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Frequently Asked Questions
Our Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) are guided by the questions asked of us, therefore this page is under continuous development.
Accessing ARCCA
Who can use the ARCCA systems?
Any Cardiff University student, staff, or faculty member with a valid research-related computational task and a University ID may use the system. Requests for external collaborator access can be facilitated via a Cardiff University staff sponsorship.
How do I apply for access to use the ARCCA systems?
In order to obtain an account on Raven (the ARCCA HPC Cluster), users must complete an account request application form (Windows or pdf versions are available to download).
Please include a brief summary of the research being undertaken and applications being used. For researchers who require a large amount of CPU or storage resources (in excess of 50,000 CPU hours or 500GB) we would appreciate this being indicated on the application form. If it is an existing project, then it will require authorisation from the Principle Investigator (PI) to add your account to the project membership. Alternatively, if this is a new project, then a project request form will also need to be completed to provide a brief summary of the type of research to be undertaken on the supercomputer. This form is also available to download.
Occasionally we may request additional information on the project to ensure we can support the computational requirements effectively on the Raven service. These forms can be returned electronically or via the internal mail system.
We welcome requests from PGRs and undergraduates although this is subject to accompanying authorization from your project supervisor / principle investigator.
Who provides support for ARCCA Systems?
Support for the ARCCA facilities is provided by a team located in the Redwood building on the Cathays campus. Select the ARCCA team member you wish to contact - these are given in the 'Who's Who' web page.
Please contact the ARCCA support team on firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any problems, such as requiring the installation of a package or application or any technical issues.
How do I log in to Raven (the supercomputer)?
Access to Raven is via secure shell (SSH, a remote login program), through a login node which is available from the Internet. From a Unix system, use:
ssh <username><at>ravenlogin.arcca.cf.ac.uk
where <username> should be replaced by your Cardiff University ID. You will be required to set a password on your first login.
Note that the login node is part of the cluster reserved for interactive use such as compilation, job submission and control. If the login nodes are busy, please be courteous to other users and try and undertake extensive compilation of code outside of standard hours.
If you are using a Windows computer, you will need an SSH client such as PuTTY to access Raven. Installation and use of PuTTY is described in the online quick start user guide.
Can I access the Raven Supercomputer from my personal device?
Raven can be accessed from anywhere with network connectivity.
Various clients are freely available and can be installed on tablets and smart phones. However, these are installed at the users own discretion and ARCCA have no liability for any software installed on personal devices. A range of clients are available for Android (e.g. JuiceSSH, ConnectBot) and iPhones/iPads (e.g. iTerminal, serverauditor) – but it is recommended users review the installation requirements prior to downloading. Further advice on personal device connectivity is provided by the Portfolio Management and IT Services.
I can no longer log in to Raven
Unable to log in to Raven could be caused by a number of possible reasons:
- Raven could be offline for a maintenance session – you will normally receive a message saying service is offline and an estimated restoration time. The outage will also have been communicated via the arcca mailing list and MOTD. ARCCA is in the process of being integrated into the service status website, so please check https://status.cardiff.ac.uk.
- Incorrect password – to avoid malicious dictionary-style automated attacks, ARCCA have implemented a 'five attempt' limit on passwords. If you have typed the password incorrectly more than five times (noting it is CASE SENSITIVE), then your account will be temporarily suspended for 24 hours. If you need to clear this suspension urgently, then please contact firstname.lastname@example.com requesting clearing of incorrect password attempts. Please note: ARCCA staff cannot reset your password (see the FAQ's below regarding password resets).
- Account expired – if your account has expired then you will require your University sponsor to request reactivation of your UID to University IT. Once this is active, you should be able to log on to Raven with your existing user name and password combination.
- No Account / Project – prior to being able to access the Raven supercomputer, you need to apply for a user account and project (either added to the membership of an existing project, or the creation of a new project on the system). Please see FAQs for advice on how to apply for these.
- Problem on the service – occasionally a component might fail causing a temporary service outage. In these instances if the outage is longer than 30 minutes we try to inform the user community and provide an estimation of the resolution time (it will also form part of the service status page). It can be useful to contact ARCCA in these instances if you've not seen a community announcement, as whilst we proactively monitor for alerts it is on a best endeavours basis outside of standard working hours.
How do I configure my PuTTy client to not time out due to inactivity?
The ssh client PuTTY can be configured to maintain a connection and not time out due to inactivity. To set up a new connection with 'keep alives' to maintain your connection follow the steps below:
- Open the PuTTy application and navigate to the Options panel.
- Select Connection.
- In the field Sending null packets to keep session active change the default value from 0 to 1800 (30 minutes).
- Check the Enable TCP keepalives (SO_KEEPALIVE option) check box. Note: This option may not be available in older versions of the PuTTY client.
- Select Session from the left hand menu.
- In the Host Name (or IP Address) field enter the destination hostname, for example vayu.nci.org.au.
- In the Saved Sessions box enter a name for the session, for example keepalive.
- Select Save
Any new sessions will now use these modified connection options. Note that to avoid excess logins, Raven will automatically disconnect sessions that have been inactive for more than two hours.
How do I change my password?
It is not possible to change your password on Raven as we use the University's central authentication process (LDAP). If you do wish to change your password then you will need to follow the University's guidance. Please note this change will affect all your University authenticated systems, not just Raven.
I've forgotten my password. What should I do?
It is not possible for ARCCA to reset passwords as Raven uses the University's central authentication process (LDAP). To reset a password you can:
- Visit the online password guidance.
- Contact the IT Service Desk and request a password reset.
- Contact your Local Computing Representative (LCR) who can request a password reset.
How do I add new users to my project?
For users with existing accounts on Raven, then it is simply an email to the helpdesk (firstname.lastname@example.com) requesting specific users (including user name and Project ID) to be added as members of the project. There are currently no limitations on the number of projects a user can be associated with or how many members are involved in a specific project.
For users not currently registered on Raven, then they will first need to submit an account request form to ARCCA (see earlier FAQ) and identify which projects they need access to (this will need to be authorised by the project PI).
How do I transfer files to and from Raven?
From a Unix system, the 'scp' command can be used to transfer files to and from a Raven login node node. For example:
scp <file> <username><at>arccalogin.cf.ac.uk: (Note the colon terminating the remote system name.)
For Windows-based users, a file transfer utility will need to be installed e.g., FileZilla or Winscp.
Are there quotas on CPU and disk usage?
Strict quotas are not applied on CPU usage, although Users are expected to comply with any fair usage policies which require that no user should have more than 20 jobs in the scheduler at any one time. There is a 20 GB limit quota on /home storage – users requesting an increased allocation should contact firstname.lastname@example.com. Regular clean-up of /scratch storage will be introduced shortly following an email communication to the user community.
Please see the best practice policy for full conditions of use.
I need to finish my project urgently. Can I get priority access to the computers?
We are always sympathetic to the requirement for priority access, but need to balance such requests against the requirements of the user community as a whole. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com specifying your requirement and we'll respond without delay.
Information sources
I'm new to HPC. How do I get started?
ARCCA can provide advice and guidance on how your work may benefit from our services, along with examples of how other researchers across the university and external collaborators are making use of Raven, our HPC. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com to discuss your requirements. ARCCA also run a range of training sessions that review 'what is supercomputing?' and also introductory sessions to using the Raven supercomputer. Please see our training page for more details.
How do I use Linux?
Once you have logged on to Raven you will be at what is known as the Linux Shell, or command line interface. ARCCA run a series of introductory training courses, including a tailored introduction to Linux – please see our training page for more details.
There are a number of tutorials available depending on your Linux vendor, but Raven uses Redhat Enterprise Linux and guides for that or CentOS Linux, which is based upon Redhat, will be most relevant. For beginners, the Linux Foundation has an introduction to the operating system along with links to related tutorials.
Contact the ARCCA team for more information and guidance on using Linux.
Where can I find information on using the ARCCA systems?
The main source of information on using the ARCCA systems is the online quick start user guide. Note also the 'arcca-help' facility on the raven login nodes.
How can I report a problem or raise a query about using the system?
ARCCA offers a comprehensive and highly-available support network. You can obtain help by phoning the IT Service Desk, or emailing firstname.lastname@example.com. Emails are then automatically redirected to the IT Service Desk and a call logged on the VSM system. You will then receive an email with a Call Number and the call is forwarded to the ARCCA team for resolution.
Does ARCCA run courses on using HPC?
We offer a wide variety of training courses targeted at multiple levels. Please see our training page for details.
What is the difference between OpenMP and MPI? How can I find out more?
OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an API that allows software to take advantage of multiple processing units in shared memory systems, such as a desktop computer with a multi-core CPU or a single node on Raven.
MPI (Message Passing Interface) is a communications protocol that allows the passing of data between shared memory systems across a network. This allows the splitting up of models into discrete components, each communicating with each other periodically to share data.
As far as Raven is concerned, OpenMP-enabled software allows you to use only a single node (albeit multiple cores), whereas MPI allows you to use many nodes at the cost of complexity and inter-process communication speed. There are many useful guides to learn more.
Are there application guides available for commonly used applications?
Application guides are in the process of being produced for a number of the most commonly used applications on Raven. These are being uploaded onto the Staff Intranet – URL to follow. In the meantime, please contact ARCCA for more information on the guides.
Hardware and software resources
What computer systems are available?
ARCCA has a variety of available research computing resources, including a large computing cluster – 'Raven', virtual machine hosting capabilities and a flexible data storage facility. Read an online overview of the computer cluster, Raven.
Raven is a multi-processor system with a range of different processors and partitions. More details are provided below:
- A dedicated MPI Compute Node Partition with 112 dual-socket nodes containing 2048 Intel Xeon (Sandy Bridge / E5-2670) 2.60GHz cores and 4GB memory per core.
- 16 x 128 GB SMP nodes each with 2*Intel Sandy Bridge E5-2670 (2.60GHz), with 8GB per core.
