text:
|This article needs attention from an expert in Volcanoes or Solar System. (February 2008)
A cryovolcano (colloquially known as an ice volcano) is a volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock.[2] Collectively referred to as cryomagma or ice-volcanic melt,[2] these substances are usually liquids and form plumes, but can also be in vapour form. After eruption, cryomagma condenses to a solid form when exposed to the very low surrounding temperature. Cryovolcanoes form on icy moons, and possibly on other low-temperature astronomical objects (e.g. Kuiper belt objects including dwarf planet Pluto[3]).
One potential energy source on some solar system bodies for melting ices and producing cryovolcanoes is tidal friction. It has also been suggested[by whom?] that translucent deposits of frozen materials could create a subsurface greenhouse effect that would accumulate the required heat.
Signs of past warming of the Kuiper belt object Quaoar[4] have led scientists to speculate that it exhibited cryovolcanism in the past. Radioactive decay could provide the energy necessary for such activity, as cryovolcanoes can emit water mixed with ammonia, which would melt at 180 K (−95 °C) and create an extremely cold liquid that would flow out of the volcano.
Ice volcanoes were first observed on Neptune's moon Triton during a Voyager 2 flyby in 1989.[2]
On November 27, 2005, Cassini photographed geysers on the south pole of Enceladus.[5] (See also: Enceladus (Cryovolcanism).)
Indirect evidence of cryovolcanic activity was later observed on several other icy moons of the Solar System, including Europa, Titan, Ganymede, and Miranda. Cassini has observed several features thought to be cryovolcanoes on Titan, notably Doom Mons with adjacent Sotra Patera, a feature regarded as "the very best evidence, by far, for volcanic topography anywhere documented on an icy satellite".[6] Cryovolcanism is one process hypothesized to be a significant source of the methane found in Titan's atmosphere.[7]
In 2007, observations by the Gemini Observatory showing patches of ammonia hydrates and water crystals on the surface of Pluto's moon Charon suggested the presence of active cryovolcanoes/cryogeysers.[8][9] Subsequent observations by New Horizons in 2015 found that Charon has a youthful surface, supporting this idea.[10] Pluto itself is also known to have two likely cryovolcanoes.[11]
In 2015, two distinct bright spots inside a crater of the dwarf planet Ceres were imaged by the Dawn spacecraft, leading to speculation about a possible cryovolcanic origin.[12]
Few things are known about the cryovolcanoes because they only appear on cold planets, away from the sun.
|Cryovolcanism on Enceladus
- ^ Lopes, R. M. C.; Kirk, R. L.; Mitchell, K. L.; et al. (2013). "Cryovolcanism on Titan: New results from Cassini RADAR and VIMS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 118 (3): 416–435. Bibcode:2013JGRE..118..416L. doi:10.1002/jgre.20062.
- ^ a b c Darling, David (ed.). "Cryovolcanism". Internet Encyclopedia of Science.
- ^ Witze, Alexandra. "Ice volcanoes may dot Pluto's surface". Nature.
- ^ Jewitt, D.C.; J. Luu (2004). "Crystalline water ice on the Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar". Nature. 432 (7018): 731–3. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..731J. doi:10.1038/nature03111. PMID 15592406.. Reprint on Jewitt's site (pdf)
- ^ Chang, Kenneth (March 12, 2015). "Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System". New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
- ^ "Cassini Spots Potential Ice Volcano on Saturn Moon". NASA, December 14, 2010
- ^ Media Relations Office: Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory For Operations (2009). "Cassini Finds Hydrocarbon Rains May Fill The Lakes". Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ^ "Charon: An ice machine in the ultimate deep freeze". Gemini Observatory. 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ^ Cook; Desch, Steven J.; Roush, Ted L.; Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Geballe, T. R.; et al. (2007). "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Charon: Possible Evidence for Cryovolcanism on Kuiper Belt Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 663 (2): 1406–1419. Bibcode:2007ApJ...663.1406C. doi:10.1086/518222.
- ^ Beatty, Kelly (2 October 2015). "Charon: Cracked, Cratered, and Colorful". Sky and Telescope. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
- ^ Witze, A. (2015-11-09). "Icy volcanoes may dot Pluto's surface". Nature News and Comment. Nature Publishing Group. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18756. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
- ^ O'Neill, I. (25 February 2015). "Ceres' Mystery Bright Dots May Have Volcanic Origin". Discovery Communications. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
External links[edit]
- Triton - Triton at the eight Planets
- South Pole of Triton - Triton at SolarViews.com
- Enceladus' South Polar Stripes Spew "Warm" Water - News article at the Planetary Society
- Cryovolcanism on Charon and other Kuiper Belt Objects
- Ice Volcanoes of Lake Superior's South Shore
- Dykes, Brett Michael (February 8, 2011). "Ice volcanoes are all the rage this winter: How do you stimulate a regional tourist economy?". The Lookout. Yahoo News. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- Herzog, Karen (February 6, 2011). "Ice volcanoes attract curious explorers to Lake Michigan shore: Experts warn to explore formations with caution". Journal Sentinel. Retrieved February 8, 2011.


