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Why Bitcoin Might Not Count as Money in Japan
Within days Japan is expected to explain its approach to regulating Bitcoin, and reports suggest the government is leaning toward saying it doesn't consider Bitcoin a currency. One of the challenges governments have faced in dealing with the phenomenon is whether to treat Bitcoin as a currency akin to dollars and yen or a commodity more similar to gold and silver. Deciding one way or another will be a major factor in how Bitcoin transactions are taxed.
Japan's hand was forced largely by the failure of Tokyo-based Mt. Gox, once the world's largest exchange for converting Bitcoins into other currencies. In the wake of the failure, Tsutomu Okubo, an opposition legislator, wrote an open letter asking the government to clarify its approach, and Mt. Gox is required by Japanese law to respond. Okubo told the Wall Street Journal that he has been in discussions with the country's banking regulator for about a year, and it doesn't seem interested in being Bitcoin's watchdog.
Bitcoins are a nearly unprecedented combination of commodity and currency. The intent of their creator, a person or group of people known as Satoshi Nakamoto, was to create a form of exchange that would be anonymous and impossible for governments to manipulate. So: currency. But to date Bitcoins have proven most useful to digital goldbugs who want to bet on the astronomical rise in their value, and it's understandably hard to base a credible form of exchange on something whose value can double or halve over the course of a day. So: commodity.
Confusing matters more is that Bitcoin's value as a commodity comes from the belief that it will, eventually, become useful as a currency.
Governments have been going different ways on this. The UK's tax authority recently backtracked on plans to put a value-added tax on Bitcoin trading, saying that it was a currency for tax purposes. Other countries say that Bitcoins fall short of the definition for currency and have kept trading taxes in place (Singapore) or prohibited banks from handling Bitcoins (China).
"Considering the definition of an official currency as set out in law, it's not that. It's also not a payment instrument, because the law stipulates that a payment instrument must have an issuer responsible for its operation," Paeivi Heikkinen, head of oversight at the Bank of Finland in Helsinki, told Bloomberg News. "At this stage it's more comparable to a commodity." There are no legal barriers to the country's citizens using Bitcoins as a means of exchange, but they do have to pay capital gains taxes as Bitcoin investments gain value.
The U.S. is still considering how to regulate Bitcoin on the federal and state levels, and it could yet be treated as both a commodity and a currency, depending on the agency. As arguments continue to be made on both sides, some are apparently beyond the pale, though. When a man accused of carrying out a Bitcoin Ponzi scheme argued that he couldn't be tried because Bitcoin wasn't really money, a judge quickly slapped the argument down.


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Former soldier says deck taken from his house
Published: Tuesday, January 3, 2012 at 3:33 p.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, January 3, 2012 at 3:33 p.m.
CLARKSVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Someone obviously liked the back deck of a Clarksville home. They stole it.
Jadranko Beslic told The Leaf-Chronicle he and his wife lived in the house while he was in the Army, but it has sat vacant for about a year since the couple moved to Atlanta (http://leafne.ws/txCNGW).
They're still paying a mortgage on the house and were delighted when a friend said she was coming back to Fort Campbell and wanted to rent it.
But when the couple's friend and her fiance went to look at the house, the 10-foot-by-12-foot deck was gone.
Beslic said he traveled to Clarksville on Saturday to see and, sure enough, the deck had been removed. He filed reports with the police and his insurance company.
Beslic said he was baffled.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.

subset: commoncrawl


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Issue No.05 - September/October (2008 vol.10)
pp: 12-14
Wesley Chou , Cisco Systems
J. Morris Chang , Iowa State University
Shawkang Wu , LinQuest
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MITP.2008.114
Wireless technologies continue to advance to provide faster, more reliable, and more secure service. The articles in this issue provide case studies and practical information to help the IT professional understand existing wireless broadband options as well as their future direction.
Wireless, wimax, networking
Wesley Chou, J. Morris Chang, Shawkang Wu, "Wireless Broadband Technologies: Access, Security, and Applications", IT Professional, vol.10, no. 5, pp. 12-14, September/October 2008, doi:10.1109/MITP.2008.114


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'Hit Man' Scam
By David Emery
Netlore Archive: Spam message supposedly sent by a hit man hired to 'terminate' the recipient demands a large sum of money to cancel the mission.
Description: Email hoax / Scam
Circulating since: Dec. 2006
Status: False (see details below)
Example #1:
Email text contributed by an AOL user, Dec. 4, 2007:
Dear Friend,
Example #2:
Email text contributed by Sharon H., Dec. 26, 2006:
Subject: Merry Xmas to you and stay alive...........
Analysis: While death threats and extortion demands ought never to be taken lightly, recipients of messages like the ones above can take solace in the fact that they are boilerplate texts. Random folks all over the country have received identically-worded messages, the FBI informs us. Federal agents are already investigating this bizarre new form of spam.
It is known so far that the messages are originating from Moscow, Russia (note the fractured English grammar) and are being emailed to addresses apparently selected from professional databases (i.e., they target recipients chosen because they presumably have the resources to pay an extortionist). As FBI cyber crime supervisor Bill Shore noted in an interview with the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, "All they're looking for is one guy to pay off. Then their job is done."
Recipients should not reply
The most important thing to know about these emails is that if you receive one, you shouldn't respond. In addition to soliciting your cash, the perpetrators hope to persuade you to share personal data so they can steal your identity.
The FBI encourages recipients of the scam message to file a report online at www.ic3.gov (the Internet Crime Complaint Center).
Share This Article
Sources and further reading:
2008: 'Hit Man' Scam Spam Returns
Urban Legends Blog, 19 February 2008
The Spammer-as-Hit Man Scam
Washington Post Security Fix blog, 12 January 2007
FBI Warns Public About 'Hit Man' Email Scam
WTHR-TV News, 11 January 2007 (with video)
'Hitman' Emails Rattle Recipients
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 9 January 2007
Threatening Email Targets Kitsap Business Leaders
KIRO-TV News (Kitsap, WA), 9 January 2007
Last updated: 11/07/11


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Reebok CrossFit Nano 3.0 – $119.99
Last week Reebok released it's 3rd generation Reebok CrossFit Nano with a totally new design and color combo's for the summer and 3 more colors coming for late 2013.
Some of the new additions are:
* ETC Lining for anti-friction to reduce heat build up inside the shoe to prevent excessive foot sweat
* DuraCage upper lining for more stabilization and construction of the shoe.
* New vertical and horizontal grooves known as METASPLIT for optimized flexibility and traction
* RopePro and Dual density for improved stability, response and cushioning
Reebok CrossFit Lifter Plus – $179.99
Reebok also released it's 2nd generation of the Oly lifter plus with this new and improved model. They will sell the original u-form Oly Lifter as well in new colors choices for 2013 as well. Here are some of the difference between the two:
* ETC Lining which act's as anti-friction to reduce heat build up and increase comfort in the shoe
* Increased stability with dual opposing velcro straps to keep you really locked into place
* New customization with the lighter, thinner material
* A full length 65% stiffer strobel for lifting stability
To Purchase these and other Reebok CrossFit Products visit us at HellaLife.


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Compensation Ratios May Trouble Investment Banks
Weak revenue in the third quarter could make it harder for investment banks to lower their compensation ratios, according to a new report from SNL Financial.
Analysts have pointed out that July and August, already seasonally slow months, were slower than usual this year amid uncertainty regarding the Syrian crisis and how the Federal Reserve would act on unwinding its stimulus.
SNL noted that lower deal volumes will likely pressure revenue, driving up the compensation-to-revenue ratios for investment banks.
"Lower revenue can certainly make it difficult for investment banks with less expense flexibility to prevent their compensation ratios from increasing, and this was evident in the second quarter when volatile fixed-income markets led to trading losses," SNL's Dhaval Patel and Joe Mantone said.
Compensation-to-revenue ratios are significant because by lowering these, banks are able to increase their return on equity and meet targets.
RBC Capital Markets analyst Fiona Swaffield earlier this month said that through July and August, investment banking fees were running down 35% year over year. In particular, Ms. Swaffield noted that August's investment banking fees were the lowest monthly total in over three years, at $2.9 billion.
Compared to investment banking fee revenue, trading volumes haven't dropped as much, but they were still trending down year over year according to Ms. Swaffield. As of the end of August, third-quarter U.S. equity trading was down 4% and U.S. bond trading was down 6% compared to the same period last year, she said.
Fixed income revenue is also widely expected to be pressured in the third quarter.
Earlier this week, Jefferies Group LLC said its fiscal third-quarter profit tumbled 83% as fixed-income-trading revenue slumped 88%. Fixed-income results from Jefferies, which reports a few weeks before the large U.S. banks, are closely watched as they can hint at trends in the larger industry.
For its third quarter, Jefferies reported a compensation ratio of 56.8%, down from the 58.2% reported in the second quarter and also from the year-ago's 59.6%.
Still, until September ends, some are continuing to hold out hope that trading volume could pick up and help mitigate the weakness shown in the prior two months.
"The pipeline for September is very strong, but you never want to say the pipeline is done until it's done," Morgan Stanley Chief Financial Officer Ruth Porat said earlier this month.


