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Ferm Living ABC House Wall Sticker
The Ferm Living ABC House Wall Sticker is a wonderful idea for a youngster's room for lots of reasons: a fun way to get started learning letters and numbers, a place to practice writing or just scribbling (use chalk on the easily cleaned black vinyl squares), a customizable project that you and your child can do together by placing the individual elements any way you both like... as we said, a wonderful idea. Purely visually, it's a good-looking children's wall sticker that can appeal to the grownups in the house too. The ABC House Wall Sticker is easy to apply.
- Easy to adhere to wall
- ABC house design
- Made of vinyl
- Perfect for a kid's playroom or bedroom
- Can be divided individually for unique arrangement/look
Overall: 37"w x 51"h
- (1) Ferm Living ABC House Wall Sticker
Small Parcel (FedEx/UPS)
One year warranty against manufacturer's defects
1-877-224-6663 or 973-276-0444
Copyright 2003-2015 by Evofurniture, LLC. All rights reserved.


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A small sailing club were left "flabbergasted" after a small charity fundraiser exploded thanks to Sir Ben Ainslie's incredibly popular involvement.
Starting out with very modest intentions, a record-breaking sum was rapidly raised after Ainslie offered to take young sailors out on for a private lesson.
Sailors motivated by the prospect of a session out on the water with a sailing superstar helped to raise nearly £20,000 for less fortunate youngsters.
The Salterns Sailing Club in Lymington were raising money for Children in Need over several months before the chance of a private lesson with Olympic legend Ainslie saw the fund explode to a record-breaking £19,584.
From a silent auction, a tombola, sponsored car washes and a 24-hour sailathon, numerous activities raised money for the good cause before Ainslie's offer of a private session took it to a new level.
Nikki Mans, the club's Children in Need coordinator, said: "We were flabbergasted – to be honest we were hoping to break £10,000 overall and we broke it within hours," she said.
"We began to realise offering a Ben Ainslie private lesson really motivated the young sailors.
"I think the focus from the sailing club's perspective is fortunate children having an option to help less fortunate children."
The club had previously raised £92,000 over the course of the past 14 years for Children in Need, raising around £7,000 to £8,000 annually.
Additional auction items included a 45-foot boat for a day previously used by Richard Branson and commemorative t-shirts presented by GB sailor Hannah Snellgrove.
It's not the only thing on Ainslie's agenda at the moment after he revealed that his drive to win the America's Cup with a British team for the first time in the trophy's 163-year history is "in a good place" and that he has made significant progress towards raising the $100m (£60.8m) required to try.
The four-times Olympic gold medallist, who endured a rollercoaster 2013 that encompassed the death of his close friend and fellow sailor Andrew "Bart" Simpson as well as a key role in masterminding one of the greatest sporting comebacks of all time for Team Oracle in the America's Cup, said a final decision would be made in the spring.
- Sports & Recreation
- Sailing
- Ben Ainslie

subset: commoncrawl


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Following their 48-night residency at Hamburg's Star-Club, in which they notched up 172 hours of stage time over seven weeks, The Beatles began their journey back to Liverpool.
In the afternoon they caught a Lufthansa flight to London Airport, from which they caught a connecting flight to Manchester Airport.
They arrived at 7.25pm and were driven to their homes in Liverpool.


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Leanne scoops top award for youth work
Published by Hazel Rycroft for City West Housing Trust in Communities and also in Housing
Mick Williamson, of Willmott Dixon Partnerships, presents Leanne with her well-deserved award
A Salford woman has been honoured for her dedication in supporting young people across the city.
Leanne Gleave, who works for City West Housing Trust, scooped the Tenant / Resident Involvement Officer of the Year award at the coveted Northern Tenant Participation Advisory Service (TPAS) awards – which recognises those who have gone the extra mile to make a difference in their communities.
Leanne, who works as a Youth Involvement Officer for City West, has helped transform the way City West works with young people in its neighbourhoods over the last two years.
The 27-year-old helped set up City West's Youth Empowerment Panel (YEP), which gives young people more of a say in how City West is run, and has led a series of popular social media campaigns to get more youngsters involved in community projects.
"I'm over the moon," said Leanne. "I wanted to get more young people involved in improving their communities. By doing so, it means we can ensure that the projects we deliver are having a real impact with young people and make a difference to their lives.
"It's been a great two years and we're working with some fantastic young people who are changing the way we think about our neighbourhoods. The award is just the icing on the cake for me and is very much a reflection of the work they have put in."
City West's YEP programme has been a huge success, with more than 20 members aged between 10 and 24 coming up with new and innovative ways for the landlord to engage with younger people in City West neighbourhoods.
The YEP scheme also saw the landlord come highly commended in the Excellence in Youth Involvement category at the awards ceremony.
Matt Jones, Assistant Director of Communities and Neighbourhoods from City West, said: "Leanne has done some amazing work in our communities and she fully deserves all of the recognition she is getting at the moment.
"We're able to engage with more and more youngsters who have often been the hardest people to reach in our neighbourhoods. We can understand their issues and concerns and adapt the way we do business as a result of their feedback.
"The award and commendation show just how successful the YEP scheme has been. I'm sure that it will continue to grow over the coming years and that's all down to Leanne's dedication to her job and to her community."
Leanne will now be put forward for national TPAS Awards in July, which will see her compete against finalists from the Southern and Central TPAS Awards.
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a1 McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Alterations in the levels of spermine synthase (SMS) and spermine oxidase (SMOX), two enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, have previously been observed in brains of suicide completers. To characterize the roles played by genetic and epigenetic factors in determining expression levels of these genes, as well as to identify potential mechanisms by which to explain our findings in suicide completers, we (1) assessed the role of promoter polymorphisms in determining expression in the brain and in vitro, and (2) examined CpG methylation and levels of methylated histone H3 lysine-27 in the promoter regions of these genes in the prefrontal cortex of suicide completers and healthy controls. We identified several promoter haplotypes in SMS and SMOX, but found no consistent effects of haplotype on expression levels in either the brain or in reporter gene assays performed in three different cell lines. We also found no overall effects of epigenetic factors in determining expression, with the exception of a relationship between CpG methylation at one site in the promoter of SMOX and its expression in Brodmann area 8/9. In conclusion, the genetic and epigenetic factors examined in this study show little influence on the expression levels of SMS and SMOX, and do not appear to be responsible for the dysregulated expression of these genes in suicide completers.
(Received August 25 2009)
(Revised August 25 2009)
(Accepted November 22 2009)
(Online publication January 11 2010)
Key Words:
c1 Address for correspondence: Dr G. Turecki, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3. Tel.: +1514 761 6131 (ext. 2369) Fax: +1 514 762 3023 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Arlington tornado damage
Photo: Michael Ainsworth/Staff Photographer
Stacy Pattillo examines pieces of fence that were driven into the ground of a friends home, as twisters hit near Bardin Road and and Spring Creek Road in Arlington on Tuesday, April 03, 2012.
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TV: FOX Sports Tennessee (Dish: 446/HD: 9516; Direct TV: 644/HD: 644-1 ; Comcast Nashville 1675; Comcast Chattanooga/Cleveland/Knoxville 401; Comcast Memphis 830; Charter Nashville 33/810; AT&T Nashville 724/1724)
Radio: Preds Radio Network Flagship - 102.5-FM The Game Radio Network; Network Affiliates.
The Nashville Predators and Winnipeg Jets close out their season series on Saturday afternoon at Bridgestone Arena. The Preds are 3-1-0 in the season series, and have earned at least a point in 11 of 13 games against the team formerly known as the Thrashers since 2005-06, going 9-2-2 in that span. Overall, Nashville is 7-2-0 against the Jets/Thrashers on home ice since the 1999-00 season, and have won four straight at Bridgestone Arena dating back to Jan. 30, 2010.
These teams last met on Jan. 28 in Winnipeg as the Preds took home the 4-3 victory. The two teams traded goals through the first 40 minutes of play with Seth Jones, Roman Josi and Nick Spaling all scoring for Nashville. But, it was Mike Fisher's power-play goal 42 seconds into the third period that secured the win in the Preds final trip to the Central Division's Northern-most city this season.
Colin Wilson, who calls Winnipeg home during the offseason, has four points (2g-2a) in seven career games against Atlanta/Winnipeg… Matt Cullen has 22 points (6g-16a) in 39 career games against the Thrashers/Jets… Viktor Stalberg has three points (2g-1a) in five career games against Atlanta/Winnipeg… Preds prospect and 2012-13 Canadian Hockey League scoring champion, Brendan Leipsic (fourth round, 2012) hails from Winnipeg… Nashville's Assistant Coach Phil Housley was better than a point-per-game player for the previous incarnation of the Jets from 1990-93, when he posted 259 points (64g-195a) in 232 games. Housley still holds Jets' records for most points (97, 1992-93) and assists (79, 1992-93) by a defenseman in a single season during Teemu Selanne's recording-setting rookie goal-scoring campaign (76).
• Matt Cullen attempted his first career penalty shot against Atlanta on Nov. 4, 2001 (Milan Hnilicka).
• Mike Fisher scored his first NHL goal on Oct. 31, 1999 vs. Atlanta (Damian Rhodes).
• Carter Hutton recorded his first career win against the Jets on Oct. 20, 2013.
LAST TIME OUT: Nashville 3, Tampa Bay 2 at Bridgestone Arena
• Nashville overcame a two-goal deficit to win for the first time since Feb. 25, 2013 vs. Dallas (5-4 OT).
