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Guatemala is not typically the first destination that springs to mind when you think of countries with good beaches in Central America. People often associate Guatemala with being the spot to visit for Maya ruins and hiking volcanoes, however sun seekers should not discount this Central American hotspot. The beaches of Guatemala may not be as pristine as those found in neighboring countries, but there are a number of options for travelers looking to kick back and relax.
Guatemala is blessed with coastline on both sides of the country – the Caribbean Coast on the east and the Pacific Highlands on the west. And, with popular lakes like Atitlan, visitors to Guatemala have a variety of options to choose from.
Pacific Coast Beaches
Head west to Guatemala's Pacific Coast to experience beautiful beaches, many of them covered in black volcanic sand. As with other countries' beaches on the Pacific side, they tend to have a strong undertow, so even the strongest of swimmers should stick close to shore. The beaches on the Pacific are the best choice for travelers who are looking to surf.
Monterrico is probably the most popular beach in Guatemala and is easily reached from Guatemala City and Antigua. It is about a 2.5 hour drive from either city and has a number of hotels and resorts. Aside from its signature black sand beaches, Monterrico is known for its sea turtle population. The long stretch of beach serves as a breeding ground for four different species of turtles and foreign tourists are increasingly drawn to Monterrico due to its recognized conservation efforts.
Puerto San Jose is near Monterrico and is recognized as Guatemala's biggest fishing town on the Pacific Coast side. One draw is its airport, which means travelers can fly in and completely avoid Guatemala City altogether.
Most vote for La Playa Tilapa as Guatemala's most remote beach, located about 10 miles south of the Mexico border. Tilapa is a very tiny fishing village, popular with fishermen and surfers wanting a quiet weekend getaway.
Caribbean Coast
Guatemala's Caribbean coast is a narrow stretch of land, but with a little effort you can find yourself on soft, white sand beaches in no time. Playa Blanca is only accessible by boat and remains pretty isolated and quiet. It's not overrun with hotels, but the white sand and coconut palms are worth the day trip.
Younger adults and teens tend to flock to Punta de Palma, a small beach located near the port of Puerto Barrios. Facilities are pretty much limited to refreshment stands only, but it's only a ten minute boat ride from the docks, making it a great "off-the-beaten-path" beach.
Lake Atitlan and Lake Izabal
Aside from Guatemala's coastal beaches, the country has two lakes worth mentioning as well. Lake Atitlan is one of the most popular destinations in Guatemala and is often called the most beautiful lake in the world. Ringed by three volcanoes, the beaches are rocky, but the views are unsurpassed. Some hotels in the area also offer beach access as well.
Lake Izabal is the largest lake in Guatemala and its southern side is home to light-colored sand, calm waters, and a host of facilities. Hotels, seafood restaurants and water sport rentals are available in this area, making it a popular beach for families with younger children.
– Contributed by Erin De Santiago


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Party Pics: Celebrity chef Tiffany Derry steps out of the kitchen at Private Social
Photo: Jerry McClure/Special Contributor
Private Social's Barman Rocco Milano prepares a Polish 57 which is a French 75 with Zubrowka Polish Bison Grass vodka instead of the traditional gin to go with Champagne, lemon juice and orange zest on December 8, 2012 in Dallas Texas.
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Let Fetch Dog Resort do the dog training for you!
Dog Training
At Fetch, we specialize in helping you raise a sweet, smart, obedient puppy. Our convenient dog training program allows you to drop off your puppy in the morning and pick up each day on your way home from work. Our gentle, experienced trainer will spend an hour working with your puppy one on one. Daily training allows your puppy to learn quickly not to nip, jump, or chew on your stuff. And potty training is a breeze with our hourly potty walks.
The rest of the day, your puppy will play and socialize with other puppies in our daycare. At pick up, you will get a written progress report and a brief meeting with your trainer. Go home and enjoy a quiet evening with your tired puppy. Most puppies in our program sleep through the night. On Friday, you will get your homework assignment for the weekend. This enables you to learn the commands your puppy has learned from us and teaches the puppy to obey everyone in your household.
Repetition and consistency are the keys to unlocking your dog's good behavior. Fetch's dog trainers use science based positive reinforcement clicker training techniques. Clicker dog training is humane, dog friendly and one of the fastest ways to teach reliable commands. By using treats and praise to reward wanted behaviors, your puppy is more likely to listen to you and do as you ask.
Dog Training Rates
It's only $225 for 5 days in Puppy Prep School. Most programs are 3-4 weeks in length. Tell our dog trainers what your puppy is doing that tries your patience or just drives you crazy. Remember, this is YOUR program and we CAN HELP train your dog.


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New Music: Nipsey Hussle - State Of Mind ft. Y2
Nipsey Hussle - State Of Mind ft. Y2
Nipsey Hussle is back again this Monday to deliver a brand new track titled State Of Mind featuring Y2 and produced by Mike & Keys. Have a listen…
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Heather Locklear has officially returned to Melrose Place and she did not disappoint. Amanda Woodward is back in full force and she is leaving a path of destruction everywhere she goes. Locklear may have just the right amount of attitude and sass to save Melrose Place again.
It was like time had never passed. Locklear stole the screen and has definitely added some fire into the new Melrose Place. The show is barely hanging on by a thread, but I have a feeling that kicking Ashlee Simpson to the curb and bringing Locklear into the mix just might turn this show into something really freaking good. Locklear's Amanda quickly made it clear she was in charge, to the dismay Ella, the wanna be Amanda of the new Melrose Place. Oh Ella don't you know that there is now and will always be only one Amanda Woodward. I can see many catfights in the future for these shall we say independent women who don't take crap from anyone.
Heather Locklear moved into the original Melrose Place with her drop dead good looks, oozing sex appeal and don't mess with me attitude, which completely revamped the sinking show turning it into mega hit in the 19090's. Will lightening strike twice for both Locklear and Melrose Place. After Tuesday nights episode, I would say there is a dang good chance it will. Heather brings a life to the show it was lacking, just like the original one. So what is it about Heather Locklear that makes her valuable to this show? Well that is simple, she plays the perfect biotch.
Locklear has had a successful run on primetime television with hit shows such as Dynasty, TJ Hooker, and Spin City. But is has always been her portrayal of the sexy vixen, Amanda Woodward that made her stand out in the television industry. All eyes are certainly on Heather and the new Melrose Place to see whether or not history will repeat itself. Heather it is great to have you and Amanda back!
Pictures: PR Photos


