text:
Understanding On-The-Job (OJT) Training and Apprenticeship Approval
See our informational guide written for employers and sponsors who are offering, or wish to offer, OJT or Apprenticeship training to Veterans and beneficiaries.
Read the revised Choosing A School Guide with valuable information to help you make the best decision on where to use your GI BIll benefits.
GI Bill Comparison Tool
The GI Bill comparison tool provides key information about college affordability and value so beneficiaries can choose the best education program for their needs.
GI Bill Feedback System
Submit a complaint if your school or employer is failing to follow the Principles of Excellence.
Compare VA-approved institutions and review other information to choose the educational program that works best for you.
You served with honor and you're ready to further your education and skills. If you qualify, apply for VA education and training benefits online, in person, or request an application over the phone.
You can contact us via secure email or by calling domestic and international phone lines.
You can also search for answers to frequently asked questions and register to be notified of any updates to the information. This contact method is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and can also be utilized worldwide.
The Department of Education (ED) announced today that they are imposing new and significant requirements on ITT Educational Services, Inc.'s (ITT) continued participation in Title IV, Higher Education Act (HEA) programs (i.e., federal student aid programs such as Pell Grants and Federal Direct Loans) that includes the GI Bill.What did ED announce?
First, ED has placed ITT on what is known as, Heightened Cash Monitoring 2 (HCM2). It is the highest level of financial monitoring. Under HCM2 the named school will no longer receive Title IV funds from ED in advance. You can learn more about HCM2 and the restrictions it places on a school by visiting ED's website.
Next, ED also announced it is requiring that ITT post an additional $150 million of "surety," which means the school needs to put up cash or a letter of credit from a financial institution as an insurance policy with ED in case the institution's financial situation worsens. You can learn more about what, why and when ED requires a letter of credit by visiting their website. According to ED, "the most common reason why an institution is required to remit a letter of credit is because they are not deemed financially responsible."
Finally, in order for ITT to continue to receive Title IV funds, ED has required a number of reporting and operational requirements, such as restricting campuses from enrolling new Title IV students and requiring ITT to provide "teach-out agreements" – an arrangement that identifies other institutions where students can continue their education programs if that becomes necessary.What is the Impact to GI Bill Benefits?
At this point ED's actions do not directly affect GI Bill benefits. However, these actions do raise significant concerns about the financial viability of ITT. It's important that students understand that if ITT goes out of business before they complete their education, they will not be able to use their GI Bill benefits to keep attending that school and under this scenario, a student would no longer be able to pursue a course of education at that school. Finding another school where a student can complete his or her educational objectives may take time as not every school offers the same programs as ITT. Also, it is not guaranteed that another school offering the program a student is pursuing will accept transfer credits from ITT.
Bottom line, while ED's actions do not directly affect a student's ability to use GI Bill benefits at ITT at this time, they should carefully consider the potential impact that ED's actions may have on whether they can achieve their educational goals by continuing to attend ITT .
Please keep in mind that VA cannot restore GI Bill benefits used at ITT if for some reason ITT closes its doors before a student achieves his or her educational goals there.What is VA doing?
First, VA is actively monitoring this situation and continues to work with ED to assess any further developments regarding ITT and any associated impact on our delivery of GI Bill benefits.
Next, we notified current ITT students directly, and reached out to prospective students by placing a caution flag for the affected institution on the GI Bill Comparison Tool. If a prospective student searches for "ITT" today he or she will notice a caution flag for Heightened Cash Monitoring and more. These caution flags are intended to alert potential students of a school's status and encourage them to carefully consider the school's status before enrolling in its education program. Technically, a caution flag means VA or other federal agencies like ED or the Department of Defense have applied increased regulatory or legal scrutiny or additional requirements to an education program.
As always, GI Bill students are free to contact our Education Call Center at 1-888-442-4551 (Monday – Friday, 7 a.m. – 6 p.m. CST). While we cannot counsel GI Bill students on which school to attend and why, they are encouraged to call with any questions about GI Bill benefits and remaining entitlement. Also, please join the conversation on Facebook and Twitter.
August 18, 2016 1:45 PM
A symposium was held in early August to assist with opening the communication lines between government and service organizations, and to enhance the dialogue as to how to best protect the interests of our Veteran students. Meeting minutes can be found here.
June 30, 2016 12:15 PM
The updated transcript of the June 2, 2016 Education Service Webinar is now available including answers to unanswered questions asked during the Webinar.
June 29, 2016 3:15 PM
The Post-9/11 GI Bill Yellow Ribbon Program 2016 - 2017 list of participating schools and rates is now available.
June 27, 2016 2:30 PM
This is the latest development in Ashford University's approval for GI Bill benefits:
The short answer is the current dilemma is averted for now and our GI Bill students can continue to attend Ashford until the California State Approving Agency makes a decision between now and the middle of September.
The longer answer is the Iowa State Approving Agency granted a stay of withdrawal for the next 90 days effective June 20, 2016, which pushes the June 30th withdrawal date to either September 18th, (90 calendar days from the date of the letter), or until the California State Approving Agency (CSAAVE) completes its review and issues a decision regarding the approval of Ashford in California – whichever is soonest.
What does this mean to you?
In our last post, we explained what would happen if the California State Approving Agency (CSAAVE) did not approve Ashford's online programs before June 30, 2016 – that you would be able to finish any class beginning before June 30th but you would not be able to receive GI Bill benefits for classes beginning after that date.
The stay of withdrawal pushes the June 30th date to either September 18th, (90 calendar days from the date of the letter), or until the CSAAVE completes its review and issues a decision regarding the approval of Ashford in California – whichever is soonest.
What are the possible outcomes?
- If CSAAVE approves your online program at Ashford, your benefits will not be affected because of the transferal of approval from Iowa to California.
- If CSAAVE does not approve your online program at Ashford, you will receive benefits for any classes you are actively attending as of the date of the denial of program approval. This means that benefits may only continue for, in general, a maximum of five weeks for undergraduate classes and six weeks for graduate classes. VA will not be able to pay benefits for any class(es) that begin after the date of the denial of program approval, should that occur.
As always, you can call our Education Call Center at 1-888-442-4551 (Monday – Friday, 7 a.m. – 6 p.m. CST) for any questions about your GI Bill benefits and remaining entitlement. You can also join the conversation on Facebook.
June 13, 2016 11:15 AM
We continue to stay engaged with the California State Approving Agency (SAA) and Ashford regarding their application for program approval. As of yesterday, Ashford has submitted all the required documents to the California SAA. The California SAA is working hard and expeditiously to go through those documents to ensure due diligence is done and Ashford fully complies with the appropriate laws and regulations. We at VA have offered to provide whatever resources necessary to help the California SAA make an appropriate decision.
To reiterate, if Ashford University is not approved by the California SAA by June 30th, you will be able to finish any class you have started before that date and we will continue to process those benefits on your behalf. However, you will not be able to start any new classes after July 1st and use your GI Bill benefits. For example, if you begin a five-week class on June 27th, you will continue to receive GI Bill benefits until the conclusion of that course. If you begin another class on July 2nd, and the California SAA has not approved your program at Ashford for the GI Bill, then you will not receive education benefits for that class.
