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|Location: North-east Mexico in south-western Tamaulipas State, between latitudes
22°55'-23°30'N and longitudes 99°02'-99°30'W.
Area: c. 2400 km².
Altitude: 200-2200 m.
Vegetation: Tropical dry forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest; cloud forest; oak, pine and mixed oak and pine forests; desert scrubs or brushlands; riparian vegetation.
Flora: Over 1000 vascular plant species; transition zone with tropical and temperate, lowland to highland, and humid to arid elements; threatened species.
Useful plants: Temperate and tropical timbers; medicinal, ornamental, edible, fodder and fibre species.
Other values: Watershed protection for large region; refuge for wild fauna; extensive biological research base; archaeological sites; scenery and ecotourism.
Threats: Fire, cattle and goats, agriculture, irregular settlements, road construction, potential logging, over-collection of some species (for ornamentals and fuelwood).
Conservation: 60% of region in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve (1445 km²).
Map 20: CPD Site MA9
The Gómez Farías region is in Mexico's north-eastern State of Tamaulipas (Map 20) on the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental, known locally as the Sierra de Guatemala, and includes portions of the municipalities Jaumave, Llera de Canales, Gómez Farías and Ocampo (Sosa 1987). This region is part of the eastern sector of the Sierra Madre Oriental morphotectonic province, in the subprovince of Closely Spaced Ridges (Ferrusquía-Villafranca 1993). The region is formed by several mountain ranges trending north-south, of which the most prominent are the Sierra Cucharas, Sierra Chiquita and Sierra Los Nogales.
The mountains rise abruptly from 200 m in the east to 2200 m westward, and form two hilly plateaux - at 900-1200 m, and beginning above 1900 m. About 98% of the region is slopes steeper than 20%, c. 0.5% has slopes of 5-10% and c. 1% consists of alluvial plains with slopes of 1-2% (Castro-Meza, Plácido de la Cruz and Almaguer 1989). Geologically the general region is characterized by secondary limestone masses of sedimentary origin from the Early Cretaceous (Puig 1976), which have formed a karstic topography, with many rocky outcrops, sinkholes and caves.
The dominant soils are lithosols and rendzinas less than 40 cm deep. In the bottom of valleys and ravines and on gentle slopes have developed luvisols, acrisols, vertisols, phaeozems, regosols and cambisols. On these soils slash-and-burn agriculture and grasslands are sometimes found. Aridisols have developed in the driest inland portion of the region (Bracho and Sosa 1987; Contreras 1991).
There are several climatic zones. The highlands are cooler than the lowlands and generally more humid. The Sierra Madre Oriental is a barrier against the humid winds from the Gulf of Mexico, causing considerable regular precipitation on the eastern slopes. This rain and mist feed numerous streams that flow into the south-eastern Sabinas and Frío rivers - tributaries for the Guayalejo River, which bounds the region in the north-east. Leeward slopes of the Gómez Farías region, which are inland over the mountain crests, and the uppermost elevations, are drier than lower and mid-elevation windward slopes due to the loss of moisture with altitude and then rain-shadow effects. The area including El Cielo Biosphere Reserve is subjected to frequent cyclones from the Caribbean Sea (145 km distant), and as well to incursions of polar air masses ("nortes") that may cause freezing conditions - usually only in the highlands - or bring some rainfall, from November to January (Puig and Bracho 1987).
The tropical deciduous and tropical semi-deciduous forests have a semi-warm humid climate with rains from May to October; the mean annual temperature is 22.8°C and total annual rainfall reaches 1852 mm. The mid-elevation cloud forest has a temperate humid climate with a mean annual temperature of 13.8°C and mean annual rainfall of 2527 mm - mist is always present, the relative humidity is over 90%, and the wettest months are May to October. Highlands variously covered with oak, pine and mixed pine and oak forests or chaparral, have a generally temperate subhumid climate, with a cool summer - the annual temperature averages 16°C, the annual rainfall 889 mm. In the north-western portion of the region, the desert scrublands have a semi-warm dry climate, with summer rains; the mean annual temperature is 21.7°C and mean annual rainfall 505 mm (Puig and Bracho 1987; Contreras 1991).
The mosaic of vegetation types in the Gómez Farías region is diverse (Wood 1975a; cf. Rzedowski 1978), and includes the northernmost tropical forests on the Atlantic slope. Cloud forest, a formation with a much reduced distribution - in Mexico on less than 1% of the area - is exuberant in this region. The region's principal vegetation types are:
1. Tropical dry forest (dry deciduous forest), which originally included broad flat areas below 300 m at the base of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Most of those areas have been transformed into croplands. Characteristic forest species are Croton cortesianus, Beaucarnea inermis, Acacia coulteri, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cassia emarginata, Ficus cotinifolia, Pseudobombax ellipticum, Bursera simaruba and Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides (Martin 1958; Valiente-Banuet 1984).
2. Tropical semi-deciduous forest (moist semi-deciduous forest) occurs at 300-800 m on portions of Sierra Chiquita, and the eastern slope of Sierra Cucharas east and south of the Gómez Farías region. The continuous canopy is c. 20 m high, and at least half of the species shed their leaves during the dry season (December to April). The dominant trees are Brosimum alicastrum, Bursera simaruba, Croton niveus, Drypetes lateriflora, Guazuma ulmifolia, Aphananthe monoica (Mirandaceltis monoica) and two Lysiloma species. The most common species in the dense shrub layer are Acalypha schiedeana, Psychotria erythrocarpa, Randia laetevirens and Savia sessiflora. Lianas and epiphytes are scarce (Valiente-Banuet 1984; Sosa 1987).
3. Cloud forest occurs at 800-1400 m. It has three tree storeys, the highest in climax stands reaching 25-30 m. Epiphytes and lianas are abundant. The dominant trees are Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus sartorii, Q. germana, Clethra pringlei, Magnolia schiedeana, Podocarpus reichei, Cercis canadensis and Acer skutchii (Puig, Bracho and Sosa 1983). El Cielo Biosphere Reserve was established to protect this area, which is one of the most important sites along the Sierra Madre Oriental.
4. Pure and mixed oak forests cover the largest area of the region between 1500-2200 m. Humid oak forests thrive in ravines and other depressions of the eastern slope, and dry oak forests thrive on the north-facing hills. The common species are Quercus sartorii, Q. affinis, Q. germana, Q. laeta and Q. glabrescens. There are many lianas of Antigonon, Dioscorea, Serjania and Smilax.
5. Pine forest has a discontinuous distribution on summits above 1800 m. The canopy reaches 25 m. The dominant species are Pinus patula, P. pseudostrobus, P. teocote and P. oocarpa. The shrub layer is dominated by Eupatorium, Gaultheria, Vaccinium, Myrica and Staphylea.
6. Mixed pine-oak forest and oak-pine forest are the most extensive vegetation types in the region, occurring at 1500-1900 m in an inland south-west to north-west band. Characteristic are Quercus glabrescens, Q. affinis, Q. mexicana, Q. polymorpha and Q. castanea.
7. In the driest areas of the region between 900-1600 m, two types of desert scrub are present. Shrubs 2-3 m in height dominate, with some arborescent emergents 4-5 m tall and a stratum of low shrubs and herbs less than 1 m in height. About 50% of the plants bear thorns or spines. Some conspicuous species are Acacia anisophylla, A. berlandieri, Cordia boissieri, Dasylirion acrotriche, Helietta parvifolia, Neopringlea integrifolia, Yucca treculeana, Bursera fagaroides, Cassia greggii, Forestiera angustifolia and Randia laetevirens. Agave lechuguilla and Hechtia glomerata are localized. Some species of oak and cactus also occur (Chimal et al. 1989).
8. In addition to these principal vegetation types, there are smaller plant communities, e.g. enclaves of chaparral within the eastern dry oak-pine forest, a marshy pond and a shallow lake at Joya de Salas and lowland riparian vegetation along the major rivers (with species such as Ficus, Taxodium, Platanus, Salix).
The flora of the Gómez Farías region is one of the best known in Mexico, having been studied since 1950 directly or indirectly. Over 1000 species have been recorded, including 95 pteridophytes (cf. Lof 1980) and 21 gymnosperms; the flowering plants are represented by 968 species in 547 genera of 132 families (Johnston et al. 1989). The macroscopic species of fungi are represented by 149 basidiomycetes, 19 ascomycetes and 5 myxomycetes (Heredia 1989; Valenzuela and Chacón-Jiménez 1991).
In the region, particularly in the cloud forest, plants of diverse phytogeographic affinities coexist. Cloud forest habitat harbours one of the richest floras in Mexico. This region's cloud forest is notably unique because taxa (families, genera, species) from so many varied geographic distributions and origins come together (Hernández-Xolocotzi et al. 1951). Of the vascular plant families represented, 56% are tropical, 20% temperate, 19% cosmopolitan and 5% with other distributions. Representative examples among species include: broadly neotropical Bursera simaruba, Callicarpa acuminata, Cedrela odorata, Celtis iguanea and Nectandra sanguinea; Mesoamerican neotropical Aphananthe monoica (Mirandaceltis monoica), Bomarea acutifolia, Cupania glabra and Rapanea myricoides; Mexican neotropical Gymnanthes longipes and Oyedaea ovalifolia and montane neotropical Beilschmiedia mexicana, Clethra pringlei, Magnolia schiedeana and Meliosma oaxacana; and holarctic Acer skutchii, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya ovata, Cercis canadensis and Taxus globosa (Puig, Bracho and Sosa 1987).