text:
NEW DELHI: This could prove to be a dampener for the fast-growing Linux software. SCO, which claims to enjoy about 20% market share in enterprise Linux servers, is issuing an alert to top Indian corporates, alleging that "Linux is an unauthorised derivative of its Unix operating system and that legal liability for the use of Linux may extend to the commercial user".
The attempt obviously is to cast doubts over the legitimacy of the open source operating system. After filing a billion-dollar suit against IBM for misappropriating its code, the company is now suspending future sales of Linux.

subset: commoncrawl


text: NORWICH, Ohio - Officers were elected to serve the Ohio Byway Links organization at the group's annual meeting last week in Norwich. Donna Grube, representing the Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches will serve as president. Mike Hocker, with the Lincoln Highway, was elected vice president. Chris Sieverdes, with the Amish Country Byway, continues as the organization's secretary. And from the Ohio River Scenic Byway, Jeri Knowlton, will be serving as treasurer.


text:
Philosophy Archive: Questions from February 17, 2013
AbsurdTurtle1165 askedWhy does Descartes tend to believe that his ideas derive from and resemble some external reality? H... More »1 answer
AbsurdTurtle1165 askedThe idea of myself as potentially perfect might be the source of my idea of an all-perfect being. W... More »1 answer
MammothBrush7873 askedCompare the depiction of women in these paintings by Thomas Eakins with the representations of women... More »1 answer
BrainyTiger209 askedDo some (or all) kinds of engineering meet the requirements to be a profession? If some forms of eng... More »2 answers
MickSwagger askedExplain the issues which led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox... More »1 answer
SleepyCarrot7758 asked(TCO 1 & 5) Which kind of inductive reasoning is being used in the following sample? Japan has tig... More »2 answers


text:
I purchased this necklace in silver, gold and copper. They look great alone or together. If I can't decide what to wear, these necklaces are an easy choice and always look good.
Enter your ZIP code and/or state to find where you can purchase this item.
Store availability is calculated once daily and stock quantities change often. Please call your local store to check available quantities.


text:
Hi - I think, historically, there may have been a girl as young as 10 who's had breast cancer, but the youngest American girl with breast cancer is 11 years old - so it's highly unlikely. Also, the fact that some of these symptoms are in both breasts makes it even more unlikely. It sounds like she may be experiencing some early symptoms of puberty. I'd suggest you take her to her pediatrician to find out what might be causing the inversion, pain, and discharge, and see what s/he suggests to treat it. In the meantime - please don't worry about cancer. I think we can safely say it's not an issue for her right now. Take care- PJH
Go to a health store a purches some oil of oregano. You can get this a the vitimine shoppe near you. Also go to a heal food store a purches Perrins Cream Complete or go on line you can find it there. It sound like your little girl has parasites. This can cause her symptoms. And ask the person at the Health food store to sugest a good parsitic cleanse for the age of your daughter....I hope this helps...READ MORE