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Feds and Lawyer for Consular Worker Talking Plea, but Still Sparring
In the midst of plea negotiations between lawyers for an Indian consular worker and the U.S. attorney's office in Manhattan, another fight between the parties has erupted, one over whether to push back the deadline by which the government must present formal charges.
Last month, the consular worker, Devyani Khobragade, was arrested on charges she submitted false documents to get a work visa for a baby sitter and housekeeper in her Manhattan home. She has denied all the charges.
Late Monday, the office of U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara filed this letter with the court, confirming that the parties had recently engaged in plea negotiations. "Indeed," reads the Jan. 6 letter, "as recently as Saturday, January 5, the Government outlined reasonable parameters for a plea that could resolve the case . . . . "
But the letter also objected to a recent request made by lawyers for Ms. Khobragade to postpone by one month the preliminary hearing set for Jan. 13. Currently, that date represents the deadline for the government to file an indictment against Ms. Khobragade.
Read the full post at the Law Blog.


text: Fortune Cookie : Something is about to occur that will change your life forever . . . that's what Long Island legal assistant Natalie "Rosie" Rosenstein's sixth sense tells her one summer morning. All her life, she's been getting psychic e-mails - with lousy timing. Why no warning that she'd waste two years after college in an affair with a freeloading Frenchman? Then there's her mother, playing matchmaker day and night. Does Rosie ever spy the next "nice dentist" looming on the horizon? In a word, no. But this time is different. When her usually dedicated boss, Grace, doesn't show up for court, Rosie knows her instincts are right . . . something's seriously wrong.


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Monetary "regime change" for Japan, as central bank boosts inflation target, ups asset buying – The Washington Post
TOKYO — Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe declared a "monetary regime change" Tuesday as the central bank bowed to government pressure, setting a 2 percent inflation target aimed at helping the country emerge from its prolonged bout of deflation.
"This opens a passageway toward bold monetary easing," Abe told reporters after the Bank of Japan and government jointly announced the inflation target and plans for "open-ended" central bank asset purchases similar to the strategy followed by the U.S. Federal Reserve to keep market interest rates low.
The Japanese economy, mired in a two and a half decade depression, moves toward entering the endgame.


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Don't listen to the deaf, Tony
Issue 16 of FSM came out a few days ago. The PDF version went out as well, but... out of the window! A lot of people, including myself, cried and asked for it to come back.
I am now writing this open letter to Tony, asking him to just discard many of the requests that wanted the PDF back.


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SCOTT CITY - Phyllis Jean Calhoun, 54, died at 2:05 a.m. March 12, 2010, in the St. Francis Medical Center in Cape Girardeau.
Funeral arrangements are with the Shelby Funeral Home in East Prairie.
For the complete obituary and more stories from the Standard Democrat, click here to log on to the electronic edition.


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BOSTON (FNS) -- Dressing up a specialty cheese department can substantially increase sales, John Greeley, president of Sheila Marie Imports, told attendees at the NorthEast Fresh Foods Alliance's 2001 annual conference and exposition. "In the supermarket, 20% of your sales come from about 80% of your cheese -- so 80% of your sales come from 20% of your cheese," he said. "Well, that 20% is only a skeleton." Adding a shirt and pants is only part of the solution. Sales of specialty cheeses ...
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text:
Moderators: Indaswamp, brassass
warriorwoman531 wrote:Have you all seen the new video for Thanksgiving from Duck Dynasty? Si and Jase (my favorites) shot a safety video that is really cool! Do people still make mistakes frying each year?? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xPV27MxkF8
Uneasyjmitchell wrote:Is Erie salt water?
Indawoods wrote:
leaving me slack jawed and stupified. mangy feline deathkitty stole my bird.
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Aidan O'Shea is set to start for Mayo in their All-Ireland quarter-final with Down at Croke Park on Saturday.
A stomach muscle injury has curtailed O'Shea's involvement with the county this season, but he did have a telling effect when coming on as a second half sub in the Connacht final win over Sligo.
He is now likely to start in midfield alongside Barry Moran against the Mourne county as Mayo bid for a successive appearance in the last four of the championship.
Other news from the camp sees Peadar Gardiner's return after a foot problem that ruled him out of the provincial decider.
Pat Harte and Aidan Campbell are still out injured and will not feature at the weekend.
Down's only injury concern relates to Danny Hughes with a groin injury.
Saturday's match throws-in at 5.00pm, with the winners to play either Dublin or Laois in the All-Ireland semi-final on 2 September


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Thursday, Oct. 4, 2012
HAPPY BIRTHDAY for Thursday, Oct. 4, 2012: This year others can count on you for feedback, as you tend to be quite verbose. Your ability to detach from yourself and your life will prove to be essential to your year and overall happiness. Distant elements, educational opportunities, travel and issues involving the law might not move as fast as you'd like, but you will arrive where you want to be in due time. If you are single, you could meet several people. The person who is quite different will be the right one for you. If attached, a trip will invigorate your relationship. Keeping communication open will be a snap. GEMINI always has a different perspective.


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Get an overview of this hotel3-star hotel near Kendall-Jackson Wine Estate and Gardens
Situated in Santa Rosa, this hotel is within 3 mi (5 km) of Kendall-Jackson Wine Estate and Gardens, Pacific Coast Air Museum, and Windsor Golf Club. Wells Fargo Center for the Arts is 2.8 mi (4.6 km) away.
Hotel Features
This smoke-free hotel features a restaurant, an indoor pool, and a fitness center. Free WiFi in public areas, free self parking, and a free airport shuttle are also provided. Other amenities include a bar/lounge, a 24-hour business center, and conference rooms.
Room Amenities
All 90 rooms offer conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves, along with free WiFi, free wired Internet, and LCD TVs. Guests will also find room service, premium bedding, and coffee makers.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma County Airport417 Aviation Blvd Santa Rosa CA 95403
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma County Airport features an indoor pool and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This 3-star property offers access to a 24-hour business center and meeting rooms. Event facilities measuring 1012 square feet (91 square meters) include conference space. This business-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, laundry facilities, and a grocery/convenience store. A roundtrip airport shuttle is complimentary to guests (available 24 hours). Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma County Airport is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Free airport transportation
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Conference space
- Conference space size (feet) - 1012
- Conference space size (meters) - 91
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Grocery/convenience store
- Indoor pool
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 3
- Number of meeting rooms - 4
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Smoke-free property
- Total number of rooms - 90
Family Friendly Amenities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Grocery/convenience store
- Indoor pool
- Laundry facilities
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Rollaway/extra beds available
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Bathtub only
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free toiletries
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Daily housekeeping
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Microwave
- Pay movies
- Premium bedding
- Refrigerator
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Room service (limited hours)
Where to Eat
Great American Grill - This restaurant specializes in American cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
Pavilion Lounge - Onsite bar. Happy hour is offered.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an indoor pool and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Hiking/biking trails on site
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: USD 10.95 per person (approximately)
Hotel Name
- Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma
- Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma Airport
- Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma County
- Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma County Airport
- Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma County Airport Hotel
- Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma County Airport Hotel Santa Rosa
- Hilton Garden Inn Sonoma County Airport Santa Rosa
- Sonoma Hilton Garden Inn
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport. Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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Posted: Wed Apr 30, 2008 4:51 pm
Post subject: Could i be??
Im 2 weeks late. i had 2 faint positives then 2 negatives. Last week i did a clear blue digd test and got a negative!! Darnt do another test i like clinging to thought that i might be pregnant! Had no other signs aoart from sore breasts. Any1 experienced anything similar? xx


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Cart is Empty
NAVCOM strip that attaches on the front of the grip directly to the riser, insulating your hand from the cold. Will not increase your grip width. Length: 3.5" Width: .5" Black.
Dominant boar urine sends the signal that there is a new boar in the area. Provokes boars to come defend their breeding rights. Packaged in an easy to use squirt top bottle.
Best selling Scott dual caliper release is recognizable by its green jaws and trigger. Features solid swivel connector rod with 5-hole length adjustment and adjustable forward position knurled trigger for maximum draw length.
Drop away arrow rest with total arrow containment and a curved capture bar for total fletching clearance. Launcher arm can be cocked using the thumb wheel, and stays up on a slow let down. Incorporates anti-vibration technology for reduced noise. Launcher arm locks in drop-away position to eliminate any bounceback, even on bows shooting over 400 FPS. Designed specifically for PSE bows.
Designed to withstand punishment from the elements and the rigors of competition shooting. Flex Fletch vanes retain their form even after shots that pass through targets. Provides flexibility that dampens arrow oscillation and increases accuracy. Vane bases must be cleaned with acetone, alcohol, or Zing primer before fletching. Shield cut vanes available in sizes 1.87" (3.08 gr.), 2.25" (3.75 gr.), and 3.6" (7.7 gr.).
The Pro Elite 20" 22/64ths diameter Easton carbon fiber arrow is fletched slightly offset with Q2i Fusion X-ii 3.5" vanes. It is fitted with a 68-grain brass insert and TenPoint's neon yellow Omni-Nock. Precision engineered by Easton, Pro Elite shafts are inspected for straightness to within .003 and hand sorted for weight tolerance to within two grains per dozen.


text:
Brendon Villanueva Skater Profile
Sponsors: Powell Peralta, Spitfire (flow), Fourstar (flow), Lakai (flow), Royal (flow), Bones Swiss, Active
Hometown: Poway CA, Stance: Regular, Age: 22, Status: Am
Last Update: Friday, April 11, 2014 Submit an Update
Brendon Villanueva Mugshot History
Date: December 2013
Date: May 2013
Date: December 2012
Date: October 2012
Date: December 2011
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Date: December 2010
Date: Unknown
Brendon Villanueva Comments
Other Skater Links
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- Skate News and Videos - daily skate news and videos from around the web.
- Media Coverage - we log all major magazine coverage by skater and photographer.
- Skate Photographers - we log all major magazine coverage by skater and photographer.
- Contest Results - over a decade's worth of contest history.