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August 28, 2016
An upcoming event will help you learn more about lake water quality and safety…and help promote community awareness about Lake Wissota!
Water Safety & Education DaySaturday, May 18Ray's Beach, Chippewa Falls11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
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Approval Date:
3 Aug 95
the Global Broadcast Service
Defense Planning Guidance Element
This need responds to section Il C.1 of the Defense Planning Guidance FY 1997-2001 dated 09 May 1995 to create an interoperable "system of systems" geared toward enhanced C41.
The National Military Strategy (NMS) of the United States of America
. February 1995, also requires that C41 capabilities must support the ability of forces to achieve decisive victory in two nearly simultaneous major regional conflicts. The ability to win the Information War is dependent on our ability to provide critical information to combatant commands. A wideband broadcast would allow simultaneous receipt by all approved recipients in the theater. This would improve efficiency of both long haul and tactical transmission in today's environment, and help support the expected explosion in communications requirements growth in the joint operational environment.
Mission and Threat Analysis
a. Mission
(1) Joint tactical operations require high speed, multimedia communications capacity to provide the requisite information flow to garrisoned forces and to in-transit and deployed mobile forces. There is an asymmetric flow of information in that deployed units normally require more information for mission performance than is required for return transmission. Many individual products today, (e.g ATO, IMINT, weather,) have data file sizes ranging from hundreds of kilobits to gigabits, which take significant amounts of time to transmit via existing low data rate channels. Furthermore, many of these products require the use of multiple low speed channels to transmit to multiple addressees. Current military satellite communications are oversubscribed and were neither designed for nor configured to provide high capacity broadcast service. They either cannot support, or would have difficulty delivering, a multi-megabit per second broadcast per transponder to multiple receivers using small antennas or to mobile users without significantly limiting or curtailing other critical two-way voice/data network services to the warfighter, Most existing multi-megabit systems are point-to-point, fixed location systems using large antennas.
The Conduct of the Persian Gulf War--The Final Report to Congress, April 1992
, highlighted the limited ability of current military and civilian satellite communication systems to provide responsive, high-capacity communications to deployed, mobile tactical units.
(2) A high capacity broadcast capability is needed to provide timely dissemination of standard products, such as imagery, intelligence information, weather, theater message traffic, joint and service-unique news, education/mining, video, Morale Welfare & Recreation (MWR) programming, and/or other desired information. The implementation of a "Global Broadcast Service" (GBS) would provide worldwide, high capacity, one-way transmission of a variety of high-speed computer-to-computer data updates, high quality imagery, and other information products to supported Forces. GBS should provide the capability for CINC and/or CJTF theater injection of information on broadcast. This capability should support rapid transfer of near -real-time targeting data, beginning an integral part of the Sensor-to-Shooter architecture providing targeting information to warfighters.
(3) The GBS should support existing and proposed information dissemination requirements appropriate for one-way, wideband transmission. The service should provide expeditious delivery of selected data to enroute, deployed, and garrisoned tactical forces and commanders. The GBS s hould support routine operations, training and military exercises, special activities, crises, and the transition to and conduct of opposed operations short of nuclear war. The need for high capacity asymmetric data flow results from growing emphasis on providing joint operational commanders and tactical units with tailored products and services required for successful mission accomplishment. There is an immediate need for a GBS to provide this high capacity information flow to warfighters. The GBS is a new capability that cannot be compared to other programs. GBS has the potential to significantly overcome existing capacity limitations of current and planned communications systems. Correction of this deficiency is listed as a high priority in CINC Integrated Priority Lists (IPL).
(4) The GBS is an extension of the Defense Information System Network (DISN), and will require development of a data management capability and injection scheme in parallel With the space segment. Data management must include the capability to access and retrieve archive data as well as provide timely dissemination of requested information. Prioritization procedures that allow users to receive the most critical information first and a method for responding to user requests must be developed and implemented. GBS provides the capability to transmit high data rates of information to multiple users equipped with small terminals. GBS incorporates a smart push/user pull philosophy.
(5) The "smart push" portion of GBS should provide "package of information services" that may be predetermined based on existing/known user mission and operational requirements. Examples of this type of information include pre-planned priority intelligence requirements, general intelligence data, meteorological and oceanographic data, and DoD-wide news and information. Careful consideration of "smart push" information must be to ensure users do no become overloaded with information that could cloud decision making.
(6) "User pull" requests could be accomplished by using existing/planned communications architectures (e.g., DSCS, UHF, MILSTAR, DISN) to provide access to the source to specify ad hoc information requirements for delivery via GBS. Examples of "user pull" requests include tailored intelligence data, imagery, imagery perspective products, battle damage assessments (BDA), Tomahawk Mission Data Updates (MDU), local weather forecasts, regional or local environmental updates, high-speed computer updates, news updates, and mapping, charting and geodesy (MC&G) products. The ability of users to tailor the broadcast to satisfy emergent requirements is a primary feature of the GBS.
(7) Reception of the broadcast should be via small, lightweight, and inexpensive antennas and receivers to the maximum extent possible. This will increase portability and functionality to a wide variety of users to include ground (including Special Operation Forces), sea, and air units down to the tactical level. GBS will improve information transfer to deployed forces and free capacity on existing systems for growing two-way C4I requirements. The concepts of "smart push" and "user pull" described here support the tenets of "C4I for the Warrior."
(8) The GBS has the potential to rapidly disseminate data carried over current/planned lower data rate tactical broadcasts and imagery dissemination systems. The possibility of migrating these broadcasts to GBS, and the ability of GBS to meet the imagery transfer timeliness requirements should be examined.
(9) Network security must be provided on the data collection and injection segment and on the data dissemination segment of the GBS. It must provide protection for classified information, and access control to ensure system integrity.
b. Threat
(1) The space segment of GBS would be vulnerable to the same threats as many commercial satellite systems. The Global Broadcast Service receiver and antenna would be subject to the same threats as other terrestrial satellite communications components. They may be jeopardized by electromagnetic and physical threats to the communications links and for to the ;` stem segment themselves.
(2) Electromagnetic threats include interception, exploitation, high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP)). and, degradation of commercial and military communications links or the signal ens environment Physical threats include the entire battlefield/shipboard spectrum of direct and indirect tire weapons, environmental factors, chemical contamination, and nuclear destruction. The GBS ground terminal would also be vulnerable to capture when deployed with forward units.
(3) GBS uplink vulnerability to nuisance EMI and jamming could be mitigated by using narrow beam. steerable antennas.
(4) The GBS is not required to be a survivable or endurable system and therefore will not be equipped with special HEMP/HANE (High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse/High-Altitude Nuclear Explosion) or antijam protection. A classified threat assessment to satellite communications is found in the current National Air Intelligence Center NAIC) publication,
EW to Satellite Communications Links - Foreign.
(5) The major threat to any computer system is from Information Warfare (IW). The GBS, as an extension of the DISN, may be vulnerable to IW attack. Methods to protect against threats such as terrorists, foreign intelligence services, organized crime, introduction of software bugs and viruses, and unauthorized user intrusion must be examined.
Nonmaterial Alternatives
Mission area analysis performed by the Navy and staffed through all Services did not identify any changes in U.S. or Allied doctrine, operational concepts, tactics, organization, and training that could satisfy the requirement.
Potential Materiel Alternatives
There are numerous potential solutions to meet the GBS requirement. All possibilities will require consideration of each alternative to satisfy total communications requirements, costs, schedule, and risk.
a. Existing Systems.
(1) Current military communication systems could be reconfigured to provide a limited low to high data rate broadcast capability.
(2) Current commercial direct broadcast systems have proven that required technology is available in commercial off the shelf (COTS) products, even though they emphasize television and audio. They do not provide worldwide coverage (only being targeted to well-populated, economically profitable areas), operate under geographically oriented international regulations, and would require augmentation by a military system. Procedures to ensure military access and control of information for broadcast would need to be developed and implemented. Additionally, intentional agreements would have to be concluded for commercial landing rights.
(3) Commercial data management systems may partially satisfy military requirement for venous information media (voice, data, imagery, video) transfer over GBS and need to be evaluated.
b. Modify current capabilities/programs.
(1) Hardware modifications to on-orbit MILSATCOM satellites are not possible. Although it may be possible to modify procedures to realize a very limited broadcast: capability using existing satellites, this would reduce the availability of those assets to carry two-way communications and would likely not provide the required
capacity, multimed ia data broadcast capability. An interim, limited space segment GBS capability has been proposed by addition of "broadcast packages" on satellites being built under existing programs (e.g., UFO' DSCS, and Milstar ). The cost effectiveness of these alternatives and their ability to satisfy DoD requirements must be fully examined. The baseline design to existing MILSATCOM systems is not optimized for the delivery of multimedia. multi-media' data to deployed forces equipped with a small, man-portable receive terminal.
(2) Technologically, commercial direct broadcast systems could be modified and extended to meet some GBS requirements. However the DoD requirement for worldwide coverage is nor compatible with many commercial objectives and may prohibit this option due to cost (i.e., landing rights) and conflicting requirements.
(3) Current intelligence broadcast data management techniques may provide a foundation for GBS data management.
c. Develop new systems.
(1) The next generation of MILSATCOM satellites, circa 2005, could either carry specific packages for GBS, provide satellite capacity for GBS in parallel with other services, or include dedicated satellites for GBS. Any new military system will utilize non-developmental items (NDI) to the greatest extent possible.
(2) Advances in high power amplifier and high data rate modem technologies at SHF and higher frequencies indicate a broadcast capability could be achieved with relatively low risk. Technological advancements in commercial satellite systems could be readily adaptable to military use. A commercial direct broadcast capability was developed and became available for CONUS use in 1994. Development of worldwide DoD) GBS capability, using commercial technologies and military frequencies is a potential solution to the requirement to provide high data rate information to warfighters. Joint military cooperation can be expected in this effort and allied participation should be pursued.
(3) Development of the required management procedures and infrastructure to support retrieval! injection, and distribution of broadcast information is the critical link to successful implementation of the GBS.
a. Logistics support. The GBS should make maximum use of existing logistics support infrastructure. Conceivably, theater injection sites could utilize existing facilities and be augmented by deployable equipment if required.
b. Manpower, personnel and training (MPT). Requirements for MPT will depend on the option chosen to meet the GBS requirement. GBS should minimize manpower and personnel requirements and be operable within the existing force structure. Training should be accomplished using current training programs where feasible. New training requirements should be integrated into the existing DoD Braining infrastructure and should make maximum use of existing resources. Initial training will be accomplished upon equipment installation and classroom training will be based on experience with satellite communications systems. Operations and maintenance manpower requirements are expected to be met without Increasing manpower authorizations to creating new military occupational specialties.
c. Command, Control, communications, Computers and Intelligence interfaces.
(1) Although a simplex broadcast. GBS must be compa tible and integrated with existing and planned in theater and centralized C4I systems such as Intelink. GCCS United States Imagery System (USIS). Defense Message System (DMS), and the DISN to the maximum extent possible. Interface methods ro GBS, such as AT/Vl, IP or other promising, widely-accepted data transfer standards will support the capability of GBS as a means of data transmission. Potential Allied interoperability issues will also need to be addressed.
(2) GBS control system (~&C) should be compatible with current and planned military satellite control systems, unless a totally commercial satellite system is used.
(3) Significant doctnnal impacts are envisioned within the force structure in the areas of information delivery, exploitation, and battlefield use of the associated data. Efforts to assess the impact and to modify existing doctnne to incorporate the significant advantages offered bv a GBS must be conducted.
d. Security.
(1) The GBS must have the capability to accommodate broadcast transmission of all levels of information, from UNCLAS up to and including SCI (with farther compartmentation if necessary). This requirement mav be satisfied by the data handling features inherent in the ATNI communications protocol or bv provisions for a multi-channel broadcast. Secunty features must be incorporated to ensure GBS provides the appropnate level of prorection to information throughout the transfer process. For a military GBS capability, the requisite security may be provided as for existing military satellite communicatiions systems. Appropnate pnvacy and confidentiality features as well as access control, including provisions for "lost" terminals, must be incorporated into the GBS.
(2) The simplex nature of GBS will present some challenges for encryption, coordination and synchronization, and key management Security may be further complicated by the potential for hundreds of users. Ibe GBS should provide a hierarchy of encryption levels geared toward maximizing the availability of useful information to the lowest force components, consistent with policy, doctrine, and with the vulnerability of the receiver to capture.
e. Operational Environments. The Global Broadcast Service space segment must survive in the harsh environrnent of space. Ground terminals and receivers must operate in the full range of climatic conditions that occur within the coverage area, including the shipboard environment. The GBS is not required to be functional in a HEMP/HANE environment and will not include special jamming protection such as frequency hopping, spread spectrum, or pulling.
f. Standardization and Interoperability. To the maximum extent possible, the GBS will utilize best commercial practices to exploit the economies of scale for the receive terminals available via the commercial market infrastructure. Interfaces at all levels should avoid proprietary solutions. As appropriate, any system(s) fielded to satisfy, the GBS requirement will comply with applicable information technology standards in the Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management (TAFIM) and the NORAD/USSPACECO&I Integrated Command and Control System Objective Technical Assistance (OTA) document. Additionally, the GBS data stream must contain interfaces into standard joint C41 systems for display and possible retransmission to non-GBS equipped units. If a commercial system is selected to provide the required Global Broadcast Service, its COTS and military capabilities should be standards-based, to ensure maximum interoperability and compatibility among multi-vendor (non-proprietary), multi-service equipment, and minimize the cost
cost the Government. To accommodate legacy systems, the feasibility of providing backward compatibility to the tri-band SATCOM terminals should be evaluated.
g. Frequency. Implementation of a GBS with a satellite downlink in other than military frequency bands will require national and international communication agencies approval Significant issues regarding, landing rights. host nation approval, tariff rates, and licensing will need to be resolved.
h. Transportation.
(1) MILSATCOM satellites must be able to use a variety of cost-effective launch systems (including commercial launch). Standard launch system interfaces are needed to help obtain a launchon-need capability to meet unexpected military operational requirements.
(2) Preferences should be given to MILSATCOM systems that reduce the satellite terminal weight and size/cube for the mobile user Although GBS will support small mobile terminals, some additional transportation requirements will be generated Efforts to support transportability, while minimizing cost increases, should be considered.
Joint Potential Designator
. Joint (Program).