- A dedicated HTC Compute Node Partition with 72 dual-socket nodes, containing 864 Intel Xeon (Westmere / X5660) 2.80GHz cores and 4GB memory per core.
- A second HTC Compute Node Partition with 60 dual-socket nodes, containing 1440 Intel Xeon (Haswell / E5-2680) 2.50GHz cores and 128GB memory per node.
What is the difference between Westmere and Sandy Bridge Nodes ?
The Raven supercomputer system comprises two distinct partitions, the 'HTC' system, designed for serial, single processor jobs, and the second 'MPI or HPC partition', designed for close-coupled parallel jobs. The HTC system employs Intel Xeon processors that have an architecture that is code-named 'Westmere', whereas the MPI partition is built from more recent 'Sandy Bridge' processors. For the user, the main difference is in the number of cores per dual-socket node, where the Westmere systems have 12 and Sandy Bridge have 16. This means, for example, that for parallel (MPI) jobs run on the HTC system you should specify in job scripts run on Westmere:
#PBS -l select=2:ncpus=12:mpiprocs=12
and in job scripts run on Sandy Bridge:
#PBS -l select=2:ncpus=16:mpiprocs=16
You may also find that some applications are only available on the Westmere systems, and others are only available on Sandy Bridge.
Sandy Bridge offers a number of performance benefits over Westmere, including availability of AVX instructions, larger cache and improved memory bandwidth, which translates into improved application performance. For a comparison of Westmere and Sandy Bridge for a number of open-source applications, please see the User Guide for more details.
Information on the new Intel Haswell Partition to follow.
How to build a program using MKL.
Intel's Math Kernel Library (MKL) is a library of highly optimized, extensively threaded mathematical routines for applications that require high performance. If you are using the Intel compilers to build your application, then in most cases it will be sufficient to use:
module load compiler/intel:
and include the option –mkl in your compilation and link commands. (Other forms which may be useful are –mkl=sequential to use the non-threaded MKL and –mkl=cluster to use libraries like Scalapack built for Intel MPI.)
If your requirements do not fit with the above (e.g. you are using 64-bit integers or you are using GNU compilers or Open MPI), we recommend that you visit https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-mkl-link-line-advisor/ which provides a tool to generate the required linker input.
Can I import my own binaries?
We strongly discourage users from importing their own binaries as these will not be optimised for our systems. If packages are not available on the HPC facilities and users require them they should request, where possible, for ARCCA to install the packages from source on our systems (under the modules environment). If there is no option but to import a binary it must be compiled for a 64-bit x86-64 architecture.
What file systems are available?
There are two main file systems accessible to users on Raven:
- /home contains your home directory. At login, the system automatically sets the current working directory to your home directory. Store your source code and build your executables here. This file system is backed up, and the front-end nodes and any compute node can access this directory. Use $HOME to reference your home directory in scripts.
- /scratch is the directory in which to store large, temporary files. /scratch is a Lustre file system designed for parallel and high performance data access from within applications. It has been configured to work well with MPI-IO, accessing data from many compute nodes. If your jobs have significant input/output requirements, change to this directory in your batch scripts and run jobs in this file system. Please note this file system is not backed up.
Users must not use /tmp on each compute node for even the temporary storage of large data files, as the filling up of this filesystem may cause severe problems on the service.
Where can I store my research data when it is not being used on the ARCCA systems and is it secure?
At the moment ARCCA do not have any remote storage capability.
There is a pilot programme 'Pilotomics' which a number of research groups are investigating providing additional storage capabilities to Raven – please contact us for more details regarding this solution. In parallel the University is introducing the Research Data Information Management service (RDIM) that should be piloted in Summer 2015 – please contact Portfolio Management and IT Services for more details regarding this and options to be an early stage adopter for this service.
How much does it cost to store my research data?
The RDIM project is currently reviewing the costs associated with longer term data storage. At the moment, it is envisaged there will be a default allocation and additional requirements will be chargeable, but the funding models are still being finalised. Please speak to the Portfolio Management and IT Services RDIM Programme Manager for more details.
How can I check my disk usage?
From your home directory, type "quota –s <username>" to determine your usage of /home, and
Alternatively you can see your usage of both file systems online. Please note this URL is only available on campus unless you are connected via VPN.
Will my files be backed up?
Data in user home directories on the ARCCA systems is backed up to tape every night. Data on scratch is for transient working data only and is not backed up (please note: scratch is subject to a 60 day purge policy).
Is there local storage available on each node?
Users must not use /tmp on each compute node for even the temporary storage of large data files, as the filling up of this file system may cause severe problems on the service.
Use should be made of /scratch which is designed for parallel and high performance data access from within applications. /scratch has been configured to work well with MPI-IO, accessing data from many compute nodes.
My application requires a large amount of memory. Can it be run on ARCCA?
Yes, to an extent. For large-memory jobs, there are a number of options. On the Raven system, submitting to the SMP_queue will allow use of up to 16 hosts each with 16 cores and 128 GB of memory i.e. 8GByte/core.
As an alternative, on hosts with 64 GB of memory one could restrict the number of running processes so that there is more memory available per process. (This is sometimes called 'under-committing' or 'under-populating' nodes.) For example, to run 4 processes on a 64 GB node, so that each has up to 16 GB of physical memory available to it, use:
#PBS -l select=1:ncpus=4:mpiprocs=4
#PBS -l place=scatter:excl
#PBS –q workq
Note that this should only be done if there is a demonstrable need for more than 4 GB per process and the alternative SMP_queue is not suitable, as under-committing nodes could be viewed as inefficient use of the system.
Is there a list of available applications software?
The Raven system has a large number of software packages installed and supported by the ARCCA technical staff.
Why can't I access some programs?
Running the command:
module avail
Will return a list of all the modules available to you on Raven. Please note certain programs are licensed or available on a restricted basis. If you would like to use a program listed there, but cannot gain access, please contact email@example.com.
If the program you wish to use is not listed as a module or on the applications page then again, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
We are always open to software requests – please see the FAQ regarding software requests for more information.
Is MATLAB available?
MATLAB is being procured via a University Site Wide License. Discussions regarding the licensing are being finalised with Portfolio Management and IT Services and will be available on the cluster imminently.
Can I request that a new application be installed?
We are always open to software requests although it may not always be possible to install your requested software as it may not be suitable for HPC applications or maybe cost prohibitive for commercially licensed applications. Please contact email@example.com. Wherever possible we will endeavour to work with customers to ensure applications or alternatives are suggested.
Interactive use
What are the login nodes used for?
The login nodes are for compiling, debugging, and file editing activities. They are intended for interactive SSH sessions, file editing, compiling, debugging and managing jobs in the job scheduler. They are reserved for activities which do not consume lots of processing or memory resource. Any job dedicated to computing must be run on a compute node.
What are Environment Modules?
ARCCA continually updates application packages, compilers, communications libraries, tools, and math libraries. To facilitate this task and to provide a uniform mechanism for accessing different revisions of software, ARCCA uses the Environment Modules utility.
Environment Modules are predefined environmental settings which can be applied and removed dynamically. They are usually used to manage different versions of applications, by modifying shell variables such as PATH and MANPATH.
Modules are controlled through the 'module' command. Common tasks are shown here:
module avail Show available modules
module load <modulename> Load a module
module unload <modulename> Unload a module
module swap <modulename> Swap a loaded module to a different version
module purge Unload all modules
module show Show the settings that a module will implement
module help Display information about the module command
module help <modulename> Display information about module <modulename>
Please see the online quick start user guide for more detailed information.
How do I compile and link my code?
Compilation and linking is very application-dependent. However, the common first step should be to load the desired compiler and MPI environment. Please see the FAQ describing what compilers are available on Raven.
For example, for Intel compilers and Intel MPI, use:
module load compiler/intel
module load mpi/intel
This will make the compilers available in your path and will set environment variables such that compiler-dependent and MPI libraries are linked correctly into your application. (Please remember to load the same modules when it comes time to run the application via a batch job script.) Please note, the Intel compilers generally provide more efficient codes, but for some open-source software the Intel compilers are not compatible and the GNU open-source compilers should be used (module load compiler/gnu).
Other libraries that your code uses may also be available via modules. Use 'module avail' to check, and 'module load <library>' to load the library before compiling and linking. A detailed guide to compiling and linking codes is available in the online quick start user guide.
Can I use X-Windows applications on ARCCA?
X-Windows applications can be run on the Raven login nodes. To enable your local machine to act as the X display, log in to Raven by using:
ssh –Y <username><at>ravenlogin.arcca.cf.ac.uk
You will of course need to have an X-Windows environment running on your local machine in order to display the output from the remote application.
Running jobs
What is the Job Scheduler on Raven?
PBS Pro, developed by Altair, is the job scheduler used on Raven. Advice on using and setting up job scripts are provided in the online quick start user guide.
How do I run a job on Raven?
A job is submitted with a command called qsub. The job can be submitted either directly from the command line or using a job script that contains directives which qsub can understand. For example a job script (myjob.pbs) can contain:
#PBS –q serial
#PBS –l select=1:ncpus=1
#PBS –l place=free:shared
The job (or batch job) would then be submitted with:
$ qsub myjob.pbs
Depending on the available resources on Raven the job will either run immediately or be held in a queue until the resources are available (such as a number of CPUs).
Where do I find the output from my job?
When a job is run it is important to know where it was run on the system, we recommend jobs are run within the /scratch filesystem. PBS Pro also writes the output which normally would go to the screen (the standard output and error) to a file. This is defined within the job directives, for example to save the standard output and error into files output.txt and error.txt in the directory you submitted the job, the directives would be:
#PBS –o output.txt
#PBS –e error.txt
These output files, unless explicitly directed elsewhere, will be written to the directory from which the job was submitted from (i.e. the directory where the qsub command was issued).
Is there a way to get status information on the nodes in the cluster?
The command 'qstate' can be used to find the status of the nodes within the queues on Raven.