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Every face is unique. Our expressions can show a range of moods, intentions and emotions – usually leaving a lasting impression. A confident smile can say it all, enabling you to take a positive approach to everything you do in life.
People visit our Complete Smile practice for a wide range of cosmetic dentistry reasons, but all with the same aim – to feel better about their smile. You too can make the change and look forward to the future with a perfect smile on your face.
At Complete Smile we perform a variety of cosmetic dental treatments to ensure just that – from a single tooth implant replacement to fixed bridges, or smile makeovers. With veneers in place, you will never again have to experience the awkwardness associated with a smile you do not like. You can look forward to eating, speaking and smiling with confidence.
The procedures are conducted with a clear focus on your individual needs as a patient, with emphasis placed on your comfort and convenience every step of the way.
A cosmetic dental implant treatment programme or complete smile makeover can be set up during a single visit, so you can take the first step to achieving the smile you want in a matter of hours. That's how long it takes to make the change.
Complete Smile Cosmetic Dental Clinic
8 Thomas Street, South Shields, Tyne and Wear, NE33 1PU
T: 0191 427 1029 F: 0191 427 3479 www.completesmile.co.uk firstname.lastname@example.com


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Tomb Raider
Version and / or Patch Used: Latest Steam Update
Timedemo or Level Used: Built in Benchmark
Developer Homepage: http://www.nixxes.com/
Product Homepage: http://www.tombraider.com/us/base/agegate?refer=184&
Tomb Raider is an action-adventure platform video game. Published by Square Enix, Tomb Raider is the fifth title developed by Crystal Dynamics in the Tomb Raider franchise. As the first entry in a new Tomb Raider continuity, the game is a reboot that emphasizes the reconstructed origins of the culturally influential lead character Lara Croft. Tomb Raider was released on 5 March 2013 for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows to universal critical acclaim.
Tomb Raider sees some excellent gains across the board.
Compared to the GTX TITAN SLI setup, numbers are similar to better on the CrossFireX HD 7990 + HD 7970 setup.


text:
For One Artist, Lego Sculpture Anything But Child's Play
For years, artist Nathan Sawaya has tried to convince art lovers and galleries that Lego bricks can be a medium for serious art, not just a child's building blocks.
Now, as his reputation as a "brick artist" has grown, he's facing critics head on with interpretations of 50 famous art works, all painstakingly built using thousands of Lego bricks.
The renditions, which include an interpretation of the Mona Lisa and a giant version of the Moai heads on Easter Island, bring an element of whimsy to masterpieces that are in some ways weighed down by their history. "It'll be interesting how serious art lovers react to it," says Mr. Sawaya. "Because you're messing with the masters."
Mr. Sawaya acknowledges that when he first started exhibiting his Lego work, holding his first solo exhibition at a small gallery in Pennsylvania in 2007, he did not have the skill or confidence to tackle the masters.
But almost a decade after quitting his job as a corporate attorney to pursue his brick art full-time, Mr. Sawaya has spent enough time developing his eye as an artist to put the rigid bricks to work, creating takes on the Great Sphinx of Giza, the Venus de Milo and a detail of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling.
"I needed to hone my skills more and more," he said, in order to use various techniques to capture the famous artworks. "I think the confidence grew over time."
The depictions of 50 iconic works of art are a new addition to the "Art of the Brick" exhibition, which is coming to the Discovery Times Square for six months starting June 14. The exhibition, which had its launch this Wednesday, has toured a number of countries.
The exhibition also features 50 of Mr. Sawaya's original works from his early days creating representational pieces such as apples and pencils as well as what he describes as a "darker, emotional" phase with a life-size human figure swimming through water and a person being pulled back by disembodied arms.
The exhibition includes a 20-foot long skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus Rex dinosaur, which took a summer to build and has to be suspended by wires from the ceiling. It is his tribute to children who have delighted in his works, he said.
Mr. Sawaya, 39 years old, spent two years creating the art history pieces that started as a commission for a children's book deal that ultimately fell through. Knowing that many of the works have been reproduced before, he created his own take on them– such as a purposefully pixelated rendering of the Mona Lisa with larger Lego bricks, and a 3D, life-size version of James Whistler's mother, who is seen in profile in the original artwork, "Arrangement in Grey and Black No.1."
Mr. Sawaya is strict about not manipulating the bright color pallete or shape of the brick, a rule that proved particularly challenging when reproducing the works of art, he said.
"If [children] pick up a Lego brick at a toy store, I want them to be able to have that very same brick that I have, that I use," he said.
Mr. Sawaya said he spends hundreds of thousands of dollars annually on Lego bricks. While Lego does not sponsor any of his work, the company will sometimes promote his exhibitions online, he said. The company has recognized him as a "Master Model Builder," and one of only 13 international "Certified Professionals," referring to a group of adult hobbyists whose work with Lego is a full-time or part-time profession.
This is not the first time Mr. Sawaya has done replicas of iconic images. In 2006, he was commissioned to do a large-scale version of the iconic photograph of the raising of the flag at Iwo Jima for the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Virginia. The sculpture used more than 100,000 bricks. Mr. Sawaya said that he would previously alternate commissions with private art pieces; but he does fewer commissions now, preferring to work on his original ideas.
His latest collaboration with photographer Dean West, "In Pieces," includes a photo of a woman wearing a bright red dress that appears to be flapping in the wind, but is actually made entirely out of the glued together toy bricks.
"I'm still pushing the edge of the envelope with Lego, trying to take it somewhere else constantly, pushing it to an unexpected place," he says. "I really think I found Lego bricks to be the perfect medium. I really believe I can build anything out of them."


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14 points
New York, United States
25 points
Wiltshire, United Kingdom
3 points
Quebec, Canada
40 points
United States
4 points
United States
United States
Beatrice , United States
United States
United States
Quebec, Canada
Habitat: The Mexican Red Rump is a terrestrial species which is native to scrublands in Mexico and south to Belize, El Salvador and Guatemala. They are a burrowing tarantula, and will opportunistically occupy any available burrow. Brachypelma vagans are commonly kept as exotic pets, and are considered to be quite docile. However, handling can be a challenge, as they can be skittish and will throw urticating hairs when startled.
SizeColoration: This tarantula can reach up to 5 inches. As their common name suggests, they have a red abdomen, caused by red hairs. The rest of the body has short velvet-like hairs and is primarily a dark brown or a jet black color, thus giving it it's other common name.
Caging: A 5-10 gallon tank is suitable for one adult tarantula. Floor space is more important than height and should have decent room for burrowing. Spiderlings and younger specimens can live in pill bottles or other clear plastic containers until they are large enough for the adult tank.
CaptiveCare: Temperature should be kept between 80-85F with humidity levels of 70-80%. Substrate must be 5-8 inches deep and should be a mix of potting soil, vermiculite, peat moss, or other substrates. Keep the substrate moist by misting the tank 2-3 times a week. Keeping a shallow water dish in the tank is a must, to help keep humidity up. Tank décor should be objects that will allow this species to burrow. Cork bark across the bottom, or half of a plant pot, etc will provide a hiding spot if it doesn't burrow.
Breeding: N/A
Diet: Mexican Red Rump Tarantulas will eat anything they can over power. This includes crickets, cockroaches, super worms, mealworms, etc. Larger adult specimens may get an occasional pinkie mouse or small anole lizard. Spiderlings and younger tarantulas may be offered mini mealworms, fruit flies, and pin head crickets.
Behavioral aspects: Individuals of this species have been known to be very aggressive where others have been known to be skittish and shy. They have been known to be docile as well; temperament varies. They will flick hairs off their abdomens as well, if provoked enough. Like with most tarantulas, handling should not be done often and only as necessary. This may be used for a more experienced beginner, but not as a first time tarantula.
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FEB 10, 2013 - MedicineNet
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Title: FDA Issues Another Warning on Fake Version of Cancer Drug AvastinCategory: Health NewsCreated: 2/6/2013 4:35:00 PMLast Editorial Review: 2/7/2013 12:00:00 AM
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Definition of phot in English:
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Defensively we easily do, not a single team gets close.
On offense its arguable, with teams like Eagles, Pats, Saints.
Our receivers are still question marks, we still dont have a true #1 receiver. But VD makes up for that. We have the best all around TE in the league and a great RB group.
On special teams we just had a record breaking punter, record breaking kicker, and a very good return man. And a 2x pro bowl long snapper
But all around talent from defense, to offense to special teams I think we do.