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YAY YAY YAY! I'm so excited for you guys! CONGRATS!!
Thanks, Donna. It was a big deal. But, now, reading AFMR's post, I am even more inspired to keep on going.
Jasmine and Turtle -
Thanks! I can't wait to keep going!
I finished both W2D2 and W2D3 over the weekend...one in the driving rain and one in the cold. I even had to bust out the long sleeves.
My socks (and the rest of me) were absolutely soaked when I got back from the run in the rain...but that was the run where I realized that I'm actually doing this...I'm actually going to be a runner.
Run, Noob! Run! - My Blog.
Follow me on Twitter: @RunNoobRun
C25K Week: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
finished Week 1 today - feel good, so i'm probably gonna do W2D1 tomorrow and then take my day off on wednesday.
also, after seeing AFMR talking about the 100 Pushup program, i checked it out and decided to try it as well. i did my initial test at the end of last week and am starting the actual workout program tonight. thanks for bringing up that program AFMR - and thanks to you and everyone else for the C25k inspiration, as well. (BTW .. my 100PU inital test results: 34, starting me at Week 3 of the program)
C25k Progress:
Week: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Day: 1 2 3
Thanks, Fluffy. I see you carry through on your word (the graduation hat)!
Yes, I see the difference myself. It is nothing short of amazing. I do have a question, though, that I'll throw out here and then repost in the current week's thread: Anyone else find themselved down after finishing? It seemed a little anticlimatic. I know the stress from the weekend got to me (grad school--I brought it on myself), but I'm just...blech! I thought it might be my ADD--I hyperfocused on C25K and now that it is "finished," my brain is trapped in grad student mode again.
It was my wife's idea--really! Okay, it helps that I need to lose the weight, too.
http://oursecretplan.blogspot.com (FatManRunning - Couch to 5k)
Completed Couch-to-5k - 10/30/09
Chaska Turkey Trot 5k - 11/14/09 (42:13)
Howard Lake Turkey Tagalong 5k - 11/26/09 (42:23)
Sat around like a bum while I finished grad school - 11/27/09 to 6/25/10
Restarted running 6/26/10
City of Festivals 5k - 08/07/10 (40:45) - ran with Mrs. F and four of the kids!
AFMR I apologize it was late (the cap). It was a crazy Halloween week. But you know maybe it is the ADD. I am ADHD and C25K W9D3 was eh.... When I started C25K I was scared. I was scared it was going to be another workout program that I wouldn't finish. I looked ahead at what was expected of me in week 9 and froze. Then I found a group of people that were going through it with me. (Sorta like this group) And I watched those ahead of me and drew my inspiration from them, then I looked at those who at just started and cheered them on. There was a constant rush. I would spend my day thinking "wow look at all I accomplished" and because I was witnessing the program working, I would think, "Wow I can't wait until I do this." So I plowed through the program. Being the data junkie, I had graphs of my pace and distance and weeks I completed and a schedule of my next runs. I loved the feeling of completing another run. I dreamt of the day I would graduate from C25K. In my mind, the sky was crystal clear, the air would be crisp and I would seem to float when I ran. I would have that beautiful gait that I see some people run. I knew I would be beaming.
THen W9D3 came and I ran it. It was uneventful, except my NIke plus failed me and oh, it was my 100th mile also...and my Nike failed me. Anyway, I ended the run in the funk. And then it was the unknown. What do I do now? Nothing will seem as exciting as that first discovery that yes you can run. So I try to keep runs on the schedule...Race for the Cure, MS Run, Human Race...something to look forward to doing. I found I am a team organizer and love creating teams to run. And I must say...I am the slowest on my team.
So I know what you mean. Find another program like Gateway to 8K or One Hour Runner ( I think you mentioned that one this week) or Galloway Program or Hal Higdons Spring training. Whatever you do, just keep running.
Graduated C25K 08/09/2009
Restarted 04/01/2013
Follow me on my journey: SEEFLUFFYRUN
Twitter: @SeeFluffyRun
Facebook: SeeFluffyRun
Blog: seefluffyrun.blogspot.com
Just bumping this thread because I see a lot of familiar names. Hope you're all doing well.
Complete 10/30/10
And then I let it all go again. More "restarts" than I can count but I haven't given up hope or trying yet. So who knows what's possible.
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


