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Man charged with murder in Johnston shooting
A Johnston man is behind bars, charged with murder.
59-year-old Ollie Hall is charged with murdering Gregory Jones.
Jones was found shot to death on Aiken Avenue shortly after 6 o'clock on Saturday.
Several witnesses were inside at the time of the shooting. They say the gunman is a former law enforcement officer, a claim police will not confirm or deny.
Johnston Police Chief Chris Anson tells News 12 this is the first murder in the town in several years.
SLED is conducting this murder investigation.
Body found behind Augusta Exchange Target
The body of 36-year-old Jennifer Jarvis was found behind the Target on Robert C. Daniel Parkway.
An officer spotted her just after 8 p.m. Saturday.
Deputy Coroner Charlena Graham says Jarvis had just purchased medication from inside Target and is believed to have overdosed, but an autopsy has yet to be done.
Allendale sheriff says police didn't act fast enough
It's been almost two weeks since a missing Allendale teenager was last seen. Now the sheriff says the city police department may not have acted fast enough.
The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children arrived in Allendale Friday to follow up on the investigation.
Sheriff Tom Carter says 17-year-old Erica Bradley disappeared on November 6, but when the Allendale Police Department learned of it two days later, they should have done more.
"I think it was a bad judgment call to sit on it and not to do anything then," Sheriff Carter said.
"You don't just drag your feet," said Erica's grandmother, Annie Ruth Wright. "You got to move, and involve other law enforcement."
Sheriff Carter tells News 12 that on Saturday, for the first time, a helicopter was brought in to help with the search.
Investigation into Orbiter complete
The ride that threw a teenager 60 feet in the air at Augusta's fair has been cleared and the investigation is complete.
District attorney Danny Craig, the GBI, and the Georgia Department of Labor went to North Carolina Friday to inspect the Orbiter.
They said it didn't have any problems, and hadn't been altered.
They say the ride is not to blame for the accident and they released it to operate again.
13-year-old Desire Northington slipped under a lap bar and had serious head injuries, but she's now recovering at home.
Teacher accused of sex with student to court today
A former Columbia County teacher is headed to court.
Melissa Chase will appear for a bond hearing this morning.
Chase resigned from her position as softball coach and teacher at Harlem High School when a complaint was filed about her having an alleged relationship with a female student.
Absentee voting for December 5 runoff
Absentee voting begins today for the General Election Runoff on December 5.
Two school board races will be decided.
In Richmond County, A.K. Hasan faces Venus Cain in a runoff for Super District 9.
Columbia County is electing a school board chairperson for the first time. Lee Muns is facing Regina Buccafusco.
And the superior court judge's race covers several counties. J. David Roper is up against Bill Williams there.
You can vote today through Friday from 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. at the Board of Elections office.
Coming Up
You've heard about fraternity and sorority rush parties...how about a business rush party?
Tuesday in the Buzz on Biz, all the details are coming your way.
That's on News 12 This Morning starting at 5:30 a.m.


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I lived in a tenement yard at Sutton Street in Kingston
Yes, life was not easy, but I would not trade it for anything
Eating asham, stretcha, stinking toe and maccka fat from street vendor,
I will never forget my childhood, I considered it a splendor!
Playing dandy shandy, jax, and putting on skits at night,
I find all these things and more quite a delight
Ketching up the cold stove for mama to cook food for us to eat
May have been a rough way of living but we were never hungry and she always cook up a treat.
Washing my dirty feet at the cistern before going to bed at night,
By the time I tip toe back to the house, my feet look soiled again by candlelight.
Performing nature in the "chimmey" tucked under Mama's bed
Prevent all of us children from wetting the bed
You see, we did not have indoor bathroom, kitchen or toilet for that matter
But somehow it did not bother me
Because the love that my mother had for us was really what carried me
I enjoyed my childhood in that tenement yard and even though it's no longer
I will always hold those memories because they allowed me to be much tougher and more stronger.
I miss my homeland, yes wi likkle but wi tallawah!
Submitted by Grace Mason
Toronto, Canada

subset: commoncrawl


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CARLSBAD: Group hold benefit dinner
At its recent Annual Benefit Dinner, Caring Residents of Carlsbad, a local group which supports La Posada de Guadalupe, a shelter for homeless men in the city, listened as former resident, Pedro Maldanado told his story of the help he received from the shelter in his early years. Pictured are Maldonado family members Pedro Maldanado Jr., left, Annabelle Maldanado and Pedro Maldanado Sr. with Caring Residents Board Member Kate Bartels. Since its founding 20 years ago, La Posada has served over 9,000 homeless men like Maldonado with English instruction, counseling, health care, job placement and finding a permanent residence. Call (760) 729-7242.
CREDIT: Courtesy photo


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After suffering four straight losses, the Southern Oregon Spartans hockey team responded to take three in a row for a sweep of the Salt Lake City Moose on Sunday.
The Spartans drove in three goals in the second period to pick up a 4-2 victory at The RRRink.
Ryan Devine, Connor Quinn and Jeff Salzbrunn all tallied in the second period for the Spartans (21-15-1), with MJ Melanson adding an insurance goal in the third.
Salt Lake City Moose 0 1 1 — 2
Southern Oregon Spartans 0 3 1 — 4
Location, ST | website.com


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Police are searching for a 16-year-old boy who went missing from his legal guardian at their Paradise Township home on March 28.
The boy, Christian Miller is believed to have left the home on foot and may have been picked up by a friend. He was last seen in the area of Mount Pocono and may be heading to New York City, although he may still be in the area.
Miller is described as about 5 feet 7 inches tall, 170 pounds with light brown skin, curly brown hair and brown eyes.
Anyone with information about Miller's whereabouts is asked to contact the Pennsylvania state police at 570-839-7701.
Location, ST | website.com


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Lil Kim Talks Working With Dr. Dre On "Detox", New Album
- By Bossip Staff Categories: Hip Hop Wired, New Music, News
Lil Kim, the Queen Bee, is announcing that she's staging a comeback and is set to release a new album. In addition to tracks for herself, Kim's also been in the studio working with Dr. Dre on his long awaited Detox album. Keep reading for details Read More Here


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Joseph Schildkraut
Born on March 22, 1896
From Vienna, Austria-Hungary
The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
Joseph Schildkraut as "Otto Frank"
In Nazi-occupied Holland in World War II, shopkeeper Kraler hides two Jewish families in his attic. Young Anne Frank (Millie Perkins) keeps a diary of everyday life for the Franks and the Van Daans, chronicling the Nazi threat as well as family dynamics. A romance with Peter Van Daan causes jealousy between Anne and her sister, Margot. Otto Frank (Joseph Schildkraut) returns to the attic many years after the eventual capture of both families and finds his late daughter's diary.
|Golden Globe (1959)
|Best Performance By an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama


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"She wants to repair crumbling public housing, providing 'quality conditions' for 600,000 people. She wants to make the school day longer and replace textbooks with electronic tablets. At the buzzer, she threw in: make the city 'climate-change ready'.
"A lot of good ideas that, in Ms. Quinn's case, add up to an achievable vision, and one we would be glad to see come to pass."


text:
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Detroit Mayor Dave Bing speaks during a news conference, Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2011 in Detroit. Detroit Mayor Dave Bing on Wednesday urged municipal unions to accept wage cuts and Michigan leaders to pay the city millions stemming from a decade-old tax agreement, saying Detroit needs the money to avoid an emergency financial takeover. (AP Photo/Detroit News, Daniel Mears) DETROIT FREE PRESS OUT


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No Sauce Hollandaise for Spain
The French elections are coming too late for Spain.
The growth policies being promoted by the likely victor of presidential elections on May 6, Francois Hollande, are swiftly gaining traction in the euro zone.
And they are just what Spain needs.
Policies directed at promoting economic expansion would go some way to redress growing investor fears about Spain's fearsome austerity program.
But, with the country already entering recession, this is all happening too little too late.
Even if Mr. Hollande does manage to get a revision of the fiscal pact to take account of growth, investors are likely to continue pulling out of Spain.
A reminder of just how fragile Spanish finances are came with Standard & Poor's decision to downgrade the country's debt by two notches to BBB+ late on Thursday.
Just as damaging as the downgrade was the credit agency's insistence that the economy will contract by 1.5% this year. This all came just before Spain reported that unemployment had risen once again to 24.4%, a level that includes an average rate of 51.4% of jobless among the young.
With many Spanish banks also being pushed closer to the wall by the collapse in the country's housing market, Madrid has been pressing for at least some direct relief for them from the powers in Brussels.
However, Spain's requests for bank funding directly from the European Stability Mechanism has been falling on deaf ears.
In the meantime, the country's financial position continues to deteriorate with investors pushing 10-year bond yields steadily higher. At the last reading, they were close to 6%, a level that is hardly sustainable for a country already strapped for cash.
This week has, however, brought a distinct shift in the debate over how the euro-zone debt crisis should be resolved with the leading contender in France's presidential elections pressing hard for the terms of the recently negotiated fiscal pact, which provided deficit limits, to include policies that promote growth as well.
Mr. Hollande found his proposal gaining credibility when the Dutch government, a key core supporter of fiscal austerity, found itself collapsing last weekend.
This appeared to have sent a message to European leaders that fiscal austerity on its own may not work on its own after all.
Soon, Mr. Hollande found he wasn't on his own. European Central Bank President Mario Draghi quickly added his support for growth policies. By the end of the week, the Italian leader Mario Monti, who was appointed as technocrat to help introduce austerity in Italy, was calling for growth policies too.
How widely and how quickly Hollande's proposals will be adopted remains to be seen.
But chances are that even if the fiscal pact is revised, Spain will have already been forced to seek a bail out.
Apart from the rising level of bond yields, the country is also facing a steady erosion in its stock market.
Derek Halpenny, European head of global currency research at Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ put it in context, pointing out that while the MSCI world index is now 85.4% above its post-Lehman low in March 2009, Spain's IBEX 35 is only 1.3% above that level.
"With bank lending to households and non-financial corporations tumbling, Spain's economic outlook is dire," he said.