text:
Enablement 2.0 Get Specialized!
By User801018-Oracle on Mar 07, 2013
The Oracle PartnerNetwork Specialized program is releasing new certifications on our latest products, and partners are invited to be the first candidates to get certified. Oracle's Certified Exams go through a rigorous review process called a "beta period". Here are a few advantages of taking a Beta Exam:
- Certification exams taken during the beta period count towards company Specializations
- Most new Certified Specialist Exams have no training requirement
- Free Beta Exams Vouchers are available in limited quantity
New! Request a beta voucher today by using the OPN Beta Certified Specialist Exam Voucher Request Form, and be sure to act fast to reserve your beta test from the list below.
Exams Now Available in Production
- Oracle Retail Store Inventory Management 13.2 Functional Implementer Essentials (1Z0-455)
- Oracle Identity Governance Suite 11g Essentials (1Z0-459)
- Oracle RightNow CX Cloud Service 2012 Essentials (1Z0-465)
- Oracle Communications Services Gatekeeper 5 Essentials (1Z0-564)
- Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking 6 Implementation Essentials (1Z0-594)
Beta Exams Now Live
Beta testing period will end on March, 23rd, 2013 for the following exams:
Beta testing period will end on March, 30th, 2013 for the following exams:
Beta testing period will end on April, 13th, 2013 for the following exams:
- M2M Platform Certified Architecture Essentials(1Z1-467)
- Oracle Communications Billing and Revenue Management 7 Advanced Implementation Essentials (1Z1-509)
- Project Lifecycle Management Essentials (1Z1-466)
- Oracle Fusion Procurement 11g Essentials (1Z1-470)
Beta testing period will end on May, 4th, 2013 for the following exams:
- Oracle Endeca Commerce 3.1 Implementation Developer Essentials (1Z1-471)
- Oracle Enterprise Taxation and Policy Management 2 Essentials (1Z1-464)
- Oracle RightNow CX Cloud Service 2013 Technical Essentials(1Z1-480)
Beta testing period will end on May, 18th, 2013 for the following exams:
- Oracle Taleo Recruiting Cloud Service 2012 Essentials(1Z1-474)
Exams Currently in Post-Beta Analysis
- Oracle Retail Price Management 13.2 Functional Implementer Essentials (1Z1-454)
- Oracle Fusion Customer Relationship Management 11g Incentive (1Z1-472)
- Oracle Endeca Information Discovery 2.3 Essentials (1Z1-461)
- Oracle Fusion Distributed Order Orchestration 11g Essentials(1Z1-469)
- Oracle FLEXCUBE Universal Banking 11 Trade Finance Implementation Essentials (1Z1-586)
- Oracle Global Trade Management 6 Essentials (1Z1-589)
Take the exam(s) now at a near-by Pearson VUE testing center!
Contact Us
For More Information


text:
- Text Size:
- ASmall Text
- AMedium Text
- ALarge Text
Kansas City police said they were investigating the discovery of a body late Tuesday afternoon.
Police said two homeless men told them that the body was under a bridge near 27th and Summit streets.
Investigators have not determined who the person was or how he or she died, but they did say they do not suspect foul play.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


text:
Definition of respirometer in English:
1 Biology A device which measures the rate of consumption of oxygen by a living organism.
Example sentences
- The inability of ARPE-Rho 0 cells to respire was confirmed by oxygen consumption analysis in a respirometer.
- We used an open-circuit respirometer to determine resting metabolic rates of 17 wintering dunlins captured on Tomales Bay.
- Four respirometer chambers were run in parallel, interfaced with a computer for data acquisition and analysis.
1.1 Medicine An instrument for measuring the air capacity of the lungs.
Example sentences
- Other instruments developed from this time also included the Wright respirometer, still in use in anaesthetics.
- Exhaled volumes were measured at the y connector using a respirometer, with an accuracy of [+ or -] 2% at a continuous flow of 16 L / min, and [+ or -] 5 to 10% at 60 L / min.
- Between uses on different patients, portable respirometers and ventilator thermometers should be sterilized or subjected to high-level disinfection.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: res¦pir|om¦eter
Definition of respirometer in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


text:
FEB 14, 2013 - SHEfinds
A Must Read - Share
We have a bold hypothesis to make this spring. We theorize that as the days get warmer, your every day outerwear will shift from the black blazer to the printed jacket--and moreover, that you will be able to wear said printed jacket with almost everything in your closet. And everyone from street style bloggers at fashion week to this Net-A-Porter edit agree.
Don't believe us? Pick one of the boldly printed, crazy floral, and anything-but-ordinary jackets in our slideshow (the hardest part here will be choosing between Clover Canyon, Sonia Rykiel, Theysken's Theory, Vince Camuto and more)
Read More
Editor's Picks
Hey you have no friends!!! Get to work and start inviting friends to help build your Comunitee. Click Here to invite friends.
© 2011 Comunitee, Inc.