My job terminates without any message or warnings.
If you know the PBS job id number you can find out information using:
$ qstat –x –f <jobid>
The –x option allows qstat to use jobs which have completed and the –f option provides full information on the job. The comment section can sometimes be useful and might provide some information. If it is not clear as to why the job failed please contact ARCCA.
My program, which used to work, stopped working.
ARCCA tries to reduce the impact of maintenance work on Raven but occasionally the operating system or software modules can change. This may impact some software in unexpected ways. If the code is compiled by the user then please try recompiling the program which may link the new locations of libraries. If the software is provided by a module please report the error to ARCCA.
Can I get email notification when a job finishes?
A PBS Pro directive provides an option to email the user when the job reaches a certain status such as completing. The PBS Pro directives are:
#PBS –m abe -M <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Email addresses can be set with –M flag and the argument abe is a series of letters to signify which events. 'a' when the job is aborted, 'b' when the job starts, and 'e' when the job finishes. Note: replace <email@example.com> with your email address!
My code uses both message passing and thread parallelism. How do I run it?
Hybrid programming is possible by specifying the total number of CPUs in the PBS Pro directives (MPI tasks multiplied by OpenMP threads). For example:
#PBS –l select=1:ncpus=16:mpiprocs=8:ompthreads=2
This will reserve one chunk of resource (select=1) where the chunk will have 16 CPUs, where 8 will be MPI tasks and each MPI task will have 2 OpenMP threads. Another example:
#PBS –l select=2:ncpus=16:mpiprocs=4:ompthreads=4
This will reserve 2 chunks of resource, where each chunk has 16 CPUs and the 16 CPUs are split with 4 MPI tasks and each MPI task has 4 OpenMP threads.
It can also be important to compile with the thread-safe MPI compiler. To do this automatically with the Intel MPI libraries use:
$ mpiifort –openmp hello.f90 –o hello
Where mpiifort will automatically the thread-safe library due to the -openmp option.
What limits are imposed on jobs?
By default there are number of limits to reduce the impact that one user can have on the system. These are:
- There is a maximum number of 20 jobs which can be queued (per queue).
- The maximum number of CPUs that can be used across all jobs in the workq is 256.
- The workq has a maximum time limit of 72 hours and the maximum time limit in the serial queue is 120 hours.
These limits can be modified if the job requirement exceeds these parameters, please contact ARCCA for more detail.
My job takes longer than the maximum walltime. How can I run it?
Please contact ARCCA where we can provide access to special queues where your job can run (if the requirement is not too high). ARCCA recommends running jobs with job walltime limits where possible since smaller jobs can be run more efficiently by the job scheduler.
Why isn't my job just running?
PBS Pro attempts to use Raven as efficiently as possible given the attributes of jobs and the resources available. If the job is queueing then it may be just waiting for resources to become free (if possible reduce the walltime limit requested to allow the job scheduler to fit your job into small gaps within the queueing system). Please see the FAQ regarding finding out more details about your job.
My job seems to be running slowly. What should I do?
First make sure your job is running on the high performance filesystem on /scratch. The /home filesystem is provided via NFS which is not suitable for work. Occasionally, poor performance can be caused by issues on the compute nodes. Please contact ARCCA is you suspect there may be a problem on the cluster.
If you have compiled code yourself then profile your code to see where the bottlenecks are. This can be done with the –pg option to the compiler. When the software is run a gmon.out file is created and can be viewed using gprof. If you require assistance with profiling your code, please contact ARCCA for advice.
How do I kill a running job?
The PBSPro batch manager used on Raven has the command
qdel < job_identifier>
that allows users to delete their current jobs, where job_identifier is the sequence number assigned to the job when submitted under control of the qsub command.
I can't kill a job. What should I do?
If a job cannot be killed then it is a very unusual circumstance. First make sure it is your job you are trying to kill and you are the owner of the job. If there is no obvious reason why the job cannot be killed please contact ARCCA.
I have a technical problem when running jobs. Who should I contact?
ARCCA can provide advice to help solve technical problems. We may also raise the issue with Raven's supplier to support the resolution of incidents. Please do not hesitate to contact ARCCA should you require any assistance with any aspect of the service.
I've accidentally deleted a file. Can it be restored?
Any file that was stored on the /home file system within the last three months can be restored by our admin team. If you require a recovery of a file or directory please email email@example.com including the name and path of the files / directories you would like recovered.
Please note that files stored on /scratch are not backed up and cannot be recovered.
Is there a parallel debugger available on ARCCA?
There are a number of parallel debuggers available on Raven, including the Intel® Debugger (IDBC/IDB) and Allinea's DDT (Distributed Debugging Tool).
The Intel® Debugger for Linux is available as part of the intel compiler module, which can be accessed as follows:
module load intel
Both command line (idbc) and graphical (idb) versions are available.
Further information and documentation can be obtained via the Intel web site.
Additionally, it is possible to attach the GNU serial debugger (gdb) to running MPI processes.
What software is available for profiling applications?
Two standard linux profilers are available, gprof and valgrind.
A range of profiler tools are available on Raven, please run 'module avail' on the cluster for more information.
How do I acknowledge ARCCA in journal publications and conference presentations?
The standard acknowledgement is:
This work was performed using the computational facilities of the Advanced Research Computing@Cardiff (ARCCA) Division, Cardiff University.
This can be adapted particularly if a specific member of ARCCA staff has supported you in enabling this work to include them by name in this acknowledgement. Please acknowledge ARCCA in all articles that are published which used ARCCA resources - this includes publications in journals, conference proceedings, presentations and posters.


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Updated: 04/24/2007 - Mississippi ranks last when it comes to providing health insurance for its low income residents.
Posted: 04/24/2007 - A Meridian teenager, missing since Apr. 10, was located and returned home safely.
Updated: 04/24/2007 - A Washington-based child advocacy group gives Mississippi high marks for providing lawyers for abused and neglected children.
Updated: 04/24/2007 - A new law in Mississippi allows for the construction of toll roads. Supporters say the revenue source is necessary to improve the state's transportation system.
Updated: 04/24/2007 - It appears the state of Alabama may be a step closer to landing a major manufacturing facility.
Updated: 04/24/2007 - The FBI says a Louisiana attorney, suspected in several Mississippi bank robberies, has now been linked to a another in Gardendale, Ala.
Updated: 04/23/2007 - Heavy debt can ruin lives. The Mississippi JumpStart program is trying to reach teenagers early with the message.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
David Harris
By the decree of President of Azerbaijan of 14 November 2012, D.Harris was awarded with the order Dostlug for contribution to development of friendly ties between the peoples of Azerbaijan and America.
First of all, my congratulations with award. What is it for you? How would you assess the Presidential decree?
I was honored to learn about the award. The announcement came as a total surprise to me.
How would you assess cooperation between Azerbaijan and the US and Jewish community in particular?
The cooperation between Azerbaijan and the United States is good in many spheres, but, of course, there is room for growth. With all the challenges currently surfacing around the world, it can be difficult at times to concentrate attention on one country or one relationship, but we believe that America's interests are best served, precisely at this time, by deepening ties with Azerbaijan. Within the American Jewish community, there appears to be growing understanding and appreciation of Azerbaijan's importance to the United States and Israel, and of the long-standing Jewish presence in Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan's enemy wants to represent Azerbaijan as a country where national minorities live under fear and oppression. How would you comment on that on the example of the Jewish community?
From several visits and many conversations, our impression is that Jews live in Azerbaijan without any sense of fear or discrimination. Indeed, I've been struck by the deep connection Jews from Azerbaijan feel for their country, whether they continue to live there or have moved to the United States or Israel.
Iranian leadership is not happy with close cooperation of Azerbaijan with Israel and the US. How real is the Iranian threat for secular Azerbaijan?
The Iranian threat is real. We have seen repeated examples of Iran's efforts to interfere in the internal affairs of neighboring Azerbaijan, including attempted terrorist attacks. Iran is not happy that a prospering and secular Azerbaijan is just next door, and offers an alternative model of development in the region.
With the Iranian people suffering from high unemployment, the diminishing value of their currency, international sanctions, and stifling religious decrees, of course, Iran's leaders worry that Azerbaijan looks far more attractive and alluring. And Azerbaijan's leaders cannot sleep easily knowing that this Iranian regime seeks to acquire nuclear-weapons capability, which, if successful, could dramatically change for the worse the nature of relations between Iran and its immediate neighbors. Iran would then become the regional hegemon, exerting still greater influence than it does today.


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Approximately 625 musicians participate in the Dorian Band Festival. Students are a part of three festival bands: two Festival Massed Bands and the select Festival Symphonic Band. The Symphonic Band consists of the 70-80 students who audition for chair placement upon their arrival for the Festival. Two student soloists are selected to perform at the festival concert.
Students also have the opportunity to receive a mini-lesson from a Luther College faculty member. This may serve as an audition for a music scholarship for those seniors interested in attending Luther College. Students interested in auditioning for a scholarship in voice, piano, or other instruments while on campus for the Festival can arrange this by calling the Admissions Office at 563-387-1287.
Once the roster is selected, registration/participation fees are due from each participating school. Those fees may be paid in advance or at the time of registration at the beginning of the Festival. Checks should be made out to Luther College.
The 2016 Festival fees are as follows:
You'll need Skype CreditFree via Skype


text:
Photoshop Mobile 1.1 Hits Android
- Mar 05, 2010 7:05 PM EST
- [num] Comments
Adobe announced the release of Photoshop Mobile 1.1 for Android, which adds numerous new editing effects to the app--all of which can be previewed and/or undone without harming the original photo.
Among the new effects are Vibrant, which boosts photo colors--useful, given the flat look of many camera phone pictures--as well as Pop, which adds a 'pop art' style to images.
The app also features Soft Black and White and Warm Vintage tools to add an aged look to photos. Finally, the update includes Vignette Blur, White Glow, and Rainbow effects. Grab the free version 1.1 app from any Google-powered phone in Android Market beginning today; to find it, search for Photoshop.com.