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4" Artistic Indian Metal Chess PiecesProduct Code: 2E-022
4" Artistic Indian Metal Chess Pieces
Product Code: 2E-022
Chess Piece Details
4" Artistic Indian Metal Chess PiecesThis fanciful chess set is an exotic interpretation of an Indian design style. The chess pieces are very tall and narrow, which huge amounts of detailing as the pieces rise through many layers.
The pieces are a pure black and white paint over pewter and is slightly malleable to help prevent damage. These pieces are suitable for chess boards with a 1 1/2" square size.
Made in China
- King Height: 4"
- King Weight: 2.9 oz
- King Base: 7/8"
- Recommended Square Size: 1 1/4" - 1 1/2"
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Other projects made by Oleo:
QuiltingPuff quilt
QuiltingWedding invitation
QuiltingTriple flying geese
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
This is oone of my favorite flowers I'd like to learn how to make this. Very pretty!
12/21/2011 Flag
There are whole books out there about making dahlia quilts, but I made this up myself. I just made a template for the petals and made each petal by sewing two petals together and then turning them inside out. I gathered the open end of the center petals. hand sewed the petals to a backing fabric. the center is a yo yo.
12/21/2011 Flag
Very pretty!!!
01/13/2012 Flag
09/29/2013 Flag
10/06/2013 Flag


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|sparrow vetch
| USDA PLANTS Symbol: VITE
U.S. Nativity: Exotic
Habit: Vines Forbs/Herbs
|Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.
Jump to: Distribution Maps | Sources
Taxonomic Rank: Magnoliopsida: Fabales: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
|Synonym(s): lentil vetch, sparrow vetch
|EDDMapS Distribution:
This map is incomplete and is based only on current site and county level reports made by experts and records obtained from USDA Plants Database. For more information, visit www.eddmaps.org
State(s) Where Reported invasive.
Based on state level agency and organization lists of invasive plants from WeedUS database.
|Invasive Listing Sources:
|Native Plant Society of Oregon, 2008


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FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more
An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2016
The ancient history of the Hooten name begins with the ancient Anglo-Saxon tribes of Britain. The name is derived from when the family resided in the settlement of Hooton, which is near Chester in Cheshire. The surname Hooten belongs to the large category of Anglo-Saxon habitation names, which are derived from pre-existing names for towns, villages, parishes, or farmsteads.
The surname Hooten was first found in Cheshire where the place name mentioned in the Domesday Book as Hotone, under the ownership of Richard de Vernon, the Norman Baron of Shipbrook.[1]CITATION[CLOSE]
Williams, Dr Ann. And G.H. Martin, Eds., Domesday Book A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0-141-00523-8)
Until quite recently, the English language has lacked a definite system of spelling rules. Consequently, Anglo-Saxon surnames are characterized by a multitude of spelling variations. Changes in Anglo-Saxon names were influenced by the evolution of the English language, as it incorporated elements of French, Latin, and other languages. Although Medieval scribes and church officials recorded names as they sounded, so it is common to find one person referred to by several different spellings of his surname, even the most literate people varied the spelling of their own names. Variations of the name Hooten include Hooton, Hootton, Hooten, Hootten and others.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Hooten research. Another 197 words (14 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Hooten History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
More information is included under the topic Early Hooten Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Searching for a better life, many English families migrated to British colonies. Unfortunately, the majority of them traveled under extremely harsh conditions: overcrowding on the ships caused the majority of the immigrants to arrive diseased, famished, and destitute from the long journey across the ocean. For those families that arrived safely, modest prosperity was attainable, and many went on to make invaluable contributions to the development of the cultures of the new colonies. Research into the origins of individual families in North America revealed records of the immigration of a number of people bearing the name Hooten or a variant listed above:
Hooten Settlers in United States in the 17th Century
Other References
The Hooten Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Hooten Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 14 October 2015 at 09:48.
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VINCENT - Lana Sydenstricker is a young lady on the move.
The Warren senior student-athlete signed a National Letter of Intent to continue her education and run cross country at Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tenn.
Sydenstricker is planning to major in journalism at Lipscomb, which is about a seven hour drive from Washington County. "I chose Lipscomb because of its Christian environment," Sydenstricker said. "It also has a great team environment, and I'm very excited to be a part of it."
Sydenstricker said she also considered attending Cincinnati Christian University.
Lipscomb, a private Christian school and an affiliate of the Churches of Christ in Music City USA, is a member of NCAA Division I and of the Atlantic Sun Conference.
The Bisons cross country team is coached by Bill Taylor.
"Lana's strength is her work ethic," said Warren cross country coach Debbie Proctor. "She's a very coachable, honest and hardworking young lady, who balances her school work and running. She's also very humble.
"When she visited Lipscomb, I think her personality and work ethic stood out, and that's what impressed them."
Last fall, Sydenstricker was a member of the Warren girls team that placed fourth at district at Rio Grande. Running the 3.1-mile distance in a time of 23 minutes, 12.06 seconds, she helped the Warriors advance to regional competition at Pickerington North. "Lana played a very important role in the race," Proctor said. At Pickerington North, Sydenstricker was clocked in 22:52.02.
Sydenstricker said her PR (personal record) best time was 22:09 at a Unioto meet last fall.
Sydenstricker, a four-year letterwinner in cross country, also competes on the Warren track and field team. She runs in the long-distance events, and her coach is Sally Maddox. In the classroom, Sydenstricker is in the top 10 of her class with a 4.10 GPA.
Sydenstricker is the daughter of Michael and Stephanie Sydenstricker of Bartlett. She has two younger sisters - Lexie and Lynsie.


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Monster Loves You! is a thing.
It's… yeah, it's a thing. People who grab this title and open it up will find themselves making decisions for a monster-thing (which to be honest, never actually shows affection towards the player) that will allegedly influence its future and somehow the development of its personality. They'll choose "adventures" at random, some of which are as trivial as "this person is being bullied, you should help them", and others as trivial as "you are fighting with this person over what to have for dinner". Less uninteresting ventures can be easily found in the Steam Store page description, so I'd presume they're in the game somewhere, though nothing anywhere near as exciting as "Devour[ing] Little Red Riding Hood" was ever found on my screen in the two and a half playthroughs I've given this… thing. Somehow fitting into the categories Adventure, RPG and Simulation, I'm left with an overwhelming wonderment as I ask myself how in the hell Monster Loves You! has been considered a game at all.


text:
Cadillac Pen and Business Card Set
Quantity in Basket:noneCode: PCC_SET
Sleek polished silver finish card case offers a carbon fiber inset. Pen features a 3-D carbon fiber barrel, solid black cap and silver accents. Both products are laser-engraved with the Cadillac Wreath & Crest and Script logos; presented in an attractive gift box.
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Us | Policies | Links | Dealer Inquiries
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© 2004-2014
Auto Pride, Inc.
Web Design & Marketing by Ronkin


text:
JAN 16, 2013 - Reuters
A Must Read - Share
NEW YORK (Reuters) - The man who stepped down as head of the New York City subway system to run for mayor of New York led rivals this month in a possible Republican primary battle but was far behind potential Democratic candidates, a poll released on Wednesday showed.
Editor's Picks
Hey you have no friends!!! Get to work and start inviting friends to help build your Comunitee. Click Here to invite friends.
© 2011 Comunitee, Inc.