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> What a bunch of hypocrites.
Not really. For it to be hypocrisy, Newt would have had to say to a grand jury
that he never had an affair.
> "The president of the United States got in trouble for committing a felony
> front of a sitting federal judge," the former Georgia congressman said of
> Clinton's 1998 House impeachment on perjury and obstruction of justice
> charges. "I drew a line in my mind that said, 'Even though I run the risk of
> being deeply embarrassed, and even though at a purely personal level I am
> not rendering judgment on another human being, as a leader of the
> government trying to uphold the rule of law, I have no choice except to move
> forward and say that you cannot accept ... perjury in your highest
> officials."
That's correct. Here are the four articles of impeachment. You will find no
article impeaching the President for having an affair:
1. The president provided perjurious, false and misleading testimony to the
grand jury regarding the Paula Jones case and his relationship with Monica
House: Passed 228-206
Committee: Passed 21-16
2. The president provided perjurious, false and misleading testimony in the
Jones case in his answers to written questions and in his deposition.
House: Failed 229-205
Committee: Passed 20-17
3. The president obstructed justice in an effort to delay, impede, cover up
and conceal the existence of evidence related to the Jones case.
House: Passed 221-212
Committee: Passed 21-16
4. The president misused and abused his office by making perjurious, false and
misleading statements to Congress. (Amended by a 29-5 vote. See draft
House: Failed 285-148
Committee: Passed 21-16
Only one article passed with the strength of Republican votes. The other
article had enough Republicans voting against it to fail but enough Democrats
joined in to pass it.
Today, the irony is rich as Scooter Libby was just convicted for the same
offense that President Clinton received a $90,000 fine and (temporary)
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* etc., please visit http://raven.utc.edu/archives/hp3000-l.html *


text:
Translation of cerebral palsy in Spanish:
- Example sentences
- Neurological disorders, such as poliomyelitis and cerebral palsy, can also cause acquired club foot.
- More than one half of the children with aspiration syndrome had cerebral palsy.
- Some people with cerebral palsy have only mild impairment of their motor abilities.
Definition of cerebral palsy in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Grammar and usage help for Spanish:
= trending


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LOS ANGELES — Kevin Durant scored 36 points, Russell Westbrook added 23 and Oklahoma City outplayed Los Angeles in the fourth quarter for a 2-1 lead in their Western Conference semifinal with a 118-112 win on Friday.
Serge Ibaka added 20 points and Westbrook had 13 assists for the Thunder, who shot 56 percent from the field, in a game that neither team ever led by double digits.
Blake Griffin scored 34 points, and Chris Paul added 21 points and 16 assists for the Clippers, who saw their four-point lead disappear for good early in the fourth quarter. Sixth Man of the Year Jamal Crawford added 20 points.
Oklahoma City led 113-107 on Durant's turnaround jumper with 1:23 left. It followed Westbrook's 3-pointer after the Clippers had closed within 108-107 when Griffin muscled in for a layup.
Pacers 85, Wizards 63
At Washington, Paul George had his best game of the series with 23 points and eight rebounds, Roy Hibbert was again a factor by scoring 14 points, and the Indiana Pacers held the Washington Wizards to a franchise-low playoff total.
The Pacers lead the Eastern Conference semifinal 2-1.
Washington made only 24 field goals, another team postseason worst, on 73 attempts, 32.9 percent. That included 4 of 16 on 3s, and it didn't get much better on free throws, where the Wizards were 11 of 21.
So much for the bandwagon-hopping in Washington. There were boos on occasion, and most of the crowd started heading to the exits after George's 3 with 31/2; minutes left made it 75-58.
Location, ST | website.com


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The Nolcha Shows are a leading award winning event, held during New York Fashion Week, for independent fashion designers to showcase their collections to a global audience of press, retailers, stylists and industry influencers. Over the past seven years the Nolcha Shows have become established as a platform of discovery; promoting cutting edge innovative fashion designers through runway shows and exhibitions.
The Nolcha Shows have built an acclaimed reputation as a hot incubator of new fashion design talent and are officially listed by New York City Economic Development Corporation; offering a range of cost effective options to increase independent fashion designers recognition and develop their business. The successful showcase consistently receives positive media coverage including features in Forbes, Wall Street Journal, Entrepreneur, New York Times, Glamour, Cosmopolitan, NBC and Inc and supported by brands including smartwater, Rusk, Vitamin Water, American Airlines, Don Q Rums and Landrover.
Invite Only
Bryant Park Hotel
The Nolcha Shows are thrilled to announce HOUSE OF SOLO as an Official Media Partner of the Nolcha Shows Fashion Media Lounge which will take place on September 14th […]
Sustainable focused womenswear brand MINAN WONG returns to the Nolcha Shows for Spring/Summer 2017 and will present her collection during the "Ones to Watch" collective runway held on September 12th, […]
This weeks Nolcha Shows Monday Must Haves feature is all about making you feel your best! We are highlighting our favorite independent beauty brands and gadgets certified to make sure […]
"The Nolcha Shows events give independent designers a share of the spotlight during a week dominated by Oscar de la Renta, Ralph Lauren, Marc Jacobs and other powerhouse brands."
- Entrepreneur Magazine
"Fortunately, there's help to be found beyond the Bryant Park tents. Programs such as the Nolcha Shows help new designers get started."
- Forbes
"While the fanfare is centered around Mercedes Benz Fashion Week, it's far from the only glamour game in town."
- New York Post
"Dedicated to bringing business to the forefront of the fashion industry."
I'm forever grateful for the amazing chance to be able to show my collection during New York Fashion Week to connect with press and other influential industry! Thank you to the Nolcha team for believing in me and introducing me to celebrities to dress for the shows as well as supporting my business needs as I launch in USA
- Yvette Hass
Working with Nolcha was a great experience. Launching my collection, there was so much to take care of and they truly made it easier. Their team was very professional and guided me through the whole process. If it wasn't for Nolcha, I would have not been able to launch my first collection. You guys are amazing!
- Danilo Gabrielli
The biggest satisfaction was to have launched in one of the most important fashion scenes of the world and it had not been possible without Nolcha's support. Congratulations to the Nolcha team and to the professionalism of the whole production.‐‐
- Mark Patito


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When buying a new home talk to vendors, don't go in too low, negotiate extras and, above all, do your research
Wobbly house prices and five years of economic malaise is a tricky backdrop against which to negotiate the purchase of a home.
Failure to get a good deal could result in a rapid descent into negative equity. And who has not been tantalised by stories of desperate vendors knocking hundreds of thousands of pounds off asking prices?
The truth is, of course, that every sale is different because every vendor is different. Some are bull-headed and in no hurry; others soft-hearted and frankly desperate.
But whatever category a seller falls into, there are still ways that well-briefed buyers can help


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Definition of soy in English:
noun[mass noun]
Another term for soya.
Example sentences
- Trial and error will reveal which flavor works best for the method in which the soy is processed.
- After all, the soy is there to add bulk and texture, more than anything else.
From Japanese shō-yu, from Chinese shi-yu, from shi 'salted beans' + yu 'oil'.
Words that rhyme with soyahoy, alloy, Amoy, annoy, boy, buoy, cloy, coy, destroy, employ, enjoy, Hanoi, hoi polloi, hoy, Illinois, joy, koi, oi, ploy, poi, Roy, savoy, tatsoi, toy, trompe l'œil, troy
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: soy
Definition of soy in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


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On Thursday night we had another great GAPS get together with local GAPSters. It can be so encouraging to meet with others who are like-minded!
When I first began my GAPS journey, I had no idea there would be so many others in my local area who were on the same path! One of the first people I met was Meghan of Whole Natural Life. She had the awesome idea of having some get-togethers with other GAPSters and it's been great to get that going again after a break of a few months.
I think this is something that anyone can organize in their local community. I've found the best way to get the word out and find others is through local WAPF chapter groups. Most of the people I've met have already been attending meetings or are at least on our yahoo groups lists. I was also able to connect with people through some of the GAPS classes that Monica Corrado of Simply Being Well has been teaching here in Colorado. So fun!
I realized as I was looking through the pictures of last night that I forgot to take any of our food! Such a bummer. We had a great spread, with things like almond flour bread, coconut butter, guacamole and veggies, Long's Petites (a great frozen banana dessert), beet kvass, and kombucha, to name a few. Plus, Susanna and Chelsea of Back to Basics Kitchen were kind enough to send some Banana Coconut Pudding along even though they couldn't make it. Thanks, ladies!
It will be fun to have more of these get-togethers in the coming months. We've got a great group of people and I'm looking forward to getting to know all of them better!
Do you have a local community of GAPSters in your area? Have you thought about organizing something similar?
P.S. Don't look too closely at the pictures. They are unfortunately a bit blurry, but I still wanted to show off our great group!
This post is part of Sunday School, Monday Mania, Fat Tuesday, Real Food Wednesday, Simple Lives Thursday, Pennywise Platter Thursday, Freaky Friday, Fight Back Friday.