We remain committed to the best outcome for our GI Bill students. As any Veteran knows from their military service – it is important to hope for the best and plan for the worst. Here are a few helpful options:
- Our GI Bill Comparison Tool is a good place to start.
- Student Veterans of America is offering one-on-one assistance. With a network of over 1,400 student chapters at colleges and universities their staff can provide answers to your questions.
- The American Council on Education's Military Guide is available for any questions you may have about earning school credit for your service.
You can call our Education Call Center at 1-888-442-4551 (Monday – Friday, 7 a.m. – 6 p.m. CST) for any questions about your GI Bill benefits and remaining entitlement. You can also join the conversation on Facebook.
June 9, 2016 1:00 PM
The transcript of the June 2, 2016 Education Service Webinar is now available. We will be answering some of the unanswered questions and including them in an updated version of the presentation.
June 6, 2016 7:35 AM
The Iowa State Approving Agency has informed VA that it is withdrawing Ashford University's approval for GI Bill benefits on June 30, 2016, due to the planned closure of Ashford University's residential campus in Clinton, Iowa. This closure will affect Ashford University's online courses as well.
Here's what this means if you are attending or thinking of enrolling in Ashford University's online courses:
- Ashford University has applied for approval from the California State Approving Agency, as the university's main campus is located in San Diego.
- If the California State Approving Agency approves Ashford University's online programs before June 30, your benefits won't be affected.
- If the online programs are not approved before July 1, 2016, you will be able to finish any term beginning before June 30, but you won't receive benefits (that means housing, tuition, books/supplies stipend) for any future enrollments until the programs are approved by the California State Approving Agency.
Ashford University is working with the California State Approving Agency to prevent any disruption in the delivery of benefits to our student Veterans and eligible dependents.
We will provide you with updates and approval status of Ashford University's online programs as additional information becomes available. We will post new information we receive here and on our Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/gibillEducation). If you have questions, we will answer in the comments, and our Call Center is also available to address your concerns at 1-888-442-4551.
May 12, 2016 2:45 PM
March 15 to May 15, 2016 is the open season for the Yellow Ribbon Program for the 2016-17 academic year. Schools may apply for initial participation, modify existing open-ended agreements, take no action and continue to honor the terms of existing open-ended agreements, or withdraw from the Yellow Ribbon Program. Please see the Yellow Ribbon Program home page for more information.
March 17, 2016 11:00 AM
The updated transcript of the February 17, 2016 Education Service Webinar is now available including answers to unanswered questions asked during the Webinar.
March 15, 2016 7:55 AM
From March 15 to May 15, 2016 we are accepting new Yellow Ribbon Program agreements, modifications to existing open-ended agreements, or withdrawal from participation. See our Yellow Ribbon Program schools web page for instructions and forms.
March 14, 2016 2:00 PM
The tuition and fee, Monthly Housing Allowance, and distance learning rates under the Post-9/11 GI Bill for academic year 2016-2017 are now available on our Rate Tables Page.
March 4, 2016 3:30 PM
Outcome measures school data can now be accessed directly from the GI Bill Comparison Tool. Search by school to see their reported data or you can click on the "Download Data on All Schools" link while accessing the Comparison Tool. The About this Tool page provides comprehensive "What You Should Know" information about this data to help you choose an education program and school that is right for you. Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Education, and Department of Defense developed and published these outcome measures which are designed to provide Veteran-specific information on approved programs of education.
February 18, 2016 2:00 PM
The transcript of the February 17, 2016 Education Service Webinar is now available. We will be answering some of the unanswered questions and including them in an updated version of the presentation.
February 3, 2016 10:00 AM
The Pat Tillman Foundation is pleased to announce the opening of the annual application process for the Tillman Military Scholarship. As a supplement to the Post 9-11 GI Bill, the scholarship covers direct study-related expenses, including tuition and fees, books and living stipend, for eligible service members, veterans or military spouses who are pursuing undergraduate, graduate or post-graduate degrees as full-time students at a public or private, US-based accredited institution. The application for the 2016-2017 academic year will remain open until Tuesday, March 1, 2016 at 11:59:59 EST at http://pattillmanfoundation.org/apply-to-be-a-scholar/.
January 13, 2016 12:55PM
The transcript of the December 14, 2015 IHLs with Contracted Flight Programs Webinar is now available.
December 9, 2015 11:10AM
All states and territories are now compliant with the GI Bill Resident Rate Requirements, Section 702 of the Veterans Access, Choice and Accountability Act of 2014. Check out our website to see if you qualify as a covered individual and to learn how to take steps if you believe your school has incorrectly charged you. You can call 1-888-GIBILL-1 (1-888-442-4551) or go to the GI Bill Comparison Tool and research your school to learn more about this program and to see if your school is eligible.
October 29, 2015 5:00PM
The new version includes information about the different types of degrees/programs that you can use with the GI Bill, the importance of school accreditation, and much more valuable information to help you make the right decisions on where to use your hard earned benefits!
See it here: http://www.benefits.va.gov/gibill/docs/factsheets/Choosing_a_School.pdf
October 28, 2015 9:05 AM
The updated transcript of the September 16, 2015 Education Service Webinar is now available including answers to unanswered questions asked during the Webinar.
New Policy for Mitigating Circumstances Begins November 15, 2015
October 22, 2015 11:00AM
Beginning November 15, 2015, VA will require students using the Post-9/11 GI Bill to provide mitigating circumstances when they withdraw from or drop a course after the drop/add period and receive a non-punitive grade.
Acceptable mitigating circumstances must be provided in order to pay benefits for the period of attendance prior to the drop date. If they are not provided and accepted, any benefits paid from the beginning date of the term will be considered an overpayment, and a debt may be established.
If you've dropped classes after the drop/add period or had to stop attending and received a grade that isn't factored into your Grade Point Average, chances are the term "mitigating circumstances" was mentioned in a letter we sent you. So what are "mitigating circumstances" and why should you care?
To learn more, read our Mitigating Circumstances FAQs
Statement about University of Phoenix Probation Status with DoD
October 9, 2015 4:30PM
The recent actions taken by the Department of Defense (DoD) do not have an immediate effect on GI Bill beneficiaries attending University of Phoenix (UoP) schools. GI Bill payments for those enrolled in an approved UoP program are not impacted. VA is working with our DoD and State Approving Agency partners to further evaluate any potential impact to UoP's GI Bill approval and their status as a Principles of Excellence participant. We encourage everyone to use the GI Bill Comparison Tool to compare eligible colleges and universities based on affordability and value.
Veteran Outcome Measures
September 29, 2015 3:15PM
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Education (ED), and Department of Defense (DoD) have developed and published outcome measures that are designed to provide Veteran-specific information on approved programs of education.
See our Outcome Measures website for more information.
The maximum tuition and fee amounts for the Montgomery GI Bill - Active Duty, Montgomery GI Bill - Selected Reserve, REAP, and Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance Program are now available on the Rate Tables Page.
GI Bill® is a registered trademark of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
The absence of the registration symbol ® does not constitute a waiver of VA's trademark rights in that phrase.
Read our Terms of Use


text:
To increase a net amount to include deductions, such as taxes, that would be incurred by the receiver.
This term is most frequently used in terms of salary; an employee can receive their salary grossed up, which means that they would receive the full salary promised to them, without deductions for tax.