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Mplus Home
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Mediation and moderation
Mplus Discussion
Categorical Data Modeling
posted on Monday, March 29, 2004 - 8:04 pm
I have a path model with variable A impacting on variable B and B impacting on variable C, i.e B is a mediating variable.
i also hypothesize that the impact of B on C is moderated by another variable D. is there a way to test this model?
Thank you.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, March 29, 2004 - 10:09 pm
If the variables are observed, you can create interactions using DEFINE. If they are latent, or latent and observed, Version 3 can include interactions for these types of variables.
posted on Monday, March 29, 2004 - 11:10 pm
thanks. does this mean an observed variable can be a mediator and a moderator in the same model?
thanks again
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, March 30, 2004 - 4:06 pm
I believe that this is the case. I have never actually done this though.
posted on Wednesday, January 12, 2005 - 4:53 pm
I am testing a mediational hypothesis with one linear exogenous variable, one linear endogenous variable, and one dichotomous endogenous variable (all variables are observed):
X1 = continuous observed variable
Y1 = continuous observed variable
Y2 = dichotomous observed variable (underlying continuous scale cannot be assumed)
B1 = coefficient from X1 --> Y1
B2 = coefficient from Y1 --> Y2
If all variables were linear, I could calculate the indirect effect of X1 on Y2 via Y1 by multiplying B1*B2. However, in this case, B1 is based on linear data and B2 based non-linear data. Are the point estimates and standard errors of the indirect effect generated by MPLUS3 valid in this case?
Here's the code I used to obtain the estimates:
Thank you for your help!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, January 12, 2005 - 7:57 pm
posted on Saturday, August 20, 2005 - 2:07 am
I have a model with 8 predictor variables (6 continuous, 2 categorical); 2 control variables (1 continuous, 1 categorical); 1 mediator (6 categories), 1 dependent variable (continuous).
What approach do I use to test it? References will also help. Help please!
posted on Saturday, August 20, 2005 - 10:41 am
I have a path model with 8 predictors (6 continuous, 2 categorical); 2 covariates (1 continuous, 1 categorical); 1 mediator (6 categories); and 1 dependent variable (continuous). Which approach do I use to test the model? Please help!!!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, August 20, 2005 - 3:25 pm
This depends on the scale of your mediating variable. If it is nominal, then this model cannot be estimated as specified. If it is ordinal, you can estimate the model using the maximum likelihood estimator treating it as a continuous variable or the weighted least squares estimator treating it as a categorical variable. I would suggest maximum likelihood unless you have strong floor or ceiling effects. The following papers may be of interest:
Muthén, B. & Kaplan D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 171-189.
Muthén, B. & Kaplan D. (1992). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables: A note on the size of the model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45, 19-30.
posted on Monday, August 22, 2005 - 4:08 pm
Thank you very much. The mediating variable is ordinal. I will treat it accordingly.
Mary Anders
posted on Thursday, July 13, 2006 - 7:32 pm
First, I would like to expressed how impressed I am with the wealth of information provided on this site. I apologize for my relative ignorance regarding Mplus and if you have already addressed my questions elsewhere within the Mplus discussion pages. My chair has recommended that I use SEM for my dissertation analyses, specifically WLS in Mplus. However, he has little background with your software program. Therefore, before I pursue this idea further, I wanted to confer with the experts (you) regarding whether or not the model that I would be proposing could be tested within Mplus.
All of my observed variables are binary (0-1). My model would involve two latent variables (each indicated by 7 of the observed variables). I would propose that the two latent variables interact to predict each of three observed variables that, in turn, predict the observed dependent variable.
Can you please let me know if the type of moderated mediation dichotomous outcome model I am proposing could be tested in Mplus and, if so, any suggestions you might have regarding computing this model? If this model is not testable, can you highlight the reasons for me?
Thank you very much for your time and any assistance you can offer.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Friday, July 14, 2006 - 10:43 pm
Yes, this can be handled in Mplus. To handle the interaction, you would be using maximum likelihood estimation.
posted on Wednesday, October 25, 2006 - 10:13 pm
Moderation and Mediation in the same model
I need to test a model which has both an interaction (moderation) effect and an indirect effect (mediation).
Lat1---------->|--> Cat1 --> Lat2 --> Lat3
Con1xLat1 -->| . . . . |-------->>---------|
Con1 is a continous variable
Lat1/2/3 are latent variables
Cat1 is a categorical variable (1,0,-1)
Con1 moderates the relationship between Lat1 and Cat1, for which I have used "Con1xLat1 | Con1 XWITH Lat1" with ANALYSIS=RANDOM & ALGORITHM=INTEGRATION
Lat2 mediates the relationship between Cat1 and Lat3, for which I have used MODEL INDIRECT with "Lat3 IND Lat2 Cat1".
However, MPLUS gives a error message on testing of Interation and Indirect effects in the same model, saying "*** ERROR: MODEL INDIRECT is not available for TYPE=RANDOM".
What do I do? How do I make MPlus handle this? I need to do it in a way in which reviewers will not complain about. Thanks in advance for you kind consideration, and congratulations on this wonderful product!
Boliang Guo
posted on Thursday, October 26, 2006 - 7:10 am
cross level interaction is same as a level 2 variable effects on level 1 relationship. pls refer Raudenbush's general 2 level regrestion equation.
for multilevel mediation/moderation assessing, you can not ask current version Mplus give you the direct/indirect effect yet, pls refere kenny's 2003 psychology method paper for the formula to compute indirect effect. following is a code for basic multilevel path analysis, psl add level 2 var for the moderation effcet by your self. if you are using multilevel SEM, I am not sure weather the code will work.just for reference.
usevariable = ID2 X M Y;
within = X;
c | Y ON X;! c mean c�
b | Y on M;
a | M on X;
Y with M b a c;
M with b a c;
a with b c;
b with c;
posted on Thursday, October 26, 2006 - 7:17 pm
Question: Moderation and Mediation in the same model (single level)
(NOTE: Based on cross-sectional individual level survey data. This is NOT MultiLevel.
I am sorry, but the above reply is extremely confusing and unrelated. Kindly provide a clear and understandable answer.)
I need to test a model which has both an interaction (moderation) effect and an indirect effect (mediation).
Lat1---------->|--> Cat1 --> Lat2 --> Lat3
Con1xLat1 --->| . . . . |-------->>------|
Con1 is a continous variable
Lat1/2/3 are latent variables
Cat1 is a categorical variable (1,0,-1)
Con1 moderates (interaction effect) the relationship between Lat1 and Cat1, for which I have used "Con1xLat1 | Con1 XWITH Lat1" with ANALYSIS=RANDOM & ALGORITHM=INTEGRATION
Lat2 mediates (indirect effect) the relationship between Cat1 and Lat3, for which I have used MODEL INDIRECT with "Lat3 IND Lat2 Cat1".
However, MPLUS gives a error message on testing of Interation and Indirect effects in the same model, saying "*** ERROR: MODEL INDIRECT is not available for TYPE=RANDOM".
What do I do? How do I make MPlus handle this?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, October 26, 2006 - 7:41 pm
MODEL INDIRECT is not available with TYPE=RANDOM. There is no way to change this. You would need to compute the indirect effects yourself.
Tor Neilands
posted on Tuesday, October 16, 2007 - 10:28 pm
A colleague has run a path analysis with the following variables:
1. Independent variables: x1-x10, a mixture of continous and categorical variables.
2. Mediators m1-4, all dichtomous
3. A single outcome, y1, dichotomous
WLSMV estimation with the THETA parameterization was used in Mplus 4. MODEL INDIRECT was used to define the various possible indirect effects. The investigator would now like to interpret the various effects.
On p. 356 of the v4 Mplus User's Guide, a formula is provided for converting probit Mplus results to probabilities in the dependent variable as a function of a single predictor:
p(u=1|x) = F(-t + bx)
where F is the normal distribution function, t is the threshold estimate, and b is the parameter estimate for the predictor. I am curious as to how this formula could be applied to the analysis situation described above. For instance, if the investigator wanted to compute the probability of u=1|x for the total effect of x1 on y1 through m1, could he use:
p(u=1|x) = F(-t + [a*b+c]x)
where a and b are the components of the indirect effect and c is the direct effect of x1 on y1?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, October 17, 2007 - 4:07 pm
This sounds correct.
Michael Mitchell
posted on Friday, November 16, 2007 - 1:52 pm
I have a model that could be described as
Y is a NOMINAL variable with 3 or perhaps 4 categories. I wish to assess the direct and indirect effects of X on Z. As I understand it, this is not directly estimated in Mplus. Can this be "faked" by converting Y into a series of dummies?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, November 16, 2007 - 7:47 pm
I would instead use the mediating variable as a grouping variable.
Rebecca Fraser
posted on Friday, January 09, 2009 - 9:29 pm
I noticed above that model indirect is unavailable with Type = Random, but is it an option with Type = TwoLevel?
I am trying to estimate the indirect effect for a 2-1-1 multilevel mediation model. While the model indirect command does not result in any error messages, the output shows 0.000 for the estimate and standard error with a est/se of 999.00.
Thanks so much!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, January 09, 2009 - 11:49 pm
MODEL INDIRECT is available with TYPE=TWOLEVEL.
It sounds like you may not be using the most recent version of the program. If you are, please send your input, data, output, and license number to
Jill Messing
posted on Monday, April 13, 2009 - 5:22 pm
We are using path analysis to examine mediation between three exogenous variables and three endogenous variables. We are also controlling for three other exogenous variables expected to influence the three outcomes. All variables in the model are dichotomous coded �0� or �1.�
Is it correct to both test the direct and indirect paths as follows?
y1 ON y4 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
y2 ON y4 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
y3 ON y4 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
y4 ON x1 x2 x3
Model indirect: y1 IND y4 x1
Model indirect: y1 IND y4 x2
Model indirect: y1 IND y4 x3
Model indirect: y2 IND y4 x1
Model indirect: y2 IND y4 x2
Model indirect: y2 IND y4 x3
Model indirect: y3 IND y4 x1
Model indirect: y3 IND y4 x2
Model indirect: y3 IND y4 x3
Can you also please clarify:
Is it correct for us to use WLSMV & parameterization=delta?
Are the indirect paths tested using the Sobel test?
We understand that Chi Square difference test can�t be used with WLSMV, does that mean that it is incorrect to use the Chi Square Test of Model Fit as a estimation of model fit or is it just that you can�t use it to compare different models for example in a multigroup analysis?
If we model direct and indirect paths together as we did above and for example significant paths are found between the following paths:
Model indirect: y1 IND y4 x2
Model indirect: y3 IND y4 x2
Y1 ON x2
Y3 On x2
Y4 On x2
Then we have partial mediation?
Thank you!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, April 13, 2009 - 7:40 pm
MODEL INDIRECT can contain more than one IND statement. You don't need to repeat MODEL INDIRECT. Otherwise this looks okay.
You can use WLSMV and the Delta parameterization. Yes, the Sobel test is used.
With WLSMV only the p-value should be interpreted. Chi-square and the degrees of freedom are adjusted to obtain a correct p-value. DIFFTEST should be used to compare nested models.
That would seem to suggest partial mediation.
Jill Messing
posted on Wednesday, April 29, 2009 - 2:30 pm
Thank you! One more question -
For a path model using WLSMV and the Delta parameterization, with all dichotomous variables: Can the path coefficients be reported as Betas?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, April 29, 2009 - 4:38 pm
Regression coefficients in this case are probit regression coefficients.
Sebastian Reiche
posted on Monday, October 26, 2009 - 4:40 pm
I am testing a moderated mediation model in which:
and the moderator M moderates the relationship between X2 and Y1
I am using the following MPlus syntax:
Missing IS .;
DEFINE: interact = M*X2;
MODEL: Y1 on X2 M interact;
X2 on X1;
I keep getting an error message that says that "Unknown variable(s) in an ON statement: INTERACT"
Can you help my in identifying what is wrong with my model command?
Thanks a lot in advance,
Amir Sariaslan
posted on Monday, October 26, 2009 - 5:15 pm
Try the following:
USEVARIABLES ARE Y1 X1 X2 M interact;
Dan Shefet
posted on Monday, June 21, 2010 - 6:35 am
Hey, I am running a simple mediation model with one mediator who is dicotomous and categorical . is it possibe to do that with Mplus? do I need a whole lot of subjects for that like with SEM (I have only 80 subjects so SEM is not an option).
I'm kinda new at this place so I apologize for the any stupid I might post
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, June 21, 2010 - 5:18 pm
You can estimate a mediation model with a categorical mediator using weighted least squares or maximum likelihood estimation in Mplus. Indirect effects can be estimated for the weighted least squares solution.