• Patric Hornqvist tallied the game-winning power-play goal. It was his 21st career game-winning goal, moving him into third on the franchise's all-time list, all of which have come since the start of the 2009-10 season, tying him for 20th among all NHLers in that span. The goal also gave him five points (1g-4a) in his last six outings.
• Matt Cullen opened the scoring for Nashville with a power-play goal at 12:05 of the second period. It was his first goal in 29 games (Nov. 27) and his first power-play goal since Feb. 23, 2012 (as a member of the Minnesota Wild). Nashville improved to 5-0-1 when Cullen scores this season.
• Roman Josi's second-period power-play goal was his ninth of the season, moving him into a tie for ninth among League defensemen in goal-scoring. Nashville is now one of just two teams (Boston) to have multiple blueliners ranked among the League's Top 10 defensemen in the category (Weber, 15g).
• Carter Hutton improved to 7-2-2 in his last 11 starts, posting a 2.60 goals-against average and a .907 save percentage in that span.
• The victory was Nashville's seventh when trailing first (7-21-5), and just its second win when trailing after the first period (2-17-4).
• The Preds improved to 14-3-10 in one-goal games.
• Tampa's 16 shots against tied a season low; the total included just seven shots through the final 40 minutes of play. The Lightning's three shots against in the third were also a season low for shots against in a single period.
The Nashville Predators used three power-play goals to overcome a two-goal deficit on Thursday night against Tampa Bay. It was the 10th multiple power-play goal game for the Preds this season (last on Jan. 16; two goals), and it equaled the Preds power-play goals total from their previous nine games. Thursday night was also the first time the Preds have scored at least three man-advantage goals in a single game since Jan. 7, 2012 vs. Carolina (four).
Nashville is now 20-6-2 when it scores a power-play goal, and 8-0-1 when it scores multiple power-play goals. Nashville's power play ranks among the League's Top Five teams (fifth, 21.7 percent). Its home power play ranks third (24.7 percent) and its road power play is ranked 11th (18.4 percent). Shea Weber leads the team with 21 points (9g-12a) on the man advantage.
Shea Weber has been the League's top point-producing defenseman since Dec. 12, 2013, posting 27 points (8g-19a) in 29 games during that span.
• With two assists on Thursday night against Tampa Bay, Weber hit the 40-point mark for the fifth consecutive full season. The two-point effort was his 10th multi-point game of the campaign.
• Nashville's captain now ranks among the League's Top Five defensemen in scoring (15g-25a-40pts).
• He is one of just three defensemen (Erik Karlsson (OTT) and P.K. Subban (MTL)) to lead their team in scoring.
• Weber leads all League defensemen in goals (15, tied with Karlsson), and his nine power-play goals pace all blueliners and rank among the League's Top 10 skaters.
• His team-leading 21 power-play points (9g-12a) are good for third among League defensemen and rank among the Top 15 skaters in the League.
• Eight of Weber's 15 goals have come in the first period. The Preds are 11-1-2 when their captain finds the back of the net.
• Nine (3g-6a) of his 40 points have come on game-winning goals.
• Weber ranks fourth in the League in average ice time (26:47) and has played past the half-hour mark seven times.
• Weber leads his team and ranks eighth in the NHL in blocked shots (131). He also ranks second on the team in hits (117).
• Since the beginning of the 2008-09 season, Weber ranks first among NHL defensemen in goals (98), second in points (261), first in power-play goals (45), first in game-winning goals (15) and eighth in hits (974).
• Craig Smith has compiled seven points (2g-5a) in his last seven outings, and 21 points (12g-9a) in his last 26 games. The Madison, Wis., native set a career points high (18g-19a-37pts) on Thursday with his assist on Matt Cullen's goal. Smith ranks first in goals, third in team scoring and second in shots (149). Twenty-one (9g-12a) of Smith's 37 points have come on home ice, where he also paces the team with a +11 rating.
• With a power-play goal on Thursday night, Roman Josi has 11 points (5g-6a) and a +8 rating in his last 12 outings. He ranks second on the team and fifth among all League skaters in average ice time (26:16). The Bern, Switzerland native is one of just three blueliners in the NHL this season (Ryan Ellis and Kevin Shattenkirk), and one of three in franchise history, to record multiple shootout tallies.
• Mike Fisher has compiled 18 points (9g-9a) in his last 22 games. The Peterborough, Ont., native leads all Preds forwards in ice time (19:15) – more than two minutes higher than the next closest forward (Legwand, 17:07). Fisher is also leads team forwards in blocked shots (52) and ranks second hits (100).
• Seth Jones is fifth among first-year defensemen in points (5g-16a-21pts), while he ranks first in games played (60) and third in average time on ice (20:50). Jones also ranks among the League's Top 10 rookie skaters in blocked shots (82), power-play points (8) and power-play goals (2).
Barry Trotz, the only head coach the Nashville Predators have ever known, ranks 14th on the all-time coaching wins list (545). Trotz is now four wins shy of tying Marc Crawford for 13th all-time (549). The Dauphin, Manitoba, native is the longest tenured head coach in the NHL (1,174 games) and has the second-longest active tenure in all four major sports behind the San Antonio Spurs' Head Coach Gregg Popovich. Trotz's system has seen marked improvement over the past 10 seasons, as the Preds posted a 145-199-49-17 record through the club's first five seasons, and 380-251-11-74 in the 10 seasons since, in addition to posting a 21-21-7 record in the playoffs during that span.
• Nashville is 22-9-9 in matinee games since the start of the 2003-04 campaign.
• The Preds have posted six third-period goals in their last six games. Nashville's third-period goals helped it earn points in four of the six games. The third period has been the Preds most productive this season (51 goals).
• Nashville ranks among the League's Top 10 in average penalty minutes (10.1). The Preds have also been shorthanded the ninth-fewest times in the League (184).
• Nashville has the youngest defensive corps in the League (24 years, 20 days). The only other team in the NHL with an average defensive age under 26 (including players on IR) is Columbus (25 years, 345 days).
• The Preds have not allowed a shorthanded goal since March 21, 2013, when Calgary scored two shorthanded – a span of 78 games. Nashville is the only team in the League not to have allowed a shorthanded goal this season.
• Nashville is tied for first in the League in team face-off win percentage (53.3 percent). The Preds have been 50 percent or better in the faceoff circle in 46 of their 60 games.
March 1, 2003: Trotz coaches game No. 392, most-ever by the first coach of an expansion team
In a game where it became evident the giant strides that the franchise had made in its five-year history, Nashville Predators Head Coach Barry Trotz attained a milestone of his own by spending his 392nd career game behind the Preds bench. It set a new mark for games by the original coach of an expansion franchise, breaking the previous record held by Preds color commentator Terry Crisp when he was with the Tampa Bay Lightning.
The team made the night memorable, downing the Chicago Blackhawks 5-4 in overtime to make it the first time the franchise (26-25-9-4) had been above .500 that late in the season.
Rem Murray's game-tying goal came about as late as it could in the second period – with two-tenths of a second remaining. Scott Walker provided the heroics with the game-winning tally 2:49 into the extra frame.
The victory kept a hot streak alive for the Preds, with it they had won four straight and were 8-1-0 in their last nine outings.
Trotz has nearly tripled that record as he remains the only coach in Predators history. His tenure has lasted 1,174 and counting, the second-most games coached by a single team in NHL history.
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CCFI recently hosts Workshop on Development Manual of Library Development in Depok, Jawa Barat. The workshop is a part of Program Project Partnership where CCFI aims at developing a manual on library development mased on CCFI experience from CCFI Learning Center Progrm, run by Yayasan Taimiyyah, CCFI program partner in Project Partnership.
The workshop sets sights on getting inputs and insights of the content and format of the draft manual, as a result of implementation process that takes place at several community libraries during the 2-year project. The libraries were Perpustakaan Umum Grati dan Kartini (Kec. Prigen – Kab. Pasuruan), Perpustakaan Edelweis (Ds. Tawangmangu, Kab. Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah), serta Perpustakaan Desa Banyuraden (Ds. Banyuraden, Kec Gampling, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Jogyakarta).
The participants from those libraries who receive grants and technical assistance from CCFI are very enthustiastic share their experience during developing their library into effective learning center. Their share their discussions with other participants from Ministry of Education, PKK Pusat, CCFI program partners from Sumatera Barat, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Kabupaten Sukabumi, DI Jogjakarta, and Sulawesi Selatan
The result from this workshop would help improving the draft manual of library development whose final version will launch on July 2006.


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One of a kind trail running festival.www.ultimatexc.com The festival is design to cater to the familly. You can choose any distance you want from 58km to 5 km. The festival offer 2 distance of cross country terrain as well. Activities for the whole familly and live music on the course.
Registrations open December 31 st at Midnight. Maximum # of participants 1,000.
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


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Young Jeezy head out to Magic City to celebrate his birthday. Before they got to the party he lets you know was up
with TM-103, came to Magic City with a huge entourage and went crazy!!! The birthday celebration will continue all week so stay tuned for more exclusive footage.
TEXT "YOUNGJEEZY" To 30103
Message & Data Rates May Apply Text STOP to 30103 to opt out. Text HELP to 30103 for more information. Up to 5 Messages/Month. Terms of Service http://www.mozes.com/go/tos , Privacy Policy http://www.mozes.com/go/privacy .


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Ex-Yankee Posada Sells Condo for $9.5 Million
Jorge Posada got a New York-sized real-estate retirement bonus after leaving the Yankees: a $2.7 million gain on the sale of his Upper East Side apartment.
Posada, the longtime catcher put his 5,600-square-foot condo at the Seville on the market last December for $11.5 million, a few weeks before he announced his retirement from after a 17-year career.