Use gross up in a sentence
We suggested that he gross up the report to be more meaningful as we were at a critical stage in the project.
I didn't like that it would be a gross up, because then it would all have to be incurred by the receiver, which was me.
ABC Company offered to gross up John Smith's salary in order to retain him as a valued employee in their widget department.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Open English is the most renowned online English school in Latin America. Since 2007 we have helped more than 500,000 students reach language fluency.
Different from on-site courses, overcrowded and with fixed schedules, Open English offers online, live classes with American teachers, 24×7.
We guarantee that you will learn with native English speakers, so you will get the correct pronunciation and intonation.
Our online classes start at the top of the hour, every hour, and you can take them as many times as you'd like, whenever and wherever you want. You just need an internet connection.
Increase your understanding and writing skills with innovative tools and more than 2,000 hours of interactive content.
Easy. Fill out the form on the upper part of the page and an advisor will contact you to explore together the options that best suit your needs.


text:
O' Christmas Treeee!
Today I'm sharing a Christmas card I dreamed of this weekend LOL. Yes on occasion I have a dream about a creation and I'll jot down what I remembered so I can use it as inspiration later. In my dream I remembered lots of creams and a soft aqua with a ton of snowy glitter! So I pulled out a favorite Lockhart stamp to use called "Snowy Tree with Birds". SCACD has a gorgeous selection HERE of Lockhart stamps to choose from. I love the elegant look they give to your projects! And if you have never used them the Itty Bitty stamps are FANTASTIC to use on tags, envelopes & small cards…so much fun & so cute!
I used some older paper from DCWV "Linen Closet" that is some of my fave-of-all-time and distressed the edges a bit. I embossed my cream cs with a CB folder (holly leaves) and added some glitter as well. The frilly accents were made with the La Rue Flourish by Memory Box (see a great selection here). I love Memory Box dies because they cut so cleanly & they are so beautiful to use on your cards/projects. All that glitter…well I used tacky glue and painted it on my flourishes, around my main image, in the embossed cs, on the snowy parts of tree and on edges of card THEN added my FAVE DecoArt Glamour Dust. I love the diamond-glittery look it gives! Then I used Ranger Liquid Pearls in Bisque to add small pearls to the tree as well for more texture. The sheer ribbon is from PTI.
Happy Holidays,


text:
This is a discussion on Re: Bayes not running but no errors - SpamAssassin ; Sure, I'll repaste the bayes portion, and include the rest of the file for good measure. Thanks again! # SpamAssassin config file for version 3.2x # Loading SpamAssassin User Preferences From An SQL Database user_scores_dsn DBI:mysql:spamassassin:mysql_socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock user_scores_sql_username spamassassin user_scores_sql_password *** ...
Sure, I'll repaste the bayes portion, and include the rest of the file
for good measure. Thanks again!
# SpamAssassin config file for version 3.2x
# Loading SpamAssassin User Preferences From An SQL Database
user_scores_sql_username spamassassin
user_scores_sql_password ***
# Using SpamAssassin Auto-Whitelists With An SQL Database
use_auto_whitelist 1
auto_whitelist_factory Mail::SpamAssassin::SQLBasedAddrList
user_awl_sql_username spamassassin
user_awl_sql_password ***
user_awl_sql_table awl
# Using A SQL Database for Bayesian Storage Module
use_bayes 1
use_bayes_rules 1
bayes_auto_learn 1
bayes_store_module Mail::SpamAssassin::BayesStore::SQL
bayes_sql_username spamassassin
bayes_sql_password ***
bayes_min_ham_num 100
bayes_min_spam_num 100
bayes_learn_during_report 1
bayes_expiry_max_db_size 180000
bayes_auto_expire 0
bayes_journal_max_size 102400
bayes_learn_to_journal 0
bayes_use_hapaxes 1
bayes_sql_override_username spamassassin
add_header all BayesScore _BAYES_
add_header all TokenSummary _TOKENSUMMARY_
add_header all Bayestc _BAYESTC_
add_header all Bayestcleanred _BAYESTCLEARNED_
add_header all bayestcspammy _BAYESTCSPAMMY_
add_header all bayestchammy _BAYESTCHAMMY_
add_header all bayestop5hammytokens _HAMMYTOKENS(5)_
add_header all bayestop5spammytokens _SPAMMYTOKENS(5)_
score BODY_ENHANCEMENT 5.0
score BODY_ENHANCEMENT2 5.0
score DRUGS_ERECTILE 20.0
score FB_CIALIS_LEO3 5.0
score FRT_LEVITRA 5.0
score FUZZY_CPILL 5.0
score FUZZY_VPILL 5.0
score SARE_ADULT2 5.0
score SARE_SXLIFE 5.0
score SARE_WEOFFER 5.0
score FB_ADD_INCHES 5.0
#score RCVD_IN_NJABL_DUL 2.9
#score RAZOR2_CF_RANGE_51_100 1.5
score DATE_IN_FUTURE_03_06 3.5
score DATE_IN_FUTURE_06_12 2.5
score CHARSET_FARAWAY 6.0
score CHARSET_FARAWAY_HEADER 6.0
# How many hits before a message is considered spam.
required_score 5.00
# Text to prepend to subject if rewrite_subject is used
rewrite_header Subject [SPAM]
# Encapsulate spam in an attachment
report_safe 0
# Enable or disable network checks
skip_rbl_checks 1
# Mail using locales used in these country codes will not be marked
# as being possibly spam in a foreign language.
ok_locales all
# All cusom directives may be added to
include /hsphere/local/config/mail/spamassassin/custom.cf
-- Mitch
Leveau Stanislas wrote:
> Hi
> Can you show us your spamassassin configuration : local.cf
> Thanks
>> Mitchell Hudson schrieb am 19.03.2008 18:18:
>>> I have a few questions though, you said I am not using
>>> bayes_sql_override_username but I have
>>> "bayes_sql_override_username spamassassin " in my config, does
>>> that not count?
>> I'm sorry, I overlooked that. Yes, in the configuration that you posted
>> it was set. And I also told rubbish by claiming that you ran under the
>> username root. SA reported the internal userid from the sql table, and
>> that was probably the user 'spamassassin'.
>>> As well I tried setting the min_ham and min_spam to 1 just for a
>>> short test, and took out the bayes_sql_override_username and it
>>> wasn't calling. When I did the use spamassassin; select * from
>>> bayes_vars; I did get a list of people, but they have very few
>>> tokens, in the order of 1 or 2 which looks to me like those tokens
>>> were created when I was tinkering and removed the
>>> sql_override_username, otherwise everything is put into the
>>> spamassassin user which has a few hundred thousand tokens in it
>>> currently.
>> Yes, that's a valid explanation. Sorry for the confusion from my part.