text:
Status: RecruitingPhase: Phase 1/Phase 2Diagnosis: Pediatric Hematology/Blood Related, Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT)NCT ID: NCT01410825
(View complete trial on ClinicalTrials.gov)
DFCI Protocol ID:
The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) is an inherited disorder that results in defects of the blood and bone marrow. It affects boys because the genetic mistake is carried on the X chromosome. Normal people have blood cells called platelets that stop bleeding when blood vessels are damaged. Boys with WAS have low numbers of platelets that do not function correctly. Boys with WAS are thus at risk for severe life-threatening bleeding. A normal immune system is made of special blood cells called white blood cells, which protect against infection and also fight certain types of cancer. In WAS, these white blood cells don't work as well as they should, making these boys very susceptible to infections and to a form of blood cancer known as lymphoma. The abnormal white blood cells of patients with WAS also cause diseases such as eczema and arthritis. Although WAS can be mild, severe forms need treatment as early as possible to prevent life-threatening complications due to bleeding, infection and blood cancer. Over the past decade, investigators have developed new treatments based on the investigators knowledge of the defective gene causing WAS. The investigators can now use genes as a type of medicine that will correct the problem in the patient's own bone marrow. The investigators call this process gene transfer. The procedure is very similar to a normal bone marrow transplant, in that the old marrow is killed off using chemotherapy, but is different because the patient's own bone marrow is given back after it is treated by gene transfer. This approach can be used even if the patient does not have any matched donors available and will avoid problems such as GVHD and rejection. The investigators wish to test whether this approach is safe and whether gene transfer will lead to the development of a healthy immune and blood system.
Conducting Institutions: Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Overall PI: Sun-Yun Pai, MD,
Site-responsible Investigators:
Contacts: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute:
Childrens Hospital Pediatric Clinical Translation Investigation Program CTIP,
Eligibility Criteria
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 | Call us toll-free:


text:
MTV Video Music Awards
'Bald for Bieber' Hoax a Massive #Fail
Plenty of photos of bald teens, but did anyone actually fall for it?
An Internet hoax claiming Justin Bieber had been diagnosed with cancer, and that fans had begun shaving their heads in solidarity, has spread fears that actual supporters of the singer will "go bald for Bieber."
It goes like this: On Tuesday, the rascals who inhabit 4Chan posted a crudely Photoshopped "tweet" supposedly from the verified account of Entertainment Tonight. It stated matter-of-factly, "Pop star Justin Bieber was diagnosed with cancer earlier this morning. Bieber fans are shaving their heads to show their support."
Biebershop: 10 New Hairstyles for Justin Bieber
Above the fake tweet were photos of non-fans, one of whom is not holding a piece of paper with the Twitter hashtag #BaldforBieber. Below the image is another faked tweet, this one from the man himself, Justin Bieber.
"Several of my AWESOME supporters are shaving their heads to help get me through this! I love my fans! #BaldforBieber," the fake tweet reads.
Fast as you can say "Baby, Baby, Baby, Oooh," the hashtag became a trending topic and numerous videos began popping up on YouTube. However most of the clips feature text and random photos of bald teens who could very well be hairless for other reasons.
There have been other sub-hoaxes as well. On Wednesday, a YouTube user named "BaldForBieber" uploaded a video of a radio segment by Madison, WI's Z104 showing two women participating in the "very first Bald for Bieber" event. Comments range from ridicule for the women to gratitude for 4chan. However, the clip is actually from a 2010 concert ticket giveaway.
Going bald for Bieber tickets? Yes, it happens. But by all accounts, it does not appear any tweens, teens or moms have actually shaved their heads in response to this faux cancer scare.
Bieber has not spoken out on the hoax or the cancer rumors, however the singer's bodyguard Kenny Hamilton has confirmed he is not sick.