text:
Waste Not, Want Not: Use the Microbial Fuel Cell to Create Electricity from Waste
|Time Required
|Very Long (1+ months)
|You will need to be familiar with the procedures for handling biologically hazardous material. Read the Microorganisms Safety Guide from the Science Buddies Project Guide to learn more about handling biologically hazardous materials. You also need to have access to a lower-order stream of water or a creek. See the Introduction for an explanation of this type of stream. Try to avoid streams in which the bed is rocky. The benthic mud sample should be from an area that has a thick, rich mud bed.
|Material Availability
|Specialty items required
|High ($100 - $150)
|Adult supervision is recommended. Be careful when using a hot stove and a drill. Remember to always wear safety goggles when drilling. Exercise caution when working near a stream or creek. Water currents can be stronger than they look.
Abstract"Gross! What is that in the toilet?" But maybe it's not just gross. Did you know there are bacteria that digest organic waste and create electrons? What if there was a way to collect those electrons to power a circuit? In this science fair project, you will make a microbial fuel cell to collect the electrons that the bacteria—anaerobic bacteria—create...only, you'll be using mud, which is much safer to handle than wastewater. If you would like to learn how to reuse and recycle an unlikely substance, this is the science fair project for you!
To learn about an alternative method for creating electricity, the microbial fuel cell. The goal is to build a microbial fuel cell using a benthic mud sample from a stream and determine if this device can harvest the electrons that the anaerobic bacteria (present in the mud sample) create.
Michelle Maranowski, PhD, Science Buddies
This project idea is based on the following 2008 California State Science fair project, a winner of the Science Buddies Clever Scientist Award: Bennet, I. (2008). Generating Electricity from Wastewater Using a Microbial Fuel Cell. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/2008/Projects/J0804.pdf
The design in this science fair project is based on Abbie Groff's design in her science fair project, titled "Identification of Benthic Microbes Utilizing Bioremediation and Microbial Fuel Cells."
The author would like to thank Sandra Slutz, PhD, Science Buddies, for very helpful discussions.
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Last edit date: 2015-10-24
In order to reduce pollution, we need to develop alternative and renewable energy sources. When people think of alternative and renewable energy sources, they usually think of harvesting energy from the Sun (solar energy), Earth (geothermal energy), water (hydropower), or wind. But by using a microbial fuel cell (MFC), electricity can be extracted from wastewater! The microbial fuel cell converts organic material to electricity using bacteria, leaving behind clean drinking water in the process. This is an exciting prospect for people around the world who lack adequate sanitation and the means to afford it. In addition, water treatment plants require a lot of power to treat water. Each year, almost 25 billion dollars are spent in treating wastewater. A lot of money and resources could be saved if the wastewater could be used as a fuel!
The microbial fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical system in which bacteria are used to convert organic material into electricity. The fuel cell is made of four parts: the anode, the cathode, the proton-exchange membrane (PEM), and the external circuit. The anode holds the bacteria and organic material in an anaerobic (without oxygen) environment. The cathode holds a conductive saltwater solution. As part of the digestive process, the bacteria create protons (H+) and electrons(H-). This is also known as oxidation. The electrons are pulled out of the solution onto an electrode and are conducted through an external circuit. The electrons move through the circuit into the cathode (via the cathode's electrode). The protons travel through the proton-exchange membrane (PEM) or a salt bridge to meet with the electrons at the cathode. The PEM and salt bridge separate the anode and cathode, but protons are able to move through both to connect the anode and the cathode. The salt bridge is a mesh of proteins that allows the protons to move from the anode to the cathode, but keeps the solutions in the anode and cathode separate. At the cathode, the protons and electrons combine with oxygen to create water. To read more about the basics of electricity, see the Science Buddies Electricity, Magnetism, & Electromagnetism Tutorial.
Figure 1. This diagram shows how a microbial fuel cell (MFC) functions.
There are two kinds of microbial fuel cells: mediator and mediator-less. In a mediator microbial fuel cell, the bacteria are electrochemically inactive. The bacteria digest the organic material and create electrons. However, the bacteria have no mechanism to rid themselves of the electrons. This is where the mediator helps. The mediator is an inorganic substance, such as thionine, humic acid, or methylene blue, which crosses the membrane of the bacteria and frees the electrons. The mediator then carries the electrons away from the bacteria and deposits them on the electrode. One disadvantage to the mediator microbial fuel cell is that many of the mediators are toxic.
In a mediator-less microbial fuel cell, the bacteria are electrochemically active. The electrochemically active bacteria carry the electrons they create through digestion of organic material to the electrode. However, as mediator-less microbial fuel cells are a recent development, this process is not completely understood.
In this science fair project you will build a mediator-less microbial fuel cells. Since working with wastewater samples can be challenging, you will use a mud sample. The mud sample will be from a local lower order stream or creek. A lower order stream is one that is formed by the joining of other streams. So a first-order stream is one that does not have any other streams feeding into it. When two first-order streams merge, they create a second-order stream, etc. The mud sample will be taken from the floor of a second-order (or lower) stream. This area of the stream is called the benthic zone. Both the wastewater sample and the benthic zone mud sample contain anaerobic bacteria that are electrochemically active. In fact, anaerobic bacteria are commonly found in wastewater and in benthic mud zones.
Do you think that electricity can be harvested from mud? In the case of this MFC, seeing is believing. Have fun experimenting, and remember that you are working in an area that is contributing to the well-being of our planet Earth.
Terms and Concepts
- Microbial fuel cell
- Bacteria
- Anode
- Cathode
- Proton-exchange membrane
- Anaerobic
- Proton
- Electron
- Lower order stream
- Benthic
- Topsoil
- Oxidation
- Respiration
- What is the respiration process for bacteria?
- How does a mediator microbial fuel cell work?
- How does a mediator-less microbial fuel cell work?
- Is the benthic zone an aerobic or anaerobic environment? What about topsoil?
- How do you think the bacteria in benthic mud and topsoil compare to one another? Are they likely to contain the same or different species?
The following website has a lot of great information about the microbiology and electrochemistry of microbial fuel cells.
- Microbialfuelcells.org. (2008, August 27). Microbial Fuel Cells: From waste to power in one step! Retrieved August 27, 2008, from http://www.microbialfuelcell.org/
This website details the work being conducted at Pennsylvania State University. It also shows several pictures of homemade microbial fuel cells, including one built by Ian Bennet, as well as instructions on how to build one.
- Logan, B. (2007, December 19). Microbial Fuel Cell Research. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/bioenergy/mfc_make_cell.htm
NASA is interested in reusing human waste. Read this website to learn how!
- Miller, K. (2004, May 18). Waste Not. Retrieved August 15, 2008, from the Science@NASA website: http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/18may_wastenot.htm
Watch this video from NOVA to learn more about fuel cells and other clean energy technologies:
- NOVA. (2011, April 20). Power Surge. Retreaved April 11, 2013 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/power-surge.html
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Materials and Equipment
Building the Anode and Cathode Containers
- Compression fitting, 1/2-inch (in.) (3); available at hardware stores. The compression fitting has three parts: the two endcaps that screw on and off, and the tube.
- Sandpaper, medium-grit (1 sheet)
- Permanent marker
- Ruler
- Lab notebook
Straight-sided plastic (acrylic) storage containers, about 3 ½ in. x 3 ½ in. x 6 5/16 in. (6). These can be purchased at stores like Target or Wal-Mart. You can also find them at www.tapplastics.com.
- The size of the plastic containers is not extremely important to the project. You just need to make sure to fill up whatever containers you use with the sludge sample to ensure an anaerobic environment.
- Safety goggles
- Drill or drill press with 3/4-in. spade drill bit, 2-millimeter (mm) drill bit, in addition to other diameters
- Adhesive, like acrylic cement or DevCon Plastic Welder; available at your local plastics store, such as TAP Plastics www.tapplastics.com. Use an adhesive that will bond plastics.
- Paper towel
Making the Electrodes
- Carbon cloth, 20 cm X 20 cm. Carbon cloth can be ordered from Fuel Cell Earth. Make sure to order the plain cloth and not the wet proofed cloth.
- Scissors
- Wire strippers
- Nickel epoxy or other conductive epoxy
- Copper wire, 12-gauge (12 pieces, 18 in. each); available at hardware stores or electrical supply stores
- Digital multimeter, available from Jameco Electronics
- Electrical tape
Making the Salt Bridge
- Petri dish
- Plastic wrap
- Aluminum foil
- Measuring cup
- Tap water
- Pot
- Glass rod
- Spoon
- Stove
- Digital kitchen scale, such as the Fast Weigh MS-500-BLK Digital Pocket Scale, 500 by 0.1 G, available from Amazon.com
- Agar, 30 g; available at science supply stores
- Table salt, 6 g and 1/2 tbsp.
- Plastic baggie, 1-qt.
- Refrigerator
Obtaining the Benthic Mud Samples
- PVC pipe, 3-in. diameter, 3-ft. length
- Rope, nylon, 50 ft.
- Buckets (2)
- Plastic wrap
- Plastic jug with lid (2), 1 gallon, empty and clean
- Hammer
- Access to a second-order (or lower) stream; see the last paragraph of the Introduction for more details.
Assembling the Fuel Cell
- Measuring cup
- Large bowl
- Spoon
- Aquarium air pump with tubing (3); available at pet supply stores. Choose the smallest aquarium pumps that you can find. The anode and cathode are not large and so can be aerated effectively with a 10 gallon, or less, pump.
- Gloves
- Safety goggles
- Mud sample
Testing the Fuel Cell
- Alligator clip cables (4); available in 2-packs or 10-packs from Jameco Electronics
- Resistors, 220-ohm (3); available from Jameco Electronics (must be ordered in multiples of 10)
Disclaimer: Science Buddies occasionally provides information (such as part numbers, supplier names, and supplier weblinks) to assist our users in locating specialty items for individual projects. The information is provided solely as a convenience to our users. We do our best to make sure that part numbers and descriptions are accurate when first listed. However, since part numbers do change as items are obsoleted or improved, please send us an email if you run across any parts that are no longer available. We also do our best to make sure that any listed supplier provides prompt, courteous service. Science Buddies does participate in affiliate programs with Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, Jameco Electronics, and AquaPhoenix Education. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501(c)(3) public charity. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science fair projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at email@example.com.
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Experimental Procedure
For health and safety reasons, science fairs regulate what kinds of biological materials can be used in science fair projects. You should check with your science fair's Scientific Review Committee before starting this experiment to make sure your science fair project complies with all local rules. Many science fairs follow Intel® International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) regulations. For more information, visit these Science Buddies pages: Projects Involving Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents and Scientific Review Committee. You can also visit the webpage ISEF Rules & Guidelines directly.
The goal of this science fair project is to determine if an MFC using a benthic mud sample can create electrons or electricity. In most cases, the experimental procedure states to perform actions twice. Keep this in mind as you go through the procedure, and also keep in mind that you will be asked to perform two additional trials. All strong science fair projects are replicated at least three times.
The procedure is broken into six sections: Building the Anode and Cathode Containers, Making the Electrodes, Making the Salt Bridges, Obtaining the Benthic Mud Sample, Assembling the Fuel Cell, and Testing the Fuel Cell.
Note: Once you collect the mud samples, you'll need to use them within 24 hours. Make sure you have everything you need to assemble the fuel cell and start your experiment before collecting the samples. Since you don't want to take too many trips to your local stream, get enough of a benthic sample to use for three trials.
Building the Anode and Cathode Containers
- Unscrew the two ends of the compression fitting and discard the rubber fitting. Using the sandpaper, roughen the endcaps of the compression fitting.
Figure 2. Roughening one of the endcaps.
- Take the sandpaper and roughen two opposing sides of two of the plastic containers. Just roughen two 1-inch by 1-inch patches across from each other. Making a rough patch will help join all of the parts together. See Figure 2.
- Using the permanent marker, make a mark in the center of the roughened side of one of the plastic containers. Use the ruler to measure the location of the mark and then make a mark at exactly the same location on one of the roughened sides of a second plastic container. Make sure that the marks are exactly opposite of and facing each other.
- Using the ruler, measure the outer diameter of the aquarium air pump tubing. Record this number in your lab notebook.
- Put on the safety goggles. Carefully drill a hole 2 millimeters (mm) in diameter on top of two of the plastic container lids. Brush off any plastic debris from the lids. In one of those lids, drill another hole the same diameter as the plastic tubing of the aquarium air pump next to the first hole.