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The Giants could tell the 49ers a thing or two about running a stadium proposal past Santa Clara voters. A short primer: Before asking for money, strap on a hard hat and make sure the motorcade is poised for a hasty retreat.
The 49ers struck a tentative deal with the Santa Clara City Council last week for a new football stadium to be built roughly midway between the team's training headquarters and Great America's Psycho Mouse roller coaster.
"Nobody can look at this deal," team president Jed York said, "and say, 'The 49ers came in and the city caved.'""
That may be because nobody can look at this deal. It was reached in a closed session, and some details are being withheld until May 29 — of this year, it is presumed.
One thing is certain — the 49ers will want help funding the proposed 68,500-seat stadium. So far we know that aid will come in the form of a subsidy from the city's redevelopment agency, and funds from new taxes on hotel guests.
Again, the Giants could provide historical perspective. In 1990, team owner Bob Lurie was hot for a 120-acre parcel near Great America. Santa Clara County voters were asked to approve a 1 percent utility tax to raise $15 million a year to help fund the project.
What was the average monthly utility bill for a single-family household in 1990, maybe $100? That would have penciled out to $12 per year. Lurie was cautiously optimistic.
Measure G went down. Not hard, but hard enough. That $12 per year? Deal breaker.
True, the Giants were dealing with the county, not the city. But the Giants were operating in a favorable economic climate. The 49ers are dealing with a city that is about to siphon $12.7 million from its emergency fund because of the recession.
York claims the 49ers facilitated the quasi-agreement by taking on additional risk. But the Santa Clara voter isn't going to be focused on that when this issue hits the ballot. That voter will be focused on the city's obligation and asking, "Is there a dollar sign in front of it? Then put me down for a no."
Further complicating the situation is that after four failed stadium ballot measures, the Giants finally built their new digs with private money. And: New York's Giants and Jets are jointly and privately funding a $1.6 billion football stadium in New Jersey.
The Giants could tell the 49ers all about complicating factors. And they could tell the 49ers this: The value of a San Francisco franchise is highest when it's located in San Francisco.
In hindsight, what a great break that the first four stadium proposals the Giants sought were voted down. Sure, the experience probably took 10 years off Lurie's life. But look where they are now, snugged up against McCovey Cove, the Bay Bridge almost close enough to touch, Tony Bennett crooning at the end of every game.
It wouldn't have been the same at 7th and Townsend, where long home runs would have splashed down on the southbound lanes of 280. Even the 2nd and King site would have pushed them a block off the water. North San Jose or adjacent to Great America? It might have worked, but not nearly as spectacularly.
San Francisco has a conceptual plan for a stadium site. Granted, the proposed Hunter's Point redevelopment is as problematic as any megaproject involving toxic clean-up and city politics. But if York and his parents could look 10 years into future, they might see the value of having San Francisco's first big league sports team playing on a glorious only-in-San Francisco setting surrounded by water, fog and 75 years of tradition.
Even if they don't, it says here Santa Clara voters will explain it to them in no uncertain terms first chance they get.
Contact Gary Peterson at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Frank P. Minnite, 91, of Paden City, W.Va., died peacefully at home surrounded by his family on Nov. 14, 2012.
He was born Oct. 8, 1921, in Locri, Calabria, Italy, the son of the late Patsy and Rosa Oppedisano Minnite.
Frank migrated from Italy at the age of 8 with his parents and younger sister, Katherine. They came to America through Ellis Island and settled in Meadowbrook, W.Va. He moved his family to Paden City, W.Va., in 1962. He was an active member of the Holy Rosary Catholic Church in Sistersville.
He was retired from the Pot Room at Ormet Corporation. He was a World War II Army Veteran serving in the Normandy Invasion, and was awarded the Purple Heart. He was a member of VFW Post 6327, New Martinsville Moose Lodge and United Steel Workers Union 5724. He served as Treasurer for the Paden City Lions Club and the Ormet Retirees Club 5724 for many years. He was a board member of The Council of Senior Tyler Countians. He was a devoted husband and father. The greatest joys of his life were his grandchildren and great-grandchildren. He was an avid golfer, and loved taking care of his home and yard.
He is survived by his wife of 67 years, Mary V. Spino Minnite; daughters, Rose Marie (Larry) Young of Sistersville and Connie (David) Koon of New Martinsville; grandchildren, Stacey (Mark) Kasun, Kristina (Bryan) DeLisio, Matthew Koon, Adam Koon and Nicholas Koon; great-grandchildren, Gianna and Rocco DeLisio and Brody Kasun; brothers, Pat (Judy) Minnite of Vienna and Joe (Rose Marie) Minnite of Clarksburg; sister, Shirley VanGilder of Clarksburg; and many nieces, nephews, great-nieces and nephews.
In addition to his parents, he was preceded in death by his sisters, Katherine Minnite and Tressa Goots.
Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated 11:30 a.m. Monday at the Holy Rosary Catholic Church in Sistersville, with Father Jim McCafferty officiating. Visitation will be held 1-9 p.m. today at Myers Funeral Home, with rosary devotions at 7 p.m., and with the wake service at 8 p.m.
Online condolences may be sent to the family at www.myersfuneralhomewv.com


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Shop oil painting and other arts on DHgate.com
Tag Search: competition
Posted on : March 10, 2015
NeoPopRealism Press recently staged a global art competition they entitled as the International NeoPopRealist Art Contest. This competition was held in celebration of the 25th anniversary of NeoPopRealism, which was established in 1989 by Nadia Russ. There were two categories in the said competition and these are the Professional or Adult Artists category and the […]
Posted on : May 12, 2013
Photographers worldwide are invited to enter images in this open-themed show which will be exhibited at the Tehama Country Visitor Center in Red Bluff, Calif., and online. Prize money totals $2650.
Posted on : May 2, 2013
A unique, quirky photography exhibition open to anyone who has created amazing art with Instagram or any other photo filter platform.
Posted on : December 18, 2012
Romanticism has long been associated with the landscape. In photography, the romantic nature of the landscape often features its spirit in full bloom.
Posted on : December 29, 2011
Open to Interpretation is now calling on photographers to submit images for consideration in a juried book competition.
Posted on : December 15, 2011
Every July, the Voies Off prize is awarded to an artist for the clarity of his/her vision and the high quality of his/her work. The current amount of the prize is 2,500 euros.