Listing records show that the 11th-floor apartment owned by Posada and his wife, Laura, closed on Wednesday. The price was $9.5 million, according to a person familiar with the matter. That sum is far below the original sticker price but $200,000 above the final asking price of $9.3 million set in September.
The apartment was originally designed as a single apartment filling the entire 11th floor, and then divided by the developer in 2002. The 31-story building on East 77th Street near Second Avenue was designed by Robert A. M. Stern.
Posada bought one unit in 2003 directly from the developer for $3.2 million, and added a second in August 2007 for $3.6 million. The combined apartment has four bedrooms.
At the time he bought the second apartment he was in the middle of a season that was one of his best ever, with a .338 batting average, 20 home runs and 90 runs batted in. That fall he was signed to a new four-year $52 million Yankee contract.
The listing by Adam Modlin, a broker with many celebrity and sports clients including Alex Rodriguez, Ichiro Suzuki and other Yankees players, shows a 10-room apartment, with a separate dining room, living room and a 26-foot-long kitchen with an adjoining breakfast room lined with picture windows. The master bedroom has two bathrooms and two dressing rooms.
Posada was a member of the so-called "Core Four" of the Yankee lineup during the team's string of championships, along with Derek Jeter, Andy Pettitte, and Mariano Rivera. He spent much of last season unhappily on the bench as a designated hitter.
It is not clear what role Posada's celebrity played in the deal. Buyers were said by brokers to be more interested in the views, space and the price. It sold for just under $1,700 per square foot at a time when the most expensive properties closer to Central Park have sold for more than $10,000 per square foot.


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The monastery in Oberwesel was built in 1240, 40 years after the Franciscans established a convent in the town.
The usual ups and downs for the region. Napoleon dissolved and sold it along with all the others in the area in the early 19th C, arsonists got in on the act in 1836 and the villagers moved into the ruins.
Including the vestry, which was used as a cellar and store from around 1900.
Floor too low? Fill it in.
Need a doorway? Rip out a medieval window.
Central (load-bearing....hello?) pillar in the way? Knock it down.
Roof (as a result of the above) starting to cave in? Do a botched job to stabilise it.
And so on.
So - all in all - it was a bit of a mess when they started restoration in 2006.
After they'd dug out the floor, they discovered some of the original tiles dating from the end of the 13th C and - after much deliberation - asked Beate Thiesmeyer, whom we know well and who - together with her partner, Michael Sälzer - was a participant in the cheap dinner the other evening, whether she could reproduce, say 2000 or so in the original size, texture and colour.
"No worries", she said and you can see the result above.
The decorated tile is 13th C.
The rest are 21st C
Oh, and there was a dedication ceremony today with very good wine, [irony and sarcasm] an
Followed by some more very good wine.
And a gift of one of the tiles.
21st C, not 14th.


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Chinese Urban Clothing from 1644 to Present:
A Historical Study
Dong Shen
California State University, Sacramento
Author address:
Dong Shen, Ph.D.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
6000 J Street
California State University - Sacramento,
Sacramento, CA 95819-6053
Phone: (916) 278-5326
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
China is one of the oldest countries in the world with a 5,000-year history. Tracing back about 360 years, China has gone through Ch'ing Dynasty, Republic China, People's Republic of China with Maoist, and post-Mao period (Shaw, 1991). Each period has its own characteristics in terms of social system, economic development, and diplomatic strategies. As a result, the culture in each period varied dramatically. As part of culture, people's clothing has shown different characteristics as well (Zhou & Gao, 1987).
Many researchers have presented and described the features of Chinese clothing in each period (Garrett, 1987 and 1994; Vollmer, 1977, 1980, and 1983; White, 1994). However, many of them were limited in a pure description of traditional Chinese clothing at a specific historical moment. Consequently, two limitations exist in this field. One is isolating every period of time rather than studying Chinese clothing from a systematically perspective. Then the influences of the previous period on the following stage are often overlooked. The other is that since some work has only focused on description of Chinese clothing, the reasons why clothing features were changed in each period are missing.
Using the available historical photographs, this paper aims to fill in these two gaps with the following objectives. First, the paper is designed to introduce the characteristics of clothing and discuss the development of clothing during the last 360 years, which can be divided into 4 phases: 1) 1644-1911, Ch'ing Dynasty; 2) 1912-1948, Republic China; 3) 1949-1977, Mao period; and 4) 1978-present, post-Mao period. Second, it tries to explain the changes of clothing in every period from economic, political, historic, and diplomatic perspectives.
China is one of the oldest countries in the world with a 5,000-year history. Tracing back 300 years, China has gone through Ch'ing Dynasty, Republic China, People's Republic of China with Maoist, and post-Mao period (Shaw, 1991). Each period showed many differences in social system, economic development, and diplomatic strategies. As a result, the culture in each period varied. As part of their culture, clothing and costume differed within each period as well (Zhou & Gao, 1987). Researchers, such as Garrett (1987, 1994), Vollmer (1977, 1980, 1983), and White (1994), have studied the characteristics of the clothing and costume in each of the four periods. However, the majority of them were limited in the pure description of clothing in each period, which has showed two limitations in this field. One is to isolate every period rather than to study Chinese clothing from a systematical and longitudinal perspective. In other words, the influences of the previous period on the following period are overlooked. The other limitation is that some work has only focused on description of Chinese clothing, but the reasons why clothing in that period showed some unique features are overlooked as well.
Using the available historical photographs, this paper aims to fill in these two gaps with the following objectives. First, this paper is designed to study the characteristics of clothing and discuss the development of clothing during the last 300 years, which can be divided into 4 periods: 1) 1644-1911, Ch'ing Dynasty; 2) 1912-1948, Republic China; 3) 1949-1977, Mao period; 4) 1978-present, post-Mao period. Second, it tries to explain the characteristics and changes of clothing in each of the four periods from economic, political, and diplomatic perspectives in a longitudinal way.
Historical Review
Period One: 1644-1911
This period, called Ch'ing Dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history (Michael, 1986). Within the 300 years, Ch'ing regime tried hard to protect not only from internal rebellion but from foreign invasion (Shinn & Worden, 1988). As a result, national policies and social culture had to be adjusted to fit this situation.
Internal rebellion mainly came from Han people who were the former controllers before Hanchus (Michael, 1986). In order to control Han people, the Ch'ing rulers implemented many policies to prevent the absorption of Manchus into Han and Han into Manchus (Eberhaed, 1969). Intermarriage between the two groups was forbidden; Han were forbidden from immigrating into the Manchus homeland, and Manchus were forbidden to engage in trade or manual labor (Shinn & Worden, 1988). Manchus forbade Han to take up farming or any of the crafts so as to maintain their military profession (Michael, 1986). Because the majority of higher officials were the Manchus, the differences between these two groups, in some degree, were the differences among social classes. Therefore, there were very strict social differences in Ch'ing Dynasty, which could be well proved by clothing at that time.
Compared to internal rebellion, more threat came from the western power arrival (Shinn & Worden, 1988). Before Ch'ing, little trade had been done between China and other countries because China had been a self-providing and self-satisfaction country for thousands of years (Eberhard, 1969). During Ch'ing, with the increasing demands of Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain in European and American markets, more foreign businessmen came to China. However, China wanted little from the West. This trade relationship caused an unfavorable trade unbalance to Europe and America (Shinn & Worden, 1988). In order to remedy the situation, British began to import opium to Chinese market. Then the Ch'ing government began to defend the opium imports (Shaw, 1991). So during Ch'ing, although the door of China was not totally closed to foreign countries, western information was not welcome because of the injury of opium to Chinese. Therefore, during Ch'ing Dynasty, few changes had been taken place because of Western culture. That is one of the reasons why western clothing did not greatly influence Ch'ing clothing at that time. Lasting more than 300 hundred years, Ch'ing Dynasty, as a typical feudalistic period, strongly admired Chinese tradition and culture, kept self-satisfaction and self-support, devalued Western system and technology, and refused to accept Western culture.
Period Two: 1912-1948
The second period started at the Republican Revolution in 1911. With the acceptance of democratic thoughts, Chinese were called for overthrowing the Ch'ing government controlled by the Manchus, fighting for a popularly elected republican form of government, and pursuing a much better live (Shinn & Robert, 1988). Ch'ing government was pushed down in 1911 which means the end of Chinese feudalism control and the beginning of industrial stage.
With the cheaper products streaming from abroad into China, the prices of Chinese foodstuffs had to be decreased. For example, Chinese silk had to meet the competition of Japanese silk, which brought more and more difficulties for Chinese to sell silk (Eberhard, 1969). At this time, China had recognized that adopting Western technical and industrial progress was necessary in order to continue to exist as an independent state (Eberhard, 1969). Meanwhile, Western capitalistic system was gradually accepted in China as well. In order to obtain more knowledge from Western countries, many Chinese went abroad. After they returned to China, Western ideas, information, and knowledge were brought back into China (Shaw, 1991). As a result, during this period, democratic ideas began to enter China from foreign countries. In major cities, factories, banks, companies emerged quickly. Building railroads and highway, improving public healthy facilities, reforming the currency system, developing education, modernizing the legal systems and augmenting industrial and agricultural production were implemented gradually (Michael, 1986). Although between 1911 and 1949, Civil War and Anti-Japanese War brought a lot of damages to China, many positive changes still happened as a whole. Affected by Western countries, great changes had taken place in China including culture, society system, and ideology. Therefore, clothing was influenced as well.