text:
Dear Editor, The 14-and-under Rio Blanco American Legion and Outlaw Softball girls fast-pitch teams would like to thank the following for your donations and sponsorships for the 2013 softball season:
Coaches say Thanks
Letter: Meeker Phillies baseball team thanks the community
Dear Editor: We would like to thank Valley Repair, Western Slope Sod Farm, RBC 4-H and Bill Jordan, Wendll's Wondrous Things, Tom Kilduff, L.T. and Dawn Eichman, Crystal Hernandez,
Youth Basketball
Meeker's Madison Kindler puts pressure on her opponent while teammate Marryn Shults (10) prevents her opponent from receiving a pass at a recent Youth Basketball Association game.
Meeker Rockies continue to hold off opponents
MEEKER I With the first two wins under their belt, the Meeker Rockies continued their winning streak by not allowing any runs by their opponents in their two games last week.
T-ball underway
Crawford wins two at state tournament
Meeker No. 2 is No. 1 in Northwest Colorado League
MEEKER I By name, they were Meeker 2. But based on wins, they were No. 1. The top-seeded 8-10-year-old team in the Northwest Colorado Baseball League finished the season as champions of their division. Meeker 2 completed the regular season with a 6-2 record to earn the No. 1 seed in the league tournament last […]
Meeker baseball team advances
For the second day of the Craig Parks and Recreation end-of-season 8- to 10-year-old baseball tournament, a No. 1 seed advanced and the No. 4 seed hung on long enough to move on to the quarterfinals. Wednesday featured a match-up between No. 1 Meeker II and No. 9 Rehab Services of Craig, and No. 4 […]
Kennedy, Frantz earn top peewee wrestling award
MEEKER I Tannen Kennedy and Dillon Frantz were recipients of the outstanding wrestler award, given at the end of the season in the Northwest Colorado Peewee Wrestling League.
LeBlanc on All-Academic team
LARAMIE, Wyo. | Two-time Wyoming Cowboy All-American Joe LeBlanc was recognized
High winds hurt times at May 3 Craig meet
MEEKER I The Meeker High School track and field team returned to competition


text:
View the original page at: http://www.countryweekly.com/music/2013-holiday-hit-list-music
What better way to spend Christmas than with the hottest music of 2013?
You could win ALL of the 21 CDs featured here. Twenty-five winners will receive a copy of each album pictured!
Featuring collaborations with Jason Aldean, Luke Bryan and Florida Georgia Line
Featuring "Night Train," "When She Says Baby" and "The Only Way I Know"
Featuring "Compass," "Downtown" and acoustic versions of some of their biggest hits
Featuring "Alligator Stroll" with Josh Turner, "End of a Summer Storm" with Alison Krauss and "When Pigs Fly" with Ryan Adams
Featuring "That's My Kind of Night," "Crash My Party" and "Drink a Beer"
Featuring "Easy," "Shotgun" and "Give It to Me"
Featuring "Don't Ya," "Beat of the Music" and "Raymond"
Featuring collaborations with Zac Brown Band, Keith Urban, Bob Seger, Brad Paisley, Miranda Lambert, Kid Rock, Alan Jackson, Jennifer Hudson and many more
Featuring "I Want Crazy," "Everybody's Got Somebody but Me" and "Wanted"
Featuring "Runnin' Outta Moonlight," "Goodnight Kiss" and "How Country Feels"
Featuring "Blacktop" and "Blue Ridge Mountain Song"
Featuring "Drinks After Work," "Shut Up and Hold On" and "Last Living Cowboy"
Featuring "Weed Instead of Roses," "You Got Me" and "Two Weeks Late"
Featuring "Merry Go 'Round," "Blowin' Smoke" and "Follow Your Arrow"
Featuring "Days of Gold," "Beachin'" and "What We Ain't Got"
Featuring "I Can't Change the World," and the No. 1 singles "Southern Comfort Zone" and "Beat This Summer"
Featuring "Sure Be Cool If You Did" and "Boys 'Round Here"
Featuring "Give It All We Got Tonight" and "I Got a Car"
Featuring "We Were Us" (duet with Miranda Lambert) and "Little Bit of Everything"
Featuring "Could It Be," "Trouble Is" and "Want Me Too"
Featuring the hit single "Aw Naw" and "Who I Am With You"
[1] http://www.countryweekly.com/giveaways/2013-holiday-hit-list-win-21-albums
[2] http://www.countryweekly.com/music/introducing-risa-binder
[3] http://www.countryweekly.com/node/53948


text:
You are a fan of pacis promoting ? Come to discover the best forums pacis promoting on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of pacis promoting . You can also build a forum pacis promoting and create your online discussion.
Free forum : PRA*ISE Promoting Reborn Artistry * Issued Standard of Excellence
free, pra-ise, pra*ise, #promoting, reborn, artistry, issued, standard, excellence
A place where promotion occurs and services happen.
advertising, service, #promoting, promotion, affiliate, help, forumotion, fmquery, help.forumotion


text: Good evening I'm Kelly and I've been a member of minimins for years! I work in an operating theatre and a good few of our surgeons have been doing 5:2 so thought I'd give it a go! Fasting tomorrow and Monday as going to Manchester overnight Saturday so may change days next week so how do you all do it? Do you just eat what you fancy on a feast day? Or do you stay within brm? Hope to "chat" soon x


text:
APR 11, 2014 - Huffington Post
A Must Read - Share
It seems like every time the House leadership crosses the right wing of the Republican conference, rank-and-file conservatives respond by contemplating a coup to deny John Boehner the speakership next year.
Editor's Picks
Hey you have no friends!!! Get to work and start inviting friends to help build your Comunitee. Click Here to invite friends.
© 2011 Comunitee, Inc.