Generic phytogeographic affinities or lineages considered in a broad perspective add to the northern North American and/or South American genera some representatives from Asia - e.g. Rhus, Dendropanax, Berberis, Cedrela, Bocconia, Meliosma, Ternstroemia and Aphananthe; and as well from Africa - e.g. Bursera, Dioscorea and Trichilia (cf. Puig, Bracho and Sosa 1987; Rzedowski 1993).
There are also broad to narrow endemics in the region. Quercus germana, Q. xalapensis and Ternstroemia sylvatica are endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental, whereas Wimmeria concolor, Bernardia interrupta and Decatropis bicolor are endemic to north-eastern Mexico (Puig, Bracho and Sosa 1987). The following are endemic to the Sierra de Guatemala: Louteridium tamaulipense, Eupatorium richardsonii, Senecio richardsonii, Verbesina richardsonii, Omphalodes richardsonii, Comarostaphylis sharpii, Acalypha tamaulipensis, Phyllanthus barbarae and Abutilon procerum (Johnston et al. 1989).
Various species are considered threatened overall or in the region, such as the cacti Ariocarpus retusus, A. trigonus, Ferocactus hamatacanthus, Obregonia denegrii and Pelecyphora aselliformis; the cycads Ceratozamia kusteriana and Dioon edule; the orchids Laelia speciosa and Lycaste deppei; and Abies vejari, Acalypha tamaulipensis, Diospyros riojae, Magnolia schiedeana, Taxus globosa and Tillandsia ionantha (Lucas and Synge 1978; Vovides 1981; Chimal et al. 1989; SEDUE 1991).
Useful plants
From a report on useful plants of Tamaulipas (Hernández-Sandoval, González and González-Medrano 1991), the many species and uses that follow were derived for the Gómez Farías region: 167 medicinals, 98 edible, 11 fodder, 5 energy sources, 84 timbers, 16 industrial usage and 69 ornamentals. Several native species are grown in family gardens to provide spices or medicinals. In the past, cloud forest and oak and pine forests were exploited for their timber, and they are now recovering; these forests harbour at least 14 oak and four pine species.
In the tropical forests are several species with commercial value, such as Bursera simaruba ("gumbo limbo") - wood, resin, incense; Enterolobium cyclocarpum ("guanacaste") - timber, fodder; Cedrela odorata ("cedro") - cabinet wood; Tabebuia pentaphylla ("cinco hojas") - timber; Brosimum alicastrum ("ojite" or "ramón") - wood, food (edible seeds, potable latex); and Lysiloma divaricata ("rajador") - timber.
The desert scrublands have various species of local importance, such as Helietta parvifolia - timber; Acacia berlandieri, Gochnatia hypoleuca, Opuntia spp. - fodder; Dasylirion spp. - edible, alcohol fermentation, ornamental; Brahea berlandieri - house-building; Agave spp. (e.g. A. lechuguilla), Yucca carnerosana - fibre; Quercus spp., Rhus microphylla, R. virens, Krameria ramosissima - tannin; and Turnera diffusa, Chrysactinia mexicana, Hesperozygis marifolia, Jatropha dioica, Larrea tridentata - medicinal (Chimal et al. 1989).
Leaves of the small Chamaedorea palms ("camedor") (e.g. C. radicalis, "palmilla") are collected in the area's tropical and cloud forests and exported to the U.S.A. for floral arrangements - a frequent activity in the Gómez Farías region, providing income for the local inhabitants (cf. Marshall 1989). On a much smaller scale, Magnolia schiedeana flowers and Ternstroemia sylvatica ("trompillo") fruits are occasionally collected.
The Gómez Farías region provides water for villages and the sugar industry in the lowlands, and is the source for irrigation of a vast agricultural zone. The mountain vegetation prevents soil erosion downstream by moderating large volumes of water (from rainfall and mist condensation) that steadily flow into the Guayalejo river system. The Guayalejo River is a tributary of the Pánuco River, which has one of the five most important river basins in the country in surface and draining volume (Contreras 1991).
Because of its environmental heterogeneity and transitional location between the Neotropical and Nearctic biogeographical regions, the Gómez Farías fauna is diverse and unique for Mexico. The terrestrial vertebrate species consist of 24 amphibians, 65 reptiles, 182 resident and seasonal birds and more than 80 mammals (Wood 1975b; Hernández-M. 1989). Two endemic rodents live in the area (Peromyscus ochraventer, Neotoma angustapalata) (Hooper 1953). There are populations of taxa threatened overall or in the region - such as black bear, jaguar, margay, ocelot, jaguarundi, great curassow, military macaw, white-crowned parrot and boa constrictor.
The Gómez Farías region is included in two Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs); it is the extreme southern portion of the Highland Sierra Madre Oriental EBA (A06) and on the western edge of the Lowland Gulf Slope EBA (A07). The region is particularly important for parrots. There are historical records for the maroon-fronted parrot (Rhynchopsitta terrisi), which is a threatened species of mixed conifer forests between 1800-3500 m in a narrow (300 × 60 km) section of the Sierra Madre Oriental. In the lowlands occur the restricted-range green-cheeked or red-crowned parrot (Amazona viridigenalis) and threatened yellow-headed parrot (A. oratrix). Other restricted-range species in the lower elevations of Gómez Farías are the crimson-collared grosbeak (Rhodothraupis celaeno) and Tamaulipas crow (Corvus imparatus). El Cielo Biosphere Reserve protects cultural concerns as well as the biological diversity. At the time of Spanish conquest, nomadic peoples inhabited the region's lowlands (Pisones, Janambres, Pames, Siquillones). Maps from the 16th and 17th centuries note the names of Huasteco settlements in the Guayalejo-Tamesi Basin. Artefacts and sites from Amerindian cultures have been found through the Sierra Chiquita cloud forest and lowlands. Archaeological studies in southern Tamaulipas caves reveal that early cultures practised agriculture with squash, beans and chili peppers (MacNeish 1964).
In more recent times, with the expansion of timber companies into the region, settlers from western Mexico's Michoacán State moved into the mountains to work the forests. El Cielo BR has a research station, and is an excellent base for conducting cultural or social as well as biological research, and for environmental education.
Bird watching has been a long-standing activity in the region. Throughout the general area, spectacular landscapes and caves can be enjoyed. With appropriate management, the Gómez Farías region could sustain small-scale ecotourism (cf. Wood 1975a, 1975b).
About 3500 people live in the Gómez Farías region (1990 census), in one village and 26 small rural settlements. The region is peripheral to the economic activities of Tampico, Ciudad Mante and the state capital Ciudad Victoria. During colonial times the forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental supplied raw materials to towns and mines. On the flat terrain of the adjacent Gulf Coast Plain developed especially the sugarcane industry and cattle-ranching. In the 19th century railroads helped integrate the area with broader markets. During the 1930s, with government investment and private capital, settlements proliferated and agricultural production diversified. Many important crops are now produced in the region such as maize, sorghum, soybeans, rye, tomatoes, other vegetables and cotton (Pepin-Lehalleur 1986).
In lowlands throughout the region, the remaining environmental diversity and biological richness are threatened by modern agricultural and industrial development, such as the highly technological systems of less diversification and mass production. Changes in the landscape are caused by hydrological works and the conversion to vast croplands. Clearing is almost total in the Sierra Madre Occidental valleys and on gentle slopes, and in the adjacent plains.
In some areas, environmental degradation is associated with the typical expansion of settlements; various problems are proportional to the settlement size, such as land clearing, improper soil use, landscape modification, water and air pollution and solid-waste disposal. The pollution of water is mainly from by-products of sugarcane industrialization.
The construction of a road between the villages Gómez Farías and El Azteca is expected, which will separate the tropical semi-deciduous forest from the montane vegetation types with unknown ecological consequences. The tropical semi-deciduous forest is already under the most pressure, because it is closer to the major populated areas - it urgently needs conservation action.
In the highlands, deforestation is a possible threat as a result of shifting agriculture as well as logging. The subsistence economy of the mountain residents is based on cultivating a plot of 3-5 ha for food, gathering fuelwood, logging for home construction and selectively harvesting forest products for income. Intensive timber extraction in the region took place from 1952 to 1973, but logging has diminished and become local. Timber companies persistently seek permits to log the buffer zone of El Cielo Biosphere Reserve.
Livestock impact vegetation and soil, such as the free-roaming cattle in the forests. Browsing by goats is changing the vegetation structure and floristic composition of desert scrubs.
Despite federal and state laws regulating conservation of wild fauna and flora, over-exploitation of plants and animals occurs in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve. Particular regulations for the use of species in El Cielo BR need to be enacted and enforced. There are problems for example with collection of orchids and cacti, extraction of palm leaves and gathering of fuelwood.