- Using the 3/4-inch spade drill bit, drill a hole on the permanent marker marks on the sides of both plastic containers. Note:Drill slowly or the acrylic might crack. Brush off any plastic debris. You should now have two plastic containers that each have a hole in one side.
Figure 3. Plastic container with a hole drilled into the side.
- Read the safety recommendations on the acrylic cement. Squeeze acrylic cement around one of the 3/4-inch spade drill bit holes. The acrylic cement is watery so be careful not to get it in the hole or on your fingers. Now squeeze acrylic cement around the flat part of one compression fitting endcap. Center the endcap over the hole on one of the plastic containers that you just squeezed cement around. Fit the two pieces together. Hold the two together for 30 seconds. Squeeze some additional cement around the outside of the endcap where it joins with the container. This is to ensure that you minimize liquid leaks. Let the assembly dry for 10 hours.
- After 10 hours, screw in the tube as tightly as possible. Hold the endcap firmly and just screw in the tube.
- Now screw the second roughened endcap into the tube. Make sure to tighten the endcap firmly.
- Lay the second container on its side with the 3/4-inch spade drill bit hole face up. Squeeze acrylic cement around the hole, making sure not to get any in the hole or on your fingers. Squeeze some acrylic cement on the second endcap on the assembly. Position the endcap and assembly over the 3/4-inch spade drill bit hole in the second container. Make sure that it is centered. Use the ruler to make sure that the containers are straight and level. Make adjustments as necessary. You need to make sure that the containers can sit flat on the table when all the parts are dry. Hold the entire assembly together for 30 seconds. Squeeze some acrylic cement around the outside of the endcap where it joins with the second container. Let the entire assembly (the two containers with connecting compression fitting), dry for 10 hours. See Figure 4 for a completed assembly.
Figure 4. Aligning and cementing the second endcap and container.
- After 10 hours have elapsed, check to see if the two joints are watertight. Fill the containers with water past the holes/joints. Wait for 5 minutes. If there is no water leaking out, then proceed to the next section. If there is excess water coming out of a joint, empty the containers and dry them off completely with paper towels. Carefully squeeze acrylic cement around the endcap joint that leaked. Squeeze out enough cement that you make a seal, but not so much that it becomes messy or that you seal the tube. Wait for 10 hours and retest the watertightness. Try again if this doesn't work. If it still doesn't work, remake the assembly with fresh parts.
- Once the parts are watertight, carefully unscrew the tube from the endcaps. Set the tube aside.
- Repeat steps 1-12 two more times. You should end this section with three anode and cathode pairs, like the one shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. This is a watertight anode and cathode pair.
Making the Electrodes
- With the scissors, cut the carbon cloth into four equal squares. Each square should be 5 cm x 5 cm.
- Take each of the four pieces of copper wire and with the wire strippers, strip off 6 inches of the insulator on one end of each piece. Strip off 1 centimeter (cm) from the other end of each wire.
- Prepare the nickel epoxy according to its directions.
- Epoxy the 6 inches of bare copper wire to the carbon cloth along the edges of the square. Repeat with the other three carbon cloths. Let the epoxy harden for 10 hours.
Figure 6. This is a visual of how the electrode should look.
- Once the epoxy has hardened, test the connection between the carbon cloth square and the copper wire with the digital multimeter (if you need help using a multimeter, check out the Science Buddies How to Use a Multimeter). Turn the digital multimeter to the resistor/resistance mode. Place one lead on the carbon cloth and the other lead on the free bare end of the copper wire. There should be no or very low resistance (1–3 ohms). If there is a large resistance, then remake the electrode.
- Repeat steps 1–5 two more times. You need to make enough electrodes to use in three anode-cathode pairs. In other words, you need to make six electrodes. At the end of this section, you will have eight electrodes. Set two of the electrodes aside and keep them as spares.
Making the Salt Bridges
- Place some plastic wrap along the bottom of a petri dish so that the ends of the plastic wrap are overlapping the edges of the petri dish. Set the covered dish aside.
- Cover one end of the tube section from the compression fitting securely with aluminum foil. Repeat with the tubes from all of the compression fittings. Place all tubes, open end up, vertically on the petri dish and then set it aside.
- Measure 300 milliliters (mL) of water and pour it into the pot.
- Using the scale, measure out 30 g of agar. Set the measured agar aside. Now measure out 6 g of salt.
- Place the pot of water on the stove and bring it to a boil. When the water is boiling, add the agar and stir it with the glass rod until it is dissolved.
- Once the agar is dissolved, take the pot off of the heat and add 6 g of salt. Stir with a spoon until the salt is dissolved.
- While the solution is still warm, carefully pour the solution into the tubes in the petri dish. If the tubes leak, tighten the foil and refill them. Once the tubes are filled and stable (i.e. haven't fallen over, leaked liquid, etc.) for 10 minutes, carefully move the petri dish to the refrigerator. Let the tubes sit in the refrigerator overnight. These tubes are the salt bridges.
- The next day, come back and place the salt bridges into a 1-qt. plastic baggie and seal it. This prevents the salt bridges from drying out. Take the bridges out when you are ready to use them.
Obtaining the Benthic Mud Sample
- Go to the location of your stream where you have found the richest riverbed. The sample you get should not be full of rocks or twigs, just rich mud.
- Tie the nylon rope securely around the middle of the PVC tube.
- Throw the tube into the stream or creek. Make sure that you keep a good hold onto the end of the rope! Try to scoop as much of the stream bed as you can.
- When you think that you have gotten a large enough sample, drag the tube back to shore. Gently tap the pipe with the hammer and transfer the sample into the bucket. Cover the bucket with plastic wrap and set it aside. Make sure to get enough of the benthic sample to fill the anode chamber and remember to use the sample within 24 hours.
- Collect some of the stream water in the cleaned 1-gallon jug. Be careful when retrieving this sample. Always exercise caution when you are near a stream or a creek, as the water current can be stronger than it looks.
Assembling the Fuel Cell
- Retrieve the six containers built in section 1 and the salt bridges made in section 3. Remove the aluminum foil from the salt bridges. Connect a pair of containers with a salt bridge. Repeat two more times. You now have the anode-cathode pair for three microbial fuel cells.
- Make a conductive salt solution using the water sample from the 1-gallon jug. Measure out 12 cups of stream water into the large bowl. Add 6 Tbsp. of salt to the bowl and stir with a spoon until the salt has been dissolved. Fill the cathodes of the three fuel cell pairs with the salt solution.
- Take an electrode and thread it through the smaller hole of one of the lids with two holes. Place the lid with the two holes and the connected electrode back onto the cathode. Make sure the electrode is submerged. Repeat this step with another electrode and the other lids with the two holes. Seal each cathode with a lid.
- Connect the tubing to the outlet of the aquarium pump. Push the tubing into the cathode containers through the larger hole in the lid. Be sure to submerge the end of the tubing.
- Now, wearing gloves and safety goggles, fill half of the anode chamber of a fuel cell with the benthic mud sample. Make sure that there are no bubbles in the mud. Push the mud sample down or gently tap to remove any bubbles. Take one of the electrodes and bury it in the mud. Then place more of the benthic mud into the anode, covering the electrode. Push the free end of the electrode copper wire into the 2-mm holes in the container lids. Replace the lid onto the container to make sure that the electrode is hanging freely without hitting any of the walls or the bottom. You can use a little electrical tape on the outside top to hold the electrode in place. Repeat this with the anodes in the other fuel cells and the benthic mud sample. Repeat step 5 for the two additional trials. The fuel cells are complete and you should have three fuel cells.
Testing the Fuel Cells
- Turn on the aquarium pump. This aerates the solution in the cathode and creates more oxygen.
- Now make the external circuit for the electrons to move through. Take one of the cables and clip one end to the bare end of the electrode coming from the anode. Clip the other end of the cable to one resistor. Clip one end of a cable to the free end of the resistor. Clip the other end of the cable to the bare end of the electrode coming from the cathode.
- Now test the voltage between the anode and the cathode with the digital multimeter. Test the first fuel cell. Turn on the multimeter and put it in "voltage" mode. Measure the voltage reading across the resistor. Is there a voltage reading? Note down your data in your lab notebook in a data table.
- Take voltage readings twice a day at the same times, every day for 30 days.
- Repeat steps 1–3 of this section for the other two fuel cells. Always record your data in your lab notebook.
Analyzing Your Data
- Plot your data on a scatter plot. Make three plots; one for each fuel cell.
- Did the fuel cells produce electricity? Did the fuel cells start producing electricity right away? Did the electricity production ever peak? How did the electricity production vary over one day?
Share your story with Science Buddies!I Did This Project! Please log in and let us know how things went.
- How much power does this microbial fuel cell generate? How does the power change with time? Vary the external resistor and see how this affects the power generated.
- Can you feed your bacteria and keep the fuel cell going? Try and see!
- Make a ground-food wastewater sample and test it to see how well it creates electricity. Caution: There is a possibility that you could make a dangerous strain of bacteria. Use protective hand, body, and face gear. Clean your work surfaces with a bleach solution and dispose of all materials in a safe manner. See the Science Buddies Project Guide page for more information about appropriate safety procedures.
- See if you can fabricate a mediator microbial fuel cell with baker's yeast. How much electricity can it produce? How does it compare to the microbial fuel cell detailed in the Experimental Procedure? Hint: Because yeast are not very electrochemically active, you'll need to use a mediator. Methylene blue is a good choice for a safe mediator.
Share your story with Science Buddies!I Did This Project! Please log in and let us know how things went.
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geekalert said:
2016-02-07 16:17:26
What was the most important thing you learned?
I had never heard of microbial fuel cells before hand and so I learned about a totally new subject and how protons and electrons all move around which was pretty cool.
What problems did you encounter?
-two of the electrodes ended up not working -the conductive epoxy didn't really work (the carbon cloth kept falling off) -the aquarium pump tube, which was in the salt solution got so clogged up with (presumably) salt that no air was coming out of them. I didn't notice this until about 3 days until the end of the measurements so I am not sure how this affected the results... -the supplies were much more expensive than I had anticipated -one of the anode's started growing a white mold -(not really a problem...but) it smelled pretty gross XD.
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
Some of the instructions could be a bit more clear It should definitely show more pictures /especially/ of the completed project because I really couldn't tell if I had done anything correctly. The amount of agar that the instructions told me to use was /way/ too much- I had a lot left over and it was pretty expensive so that could have saved some money Maybe include what the range of the measurements may look like? At first I thought I must have done something wrong because the voltage was so low overall a cool project though.
Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
Very Good
What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
About the same
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HorsesPurple said:
2015-10-07 21:23:42
What was the most important thing you learned?
What problems did you encounter?
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Very high
Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
Much more
|Do you agree?
|Report Inappropriate Comment
3ishaa said:
2014-11-05 10:39:47
What was the most important thing you learned?
How to protect the environment from pollution
What problems did you encounter?
How to work the way work experience
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Very high
Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
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|Report Inappropriate Comment
asher_john97 said:
2014-09-06 10:05:47
What was the most important thing you learned?
Microbes are little organisms with a lot of potential in the generation of sustainable energy.
What problems did you encounter?
maintaining the pH of cathode chamber when zinc electrodes were used. Also,the salt bridge had air gaps and dissociated at times.
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
we must be able to store this energy.
Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
Very Good
What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
|Do you agree?
|Report Inappropriate Comment
iLuvTrains said:
2014-07-27 23:19:46
What was the most important thing you learned?
How to optimize microbial fuel cell structure to generate more electricity.
What problems did you encounter?
My main problem was testing the wastewater and finding an effective microbial fuel cell design.
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Very high
Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
About the same
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|Report Inappropriate Comment
leminhdao said:
2013-07-25 20:39:00
What was the most important thing you learned?
I learned creativity
What problems did you encounter?
too little power