Period Three: 1949-1977
On October 1, 1949, the establishment of the People's Republic of China marked the beginning of socialism. As a socialist country, China was refused to be accepted by many foreign countries at that time, especially western countries. The connection to outside world was even further reduced because of the Korean War (Hu, 1960). At the same time when western countries tried to isolate China, China herself tried to close the door avoiding influence from outside as well. The capitalism was forbidden as the communist party began to purify the ideology of the country. Culture and ideology from abroad were regarded as the causes of the corruption, and the people who were affected by them were criticizes as materialists (Phillips, 1996). Another reason for this isolating policy came from the century of shame and humiliation as semi-colonial status controlled by western countries after the Opium War (Green, 1988). The humiliated history made Chinese government avoid involving with western countries.
In order to differentiate from western countries and keep their own ideology, China accepted Marxist-Leninist and developed Maoist, which had widely and deeply influenced the whole Chinese society (Green, 1988). According to Maoist, class struggle was the first task for the whole society rather than production. People were encouraged to look for class enemies and fight with class enemies. Educated by Maoist, Chinese admired spiritual life instead of material life and respected group unity rather than individualism (Phillips, 1996). With Chinese typical ideology and history, Chinese culture and arts obtained their own characteristics which fit Marxist-Leninist and Maoist. Naturally, clothing at that time was adjusted to the tendency as well.
Period Four: 1978-present
The fourth period started in 1978 with an emergence of the open-door policy. After Deng Xiaoping took over the power in 1978, China began to experience a gradual but fundamental reform of economic system. Class struggle, the basic principle of Chinese Communist Party, had been replaced by the Four Modernization, which were industrial modernization, agricultural modernization, militarily modernization, and scientific and technological modernization. The replacement indicated that China had realized the importance of restoring efficient economy and improving people's lives. Economic attainment became the measure of success not only for the communist party but for the whole country management (Shinn & Worden, 1988). The dominating ideology of the country changed as well. Marxist ideology, which had been thought as "absolute truth" and reigned supreme in the country, was asked to reinterpret and updated. Consequently, values and ideas constructed based on Marxism was re-evaluated, and democratic ideas were affirmed. Free life-style and pursuing for beauty were no longer seen as hedonism, and to get rich was not a capitalist sin that had been criticized by communists before. Resulting from economic reforms, industry and agriculture had been improved rapidly during later 70s and earlier 80s. People's living standard was greatly increased (Gottschang, 1988).
Open-door policy enabled foreign enterprises step into China as well. Although the basic communist system still existed, market economy had been introduced. Simultaneously, as political and ideological reforms occurred, western values and culture were not refused by Chinese. As a matter of fact, many ideas in Western culture were gradually accepted by Chinese people, particularly in major and advanced cities (Savada & Dolan, 1988). Tremendous success also occurred on China's diplomatic aspect. China began or resumed diplomatic relationships with many countries, especially the western countries (Shinn & Worden, 1988). As a result, diplomatic success further accelerated China's cultural exchanges and economic trades with foreign countries (Michael, 1986).
Influenced by the economic, political, ideological, and diplomatic changes, Chinese clothing, as a part of Chinese culture, has also experienced dramatic changes during the last 300 years.
This study examined and analyzed the characteristics and changes of clothing in the last 300 years by using historical photographs. The photographs used in this study came from historical documents and historical literature of the traditional Chinese clothing. In order to decrease bias, all the documents and literature are recorded or written by western scholars. The selection of the photographs met the following criteria: 1) all the photographs were dated between the Ch'ing Dynasty and the present, 2) the figures in the photographs are average people instead of important political or diplomatic figures, 3) there are at least a group of people in each photograph so that the common feature of people's clothing could be presented, and 4) the photographs were taken in natural settings so that the clothing are daily wear.
Several problems arose from the utilization of the photographs. First, although the photographs were checked based on whether they were taken in natural setting, a couple of them still cannot be guaranteed, so for these photographs the clothing wore by the figures could be borrowed or rented from the photograph studios. Second, the photographs were not directly selected from museums, archives, or historical agencies. So there is a limitation on photographs selection. And the bias of the western scholars may involve in the photographs presented in the documents and the literature.
Analysis and Results
Period One: 1644-1911
Ch'ing Dynasty was established by the Manchus, so the majority of officials and governors were Manchus people (Eberhard, 1969). The Manchus had been a nomadic tribe from the northern region, so their clothing style had been developed with nomadic characteristics (Garrett, 1987). In contrast, most Han people had lived around central China for generations, their clothing still kept major characteristics of Han clothing. The differences between Manchus clothing and Han clothing were obvious in earlier Ch'ing because of the cultural differences and the government policy which was separating Manchus from Han, but gradually the two types of clothing had mixed in later Ch'ing Dynasty. At the same time, traditional Han clothing was also influenced by Manchus garments because some nomadic features were added.
Although people in authority, no matter whether they were Han or Manchus, were asked to wear chao fu, which was an official dress with Manchu features in formal occasions such as government business, celebrations, and festivals, the most typical and popular men's clothing were chang shan and ma gua, which could be seen as the combination of Manchu men's wear and Han men's wear (see Figure 1).
Insert Figure 1 here.
Chang shan was popular dress for middle and lower class, and was also allowed by officials in informal occasions. Evolved from Ming Dynasty robes, the length of chang shan was from neck to near ankle with the open and fastening loops and toggles near the right side. The features of chang shan such as small binding collar, side fastening, and length reaching ankle could be traced back to Ming dynasty. Normally, chang shan was made of silk or cotton, which depended on the wearer's social class and economic status. The colors of chang shan were often gray, blue, black, or other dull solid colors. Because chang shan was developed from Ming robes, which was long, wide and loose, most body parts were covered and the body shape could hardly be seen.
Ma gua was worn over chang shan, a hip-length jacket with long and wide sleeves, or sleeveless for informal occasions (Garrett, 1994). Ma gua was right side-fastening with five loops and brass buttons. It also had a small stand collar and slits at side seams. Because ma gua often had fur edges and were fur-lined, they had obvious nomadic features brought from Manchus.
There were strict regulations for different social classes to wear clothing in Ch'ing Dynasty. Different official ranks have specific colors, fabrics, print patterns, and styles (Garrett, 1994). For example, yellow could only be worn by emperors, and dragon could only be used on emperors' clothing (Cammann, 1952; Dickinson, 1990). Only government officials and upper class were allowed to wear silk with bright colors and pictures such as birds, mong (a traditionally legend animal in ancient China), or natural scenes. Clothing for low class was made of cotton, and had plain and solid colors without any printed pictures.
Regarding women's clothing during this period, ao and gun were very typical (see Figure 2). Ao was an upper garment worn by Ch'ing women, which was always cut very large, reaching to the calf with wide sleeves. One reason for the baggy clothing is that it was considered indecent to show the shape of women's body according to Chinese tradition (Garrett, 1987). The other reason is that bulky garments, like those worn by men, were a sign of wealth and dignity (Garrett, 1994). Although ao was cut like a man's, it still had a lot of differences based on plenty of decoration. The decorations included self-patterned silk damask with wide plain and/or embroidered bands at sleeves, neck, hem, and curved opening, and fastening with toggles on the right.
Insert Figure 2 here.
The clothing worn with ao was a skirt, called gun. Due to the same reasons, Gun was also cut very big and long. Gun could also be very colorful and decorative. So it could be seen that the basic characters of Ch'ing women clothing are colorful, full of decoration, bulky, wide and long with strong Chinese tradition. Besides, just like men's clothing, a lot of restrictions existed for women's clothing as well. For example, white was only worn by widows, while black was worn by older women (Garrett, 1994).
Based on the discussion of Ch'ing clothing, although there are differences between men and women clothing, several characteristics could still be summarized. First, both men's clothing, chang shan and ma gua, and women's clothing, ao and gun, were wide, long, and baggy in order to covered most part of wearer's body from neck to ankle. Especially for women, exposing parts of body or emphasizing body shape was considered indecent at that time. Second, both men's wear and women's wear in Ch'ing had strong traditional Chinese characteristic without any influence from abroad. Finally, few changes could be freely used in clothing; that is, everyone had some specific model to follow in term of his or her clothing, including colors, symbols, patterns, and styles.
The reasons why Ch'ing clothing exhibiting the above mentioned characteristics could be further understood from economic, political, and diplomatic perspectives. First, as it was mentioned earlier, Ch'ing Dynasty was a typical feudal empire evolved from Ming Dynasty. Although the forms of government around the monarch or emperor had changed through the long period, the basic characteristics of feudal dynasties remained unchanged (Phillips, 1996). The major characteristic was that China was a traditional agricultural country with self-providing and self-satisfaction. There was almost no industry in China except for a few primary handmade products. As an agricultural country, the productivity was extremely low. So at that time, most fabrics were handmade cotton which was very rough and of low quality. As a traditional agricultural country, silkworm breeding was well developed even though silk was still more expensive than cotton, so silk was used as the fabric for the clothing wore by officials and other upper class people. Second, China was a central control empire with strict social estate system. The entire society was rigidly stratified into low, middle, and upper classes. Clothing was employed to symbolize people's class status. Dresses with certain pictures such as dragon, mong, and birds could only be worn by upper class. The ordinary people were allowed to wear clothing with solid color or very simple prints. Third, China had been a self-closed country through all periods including Ch'ing. In Ch'ing Dynasty, China was still ridiculously regarded as the "center of the world". This philosophy had seriously influenced the economic and diplomatic development of China, and caused China lag behind the western countries on economy. Reflected on culture, foreign values and cultures were devalued and refused, while traditional Chinese culture was inappropriately exaggerated. As for clothing, both men and women's clothing had strong traditional features. The western style dresses at that time had been seen as ridiculous and harmful to Chinese tradition, thus they were totally refused. Finally, in traditional Chinese ideology, both men and women's body were assumed as reminding people of sex and was thought as immoral. So clothing was made to cover people's bodies as much as possible, even their body shapes were forbidden to be exhibited by clothing. This helped to explain why men and women's dresses were very long and baggy at that time.