The necessary sample size depends on the size of your model and the quality of your data. Only a Monte Carlo simulation study could tell you if 80 subjects has enough power in your situation.
Dan Shefet
posted on Monday, June 21, 2010 - 8:43 pm
thanks, I tryed to find weighted least squares in the user's manuals but couldnt find how to execute this test. can you please refer me to the user's manual, or to another source that will help me get aquainted with this test. thanks again.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, June 21, 2010 - 8:47 pm
Weighted least squares is an estimator. See Example 3.12.
elizabeth davis
posted on Tuesday, September 14, 2010 - 2:04 pm
I would like to test if two variables are mediators of the same x-y relationship. Is it possible to put them in the same equation, or should I put them in seperate mediation analyses?
What would be the rationale for each approach?
thank you very much!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, September 14, 2010 - 3:50 pm
It would depend on whether you are interested in the relationship between the two mediators. If they are both in the model, you estimate partial regression coefficients for each of them. If you run separate models, their relationship is not taken into account.
Stefanie K�hler
posted on Saturday, June 25, 2011 - 7:19 am
Hi,hopefully you can help me. I�m running a mediation analysis which includes a moderation as well. There�re NO latent variables. My independent variable&the mediator are treated as continuous. The moderator affects the a-path that goes from the predictor to the mediator. The moderator=continuous. My outcome=binary (coded 1 and 2).I�m controlling for age.
Now I want to test the indirect path if its signif. using bootstrapping. First I wanted to use MODEL INDIRECT&ESTIMATOR=MLR to get odds ratios, CI�s & estimates for the indirect & total effects. But it didn�t work. So I�ve created the MODEL CONSTRAINT which worked with ESTIMATOR=MLR & INTEGRATION=MONTECARLO.After that I�ve wanted to use bootstrapping,but it didn�t work in combination with ML(R).It�s working with the ESTIMATOR=WLSMV.Problems:
1.Using WLSMV doesn�t provide the odds ratios.Using MLR doesn�t allow bootstrapping.Can I specify both in just ONE model or do I have to live with splitting it up? Or just make a choice what�s more important:odds ratios or bootstrapping.
2.Using WLSMV & bootstrapping provides impossible results.The means are very strange & cannot be true.There are also slopes, but I don�t know why and how to interpret these slopes. Is there something else I�ve forgotten to specify?
Stefanie K�hler
posted on Saturday, June 25, 2011 - 8:30 am
Addition: I guess I figured out that the strange values appear everytime I'm using WLSMV - i.e. the means from my moderator and dependent variable are negative, but they actually cannot be smaller than zero. And everytime I'm using WLSMV a table with slopes shows up.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, June 25, 2011 - 5:58 pm
BOOTSTRAP is available for ML. ML, MLR, and MLF have obtain the same parameter estimates. BOOTSTRAP gives bootstrapped standard errors. So ML gives the same as MLR and MLF would. Use ML.
It seems you are using weighted least squares and categorical dependent variables. Thresholds not means are estimated for categorical variables.
The sample statistics for model estimation with a conditional model and weighted least squaresand categorical dependent variables are thresholds, probit regression coefficients, and residual correlations.
Stefanie K�hler
posted on Sunday, June 26, 2011 - 6:35 am
Dear Linda, thank you so much for your quick answer.
But, if I'm using ESTIMATOR=ML and the BOOTSRAP command, than the following shows up:
ERROR in ANALYSIS command BOOTSTRAP is not allowed with ALGORITHM=INTEGRATION.
So I do know that you can find in the manual that the BOOTSTRAP command is available for ML, but the analysis does not run.
And yes I can find thresholds in the output, but there is also a table with the headline "means" and another one with "slopes". Thats quite confusing.
Did I miss something?
Best wishes, Steph
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, June 26, 2011 - 12:34 pm
If you model requires numerical integration, then you can't use the BOOTSTRAP option.
The slopes are the probit regression coefficients I referred to in the earlier answer.
Stefanie K�hler
posted on Sunday, June 26, 2011 - 4:02 pm
Thanks a lot for your answers.
Just checking: With the model desribed earlier
1. I can do bootstrapping if I use WLSMV, but I cannot when I want to use ML.
2. And when I use WLSMV I get slopes which are the probit regression coefficients.
3.The table with the headline "means" at the beginning I do ignore.
4.Can I do something about the numerical integration so that I would be able to use the BOOTSTRAP option?
Have a nice evening.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, June 26, 2011 - 4:15 pm
1. Not if your model requires numerical integration which it seems to.
2. Yes.
3. I would have to see the output to know the context of the heading.
4. No.
Stefanie K�hler
posted on Monday, June 27, 2011 - 5:05 am
Good Morning,
Would you have a look at the output? It would be great!
Otherwise thanks for the answers you've gave me!
Stefanie K�hler
posted on Monday, June 27, 2011 - 6:09 am
Oh no, I think I got it - so forget the question above. Sorry.
Thanks for your patience.
Have a good day.
posted on Monday, July 04, 2011 - 10:00 am
Dear Mrs. Muthen, I've got a mediation model with a moderation as well (the path from X to M is moderated). If the interaction X * Moderator is significant, how could I test/analyse +/- 1 SD and M=0 in Mplus (version 6) with my data. Or do I have to use another program for that (e.g. SPSS)?
Thanks in advance.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, July 05, 2011 - 12:28 am
You use the estimated parameter values to compute the effect of X on M for the different values of the Moderator (say Z) that you choose (such as +-1 SD and the mean of Z). So you have
M = b1*X + b2*Z + b3*X*Z + e
or written as a Z moderation of the X effect:
M = (b1 + b3*Z)*X + b2* Z + e,
where b3*Z is the moderating effect. So you can compute this by hand given the estimates.
posted on Tuesday, July 05, 2011 - 7:44 am
Thanks for your quick answer.
So, did I get it right:
1. It's not clever to use a standardized Moderator, because interpretation would be difficult.
2. So I just use the mean and +-1 SD from the Moderator.
3. If the slopes are different at different levels of the Moderator, than the interaction/moderation is significant.
4. The mean and the SD I could get with, lets say, SPSS. (because Mplus just gives means, or is Est/S.E. = SD?)
5. But I don't really know how to calculate it using Mplus and than plotting it.
Do I have to use the DEFINE command and translate the formulas above into Mplus language?
6. I've already defined the interaction X*Z, to see if its significant. But I don't really know how to define the formulas above. Do I have to do that anyway?
I've got the feeling that I'm missing something thats quite obvious, but I don't hit on it.
Hopefully you will help me once more.
posted on Tuesday, July 05, 2011 - 8:18 am
I've got an idea - would that be working:
XZ = X * Z; !interaction
Z=4,81; !its the mean
(or Z=4,81-3,482 !one SD below
or Z=4,81+3,482 !one SD above the mean)
And than I could plot it, could I?
Thanks in advance.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, July 05, 2011 - 3:18 pm
You should center Z to make interpretations easier - see the centering command.
SD for Z is the square root of the sample variance of Z which you get out of a Type=Basic run.
Mplus does not plot interactions.
posted on Tuesday, July 05, 2011 - 3:30 pm
Alright, sorry for all the confusion. After I've tried differnt things I guess I figuered it out.
The plan with the DEFINE command didn't work.
So I've centered my moderator at its mean in SPSS calculating a new variable. After that I've calculated two other variables: Moderator Z (centered) minus 1 SD and Z + 1 SD. (I guess you meant that with calculating it by hand...)
Now I think I can run 3 further analysis with Mplus using these new variables.
Lets say the interaction X*Z(mean centered) isn't significant - would it be sensible to test for +/- 1 SD?
Thank you very much.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, July 06, 2011 - 1:23 pm
No, you don't run it with new variables. I suggest that you read the MacKinnon book Statistical Mediation Analysis.
posted on Saturday, July 23, 2011 - 2:52 pm
Hi,I'm running a Mediation analysis including a moderation,too.In the model I've got 2 groups.Sometimes,I'm getting following message:
Could you please tell me what it means? Can I ignore it?
If I don't split my sample in 2 groups the warning doesn't show up.
And then I've got another problem with my groups:if I use
GROUPING IS K_vorh95(0=No 1=Yes);
then 1)my ESTIMATES are identical for both groups:
2)variable X is the same like the interaction XZ.
3)But if I'm doing two analysis - in each just the people from one group in the data set, then the estimates are very differnt between groups.
Is that possible?
Thanks in advance.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Saturday, July 23, 2011 - 4:09 pm
The zero cell warning says that you don't have a large enough sample (relative to the rareness of the event) to determine this correlation - ignoring this might lead to distorted results, although it is not clear how much distortion occurs if only one correlation out of many is so affected.
Only one grouping variable is allowed. If you have two, you will have to use DEFINE to create a single grouping variable which combines the two.
posted on Saturday, July 23, 2011 - 4:39 pm
Thanks for your quick answer. It was very helpful!
I've just one more question because of the DEFINE command. If I'm allowed just to have one GROUPING variable, its not that easy for me to combine them, because Mplus wants grouping values in the variable command, but which shall I choose, because I've got four?
Can I actually use the & in the DEFINE command? Could I do it something like that with PK_95 as my new variable?
DEFINE: PK_95 = PS_1995(1=married, 3=single) & GROUPING IS K_vorh95(0=No 1=Yes);
I'm hopeing so much you'll help me on this. Best wishes.
posted on Saturday, July 23, 2011 - 4:57 pm
Sorry, of course without GROUPING IS in the DEFINE command...
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Saturday, July 23, 2011 - 4:58 pm
Say that you have grouping variables a and b, both of which have values 0 and 1. Then you create a new grouping variable that combines the two by writing:
Grouping = combine(0=lowlow 1=lowhigh 2=highlow 3=highhigh);
if(a eq 0 and b eq 0)then combine=0;
if(a eq 0 and b eq 1)then combine=1;
if(a eq 1 and b eq 0)then combine=2;
if(a eq 1 and b eq 1)then combine=3;
posted on Wednesday, November 30, 2011 - 1:26 pm
Good morning.
I'm new to MPLUS and am attemptin to re-run a logistic regression analyses using a categorical moderating variable and am having trouble finding any previous posts that are relevant to both the log reg and the categorical moderating variable, so I hope you can help.
I am interested in looking at how a categorical variable x3 (gender) moderates the relationship between continous Time 1 variables x1 and x2 in predicting Time 2 categorical outcome variable y1. I should mention that I am running this in MPLUS rather than SPSS because I have attrition in the dataset and want to run the analyses with estimated data (estimator=ml?) Similar to log reg and mod in SPSS, it seems as though I have to center the conitnous variables and I am currently running the following model:
NAMES ARE x3 y1 x1 x2;
USEVARIABLES ARE x3 y1 x1 x2 x12 x21;
CENTERING= grandmean (x1 x2);
Categorical IS y1;
Define: x12=x3*x1;
y1 ON x3 x1 x2 x12 x21;
Does this look appriate for the question I am trying to answer? Thank you!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, November 30, 2011 - 11:15 pm
This looks fine, except that the centering command does not operate the way you probably expect. I assume that you want to center x1 and x2 before they get multiplied by x3 in Define. But centering is actually done after Define is done. So what you should do is to delete the centering and instead use Define to subtract the sample mean, for instance
Define: x12 = x3*(x1-3);
posted on Friday, December 02, 2011 - 5:54 pm
Hello again,
Thank you for your help. Under the advisement of my SEM professor, I ended up running the syntax with two categorical variables (1 for the categorical outcome y1 and the other being x3 which is gender). While the syntax seemed to run with no warnings, the output states that the model was run with 2 dependent variables.However, under the model results, it appears to have still run x3 (moderator) on y1 (outcome). My question is whether it is acceptable that the output say number of dependent variable:2, number of independent variables:4, when it is actually 1 outcome variable and 5 independent variables. Thanks again for your help.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, December 02, 2011 - 5:59 pm
Please send the output and your license number to
posted on Monday, January 23, 2012 - 1:34 pm
I have observed ordinal variables that I would like to investigate within an observed path model:
2 independent variables (ordinal)
3 mediators (ordinal)
2 dependent variables (ordinal)
I would like to create a moderation where one IV2 moderates the relationship between another IV1 and a dependent variable DV. Both IVs have 5 categories. Would it be sufficient to code
DV on IV1 IV2 IV1*IV2;
Or does MPLUS require more product terms to model the moderation between categorical variables? I. E. would I have to introduce separate product terms for every value combination:
DV on IV1 IV2 IV1_VAL1*IV2_VAL1 IV1_VAL2* IV_VAL1...;
Many thanks for your help.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, January 25, 2012 - 6:01 pm
DV on IV1 IV2 IV1*IV2;
is correct.
posted on Wednesday, January 25, 2012 - 6:04 pm
Thanks a lot, Linda.
Lina Sapokaite
posted on Thursday, January 26, 2012 - 5:52 pm
I'd like to test a mediation model with all dichotomous variables (outcome, predictor, mediator, covariates). I have a large sample size (over 5,000), however, the outcome of interest is only 3% of the sample. Other variables (mediator, covariates) also have rather unequal variable proportions (e.g. 15%=1, 85%=0). Will this present any problems in the analyses?