text:
Information is received by your computer in packets. These little data packets arrive at your computer from other countries, depending on the websites you visit. Here to offer you a helpful visualization of the paths travelled by these packets is a desktop app called WhatRoute.
WhatRoute is a free to use desktop application for Mac computers. This neat little application can trace the global path travelled by the data packets received by your computer. Geo-location and data from the GeoLite City database is used to send data to Google Earth and yield high resolution path maps. The app also performs the Traceroute function.
Other features include performing Ping, Domain Name Services queries, WHOIS queries, and keeping an eye on traffic going out from your computer.
The WhatRoute app comes in a DMG file sized at nearly 4 MB.
- A user-friendly desktop application.
- Compatible with Mac computers.
- Traces the path travelled by your internet data packets.
- Can perform network tasks such as pin, DNS queries, and WHOIS queries.
- Also read related articles: IPv6 vs. IPv4 : Should You Care and Find Fastest DNS and Optimize Your Internet Speed.
Check out WhatRoute @ www.whatroute.net


text:
Hard Drive Size Options:
The K7-E800/1TB from KT&C is a 8 channel H.264 digital video recorder, 1TB.
- Cost effective 8 channel recording
- H.264 Compression for efficient HDD utilization
- Real-time live display, up to 480 FPS (CIF) recording and playback on all channels
- VGA main monitor output
- Call monitor: composite BNC output for sequential and/or event camera display
- Simultaneous high bandwidth recording with dual-codec recording for reduced bandwidth remote viewing
- Pentaplex Operation (Simultaneous live, recording, playback, archiving and remote viewing)
- Search video by date and time; by alarm/event; from a bookmark; or scan a color coded graphical display of trigger (e.g. event, motion, etc.) versus time and directly to the time of interest
- Free DDNS Service – static IP address is not required for reliable remote access
- User friendly GUI with graphical icons and visual indicators
- Internal storage up to 3Tb in 4/8 channel models
- Free iOS and Android app single and quad live & playback, with audio, PTZ and relay control
- Up to 16 camera views on high-res (720p or higher) Android tablets
- Supports mobile PTZ control via iPhones and Android Phones
- Multiple Control Inputs: local mouse / hand held IR remote controller (both included), plus web browser and CMS controls
- Remote configuration support from built-in web interface and/or free CMS program
- Gigabit Ethernet interface for remote network viewing and control
- On-screen PTZ control via mouse or IR remote
- Four channel audio recording capabilities and two-way audio
- USB 2.0 ports on front and rear panels for video archive and mouse usage
- Free MAC client software
- Free Windows CMS with multiple monitor support displays up to 1024 cameras
- Multi-language support
Found a lower price? Complete this simple form:
See any errors on this page? Let us know.


text:
By Jim Garamone, American Forces Press ServiceApril 11, 2014
WASHINGTON, April 10, 2014 -- Sexual assault in the military is what commanders would call in tactical terms �"an insider attack," Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey said during a session with bloggers today.
The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff told those taking part he has been thinking recently about the idea of �"American exceptionalism" and the part the American military plays in that idea.
He has concluded that what makes the American military exceptional is the bond of trust that binds it together. �"We ask (young men and women) to put themselves into harm�'s way, and to do that they have an incredible degree of trust among them," he said. �"That is why this crime is so corrosive and damaging to the military because it erodes those bonds of trust."
Dempsey attended the memorial service yesterday for the three soldiers killed at Fort Hood, Texas last week.. �"It was essentially an insider attack, that�'s how we would describe it in tactical terms: Where one of our own turned against us," he said. �"And that�'s the perfect description of what happens in a sexual assault: it�'s where one of our own turn against us.
�"Sexual assault is an insider attack and we have to treat it with the urgency and the seriousness that it deserves. And we are."
Combatting the crime depends on good leadership from the top down and bottom up, the chairman said. �"That means we have to have the right policies in place and we�'ve got to have leaders at every level -- including our youngest leaders -- who are alert to and vigilant to the kind of behaviors that lead up to sexual assault, and they�'ve got to be committed to dealing with it when it occurs," he said. �"That means no bystanders in this issue."
Commanders are best placed to provide this leadership, Dempsey said. Some lawmakers want to shift prosecution from the Uniform Code of Military Justice to civilian courts, taking the matters of charges out of the hands of commanders. �"In my conversations with members of Congress it is my strong belief that these issues must be solved with commanders and not around them," he said.
But the chairman is flexible. �"If it occurs that after a period of very intense and renewed emphasis on this that we can�'t solve it, I�'m not going to fight it being taken away from us," he said. �"I want to solve the problem. I just happen to think we can solve it best with commanders at this point. If this is demonstrated to be ineffective then I will no longer provide advice that it should stay in the chain of command."
The chairman believes now though that the chain of command is best suited to deal with sexual assault. Prosecution rates, and the number of cases brought to trial back the chairman up on this belief.