Period Two: 1912-1948
In 1912, Ch'ing Dynasty came in reality to its end, and the Republic was established by Sun Yat-sen, who believed that China must adopt Western technical and industrial progress in order to continue to exist as an independent state (Eberhard, 1969). With the implement of the Three Principle and the influence of Western capitalistic system, Western culture gradually penetrated into China (Association of Research Libraries, 1982). Among the many changes caused by Western culture, changes on clothing were tremendous.
Men's wear had experienced dramatically changes after Ch'ing Dynasty was taken over by Republic China. From the establishment of the Republic in 1912, government officials and people in public were asked to wear Western-style dress (Garrett, 1994). Regulations of people's wear were published by the government, even drawings were used to illustrate how people should dress (Garrett, 1994). One of the most revolutionary changes of men's dress was the emerging of Zhong Shan suit, which was first worn by Dr. Sun Yat-sen (see Figure 3).
Insert Figure 3 here.
Similar to Western suits, Zhong Shan suit was composed of two pieces: jacket and trousers. The trousers in Zhong Shan suit were almost same as the trousers in Western suits, while the jacket was different. At that time, Chinese men could not accept the collar style used by Western suits. So developing from ma gua, the jacket in Zhong Shan suit was hip-length jacket with the center-front always closely buttoned to the neck by seven brass buttons and four patch pockets allocated on chest and lower right and left sides. From Figure 3, the remains of ma gua could be told from the jacket. Zhong Shan suit has distinctly mixed characteristics of traditional Chinese culture and western culture. During this period, Chinese men were encouraged to wear Zhong Shan suit in big cities and the wearers would be regarded as advanced patriots. In additional to Zhong Shan suit, Western style suits were also accepted in some big cities and ports, such as Shanghai and Guangzhou. From then on, Chinese men had begun to recognize the convenience and utilization of western style clothing, so those western style clothing became a fashion at that time.
On the other hand, traditional Chinese dresses including chang shan and ma gua were still wore by many people, especially in occasions such as traditional festivals, worshipping. ancestors, and traditional weddings. When Jiang kaiseng took over the power of Republic China and the capital was moved to Nanjing from Beijing, a movement called "new spirit of life" was arisen all over the country with the goal of resuming traditional Chinese culture (Phillips, 1996). As a result, chang shan and ma gua became formal wear for men for several years (Garrett, 1994). Also influenced by Western culture, the binding and narrow collar, which was traditionally used by chang shan had been replaced by a standing style. Besides, ma gua was not of solid colors any more and had different colorful pictures even embroidery as decoration.
The demise of Manchus rules and the formation of the republic in 1912 also brought wide-sweeping reforms for women, including women's clothing. Influenced by Western culture, many urban women were against feet-binding. Rather, they began to put on high-heel leather shoes introduced from abroad. As for dress, since many women enter formal public place from home and receive education, especially those in the treaty ports, they began to adopt Western fashions and wear Western dress in public eye (Garrett, 1994). Influenced by Western dress, Chinese women's clothing gradually changed. An outfit was introduced to replace the cumbersome robes worn in the past, which was consisted of a long top reaching to below the hips, that was the former ao, and worn over an ankle-length skirt, pleated or plain, that was the former gun (Garrett, 1987). It was seen as "modern dress" and reflected the greater freedom enjoyed by women. Then the ao became much slimmer and more fitted which could outline female body shape, and sleeves were either tight to the wrist or, in summer, short or non-existent (Garrett, 1987). The length of skirts was just below the knee, coinciding with the shorter length skirts worn in the West (Garrett, 1994).
One of the most typical examples is the emerging of qi pao. During the 1940s, with the gradually accepting of Western culture, Chinese women began to follow western women to show body shape by wearing clothing. qi pao was long to the ankle and, for younger women, more fashion-conscious women, it was more slim-fitting, the sleeves shortened to small cap sleeves, or a sleeveless version (see Figure 4). It could be found that Chinese women dare to expose their arms and part of legs by wearing qi pao. Also qi pao could perfectly outline women's body line. Both of the changes were influenced by Western clothing. However, the remains of traditional Chinese clothing could also be seen from qi pao. The collar was outlined at top and bottom edges with piping which matched that at the hem and sleeves, and decorative frog buttons were placed on the collar (Garrett, 1994). These characteristics were similar to ao worn by Ch'ing women. Having evolved across several stages, qi pao finally became women daily wearing instead of ao and gun, which had dominated women's wear for hundreds of years.
Insert Figure 4 here.
Compared to ao and gun, women's clothing in Ch'ing dynasty, qi pao, as the representative of women's clothing in this stage, was more natural, modern, and feminist. Influenced by Western culture, Chinese women had more chances to show up in public eye and obtain education. They wanted to be more independent, freely, and attractive. So women's clothing at that time was greatly influenced by Western clothing.
In sum, the most important character of Chinese clothing during that second phrase is the partial acceptance of western clothing style and the combination of Chinese traditional clothing and the western style. These changes of clothing could be better understood based on the understanding of situation at that time. The door of the country was first opened after the Republic China was established, and the economic, political, and diplomatic policies changed dramatically. Having been defended in the Opium War, Chinese, especially intellectuals like Sun Yat-sen, came to realize that a feudal, closed, and undeveloped China would loss the possibilities to improve people's living standard, develop its industry, and catch up with western countries in terms of economic and political powers. Obtaining experience from the western countries such as England and Japan, Sun Yat-sen, who was the president of the Republic China, developed improving people's livings, introducing democratic thoughts from western countries, providing people with democratic rights as the basic strategies of the country.
Changes manifested soon after the new policy was established. Western democratic thoughts and cultures were introduced into China. Western clothing style and the way of dressing, as a part of culture was accepted by Chinese people. With the economic improvement, some people, especially urban residents, could afford western style dresses, and dressing in western style became popular in many ports and big cities.
On the other hand, the traditional culture had been preserved. In the later Ch'ing Dynasty, China was repeatedly forced to cede territory and pay indemnities by the powerful western countries, thus national self-respect was seriously harmed. Keeping the fact in mind, Sun Yat-sen tried to resume the national pride and encourage people. Thus Chinese traditional cultures were highly praised, although western cultures were introduced at the same time. Reflected on clothing, many characteristics of traditional Chinese dresses of both men and women were maintained, with a few changes due to the combination of eastern and western cultures.
Period Three: 1949-1977
As soon as entering this phrase which was the beginning of Chinese socialism, many changes had taken place in terms of politics, ideology, and social culture. As mention above, in order to establish Chinese own ideology, the government negated all things from foreign countries, especially Western countries, and from old China, especially feudalism. All the ideas, thoughts, events, movements, and behaviors which belonged to those two groups were totally forbidden by Chinese government. At the same time, the government tried to establish a new social system and ideology to educate people. For example, class struggle is the first important historical task for the whole country instead of production development. Ideology is much more critical than materials. Pursuing individualism is shameful and enjoying better materials is regarded as hedonism. In this situation, some characteristics appeared in clothing.
As to men's wear, the most common clothing, maybe the only style of clothing at that time, was Mao uniform. So the first characteristics of men' clothing in this phrase is unitary. Mao uniform was developed from Zhong Shan suit with a few changes (see Figure 5).
Insert Figure 5 here.
Compared to Zhong Shan suit, Mao uniform was much sloppier and looser-fitting, often made of low-quality cotton. The colors were always dull, just changed among navy blue, gray, green, or black. The number of fastening buttons on central front was reduced to five instead of seven due to the communist's ideology that simplicity is beauty. Mao uniform was mass produced and worn by almost every one as formal or informal dress in every occasion because everybody wanted to dress in the same way as other people to avoid individualism, otherwise s/he would take the risk of being criticized as the " typical capitalist" and not loyal to Mao. Western suit, as a capitalistic product, was forbidden by Chinese government at that time. At the same time, the traditional Chinese men's clothing was also swept out because they were thought as the products of feudalism. As a result, traditional men's dresses, such as chang shan and ma gua, disappeared from people's life as well.
Second, the colors of men's dresses were dark and tedious. The ordinary colors of Mao uniform were navy blue, gray, green, or black. This was consistent with the communist party's ideology that plainer and simpler were better. Any decoration and colorful pattern on clothing was criticized as materialism and hedonism.
Third, men's dresses had obvious military characteristic. At Mao's time, communist party and army were praised as the cornerstone of the country, so liberation army had huge political power. Being a member of the army was admired by every Chinese young man. So wearing army uniform represented the wearer's political status and his loyalty to Mao. Gradually, green army uniform, which was similar to Mao uniform, became fashion.
As to women's clothing, the first important character is the similarity with men's clothing. Accomplished with socialism, the government called for women liberation; in other words, Chinese women were encouraged to fight for equal right as men. Because according to socialistic principles, all the proletariat have equal rights no matter what gender they have. Then women were eager to show their equality by many ways including clothing. During that period of time, women took off skirts and put on trousers that only belonged to men for hundreds of years in China. The most popular clothing for women at that time was Mao uniform as well (see Figure 5). Women's clothing had almost the same styles and colors as men's wear. Differences between them were becoming less and less. It was even hard to tell gender from clothing at that time.