- Categories:
- Mobile Apps,
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text:
Argus Hamilton
© Copyright 2012
HOLLYWOOD--God bless America, and how's everybody?
Mount Vernon announced plans to host a big party on George Washington's birthday Wednesday. Americans will always regard him with special admiration. He's the only president who didn't blame the problems of the country on the previous administration.
The Indianapolis Colts said Peyton Manning could stay if he turns down a twenty-eight million-dollar signing bonus. Go for it. He'd be so popular if he did, he could get elected to Congress and make back the twenty-eight million dollars via insider trading in one year.
Iran's scientists installed reactor centrifuges Tuesday, letting them convert uranium into nuclear bombs. They're out of the doghouse. Last year the Ayatollah blamed Iran's earthquake on women wearing revealing clothing and Iran's scientists said it was worth it.
The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue hit the newsstands on Tuesday. The models are stunning. California's celery farmers look at the girls in this issue with the same sense of satisfaction construction workers get when they gaze at a skyscraper they just finished.
The New York Mercantile Exchange reported soaring oil prices, sending gas prices into orbit Tuesday. It's awful out west. L.A. gas station pumps have video screens on top that run porn films so customers won't feel like they are the only ones getting screwed at the pump.
Rick Santorum soared crazily past Mitt Romney in the GOP polls Tuesday. The voters have swung wildly this year from Bachmann, to Perry, to Newt to Mitt to Santorum. It's the kind of chart that would convince a celebrity pharmacist to give you anything you want.
Tony Bennett stunned his audience while saluting Whitney Houston at the Grammys after-party Sunday by calling for the legalization of all drugs. No one could believe it. He could be run out of show business for campaigning for Ron Paul at an entertainment event.
New Jersey Governor Chris Christie ordered flags lowered to half-staff for Whitney Houston's funeral in Newark. It sounds like another case of enabling by public officials. Whitney died only hours before the mayor of Los Angeles could present her with the Kilo to the City.
House starring Hugh Lawrie as the lovable, crusty, drug-addicted hospital doctor was canceled by ABC Thursday after eight seasons on the air. This really brought home the recession. You know the economy is bad when even the show House is being foreclosed on.
Governor Jan Brewer proclaimed Arizona's one-hundredth birthday Thursday. This state has a huge influence. Twenty percent of Americans believe Barack Obama became president only because the White House is the safest place to hide from the Arizona police.
President Obama weighed reducing the U.S. nuclear stockpile to only three hundred warheads. It would eliminate our capacity to rule the world. The only possible explanation is that Obama thinks he can remain president for life if he takes the only fun out of the job.
President Obama hosted a lunch for Chinese vice president Xi Jinping Tuesday. He is China's next leader and anxious to learn more about other cultures. He was delighted to meet President Obama's daughters Sasha and Malia and asked them where they worked.
Hillary Clinton lobbied the White House Thursday to head the World Bank. The bank sells AAA bonds to rich nations, loans the money to poor nations, profits from the interest, then writes off Third World loans in return for U.N. support. You'd have to study under Bernie Madoff to get better training for this job than she received in Chicago and Arkansas.
© Copyright 2012 Argus Hamilton. All Rights Reserved.
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text:
The design I wanna try for for my Lyn BM, Ladeca. If you can do shit like close one eye in the character customization I will be so very, VERY happy. It's probably not quite that good, though, so I'm gonna have to try to get the eyepatch >:/''
More of Ladeca. I couldn't find any suitable doboks that actually had good reference pictures, so decided to start designing my own.
Doodle of Eweca before I'd figured out exactly what I wanted for her.
Old and mildly dumb
Oops I ran out of good BnS art here's some other original shit


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ASPEN - A remorseful drunk has returned a bike with a handwritten note of apology after it was stolen for a ride home.
The Pitkin County Sheriff's Office says the bike was left near the sheriff's office and police department. The note said "Sorry. I stole this bike. I rode it home. Please give it back." It was signed "Drunk."
Police tell the Aspen Times there were no witnesses. Police say they are now trying to find the owner of the bike.


text:
ILIAD and ODYSSEY OF HOMER
by Samuel Butler, Homer
- #65 in Nonfiction, History, Ancient History, Greece
- #90 in Nonfiction, History, Ancient History, Rome
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The Iliad is an epic poem in dactylic hexameters, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles.
Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' looming death and the sack of Troy, prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, so that when it reaches an end, the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War.
Along with the Odyssey, also attributed to Homer, the Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the eighth century BC.The Iliad contains over 15,000 lines, and is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek with other dialects.
• Classic illustrations of Trojan War and Odyssey
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Best match of the tournament so far. I do admire the up and coming Raonic but
your experience and skill came through. Best wishes for your future matches.
rogerfederer.com - Roger battles through
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Roger battles through
09.05.2012 | Tennis, Starseite 1
Roger came from a set down to beat Milos Raonic 4-6 7-5 7-6 (7-4) in the second round of the Madrid Masters today.
Roger had a rough day today, especially due to the young Canadian's serve - he fired 21 aces in a match that lasted just over two hours. Raonic reached a 100%-quote on points won upon first serve that landed in the field. Roger only saw his first break point towards the end of the second set. Fortunately, he improved on his own serve gradually throughout the match and was eventually able to wrap everything up in the tie-breaker.
Roger will now meet Richard Gasquet (ATP 18) in the third round in Spain's capital. Our champ won nine out of the eleven matches the two have played - losing 2 out of 3 on clay, though.
it's a nail biting match and at times i'm really tensed about ur win but u had done... now im happy for this
all the very best for the next match against gasquet
all the very best for the next match against gasquet
Congratulions Roger - you must be very pleased with this result - you deserve it! Played like a true Champion!
You are the best!!
Well done! Tough opener after 5 weeks off! What was so impressive was your mood. Never panicked. Just stayed cool and determined and in the end Raonic cracked. Good luck against Gasquet
i m sorry i forgot 2 wish u good luck against gasquet...good luck roger. n as i said.IMPROVISE.then u will win in the realsense.
good luck for match tonite against gasquet
good luck for match tonite against gasquet
Good luck tonight against Gasquet.
good 2 c that u won roger but u stil gotta improvise your game.you overdid it on net n u just got 15/29 net pts.and you also gotta control the unforced errors..i know u r the real champ in this game but u know u really gotta improvise your game..i hope u will play better and i know u r unbeatable.. u saved break points very well.jst a lil small things u gotta improvise n i know u will definitely win..
all th fans and god is with you. you will win roger i know.
love ya
your #1 fan
all th fans and god is with you. you will win roger i know.
love ya
your #1 fan
Bravo, Roger! :)


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Cancers 2011, 3(4), 4245-4257; doi:10.3390/cancers3044245
Stroma-Directed Molecular Targeted Therapy in Gastric Cancer
Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 11 October 2011 / Revised: 22 November 2011 / Accepted: 30 November 2011 / Published: 8 December 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tumor Stroma)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [856 KB, uploaded 8 December 2011] |
AbstractRecent studies in molecular and cellular biology have shown that tumor growth and metastasis are not determined by cancer cells alone, but also by a variety of stromal cells. Tumor stroma contains abundant extracellular matrix and several types of cells, including carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells, pericytes and inflammatory cells including macrophages. In gastric cancer tissues, tumor cells express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B. Stromal cells, including CAFs, pericytes and lymphatic endothelial cells, express PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-β. Administration of PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor significantly decreases stromal reaction, lymphatic vessel area and pericyte coverage of tumor microvessels. Administration of PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drug(s) impairs the progressive growth and metastasis of gastric cancer. Activated stroma might serve as a novel therapeutic target in cases of gastric cancer.
Keywords: gastric cancer; stroma; platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR); carcinoma-associated fibroblast (CAF)
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Kitadai, Y.; Kodama, M.; Shinagawa, K. Stroma-Directed Molecular Targeted Therapy in Gastric Cancer. Cancers 2011, 3, 4245-4257.View more citation formats
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Kitadai Y, Kodama M, Shinagawa K. Stroma-Directed Molecular Targeted Therapy in Gastric Cancer. Cancers. 2011; 3(4):4245-4257.Chicago/Turabian Style
Kitadai, Yasuhiko; Kodama, Michiyo; Shinagawa, Kei. 2011. "Stroma-Directed Molecular Targeted Therapy in Gastric Cancer." Cancers 3, no. 4: 4245-4257.
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text:
Henry IV Part 2
by William Shakespeare
Prince Hal (King Henry V) Timeline and Summary
- 2.2.1: At his apartment in London, Hal shoots the breeze with Ned Poins. He complains that he's tired and says he's worried that he's become accustomed to the lifestyle of a commoner (especially because he's so close to Poins and loves to drink cheap beer).
- 2.2.6: Hal confesses that his "heart bleeds inwardly" because his father is sick but says that he cannot grieve for his father publicly because people would think he was a disingenuous hypocrite.
- 2.2.19: Hal reads a letter from Falstaff and then he and Poins agree to go to the Boar's Head Tavern, disguised as waiters, so they can spy on Falstaff.
- 2.4.1: After spying on Falstaff at the Boar's Head Tavern and overhearing Falstaff badmouth him, Prince Hal says he's going to beat up Falstaff. He confronts Falstaff but hurries away to his father's castle after Peto arrives with news that King Henry IV is at his palace at Westminster and trouble is brewing with the rebels.
- 4.5.1: Hal arrives at the palace while his sick father is napping. He sits at Henry's bedside and, thinking the king has died in his sleep, tries on the crown and leaves to weep in another room.
- 4.5.5: After King Henry (who has since awakened from his nap) goes off on Hal for taking the crown and being a rotten son, Hal delivers a heartfelt apology and finally reconciles with his father.
- 5.2.1: After King Henry IV dies, Hal promises to be a good king. He embraces the Lord Chief Justice as a father figure and a trusted advisor, abandoning his old ways.