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
|Do you agree?
|Report Inappropriate Comment
emilythegreat98 said:
2012-04-03 19:42:30
What was the most important thing you learned?
The most important thing that I learn was how the whole process works. As in how the bacteria digest the carbon material and use it to create its own metabolic activity to transfer electrons to the natural environment. I learned that your time IS LIMITED. START EARLY!
What problems did you encounter?
I had troubles finding many of the materials since I live in a very small community. And also understanding the whole concept of the process.
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
Explain more about how the process works. JUdges WILL crack down on that! Make sure they know that the judges for junior catagory are not as advanced as senior catagory. Information overload is VERY common. Explain the project well.
Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
|Do you agree?
|Report Inappropriate Comment
jjohnson03397 said:
2011-10-08 10:50:37
What was the most important thing you learned?
that the microbial fuel cells actually do emitt energy from the waste water or mud
What problems did you encounter?
few but not many
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
no, but the cost was at first great to me, dont be intimidated becuase with help from my school, it only cost around $50, just look into ways to lowe the price(:
Overall, how would you rate the quality of this project?
What is your enthusiasm for science after doing your project?
Compared to a typical science class, please tell us how much you learned doing this project.
|Do you agree?
|Report Inappropriate Comment
Ask an ExpertThe Ask an Expert Forum is intended to be a place where students can go to find answers to science questions that they have been unable to find using other resources. If you have specific questions about your science fair project or science fair, our team of volunteer scientists can help. Our Experts won't do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot.
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If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
Fuel Cell EngineerMost of the world's energy comes from fossil fuels. However, the amount of fossil fuels is finite, and many people are concerned about where our energy will come from in the future. We can turn to alternative, renewable sources of fuel, such as our sun (solar energy) and the winds (wind energy). But what happens when the sun doesn't shine or the winds don't blow? Would we be stuck? Well, that is where the fuel cell comes in. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that generates electricity through a reaction between a fuel, like hydrogen, and an oxidant, like oxygen. This reaction produces few greenhouse gas emissions other than water or water vapor. The job of the fuel cell engineer is to design new fuel cell technology that improves the reliability, functionality, and efficiency of the fuel cell. Do you like the idea of using your math and science skills to work on mankind's future energy needs? Then start "fueling your future" and read more about this career. Read more
Chemical EngineerChemical engineers solve the problems that affect our everyday lives by applying the principles of chemistry. If you enjoy working in a chemistry laboratory and are interested in developing useful products for people, then a career as a chemical engineer might be in your future. Read more
MicrobiologistMicroorganisms (bacteria, viruses, algae, and fungi) are the most common life-forms on Earth. They help us digest nutrients; make foods like yogurt, bread, and olives; and create antibiotics. Some microbes also cause diseases. Microbiologists study the growth, structure, development, and general characteristics of microorganisms to promote health, industry, and a basic understanding of cellular functions. Read more
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By LIZ BUTTON
Rye City Court Judge Richard Runes stepped down from his position as part-time judge on Jan. 1 after reaching the mandatory age of retirement for New York State judges, leaving the Rye position open for a replacement.
Runes, 69, was appointed to the Rye City Court bench in 2008 by former Mayor Steve Otis, a Democrat, and has served as part-time city court judge for the past six years.
Serving Rye, said Runes, "was an opportunity for me to give something back to the community."
Runes, a Democrat, who has lived in Rye for 25 years, is a former state Senate aide who has worked as a lobbyist for real estate group Glenwood Management. Now that he is no longer a part-time judge, Runes said he will commit more time to his job as vice president and counsel for external affairs and government relations at America Lawyer Media, which publishes The National Law Journal and The American Lawyer magazine.
Runes, who was admitted to the New York State bar in 1972 and received his juris doctor at New York Law School, also runs his own private practice that keeps him busy, he said.
The city's former part-time judge said he learned a great deal as a judge in Rye.
"When you have to do nighttime and weekend arraignments and orders of protection and the criminal calendar, you get to know a lot of about your friends and neighbors," he said.
Although he turns 70 this year, Runes could have been reappointed to serve out the balance of 2014, during which he reaches the age of retirement, but chose not to.
Runes' retirement comes due to a state requirement for judges leaving him no other option.
Last year, New Yorkers voted on a ballot initiative that would have raised the retirement age for appeals court judges in the state from 70 to 80; the measure was defeated by a margin of 61 to 39 percent. But some critics, including former state Supreme Court Judge and former Rye Mayor John Carey, were outspoken against the ballot proposal in arguing that it discriminates against family and county court judges for which the age of retirement remains at 70.
Mayor Joe Sack, a Republican, honored Runes' tenure as he announced the vacancy.
"We want to thank Richard Runes tremendously for his service over the past six years," Sack said.
The city has not appointed an interim replacement for Runes, so Judge Joseph Latwin, the court's full-time judge, is currently hearing all cases on his own, necessitating a speedy search.
Latwin, a Republican, was appointed four years ago to a 10-year term by then Mayor Douglas French, a Republican.
Runes' auxiliary position used to be called the acting city court judge but, due to a change in the state law, the job is now referred to as city court judge part-time. The job description is essentially for a judge who assists the regular city court judge on days where he or she is not available for whatever reason, like being called to sit at county court in White Plains.
Sack said finding a replacement for this position will be a different process in a number of ways from the City Council appointment process that just ended with the additions of councilmen Richard Mecca, a Republican, and Richard Slack, unaffiliated.
City Council members are volunteers who are not compensated for their services to the community. Runes was appointed to the paid, part-time job at a salary of $31,900, a quarter of the full-time judicial salary, which, by state law, comes to a little more than $130,000 annually.
Due to a recent change in state law, the part-time judge's salary has been boosted to about $65,000, half the regular judicial salary,
The other difference between the jobs is the judge position is nominated by the mayor under the city charter, whereas a vacant City Council position is nominated by and filled by a vote of the entire council.
Applicants to the part-time judge position should be attorneys who are Rye residents, according to Sack, who said he will begin meeting with and interviewing candidates soon. Sack said he is focusing on finding someone with a good personal reputation, a strong legal background, experience in the local courts and a proven record of community service.
"The benefit of this position if you are an attorney is that you can have your own law practice on the side. A full-time judge can't do that," Sack said.
The mayor said he has already heard from several people who are interested in the position. After conducting interviews, he hopes to announce an appointment at the Feb. 26 City Council meeting.
CONTACT: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
In my opinion, and as others have stated, weight loss programs like Jenny Craig and NutriSystem are not the answer. You need to revamp your diet, track your diet for a week, see what you are eating and drinking throughout the day, and make positive changes to your diet. What positive changes? Eat "clean". Anything that you can eat as is without processing is perfect! Fruits, veggies, water, legumes, lean animal protein, and nuts and seeds (eat nuts and seeds in moderation - no more than 1/4 cup per day!). Avoid processed foods! No fast food, take out, processed energy or meal replacement bars, microwaveable meals, soda (diet or regular!), moderate consumption of alcohol, high sugar or added sugar foods, anything with a long list of ingredients that aren't natural and you can't understand. Weight loss programs pack their microwaveable meals with additives and such and this is why I don't recommend them to any client of mine.
Like I said, eating "clean" is the best way to go. Avoid junk foods and processed foods. Eat lots and lots of fruits and veggies and lean proteins. Avoid processed carbs like breads, pastas, cereals because these are usually high in sugar and/or will spike those insulin levels which is what you want to avoid.
A great site to help you with your weight loss goals, nutritional support, and offers free exercise videos is http://www.rawfitnessnow.com and there is also a blog that has 30 Day Challenges for its subscribers (all for free) http://rawfitnessblog.customizedpt.com
Hope this helps!
I have been researching and reading, and I am ready to start Eat clean lifestyle. I only hope that his book is not as glitzy and commercial -- the cover seems to be saying, 'As seen on TV!' and I hate photos of the author tries to cheese as he is posing for Pla*boy. But what I like the second book (Eat Clean Diet rechargeable), it clearly states the meal plans, and - hallelujah! -- Shopping List. And the recipes are all so common sense, the stuff on my Eat Clean like a man eats. Weight Loss Tips
The basics in the "eat clean" diet approach are very similar to what's advertised in the six pack abs workout routine - a focus on real food (no processed crap) and low sugar fuel that helps to burn fat so you can get ripped abs. People are rebranding it different ways, but the bottom line is that it works.
Although difficult to adjust to, I've done the eat clean approach with great success!
I've always been a very athletic person but my body was never the neck breaking "oh my God, he's so ripped" kind. I'll have to admit, I've always wanted that.
So I decided to force myself to eat clean and man was it difficult! I equate it to the difficulty in drinking 8 glasses of water a day when all you know is coffee and soda. You know you're supposed to drink the water but the sugar laden drink tastes so much better than the plain old water! I was the same and eventually forced my self to always drink water and surprisingly enough, today I prefer water over anything else...
Since I was able to do this with water, I knew I could do it with food. Any time I got hungry, I reminded myself a million times in my head "go healthy". I wanted desperately to know how to get rid of love handles that were bulging at my sides and this proved to be the trick!
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|Warrior born of two nations
1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division
Story by Staff Sgt. Christopher Blakeslee
ZABUL PROVINCE, Afghanistan (Jan. 31, 2013) - Army Spc. Cristian Paul, a cavalry scout attached to Headquarter and Headquarter Company, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, Third Infantry Division, Combined Task Force Raider, and native of Orande, Romania, is a warrior born of two nations.
While being born and raised in Romanian, his dream as a young boy was to become an American citizen, which became a reality not all that long ago.
"In 2011 I earned my American citizenship," said a proud Spc. Paul. "It was a dream come true. It was just awesome," added Spc. Paul, who claims Hallandale, Fla., as his new home.
While the road was long and hard to become an American citizen, Spc. Paul never lost his faith in God and believed at some point his prayers would be answered.
"I went to seminary in Romania, and took a job as a pastor," said Spc. Paul. "Faith is an important part of me and my Family. I knew at some point God would answer my prayers and allow me to at least go to America to visit."
While becoming an American was a dream for this Romanian, and something he is proud of, there is something even more important to this scout that he holds above all else. In addition to being a proud soldier and patriotic citizen, Spc. Paul is a doting father to three children and is happily married to the love of his life, his Romanian sweetheart of 15 years.
"My wife's name is Ioana and we have been married for 15 years. We have three children, Alex (12), Jonathan (seven) and Julia (four). My family is my life. It's what I'm most proud of," added a proud and smiling Spc. Paul.
When he is off duty, the Paul's enjoy spending time in the great outdoors together exploring all the beauty and wonders the different federal, state and local park systems offer in the South.
"I enjoy bike riding and going to the different parks systems around Fort Stewart," said Spc. Paul. "I think we [Family] have been to every park from Savannah, Ga., to Jacksonville, Fla., and a few in South Carolina."
One thing is for certain, Spc. Paul's desire to serve in the Army is a credit to his upbringing. His love of God, family, duty and country makes this Raider a valuable asset to the 1ABCT, one that can be called upon to assist and accomplish much with very little.
While he is proud of his Romanian heritage, Spc. Paul chose to serve in the American Armed Forces, thus making him a warrior born of two nations, and cementing a lasting legacy for his children.
Army Spc. Cristian Paul, a cavalry scout attached to Headquarter and Headquarter Company, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, Third Infantry Division, Combined Task Force Raider, and native born Romanian, became an American citizen in 2009, and is currently serving alongside Romanian solder at Forward Operating Base Apache, Zabul province, Afghanistan. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Christopher Blakeslee, 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team PAO, Third Infantry Division)


