportion of older subjects in our study population (11% of the sample older than 45), a direct comparison between younger and older groups was difficult. Block et al14 reported no particular influence of age on ICCs for circulating micronutrients.
In summary, our analysis suggests that 2 or 3 blood measurements of most carotenoids and tocopherols are enough to limit attenuation of regression coefficients to within 20% of the true value. These results are relevant to large prospective studies of the influence of micronutrients on disease with a single banked biologic specimen.
We thank the physicians and administrators at the following institutions for their support of the study: the University of Hawaii Student Health Services, Queen's Medical Center/Queen Emma Clinic, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii Medical Systems, the University of Hawaii Clinical Research Center, and the University of Hawaii Leeward Community College Health Center.
This article has been cited 2 time(s).
© 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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footer 1
1.1A kick of a football performed with a specified foot: he hammered a low left-footer past the keeper
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verb[no object] Scottish
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By: Ivy Jacobson for TheKnot.com Since Mary-Kate Olsen and her younger sister Elizabeth Olsen got engaged within two weeks of each other, we're seriously excited for what could be a double wedding! And if it's not, we're thinking that Mary-Kate's wedding style (on the left) will be simple and boho-chic, while Elizabeth's (on the right) will take more of an elegant, vintage approach with these cakes, invitations, dresses and bouquets. More from The Knot: Offbeat Wedding Ideas 18 Celebrity Engagement Ring Look-Alikes Vintage Wedding Ideas Spring Wedding Ideas Like us
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