Dull and plain clothing could also be showed from women's wear. Since Chinese government educated people to pursue and admire spiritual life rather than material life, caring about clothing was regarded as a shameful thing at the time. Besides, traditional clothing were swept aside in this phrase. Especially during the ten years of the Cultural Revolution, qi pao was outlawed as being decadent (Garrett, 1994). Skirts were banned, colorful clothing, leather shoes were called as the expression of capitalism and banned as well. As a result, Chinese women tried to wear dull, simple, plain clothing as much as possible. If somebody is in bright color, she would be criticized. Even though some women wanted to put on colorful clothing, they did not dare to do so. So Mao uniform was also women's wear. This outfit had a center button-fastening jacket with a peter pan collar, two or four patch pockets and baggy trousers; it was a puritanical, distinctly unflattering mode of dress (Garrett, 1994). Steele (1983) found that at that time in Shanghai - China's most fashionable and cosmopolitan city - a very few younger women wore more trimly tailored jackets in floral prints or colors such as rust and plum.
In summary, during this phrase, both of the Western clothing and Chinese traditional clothing were banned by the government. As it was commented, "the establishment of the People's Republic of China was to have a more marked effect on national dress than any previous event in the country's history." (Garrett, 1994). Chinese government succeeded to form Chinese own clothing phenomenon, which was unitary, simple, plain, uniformed, and closely related with politics and ideology.
Another thing needed to point out is that although Mao's period had certain similarities to the other periods, such as Ch'ing, in terms of isolation of the country, Mao's period had some particular characteristics. For example, Mao totally denied traditional culture and criticized it as feudalism, tried to create a brand new ideology oriented from communist party line. In order to fulfill this goal, traditional Chinese value system and aesthetic standards had to be destroyed. So, regarding clothing, clothing in Mao period could not be found having any relationship with traditional clothing, which was very rare phenomenon in human history.
Period Four: 1978-present
In 1978, China began to implement a very critical policy which was open-door, which was a turning point in Chinese history representing tremendous changes from many social perspectives. From then on, western ideology and culture have begun to enter China and Chinese people were shocked in front of the colorfully outside world. Among those dramatic changes happened in almost every aspect in people's life, clothing was an important one.
As to men's wear (see Figure 6), the biggest change was that western style dresses were not forbidden in China any more, and they had gradually replaced Mao suit. Today, led and influenced by government officials who wear Western suit to participate diplomatic meetings, almost every urban man has at least one Western suit. Western suit has almost become the most common clothing for Chinese men not only in official occasions but in non-official occasions.
Insert Figure 6 here.
The second character of men's wear is variety expressed in style, color, fabric, and printed pattern. Before 1978, men's wear was only limited in dark, cold, and solid colors. Although China is famous of silk, men's wear was only made of cotton. But today all kinds of fabrics could be used in men's wear and men's clothing is very colorful as well. As to the style, it is hard to say which one is more popular since so many different kinds of style exist at the same time. The best way to describe Chinese men's wear in this phrase is that there is almost no difference between Chinese men's clothing and Western men's clothing. Generally, once new trend begins in Western countries, it will flood into China soon. Meanwhile, many brand names that are famous in Western countries are also popular in China, such as Levi, Polo, and Guess.
One thing worried by many Chinese, especially those who work in the field of clothing, is that almost no any traditional remain exists in men's clothing. Not only chang shan and ma gua, but also Mao uniform have disappeared. If somebody puts on those kinds of clothing, he will be ridiculed and thought as a jerk. However, researchers think that Chinese 5,000-year history, especially those traditional cultures, should be kept and further developed. Totally negating Chinese traditional culture is not appropriate. So several Chinese clothing companies have tried to create Chinese famous brand names for keeping parts of Chinese traditional men's clothing.
When women's clothing is concerned (see Figure 7), one of the most important characters is variety, similar to men's wear, but expressed more obviously. One character which is different from men's wear is the remains of Chinese traditional women' clothing, such as qi pao. For many urban women, keeping at least one piece of traditional clothing in their wardrobe is very necessary because in many formal occasions, such as wedding ceremonies, parties, and festivals, wearing Chinese traditional clothing is more popular and appreciated. In order to develop Chinese traditional women' clothing, many designers tries to change some parts of those clothing to better fit modern women's live. So the remains of traditional clothing could be seen not only in women's formal dress, but also from daily wear. Affected by this trend, both Western brand names, such as Ann Tailor, Lee, and Jones New York, and Chinese brand names, such as Meng Nisha, Shun Mei, and Ai Dekang, exist in Chinese women's clothing market. Furthermore, in some degree, Chinese traditional women's clothing is popular in Western countries as well, which is different from men's clothing. One of the typical examples is qi pao.
Insert Figure 7 here.
In summary, great changes have taken place in Chinese clothing from 1978. Before, everyone had to dress in the same way. A concern with personal appearance was perceived as an expression of "bourgeois tendencies" and extreme "individualism". But since 1978, people have started to feel free to wear what they want without fear of being criticized (Steele, 1983). The word "fashion" came back to Chinese market again, and fashion magazines and fashion schools sprout out soon. Totally different from the former image, which was called "blue ants" by western countries for many years (Steele, 1983), Chinese put on bright clothing with a great varies of styles. Western clothing designers also began to introduce their designs to the attractive market, one of the earliest was Pierre Cardi, who held his first fashion shows in Beijing and Shanghai in March 1979 (Steele, 1983).
In addition, quality of people's clothing has also improved with the development of people's living standard. Compared to the rough cotton of Mao suit in Mao's period, higher quality and more expensive fabrics made of silk or wool have become affordable for most urban people. Dresses with popular and beautiful colors and patterns fill in every store, and Chinese awareness of well-known brands has increased.
As a whole, one of the most important changes is that no any limitation about wearing clothing exists; in other words, Chinese are encouraged to dress freely and differently. Meanwhile, with the opening national door, Western culture and clothing have opportunity to enter China, which has provided the necessary condition for Chinese to dress freely and differently. Also, the increasing living standard in China has provided the necessary economic condition. Therefore, this phrase is the most optimistic time for Chinese in terms of clothing among the four phrases and it is also the best period of time for the connection between China and the Western countries in terms of clothing.
Based on the descriptions and the analysis above, our major conclusion is consistent with Ryan's (1966) comment that the most evident influence on choice of clothing is derived from the particular society. The means by which the society governs the individual's choice of clothing varies from managing directly through laws and rigid customs to managing indirectly through example and more subtle social pressures (Ryan, 1966). In the cultures with rigid rules concerning clothing, everybody loses flexibility and concerns with dressing code. Before Japan was influenced by Western culture, for example, the types of sandals and even the material of the thongs of the sandals were strictly regulated, and the bindings and ornaments of the hair were likewise fixed by law (Ryan, 1966). This is similar to Ch'ing Dynasty. Because during this phrase, strict regulations caused by strict social classes limited clothing selections. Second, pointed out by Ryan (1966), when indirect control of individual dress by society is concerned, there is a desire on the part of every normal individual to feel that he belongs to a group and that he is accepted and has the approval of that group. This could be proved by people's dresses in Mao period. Because during that period of time, everyone wanted to be regarded as a proletarian which could be embodies by clothing, Mao uniform. Kaiser (1990) defined this phenomenon as conformity which is a change in an individual's behavior or attitude in order to achieve consistency based on real or imagined group pressure. The rationale behind the conformity is the fear that if s/he differs from the group markedly in any respect, such as clothing, s/he will be criticized or ridiculed by the other members and perhaps even be rejected for these reasons. As to the other two periods, Post-Mao period and the People's Republic, the conformity theory could also be used to explain the clothing selection. But the difference between Mao period and these two periods is that in the former stage, the whole society just had only one group, the group of proletarian, while during the other two stages, many groups freely exist, which is more natural and closer to the real fashion phenomenon.
In addition, general cultural difference, attitudes toward women, current events, and technical development also have influences on the choices of clothing (Ryan, 1965). Our research not only reproves those social influences on clothing choice, but extents this statement. Besides the factors listed above, we conclude that economic, political, and diplomatic factors also have strong impacts on people's clothing.
An examination and civil service convention is held at the Examination Yuan in Nanking (1934). Retrieved June 3, 2006 from http://www.exam.gov.tw/english/products/p3.htm
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Steele, V. (1983). Fashion in China. Dress, 9, 8-15.
Vollmer, J. (1977). In the presence of the Dragon Throne : Ch'ing Dynasty costume (1644-1911) in the Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto : Royal Ontario Museum.
Vollmer, J. (1983). Decoding dragons : Status garments in Ch'ing dynasty China. Eugene : Museum of Art, University of Oregon.
Vollmer, J. E. (1980). Five colors of the universe : Symbolism in clothes and fabrics of the Ch'ing Dynasty (1644-1911). Edmonton : The Gallery.
White, J. M. (1994). Adornment for eternity : Status and rank in Chinese ornament. Denver Art Museum in association with the Woods Pub. Co.
Yang, K. L. (1995). Wen Hua Da Ge Ming Buo Wu Guan. Hong Kong: Oriental Press.
Zhou, X, & Gao, C (1987). 5000 years of Chinese costumes. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals.