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Cooked From the Heart » desserts, Filipino, snacks » Guinataan
In the wake of the very successful Lasang Pinoy event, I now have a long list of must try recipes. One of the posts that tickled my tastebuds, is a post from WatsOn about foods cooked with coconut milk. It reminded my of my mom's guinataan. She cooked some while I was in California last month, and it was really delicious. Unfortunately, the next night, on the second go round of it, she forgot about it being on the stove heating, and burned the bottom, ruining our second helpings. WatsOn's post about coconut milk just made me crave it again, so I thought I've make us a batch this past weekend. So pareng WatsOn, this one's for you 😉
Of course I had plenty of help making the bola bola which is the marble sized dough made from rice flour. This was the girls' special project. Do you see they tried to slip a square one on me?
I also had to do some quick on-phone consulting with mom as I wasn't quite sure of the order in which to cook things. It's a good thing I did, or I wouldn't have known to boil the dough balls in water first.
- 1 12 oz pack of rice flour
- 6 cups of water
- 4 cups of coconut milk
- 2 plantains, cubed
- 4 small sweet potatoes, cubed
- 2 cups of cooked tapioca balls
- 1 cup of sugar, give or take a couple of tablespoons (to your taste)
- A dash of Salt - to temper the sweetness
- To make the dough balls, moisten the rice flour with water just until it sticks together. Roll the dough into ¼ inch balls.
- Boil 6 cups of water in a pot, and when it comes to a rolling boil, gently drop the dough balls, stirring occationaly so they don't stick to the bottom of the pan or to each other.
- Cook until tender or until they rise to the top. By the time they are cooked, the water should be slightly thickened also.
- Add to this the coconut milk and let it come back to a simmer but not a rolling boil. A rolling boil will cause your coconut milk to separate, according to my mom.
- You can also add about ¾ cup of the sugar and a dash of salt. When it comes up to a simmer, add the sweet potatoes and plantains (saba if you can find it) and cook until they are tender.
- Add the tapioca pearls and adjust the sweetness to your taste.
Filed under: desserts, Filipino, snacks · Tags: Coconut Milk, Filipino dessert, Guinataan
29 Responses to "Guinataan"
[…] they just called it Guinataan and we all knew what was coming. When I published my original post on Guinataan on this blog years ago, I received several comments correcting my nomenclature and to an extent they were right. […]
This is how my mother told me to make it–to a tee. Thanks for the pictures. I'm klutzy in the kitchen, and I needed the visual aids. Will let you know how it turns out.
youre puting the Guinataan……
and then youre not puting what kind of guinataan is this pls….
when youre puting like this put what kind of guinataan is this because theres many guinataan……
Thanks for the recipe, I was craving for it that I decided to check the internet and found yours. I can't wait for the weekend to cook it.
we call it rebitikong
where and how did ginataan began?
ey, anyone have idea where ginataan came from? where and how it started?
Hi Elizete, rolling boil, as I described to the question above is, "Rolling boil means when the bubbles in the water are rolling and breaking through the surface. When the bubbles are just staying below the surface, staying pretty much in on place, that is a simmer."
I believe in Portuguese it would be feverndo. That's according to my Portuguese intern who just happens to be working with me this summer
Hi Jmom,
Thks, for your lesson I did not Know what "Rolling boil" was, Iam traying translate it into Portuguese.
HomeJewel, oh no! Yeah, you shouldn't soak them or you will have jello. haha! No laughing matter though when you've spent so much time and effort cooking something and it doesn't come out right.
I followed a method that CeliaK had on her post which was from Wendy. Try it, it works really well. I actually just bought some more sago, the multi colored ones, and I can't wait to try them!
jmom: HELP!! I tried to make pearl tapioca following a recipe off the internet. The directions said to soak the tapioca overnight. When I did this, the tapioca pearls went to mush – disintegrated. How do you cook your tapioca? I recently bought the pearl tapioca at a local Asian market, so I don't think they are too old. There are no directions on the package. My e-mail is email@example.com
Thank you so much for your help!
Hi HomeJewel, thanks! I'm glad you found our home on the web 😉 I hope you do get to try it. You are lucky you are probably close to all the authentic ingredients and won't have to improvise like I do most of the time.
I am so happy to have found this recipe! My husband and I lived outside Clark AB over 15 years ago and I used to buy guinataan from a street vendor. I've missed it all these years – especially the sweet rice balls. I can't wait to try it. The pictures are great!
Mililani, I hope your attempt at making ginataan was successful
Anon, I think bilo bilo and bola bola are interchangeable? But I'm not an expert, so don't rely on my guess too much
isn't it supposed to be bilo-bilo not bola-bola?
My Grandma made ginataan only on our birthdays when growing up. She's 90 years old now and want to make it for her. I tried looking for it, and found your recipe. Thank you so much! The picture itself made my mouth water.
Mililani, Hawaii
Ha, another idea for labor day!
Slurp away, CeliaK! there's plenty to go around I actually ended up freezing half the pot, there is just too much for the girls and I to finish in a few days. My mom says she has frozen this before, so we'll see how it is after a trip to the freezer.
Hi drstel! that was news to me too, to boil it in water first. I always assumed you cook the whole thing in pure coconut milk. Mom said it will start separating if you cook the coconut milk for the length of time it would take to soften the balls.
Hi dexie! I have a cousin who would be perfectly happy with just the bilo bilo in the guinataan.
Hi Karen! that is actually how my mom makes her ginataan, with lanka and gabi, but I didn't have either in the pantry, and the oriental market had already closed
No problem, Toni! If you were closer, not only would I remind you, I will give you your own bowl
Hi Jeanny! I'm glad you found your way here, and thanks for the link That must apply to most kids making bilo bilo, all those little balls just tempt you to try another shape
Hi Joey! me too, I love the bola bolas too, just like my cousin I mentioned above. That's why my mom always make a double batch of dough, she knows it will disappear quickly
That looks so good! The bola bola is my favorite part!
Hi There. Got here from Toni's.
Nakakatuwa naman mga kids mo, reminds me na ganyan din kami noon when we were kids and asked by our parents to make bilo bilo (yan kc tawag ng mom ko eh) for ginataan. Hmm…im craving for ginataan na 😀
btw, Link kita ha.
I love guinataan! It's been a long time since I've had this. Thanks for reminding me of this pinoy treat!
Yehey!!! Those naughty, naughty girls! I wonder what shapes they'll come up with next time, hehehe! But cute!!!
Guinataan is indeed comfort food and it also varies between regions. If you can get some (canned) jackfruit and taro (gabi), add them to the recipe next time. But with or without them, this is perfect!
oooh, i can almost taste the chewy dough and the sweet flavor. yum!
thanks for that tip JMom. they sell the dough balls already formed, ready to boil, different colors, but now i know what to do with them (puro chracters yung methods ehehehe.) the kids always love this "sweet soup."
Haay ang sarap naman, I need some right now 'coz it's been raining non-stop here. Pahigop nga – sluuurrrppp!!
Thanks, Thess Pilya sila, no? They said next time they want to do other shapes. Sacrilege! it wouldn't be bolabola then, now would it?
Hi Jun! kakatuwa ka talaga Rolling boil means when the bubbles in the water are rolling and breaking through the surface. When the bubbles are just staying below the surface, staying pretty much in on place, that is a simmer.
ok, that will be 10 cents for that cooking lesson
Hi Midge! I love guinataan on a rainy day too. So it's raining there already? We're still having hot weather here, but I just had to have some ginataan
Uy! Ginataang halo-halo! That looks so tempting. With all the rain we're getting here in Manila of late, I'm suddenly craving for a nice big bowl of it!
really yumm! i love guinataan. rolling boil? i have so much to learn jmom.
my grandma's ginataan, a perfect mirienda..looks gooooood, Jmom!!
plus a picture of a kitchen diva, cool! (^_^)
btw, your kids are naughty, ha ha


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I'm trying to get the following done:
I've got a source directory S/ and a copy of it in C/.
Every $timespan after syncing S/ and C/ I want to run rsync in such a
way that it copies any changes during $timespan in S/ into a new
directory diff_YYMMDD-hhmmss/ and then updates C/ to be identical to S/.
Newly created files in S/ don't go to the diff_ directory - only to C/.
The result is a bunch of directories diff_... containing ONLY changed files.
I've tried using rsync --compare-dest C/ S/ diff_YYMMDD-hhmmss/ with the
result that both new and existing files are copied to diff_. Adding the
--existing parameter doesn't create anything.
Is there a way of doing what I want?
Please don't recommend rsnapshot. I found that it creates too many hard
links. I also want to avoid changing directory structure (rotating) as
C/ and all diff_s are getting backed up on a tape. Rotating directories
around makes the tape think that everything changed when it didn't and
every incremental backup becomes a full.