>> But that leads us back to your question: "why it is not scoring?". Did
>> you really found all bayes-related output from --lint? If I run a
>> "spamassassin --lint -D 2>&1|grep -i bayes", I get more bayes-related
>> output:
>> [21631] dbg: plugin: loading Mail::SpamAssassin::Plugin::Bayes from @INC
>> [21631] dbg: config: fixed relative path:
>> /var/lib/spamassassin/3.002004/updates_spamassassin_org/23_bayes.cf
>> [21631] dbg: config: using
>> "/var/lib/spamassassin/3.002004/updates_spamassassin_org/23_bayes.cf"
>> for included file
>> [21631] dbg: config: read file
>> /var/lib/spamassassin/3.002004/updates_spamassassin_org/23_bayes.cf
>> [21631] dbg: bayes: using username: mail
>> [21631] dbg: bayes: database connection established
>> [21631] dbg: bayes: found bayes db version 3
>> [21631] dbg: bayes: Using userid: 2
>> [21631] dbg: bayes: corpus size: nspam = 214240, nham = 138319
>> [21631] dbg: bayes: tok_get_all: token count: 21
>> [21631] dbg: bayes: score = 0.0020110638266459
>> [21631] dbg: bayes: DB expiry: tokens in DB: 461680, Expiry max size:
>> 500000, Oldest atime: 1203126859, Newest atime: 1205950517, Last
>> expire: 1205444421, Current time: 1205950517
>> [21631] dbg: rules: ran eval rule BAYES_00 ======> got hit (1)
>> [21631] dbg: check:
>> tests=BAYES_00,MISSING_DATE,MISSING_HEADERS,MISSIN G_SUBJECT,NO_RECEIVED,NO_RELAYS
>> I am using Mysql as database.
>> Tschau
>> Alex


text:
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text:
Flat Rate Supplemental Wage Withholding; Correction
Correcting Amendment.
This document contains correction to final regulations (TD 9276) that were published in the Federal Register on Tuesday, July 25, 2006 (71 FR 42049), amending the regulations that provide for determining the amount of income tax withholding on supplemental wages. These regulations apply to all employers and others making supplemental wage payments to employees.
Table of Contents Back to Top
DATES: Back to Top
The correction is effective January 1, 2007.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Back to Top
A.G. Kelley, (202) 622-6040 (not a toll-free number).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Back to Top
Background Back to Top
The final regulations that are the subject of this correction are under sections 3401 and 3402 of the Internal Revenue Code.
Need for Correction Back to Top
As published, final regulations (TD 9276) contain an error that may prove to be misleading and is in need of clarification.
List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 31 Back to Top
Correction of Publication Back to Top
Accordingly, 26 CFR part 31 is corrected by making the following correcting amendment:
PART 31—EMPLOYMENT TAXES AND COLLECTION OF INCOME TAX AT SOURCE Back to Top
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 31 continues to read, in part, as follows:
Par. 2. Section 31.3402(g)-1(a)(8) is amended by revising the last sentence of Example 3 paragraph (iv). The revision reads as follows:
§ 31.3402(g)-1 Supplemental wage payments.
(a) * * *
(8) * * *
Example 3.* * *
(iv) * * * If R elects to use optional flat rate withholding provided under paragraph (a)(7)(iii)(F) of this section, withholding would be calculated at 25 percent of the $1,000,000 portion of the payment and would be $250,000.
* * * * *
LaNita Van Dyke,
Chief, Publications and Regulations Branch,Legal Processing Division,Associate Chief Counsel,(Procedure and Administration).
[FR Doc. E7-1051 Filed 1-25-07; 8:45 am]


text:
NOV 09, 2013 - San Francisco Chronicle
A Must Read - Share
(AP) — A small number of Oklahoma same-sex couples have received returned payments from the state Tax Commission, which turned down their recently amended filings that claimed married status.
The Tulsa World reports (http://bit.ly/1hVSJu6 ) that the couples submitted the tax forms after the Internal Revenue Service in August announced its married filing status would apply equally to married same-sex couples, regardless of where they lived.
On Sept. 27, the Oklahoma Tax Commission announced it will require married gay couples to file state taxes as single people, forcing them to compute
Read More
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Number 8: Dave Scott's 6th
- By Triathlete.com
- Published Jun 3, 2011
January 1988: Dave Scott wins his sixth Ironman World Championship. In the 23 years since this cover was released, only Mark Allen is the only man to have duplicated the feat. Paula Newby Frasier has won the women's race an incredible 8 times.


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Red Blossom Small Notebook
- Details
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Beautiful notebook hand bound in England using stunning silk screen printed papers. Featuring a pink and red blossom print cover and plain pages inside.
Dimensions10cm x 14cm
Product ID: 68910
• £6.95 UK Standard Delivery: 5-7 working days
• FREE Click & Collect - currently unavailable
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Trouble with the Curve Drama
- Summary
- Reviews / Ratings
- Photos
- Videos
- Events
Gus Lobel (Clint Eastwood) has been one of the best scouts in baseball for decades, but, despite his efforts to hide it, age is starting to catch up with him. Nevertheless, Gus—who can tell a pitch just by the crack of the bat—refuses to be benched for what may be the final innings of his career. He may not have a choice. The front office of the Atlanta Braves is starting to question his judgment, especially with the country's hottest batting phenom on deck for the draft. The one person who might be able to help is also the one person Gus would never ask: his daughter, Mickey (Amy Adams), an associate at a high-powered Atlanta law firm whose drive and ambition has put her on the fast track to becoming partner. Against her better judgment, and over Gus's objections, Mickey joins him on his latest scouting trip to North Carolina, jeopardizing her own career to save his. Forced to spend time together for the first time in years, each makes new discoveries—revealing long-held truths about their past and present that could change their future.
Sep 18, 2012
Sep 18, 2012
Sep 18, 2012
Sep 18, 2012
HitFix Reviews and Ratings
CA review of the new drama "Trouble with the Curve" starring Clint Eastwood, Justin Timberlake and Amy Adams.
More Details
Official Website
- Starring - Clint Eastwood, Amy Adams, Justin Timberlake, John Goodman, Scott Eastwood
- Directed by - Robert Lorenz
- Distributed by - Warner Bros
- MPAA Rating - PG-13


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Capita Conferences announce their Delivering the Foundation Phase in Wales Conference – 30th June 2014 – Central London
Published by alexesson for Capita Conferences in Education and also in Communities
Foundation Phase Wales
Delivering the Foundation Phase in Wales Conference
Monday 30th June – London
Speakers Include:
- Keynote: Ruth Davies, President, NAHT Cymru and Headteacher, Waunarlwydd Primary School
- Keynote: Chris Taylor, Professor of Education Policy, Cardiff University
- Chair: Sandra Welsby, National Development Manager,
National Day Nurseries Association Cymru
- Michelle Morgan–Moody, Day Nursery Manager, Bridgend College Day Nursery
Capita's National Foundation Phase Conference comes at a critical time for stakeholders. The Welsh Government has outlined its commitment to raising educational standards and outcomes in the early years, demonstrated through the Building a Brighter Future: Early Years and Childcare Plan, the Literacy and Numeracy Framework and the forthcoming curriculum and assessment reforms.
This highly practical conference will spotlight key areas of focus for Estyn inspections of the Foundation Phase, along with sector leading practice from 'excellent' schools to help you effectively deliver this unique play-based approach to learning whilst ensuring progress in line with national priorities.