text:
Fact Sheet 27:
Debt Collection Practices:
When Hardball Tactics Go Too Far
Send to Printer
Privacy Rights Clearinghouse
Table of Contents
1. Tips for Dealing with a Debt Collector
2. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
3. Debt Collectors and Your Privacy
4. Debts and Collectors not Covered by the FDCPA
5. State Laws and Debt Collection Agencies
6. How to Write to a Debt Collector: Tips on Filing a Dispute
7. How to Complain about a Debt Collector: Tips on Suing
8. Debt Collectors and Identity Theft
9. Debt Collectors and Your Job
10. Debt Collectors and Medical Bills
11. References
12. Attachments to This Guide: State Debt Collection Laws, Sample Letters
1. Don't ignore a collector even if the debt is not yours. It is in your best interest to respond to a debt collector immediately. Delay can mean the collector will continue to contact you. The collector may even file a lawsuit and get a judgment against you. The result can cost you more time and trouble in the long run.
2. Know your rights. Learn to recognize abusive collection practices. Even if you owe a debt, a collector owes you fair treatment and respect for your privacy.
3. Know how the collection process works. Why are you being contacted by a collection agency? It usually means that a creditor has not received payment from you for several months. They have negotiated with another company or are using an in-house affiliate called a debt collector to attempt to get you to pay. Third party collectors often purchase your debt for less than you owe, and your debt is now owned by the collector. A collector may also work for the creditor in return for a fee or a percentage of any money collected. In-house collectors that are affiliated with the original creditor work on behalf of the company directly. Because the creditor has taken a loss on your account or because you are late with making payments, this negative information may show up on your credit report.
Another reason a debt collector may be contacting you is that an imposter has used your identity to obtain credit, a crime known as identity theft. You are not responsible for the debt, but you may experience difficulties convincing the debt collector of this.
4. Ask questions and learn specifics. Often the first contact with the debt collector is a telephone call from a representative, a pre-recorded message asking you to call a mysterious toll-free number, or a letter. When a collector calls or you call back, get as much information as possible. Ask for the name of the caller, the collection agency, the creditor, and the address and fax number for sending correspondence. Also ask about the amount the collector claims you owe. In this first call, you should also tell the caller you expect written follow-up if you have not yet received a notice in the mail.
5. Assert your right to privacy . If your first contact with a collector is by telephone, tell the caller that you want all future contact in writing rather than by phone. You can also instruct the collector not to call you at work or at all if that is your choice. Make notes of your first conversation and start to keep a file. It is important to follow up on such requests in writing right away. Your letter should include requests about contact or other matters discussed in your first telephone contact. If you notify the collector not to contact you at all, it is entitled to contact you one more time to explain how it intends to proceed.
Also you should tell and write the collector that you are the only person to be contacted. Since the agency is well aware of your location, there is no need to contact your employer, neighbors, relatives, or friends to find out where you are. If you are an employer, friend, neighbor, or family member who is being contacted by a collector, you can write the collector and tell it to stop contacting you.
6. Start and keep a file. At the first contact from a collection agency, start a file. Your file should include:
- Dates and times of phone conversations, pre-recorded messages the collector leaves on your voice mail, and when you send or receive correspondence.
- Notes of conversations along with the name of the collection agency employee.
- Copies of correspondence you send, as well as those you receive including envelopes. Collectors are supposed to give you written notice of the collection action five days after you are contacted by phone.
- Copies of messages that are abusive or overly intrusive.
There is no set time after which you will never be contacted again about a debt. Some debts are sold to other collectors even after being properly disputed. Keep all records regarding disputed debts indefinitely in case the debt comes back to haunt you, and you need to dispute it again.
7. Put it in writing. Send any correspondence, including disputes, to both the collection agency and the creditor by Certified Mail, Return Receipt Requested. When in doubt, send a written confirmation of anything that you may need to prove later (for example, a promise or threat made, a rude or harassing comment received, or an explanation given you that may show improprieties in the handling of your dispute or your payments). See our Sample Letters. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) also has sample letters.