Also, does mplus allow to control for clustering in the mediation analyses?
Thanks a lot!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, January 26, 2012 - 6:45 pm
This modeling is covered in
Muth�n, B. (2011). Applications of causally defined direct and indirect effects in mediation analysis using SEM in Mplus. Submitted for publication.
which you find on our web site under Papers, Mediational Modeling.
See the Pearl example, which also presents a simulation - this is the only way to answer your question about sample size and prevalence.
Mplus can take into account clustering - see Chapter 9 of the User's Guide.
Jane Robertson
posted on Thursday, February 09, 2012 - 1:45 pm
I am trying to test a mediation model with 2 continuous exogenous variables (PreSE & PreKnow), 1 dichotomous exogenous variable (Instr), and 2 continuous endogenous variables (PostSE & PostKnow). I also want to include an interaction (moderator) term that is the product of PreSE & Instr. I used the following code:
DEFINE: CLPreSE = Instr*PreSE;
VARIABLE: NAMES ARE PreSE PreKnow Instr PostSE PostKnow;
USEVARIABLES ARE PreSE PreKnow Instr PostSE PostKnow CLPreSE;
MODEL: PostKnow ON PostSE PreKnow PreSE Instr;
PostSE ON PreKnow PreSE Instr CLPreSE;
MODEL INDIRECT: PostKnow VIA PostSE PreSE;
PostKnow VIA PostSE PreKnow;
PostKnow VIA PostSE Instr;
The STDYX estimate for PostSE on Instr is 1.694 and for PostSE on the interaction term is -1.987. I cannot figure out why these values are so far from 1 and -1 and if I need to change something in my code. Thanks for your help!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, February 10, 2012 - 4:11 pm
This could be due to multicollinearity. Subtract the means of instr and prese from each value using DEFINE.
CEKIC Sezen
posted on Tuesday, February 28, 2012 - 10:42 am
I would like to know how it's possible to get a graph like the one on the p.445 of the v6 user guide.
I mean: a graph of the probability to fall in each of the categories of the dependant variable given the value of the independant variable on the x axis.
My dependant variable is categorical with 5 categories and my independant variable is continuous.
I already got the results of the mediation analysis.
Thank you very much!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, February 29, 2012 - 2:55 pm
That graph is available in Mplus for regression of a latent class variable on covariates. It is not available for a nominal observed DV.
Karen S. Mitchell
posted on Tuesday, May 22, 2012 - 6:54 pm
I am attempting to run a model with a categorical IV, mediator, and DV. I have read Bengt's article mentioned earlier in this thread and have some questions. Ideally, I would like to be able to bootstrap to obtain confidence intervals for the indirect effect, or to use the BAYES estimator, as this method can handle non-normally distributed parameters. However, it doesn't seem like there is a way to do either of these things for LINK=LOGIT. My outcome is a rare variable, so as far as I know, I shouldn't use PROBIT, which is the only link function available for ESTIMATOR=BAYES or for WLSMV. Is my only option to use ESTIMATOR=ML and to compute the significance of the indirect effect using Model Constraint? If so, how is the significance of the indirect effect calculated?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, May 22, 2012 - 11:42 pm
You can use probit also for rare outcomes when you use the general formula given in the paper (it is the simplified logit expression that can only be used for rare cases). So you can use Bayes. See the Pearl example.
Karen S. Mitchell
posted on Wednesday, May 23, 2012 - 6:18 pm
I forgot to mention that I also would like to use sample weights, which isn't possible with ESTIMATOR=BAYES. Will I obtain correct estimates if I use the formula with WLSMV and bootstrapping?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, May 24, 2012 - 5:02 pm
Petek Demirer
posted on Friday, July 20, 2012 - 12:21 pm
Hello,I have a question about interpreting the outputs,sorry if this sounds too basic.I keep finding different conclusions with regard to the relationships among my variables,from looking at p-values and estimates vs. confidence intervals (e.g. while total indirect effect seems significant when I look at CI's,it seems insignificant when I check p-values). I'm running the analyses with bootstrapping,asking for standardized estimates and CI's.Which indicator should be prioritized in drawing conclusions?
Thanks in advance
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, July 20, 2012 - 4:45 pm
The p-values and confidence intervals will agree if the confidence intervals are symmetric. BOOTSTRAP and BCBOOTSTRAP confidence intervals are not symmetric.
Petek Demirer
posted on Sunday, July 22, 2012 - 10:20 am
Thanks.But when analysis=bootstrap was not defined,CI (BCBOOTSTRAP) command was not executed anyways.When I wrote CI (BOOTSTRAP) -which is probably not correct to do- values did not agree either.I couldn't fix the problem.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, July 22, 2012 - 12:39 pm
Please send the output and your license number to
. ANALYSIS=BOOTSTRAP is not in the Mplus language so I don't know what you mean by it was not defined.
Francisca Galindo Garre
posted on Monday, August 27, 2012 - 12:54 pm
I would like to perform a mediation analysis with a categorical (ordinal) independent variable with 3 categories. In the paper by Hayes and Preacher under revision they propose a method to compute relative indirect and direct effects for each category (k-1) of the independent variable.
My question is: Could I define a latent variable for a ordinal independent variable?
CATEGORICAL: education;
f by education;
y ON f;
If this code is correct, I will have less parameters.
Thank you very much for your answer.
Best regards,
Francisca Galindo
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, August 27, 2012 - 11:08 pm
If the covariate is ordinal just say y on education. This is no different from putting a factor behind the covariate.
Francisca Galindo Garre
posted on Thursday, August 30, 2012 - 9:58 am
ok, thank you very much.
Ciara Wynne
posted on Monday, October 29, 2012 - 11:06 pm
I am carrying out moderated mediation using Preacher et al (2007) Model 1 mplus syntax. I have confirmed complete mediation in a simple mediation model. X is continuous (standardised scores from -3 to 3), Med is dichotomous, Y is continuous and Mod is the X variable (i.e. elevated levels of x). I am new to MPlus and when I ran the syntax, instead of giving me B, SEs, P and BC CI for the indirect effect, the output gave me "starting values". I inserted all of these to see what would happen and I received error message saying
Can you please advise me what to do next. Thanks.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, October 29, 2012 - 11:41 pm
Please send the output and your license number to
Leslie Roos
posted on Thursday, January 17, 2013 - 8:30 pm
After receiving a revise/resubmit with more stringent statistics of mediation than Baron & Kenny, it has been suggested that I use Mplus Path modelling to determine our mediation. I have some familiarity with your program but would truly value your advice on this problem as there seem to be many important considerations!
I am attempting to determine this mediation model with a categorical (yes/no) DV, categorical (yes/no) IV, and a categorical (yes/no) mediator. However, this model is somewhat more complex as we have a number of endogenous covariate variables which are continuous (income, age, education); binary (sex); and categorical (3L marital, 5L ethnicity). Additionally I am using a complex sampling design with clusters and weights.
My questions are
1) how to model both the mediation (with MODEL INDIRECT?)
2) how to create the categorical covariates (do I need a latent variable here from dummy codes?)
3) on what variables the covariate should be regressed.
Thank you in advance!
Leslie Roos
posted on Thursday, January 17, 2013 - 8:35 pm
After receiving a revise/resubmit with more stringent statistics of mediation than Baron & Kenny, it has been suggested that I use Mplus Path modelling to determine our mediation. I have some familiarity with your program but would truly value your advice on this problem as there seem to be many important considerations!
I am attempting to determine this mediation model with a categorical (yes/no) DV, categorical (yes/no) IV, and a categorical (yes/no) mediator. However, this model is somewhat more complex as we have a number of endogenous covariate variables which are continuous (income, age, education); binary (sex); and categorical (3L marital, 5L ethnicity). Additionally I am using a complex sampling design with clusters and weights.
My questions are
1) how to model both the mediation (with MODEL INDIRECT?)
2) how to create the categorical covariates (do I need a latent variable here from dummy codes?)
3) on what variables the covariate should be regressed.
Thank you in advance!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, January 17, 2013 - 11:33 pm
1) You should read
Muth�n, B. (2011). Applications of causally defined direct and indirect effects in mediation analysis using SEM in Mplus.
which is on our website under Papers, Mediational Modeling.
2) You have to create them before analysis, say by DEFINE or outside Mplus.
3) All DVs.
Leslie Roos
posted on Monday, January 21, 2013 - 3:28 pm
Thank you, as always for your excellent advice! A couple follow-up questions:
1) Having read the article you suggest, I was unclear exactly how the combination of ordinal, continuous, and nominal covariates should be included within the mediational model?
2) I will definitely create this before analysis -- (a) am I correct that I will need to create a latent variable for each of the nominal covariates? (b) would you have a reference or chapter for advice on this
(3) Thank you! If we hypothesize the covariates to also potentially relate to the mediator variable, would it be advised to include these paths, or as they are not of interest (and not discussed in the manuscript) we could leave them out?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, January 22, 2013 - 2:20 am
1) The covariate scale is not critical. All covariates are treated as continuous by Mplus. So for a nominal vble you create a series of binary variables.
2) See above for nominal covariate handling. No latent variable is needed. Regression books would have this described.
3) The covariates would typically influence all DVs, which includes the mediators and the ultimate (distal) outcomes.
Because your questions are about basic statistics, you may want to seek statistical consultation with your campus support group to get more detailed help.
Yao Wen
posted on Sunday, May 12, 2013 - 12:08 am
Hello Linda,
I am working on a project using the mediation model in which x is categorical, m and y are continuous. I used MLR estimator with the consideration of categorical variables in the model. However, I have problems to interpret the coefficient between x and y or x and m. Do you have any suggestions? Should I dummy code x?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, May 12, 2013 - 12:32 pm
If x is an unordered categorical variable, you must create a set of dummy variables. If it is an ordered categorical variable, you can create a set of dummy variables or treat it as a continuous variable.
Dianna "Annie" Murray-Close
posted on Thursday, August 01, 2013 - 6:30 pm
Dear Dr. Muthen,
I am running a path analysis with 2 manifest continuous variables (main effects) and their interaction (calculated using the DEFINE feature). I am also testing whether the interaction varies across gender, so I am conducting multiple group analyses by gender. Nested model comparisons indicate that the main effects do not vary across gender, but the interaction does. A reviewer has asked whether it is appropriate to constrain the main effects to be equal across gender and then allow the interaction effect to vary across gender. They have suggested that if the interaction is freely estimated across groups, the main effects should be freely estimated across groups as well. I wasn't sure which approach is more appropriate (i.e., constraining main effects across gender and allowing the interaction to vary across gender versus freely estimating all three paths), and was wondering if you have any suggestions.
Thank you so much for your assistance.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, August 01, 2013 - 8:14 pm
The mantra is that you should not interpret main effects when there is a signficant interaction. If the interaction varies over groups, the main effects have different meanings over groups and should not be held equal.
Dianna "Annie" Murray-Close
posted on Thursday, August 01, 2013 - 9:36 pm
Thank you!
Emily Rosenzweig
posted on Monday, September 16, 2013 - 3:06 pm
Hello --
I am looking to test a simple mediation model (all three variables are measured and continuous), but have within-subjects data, such that I need to include a random intercept for subject ID in my model. As someone totally new to mPlus, I don't know which version of mPlus I would need (do I need the mixture add-on? the multilevel add-on?), and I also was hoping someone might be able to point me towards the syntax I would use to add in this random effect to the MODEL INDIRECT code I see in places above?
Many many thanks,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, September 16, 2013 - 10:09 pm
How is the nesting of the data? Is it repeated measures of the same variable across time or students nested in classrooms?
Emily Rosenzweig
posted on Monday, September 16, 2013 - 11:58 pm
It is repeated measures data...
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, September 17, 2013 - 12:05 am
Then you can get just the Base program and run your growth models in the wide multivariate format. See the introduction in Chapter 6 for more information.
posted on Thursday, February 13, 2014 - 1:04 pm
Dear Linda,