Website: http://www.capitaconferences.co.uk/public-sector-conferences/education/full-conferences/article/delivering-the-foundation-phase-in-wales-conference.html?code=SM24
Brochure: http://www.capitaconferences.co.uk/pdfgen.html?filename=Delivering_the_Foundation_Phase_in_Wales.pdf&code=SM24
Contact: Alex Esson on 020 7202 0557 or email@example.com
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From 900.00 CNY
Host a wedding in Beijing that imbued with French elegance and Chinese grandeur. Extravagant beauty sets the stage for celebration of passion. Imagine your special day in the surrounds of Sofitel Wanda Beijing.
Wedding ceremony
Wedding co-ordinator
Sofitel's InspiredWeddings Planner is part-artist, part-visionary, part-manager. Together you create the details of your wedding reception and events and select the perfect Sofitel Wanda Beijing wedding venues. The Planner brings it to life.
Sofitel Wanda Beijing accommodates your wedding party in 417 luxury hotel rooms and suites, lavishing them with ultimate comfort, sophisticated style and 5-star indulgence.
Fine Cuisine
Culinary art. Traditional delicacies, beautifully re-imagined. Sumptous Chinese wedding receptions. Elegant French cuisine. Effervescent champagne. Wine pairings by the Sofitel Sommelier. Design a fabulous banquet for your most important moment.
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Luxuriate in spectacular Beijing wedding venues, including the glimmering grand ballroom hosting up to 850 banquet style. Choose from a spectrum of venues for each event of your wedding celebration.
Location and Parking
Sofitel Wanda Beijing is located in the CBD (central business district) between the 3rd and 4th East Ring Roads. Beijing Capital International Airport is only 30 minutes away via expressway.
(*) Lowest prices found over the following seven days.
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93 Jianguo Road
Tower C Wanda Plaza
Chaoyang District


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Wow, what a fantastic evening we had at The Oxfordshire Youth Awards!
Here are the winners, selected by our Youth Committee, out of the hundreds of nominations received:
Pride of Oxfordshire Award
1st – Mya Harris
Mya is a truly exceptional and inspirational young lady. She is resilient in her courage and strength of character that she shows. She was born with Spina bifida, and has never let her disability get her down. She shows true bravery as she has endured many operations since she was born. She has been an inspirational ambassador for the Oxford children's hospital, supporting and raising awareness about its fundraising. In 2012 she starred in a short promotional video to advertise the 10th OX5 fun run, the results of which saw a record number of participants take part, that raised over £60,000.
Runners Up: Isaac Jordan, Isabel Goves
Arts Superstar Award
1st – Amber-Lauren Ballantyne-Styles
Amber is an amazing young artist. She was encouraged at an early age to express herself on paper. At 11 she left mainstream education and was home schooled where she gained handful of GCSE's and an AS in Art and Photography. At 15 she was accepted in to the Oxford & Cherwell Valley college where she was awarded 3 distinctions for her art & design and obtained a merit for her one year foundation. Instead of going onto university she decided to forge ahead with her business and is immensely proud that earlier this month her business was officially backed and supported by the Princes Trust. She is an amazing mentor and an inspiration to all.
Runners Up: Isaac Stuart, Charles Kagunda, Leona Sianga
Inspirational Entrepreneur Award
1st Place – Morgan Williams
Morgan is a young man who used to be very isolated and spent much of his time playing computer games. He did not really engage in education or social activities. Since working with Thrive in Barton, he engages with other young people and is developing new interests. One of the things he realised is that there aren't many opportunities for people to find work in Barton, and that less than half the adults he knows have jobs. So he was challenged to step out from that stereotype and achieve something with his life. Very quickly goal setting became much more about the future, with him wanting to develop as a businessman. He came up with the idea of developing pop up restaurants that he could run at community and school events, and has since run 3 events. He gave away 100% of the profit away to those who face hardship people face in the Philippines.
Runners Up: Joyce Lo, Amy Alden
Young Einstein Award
1st: Athena Martin
Athena is a young lady who completed a Nuffield Research Placement in Summer 2013. Her 4 week research placement was at Oxford University Museum of Natural History, where she worked in the Entomological Collections team. During her placement, she found the Amazon Dismorphia butterly which had been collected by the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace that had remained undiscovered and unacknowledged within the museum since the end of the 19th century. This discovery has since been described as "priceless" by the museum and was featured in both local and national press.
Runners Up: Phoenix Sremevic, Amy Alden
Community Champion Award
1st: Honor Boyle
Honor is an impressive young lady, who for the past few years has volunteered in her local produce market and café that takes place every Saturday morning in her village hall. She is the only teenager who volunteers, her energy and commitment are striking. She works with enthusiasm and respect alongside her older colleagues. At Christmas she raised funds in aid of Cystic Fibrosis by making beautiful Christmas wreaths and table decorations to order.
Runners Up: Cancer Resarch UK Row 2014, Isabel Goves
Sporting Achievements Award
1st: Eoin Hartwright
The winner of the Sports Achievement Award, went on an incredible journey. At only 16 years old, he has earned himself a place in the Guinness World Records as the youngest to row across the Atlantic. Whilst no one can take anything away from his team-mates and their part in the challenge, anyone who knows the story behind the last years events have nothing but the utmost respect/admiration for him & his determination to complete the challenge. Our winner got the inspiration back at the age of 12 when he heard a talk from Mick Dawson (who had previously rowed both the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean) from that moment on it was his dream to do just that too…and he did, with the support of Mick!! His original team did not make it to the start line, then a 2nd team set off but the Skipper decided after 24 hours in to the row to turn round and return to port – this left him DEVASTATED, he came back to England determined to get back out to sea. AND he did just that, within two weeks of returning they formed the Atlantic Quad!
Runners Up: Thomas Everex-Armstrong, Flora King
Youth Project of The Year Award
1st: The Yellow Submarine Project
The winners of Youth Project of the Year are a social group for young adults with learning disabilities. It caters for persons aged 18 – 25, which sets it aside from many other providers in Oxfordshire. The group has a space where the members can socialise with their peers in a safe and welcoming environment
It is these life experiences and simple pleasures which are so often overlooked when a person has a disability. The varying needs of the attendees means that some sessions can be challenging, but the incredible sense of camaraderie between the members and tireless patience of the volunteers means that these sessions can be some of the most valuable and rewarding.
Runners Up: North Leigh Youth Club, Youth of Bicester
Jake Spicer Special Recognition Award
Winner: Maisie Norton
The winner of this years award is as young lady who has faced battling Cancer tumours twice in the last five years and has done so with dignity, determination and humour. She has currently been clear for 2 years and has leapt at the chance to help organise Wantage Standing Upto Cancer, which is a community event run in partnership with the town council that raises funds for Cancer Research UK.
She is in charge of administration, helps give assemblies to encourage students to get involved, helps on the day with general duties, as well as running the 5k. She has also raised a significant amount for Clic Sargent. She will also be helping organise the Wantage Moonlight Walk, which is another event for Clic Sargent . She always has a smile on her face and is a real pleasure to be around. She is passionate about raising funds so other youngsters can be helped and cured.


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UNITED NATIONS: Nigeria has formally asked the UN Security Council Al Qaeda sanctions committee to blacklist the Islamist militant group Boko Haram after the kidnapping of hundreds of schoolgirls.
If there is no objection by the 15-member council committee, which operates by consensus, Boko Haram will be sanctioned as of 1900 GMT tomorrow. The sanctions would include an international asset freeze, travel ban and arms embargo.