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The human biology – saturated with experience
Background. Human beings are reflective, meaning-seeking, relational and purposeful organisms. Although experiences associated with such traits are of paramount importance for the development of health and disease, medical science has so far failed to integrate these phenomena into a coherent theoretical framework.
Material and method. We present a theory-driven synthesis of new scientific knowledge from a number of disciplines, including epigenetics, psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunology, stress research and systems biology, based on articles in recognised scientific journals and other academic works. The scientific sources have been deliberately chosen to provide insight into the interaction between existential conditions in the widest sense (biography) and biomolecular processes in the body (biology).
Results. The human organism literally incorporates biographical information which includes experienced meaning and relations. Knowledge from epigenetics illustrates the fundamental biological potential for contextual adaptation. Intriguingly, different types of existential stresses can enhance disease susceptibility through disturbances to human physiological adaptation systems, mediated in part through structural influences on the brain. Experiences of support, recognition and belonging, on the other hand, can help to strengthen or restore a state of health.
Interpretation. New knowledge from integrative research projects reveals a need for theoretical and practical reorientation in medicine with respect to understanding health, on both the individual and the community level.
Human beings have unique characteristics that distinguish them from all other known organisms – a capacity for self-reflection, for designing sophisticated symbolic structures, for attaching metaphorical concepts to experiences and for building models and categories with the aid of the imagination. Nevertheless, the traditional scientific methodology of biomedicine fails to take account of the self-aware, meaning-seeking, purposeful and relational nature of humans (1). Doctors therefore lack theoretical understanding of how experiences associated with self-image, relations and values become «inscribed» in the body.
During the past decade, empirical documentation has demonstrated that experience – the information that an individual acquires during a lifetime of sensing and acting – is of fundamental biological relevance. Unfortunately, such experience does not lend itself easily to standardised interpretation; it is always an experience of something for someone, in a unique context (2). In this article, we attempt to exemplify the importance of subjective experiences for health. In so doing, we emphasize the need to revise the theoretical foundation of medicine, and the necessity of integrating this new knowledge into clinical practice, research, teaching and health policy.
Material and method
Many disciplines, including evolutionary biology, ecology, embryology and physiology, have investigated variable traits of organisms. For a long time this fragmented research resulted in differing views on the organism's significance. In recent years, more emphasis has been put on understanding the integrity of the organism as a living whole, be it a bacterium or a human being (3). With this integrative understanding as our starting point, we present knowledge that reveals the interaction between the human body (biology) and life experience (biography) in the broadest sense.
The reference works we have selected substantiate the notion that the human organism is integrated with its surroundings and relational in its nature. We include studies from epidemiology, somatic and psychiatric clinical medicine, genetics, microbiology, immunology and neuroscience. We also include works from new, overarching disciplines such as neuro-endocrinology and psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunology, as well as analyses in the fields of biosemiotics, evolutionary biology, theory of science and philosophy. The complexity and breadth of the subject did not allow for systematic literature searches.
Recognition of the fact that all organisms actively interpret meaningful signals from the external and internal environment can be found in the ecological works of the biologist Jakob von Uexküll (1864 – 1944) from the first half of the 20th century. His ideas gave rise to diverse fields of investigation, including work on animal behaviour by Konrad Lorenz (1903 – 1989), philosophical investigations of human action by Martin Heidegger (1889 – 1976), and current works in the field of biosemiotics. Biosemiotics (from the Greek semeion – sign) is the analysis of active communicative life processes mediated by means of signs, and thus entailing interpretation (4). Since all interpretation – irrespective of the level of consciousness – proceeds in a context coloured by previous experience, context and interpretation emerge as central concepts for understanding and explaining the organism's observable phenotypes (4).
Genetic expression is influenced by experience
The science of «epigenetics», which is mentioned with increasing frequency in medicine (5), is concerned with the way experiences enable contextual «programming» of genetic material. Genes are regarded less and less as determinative templates. Instead they are looked upon as dynamic agents in an organism's life, capable of responding to both external and internal stimuli. Accordingly, which part of the DNA becomes expressed – and under which conditions – will depend on experienced and interpreted impressions (6). It is therefore more appropriate to speak of genetic predisposition than genetic predestination (7).
In contrast to mutational changes in the DNA base sequence, epigenetics relates to temporary (relatively stable, but potentially reversible) changes in genetic expression without changes in the DNA. Several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA, can trigger or block gene expression. Until quite recently much of the literature focussed on epigenetic modifications occurring during pregnancy and early childhood. However, recent data suggest that these processes may be active from the time of conception – or even before – and throughout the individual's lifetime. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic «programming» can make a substantial contribution to the development of the complex, lifestyle related diseases so prevalent in our time (7 – 13). Epigenetic modifications have proved to be transmissible to future generations (11), although the practical consequences of these observations have yet to be determined. Still, the potentials are high, and some researchers claim that recognition of the epigenetic impact of social influence on the human organism will not merely change medicine fundamentally; it will also reshape the social sciences and the humanities (13).
Some scientists claim that epigenetic mapping is likely to provide answers to more questions relating to health and disease than genome mapping has done. In January 2010, the International Human Epigenome Consortium (IHEC) was launched for the purpose of mapping epigenetic marks in the genome. The journal Nature followed up with an expert commentary which stressed that the human genome is «singular and finite», while the epigenome is almost infinite, as it «changes in different states and different tissues» (14).
Convergent knowledge from several fields of research
Growing research activities in the last 10 – 20 years, at the interfaces between psychology, immunology, endocrinology, microbiology and the neurosciences, have resulted in studies which – with increasing levels of precision – contribute to a picture of the human biology as «saturated» with experience and interpretation (15, 16). In the following we present examples which show that, and to some extent how, existential experience can impact human physiology and create or exacerbate biological vulnerability in individuals:
Psychosocial stress during pregnancy may affect the unborn individual's biological constitution through the mother's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and epigenetic effects; a pregnant woman's traumatic experiences in her own childhood may be reflected in both her own adult life (17) and in the HPA regulation of her unborn child (18). In addition, psychosocial stress in the woman represents a direct risk to the pregnancy outcome itself (19 – 21).
The chromosomes' telomeres (stabilising ends) can be injured by certain types of experience. Several studies have found a relationship between chronically debilitating caregiver situations that a person cannot escape from (for example, being the caregiver for a seriously/chronically ill child or a close family member with longstanding Alzheimer's disease), and shorter telomeres, which are regarded as an expression of early cell ageing (22 – 24).
Relational experiences appear generally to affect human immune systems, as reflected in an altered cytokine balance and a changed degree of inflammatory response (25). Humans subjected to stress where they are at risk of «losing face» (social evaluation threat) have, for example, been shown to «respond» with a pro-inflammatory cytokine balance (26). Similar responses have been found in experiences of unfairness at the workplace (27) and other experiences of threat, powerlessness and loss. Research also describes, with increasing precision, the physiological correlates of the emotions. Measured in terms of cortisol and cytokine levels, anger is for example associated with metabolic mobilisation, while the biology associated with fear and shame is characterized by physiological and social passivity (28). It has also been demonstrated that stressful caregiving responsibilities and conflict-filled relationships may lead to lowered antibody response to vaccines (29, 30).
New integrated stress research – the concept of allostatic overload
Long-term overtaxation of the physiological adaptability of human beings may lead to health impairment. This phenomenon, called «allostatic overload» (31 – 33), is a consequence of physiological «wear and tear» due to strong and/or persistent threats to an individual's existence or integrity (the word encompasses both mental and physical aspects). The human body's reaction to stressors, which in our culture can be classified as physical (e.g. undernourishment, overfeeding, malnutrition, pollution, lack of sleep, lack of exercise, infections, noise) prove to converge at the same biological «level» as stressors we would classify as psychosocial (e.g. a life characterised by threats, neglect, abuse, poverty or overwhelming caregiving burdens): Both categories of stress can contribute over time to the development of autonomic dysfunction, changes in the immune system, chronic low-grade inflammation, endocrine disruptions and accelerated cell aging, measured as telomere shortening (Box 1).
Box 1
Allostatic overload may be quantified by measurement of autonomous, hormonal, immunological and genetic variables:
Cardiovascular readings (blood pressure, pulse rate etc.)
Lung function tests (PEF, spirometry)
Hormone levels (cortisol, DHEA-S, A, NA etc.)
Inflammation markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF, fibrinogen etc.)
Glucose metabolism (blood sugar, HbA1c)
Lipid metabolism (TG, HDL, LDL, etc.)
Obesity measures (WHR, BMI etc.)
Chromosome-related variables: telomere length and telomerase level
Biological parameters that form part of an evaluation of allostatic load in the scientific models and studies that have been discussed (32). Abbreviations: PEF – peak expiratory flow; DHEA-S – dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate; A – adrenaline; NA – noradrenaline; CRP – C-reactive protein; IL-6 – interleukin 6; TNF – tumour necrosis factor; HbA1c – glycosylated haemoglobin; TG – triglycerides; HDL – high density lipoprotein; LDL – low density lipoprotein; WHR – waist-hip ratio; BMI – body mass index