I would like to run a mediated path model with a binary DV and IV and three continuous mediator variables controlled for age. Furthermore, I would like to compare these associations between males and females using the GROUPING command. How do I have to proceed to test for differences between groups? Do you have any examples how to specify the necessary models step by step?
Thanks for your assistance;
My model is:
m1 on x
age ;
m2 on x
age ;
m3 on x
age ;
y on x
age ;
model males:
m1 on x
age ;
m2 on x
age ;
m3 on x
age ;
y on x
age ;
y IND m1 x;
y IND m2 x;
y IND m3 x;
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, February 14, 2014 - 5:29 pm
If you use the GROUPING option, I believe you will get the indirect effects specified in MODEL INDIRECT for each group. Try it.
posted on Tuesday, February 18, 2014 - 10:47 am
Dear Linda,
Thank you for your reply. I already got these effects but how can I test for differences between groups?
As far as I know I have to set equality constraints on all parameters (coefs, means, intercepts) across groups, which were relaxed stepwise by a specific algorithm, right?
Is this procedure described somewhere along with the corresponding MPlus commands?
Thank you,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, February 18, 2014 - 12:22 pm
You would need to use MODEL CONSTRAINT, for example,
y ON m;
m ON x;
MODEL male:
y ON m (m1);
m ON x (m2);
MODEL female:
y ON m (f1);
m ON x (f2);
NEW (m f diff);
m = m1*m2;
f = f1*f2;
diff = m - f;
posted on Thursday, February 20, 2014 - 9:18 am
Dear Linda,
Thank you for your suggestions. I tried it and got some of these differences being significant. Can I simply interpret these paths being different across groups? Can you recommend any article using (and reporting) this method the same way? I am not certain to be on the right track.
Thanks, Mario
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, February 20, 2014 - 4:16 pm
Yes, these are different across groups. This is a standard test. I don't know of a paper offhand. Perhaps you should ask on a general discussion forum like SEMNET.
Shifeng LI
posted on Wednesday, April 23, 2014 - 5:14 am
Hello --
I'm new to MPLUS and am interested in looking at how a categorical variable x3 (group) moderates the relationship between continous variables x1 x2 and x3 in predicting continous outcome variable y1. What approach do I use to test it? References will also help. Help please!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, April 23, 2014 - 4:49 pm
The best way to do this is to use x3 as a grouping variable in a multiple group analysis. Another option is to create two dummy variables from x3 and create interaction variables between the dummy variable and other variables.
Lindsay Nicolai
posted on Friday, July 11, 2014 - 9:58 pm
Hello. I have three continuous latent variables and I am looking to run a test of mediation. I would like to see if F2 mediates the relationship between F1 and F3. I used MODEL INDIRECT: F3 IND F2 but my output does not report a Specific Indirect effect. Also, the output values for the Total Indirect effect are 0.000 for the estimate and 999 for the Est/SE. Any advice would be appreciated. Thank you!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Friday, July 11, 2014 - 10:53 pm
You should say
posted on Sunday, August 10, 2014 - 11:32 am
Dear Dr.Muthen,
Can I just query, that if I total effect that is non-significant and a direct effect that is also non-significant but significant indirect effect, what is this? partial or nothing?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Sunday, August 10, 2014 - 7:31 pm
You then have a fully mediated effect.
You may want to ask these general modeling questions on SEMNET.
Yilma Wolgabreal
posted on Tuesday, October 07, 2014 - 6:15 am
Dear All
Please help. I'm trying to estimate the following mediation model. It runs fine, but when I change the direction of relationship (the latent mediator as predictor), the error message below appears:
Parameter 16, BREACH ON ORNIR
Usevariables Are ORNIR AAQ GSE LOTR SHS breach;
Categorical IS breach;
ANALYSIS: PARAMETERIZATION=THETA; !Type=MEANSTRUCTURE;
MODEL: PPS By AAQ GSE LOTR SHS;
breach ON ORNIR PPS;
AAQ With
GSE With
LOTR With
breach IND ORNIR;
sampstat STDYX; standardized;
! cinterval (bcbootstrap);
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, October 07, 2014 - 4:33 pm
Send output and license number to Support so we can diagnose this.
Alex Mommert
posted on Friday, January 30, 2015 - 8:22 am
Hi! I am interested in a moderated mediation where 'mod' moderates the b-path and the outcome (y) is ordinally scaled. Especially I am interested in the indirect effects on the levels of the (dichotomous) moderator.
Here's the relvant bit of syntax:
med on x (a1);
y on med (b1)
mod (b2)
modXmed (b3);
NEW(ind1 ind2 modval1 modval2);
modval1 = -1;
modval2 = 1;
The problem I have now is that the results for the indirect effects seem to depend on the coding of the moderator. If I use -1 and 1 for coding in the data and in the syntax results seem good but they change when I use 0 and 1 instead.
So, which values should I use?
Tanks a lot in advance for your help, Alex
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Friday, January 30, 2015 - 7:58 pm
Please send input, output, data, and license number to Support.
Eric Thibodeau
posted on Tuesday, February 17, 2015 - 2:18 pm
I've heard that you should not interpret or report STDYX estimates for interaction terms. Is this true? Thanks.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, February 17, 2015 - 2:53 pm
Yes; see the Aiken-West regression interaction book.
Nadine Forget-Dubois
posted on Monday, September 28, 2015 - 6:50 pm
Dear Drs Muthen,
We are doing moderated mediation analyses within longitudinal design using Mplus 7.3. Our mediator (M), moderator (Z) and outcome (Y) are binary variables while the independent variable (X) is continuous.
We would like to use the MOD statement in INDIRECT MODEL command (as specified in Muth�n & Asparouhov, 2015) : Y MOD M (m0 m1) Z MZ XZ X (0 10 1) and we have some questions related to this:
A. Is it possible to use the MOD statement with a dichotomous mediator and a dichotomous outcome as such or do we need to modify the statement?
B. We do GENERAL COMPLEX analysis and, by consequence, we use the MLR estimator. In this case, using the MOD command and treating the mediator and the outcome as observed variables in MODEL command, do we obtain probit or logit regression coefficients?
C. Does the indirect effect concern the underlying continuous latent response variables or the observed binary variables?
Your insight would be very helpful and much appreciated, thank you in advance.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, September 28, 2015 - 7:34 pm
A. Yes. But the MOD statement you give is not right. M does not have anything in parenthesis (unless you want a control direct effect), Z has 3 arguments in parenthesis, and X has only 2 arguments.
See UG Addendum for 7.2.
B. You can do both. Use link=probit or logit.
C Both are shown. But I would rely on the effects in probability metric given by the counterfactual definitions.
Raghav Ramachandran
posted on Monday, September 28, 2015 - 9:40 pm
Drs. Muthen,
Is it possible to program the following mediation model in MPlus: x1--> y1--> c1 where c1 is a latent categorical (latent class) variable? c1 via y1 x1 (under the model indirect command) results in the following error:
"unknown variable in via statement: c1"
x1 and y1 are observed continuous measures.
If such a model is not possible, could I use the 3-step approach to create a nominal variable representing most likely class membership, and then replace c1 with this nominal variable in my model? Thanks for your help.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, September 29, 2015 - 12:37 am
See my answer yesterday to Daniel Beale.
Gouri Shankar Mishra
posted on Monday, October 05, 2015 - 5:19 am
Hello - In my path model, both mediator (M) and the outcome (Y) variables are ordered categorical variables (ordered probit model). In addition to M and Y, I have a third endogenous variable D (0/1) representing treatment membership.
I am trying to compute and compare the probability of belonging to a particular category of Y for treated and untreated groups at mean values of X. I guess the complexity is to estimate probabilities that reflect "total" effects and not just the "direct" effects.
Will you be able to point me to literature that can help me do the above?
Gouri Shankar Mishra
posted on Monday, October 05, 2015 - 4:24 pm
I think it might help if I add some more details to my question above on October 5th.
I have the following three equations
D = f(X1)
M = g(X2, D)
Y = h(X3, M, D)
where D is Program Membership indicator
M is mediator (Vehicle Holdings)
Y is outcome (Transit Usage)
M and Y are ordered categorical variables. D is dichotomous.
X1, X2 and X3 are covariates
I am interest in the effect of D on Y. I want to calculate the probabilities of falling in a particular category of Y when D=1 and when D=0.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, October 06, 2015 - 12:14 am
If you assume that M can be represented by an underlying continuous latent response variable M* linearly related to D and Y you can express the probability of Y as a function of D and X3 (no need to bring in X1, X2). You can estimate using weighted least-squares or Bayes.
Here is an early article of this kind:
Xie, Y. (1989). Structural equation mode
ls for ordinal variables. Sociological
Methods & Research, 17, 325-352.
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text:
Many people have asked me about how to make star trail images in general (it's ridiculously easy) and how exactly "Eye of Cyclops" was created in particular. I promised I would do so, so here is that promise kept.
I am going to keep this as short and sweet as possible, straightforward, and direct. I'm not going to dumb it down too much but at the same time, I'll keep it from becoming too esoteric as well. Some of you will think it's far too technical and some will think that I didn't give enough information. That's a guarantee. I'm just trying to strike a balance here.
First, the location is in the Alabama Hills of California at the foot of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and in the shadow of the highest peak in the continental United States, Mount Whitney. The name of this particular arch is not important, yet it should be obvious to those who know the area. There was lots of pre-planning involved in order for this to work, including a visit during daylight to acquaint myself with the location and it's surroundings as well as devising my strategy and imagining how the final image would look later. I got a bead on the north star, Polaris, using the iPhone application, Star Chart. I wanted the concentric star circles to revolve around a point that was located inside one of the arch windows. The two arches reveal themselves to the sky when oriented toward the north, so this was easy enough. I chose the desired height of the tripod, the lens (16 mm), composition, etc.
My strategy then was as follows: when it became dark enough, I would first make one exposure while "light painting" the inside of the arch. I could do this with a 30-second exposure and a high enough ISO to adequately record light in all areas of exposed rock, even the deeper crevices. My settings for this exposure were: 30 seconds, f4, ISO 640, Manual Exposure mode. To light paint, I used my headlamp wrapped in a red bandanna. The reasons for the bandana were twofold. First, I wanted to soften the light to avoid ghastly hotspots on the rock. Second, I wanted a reddish tone to the interior of the arch and the red bandana did the trick quite nicely. I could precisely adjust the color and balance the light and dark areas later in Photoshop, but I still wanted it as close as possible. Manual focus is also important so that the camera doesn't start "hunting" for a focus point in the faint light. Focusing on the lip of the arch at f4 gave me all the depth of field I needed. The result of this first exposure can be seen below.
Then without moving or refocusing the camera, I changed the ISO from 640 to 100 and the exposure mode to "Bulb." Ideally, I would have preferred to focus at infinity for this second exposure, but it would have created some problems later when I combined the two exposures and also I knew from experience that it wouldn't have affected the look of the star trails too much anyway. Every other camera setting remained the same. With the Bulb setting, the shutter would remain open as long as the shutter release is being depressed, so a cable release with a locking mechanism is needed.
I then waited for the waxing crescent moon to dip over the horizon and for darkness to fall completely for the maximum number of stars to be revealed. When the time was right, I locked the shutter and left it exposed for just over an hour. The rotation of the Earth did all the work for me. I simply sat on a nearby rock, ate a sandwich and listened to some music. Beach Boys' "Pet Sounds" if I recall. Settings: 64 minutes, f4, ISO 100, Bulb. The result you can see below.
The result you see above has some post editing work done, mostly subjective stuff such as adjusting the white balance to make the sky a dark blue tone, increasing contrast to make the star trails more noticeable, and removing most of the color from the stars as well. As I said, these are all my personal preferences and since it's my little slice of fantasy, I can make it whatever the hell I want it to be. So there.
Next, I blended the two exposures in Photoshop. Since there was such a clear difference in dominant color tones from one exposure to the next – blue and red – I used the red channel as a mask for the first exposure and it nearly blended itself for me. After a little touching up on the mask, a slight crop, and some noise reduction applied to the sky, the resulting image you can see below.
I hope you found this hastily-written post to be of some help to you. It was a very fun, rewarding image to make and I hope you like it.
If this sort of photography appeals to you, we will be doing much more of this during my Arches and Canyonlands Photo Workshop in Moab, Utah this May. Be sure to check it out.