Of basic concern is the scarce attention from government agencies and managers for the reserve. Budgets for maintenance have been reduced, the protection of identified threatened species has diminished, and support is lacking for environmental education and research programmes.
Rancho del Cielo began as the remote homestead of the Canadian J.W.F. Harrison (1901-1966), a self-taught botanist and horticulturist (growing tuberous begonias and amaryllises) who deeded his land to a non-profit Mexican corporation with the stipulation that the cloud forest be preserved. Beginning in 1964, the area has served as a biological research station (at 1140 m) for Texas Southmost College, of Brownsville in U.S.A. Some of its funding has come from visiting bird-watching enthusiasts (Wood 1975b).
In 1985 the State of Tamaulipas declared 1445.3 km² as El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, which helps to protect c. 60% of the Gómez Farías region. In 1987 the reserve was officially recognized within the UNESCO-MAB reserve network. The reserve has two core zones: the larger area (287 km²) includes a broad portion of cloud forest and a strip through the region's altitudinal gradient; the smaller area (78 km²) includes especially tropical forests. The region's brushlands are least represented within the reserve.
Because of the rugged terrain, the northern, western and southern areas of the Gómez Farías region are less accessible and less threatened by development. The region remained nearly undisturbed until the 1950s, when the major logging began. Cycads, cacti and orchids are regulated by CITES, with the genera Ceratozamia, Ariocarpus, Obregonia and Pelecyphora in Appendix I. The difficult access and low human population within the reserve have kept this area relatively pristine, despite limited enforcement.
Bracho, R. and Sosa, V.J. (1987). Edafología. In Puig, H. and Bracho, R. (eds), El bosque mesófilo de montaña de Tamaulipas. Instituto de Ecología, Public. 21, Mexico, D.F. Pp. 29-37.
Castro-Meza, B.I., Plácido de la Cruz, J.M. and Almaguer, S.P. (1989). Fisiografía y riesgo de erosión en la Reserva de la Biósfera "El Cielo". Biotam, Univ. Autón. Tamaulipas, Méx. 1(1): 28-37.
Chimal, A., González-Medrano, F., Díaz, I., Hernández, A., Noriega, R., Bravo, E., Pérez, J. and Vázquez, J. (1989). Investigación sobre flora y fauna silvestres de la Reserva de la Biósfera "El Cielo", Tamaulipas. Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecología (SEDUE) and Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico, D.F. 106 pp. Unpublished technical report.
Contreras, A. (1991). Conservación, producción y desarrollo rural: el caso de la Reserva de la Biósfera "El Cielo", Tamaulipas, México. Thesis, División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico, D.F. 133 pp.
Ferrusquía-Villafranca, I. (1993). Geology of Mexico: a synopsis. In Ramamoorthy, T.P., Bye, R., Lot, A. and Fa, J.E. (eds), Biological diversity of Mexico: origins and distribution. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 3-107.
Heredia, G. (1989). Estudio de los hongos de la Reserva de la Biósfera El Cielo, Tamaulipas. Consideraciones sobre la distribución y ecología de algunas especies. Acta Bot. Mex. 7: 1-18.
Hernández-M., A. (1989). Importancia de la reserva "El Cielo" para los mamíferos de Tamaulipas. Biotam, Univ. Autón. Tamaulipas, Méx. 1: 13- 20.
Hernández-Sandoval, L., González, C. and González-Medrano, F. (1991). Plantas útiles de Tamaulipas. Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Ser. Bot. 62: 1-38.
Hernández-Xolocotzi, E., Crum, H.A., Fox Jr., W.B. and Sharp, A.J. (1951). A unique vegetation area in Tamaulipas. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 78: 458-463.
Hooper, E.T. (1953). Notes on mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 544: 1-12.
Johnston, M.C., Nixon, K., Nesom, G.L. and Martínez, M. (1989). Listado de plantas vasculares conocidas de la Sierra de Guatemala, Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, México. Biotam, Univ. Autón. Tamaulipas, Méx. 1(2): 21-33.
Lof, L.V. (1980). The ferns of the Rancho del Cielo region. M.S. thesis, Pan American University, Edinburg, Texas.
Lucas, G. and Synge, H. (1978). The IUCN plant red data book. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. 540 pp.
MacNeish, R.S. (1964). Food-gathering and incipient agriculture stage in prehistoric Middle America. In Wauchope, R. (ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1. West, R.C. (ed.), Natural environment and early cultures. University Texas Press, Austin. Pp. 413-426.
Marshall, N.T. (1989). Parlor palms. Increasing popularity threatens Central American species. TRAFFIC USA 9(3): 1-3.
Martin, P.S. (1958). A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the Gómez Farías region, Tamaulipas, México. Misc. Public. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 101: 1-102.
Pepin-Lehalleur, M. (1986). Formación y dinámica de un sistema agrario regional: la región del Mante, Tamaulipas. El Colegio de México, Mexico, D.F. 24 pp. Unpublished report.
Puig, H. (1976). Végétation de la Huasteca, Mexique. Etudes mésoaméricaines Vol. V. Mission Archeologique et Ethnologique Française au Mexique. Mexico, D.F. 531 pp.
Puig, H. and Bracho, R. (1987). Climatología. In Puig, H. and Bracho, R. (eds), El bosque mesófilo de montaña de Tamaulipas. Instituto de Ecología, Public. 21, Mexico, D.F. Pp. 39-54.
Puig, H., Bracho, R. and Sosa, V.J. (1983). Composición florística y estructura del bosque mesófilo en Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, México. Biótica 8: 339-359.
Puig, H., Bracho, R. and Sosa, V.J. (1987). Affinités phytogéographiques de la fôret tropicale humide de montagne de la réserve MAB "El Cielo" de Gómez-Farías, Tamaulipas, Mexique. Compt. Rend. Séances Soc. Biogéogr. 63: 115-140.
Rzedowski, J. (1978). Vegetación de México. Editorial Limusa, Mexico, D.F. 432 pp.
Rzedowski, J. (1993). Diversity and origins of the phanerogamic flora of Mexico. In Ramamoorthy, T.P., Bye, R., Lot, A. and Fa, J.E. (eds), Biological diversity of Mexico: origins and distribution. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 129-144.
SEDUE (1991). Listado de especies raras, amenazadas, en peligro de extinción, o sujetas a protección especial, y sus endemismos en la República Mexicana. Flora terrestre y acuática. Diario Oficial 17/05/91: 9- 24.
Sosa, V.J. (1987). Generalidades de la región de Gómez Farías. In Puig, H. and Bracho, R. (eds), El bosque mesófilo de montaña de Tamaulipas. Instituto de Ecología, Public. 21, Mexico, D.F. Pp. 15-28.
Valenzuela, R. and Chacón-Jiménez, S. (1991). Los poliporáceos de México. III. Algunas especies de la Reserva de la Biósfera El Cielo, Tamaulipas. Rev. Mex. Mic. 7: 39-70.
Valiente-Banuet, A. (1984). Análisis de la vegetación de la región de Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas. Tesis de Licenciatura, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, D.F. 92 pp.
Vovides, A.P. (1981). Lista preliminar de plantas mexicanas raras o en peligro de extinción. Biótica 6: 219-228.
Wood, P. (1975a). A glorious botanical confusion. In Jackson, D.D., Wood, P. and the editors of Time-Life Books, The Sierra Madre. Time-Life Books, New York. Pp. 104-117.
Wood, P. (1975b). Where the birds are. In Jackson, D.D., Wood, P. and the editors of Time-Life Books, The Sierra Madre. Time-Life Books, New York. Pp. 84-103.
This Data Sheet was written by Vinicio J.
Sosa, Arturo Hernández and Armando Contreras (Instituto de Ecología, Apdo. Postal 63,
91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico).
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Happy Thanksgiving. In honor of my favorite holiday, I spent the week looking for a feel-good story that centered around food and, if possible, had a turkey as a photo op.
I found exactly what I had in mind at the Stone Barns Center in Pocantico Hills. Many people have heard of, and maybe even had the opportunity to dine at, the Michelin-starred restaurant Blue Hill at Stone Barns, but I wanted this week's article to focus on how the food actually gets to the table.
I went for a visit to the Stone Barns Center on a Tuesday, when it is officially closed to the public, and, upon arrival, I was graced with the most magnificent site a writer with a photo requirement could ask for. A late fall landscape dotted with strutting Bourbon Red Turkeys, the heritage breed best associated with the Thanksgiving holiday.
If you were thinking you might drop by and pick up a last-minute fresh turkey for the holidays, I was told that every last one of them have been spoken for.
Mara Flanagan, the associate director of philanthropy, met me and gave me an incredibly in-depth tour of the facility. We discussed all the important work they are doing there.
The center is actually an 80-acre working farm only 25 miles north of New York City on the former grounds of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'s dairy farm. They raise livestock, grow vegetables and experiment with seeds and soil, which they describe as the most important part of the eco-system on a farm.
Their soil is managed intensely, with a seven-year crop rotation and multispecies rotational grazing, which leads to healthier grass and soil. They spend more than 1,000 man hours a year just moving animals around the farm.