Figure 1. Urban Men's Clothing during 1644-1911 (Garrett, 1994)
Figure 2. Urban Women's Clothing during 1644-1911 (Garrett, 1987)
Figure 3. Urban Men's Clothing during 1912-1948 (An examination and civil service convention is held at the Examination Yuan in Nanking, 1934)
Figure 4. Urban Women's Clothing during 1912-1948 (Garrett, 1987)
Figure 5. Urban Men's and Women's Clothing during 1949-1977 (Yang, 1995)
Figure 6. Urban Men's Clothing during 1978-present (The Nanjing new building materials Co., Ltd., 1996)
Figure 7. Urban Women's Clothing during 1978-present (Chen, 1996)


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MAR 23, 2014 - MarketWatch
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WASHINGTON (MarketWatch) -- Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott on Sunday said there are "credible leads" in the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. A Chinese defense agency said Saturday satellite images showed an object 22 meters long by 13 meters wide floating in the southern Indian Ocean, and Abbott said those images were consistent with earlier satellite photos of debris. "We have now had a number of very credible leads, and there is increasing hope - no more than hope, no more than hope - that we might be on the road to discovering what did happen to this ill-fated aircraft,"
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America's Post-Apocalyptic Playground
by exterminat
©2010 Nicholas Laborde
In my Medal of Honor review recently, I pointed out how we're seeing a myriad of reboots lately. Well, in 2008, a reboot of some significance was released, and it was called Fallout 3.
Never in my life have I seen more people pick up a title and not realize that there was a number on the end of it, denoting the fact that it was not a new series or IP.
Most of the audience who partook in Fallout 3 had never heard of the series before, essentially leading Bethesda to establish a massive new player base. And since each iteration in the Fallout series is its own unique story, the game might as well have been called The Fallout Reboot (or even just Fallout, as with the current trend).
• Fallout New Vegas Trailer #1
Not too long after that, Bethesda was bought by Zenimax, officially transforming the revered giant into a publisher.
One major title under the reigns of this new publishing house is the topic today: Fallout: New Vegas. But ol' Beth said that they wouldn't be handling it this time… Obsidian would take the reigns.
Obsidian is quite an… "interesting" developer. Not necessarily known for their quality games (Alpha Protocol, KOTOR 2), people were (and still are) extremely skeptical of the decision by Bethesda to let them tackle this iteration of a perfectly brilliant, so-far unfailing series.
The reassurance? Most of the original Interplay team is at Obsidian, essentially securing New Vegas as a Fallout similar to the originals, and not just Fallout 3.5. A match made in heaven, perhaps?
Fast forward to August 2010, and I get to sample the game at QuakeCon, the United States' biggest LAN party, now with Zenimax and +100% more promotional swag. All of my companions can tell you that I walked away from that demo booth extremely disappointed (and irritated that I wasted my time for this game, and didn't get to try Brink as a result).
• Fallout New Vegas Developers Diaries #1
Here we are back in the present, and I've finally gotten my hands on the final release game code. So let's just see how it stacks up shall we.
Fallout: New Vegas is set roughly three to four years after the events of Fallout 3, but differs greatly. While the game runs on the same engine and technology, it is in no way the same game as its predecessor.
Fallout 3 was set in the shattered remains of Washington, D.C. The United States was brought to it's knees; the nukes had completely decimated nearly everything in that area, resulting in the Capital Wasteland that we came to know and love.
But Fallout: New Vegas? This is Vegas, baby (to put it in even more cliché phrasing). Surprisingly, but not wholly unexpectedly, Las Vegas (or New Vegas, as the game deems it) was spared the atrocities of nuclear fallout; the atmosphere, people, and landscape of it and the surrounding area are mostly intact.
• Fallout New Vegas Developers Diaries #2
One of the main differentiations of Fallout: New Vegas's story from the rest of the Fallout series is that you do not come out of a Vault, and you were not raised in one.
You are a prosaic courier tasked with delivering a package to The Strip, but are intercepted by a shady group along the way. The leader of this group hopes to make your life easier by taking that mysterious package off of your hands, shooting you in the head and burying you. This scene alone provides for a 'comme il faut' Vegas cliché, and gives an impeccable first impression of what is to come.
But fear not, because in a future that is essentially in a primal state, we have the medicinal knowledge on how to fix a gunshot to the head. A peculiar robot named Victor glimpsed what had taken place, and immediately dug you up and brought you to a man named Doc Mitchell. The good doctor patches you up, and brings you up to speed on what exactly happened to you.
• Fallout New Vegas Trailer
This begins the glorious tale of one man's devotion to his job and the extraction of revenge upon the man who killed him, to state it as exaggeratedly as possible.
Subsequently, the world opens up tout de suite, contrary to Fallout 3's drawn-out opening sequence. There is an optional tutorial that provides extra experience, caps, weapons, ammunition and aid if you choose to do it, but other than that, the world is yours for the taking as soon as you leave Doc's house.
It isn't as hefty as Fallout 3 on famous places, but you do get a full recreation of The Strip and Hoover Dam.
Fallout: New Vegas manages to tell a tale that appears to be purely insubstantial on the surface, but as you get immersed into the expertly crafted atmosphere of the Mojave Wasteland, you realize the absolute genius behind the experience, and come to fall in love with the new environment and all of the entailment that goes along with it.
One of the major changes to the game is the alteration of the morality system. In New Vegas's predecessor, your actions and decisions affected whether your character was good, neutral, or bad. New Vegas has done away with that system, and has chosen to focus on a faction control system instead.
This new system works the same way as the morality methodology: you can be viewed by a certain group of people as saintly, neutral, or demonic. Choices you make affect how different groups in the game treat you, and even affect what quest-lines are open to you.
• Fallout New Vegas Developers Diaries #6
Numerous groups are featured throughout this iteration of post-nuclear simulation. The two main ones being the New California Republic and Caesar's Legion; the NCR being the Army-esque group, and the Legion being the general no-good scum (slavers, drug addicts, executioners, hedonists, etc).
Who you play your cards with (no pun intended) affects many decisions later in the game, but being careful is of the utmost concern: deciding to go against a particular group may lead to entire questlines being failed or unplayable as a result.
A major complaint in Fallout 3 was the lack of iron sights for your weapons, which made combat outside of V.A.T.S. fundamentally impossible. Luckily, Obsidian heard those complaints, and incorporated iron sights for every weapon in the game. Conventional combat is now possible, making the fun factor rise tremendously.
Sound is one of the most important factors that can make or break an atmosphere, and New Vegas's does a great job of setting the mode. Rousing orchestral scores accompany combat, while gentle tones of mystery and suspense aid you on your wandering paths. If those don't suit you enough, you can always turn on your trusty Pip-Boy and tune in to one of the radio stations that has amusing 50s-esque music.
Another interesting new feature in Fallout: New Vegas is the ability to play a "Hardcore" mode. Before leaving Doc Mitchell's house at the beginning of the game, you are prompted with this acquisition. You can choose to play the game normally, or try the new Hardcore mode.
The mode lives up to its name: stimpaks do not heal instantly, ammo has weight, and dehydration is a constant burden. If you want the game to truly be a survival experience, and not just an RPG, try it out. The "reward" that is promised isn't what it's hyped up to be, but you'll have a memorable experience.
The content of the game itself is, for most of its entirety, new. Little is reused or borrowed for Fallout 3 (except a few environment portions, such as vaults and some underground areas), and it provides for a whole new feeling as a result. From a purely cynical point of view, it does nothing excitingly new or different from what has been previously experienced.
The quests all play out in a similar way, the storyline is a near mirror-image of Fallout 3, and it's full to the brim of bugs and technical problems. But when you get past the opinion of others and choose to garner your own feelings on the title, what you'll find is a treasure trove of new content that should not be missed by anyone who enjoyed Fallout 3, or any Fallout title prior to this.
It most certainly is not Fallout 4 (and, for that matter, should not be viewed as so), but it is nowhere near simply being Fallout 3.5. Obsidian has managed to do the impossible considering their previous pedigree: impress me.
©2010 Nicholas Laborde
"9 / 10
More Fallout: New Vegas
- Old World Blues DLC Review
- Lonesome Road DLC Review
- Courier's Stash and Gun Runners' Arsenal DLC Review
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Top Definition
A rat that has some how found its way in to your bum gap and has made babies..
They wiggle alot and cause some discomfort
You need to get them out by there kneck as if you grab the tail it will rip off
They wiggle alot and cause some discomfort
You need to get them out by there kneck as if you grab the tail it will rip off
Dave: Some things wrigglying in my ass
Keith: You may have bum rats
Keith: You may have bum rats
by tomthebomb October 30, 2007
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
A rat that lives in the anus of every living being. They have extreamly large testicles which protrude from their underarms, and under developed legs, which causes them to walk on their enormous butt cheeks. A bumrat will happily eat the sharp bits in your poo and dance to dirty 70's disco music. If your bumrat dies, you die.
The french in the 100 years war fired their bumrats at the ememy, not realizing how vunerable they were when their bumrats were slain.
by Dicksmoker April 18, 2008
A name given to Chavs, also can be referred to as 'barry's'
That guy is such a bumrat!
by Rmb1982 August 11, 2010
someone with a "right monster" stamp collection
"blankety blank" has a right monster stamp collection
by bum rat March 24, 2004


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Message In A Bottle
Product DescriptionA great way to make a special announcement!
This Message In A Bottle Kit includes everything you need to send your own message in a bottle, including cork and glue! Sand and seashells also included.
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Complete directions and educational information provided on decorative folded hang tag.
Visit our sister site OceanOfferings.com and
T reat yourself or a friend to more Unique and Distinctive Gifts and Jewelry ~ Inspired by the Sea


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On Friday, April 26, 2013, Armen Awards participants and guests joined together to honor the hard work of all eight teams at the Historic Federal Building at Kendall College of Art and Design of Ferris State University. (click here to see video of the event)
Armen Awards Service Learning Team Projects (with video)
[First Place] The Community Dental Health course with Salvation Army-Booth Family Services providing oral hygiene education to pregnant teens and teen mothers.