- 5.5.1: During his coronation procession, Hal (a.k.a. King Henry V) dismisses his old friend Falstaff when the old knight tries to address him on the street in London.
- 5.5.2: When Falstaff persists, Henry V banishes Falstaff altogether, confirming his commitment to uphold the law and justice in England.


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Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. MIT Humanities Library. Microfilm. 1955.
Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton, 1957. Reprint. Berlin and New York, 1985.
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1965. (Excerpted as Saussure Jakobson Hjelmslev Chomsky. Textos Selecionados, edited by V. Civita. Sao Paulo: Abril S.A. Cultural, 1985; Chapter 1 reprinted in Critical Theory Since 1965, edited by H. Adams and L. Searle, 40-58. Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1986; Excerpted as "La grammaire comme realite mentale." In La Psychologie, edited by Jean-Francis Le Ny, 364-365. Paris: Larousse, 1995.)
Cartesian Linguistics. New York: Harper and Row, 1965. Reprint. Cartesian Linguistics. A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1986.
with Morris Halle. Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row, 1968. Reprint. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press, 1991.
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1970. (Reprinted as Thesen zur Theorie der generativen Grammatick. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Athenaum Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co., 1974.)
Language and Mind. New York: Harcourt Brace & World, Inc., 1968. (Based on the Beckman lectures delivered at the University of California at Berkeley, January 1967. Reprint. Enlarged edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972; reprinted as El Lenguaje y el Entendimiento. Barcelona: Planeta-Agostini, 1992.)
Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar. The Hague: Mouton, 1972. Reprint. Berlin and New York, 1980.
Reflections on Language. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975. (Reprinted as Reflexionen über die Sprache. Frankfurt/Maine: Suhrkamp, 1977; reprinted as Reflexiones sobre el lenguaje.Barcelona: Planeta-Agnostini, 1975; reprinted in On Language: Chomsky's Classsic Works "Language and Responsibility" and "Reflections on Language" in One Volume. New York: The New Press, 1998; reprinted in Pragmatics: Critical Concept. vol. 5, 21-36. London: Routledge, 1998.
Essays on Form and Interpretation. North-Holland: Elsevier, 1977.
Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia University Press and Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher, 1980. (Excerpted in The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980): 1-61, 1980.)
Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures. Holland: Foris Publications, 1981. Reprint. 7th Edition. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1993.
Language and the Study of Mind. Tokyo: Sansyusya Publishing Co. Ltd., 1982. (Reprint of 1966 Japanese lectures, "Linguistics and the Science of Man" and "Language and the Study of Mind.")
Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Six. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1982.
Noam Chomsky on The Generative Enterprise, A discussion with Riny Hyybregts and Henk van Riemsdijk. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1982. (Reprinted as "The Generative Enterprise" (in Japanese). Parts 1-13. Gengo 13, nos. 9-12; 14, nos. 1-9 (1984-85)).
Responses Inedites. A mes detracteurs parisiens. Paris: Spartacus, 1984.
Modular Approaches to the Study of the Mind. San Diego: State University Press, 1984.
The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1986. (Reprinted as O Conhecimento da Lígua Sua Natureza, Origem e Uso. Porto: Caminho, 1994; reprinted as Cunoasterea Limbii. Bucharest: Editura Stiintifica, 1996; reprinted as Biblioteca de Stiinte. New York)
Barriers. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Thirteen. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press, 1986.
On Power and Ideology, The Managua Lectures. Boston: South End Press and Montreal and New York: Black Rose Books, 1987.
Language and Problems of Knowledge. The Managua Lectures. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press, 1987; reprinted as Probleme Sprachlichen Wissens. Frankfurt: Beltz Athenaum, 1996.)
Language in a Psychological Setting. Sophia Linguistica: Working Papers in Linguistics, no. 22, Tokyo: The Graduate School of Languages and Linguistics, Linguistic Institute for International Communication, Sophia University, 1987. (From lectures given at Sophia University and Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, January 1987; reprinted in Recherches Linguistiques de Vincennes, Linguistique et Cognition: Reponses a Queluqes Critiques de La Grammaire Generative, J.-Y. Pollock and H. Obenauer, eds.: 21-44. Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1990.)
Language and Politics, edited by C. Otero. Montreal and New York: Black Rose Books, 1988.
Generative Grammar: Its Basis, Development and Prospects. Studies in English Linguistics and Literature, Special Issue, Kyoto: Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, 1988. (From lectures given at Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, January 1987.)
Discurs Politic: Tres Converencies a Catalunya. Barcelona: Editorial Empuries, 1993.
Language and Thought. Wakefield, RI: Moyer Bell, 1993.
The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1995 Translated as El programa minimista. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel (1998); translated in Japanese. Tokyo: Tuttle-Mori Agency (1998).
"Derivation by Phase", MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics, no. 18, Cambridge, MA: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, Department of Linguistic and Philosophy, 1999. (Unpublished revision 1999; reprinted in Festschrift for Kenneth Hale. Publication pending).
New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
The Architecture of Language, edited by Nirmalangshu Mukherji, Bibudhendra Narayan Patnaik andRama Kant Agnihotri. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000. (Edited version of a lecture delivered at the University of Delhi, January 1996.)
"Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework." In Step by Step: Essays in Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, edited by Robert Martin, David Michaels and Juan Uriagereka, 89-155. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000.
Su natura e linguaggio (On nature and Language), edited by Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi. Siena, Italy: Edizioni dell'Università degli Studi di Siena, 2001. (Collection of text related to Noam Chomsky's visit to the Certosa di Pontignano, University of Siena, November 1999.)
"Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew." Master's thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1951.
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Review of Modern Hebrew, by E. Reiger. Language 30 no. 1 (January-March 1954): 180-81.
"Logical Syntax and Semantics: Their Linguistic Relevance." Language 31, nos. 1-2 (January-March 1955).
"Transformational Analysis." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1955.
"Semantic Considerations in Grammar." Monograph no. 8: 141-50. Georgetown University: The Institute of Languages and Linguistics: November 1955.
with M. Halle and F. Lukoff. "On Accent and Juncture in English." In For Roman Jakobson. The Hague: Mouton, 1956.
"The range of adequacy of various types of grammars." MIT RLE Quarterly Progress Report, no. 41 (1956): 93-96.
"On the limits of finite state description." MIT RLE Quarterly Progress Report, no. 42 (July 1956): 64-65.
"Three Models for the Description of Language." IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT-2, no. 3 (September 1956): 113-24. (Reprinted in Readings in Mathematical Psychology 2, edited by R. Luce, R. Bush, and E. Galanter, 105-24. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1965.)
Review of Manual of Phonology, by Charles Hockett. IJAL 23, no. 3 (July 1957): 223-34.
Review of Fundamentals of Language, by Roman Jakobson and Morris Halle. IJAL 23, no. 3 (July 1957): 234-42.
"Logical Structures in Language." American Documentation 8, no. 44 (October 1957): 284-91.
with George Miller. "Pattern Conception." In Proceedings of the University of Michigan Symposium on Pattern Recognition (October 1957).
"Ha-Safa Ha-Ivrit le'or Ha-Balshanut Ha-Xadasha." Sheviley Ha-Hinuch 17, no. 4 (Summer 1957).
Review of Language des machines et Language humain, by Vitold Belevitch. Language 34, no. 1 (January-March 1958): 99-105.
"Some properties of phrase structure grammars." MIT RLE Quarterly Progress Report, no. 49 (April 15, 1958): 108-11.
with George Miller. "Finite State Languages." Information and Control 1 (May 1958): 91-112.(Reprinted in Readings in Mathematical Psychology 2, edited by R. Luce, R. Bush, and E. Galanter, 156-71. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1965.)
with Israel Scheffler. "What is Said to Be." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (November 1958): 71-82.
"Linguistics, Logic, Psychology, and Computers." Computer Programming and Artificial Intelligence (March 1958): 429-56. (From lectures given at University of Michigan, June 1958.)
Review of Verbal Behavior, by B.F. Skinner. Language 35, no. 1 (January-March 1959): 26-57. (Reprinted as no. A-34 in the Social Sciences by Bobbs-Merrill, Inc.; reprinted in The Structure of Language, edited by Fodor and Katz. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1964; reprint (in French). Language 16 (December 1969): 16-49; reprinted in Readings in Philosophy of Psychology, edited by N. Block, 48-63. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1980; reprinted in Ajattelu, Kieli, Merkitys: Analyyttisen Filosofian Avainkirjoituksia, 279-310. Helsinki: Gaudeamus, 1997.)
Review of Essays in Linguistics, by Greenberg. Word 15, no. 1 (April 1959): 202-18.
"The Transformational Basis of Syntax." Paper presented at IVth University of Texas Symposium on Syntax, June 1959. Unpublished.
"On Certain Formal Properties of Grammars." Information and Control 2 (June 1959): 137-67. (Reprinted in Readings in Mathematical Psychology 2, edited by Luce, Bush, Galanter, 125-55. New York, Wiley and Sons, 1965.)
"A Note on Phrase Structure Grammars." Information and Control 2, no. 4 (December 1959): 393-95.
with Morris Halle. "The Morphophonemics of English." MIT RLE Quarterly Progress Report, no. 58 (1960): 275-81.
"On the Notion 'Rule of Grammar'." In Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics 12: Structure of Language and its Mathematical Aspects, edited by Roman Jakobson, 6-24. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 1961. (Reprinted in The Structure of Language, edited by Fodor and Katz. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1964.)
"Some Methodological Remarks on Generative Grammar." Word 17, no. 2 (August 1961): 219-34. (Reprinted in Readings in Applied English Linguistics, edited by H. Allen. New York: Merideth, 1964; Reprinted in No. 15, Bobbs Merrill Reprint Series in Language and Linguistics, 1961; reprinted in part in Structure of Language, edited by Fodor and Katz. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1964.)