Chronic metabolic disturbances related to allostatic overload appear to contribute, at least partly through epigenetic mechanisms, to the development of the major, complex diseases of our time – cardiovascular disease, overweight, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, other immunological and inflammation-driven diseases, osteoporosis, depression, anxiety, so-called behavioural disorders, substance dependence and other complaints classified as psychiatric, cognitive complaints, adverse pregnancy outcomes in the form of premature births and low birth weight, pain syndromes and chronic fatigue etc. (31 – 37). The concept allostatic overload thus enables an entirely new understanding of composite pictures of biological defects and failures which have traditionally been perceived as concomitant, but different disorders and diseases; in other words so-called co- or multimorbidity (38). The overall degree of health hazardous stress, expressed in terms of loss of control and lack of mastery of one's own life (39), can well be considered in light of the individual's rank in the social hierarchy. In combination, epigenetics and the allostasis concept may contribute substantially to a deeper understanding of the social gradients in morbidity and mortality (40). The extent to which social gradients impact people's health is well documented, for instance by the epidemiological Whitehall studies in England (41). Through the concepts of epigenetics and allostasis, the well-established epidemiological concept «social gradients in health», has acquired a pathophysiological counterpart, expressed in the term «the biology of disadvantage» (42).
Recent trauma research provides insight into how detrimental childhood experiences may lead to toxic stress (36) which is reflected in disturbed maturation of brain structure in the developing individual. Neuroimaging studies have linked such structural changes (gray and/or white matter alterations) to experiences of verbal abuse, harsh corporal punishment and sexual abuse (43). The plasticity and vulnerability of the brain appear to vary with the individual's age; the detrimental potential of adverse experiences will depend on when they occur and how long they last (43).
The brain appears to remain receptive to relational effects throughout life. Fortunately, favourable brain changes can also occur, in response to experiences which promote healing and health (salutogenesis). A number of studies have documented structural changes in the brain associated with successful psychotherapy (44). On a more general level, a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that strong social relations provide as good protection against premature death as smoking cessation, and this statistical protection is numerically greater than the risk associated with, for example, obesity and physical inactivity (45). This protective effect is independent of age, gender and a number of other factors, and is therefore unlikely to be limited to sub-groups.
Emerging knowledge of how experience «inscribes» itself in the human biology demonstrates how scientific methods pertaining to the natural sciences are currently being applied to develop new knowledge about issues traditionally regarded as «humanistic» in nature – for example how experiences of care or neglect, trust or treachery, belonging or loneliness, power or powerlessness, justice or injustice, can be linked to maintenance of health or development of disease. Experienced clinicians have long acknowledged the significance of these fundamental, existential living circumstances, but up to now biomedicine has lacked formal scientific concepts for relating to this interdependence in a consistent manner. The new research offers one means of integrating the natural sciences' and the humanistic sciences' understanding of human health and disease, and can, accordingly, challenge the notion of «two cultures» in science in general (46) and in medicine in particular (47).
Health-promoting work – a social responsibility and a medical task
The fact that experiences have a fundamental influence on human biology must be taken into account by a scientifically responsible medical community aiming to pave the way for promotion of public health. The creation of decent living conditions for today´s children and future generations is central in this connection (36, 37, 48). But also the health of adults needs to be considered from a perspective involving more than traditional «lifestyle factors» such as diet, smoking and exercise (40, 42). Doctors have an important responsibility to disseminate and further develop this broader knowledge. The significant impact of experiences on the body?s physiology will have to be reflected in future preventive medical strategies, particularly with respect to the complex disorders that are the most costly medical conditions in western societies today.
Medical theory that does justice to human nature
The recent developments in medical knowledge presented in this paper are incompatible with biomedicine's traditional and pragmatic divide between body and mind (soma and psyche). Not only is the well-established theoretical distinction between somatic and mental disorders challenged (49, 50) and thereby the distance between psychiatric and somatic departments, but also the subdivision into somatic organ-based medical specialities. This last argument finds support in the work of an American research team that maintains that depression should be understood as a whole body disease, with both mental and physical causes and manifestations (51) which also have considerable clinical overlap with both cardiovascular disease and other disorders (52). A well developed professional ability to integrate biological and biographical information may prove particularly fruitful in encounters with patients who present complex and extensive expressions of disease that are resistant to treatment.
An integrated medical theory about human beings must take as its starting point that every individual is conceived with a given biological predisposition, which gradually becomes shaped by experience, understanding, interpretation and action, influenced by physical environmental factors and woven into relationships with significant others in a society with culturally constituted values (Fig. 1). We hardly need more empirical detail to claim with authority that (and suggest an explanation as to how) all these factors affect people's health-related development. There is a need for a basic medical theory that recognises
Figure 1 The model shows how genetic and epigenetic elements (shown as lenses) contribute to an organism's interpretation of and response to signals from its surroundings. Challenges (microbiological, thermal, climatic, chemical, physical, mental, relational etc.) activate evolutionarily conserved sense organs (convex lens). After processing, the signals are transmitted to the central nervous system, immune system and endocrine system (the body's adaptive systems – concave lens) before the body makes a response. The response will depend on the context in which the stimulus is presented, as well as on the previous experience and development of the organism's adaptive systems. This means that two individuals with the same genetic make-up (identical twins with identical DNA) may experience a given stimulus differently and also make a different response to it, as a result of experience-conditioned epigenetic processes.
the status of the individual as a historically and culturally situated unique subject with inherited premises that are modulated by experience, individual and collective
the individual's life-long development (ontogeny), where transgenerational (epigenetic) and evolutionary (phylogenetic) aspects also play a part (53, 54), and
Evidence-based medicine of the future
Medical doctors of the future must have access to theoretical models which acknowledge that every single human being incorporates both biological and historical experiences (1, 2, 52–54, 58–60). Elaboration of such theoretical knowledge requires the development of a scientific terminology that conceptualises body and mind as undivided and interacting. Medical education and training must, accordingly, include the teaching of epistemology (theory of knowledge), a subject that is virtually unknown to today´s doctors.
The emerging empirical knowledge reviewed in the present paper must be integrated into the authoritative knowledge base of medicine. Only then can the patient's subjectivity (and access to it) be given a necessary and verifiable status (60 – 62). Human subjectivity is not only absent from contemporary evidence-based medicine, it is in fact explicitly eliminated by the mathematical analyses performed during assembly of evidence. However, work with biographical data requires appropriate knowledge, training and organisational preparation (Box 2). In biographical work, as in work with biological data (63), there are inherent possibilities for interpretational error.
Box 2
A concrete example of how knowledge about the health effects of experience can be incorporated in clinical practice is provided by the Kaiser Permanente Foundation in San Diego, California. The foundation has since 1993, in addition to recording their members´ (patients´) conventional medical histories, also systematically elicited and recorded their eventual trauma histories. On the basis of the resulting data and in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, a group of the foundation´s doctors have produced extensive scientific documentation of the clinical relevance of traumatic childhood experiences. This study is called the Adverse Childhood Experience Study (ACE Study) (62). There are currently more than 60 original publications from the ACE Study?s retrospective and prospective parts. The key findings have been summarised in a chapter in a recently published book (37).
Doctors in training are often told that the practice of medicine should be based on a «bio-psycho-social» model, according to which the patient should be «seen and treated as a person». Nevertheless, our experience is that many of our young colleagues have no clear idea of the practical biomedical relevance of biographical information. Hopefully, we have succeeded in demonstrating that a person's life experiences have «hard» medical relevance, right down to the cellular and even subcellular levels. Lived experience, no less than microbes, smoking and nutrition, is thus of paramount biomedical relevance and should be acknowledged by medicine as such.
The authors are part of an interdisciplinary think-tank organized by the General Practice Research Unit at the Department of Public Health and General Practice in Trondheim. We thank the other members of the think-tank: Tor-Johan Ekeland, Irene Hetlevik, Edvin Schei and Arne Johan Vetlesen, and also Henrik Vogt, for constructive advice. The origin of this manuscript was Linn Getz' contribution to a report on the future of Biomedicine commissioned by the Norwegian Medical Association (64)
Conflicts of interest:
Key points
The human organism is relational and integrated with its environment
New research both shows that experience affects human biology and indicates how this can occur
New knowledge confirms that both biological and biographical factors make a substantial contribution to the development of human health and disease
This represents a major challenge to medical teaching, clinical work, research and health policy.
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Received 15 August 2010, first revision submitted 21 December 2010, approved 20 January 2011. Medical editor Are Brean.