Boko Haram kidnapped more than 250 girls from a secondary school in Chibok in northeastern Nigeria on April 14. Eight other girls were taken from another village earlier this month.
The draft UN listing entry describes Boko Haram as an affiliate Of Al Qaeda and the Organization of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.
"Boko Haram has maintained a relationship with the Organization of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb for training and material support purposes," according to the draft narrative summary accompanying the proposed listing.


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A Reading from Luke 2:40 and 52
And the child grew and became strong, filled with wisdom. And the favor of God was upon him… And Jesus increased in wisdom and in stature and in favor with God and man.
I find this passage of Scripture fascinating, because sinful man and God both had favor on Jesus. Think about that for a moment, sinful man and God agreeing on something…Jesus being favored. Wow. I find this surprising because many people in this world only favor those who are wealthy, famous, beautiful, athletic, or intelligent.
Plant collectors have long appreciated orchids and African violets for their winter bloom cycle. I have amassed a collection of both, and they help me get through the winter with their colorful interest. But violets and orchids are not the only classes of plants that can deliver in the winter; think succulents.
Standby generators provide emergency electrical power during disruptions caused by winter storms and other disasters. However, you need to take some special precautions to ensure safe, efficient operation of these generators.
James Clellon "Jimmy" Sharp has enjoyed seeing his musical compositions recorded by big name artists and has also faced the frustration of having his work stolen, but he's still writing songs when he's not working on carpentry projects.
Jimmy, the son of Alfred and Ella Sharp of Taylorsville, was born in Bloomfield. He and his wife, Martha (Curtsinger) live in Spencer County, down on Ky. 48 where Nelson County is just across the highway.
Dear Savvy Senior,
A coworker was recently telling me about a tax credit she got last year for simply contributing to our company's 401(k) plan. What can you tell me about this, and who's eligible?
Over 55
I just looked at my desk and realized, not for the first time, that it is a mess. It seems to work for me most of the time, but lately it seems to have gotten out of hand. I just did a quick count and I have 27 books that I can see sitting on my desk. There may be more, but they are buried under envelopes and labels and sermon notes and receipts and who knows what else.
By NED WAY
I use this annual reflection to track our record of animal husbandry since we began raising a few hens for a personal egg supply in 2007. Those few hens turned into over 100 in a few short years. It was contagious, I suppose, as our taste for productivity grew and we added not only more eggs but meat chicken and lamb to the mix.
It was the roaring 20s and prices were down right cheap, but people didn't have much money to spend.
Take, for instance, the prices 93 years ago at Wakefield in Spencer County where J. M. Rogers, M.H. Briggs and F.J. Donovan were operating a general merchandise store.
They advertised the "Highest Price Paid For Country Produce."
Warren G. Harding was inaugurated March fourth, 1921 as the 29th President of the U.S. and a fire burned down a barn on the James Heady Wakefield farm a year later.
For U.S. Postal workers, 1994 has come full circle.
As they organized, sorted and stuffed the millions of Christmas cards and letters last week, many possibly thought back to January when they were once again swamped with mail but for a different reason.
The snow storm of 1994 shut down everything for five days, including schools, businesses and even the one service thought unstoppable: the mail.
When they finally returned to work, the mail carriers' bags must have swelled as large as any Christmas Eve.
We all have bad habits. Some people chew their fingernails; others mow their grass too short in the summer. You can guess which one bugs me the most. The odd thing about many of the worst bad habits in the garden is that they have become so commonplace. The worst offenses are repeated everywhere to the extent that gardeners think they are the rule.
If you need incentive to dig deep this year and get your finances under control, consider a recent study that concluded that 18 percent of adults expect to battle debt for the rest of their lives and die in debt. The research, done by CreditCards.com, says that it's not that we've gone crazy accruing debt, but that the Great Recession lasted longer than financial experts believe, which was 2007 to 2009. For many consumers, the effects of that recession are still going on.
Dear Savvy Senior
What can you tell me about lung cancer screenings? My husband was a long-time smoker, but quit many years ago, so I'm wondering if he should be checked out.
Concerned Spouse
First Christian to host Christmas Eve service
First Christian Church, 403 Main Cross St., Taylorsville is hosting a Christmas Eve church service this evening at 5 p.m. All are welcome to attend the service.
What are your favorite Christmas memories? Do they revolve around family? When I was a kid, I remember my grandparents always came over for Christmas breakfast, then that evening we would have dinner at my Aunt's house. Christmas always included family.
And then there is the food! Those family times were special, but I sure do remember those family meals and all the goodies that only showed up at Christmas! Ham and turkey, creamed corn, and then of course the cookies and fudge and apple pies, cakes and candies, do you remember those things?
A Reading from 1 Thessalonians 5:16-24
Be joyful always; pray continually; give thanks in all circumstances, for this is God's will for you in Christ Jesus. Do not put out the Spirit's fire; do not treat prophecies with contempt. Test everything. Hold on to the good. Avoid every kind of evil. May God himself, the God of peace, sanctify you through and through. May your whole spirit, soul and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. The one who calls you is faithful and he will do it.
courtesy of the Kentucky Department of Agriculture
Record keeping may not be every farmer's favorite activity, and probably not the reason you got into farming as a career. With time, patience and a commitment to get it done, it can make your financial life a lot less worrisome.
Record keeping doesn't have to be stressful. It's a way to discover things about your farm that will help you make better long-term decisions. You can use a ledger book or a computer—whatever helps you maintain consistency. Software programs can make your data more meaningful.
I don't mind a gloomy day here or there, I actually find them somewhat restorative. Too many in a row, though, can be sort of depressing. So, when the winter sky moves in I search out the plants in the landscape that have color.
Copyright © 2016
The Spencer Magnet is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Spencer County, KY and the surrounding area.


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Facials : Deep Cleansing $150, Oxygen $180, Glycolic $200 and Microdermabrasion $250, Chemical Peels $ 300 ideally done in a series.
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Massage: Hot Stone Therapy $200, Reflexology $150, Deep Tissue $200, Aromatherapy $160, Therapeutic $180, Pre Natal Massage $180, Back Massage $90
Body Treatments: Coconut Body Scrubs $300, Mineral Bath $100, Peppermint Steam $65, Seaweed Wrap $300
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We have been offering Laser Hair Removal since October 2005.
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We accept Visa, Master Card. Cash , Cheque.


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By Nathan Pfau, Army Flier Staff WriterFebruary 16, 2012
FORT RUCKER, Ala. (Feb. 16, 2012) -- Family and friends of 1-58th Airfield Operations Battalion gathered at Cairns Army Airfield to welcome Soldiers home from their deployment Feb. 5.
Members of 1-58th AOB were deployed to the Middle East with the unit spread from Taji, Iraq, to Camp Buehring, Kuwait, according to WO1 David M. Patterson of the unit.
"Deployment was for 12 months," he said. "I personally spent 10 months in Baghdad and two months in Kuwait."
According to Patterson, the 1-58th AOB had various missions during it's deployment.
"Members of the unit in Baghdad were responsible for maintaining Liberty Tower and Baghdad Radio's Air Traffic Control," he said. "They were also tasked with closing down those facilities in accordance with the drawdown."