"Explanatory Models in Linguistics." In Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science: Proceedings of the 1960 International Congress, edited by Nagel, Suppes, and Tarski, 528-50. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962. (Reprinted in Portuguese. In Fundamentos Metodologicos Da Linguistica 1, Concepcoes Gerias da Teoria Linguistica, Marcelo Dascal (org.), Editora Parma, 61-93. Sao Baulo, Brasil: 1978.)
"Context-Free Grammars and Pushdown Storage." MIT RLE Quarterly Progress Report, no. 65 (April 16, 1962): 187-94.
"A Transformational Approach to Syntax." Proceedings of the Third Texas Conference on Problems of Linguistic Analysis in English on May 9-12, 1958. edited by Hill, 124-58. Texas, 1962. (Reprinted in Structure of Language, edited by Fodor and Katz. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1964; reprinted as "Une Conception Transformationelle de la Syntaxe." Language 4 (December 4, 1966): 39-80; Reprinted in Classics in Linguistics, edited by Hayden, Alworth and Tate, 337-71. New York: Philosophical Library, 1967.)
with M.P. Schutzenberger. "The Algebraic Theory of Context-Free Languages." Computer Programming and Formal Systems: Studies in Logic, edited by P. Braffort and D. Hirshberg, 118-61. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963.
"Perception and Language." In Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, edited by M. Wartofsky, 199-205. Dordrecht-Holland: Reidel, 1963.
"Formal Properties of Grammars." In Handbook of Mathematical Psychology 2, edited by Luce, Bush, Galanter, 323-418. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1963.
with George Miller. "Introduction to the Formal Analysis of Natural Languages." In Handbook of Mathematical Psychology 2, edited by Luce, Bush, Galanter, 269-321. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1963.
with George Miller. "Finitary Models of Language Users." In Handbook of Mathematical Psychology 2, edited by Luce, Bush, Galanter, 419-91. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1963.
"Linguistic Structure and Cognitive Processes." Talk given at Western Division of American Philosophical Association. Santa Monica, California, April 1963.
"The Logical Basis of Linguistic Theory." In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguistics, edited by H. Lunt, 914-78. The Hague: Mouton, 1964. (Reprinted as "Current Issues in Linguistic Theory." In Structure of Language, edited by Fodor and Katz. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1964; expanded in Janua Linguarum, Series Minor 38, 7-119. The Hague: Mouton, 1964.)
Report for Project Literacy Meeting, Chicago, August 6, 1964. In Project Literacy Reports, no. 2 (September 1964): 1-8. (Reprinted as "Comments for Project Literacy Meeting" in Readings in Applied Transformational Grammar, edited by M. Lester, 277-83. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.)
Untitled paper presented at the Session on Algebraic Linguistics of the International Symposium on Algebraic Linguistics and Automata Theory, Jerusalem, 1964. Unpublished.
"Formal discussion of W. Miller and Susan Ervin, 'The Development of Grammar in Child Language'." The Acquisition of Language 29, no. 1, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, edited by U. Bellugi and R. Brown, 35-39. Purdue: Purdue University, 1964. (Reprinted in Readings in Applied Transformational Grammar, edited by M. Lester, 41-50. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970; reprinted as a review of The Development of Grammar in Child Language. In Child Language: A Book of Readings, edited by A. Bar-Adon and W.F. Leopold. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1971.)
with Morris Halle. "Some Controversial Questions in Phonological Theory." Journal of Linguistics 1, no. 2 (October 1965): 97-138. (Reprint (in Portuguese). In Fundamentos Metodologicos da Linguistica 2, Fonologia e Sintaxe, edited by Marco Dascal, 85-130. Brasil: UNICAMP, Campinas, 1981.)
"De Quelques Constantes de la Theorie Linguistique." Diogene, no. 51 (July-September 1965): 4-21. (Reprinted as "Persistent Topics in Linguistic Theory." Diogenes (Fall 1965): 13-20.)
"Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar." In Current Trends in Linguistics 3: Theoretical Foundations, edited by T. Sebeok, 1-60. The Hague: Mouton, 1966. (Reprinted in Janua Linguarum NR no. 56 Series Minor, 7-95. The Hague: Mouton, 1966; reprinted in The Philosophy of Language, edited by J.R. Searle, 71-100. London: Oxford University Press, 1971; reprinted as Thesen zur Theorie der generativen Grammatick. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Athenaum Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co., 1974. Reprint. 2nd Editon. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz Athenaum Verlag, 1995.)
"The Current Scene in Linguistics: Present Directions." College English 27, no. 8 (May 1966): 587-95.
"Linguistic Theory." In Reports of Working Committees for Northeast Conference on Teaching Foreign Languages, edited by R.G. Mead, Jr., 43-49. Wisconsin: George Banta Co. Inc., 1966. (Reprinted in Readings in Applied Transformational Grammar, edited by M. Lester, 51-60. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1970.)
"The relevance of scientific linguistics to philosophy." Paper presented to a session of the Western Branch of the American Philosophical Association, Minneapolis (May 1966): 1-25. Unpublished.
"La notion de 'regle de grammaire'." Langages 4, (Decembre 1966): 81-104.
"Language and the Study of Mind." Paper presented in Japan, 1966.
"The Formal Nature of Language." In Biological Foundations of Language, edited by E.H. Lenneberg, 397-442. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1967. (Reprinted as "Die formale Natur der Sprache." In Psychobiologie, edited by K. Scherer, S. Stahnke, and P. Winkler, 345-56. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1987.)
"Reply to R. Wardhaugh." College English 28 (March 1967): 468-69.
"Ningen no Kokoro to Kotaba no Honsitsu -- Chomusuki-Riron o Megutte." (Human Mind and the Essence of Word -- around the Chomskyan theory). In Asahi Zyanaru. Tokyo: Asahi Press, 1967. (Published round table discussions. Critical participants: Chomsky, Sawada, Hatano, Fujimura.)
"Gengo to Ningen-Kagaku." (Language and the Science of Man). In Kotoba-no-Uchu, no. 6: 15-31. Tokyo: TEC Company, November 1966. (Public lectures translated by T. Suzuku. Special issue to welcome Dr. Chomsky.)
"Kokoru-no Kenkuo ni taisure Gengogaku no Koken." (Contributions of Linguistics to the Study of the Mind). In Kotoba-no-Uchu, no. 6: 32-48. Tokyo: TEC Company, November 1966. (Public lectures translated by T. Suzuku. Special issue to welcome Dr. Chomsky.)
"Some general properties of phonological rules." Language 43, no. 1 (March 1967): 102-28.
"Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas." In Syntheses 17, 2-11. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Co., 1967. (Reprinted as "Some Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas." In Modern Philosophies of Education, edited by J.P. Strain, 332-41. New York: Random House, 1971; reprinted as "Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas." In Challenges to Empiricism, edited by Harold Morick, 230-40. Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Co., 1980; reprinted as "Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas"; reprinted in A Portrait of Twenty-five Years. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, edited by Robert S. Cohen and M. Wartofsky, 31-40. Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing, 1985; reprinted in Finnish in Ajattelu, Kieli, Merkitys - Analyyttisen Filosofian Avainkirjoituksia, 311-19. Helsinki: Gaudeamus Books, 1997.)
"The General Properties of Language." In Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language, edited by F.L. Darley, 73-81. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967. (Proceedings of a conference held at Princeton, New Jersey, November 9-12, 1965.)
"Noam Chomsky and Stuart Hampshire discuss the study of language." The Listener 79, no. 2044 (May 30, 1968): 687-91.
"Contributions de la Linguistique a l'Etude de la Pensee." Change 1, Le Montage (Seuil 1968): 43-71.
"Trois modeles de description du language." Languages 9 (Mars 1968): 51-76.
with M.P. Schutzenberger. "Theorie algebrique des languages context-free." Languages 9, (Mars 1968): 77-118.
"Quine's Empirical Assumptions." Syntheses 19, no. 1, 2, edited by D. Davidson and J. Hintikka, 53-68. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Co., December 1968. (Expanded as "Some Empirical Assumptions in Modern Philosophy of Language." In Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel, edited by S. Morgenbesser, P. Suppes, M. White, 260-85. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969.)
"Comments on Harman's Reply to 'Linguistics and Philosophy'." In Language and Philosophy, edited by S. Hook, 152-59. New York: New York University Press, 1969. (Symposium paper for New York University Institute of Philosophy.)
"Some Observations on the Teaching of Language." The Pedagogic Reporter 21, no. 1 (September 1969): 5,6,13.
"Form and Meaning in Natural Language." In Communication, edited by J.D. Roslansky, 65-85. Amsterdam: North-Holland. (Paper presented at Gustavus Adolphus College Symposium on Communication, January 8-9, 1969.)
"Should Traditional Grammar be Ended or Mended?" In Educational Review 22 no. 1, 5-17. Birmingham, England: School of Education, November 1969. (Reprinted in Language Perspectives, edited by B. Wade, 10-22. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1982.)
"Phonology and Reading." In Basic Studies in Reading, edited by H. Levin and J.P. Williams, 3-18. New York: Basic Books, 1970. Reprint. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
"Remarks on Nominalization." In Readings in English Transformational Grammar, edited by R. Jacobs and P. Rosenbaum, 184-221. Waltham, Massachusetts: Blaisdell Publishing, 1970. (Reprinted in Syntactic Argumentation, edited by Donna Jo Napoli and E.N. Rando, 138-83. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1979.)
"Deep Structure, Surface Structure and Semantic Interpretation." In Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics, edited by R. Jakobson and S. Kawamoto, 183-216. Tokyo: TEC Corporation for Language Research, 1970.
"Some Observations on the Problems of Semantic Analysis in Natural Languages." In Sign, Language, Culture, edited by C.H. Van Schooneveld, 256-60. The Hague: Mouton, 1970.
"Problems of Explanation in Linguistics." In Explanations in the Behavioral Sciences, edited by R. Borger and F. Cioffi, 425-51. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
"Theorie Linguistique et apprentissage." La Recherche 2, no. 11 (April 1971): 326-30.