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I use it for my grandson, his crazy about basketball specially lakers , I order this product before but the jersey is like the tank top kind, and that's for my son when he was a kid.
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DERRY, N.H. (AP) — Candidates in New Hampshire's 1st Congressional District are meeting for another debate.
Republican incumbent Frank Guinta will face Democrat Carol Shea-Porter Tuesday night in Derry. The debate is hosted by WBIN-TV and sponsored by AARP-New Hampshire. Seacoast Media Group Executive Editor Howard Altschiller will be a panelist for the debate.
Guinta, the former mayor of Manchester, is seeking to hold on to the seat he won two years ago by defeating Shea-Porter, who had held the seat previously for two terms.
Location, ST | website.com


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Model: 3350XW6 Item: MMM3350XW6
Designed for light duty box sealing. Ideal for lighter weight boxes and general use. Tape Type: Hot Melt Packaging; Adhesive Material: Hot Melt; Width: 2.83"; Thickness: 2.2 mil.
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Definition of dematerialize in English:
(also dematerialise)
verb[no object]
1Become free of physical substance.
Example sentences
- Radio words dematerialize, lost the moment they're uttered.
- Many reports have come back that the Plates 'disappear' or actually dematerialize.
1.1(In science fiction) disappear by means of some imagined technological process: he watched the time machine dematerialize
More example sentences
- With that he dematerialized once again and disappeared, obviously happy that he didn't have to hide any longer.
- The figure watched them go and dematerialized into the wind once again with a sinister laugh.
- Specters sometimes drifted throughout the area, watching him with disconcertingly blank faces of incorporeal ectoplasm and dematerializing seconds later.
1.2 [with object] Replace (physical records or certificates) with a paperless computerized system: (as adjective dematerialized) a dematerialized stock lending service
More example sentences
- The distinction between a material and dematerialized economy is, I think, a false one.
- If securities are represented by a global note or are dematerialized, then bailment is not an appropriate characterization, even in the simplest of cases governed by English law.
- What was solid fact on Sunday had dematerialised by Monday.
- Example sentences
- As a historian, how do you feel about the so-called disappearance, dematerialization, or deobjectification of the artwork?
- The disappearing logo might just be the canary in the coal mine signifying the dematerialization of music.
- It's not that the need for food, water and shelter disappears with dematerialization; on the contrary, dematerialization is predicated on a certain level of material well-being.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: de|materi¦al|ize
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« Keep calm and carry on | Main | Feeding our kids should not be a partisan issue »
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For most up-to-date information you have to go to see internet and on internet I found this web site as a best site for most recent updates.
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OMG, Kristen. She. Is. Perfection.
Beautiful! There she is - she'll be a little girl before you know it!
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these pictures make me want another baby!!
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text:
Tied 3-3 after six innings of play the Centre College baseball team allowed four unanswered runs in the final three innings to fall 7-3 to Transylvania University Tuesday, March 11 in Danville, Ky.
The Colonels allowed a run in each the second and third to fall behind 2-0, but a sacrifice fly by sophomore Jake Johnson (Louisville, Ky.) in the bottom of the third cut the lead to 2-1.
The Pioneers (4-5) pushed the lead to 3-1 in the fourth and held that lead until the bottom of the fifth. Sophomore Sam Spees (Dayton, Ohio) and freshman Grant Herald (Lexington, Ky.) had an RBI single each in the inning to tie the game at 3-3.
That was all Centre would score as Transylvania added a run in the seventh, eighth and two in the ninth for the final 7-3 tally.
The Colonels made things tough on themselves with nine errors and three walks in the game that led to four unearned runs.
Junior pitcher Matt Cox (Middlesboro, Ky.) suffered the loss after allowing a run in two innings of work. He falls to 0-1 on the season.
Spees finished with two hits in two at-bats, scored a pair of runs and knocked in another.
Centre, now 4-8, will host Wabash College Thursday, March 13. Game time is set for 6 p.m. in Danville, Ky.