"At the Stone Barns Center, we go beyond organic. Our farmers are all about innovation, marrying old techniques with the new," Flanagan said.
They've been experimenting for nine years with delicious results.
They grow all four seasons at the farm, selecting cold-tolerant plants in the winter and heat-tolerant plants in the summer to save on heating and cooling costs. Right now, there are fields of cabbage, kale and broccoli—all vegetables that love the cold, crisp days.
Inside the greenhouse, they are experimenting with ginger and turmeric—two plants that don't ordinarily grow anywhere near the northeastern United States—which, if viable, help remove food dependency on foreign regions.
They not only grow food, they grow farmers too.
"There is a human capital problem in the United States in farming. The average age of farmers is 57," Flanagan said. "We lost generations to industrialization when farming wasn't valued, but it's coming back. Here at the center, we make it possible for new farmers to gain experience and knowledge from our seasoned farmers by offering paid, full-time apprenticeships to young people because, if you don't have farmers, you don't have food."
The Stone Barns Center believes in sharing its wealth of knowledge with the farming community at large. Through their Growing Farmers Initiative, they equip young farmers with the knowledge and hands-on experience to grow better-tasting, healthier food and to become responsible stewards of the land. They seek to remove the barriers that stand in the way of their success, whether those comprise access to land, prohibitive capital costs or marketing and distribution challenges. On Dec. 4 to 6, they will hold their sixth-annual National Young Farmers conference in which 300 young farmers from all over the country representing 25 to 30 states will come to the Stone Barns Center to talk about farm finance, food safety standards, food law, swine and much more.
They are extremely excited about their keynote speaker, Wendell Berry, the novelist, poet, environmental activist and farmer.
Programs Director Jennifer Rothman is excited about the event.
"The National Young Farmers conference that we hold each year are some of the most inspiring days I've ever had professionally," she said.
And this article wouldn't be complete if I didn't mention all the amazing things the center does for children's education. Since 2004, the Stone Barns Center has reached more than 36,000 children with their unique, hands-on educational programs. Whether its summer farm camp, scout programs, animal care, vegetable gardening or collecting eggs, the Stone Barns Center believes that children are a critical audience for the work they do. They think it's vital to connect at an early age to establish patterns of healthy eating in order to create the next generation of thoughtful food consumers. They do this by reintroducing them to where their food comes from—and it's not their local Stop and Shop.
Through the various programs, the children learn that farming is a respected profession and that there is more to the food we eat than just pulling items off of grocery shelves and throwing them in the cart.
"We offer very authentic experiences to the public—the things that we do on the farm every day, like learning about the life of a hen by collecting her eggs. And then [visitors] get to take a six-pack home with them," Rothman said.
After an absolutely perfect afternoon walking around the farm, I had to agree with Rothman's final comment as I was on my way out.
"It's a delicious place to work."
Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture
630 Bedford Road, Pocantico Hills, 10591
(if you are using a navigation system use Tarrytown for the town)
National Young Farmers Conference
Dec. 4 to 6
Grow Your Own: Bread
Tuesday, Dec. 10
6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.
Insider's Farm Tour
Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays
Family Farm Tour
Saturdays and Sundays, 11 a.m. to 11:45 a.m.
Story Time on the Farm
Saturdays and Sundays, 1 p.m. to 1:30 p.m.
Winter Farmers Market
10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Dec. 15, Jan. 12, Feb. 9, March 9, April 13
Blue Hill Café open Wednesday through Sunday
from 10:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Download the iPhone app prior to your visit
Open Wednesday through Sunday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
May to November, $5 parking contribution
Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas Day and New Years Day
"I'm always on the lookout for a great story, an amazing restaurant, an unusual day trip or a must-see cultural event in Westchester County."
To contact Lisa, email
And you can follow her on Twitter, @westchesterwand

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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SAN DIEGO, CA – The American Freedom Foundation announces a new partnership with LCDR Andrew Baldwin's Got Your Back Network at the 2ND annual American Freedom Festival San Diego presented by SKYDEX to be held on May 28 at 7:30 p.m. aboard the USS Midway Museum. The annual fundraising event features Grammy award winning singer/songwriter Kenny Loggins with special guest, the U.S. Army's own, Rena Marie Cunningham. In support of their mission, AFF and Got Your Back Network will recognize and acknowledge 10 families who have lost loved ones while serving our country. A very special ceremony is planned to take place during the evening.
For more information, please call (619) 398-8241 or visit www.midway.org/freedom or www.americanfreedomfoundation.org.
About Kenny Loggins
A brilliant singer-songwriter and guitarist with a lifelong passion for exploring the endless power of the song to communicate, Kenny Loggins has had a most extraordinary career. He has stood the test of time as a member of the legendary country rock duo, Loggins and Messina and with his astonishing work as a solo artist, enjoying hits in four straight decades. This Grammy award winning artist is best know for songs such as "Danny's Song" and "House At Pooh Corner" to "Celebrate Me Home" and "Keep The Fire (This is it)". His hits didn't stop there as he teamed with Stevie Nicks on the monster hit, "Whenever I Call You Friend", Steve Perry on "Heart To Heart" and with Michael McDonald on the Grammy award winning Song of the Year, "What A Fool Believes". His success as a solo artist grew to even greater heights thanks to massive smashes like "I'm Alright" (from Caddyshack), "Footloose" (from Footloose), "Danger Zone" (from Top Gun), and "Nobody's Fool" (from Caddyshack II).
About Rena Marie Cunningham
One would be hard pressed to find a more compelling story than that of Rena Marie Cunningham. Taken into foster care as a baby and adopted at 4 years, she quickly learned to adjust to her surroundings - being 1 of 12 children. At a very early age, she found music as a solace and began singing and writing poems. She won her first award at the age of 9 and went on to win many talent contests thereafter. Her grandfather became a great influence in her life and inspired her to pursue her music and be all she can be. His last wish before his death in 2008 was for Rena to join the military. She became a member of the US Army that year and went on to hold various leadership positions. In 2010, Rena was cast as one of the lead performer in the U. S. Army's "Soldier Show," performing songs by Michael Jackson, Alicia Keys and Nora Jones. Her past experiences include the supporting role of "Star To Be" in the 2007 music production "Annie" and the lead role of "Reno Sweeny" in the 2008 music production "Anything Goes". Rena currently serve as Private First Class in the Indiana National Guard.
About LCDR Andrew Baldwin, MD
U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander Andrew Baldwin, M.D. is a physician, humanitarian, U.S. Navy diver and media personality currently serving as a family medicine resident at the Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton in Southern California. In addition to serving as a spokesman and advocate for Navy medicine, LCDR Baldwin currently serves as an advocate for the Let's Move Campaign headed by First Lady Michelle Obama. A graduate of Duke University on a full Navy ROTC scholarship, LCDR Baldwin fullfilled his dream of becoming a physician having graduated from the University of California - San Francisco School of Medicine. He went on to serve his operational duty in the Navy as an Undersea Medical Officer. Among his numerous acknowledgements, Dr. Baldwin has been honored on the Washington D.C. Most Influential People under 40 list in 2009, and Outside Magazine's Top 100 Influential People of the World list in 2006 for the humanitarian work he did in Laos on a military mission where he treated over 600 Laotians in remote villages. LCDR Baldwin has been featured in numerous media outlets including Men's Health Magazine, GQ Magazine, Runners World, and Triathlete Magazine. His television appearances are extensive including interviews on Good Morning America, The View, and FOX News as well as a special guest appearance on ABC's Extreme Makeover Home Edition. Dr. Baldwin was also the star of ABC hit show, "The Bachelor: An Officer and a Gentleman".
About Got Your Back Network
Founded by LCDR Andrew Baldwin, M.D. in 2009, Got Your Back Network connects with military families who have lost a spouse or parent while serving our country. Their mission is to give comfort, answer a special need, offer guidance and bring a brighter day. Through diverse coordinated events along with one on one interactions with corporate executives, politicians, professional athletes, and entertainers, Got Your Back Network provides the avenue for the children of the fallen to learn and be inspired by the most successful leaders of our generation. In the last year the foundation has created and has been involved in events with the New Jersey Nets, Disney World, the GI film festival and the Miss American Pagent in Las Vegas. This Spring GYBN will be presenting the Third Annual Martinis and Makeovers in DC. Capitalizing on the extensive networks created by the founder, and leadership of the foundation, within the entertainment and professional sports industries, Got Your Back Network will organize many special events and mentorship activities in the future.
About The American Freedom Foundation, Inc.
The American Freedom Foundation, Inc. mission is to honor the men and women of America's armed forces and raise awareness for their service and sacrifice and raise money for organizations that serve and support our veterans, active duty military and their families. Special emphasis is directed to the welfare of those wounded in action, those disabled and the families and children of those killed in action in conflicts throughout the world. Throughout their short history, the American Freedom Foundation has made grants in excess of $700,000 to over 30 military organizations. The American Freedom Festivals are a series of concert events that take place across the country featuring music performers, actors, athletes, dignitaries and other supporters, joining together to help support and fulfill the mission of the American Freedom Foundation, Inc.