text:
JAN 16, 2013 - Sports Illustrated
A Must Read - Share
Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy praised tight end Jermichael Finley in his season-ending press conference on Wednesday, leading some to believe that Finley will be back with the team next season, reports the Green Bay Press Gazette.
Editor's Picks
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The tech tea leaves have been voraciously read. Now we're about to find out if all those rumors about the iPad 3 are true.
Apple (AAPL) on Tuesday sent out invitations to a "Special Event'' on March 7. In its first major launch since the death last fall of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, the company is expected to unveil the third generation of its hugely popular tablet at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco.
If the consensus predictions of analysts and bloggers are accurate, the new iPad will have a higher-resolution screen, a better camera, 4G LTE wireless capability, a pumped-up processor and a design similar to but a tad thicker than the iPad 2.
"It's arguably one of the world's worst-kept secrets,'' Sterne Agee analyst Shaw Wu said of the new iPad 3. Wu and his colleagues, along with anyone else with even a passing interest in Apple products, have been scouring the blogosphere, dissecting supply-chain movements and poring over online photographs of alleged components of the new tablet. And many of them expect the third iPad to be a showstopper.
"It'll likely be another 10-inch screen and still have a home button, but it'll have this higher-resolution display, probably be faster, and have a better camera,'' said Andrew Murphy, a research analyst with Piper Jaffray. "We think the new iPad will be priced the same as the iPad 2, starting at $499. And while on the outside it'll look similar to its predecessor, we think that once you turn it on and use it, it will have a lot of the wow factor that people are looking for.''
Much of that wow will literally be in the eye of the person holding the iPad: It's called Retina Display, and this same double-strength dose of pixels that iPhone users currently enjoy could bring astonishing new clarity to the new iPad's screen. Jobs claimed that Apple's "Retina Display'' screen served up an abundance of pixels that when viewed from 12 inches away constitute the maximum amount of detail that the human retina can perceive, although others dispute that.
Tea-leaf-reading fanboys found plenty of tantalizing hints as they studied Apple's email invitation to the event, which featured a picture of an iPad with what looks like a high-resolution screen and the tag line, "We have something you really have to see."
In addition to more screen clarity, the new iPad is widely expected to feature 4G LTE, an updated wireless standard that will allow users to download data much faster than they could on previous models of the Apple tablet. Press reports earlier this month, quoting people familiar with the matter, said Verizon and AT&T would sell a version of the coming iPad that runs on these newest fourth-generation wireless networks.
In the past year, other tablet makers, including Samsung and Amazon, have released tablets far more affordable than the iPad in an attempt to catch up with Apple. But analyst Brian Marshall with ISI Group, who's spending this week at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, sampling the latest offerings, said the iPad 3 will only help Apple get further ahead of its rivals.
"I've been looking at all the new tablets out there,'' he said by telephone Tuesday morning from Spain, "and while there are some extremely impressive Android-based devices, I don't think any of them have any real advantages over Apple. Their lead is already solidified. The iPad 3 will simply extend it even more.''
A new and more powerful iPad could expand the burgeoning universe of American adults who regularly use tablets to access their news and entertainment, said news industry analyst Ken Doctor, author of "Newsonomics: Twelve New Trends That Will Shape the News You Get.''
The new iPad, as well as the overall growth in the use of tablets for reading "is changing the business strategies of publishers, media outlets and other content providers in a huge way,'' he said. "Within two years, the tablet will evolve from simply a popular gadget and become a device for the masses to consume entertainment, news and information.''
Contact Patrick May at 408-920-5689 or follow him at Twitter.com/patmaymerc