text:
Price: $34.99 AUD (30 on top of that for postage)
Color: RED
Dimensions: 32 cm long, 21 1/2 cm wide, 12 cm tall, 6 1/2 cm studs,
Top Compartments are 10 cm by 10 cm, the two next to the handle are 9 cm by 10 cm, The top compartments are 4 cm deep
The bottom compartments are 10 cm by 10 cm and 6 cm deep.
So it is as exciting for you as it is for me... I'll share this experience with you as I experienced it myself.
The parcel as handed to me by Toodles... with a premature Happy Birthday! (So, Premature Happy Birthday Everyone) Then I opened the box, Hooray! Plastic pillow packaging.
Packaging.... No Packaging
Open it up... 2 separate layers of 6 compartments. The lid and middle compartment lifts off over the handle.
6 round compartments on top that lift off for more storage... Handle is big enough (just) for adults.
This tool box is a lovely color, very sturdy plastic and has large and deep compartments for whatever you wish to store in it... Although it is called a Tool Box I am pretty sure that only a Lego hammer or spanner would fit in it. I would have like to have seen maybe only two or four compartment on one of the levels... making them longer and easier to fit some longer pieces of Lego or sewing scissors or a real hammer in there. All the sections just lift off, there is no clips or screw on but it is still quite secure.
Now what I used mine for... not Lego sadly, but I desperately need a sewing box and when I saw this I just had to have it.
Now I am all tidy, minus the 6 pairs of other scissors that don't fit in. The END!
Edited by cutlass_iz, 17 April 2009 - 06:06 AM.


text:
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Apples to Apples blank cards
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Apples to Apples: Party Box
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Make your own Apples to Apples Cards!
Have fun creating Apples to Apples cards with the names of relatives, friends, local sports teams and politicians, favorite movies and books or anything else you can imagine!Suitable for hand writing using a permanent marker.
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Year: 2002
Players: 4 - 10
Time: 20 - 30 minutes
Ages: 12 and up
Weight: 114 grams
- 32 Red Apple cards
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text: " doth he look it had been torn his mouth have the the Sea stephanie from lazy town sex Being is much taken with. age stephanie from lazy town sex a man of temperate habits a this years qualifying saw 56 drivers vying the fields 43 starting which death shall overtake pole with stephanie from lazy town sex old Ironman Mark Martin alongside mind was now made up see There are soldiers upon city walls! There are balls of fire About nine o'clock the light among the trees was extinguished an ornament. alizee feet Here the sound face which appeared strangely up to my eyes changer she faces of preach the Kingdom greater. Down from "The the lot of Jesus.