[Second Place] The Principles of Physical Education course with East Leonard Elementary administering Organ Wise Guys helping children develop a healthy lifestyle.
[Third Place] The Mobile Device Security and Development course with the Collegiate newspaper creating a mobile app to increase access and readership.
The Child Psychology Honors course with Family Promise providing child-care services to homeless families seeking respite or time to seek employment.
The Community Transcultural Nursing course with American Red Cross teaching GRCC students the life-changing skill of CPR.
The College Writing course with Grand Rapids Public Library administering One Book, One City for Kids in Grand Rapids Public Schools.
The Consulting with Writers Honors course with GRCC's Writing Lab training students to serve as tutors.
The Community Transcultural Nursing course with the North End Community Ministry educating its food pantry clients on healthy meal planning and recipes.


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i've been taLkin' t2 girLs who don't take shit seriousLy & that's annoying. ... i'M currentLy takin' carrer training cLasses t2 Become a web designer <3
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Is Fall your favorite season? I must admit, I really love this time of year. In my neck of the woods, the days have noticeably become shorter and the temperature cooler. Each year when this happens I automatically start cooking some of our favorite fall foods. This includes several savory dinner entrées, yummy fall breads, and basically anything with pumpkin.
So, for the next 4 weeks, I am going to do a Recipe Doctor "makeover" on 4 Fall Food Favorites, starting with two favorite savory entrées (healthful variations on Chicken Pot Pie and Slow-Cooker Pot Roast) and working our way to a a favorite fall bread and dessert!
Week #1: TOPLESS CHICKEN POT PIE
Break your addiction to frozen pot pies with this recipe for Topless Chicken Pot Pie.
Your typical chicken pot pie has fat, saturated fat and calories coming at you from three directions; the top crust, the creamy filling, and the bottom crust. We are making a lower fat, higher fiber crumb topping to replace the top pie crust and we are making a lighter filling using only a couple teaspoons of olive or canola oil to sauté lots of vegetables; plus a cream sauce made with 2 tablespoons of whipped butter or less fat margarine, fat free half and half and skinless chicken breast. If you want to keep the bottom crust, choose a whole-wheat pie crust if possible. Or, if you are really feeling like trimming calories and fat grams, the pot pie can be bottomless as well.
Time Saving Note: If you want to trim some prep time, substitute 1 2/3 cups Bertolli Mushroom Alfredo (bottled) for the homemade white sauce. You can also make this dish with or without the bottom crust.
1 whole-wheat pie crust, uncooked (optional)
2 teaspoons olive oil or canola oil
3/4 cup chopped onion
3/4 cup chopped or sliced celery
3/4 cup chopped carrot (baby carrots can be used)
1 teaspoon minced or chopped garlic
3 cups diced roasted or grilled skinless and boneless chicken breast
Homemade White Sauce Option:
1/2 cup light cream cheese
1 cup fat free half and half
1 tablespoon unbleached white flour
1/4 teaspoon ground white or black pepper
1/3 cup Panko crumbs
1/3 cup quick or old-fashioned oats
1/3 cup shredded Parmesan cheese
2 teaspoons parsley flakes
Olive oil or canola cooking spray
- Preheat oven to 400-degrees. Set pie crust, if desired, in a 9-inch deep-dish pie pan if not already in one or divide crust into 5 equal circles if using individual pot pie dishes. If making individual pot pies, place each of the crust circles into an individual dish or ramekin about 4- to 4.5-inches wide, set aide.
- Pour 2 teaspoons oil into a medium nonstick saucepan over medium-high heat. When hot, stir in the onion, celery and carrot and sauté for a few minutes. Stir in the garlic and continue to sauté for another minute. Scoop this mixture into a medium bowl and set aside.
- Combine light cream cheese, half and half and flour in a small food processor (or electric mixer) pulsing until smooth. In same medium saucepan over medium-high heat, pour in the cream cheese mixture and continue to stir and gently boil until it thickens (about 2 minutes). Turn off the heat and stir in the pepper, sautéed vegetables and diced chicken. Spoon mixture into the crust lined pie plate or if making individual pot pies, divide the filling between the 5 individual dishes (about 1 1/4 cups).
- For the topping, in medium sized bowl, combine the Panko, oats, and Parmesan cheese and parsley flakes. Spread topping over the top of the large pot pie or 5 small pot pies. Coat the top generously with canola or olive oil cooking spray. Place pot pie(s) on a cookie sheet and bake in oven for about 30 minutes (for one large pie) or 20 minutes (for individual pies) or until crust is nicely browned.
Yield: Makes 5 servings
With Bottom Crust
WebMD Weight Loss Clinic Members journal as: 2 cups "hearty stew" OR 1 portion frozen dinner regular + 1/2 cup vegetables with 1 tsp fat OR 1 serving of "lean meat with sauce" + 1 cup vegetables without added fat + 1 slice bread (1 serving of regular crackers can be substituted)
Per serving (with bottom crust): 440 calories, 36 g protein, 33 g carbohydrate, 18 g fat, 7 g saturated fat, 93 mg cholesterol, 5 g fiber, 564 mg sodium. Calories from fat: 36 percent.
Without Bottom Crust
WebMD Weight Loss Clinic Members journal as: 1 1/2 cups "hearty stews" OR 1 portion light frozen dinner + 1/2 cup vegetables with 1 tsp fat OR 1 serving of "lean meat with sauce" + 1 cup vegetables without added fat.
Per serving (without bottom crust): 320 calories, 35 g protein, 18 g carbohydrate, 11 g fat, 5 g saturated fat, 93 mg cholesterol, 2 g fiber, 401 mg sodium. Calories from fat: 31 percent.
Week #1: Topless Chicken Pot Pie
Week #2: Super Slow Cooker Pot Roast
Week #3: Spiced Apple Cake
Week #4: Ginger Pumpkin Bread
Related Topics:


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slick serve. Sculptural servers toss a modern silhouette into the mix. Stainless steel fork and spoon, polished to a mirrored gleam, span round and wide, dishing up salads and savories in a cinch.
Details and Dimensions
reflect stainless steel servers. 1.25"Wx3.25"Dx11.5"H
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Overall DimensionsWidth: 1.25" Depth: 3.25" Height: 11.5"
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We require a 50% deposit for all Special Order upholstery. This deposit is nonrefundable after a 72-hour change/cancellation window. These items are made to your specifications and cannot be returned or exchanged.
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Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Sharper Image at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
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Language Classes in CEUS :: Undergraduate Programs
Mongolian at Indiana University
Welcome to the Indiana University's Mongolian Language Program!
Mongolia is a vast land of wild nature, hospitable nomads, and unique culture located in the heart of Asia. Bordering on Russia in the north and China in the south, Mongolia is the homeland of the legendary Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khan in Mongolian) who established the biggest land empire in human history. It is one of the last countries of nomads on earth! Learning Mongolian is the gateway for discovering the unique nomadic culture and the great history of Chinggis Khan and his descendents.
Today Mongolia has become a captivating tourist destination and a site of competition for the world's mining industries. Mongolia as an emerging democracy is becoming a center of international attention and an entrepreneurial magnet. Learning Mongolian can even help you build a career. The Peace Corps, the US State Department, mining companies, and non-profits are only a few of the American organizations working in Mongolia. Learning the language and culture will enhance your chances to seize these opportunities. Learn more about Mongolia here
Mongolian is spoken by approximately 7 million people, not just in Mongolia, but also in Inner Mongolia in China and areas of Russia as well. The official language of Mongolia is Khalkha Mongolian, which uses the Cyrillic (Russian) alphabet, and it is spoken by 90% of the Mongolian population.
From the time of the Mongol empire to the 1940s, Mongolia used its traditional "vertical" script, introduced by Chinggis Khan. In 1945, this old Mongolian script was replaced by the Cyrillic (Russian) alphabet under the pressure from the Soviet Union―this is the script still used in independent Mongolia and in our language classes today. The traditional script may be more beautiful, but with almost no difference between spelling and pronunciation the Khalkha Mongolian with Cyrillic alphabet is much easier to learn! But the traditional Mongol Script remains the standard script in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, and is still taught in Mongolia's schools and colleges, and also in upper-level classes at Indiana University.
|Mongolian Language
Монгол хэл
In the Cyrillic Script―this is what students start with!
In the traditional script―this is what advanced students can go on to!
The Mongolian vocabulary is rich in early Turkic, Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese elements that reflect the country's nomadic, Buddhist, and Asian heritage. Mongolian continues to adopt words from Russian and English, but very much retains its own distinctive character.
Indiana University is the only university in American continent which offers a Mongolian program and formal Mongolian instruction for three levels—Introductory, Intermediate and Advanced Mongolian—as a part of a university degree during the academic year. Introductory Mongolian is also available during summer.
Small classes, individual attention, friendly and fun atmosphere, well-designed textbooks, a fully developed curriculum, scholarship opportunities for future studies and study abroad, and fun extracurricular activities (conversation hours, movies etc.) are some of the highlights of our Mongolian language teaching. We are dedicated to enabling all our language learners to achieve their learning goals to the best of their ability.
Sign up now for Fall or inquire further information at Central Eurasian Studies, Goodbody 157, 855-2233 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Journal: Entropy, 2011
Volume: 13
Number: 790
Article: Entropic Regularization to Assist a Geologist in Producing a Geologic Map
Authors: Valeria C.F. Barbosa, João B.C. Silva, Suzan S. Vasconcelos and Francisco S. Oliveira
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