Ticket Information: Tickets for the American Freedom Festival San Diego on May 28 at 7:30 p.m. are $129 (Limited Number of Gold Circle – which will include preferred seating and autographed Kenny Loggins CD/Poster); $79 (General Admission); $69 (Midway Member); $30 (Military)
Tickets go on sale April 1 and will be available through the USS Midway box office and online at www.midway.org/freedom or at www.americanfreedomfoundation.org.
Military tickets are available through the Military Ticket Program. Check with your local Military Ticket Office for availability or call (619) 767-6000 for a location nearest you.
Facebook: USSMidwayMuseum and AmericanFreedomFoundation
Twitter: @ussmidwaymuseum and @amfrfoundation
- - -
Media Contacts:
Ted Hacker
American Freedom Foundation, Inc.
(615) 330-9394
Vanessa Pineda-Ruiz
USS Midway Museum
(619) 398-8251
Mandi Davis (for Kenny Loggins)
Moir / Borman Entertainment
(310) 656-3150
Victor Marten Hurtado (for Rena Marie Cunningham)
(202) 380-9401
Ali Koppel (for LCDR Andrew Baldwin, M.D.)
Got Your Back Network
(858) 405-2174


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dogs on leash
road biking
trail running
horseback riding
wild flowers
The MoPac Trail in Springfield, Nebraska is an integral component of what is planned to be a more than 50-mile recreational trail between Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska's two largest cities.
Charity A.
1 month ago
Carly Sloboth
1 year ago
James Elliott
3 years ago
I started my journey on the MoPac Springfield Trail in Springfield itself. There is a dedicated parking lot to the south of the Springfield Soccer Complex on Platteview Road, just east of 144th Street. I first took the trail north 3.1 miles where it dead-ended at Schram Road. With the exception of about a half mile of paved track near the Soccer Complex, the entire trail is crushed gravel and rock, a fairly easy ride. From the north end, I traveled south to the Platte River (Louisville), then back north again to Springfield, where I parked. I'm excited for the completion of this trail so one can go all the way from Omaha to Lincoln on a single trek. There were nice views on this trail, including rolling fields and a river. The trail doesn't completely go through Springfield, so I just rode on the streets heading south until I met up with it again. One can easily figure it out by looking at a map, or even just guessing.


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Ice Skating in East Oakland—More Community-Building!
by Pat Patterson
' A bit of magic happened in late December that turned our neighborhood into a real winter wonderland. Children, teens, and adults were treated to an ice skating rink on Foothill near 55th Avenue. The scene was magical—a white tent decorated with Christmas trees, a garland, a white picket fence, rows of ice skates, wonderful music, and the smell of hot spiced cider. One by one, inquisitive visitors walked into the tent, checked out the scene, got skates, and zipped onto the rink.'
The transformation was amazing as sounds of laughter and delight turned an empty lot into a fun-filled venue to wrap up the holidays. Here's a bit of what I enjoyed: a set of five-year-old twins skated by, laughing and holding hands trying to stay up, and always waving as they passed. Their grandmother reminded them to skate in the same direction as the crowd. One twin insisted that she go the opposite way. City Councilmember Desley Brooks, organizer of the event, reminded them to go with the crowd. More squeals of laughter, and off they skated. Three teens looked serious as they sat on the bench fastening their skates. Next scene, there was laughter and shouting, as they made their way round and round the rink. There were the normal falls, but always laughter in the air.
Special guests the Ice Girls did some fancy maneuvers, and the crowd gave a warm round of applause. Hot cider, hot chocolate, and cookies came from a supporting coffee vendor. It was an instant winter wonderland, a three-day special holiday treat set up by Councilmember Brooks for the district and surrounding Oakland folks.
"It's important to have meaningful, positive activities in our own neighborhoods," said Brooks. "We need to continue to expose our children to positive activities, the way many of us were raised. Let's open their eyes to the simple, fun things in life that don't
cost much. Plus we get them outdoors where they are active. These type of things move them away from the TV, video games, and let them get exercise. It's a good thing!"
Several adults laughed and reminisced about their own skating days. One man mentioned that he'd brought his mentee to skate, to give him an outlet and some fun. The 12-year-old boy was having a ball. Each adult who recalled ice skating or roller skating at the rink in days past remembered enjoying "something to do" that was fun, challenging, and inspired them to get outside. They spoke of meeting friends and having a good time.'
I recalled my days as a youngster in Baltimore, Maryland, where we skated at the outdoor ice arena next door to Memorial Stadium. We couldn't wait to get there, and we'd skate till our legs were like rubber, then get hot french fries from a vendor and make our way home. Brooks told of a similar experience in Los Angeles, where she remembered ice skating with her family. "It was a good experience where you met your friends and had a good time."
'As I continued to take photos, I saw much more than excited faces, eager eyes, and colorful folks going round and round. I saw what happens when we take time to show our kids (and adults) we care about them. The return is that we continue to inspire, creating excitement and positive energy. That's what building community is all about.


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Bill and Denise Richard, parents of one child killed and one maimed in the Boston Marathon attack, have a BoGlo op-ed calling for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev to receive life without parole. They specifically cite the importance of letting survivors set the narrative of the attack, not Dzhokhar, who will have the opportunity to expose some of his motivations in the sentencing phase due to start next week.
For us, the story of Marathon Monday 2013 should not be defined by the actions or beliefs of the defendant, but by the resiliency of the human spirit and the rallying cries of this great city. We can never replace what was taken from us, but we can continue to get up every morning and fight another day. As long as the defendant is in the spotlight, we have no choice but to live a story told on his terms, not ours. The minute the defendant fades from our newspapers and TV screens is the minute we begin the process of rebuilding our lives and our family.
Carmen Ortiz responded, citing the need to keep secrets in her explanation for why the government would still — seemingly — continue its pursuit of a death sentence for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.
The attorneys in a criminal case are legally bound to keep many matters relating to the case confidential, even from the people most affected by the crimes.
I therefore cannot comment on the specifics of the statement.
A cynic might think Ortiz was unswayed by the Richards' plea because she judges an execution will help her own career, even if polls show Massachusetts residents oppose the death penalty for Tsarnaev.
Still, I couldn't help but wonder why she's citing confidentiality when the next phase of the trial will presumably expose more of the details on the case the government would prefer to keep secret? What confidential reason does Ortiz — or the government more generally — have to want those details to come out?
As AP reported, the government reported in motion opposing his discovery requests that Ibragim Todashev told them his brother participated in the 2011 Waltham triple murder.
In any event, the government has already disclosed to Tsarnaev that, according to Todashev, Tamerlan Tsarnaev participated in the Waltham triple homicide. Any benefit to Tsarnaev of knowing more about the precise "nature and extent" of his brother's involvement does not outweigh the potential harm of exposing details of an ongoing investigation into an extremely serious crime, especially at this stage of the proceedings.
But the motion doesn't address the full extent of Dzhokhar's request, which asked for,
All documents concerning the investigation of the triple homicide in Waltham, MA on September 10-11, 2011, including without limitation documents concerning the alleged involvement of Tamerlan Tsarnaev, Ibragim Todashev, and/or our client in those murders. [my emphasis]
I'm not saying the government is wrong on the law in this case, and I do wonder whether they didn't address this because they suspect Dzhokhar was involved in the murder (which would provide the existence of such information more protection).
But I do note their response focuses on whether they have information on Tamerlan and/or Ibragim (the latter of which they say would not be discoverable), not on whether they have information on any involvement Dzhokhar might have had in the killings.
On August 27, Attorney General Eric Holder imposed Special Administrative Measures on Dzhokhar Tsarnaev at the request of US Attorney Carmen Ortiz. Yesterday, Dzhokhar's lawyers challenged the SAMs.
Josh Gerstein provides a good overview of the SAMs, but they basically amount to inching Dzhokhar closer to full solitary confinement, as well as reviewing even legal materials his lawyers bring into the prison and prohibiting lawyers and other defense staff from passing on messages from third parties.
The big question is why they're doing this. The government's excuses — that Dzhokhar employed "tradecraft" by (in part) throwing away a detonator in the trashcan outside of Gerry's Italian Kitchen, to which Dzhokhar and his brother had interesting ties; that Dzhokhar's mother released a recording of a call they had back on May 24 "to generate sympathy;" and that Dzhokhar has received 1,000 pieces of mail — are all absurd. I find it non credible that DOJ considers it "tradecraft" to throw criminal evidence away in a place that should offer up more clues. The call with Dzhokhar's mother was 3 months before the imposition of the SAMs — and she has obeyed instructions not to repeat it. And, as Dzhokhar's defense points out, he has not responded to any of that mail, and while some of it consists of people telling him they believe him to be innocent, none of it is "jihadist," and some even consists of people imploring him to convert to Christianity.
The stated explanations are all ridiculous.
So why did Carmen Ortiz (and not, Dzhokhar's lawyers point out, prison officials) impose these SAMs over 4 months after Dzhokhar got arrested?
It may be the government just wants to subject Dzhokhar to solitary to make him less defiant in case of any public appearances — to "break" him, just as the US government has used other torture methods for. (Still, if that was the purpose, why not impose them back in April and May, before his arraignment?)