The part of the unit in Taji was responsible for the ground-controlled approach portion of the mission, said Patterson. Soldiers' responsibilities included maintaining radar control for aircraft in their portion of Iraqi airspace. Those in Kuwait maintained and managed all airfield operations at Udairi Army Airfield at Camp Buehring.
"I was the platoon leader for Bahgdad and also worked as the unit movement officer for the 1-58th AOB," he said.
Upon returning to Cairns Army Airfield, the unit was briefed before entering the building where their friends and Family members were waiting for them. As they entered the room, those in attendance cheered at the site of their Soldiers' return. Patterson remembers the surreal moment as he entered the room.
"I was wondering if I was really back," he said. "It was a great moment once I spotted my Family in the crowd."
The unit was then released by Lt. Col. Terry Meyer, Air Traffic Services Command executive officer, where they were then able to greet their Families and friends.
"The first thing that I wanted to do when I saw my Family was anything that my little girl, Cassie, wanted to do," said Patterson. "I missed all the wonderful freedoms that the U.S has to offer while I was over there. I missed being with my little girl who turned 3 years old while I was deployed."
Patterson wasn't the only one who was missing things, according to his wife, Holly, who was there to welcome him back.
"I was so glad to have him back," she said. "I definitely missed him and I missed all of the little things that I take for granted that he does like cutting the grass and maintaining the vehicles."
"I'm still trying to settle in -- trying to get back into the motions of Family life again," said Patterson. "I'm definitely happy to be back."


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|Erotic Hypnosis
Mindless Robot
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text:
IRS questions halt vote on $36K Bohenko retirement windfall
City Councilor Jack Thorsen also told the Portsmouth Herald he believes Bohenko deserves extra compensation for his work, especially when in this case it will only cost the city roughly $36,000.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 30, 2010
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kostadin Djordjev
|Original Assignee
|Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (29), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (2), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/479,392, filed Jun. 30, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. In a particular embodiment, one plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. As described herein in more detail, the position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
One embodiment disclosed herein includes a method that includes deriving a model that comprises color parameters as a function of distance between two mirrors in a Fabry-Perot interferometer, determining color parameters for light reflected from the Fabry-Perot interferometer at a particular location, and comparing the determined color parameters with the model to estimate the distance between the two mirrors in the Fabry-Perot interferometer at the particular location.
Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method that includes determining color parameters for light reflected from a Fabry-Perot interferometer and determining, based upon the determined color parameters, a distance between two mirrors in the Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a test station for constructing a two-dimensional map of distances between two mirrors in an interferometric modulator where the station includes a digital photograph acquisition system configured to acquire a digital photograph of the interferometric modulator and a computer configured to determine color parameters for a plurality of regions in the digital photograph and compare the color parameters to a model in order to determine distances between the two mirrors for a plurality of locations in the interferometric modulator.
Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a test station for constructing a two-dimensional map of distances between two mirrors in an interferometric modulator where the station includes means for acquiring a digital photograph of the interferometric modulator and means for determining color parameters for a plurality of regions in the digital photograph and comparing the color parameters to a model in order to determine distances between the two mirrors for a plurality of locations in the interferometric modulator.
The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.
As noted above, the position of one reflective plate in relation to another in an interferometric modulator can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator, and thus the color of light reflected from the interferometric modulator. If the distance between one plate and another varies, such as by one plate being slanted relative to the other or curved, the color reflected from the interferometric modulator will also vary across the structure. In many display implementations, it is desirable that the color reflected from an interferometric modulator be uniform to increase the color saturation and brightness of the display. Accordingly, some embodiments provide methods for constructing a two-dimensional spatial map of the distance between two reflective plates in an interferometric modulator across the structure. In some embodiments, this map is constructed by acquiring a digital photograph of the interferometric modulator and relating the color of each pixel in the photograph to a distance between the two plates.
One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in
The depicted portion of the pixel array in
The optical stacks 16 a and 16 b (collectively referred to as optical stack 16), as referenced herein, typically comprise of several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium, and a transparent dielectric. The optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate 20. The partially reflective layer can be formed from a variety of materials that are partially reflective such as various metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. The partially reflective layer can be formed of one or more layers of materials, and each of the layers can be formed of a single material or a combination of materials.
In some embodiments, the layers of the optical stack are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes of 16 a, 16 b) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b are separated from the optical stacks 16 a, 16 b by a defined gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the reflective layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.
With no applied voltage, the cavity 19 remains between the movable reflective layer 14 a and optical stack 16 a, with the movable reflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in
In one embodiment, the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array driver 22. In one embodiment, the array driver 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a display array or panel 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in
In typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
In the
The display device 40 includes a housing 41, a display 30, an antenna 43, a speaker 44, an input device 48, and a microphone 46. The housing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the art, including injection molding, and vacuum forming. In addition, the housing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment the housing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols.
The display 30 of exemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein. In other embodiments, the display 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for purposes of describing the present embodiment, the display 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein.
The components of one embodiment of exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated in
The network interface 27 includes the antenna 43 and the transceiver 47 so that the exemplary display device 40 can communicate with one or more devices over a network. In one embodiment the network interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of the processor 21. The antenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. The transceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from the antenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by the processor 21. The transceiver 47 also processes signals received from the processor 21 so that they may be transmitted from the exemplary display device 40 via the antenna 43.
In an alternative embodiment, the transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver. In yet another alternative embodiment, network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to the processor 21. For example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data.
Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of the exemplary display device 40. The processor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from the network interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data. The processor 21 then sends the processed data to the driver controller 29 or to frame buffer 28 for storage. Raw data typically refers to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level.
In one embodiment, the processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of the exemplary display device 40. Conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to the speaker 45, and for receiving signals from the microphone 46. Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within the exemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within the processor 21 or other components.
The driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by the processor 21 either directly from the processor 21 or from the frame buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to the array driver 22. Specifically, the driver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across the display array 30. Then the driver controller 29 sends the formatted information to the array driver 22. Although a driver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is often associated with the system processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in the processor 21 as hardware, embedded in the processor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with the array driver 22.
Typically, the array driver 22 receives the formatted information from the driver controller 29 and reformats the video data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels.
In one embodiment, the driver controller 29, array driver 22, and display array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment, driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller). In another embodiment, array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display). In one embodiment, a driver controller 29 is integrated with the array driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another embodiment, display array 30 is a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators).
The input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of the exemplary display device 40. In one embodiment, input device 48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane. In one embodiment, the microphone 46 is an input device for the exemplary display device 40. When the microphone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of the exemplary display device 40.
Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell, including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint. In another embodiment, power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet.
In some implementations control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some cases control programmability resides in the array driver 22. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the above-described optimization may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations.
The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example,
In embodiments such as those shown in
In one embodiment, methods are provided for obtaining a two-dimensional spatial map across one or more interferometric modulators of the distance between the movable reflective layer and the fixed partially reflective layer. Such a spatial map can provide information regarding the curvature and/or slantedness of the reflective layers. Thus, such maps can be used to monitor the success of various interferometric modulator manufacturing processes for producing flat parallel reflective layers. In addition, the maps can be used as a quality control measure to ensure that there has been no error during interferometric modulator manufacture.