Review of "Language and Mind." Child Language: A Book of Readings, edited by A. Bar-Adon and W.F. Leopold. New York: Prentice Hall, 1971.
"Some Empirical Issues in the Theory of Transformational Grammar." In Goals of Linguistic Theory, edited by S. Peters. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1971. (Proceedings of the Linguistics Conference at University of Texas, October 1969. Reprinted in Studies on Semantics, 1972.)
"Conditions on Transformations." Indiana Linguistics Club, University of Indiana. Bloomington, Indiana, 1971. (Reprinted in Festschrift for Morris Halle, edited by P. Kiparsky and S. Peters. The Hague: Mouton, 1973.)
"Théorie Linguistique." Le Français dans le monde, no. 88 (1972).
Introduction to Language and Cognition by Adam Schaff. McGraw-Hill Paperbacks, 1973. (Translation of Jezyk a Poznanie.)
with Jerrold J. Katz. "What the Linguist is Talking About." Journal of Philosophy 71, no. 12 (June 27, 1974): 347-67. (Reprinted in Readings in Philosophy of Psychology 2, edited by N. Block, 223-37. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.)
"Questions of Form and Interpretation." Montreal Working Papers in Linguistics 3, December 1974. (Paper delivered at LSA Golden Anniversary Symposium, Amherst, Massachusetts, July 1974. Reprinted in The Scope of American Linguistics, edited by R. Austerlitz. Lisse: Peter De Ridder Press, 1975; reprint. Linguistic Analysis 1, no. 1 (1975): 75-109; reprinted as "The Amherst Lectures." Universite de Paris VII, Departement de Recherches Linguistiques, February 1975.)
"Language and Learning." Boston Arts Review 1, no. 1 (January 1975): 21-24.
"Conditions on Rules of Grammar." Linguistic Analysis 2, no. 4 (1976): 303-51. (Reprinted in Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, edited by R. Cole. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1977. Based on a lecture for Linguistic Institute, South Florida, June 1975.)
"On the Nature of Language." In Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech, edited by S.R. Harnad, H.D. Steklis, and J. Lancaster, 46-57. New York: Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 280, 1976.
"Problems and Mysteries in the Study of Human Language." In Language in Focus: Foundations, Methods and Systems. Essays in Memory of Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, edited by A. Kasher. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1976.
"On the Biological Basis of Language Capacities." In The Neuropsychology of Language, edited by R.W. Rieber. New York: Plenum Press, 1976. (Talk delivered at Lenneberg Memorial Symposium, Cornell University, May 1976. Reprinted in Psychology and Biology of Language and Thought: Essays in Honor of Eric Lenneberg, edited by George A. Miller and Elizabeth Lenneberg. Academic Press, 1978.)
"Introduction à la théorie standard étendue." In Langue. Théorie générative étendue, edited by M. Ronat, Collection Savoir, 19-39. Paris: Hermann, 1977.
with H. Lasnik. "Filters and Control." Linguistic Inquiry 8, no. 3 (Summer 1977): 425-504.
"On Wh-Movement." In Formal Syntax, edited by P. Culicover, T. Wasow, and A. Akmajian. Academic Press, 1977.
"A Theory of Core Grammar." GLOT, Leids Taalkundig Bulletin 1, no. 1 (1978): 7-26. (Edited version of lecture given at the University of Leiden, December 12, 1977. Reprint. Rivista de Grammatica Generativa 3, no. 1 (1978): 3-30.)
with H. Lasnik. "A Remark on Contraction." Linguistic Inquiry 9, no. 2 (Spring 1978): 268-74.
"The Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Background." Introduction to Explorations in the Biology of Language, edited by Edward Walekr, 15-26. Montgomery, VT: Bradford Books, 1978.
"Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew." In Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics, a Garland Series, edited by J. Hankamer. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1979.
"Human Language and Other Semiotic Systems." Semiotica 25-1/2 (1979): 31-44. (Symposium paper for annual meeting American Association Advancement of Science, February 16, 1978. Reprinted in Introduction to Semiotics. Translated Papers and Studies, edited by S. Kasem and N.H. AbuZeid. Cairo, Egypt: Elias Modern Publishing House & Co., 1986.)
Théories du langage. Théories de l'apprentissage, Le débat entre Jean Piaget et Noam Chomsky. Paris: Editions de Seuil, 1979. (Talks held at Centre Royaumont, Paris, October 1975. Reprinted as "On Cognitive Structures and Their Development." In Language and Learning, The Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky, edited by M. Piattelli-Palmarini, 35-52. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980; reprint (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Politica, 1988; reprinted (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo, 1995).
"Linguaggio" (Language). In Enciclopedia Einaudi, no. 8, edited by Guilio Einaudi, 352-99. Torino: 1979.
"Principles and Parameters in Syntactic Theory" (in Italian). Revista Di Grammatica Generativa 4, no. 1-2 (1979): 3-75. (Reprinted in Explanation in Linguistics. The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition, edited by N. Hornstein and D. Lightfoot, 32-75. London and New York: Longman, 1981.)
"On Binding." Linguistic Inquiry 11, no. 1 (Winter 1980): 1-46. (Reprinted in Binding and Filtering, edited by Frank Heny, 47-103. London: Croom Helm, 1981.)
with David Caplan. "Linguistic Perspectives on Language Development." In Biological Studies of Mental Processes, edited by David Caplan, 97-105. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press, 1980.
"On Opacity." In Studies in English Linguistics, For Randolph Quirk, edited by S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Svartvik, 1-6. London and New York: Longman, 1980.
Preface to La estructura fonica d la lengua castellana, edited by Jorge M. Guitart and Joaquin Roy. Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama, 1980.
"A Naturalistic Approach to Language and Cognition." Cognition and Brain Theory 4, no. 1 (Winter 1981): 3-22.
"Reply to Putnam." In Readings in Philosophy of Psychology 2, edited by N. Block, 300-304. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
"On Cognitive Capacity." In Readings in Philosophy of Psychology 2, edited by N. Block, 305-23. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
"Discussion of Putnam's Comments." In Readings in Philosophy of Psychology 2, edited by N. Block, 349-58. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
"On the Representation of Form and Function." The Linguistic Review 1 (1981): 3-40.
"Knowledge of Language: its elements and origins." In The Psychological Mechanisms of Language, 9-20. Cambridge, England: The Royal Society and The British Academy, University Press, 1981. (Paper given at Royal Society, June 1981. Reprinted as "La connaissance du langage: ses composantes et ses origines." Communications 40 (9184): 7-24.)
"A Note on Non-Control Pro." Journal of Linguistic Research 1, no. 4 (1981): 1-11.
"Markedness and Core Grammar." In Theory of Markedness in Generative Grammar, edited by A. Belletti, L. Brandi, L. Rizzi, 123-46. Pisa, Italy: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, 1981. (Proceedings of the 1979 GLOW Conference.)
"A Note on the Creative Aspect of Language Use." The Philosophical Review 91, no. 3 (July 1982): 423-34.
"Noam Chomsky's Views on the Psychology of Language and Thought." In Dialogues on the Psychology of Language and Thought, edited by Robert W. Rieber. New York: Plenum Press, 1983.
"Some Conceptual Shifts in the Study of Language." How Many Questions? Essays in honor of Sidney Morgenbesser, edited by L.S. Cauman, I. Levi, C.D. Parsons, and R. Schwartz, 154-69. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1983.
"Hizkuntzalaritza eta giza gogoaren natura." (Linguistics and the Nature of Human Thought). Jakin 29 (1983): 135-46. (From a talk for First Unitarian Society, Minneapolis, 1980.)
"Mental Representations." Syracuse Scholar 4, no. 2 (Fall 1983): 5-21. (Edited version of Watson Lectures at Syracuse, 1982.)
"The Study of Generative Grammar." In Proceedings of Harbin Conference on Generative Grammar, edited by Xi Yin Li. Harbin, Peoples Republic of China: Heilongjiong University Press, n.d.
"Changing Perspectives on Knowledge and Use of Language." Theoretical Linguistic Research 1, no. 2 (December 1984): 135-94. (From paper presented at MIT Cognitive Science Center, May 1984. Reprinted as "Cambios de perspective sobre el conocimento y uso del lenguage." Teorem 15, nos.1-2 (1985): 11-71; excerpted in The Representation of Knowledge and Belief, edited by M. Brand and R. Harnish, 1-58. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1986; reprint (in Swedish?). Leuvense Bijdragen 75, no. 1 (1986): 1-71.)
"The Generative Enterprise" (in Japanese). Gengo 13, 14, nos. 9-12, 5-9 (1984-85).
"Noam Chomsky Writes to Mrs. Davis About Grammar and Education." English Education 16, no. 3 (October 1984): 165-66.
"Language and the Human Mind." Studies in Korean Linguistics edited by Young-Key Kim-Renaud. Seoul, Korea: Hanshin Publishing Co., 1986.
"Human Language and Other Semiotic Systems." In Introduction to Semiotics. Translated Papers and Studies, edited by S. Kasem and N.H. AbuZeid. Cairo, Egypt: Elias Modern Publishing House & Co., 1986.
"Some Observations on Language and Language Learning: Reply to McNamara, Arbib, and Moore and Furrow." New Ideas in Psychology 4, no. 3 (1986): 363-77.