But I'm particularly interested in the way this happened as things have heated up in Florida in the aftermath of FBI's killing of Ibragim Todashev.
I've put the relevant dates below. And while they don't match exactly, during the same time as Dzhokhar has been subjected to these new measures, the FBI, local authorities, and other federal agencies have been trying to investigate Florida's Russian immigrant community that had ties to Todashev. While I have no idea why the government would want to prevent Dzhokhar from learning of any of that (nor am I aware of any evidence he knew Todashev or any of the others, though he may have known Todashev from when he lived in MA), I do find the parallel developments to be of interest.
Some of the emphasis, thus far, in how the SAMs have been applied is also of interest. The government won't let the Defense show Dzhokhar pictures of his family (remember, he has a spooked up uncle). The government will decide what kinds of extremist literature it deems discovery relevant to Dzhokhar's defense and therefore admissible as legal material.
The latter detail, especially, suggests another possible explanation (and it is just a theory, not one I'm ready to fully support): the government doesn't want the Defense team to be able to substantiate any other motive for the Boston attack besides the Islamic extremism they've publicly claimed and highlight even in the SAM memo.
But I would love to know the real reason they are doing this.
As Netroots Nation 2013 begins, I want to emphasize one of the best panels (If I do say so) of the event. It is titled: Beyond Aaron's Law: Reining in Prosecutorial Overreach, and will be hosted by Marcy Wheeler. Joining Marcy will be Aaron Swartz's attorney, Elliot R. Peters, of Keker & Van Nest LLP in San Francisco, Shayana Kadidal of the Center for Constitutional Rights in New York, and Professor Jonathan Simon of Boalt Hall at Berkeley. The panel goes off at 3:00 pm Saturday June 22.
As a lead in to the panel discussion, I want to address a topic that struck me from the first moment of the tragic loss of Aaron Swartz, the pernicious effect of the late 70's Supreme Court case of Bordenkircher v. Hayes.
Paul Hayes was a defendant on a rather minor (involved $88.30), but still felonious, bad check charge in Kentucky. But Hayes had a bad prior criminal history with two felony priors. The prosecutor offered Hayes a stipulated five year plea, but flat out threatened Hayes that if he didn't accept the offer, the prosecution would charge and prosecute under Kentucky's habitual criminal (three strike) law. Hayes balked, went to trial and was subsequently convicted and sentenced to life in prison under the habitual offender enhancement charge. It was a prosecutorial blackmail threat to coerce a plea, and the prosecutor delivered on his threat.
Hayes appealed to every court imaginable on the theory of "vindictive prosecution" with the prosecutorial blackmail as the underlying premise. Effectively, the argument was if overly harsh charging and punishment is the penalty for a defendant exercising his right to trial, then such constitutes prosecutorial vindictiveness and degrades, if not guts, the defendant's constitutionally protected right to trial.
Every appellate court along the way declined Hayes' appeal until the 6th Circuit. The 6th, however, came up with a surprising decision, granting Hayes relief, but under a slightly different theory. The 6th held that if the prosecutor had originally charged Hayes with the habitual offender charge, and then offered to drop it if Hayes pled guilty, that would have been perfectly acceptable; but using it like a bludgeon in plea negotiations once the case was charged was impermissibly vindictive, and therefore unconstitutional.
Then, from the 6th Circuit, the case finally made its way to the Supreme Court of the United States. By that time, Hayes had long been in prison and the prison warden, Bordenkircher, was the nominal appellee in the caption of the case. The Supreme Court, distinguishing another seminal vindictive prosecution case, Blackledge v. Perry, reversed the 6th Circuit and reinstated Hayes' life sentence.
Blackledge v. Perry is a famous case known in criminal defense circles as the "upping the ante case". Blackledge was convicted of a misdemeanor and appealed, which in North Carolina at the time meant he would get a new trial in a higher court. The state retaliated by filing the charge as a felony in the higher court, thus "upping the ante". The Supreme Court in Blackledge held that to Continue reading
Main Justice has a bizarre post suggesting that those who excoriated Carmen Ortiz for her treatment of Aaron Swartz (and Tarek Mehanna and Russ Caswell, though MJ doesn't name them by name) are now hailing her aggressiveness.
"The criticism lately has been that they've overcharged some people and been overly harsh," Peter Elkann, a Boston defense attorney, said in a recent interview with Reuters. Elkann went on to observe that "no one is going to accuse any prosecutor of making too big a deal out of this case."
That would be a safe statement, considering that the April 15 bombing killed 3 people and wounded more than 280 others, many of whom lost legs, as it left blood on the street and horrified and infuriated millions of Americans.
Maybe Main Justice doesn't read this blog, which has twice noted the needless prosecutorial irregularity of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's interrogation.
But I would hope that a site covering legal inside baseball has heard of a guy named Erwin Chemerinsky, who seems just as troubled by DOJ's refusal to comply with Dzhokhar's reported request for a lawyer as bmaz and I?
It has become increasingly evident that the Justice Department violated the constitutional rights of Boston bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. He apparently was questioned for hours without being given hisMiranda warnings, and the interrogation continued even after he explicitly requested an attorney. It is disturbing that the Justice Department would risk its criminal prosecution by ignoring such basic rules and even more disturbing for what this says as to its view of the Constitution.
Don't get me wrong. I don't think Carmen Ortiz made the decision to refuse Dzhokhar a lawyer through 16 hours of interrogation alone. I'm quite certain she did that because that's the policy — generally and specifically — Obama's DOJ wants to pursue.
But that's true of her over-aggressive pursuit of the war on drugs, the war on hackers, and the war on Muslims, too, the wars she was fighting when she took down Aaron Swartz and Tarek Mehanna (and tried to take down Russ Caswell). The other abusive decisions she made all reflect the policy choices of the Obama Administration.
But denying someone his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights is completely consistent with what we've seen Carmen Ortiz do in the past. And while Main Justice appears unphased by it, some of the same people who have noted her prosecutorial aggression in the past are noting it continues here.
Particularly given Lindsey Graham's persistent tweeting yesterday that "the last thing we may want to do is read Boston suspect Miranda Rights," there was a lot of discussion in the moments after Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was captured last night about whether he would be read his rights.
At first, there were reports he would be. But then DOJ announced he would not be read Miranda immediately; they would invoke the public safety exception to question him.
"The suspect is en route to the hospital for immediate treatment," the official tells TPM's Sahil Kapur. "But we plan to invoke the public safety exception to Miranda in order to question the suspect extensively about other potential explosive devices or accomplices and to gain critical intelligence."
As of about 40 minutes ago, he had still not been read his rights.
Now, thus far, I'm actually not that worked up about Miranda rights (though I may get there soon). As Orin Kerr explains, the public safety exception is a legally recognized law, and Miranda itself only limits what can be admitted as testimony against Dzhokhar in his trial (I'm betting he'll plead guilty in any case). The government appears to have so much evidence against him in any case, any confession he makes will likely not be necessary to convict him.
Mind you, as Charlie Savage reported two years ago, the government has been institutionalizing longer delays before they give Miranda warnings, most notably with people they (or foreign proxies) interrogate overseas first, followed by a clean team Mirandized interrogation. And as the reference to "gain[ing] critical intelligence" above suggests, the Obama Administration is stretching the intent of pre-Miranda interrogations to include more substantive interrogation (update: Emily Bazelon also made this point).
But here in the US, the delays on Miranda warnings aren't that long. The best–quite similar–example is the 2009 UndieBomber, who was interviewed for about 50 minutes under a public safety exception when he was captured. That entire interrogation was deemed admissible and in fact formed a significant part of the opening arguments in his trial (which didn't get much further than opening arguments before he plead guilty). So the UndieBomber's case is one reason the Administration is confident they could question Dzhokhar without Mirandizing him at first (though the length of time has gotten far longer than used with the UndieBomber).
There's a precedent from the UndieBomber I find more troubling though. The judge in that case also allowed the use of UndieBomber's statements from the hospital after he had been given a fair amount of sedation. While there was a dispute about how much he got and what kind of effect that might have had, conversations he had with a nurse were also used in the opening arguments of the trial. The two issues together — a suspect interviewed without a lawyer after he's been given serious drugs, both of which will be apply to Dzhokhar, as well — is troubling on legal, humanitarian, and practical grounds. The High-Value Interrogation Group had already been brought in last night, which suggests he may well be asked questions while in precarious medical state.
But the big issue, in my opinion, is presentment, whether he is brought before a judge within 48 hours. In addition to stretching Miranda, the government has also been holding and interrogating suspects for periods — up to two weeks for American citizens and far longer for non-citizens — before they see a judge. Not only does this postpone the time when they will be given a lawyer whether they ask or not (because judges are going to assign one), but it gives the government an uninterrupted period of time to use soft coercion to get testimony and other kinds of cooperation.
In my opinion, two of the most troubling cases like this, both involving naturalized citizens accused of terrorism, are Faisal Shahzad and Manssor Arbabsiar.