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NEW DELHI: Pakistani journalist Mehr Tarar, who got embroiled in a cross-border controversy after minister Shashi Tharoor's wife publicly accused her of stalking her husband and having an affair with him, said that the episode was a figment of Sunanda Pushkar's imagination.
While the minister and she had met twice and they had been in touch, she has been surprised by the allegations that have been hurled at her. "Dr Tharoor and I have not spoken in months," she said.


text:
Definition of Hungarian in English:
Relating to Hungary, its people, or their language.
Example sentences
- The four main hurdles confronting an overseas investor in the Hungarian market are language, property law and title, bank funding and ongoing management of the property.
- The worm sends infected messages in Hungarian language.
- He is, however, a student of the Hungarian language.
1A native or inhabitant of Hungary.
Example sentences
- His passing will be mourned by the Greeks, Croats, Hungarians, Italians and any other ethnic group you can name.
- There are two opposing theories as to the origin of the Magyars, or native Hungarians.
- According to the national self-image, Hungarians are wine drinkers, but beer drinking is more common.
1.1A person of Hungarian descent.
Example sentences
- Philanthropic activities among Hungarian Americans tend to be aimed at specific groups of Hungarians.
- Some Hungarians living in Los Angeles had to give it to me.
2An Ugric language, the official language of Hungary, spoken also in Romania. Also called Magyar.
Example sentences
- Finnish is one of the most isolated languages of Europe, distantly related to Hungarian and Turkish but spoken by very few non-Finns.
- However, Dr Rogers will continue to maintain interest in the college and may write books in Hungarian.
- In 1920 Hungarian was spoken by three-quarters of the population, but by 1971 only one-quarter of the population could speak the language.
From medieval Latin Hungarī + -an.
Words that rhyme with Hungarianagrarian, antiquarian, apiarian, Aquarian, Arian, Aryan, authoritarian, barbarian, Bavarian, Bulgarian, Caesarean (US Cesarean), centenarian, communitarian, contrarian, Darien, disciplinarian, egalitarian, equalitarian, establishmentarian, fruitarian, Gibraltarian, grammarian, Hanoverian, humanitarian, latitudinarian, libertarian, librarian, majoritarian, millenarian, necessarian, necessitarian, nonagenarian, octogenarian, ovarian, Parian, parliamentarian, planarian, predestinarian, prelapsarian, proletarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, quodlibetarian, Rastafarian, riparian, rosarian, Rotarian, sabbatarian, Sagittarian, sanitarian, Sauveterrian, sectarian, seminarian, septuagenarian, sexagenarian, topiarian, totalitarian, Trinitarian, ubiquitarian, Unitarian, utilitarian, valetudinarian, vegetarian, veterinarian, vulgarian
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: Hun·gar·i·an
Definition of Hungarian in:
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text:
Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
Becoming Jane Eyre (edition 2011)
by Sheila Kohler
Work details
Becoming Jane Eyre by Sheila Kohler
No current Talk conversations about this book.
Fantastic. Enjoying it so much that I don't even want to recommend it to people, for fear they will find it not as engaging. Wondering how much my own knowledge and obsession of the family contributes to my enjoyment...
Somewhat dull, and some of the characterizations rubbed me the wrong way (like Patrick being a total jerk and borderline perving on Charlotte. Yikes!). The writing itself wasn't bad, though, and I quite liked the final page or so.
Original review - in French - on my blog : http://moncoinlecture.over-blog.com/article-becoming-jane-eyre-quand-j-etais-jan...
It must be me...I just couldn't get into this story and am giving it up after 150 pages. Too many short chapters that leap about in time. Not knowing anything about the Bronte sisters Oran's having forgotten much of Jane Eyre, I just couldn't keep hold of this dark, slippery narrative.
Read November, 2011
Since I've loved Jane Eyre since I was fourteen years old, I was intrigued by this little novel about Charlotte Bronte, and her experiences leading up to the novel being written. I felt a lot of pity for Ms. Bronte and her sisters, and hope to find a great biography of Charlotte, if not the entire Bronte family.
It was a pretty nice reading experience, but to me this is not a memorable book, and won't be a reread most likely. Still, the subject is near and dear to my heart.
References to this work on external resources.
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A beautifully imagined tale of the Brontë sisters, "Becoming Jane Eyre" delicately unravels the connections between one of fiction's most indelible heroines and the remarkable woman who created her.
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- Details
Complete bloody dripping head prop. Comes complete with a 12 inch silver tin bucket with bloody drips has a submersible pump that lifts the blood through a thin tube up the chain and through the life-size human head giving the illusion of a fresh drippin.
- Additional Info
SKU FIT-13481-C Color Tan Age 18+ Age Group Adult UPC 658965134812 Manufacturer First Imperial
- Reviews


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Model: 35602 Item: UNV35602
Drilled to fit standard easels. Perforated sheets for easy removal from pad. Pad Type: Easel; Sheet Size: 27" x 34"; Ruling: Quadrille (1 sq./in.); Number of Sheets per Pad: 50.
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