"On the Nature, Use and Acquisition of Language." Talk given at Sophia University, Tokyo and Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, Kyoto, January 1987; Sophia Linguistica: Working Papers in Linguistics, no. 22, Tokyo: The Graduate School of Languages and Linguistics, Linguistic Institute for International Communication, Sophia University, 1987. (Reprinted in Generative Grammar: Its Basis, Development and Prospects. Studies in English Linguistics and Literature, Special Issue, Kyoto: Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, 1988; reprinted in Mind and Cognition. A Reader, edited by W. Lycan, 627-46. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Basis Blackwell, 1990; reprinted in Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution: Studies in Honour of René Dirven on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday, edited by Martin Putz, 3-29. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992; reprinted in Current Papers of Noam Chomsky, ed. by Jin Soon Cha. Seoul: Sookmyung Women's University, 1993; reprinted as "Sobre La Naturaleza, Uso Y Adquisicion del Lenguaje." Analisis Filosofico XV, no. 1 & 2 (Mayo y Noviembre 1995): 1-34; reprinted in Handbook of Child Language Acquisition, edited by William C. Ritchie and Tej K. Bhatia, 33-54. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999.)
"Language = Communication? Not Necessarily." The English Journal (June 1987): 136-40.
"Language and Problems of Knowledge." Linguistic Agency University of Duisburg (LAUD) Series A, Paper no. 181. Duisburg, W. Germany, 1987. (From paper delivered at conference in Madrid, April 28 1986; reprinted in Synthesis Philosophica 3, no. 5 (1988): 149-75; reprinted in Teorema 16/2, 1997: 5-33)
"Exchanges on Reconstructive Knowledge." Correspondance between Noam Chomsky and Marcus Raskin. In New Ways of Knowing: The Sciences, Society and Reconstructive Knowledge, 104-56. Towata, New Jersey: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987.
Reply to "Review Discussion on Chomsky's Knowledge of Language" by Alexander George and Michael Brody. Mind & Language 2, no. 2 (Summer 1987): 178-97.
"Sur quelques changements concernant les conceptions du langage et de l'esprit." (Changing Conceptions of Language and Mind). In Transparence et Opacite. Litterature et Sciences Cognitives. Hommages a Mitsou Ronat., edited by T. Papp and P. Pica, 183-204. France: Les Editions du Cerf, 1988.
"Some Notes on Economy of Derivation and Representation." In Functional Heads and Clause Structure, MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 10, edited by I. Laka and A. Mahajan, 43-74. Cambridge, MA: Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1989. (Talk given at the Kyoto Prizes, November 11, 1988. Reprint (in Japanese). In Advances in Japanese Cognitive Science 2. Japan: The Japanese Cognitive Science Society, 1990.)
"A Generalization of X-Bar Theory." Studia Linguistica et Orientalia Memoriae Haim Blanc Dedicata, edited by P. Wexler, A. Borg and S. Somekh, 86-93. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989.
"On Formalization and Formal Linguistics." In Natural Language and Linguistics Theory 8 (February 1990): 143-47.
"Language and Mind." In Ways of Communicating, edited by D.H. Mellor, 56-80. The Darwin College Lectures. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (Reprinted as "Il Linguaggio e la mente." La Communicazione, edited by D.H. Mellor, translated by Anna Rita Vignati. Bari: Edizioni Dedalo srl, 1992; excerpted in Chinese. In An Anthology if Chomsky's Philosophy of Language. Beijing: Commercial Book Printers, 1992)
"A Note on Innate Knowledge" (in Italian). In Gerauld de Cordemoy. Discorso fisico della parola, edited by Marco Salucci, 41-45. Florence: Arnaud Editore, 1990. (Translation of two letters from Chomsky to Salucci; Part I, Dec. 1987 and Part II, June 1988.)
"Language and Cognition." Welcoming address, Conference of Cognitive Science Society, MIT, Cambridge, MA , (July 1990). In The Future of the Cognitive Revolution, Edited by David Martel Johnson & Christina E. Erneling, 15-31. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
"Language from an Internalist Perspective." Talk given at Conference on Methods in Philosophy and the Sciences, New York, May 18, 1991. In The Future of the Cognitive Revolution, Edited by David Martel Johnson & Christina E.Erneling, 118-35. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
"Language and other Cognitive Systems." In Perspectives on Behavioral Science. The Colorado Lectures, edited by R. Jessor, 151-76. Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press, 1991.
"Linguistics and Adjacent Fields: A Personal View." In The Chomskyan Turn, edited by A. Kasher, 3-25. Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
"Linguistics and Cognitive Science: Problems and Mysteries." In The Chomskyan Turn, edited by A. Kasher, 26-53. Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
"Some Notes on Economy of Derivation and Representation." In Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar. Current Studies in Linguistics, Series no. 20, edited by Robert Freidin, 417-54. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press, 1991. (Reprinted as "Algunas Notas Sobre la aconomica de la derivacion y la represetacion." In Annuario del Seminario de Filologia Vasca Julio de Urquijo. International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philosophy, March 25, 1991.)
"A Minimalist Program For Linguistic Theory." MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics 1. Cambridge: MITWPL, 1992. (Reprinted in The View from Building 20, edited by Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser, 1-52. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1993.)
"At the Sources of Speech" (in Italian). La Repubblica (May 22, 1992): 32-33.
"Plato had Access to the Switch" (in Italian). La Repubblica (May 24, 1992).
"Language and Mind: Challenges and Prospects." Talk given at the Commemorative Lecture Meeting, 1988 Kyoto Prizes, Kyoto, November 11, 1988. In Kyoto Prizes & Inamori Grants, 1988, 129-63. Kyoto: Inamori Foundation, 1992.
"Language and Interpretation: Philosophical Reflections and Empirical Inquiry." Inference, Explanation and Other Frustrations: Essays in the Philosophy of Science, edited by John Earman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. (Reprinted in New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind, 46-74 . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.)
"Explaining Language Use." Philosophical Topics, The Philosophy of Hilary Putnam 20, no. 1 (Spring 1993). (Reprinted in New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind, 19-45. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.)
"Language, Intelligence, & Social Organization" (in Greek). AVTI 526 (August 1993): 42-46.
"Mental Constructions and Social Reality." In Knowledge and Language, edited by Eric Reuland and Werner Abraham, 29-58. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993; reprinted in Current Papers of Noam Chomsky, ed. by Jin Soon Cha. Seoul: Sookmyung Women's University, 1993
"Bare Phrase Structure." Cambridge: MITWPL, January 1994. (Reprinted in Otero Fetschrift. Georgetown University Press. Publication underway.)
"Naturalism and Dualism in the Study of Language and Mind." Agnes Cuming Lecture, University College, Dublin, April 1993. International Journal of Philosophical Studies 2, no. 2 (September 1994): 181-209. (Reprinted in New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, (2000): 75-105.)
"Chomsky, Noam." In A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, edited by Samuel Guttenplan, 153-167. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994.
"Language as a Natural Object." Jacobsen Lecture, University of London, May 23, 1994. Homer Smith Lecture, New York University School of Medicine, May 16, 1994. Part 1 of "Language and Nature." MIND 104.413. (January, 1995): 1-27. (Excerpted as "Linguaggio come Natura." Il Sole-24 Ore no. 154 (June 11, 1995): 23. Excerpted as "Linguaggio e Natura." In KOS, No. 117 (June 1995): 20-23. Excerpted as "Il Linguaggio come Organo." In KOS, No. 137 (February 1997): 14-17. Reprinted in New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind, 106-33. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.)
"Language from an Internalist Perspective." Talk given at Centre for Philosophical Studies, King's College, London, May 24, 1994. Part 2 of "Language and Nature." MIND 104.413. (January, 1995): 27-61. (Reprinted in New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind, 134-63. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.)
"Il Linguaggio e Le Scienze Cognitive: Un Saggio Inedito." Kos 10 (July 1994), no. 106: 34-49. Translated from talk at Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Milan, 1992.
"Some Observations on Economy in Generative Grammar," Good Enough Conference at MIT, May 21, 1995. Published in Is Best Good Enough? Cambridge: The MIT Press (1998): 115-27.
"New Horizons in the Study of Language." Talk given at Rio de Janeiro and Belem, November 1996 and at the University of Balearic Islands, Spain, January 21, 1997. Documentacao de Estudos em Linguistica Teorica e Aplicada (D.E.L.T.A.) 13, (1997): 1-20. In Portuguese in the same issue, pp. 49-72; (Reprinted in New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind, 3-18. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.)
"Our Knowledge of Human Language: the State of the Art." Talk given at Univ de Concepcion, Chile (November 15, 1996). Printed in English and Spanish in Nuestro Concimiento del Lenguaje Humano. Santiago de Chile: Univ de Concepcion & Bravo y Allende (1998).
"Knowledge of History and Theory Construction in Modern Linguistics." Talk given at Sao Paulo, Brazil (November 1996). Documentacao de Estudos em Linguistica Teorica e Aplicada (D.E.L.T.A.) 13, (1997): 103-122. In Portuguese in the same issue, pp. 129-52.
"Language and Mind: Current Thoughts on Ancient Problems (part I)." Paper presented at Univ de Brasilia, Nov. 25, 1996. Unpublished.
"Language and Mind: Current Thoughts on Ancient Problems (part II)." Paper presented at Univ de Brasilia, Nov. 26, 1996. Unpublished.
"Comments: Galen Strawson, Mental Reality." In Philosophy and Phenomenolgical Research 58, no. 2 (June 1998): 437-41.
"Perspectives on Language and Mind." A talk given at the Honoris Causa Ceremony, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy, October 27, 1999. Unpublished.
"Language and the Brain." Talk given at the European Conference on Cognitive Science, Universita de Siena, Siena, Italy, October 30, 1999. Unpublished.
"Derivation by Phase." MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics, no. 18. Cambridge, MA: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, MIT Department of Linguistic and Philosophy, 1999. (Reprinted in Ken Hale: A Life in Language, edited by Michael Kenstowicz, 1-52. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001.)
"Language Design." In Predictions: 30 Great Minds on the Future, edited by Sian Griffiths, 30-32. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
"Internalist Explorations." In New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind, 164-94. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
"Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework." In Step by Step: Essays in Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, edited by Robert Martin, David Michaels and Juan Uriagereka, 89-155. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000.
with Ullin T. Place. "The Chomsky-Place Correspondence 1993-1994." The Analysis of Verbal Behavoir 17 (2000): 7-38.


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