John Cornyn just sent a letter to Eric Holder asking a series of questions about the Aaron Swartz prosecution. (h/t Julian Sanchez) Many of them are utterly appropriate coming from a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee: why Carmen Ortiz said the prosecution was "appropriate," whether DOJ's prior investigations, plural, of Swartz had had an influence on their conduct, why Ortiz filed the superseding indictment. Kudos to Cornyn for conducting oversight, as intended.
But here's a question I didn't expect, the second of seven questions.
Second, was the prosecution of Mr. Swartz in any way retaliation for his exercise of his rights as a citizen under the Freedom of Information Act? If so, I recommend that you refer the matter immediately to the Inspector General.
It's one thing to ask whether Swartz was targeted–and he appears to have been–for his advocacy on Open Access and Internet freedom.
But to ask whether this was retaliation for his use of FOIA? As far as I know, only Jason Leopold and I have even looked at his FOIAs in relation to his prosecution, and only for insight onto how he responded to it.
I've lost count of how many White House petitions are seeking some kind of vengeance for the harsh treatment of Aaron Swartz. Fire Carmen Ortiz. Fire Stephen Heymann. Pardon Swartz. Commute John Kiriakou's sentence.
One of the most ethical suggestions I've seen (and I'm not even sure if there is a White House petition for it) is to fix the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. [Update: Thanks to Saul Tannenbaum, here it is.]
The government should never have thrown the book at Aaron for accessing MIT's network and downloading scholarly research. However, some extremely problematic elements of the law made it possible. We can trace some of those issues to the U.S. criminal justice system as an institution, and I suspect others will write about that in the coming days. But Aaron's tragedy also shines a spotlight on a couple of profound flaws of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in particular and gives us an opportunity to think about how to address them.
I didn't know Aaron personally, but he doesn't strike me as the kind of guy who would seek individualized solutions to systemic problems. And one of the problems with the system that destroyed him is a law that badly criminalizes actions that don't present much harm.
Moreover, as Corey Robin argues in this post, asking Obama to take action to absolve the actions of his own government defeats the point.
Asking the state to pardon Swartz doubly empowers and exonerates the state. It cedes to the state the power to declare who is righteous and who is wrong (and thereby obscures the fact that it is the state that is the wrongful actor in this case). The petitioning language to Obama only adds to this. The statement depicts Obama as somehow the good father who stands above the fray—much like how the Tsar was depicted in the petition of the Russian workers who marched with Father Gapon on the Winter Palace in 1905 and were summarily slaughtered.
Pardoning Swartz also would allow the government, effectively, to pardon itself.
These petitions seem to serve the purpose of pretending that Swartz' treatment was abnormal.
It was not.
Not only has Obama's Administration treated all those who liberate information without his government's sanction as dangerous criminals, but his DOJ has been ruthless against just about everyone who is not a Wall Street Executive.
Jesslyn Radack–who knows how aggressively Obama's DOJ has targeted those who free information as well as anyone–discusses the legal futility of trying to go after Stephen Heymann. But she also notes that the real remedy to prevent more people from experiencing what Swartz did is to start fixing DOJ.
What might be more realistic is for citizens to demand that the Senate Judiciary Committee exercise meaningful oversight over the out-of-control Justice Department, which has waged an unprecedented, unaccountable, brutal war on whistleblowers and hackers, and to create something akin to the Church Committee to investigate the improper monitoring and targeting of hackers, whistleblowers, Occupy participants, journalists, and a numerous other groups of non-violent "offenders" who've done nothing to harm anyone or the country, and have been acting purely in the public interest.
It would be a good start (though SJC Chairman Patrick Leahy has been lax in examining any Obama Administrations abuses).
But there is one action Obama could take today that would both address some of the problems with his dysfunctional DOJ and attest he means to change things systematically: Fire DOJ's Criminal Division head, Lanny Breuer.
Lanny Breuer is not the only reason Obama's DOJ has been so aggressive (though he has been instrumental in ensuring it ignores bank crimes). There are far more senior and far less senior people who have fostered DOJ's overreach. But Breuer runs this system. Moreover, as the head of this system of prosecutorial overreach, he has actually explicitly rewarded abuse.
If we want to fix the injustice that was done to Aaron Swartz, we need to fix the aspects of the system that rewarded such behavior. We need to fix the law that empowered the prosecutors gunning for him. We need to put some breaks on DOJ's power. And we should start by getting rid of the guy who has fostered this culture of abuse for the last four years.
The public story of Aaron Swartz' now-tragic two year fight with the Federal government usually starts with his July 19, 2011 arrest.
But that's not when he was first arrested for accessing a closet at MIT in which he had a netbook downloading huge quantities of scholarly journals. He was first arrested on January 6, 2011 by MIT and Cambrige, MA cops.
According to a suppression motion in his case, however two days before Aaron was arrested, the Secret Service took over the investigation.
On the morning of January 4, 2011, at approximately 8:00 am, MIT personnel located the netbook being used for the downloads and decided to leave it in place and institute a packet capture of the network traffic to and from the netbook.4 Timeline at 6. This was accomplished using the laptop of Dave Newman, MIT Senior Network Engineer, which was connected to the netbook and intercepted the communications coming to and from it. Id. Later that day, beginning at 11:00 am, the Secret Service assumed control of the investigation. [my emphasis]
In fact, in one of the most recent developments in discovery in Aaron's case, the government belatedly turned over an email showing Secret Service agent Michael Pickett offering to take possession of the hardware seized from Aaron "anytime after it has been processed for prints or whenever you [Assistant US Attorney Stephen Heymann] feel it is appropriate." Another newly disclosed document shows the Pickett accompanied the local cops as they moved the hardware they had seized from Aaron around.
According to the Secret Service, they get involved in investigations with:
Downloading scholarly articles is none of those things.
A lot of people are justifiably furious with US Attorney Carmen Ortiz and AUSA Heymann's conduct on this case.
But the involvement of the Secret Service just as it evolved from a local breaking and entry case into the excessive charges ultimately charged makes it clear that this was a nationally directed effort to take down Swartz.
MIT's President Rafael Reif has expressed sadness about Aaron's death and promised an investigation into the university's treatment of Aaron. I want to know whether MIT–which is dependent on federal grants for much of its funding–brought in the Secret Service.


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Cooked From the Heart » Lasang Pinoy » Lasang Pinoy 11 Round-up
Lasang Pinoy 11 Round-up
Thank you all who participated in this round of Lasang Pinoy. What a great treat it was to continue reminiscing about summers past and at the same time learn about so many coolers and refreshing recipes. Visit these great bloggers to read about their summer experiences and maybe even find a recipe you would like to try.
A sunny summer breakfast by afbeercan of Eat Matters presents Roasted Pork loin Hash with Raspberry Poached Egg and a second post on relaxing with Stella Artois (and no, Stella is not a girl), and reading a good book under a tree.
Manang Kusinera is back to blogging with a vengeance and contributes two entries for Lasang Pinoy. Who can forget ice candies in the summer and Palitaw made from scratch!.
Luchie the Pinay Foodie from Singapore reminisces about a summer she spent in the province which awakened her palate to new sensations.
Iska from Beijing writes about Saba con Hielo (bananas with ice) which she enjoyed as a child and still does, for her LP11 entry.
Julius, who thought initially that Lasang Pinoy meant a drunk Filipino (lol!!) joins us for the first time from Vancouver, Canada and decided to pursue his initial intuition by offering something to make us drunk instead of just tasting like Pinoys. Have a sip of his sumptuous looking Lychee Colada!
Mike of Lafang not only remembers his summer rituals as a child, he also presents us with a range of summer time favorites including the Pinoy ice cream sandwich!
Ting of World Class Cuiscene offers two more refreshing coolers, cantaloupe and coco juice!
Ces of essenCes has more cooling refreshments and memories of summers spent playing childhood games. See if you remember any of the games yourself. For your enjoyment she offers the mouth watering green mango shake and dalandan juice. Ces also offers another cooler, mais con hielo.
Mita, the Unofficial Cook offers a refreshing drink of cucumber and coconut juice along with memories of summers at the beach with her family.
As a last hurrah to the end of summer in the Philippines, Macky of The Edible Garden contributes Batida, a coconut drink that is sure to mellow you out while you sit and gaze at the beach one last time.
Market Man offers something that I wish I could taste, coffee ice cream and mangosteen jam as a cooling refreshment for summer!
Mira at Mirsbin's Kitchen laments not having tasted much street-food during her childhood, but her mom made up for it by giving them delectable treats instead. She shares her mom's mango tart for this round of Lasang Pinoy.
LANI of Chibog, Chika, Lakwacha atbp remembers the summers spent with her grandparents in Bulacan and the bounty of summertime treats to be had. Just like many of us who spent summers being fed by our grandparents, these are the most memorable to our senses.
The super mom (my idol) and self-proclaimed perfectionist, Stef of Stefoodie.net, as usual treats us to a great essay on summer and being Pinoy; which of course means that food always plays an important role. She also promises of a part 2 which we will add to this list as soon as she is finished with it.
Finally, you have me your host, who kicked off this event with fried fish and eggplant salad and ended with two posts on Sauteed Chayote Squash which always reminds me of my childhood in Baguio, and a cooling drink of Cantaloupe juice which is perfect for the hot humid days back home and here in the South. Thank you all for joining, it was a great pleasure to host this round of Lasang Pinoy.