Because the distance between the reflective layers at each point in an interferometric modulator determines the color of light reflected from that point, one method for determining distance is to measure the color of light reflected from the point. In one embodiment, this procedure is performed by obtaining spectra of reflected light for multiple points covering the two-dimensional surface of the interferometric modulator. Each spectrum can then be fit to a Fabry-Perot interferometer optical model to solve for the distance that would give the measured spectrum. It will be appreciated that this approach may be used for determining distances between reflective layers in any Fabry-Perot interferometer including interferometric modulators.
In an alternative method, a color digital photograph of an interferometric modulator may be acquired and the color of light reflected at various points across the interferometric modulator determined from the photograph. This method eliminates the need to make many separate spectral measurements of the interferometric modulator. Instead, a single photograph is acquired and a two-dimensional spatial map for each interferometric modulator in the photograph can be constructed using computer algorithms that compare the colors determined from the photograph with a model of how color varies with distance. In some embodiments, the colors in the model and the photograph are expressed in terms of color parameters.
Accordingly, as depicted in the flow chart in
In some embodiments, an interferometric modulator in a relaxed (bright) state is evaluated according the above procedures. When the interferometric modulator can also be actuated in an intermediate bright state (e.g., in a tri-state interferometric modulator), the actuated bright states can also be evaluated. In some embodiments, the measured bright states are driven bright states where a voltage waveform such as depicted in
In some embodiments, the model of color variation as a function of reflective layer distances is constructed (e.g., block 100 in
The model of color variation as a function of reflective layer distances in an interferometric modulator may be constructed by determining the color parameters predicted for a particular interferometric modulator using a Fabry-Perot optical model. Accordingly, one embodiment includes an algorithm that receives as input one or more properties of one or more materials in a Fabry-Perot interferometer and produces as output color parameters as a function of distance between two reflective layers in the Fabry-Perot interferometer (e.g., at block 100 of
In some alternative embodiments, the model of color variation as a function of distance may be empirically determined. For example, where the distance between the two reflective layers in an interferometric modulator can be independently determined, experimental measurements of color parameters may then be related to the known distances.
The model produced according to the above process may consist of a series of color parameter values related to a series of distances. These values may be stored on a computer readable medium for use in algorithms that determine distances from colors in a photograph of an interferometric modulator (e.g., according to the process described in blocks 110-130 in
As noted above, one embodiment includes acquiring digital photographs of interferometric modulators and using the models described above to determine distances between reflective layers based on the colors in the photographs. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a test station is provided that includes a digital photograph acquisition system configured to illuminate and acquire the digital photographs. The test station may include a computer configured to receive the digital photographs in order to determine and compare color parameters in the photograph to a model described above. The computer may also be configured to generate a two-dimensional spatial map and perform statistical analyses on the results.
Because interferometric modulators exhibit specular reflectance, one embodiment of a test station includes using an in-line lighting system for acquiring the digital photographs. For example, in one embodiment, depicted in
The light source 210 may be chosen to provide light having a desired spectral and intensity characteristics. For example, it may be desirable to have the light source 210 approximate the characteristics of the light source that will typically be used to view an interferometric modulator display. In one embodiment, a standard D65 light source is used.
In some embodiments, the light source 210 may be coupled to an illumination control device 290, such as a device having a Koehler design. The aperture of the illumination control device 290 may be adjusted to illuminate only the area of interest on the interferometric modulator array 240.
Although a particular test station has been described, those of skill in the art will recognize that any suitable in-line illumination and detection system may be utilized to acquire digital photographs for use as described herein.
When measuring light reflected from an interferometric modulator using the in-line lighting systems described above, the size of area of illumination and photographing may be controlled using a system of lenses and apertures, such as in the Koehler device 290 with lens 230, or other aperture-lens system. The light may be controlled both before and/or after reflection from the interferometric modulators.
Those of skill in the art will appreciate other methods for providing in-line illumination and detection of light reflected from interferometric modulators. In one alternative embodiment, non-inline specular reflectance is detected. For example, the camera may be positioned at any angle relative to an interferometric modulator array where light rays from the light source make the same angle from an opposite direction. In another embodiment, a diffuser film is placed over the interferometric modulators such that non-specular reflectance is observed, eliminating the need for careful alignment of light source and camera angle.
In some embodiments, multiple interferometric modulators are imaged in a single photograph. Single interferometric modulators in the photograph may then be mapped by first identifying the appropriate region within the photograph corresponding to light reflected from the desired interferometric modulator. For example, a user may manually select the region for spatial mapping on a computer by drawing a rectangle or other shape to define the perimeter of the region (e.g., corresponding to a single interferometric modulator) to be mapped. Alternatively, an algorithm may be provided that automatically identifies the borders of individual interferometric modulators by detecting the sudden decrease in reflectance at the border of the interferometric modulators. In some embodiments, a spatial map is determined for all complete interferometric modulators appearing in a single photograph. In other embodiments, less than all of the interferometric modulators in the photograph are evaluated. In one embodiment, only a single interferometric modulator is evaluated. In some embodiments, multiple photographs are acquired from different regions of an array of interferometric modulators (e.g., a display). In some embodiments, a sampling of interferometric modulators in an array are spatially mapped. Evaluating multiple interferometric modulators across an array provides an indication of uniformity of interferometric modulator structure across the array. Statistical analyses on the resulting spatial maps may be performed to provide an indication of variation in the spatial maps of the interferometric modulators in the array.
Although the systems described above utilize digital cameras, those of skill in the art will appreciate that other methods may be utilized for acquiring photographs. For example, the interferometric modulators may be photographed using film-based cameras. The developed pictures may then be scanned into digital form for processing.
Once a photograph of one or more interferometric modulators is acquired and a region corresponding to a selected interferometric modulator within the photograph defined, a computer algorithm may be applied that determines the color (e.g., by determining u′-v′ color parameters) in the selected region as a function of two-dimensional position. In some embodiments, the color of each photograph pixel in the selected region is determined. In this fashion, the entire surface area of the interferometric modulator is evaluated. In other embodiments, average colors within sub-regions of the photograph are determined. In still other embodiments, a sampling of pixels or regions within the selected region is evaluated.
The determined color parameters are next compared to the model described above to determine the distance between reflective layers for each two-dimensional position evaluated. In one embodiment, the color parameters for each position (e.g., each pixel in the photographic region evaluated) are used to plot the colors of the positions on a color space plot that also contains the color spiral described above.
Once all of the two-dimensional positions are evaluated, the determined reflective layer distance as a function of two-dimensional position may be displayed to a user or further evaluated. In one embodiment, the results are displayed as a two-dimensional spatial map to the user. For example, the results may be displayed as a contour plot or a surface plot.
In some embodiments, an automated system may be provided that measures reflective layer distances as described above for a plurality of interferometric modulators in interferometric modulator displays produced in a large-scale manufacturing process. The system may provide an alert when greater than a threshold number of interferometric modulators in a display are determined to have reflective layer variation that fall out of a predetermined specification. Accordingly, the system may be used in a quality control process to automatically identify defective displays.
Although the invention has been described with reference to embodiments and examples, it should be understood that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 3, 2010
Owner name: QUALCOMM MEMS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DJORDJEV, KOSTADIN;REEL/FRAME:023896/0011
Effective date: 20060629
|Dec 28, 2010
|Certificate of correction
|Aug 26, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4