Join us again for the next round, watch the website for the next topic.
Filed under: Lasang Pinoy
12 Responses to "Lasang Pinoy 11 Round-up"
we have home made ube powder,fresh from our farm. i guarantee you , its all natural. heard of gelato eliseo?the italian ice cream? we supply their ube powder here in cebu.were looking for more customers. if anybody is interested we can send you samples if you like. just email me at firstname.lastname@example.com
what a super successful round! thumbs up to you and to everyone who joined! see you on the next LP event!
we can definitely use this one on the next couple of months, huh?
what an interesting and prompt round-up! congratulations and thank you for hosting LP11! see you again in the next round . . .
Hi there Jeanette!
What an interesting round-up you have here.
Thank you!!
great round-up jeanette! just as i thought i've read all entries hindi pa la… 😀
hi jmom, thanks for the super-prompt round-up!!! manang and jmom, ube ice cream was supposed to be my LP 10 entry — i've added ube puree to make ice cream before but i wasn't 100% happy with it — so still tweaking. would love to work on it with both of you:D
JMOM!!! I'm late. I just posted my entry today. Okay lang bang humabol pa?!!?!?!?!
hi! wow, thanks for sharing this nice memories. Thanks also for inviting me. hope to join you next time.
have a nice day!
Hi chas, I hope you do get a chance to try some of the recipes. Do you have a Filipino store or Oriental stores in Norway?
Hi Manang! We too are experimenting with ube ice cream. I have been buying the Selecta ube ice cream at the Filipino store here but at $9/half gallon! pikit mata talaga akong bumili, and only when we can't stand our cravings anymore. I used to make halaya with frozen ube and I was looking for that last weekend, but they were out. We have tried the powder in our ice cream maker, but were not too happy with the result as it was a bit gritty. I will post a recipe as soon as we see some success.
This is nice since I will manage to check most of the Pinoy food and will probably make all of it if I can just find all the ingredients that is.
Thanks for this round up of summertime memories. Now I am reminded of what I have been dying to know how to make — ube ice cream using ube flavor (powder) and vanilla ice cream. Any ideas?
The nearest Pinoy store here does not carry Filipino brand ice creams (not to mention very far!). I am not sure if I can make ube ice cream as I stated above, but I believe the strawberry ice cream is made that way – add strawberry puree to vanilla ice cream.
If you do have ideas to share regarding this, I would appreciate it a lot!


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08.18.14 | By
The science of informatics drives innovation that is defining future approaches to information and knowledge management in biomedical research, clinical care, and public health.
Millions of Americans with psoriatic arthritis—a serious disease that causes pain, swelling and stiffness of the joints and tendons, and can result in joint damage if left untreated—struggle to get the health care and treatments they need to manage their condition. National Psoriasis Foundation plans to change with the largest realignment and expansion of its psoriatic arthritis program.
Many people are unaware of the impact of arthritis and related musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. They affect approximately 52.5 million Americans of all ages, races and genders.
To improve the lives of people with arthritis, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) is working toward a better understanding of the basic biology of diseases affecting the joints, better diagnosis and treatment of arthritis, and better tools to facilitate clinical trials.
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America®950 F Street, NW Suite 300, Washington, DC 20004
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Facebook and Twitter this week will start sending reports about your "likes" and tweets about TV shows to the major networks to try to strengthen the relationship between television and social media -- and ultimately increase ad revenues for the tech companies.
Facebook plans to send the first of its weekly reports to ABC, NBC, CBS and Fox about how well 40 or so of their recently premiered shows are going over with Facebook users.
"We don't know today what the relationship is (between TV-related Facebook posts) and viewing habits and ratings," said Daniel Slotwiner, the head of Facebook's measurement team. "This represents a really good way to study that phenomenon."
Facebook is focused on ensuring that the posts included in the report are directly related to recently premiered shows on the major networks, Slotwiner said.
For instance, it could be difficult to trace a person's "touch down" comment on Facebook back to a broadcast of a specific NFL or college football game. And Facebook users who post about celebrities on "Dancing With the Stars" might not have their comments, "likes" and "shares" counted in relation to the show, Slotwiner said.
Asked about the long-term advertising potential for Facebook, Slotwiner said, "Everybody's asking these questions. Right now, we can say that it's clearly and purely an R&D project."
But Tim Bajarin of Creative Strategies believes the reports to the TV networks offer the promise of "a new proposition for potential advertisers. It's highly logical for both Twitter and Facebook to mine the feedback of their users in the context of which shows they're watching and the trends that are related to it."
Twitter, which is preparing for its initial public offering, did not respond to requests for comment on reports that it was going to start distributing its "Nielsen Twitter TV Rating" on Monday that will measure how many people participated in a conversation about a particular show, and how many people saw those tweets.
Based on Facebook posts and tweets Sunday night related to the series finale of "Breaking Bad," Bajarin said Twitter appeared to be the early leader -- at least in terms of volume.
"I was watching the feedback on both Facebook and Twitter, and Twitter had the edge by a long shot -- 20 to 1," he said. "The instantaneous reactions off of Twitter were pretty high but it's way too early to tell who's going to do the best job. In the end, it'll come down to how well each of the companies are able to package that information and add value to not only the networks but to potential advertisers."
Linking tweets and Facebook "likes" to specific shows also has enormous potential to alter the TV industry.
"Over time, I would imagine this can inform programming decisions," Slotwiner said. "But we're a long way from there."
The "real question," according to Trip Chowdhry of Global Equities Research, "is who is going to be the winner here, Facebook or Twitter? But you also have to ask, 'Who is the loser here?' Sadly it is the television guys. These conversations are all happening on a different platform, not on their platform."
Contact Dan Nakaso at 408-271-3648. Follow him at Twitter.com/dannakaso.


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SAP is one of those very employee-friendly companies in India that, along with AT&T, Google, Yahoo! India, Dell and others, allow employees to work from home. SAP lets all its employees work from home one of the five workdays a week. "Productivity hasn't gone up thanks to this move. But it hasn't gone down either," says Naik, emphasising that no company in India can afford to introduce a policy that allows the staff to work from their hometowns or remote locations.
"It has to be a need-based consideration. Otherwise, it will not work in India," he says. SAP did let one of its employees work from his hometown, but that is one of the few exceptions. Aditya Gurajada, director of technical engineering at SAP's unit Sybase, works out of his Hyderabad home.


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Hi Andy,
I used Reporting Services only once and I have never used charts. But
tables allow to set up Format property for each column. I used it with Data
Time objects and it worked fine. You can set up this format in .net manner.
Just be sure your data are returning from query in correct type - currency =
Money in sql server otherwise formating will not occure (at least this
happend with datetime).
"Andy" wrote:
> Hi there, I have an asp.net 2 application, and created a local report
> using MS ReportViewer. The report consists of a line chart, with date
> intervals on the x axis, and amounts of money in the y axis.
> It all works fine, but the amounts of money are high (in millions),
> and so the y axis shows increments of 10000000 and has amounts showing
> on the grid lines of 10000000, 20000000, 30000000, 40000000 etc.
> I would like to format these to a currency amount, or at least have
> some commas to make it more readable, but if I try using eg
> =FormatCurrency(Fields!MyAmount.Value) the chart is not output
> correctly.
> Can anyone suggest any way to solve this? Hope this post makes sense.


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IUFoST provides education and training for food scientists and technologists around the world by providing experts for short courses, organizing conferences and symposia alongside IUFoST Adhering Bodies and by providing resources where there is need. The Distance Education Pilot Project aimed at Sub-Saharan Africa, was begun through the need expressed by SSA food industry for enhanced training of mid-level employees already in the food sector who do not have the necessary formal education in the field or access to it.
Core curricula for food science and technology to aid in basic programme planning has been compiled by an expert IUFoST working group, who by synthesizing efforts by many IUFoST Adhering Bodies, developed an outline of the core curricula studies needed for future food professionals in the global arena.


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The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian
by Sherman Alexie
The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Theme of Race
Race is a pretty huge deal for The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. Why? Because it gives Arnold Spirit, Jr. a good deal of trouble in his search for self. Arnold feel like he's only half an Indian – or as he says a "part-time Indian" – once he transfers to the white school of Reardan. He then gets split into two: Junior on the Indian reservation and Arnold in his white high school. This all suggests that one's racial or ethnic identity can change depending on place or social setting.
Questions About Race
- How are being a Native American and being poor related in Junior's mind?
- What does it mean to "kill the Indian to save the child" (5.40)?
- Why do Junior's parents say that white people have the most hope (6.10)?
- Do you think Junior idealizes white people and the culture at his white school (7.34, 22.1)?
- What does Gordy mean when he says "White girls are privileged" (16.26)?
- What does it mean to be a part-time Indian?
- How can one's racial identity change? What does it mean to "become" white (18.15)?
Chew on This
As Arnold tells us, being an Indian also means being poor. Race and class are deeply connected.
Arnold sees himself as half-Indian and half-white. This suggests that racial identity can change depending on situation.