8. Clarify payments. If you negotiate a repayment plan over the phone, ask the representative to send you the terms of the plan in writing. You may also write a letter that explains your understanding of the negotiated repayment plan. Payments made to a debt collector when multiple debts are involved should clearly specify to which debt the payment is to be applied. It is possible to dispute one debt, but agree to pay another. Also, any promise to remove or adjust reports in your credit history should be documented for later enforcement.
9. Pay the proper party. Payments should be made to the debt collector and not the original creditor unless you are expressly instructed to pay the creditor directly. In this case, you should confirm such instruction in writing to both the creditor and the debt collector.
10. Don't be coerced. Never pay a bill you don't owe just to get the collector to "go away." Any payment of the debt is considered an acknowledgement that you are responsible. Even if you pay, that will not erase a negative entry on your credit report.
11. Examine balances, interest charges, and other fees and charges. Carefully review the amount you are being asked to pay. You should ask the collector to tell you the amount of the original debt as well as give you a breakdown of any interest, fees, or charges that have been added. Federal law prevents a debt collector from charging you any more than the amount you actually owe, if not permitted by the laws of your state or the terms of the original agreement with the creditor. (15 USC § 1692(f))
12. Complain about abusive collection practices. A debt collector is not allowed to make idle threats, express or implied (for example, "We must get your payment no later than the day after tomorrow"), or use abusive or profane language. A collector should not discuss your account with third parties or use the phone to harass you. Your state may also have a law that sets standards for debt collectors.
13. Military members should make an appointment with the local Judge Advocate General's office if contacted by a collector. The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA), previously the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act (SSCRA), provides protections for military members whose financial life is affected by military service.
14. Don't be fooled. Be wary of advertisements that promise an easy solution to debt. Debt repair "doctors" and credit consolidators may end up causing you more harm than good. Also, federal and some state statutes have "credit repair organization" acts that may limit the amount that you can be charged and when you can be required to pay such charges, even if the person you consulted is an attorney. These laws were enacted because of the number of people who preyed on the public's ignorance by charging them to do what the person was fully empowered to do themselves. Violation of these acts may even constitute criminal activity, and be the basis for the suspension or revocation of the individual's license.
15. Seek help, but be careful. Seek assistance in resolving your debt(s) through a member agency of the National Foundation for Consumer Credit, such as the Consumer Credit Counseling Service. Do not agree to any payment plan until you have confirmed the credentials of the counseling service. Some charge excessive fees. Before you decide to work with a counselor, check with the Better Business Bureau. For additional tips on mortgage and debt relief services (and avoiding debt relief scams) see www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/Get-Real-Debt-Help.
16. Seek legal help. Some situations may call for the assistance of a consumer lawyer. Look for an attorney with expertise in reprenting consumers in debt collection matters.
17. Ask questions about an old debt. Many states have a statute of limitations that limits the amount of time a debt collector has to file a lawsuit. A debt that is older than the state law allows for a collector to sue you is said to be "time barred." This does not mean, however, that a debt collector can't attempt to collect the debt. According to the Federal Trade Commission, a state's statute of limitations may be as long as ten years but is usually three to six years.
If you are still being contacted about a debt that is this old, quite likely this account has been sold and perhaps resold a number of times. There is a thriving business in debt reselling. Some companies buy old debt for pennies on the dollar. Companies then stand to reap huge profits if you agree to pay the original amount owed. As we have said, there is no statute of limitations on how long a collection effort can go on. When the debt is older than your state's statute of limitations allows for a lawsuit, the debt is said be "time barred." To learn more about old debt and what you can do, see the FTC's publication "Time-Barred Debts"
18. Be aware of possible fake collectors. Be on the alert when a caller claiming to be a debt collector asks you for your Social Security number or information about your bank and credit card accounts. The caller may be a fake who may even goes so far as to threaten you with jail. To learn more about fake debt collectors, see the FTC's publication "Fake Debt Collectors".
2. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) sets the national standard for collection agencies. The FDCPA prohibits abusive collection tactics that harass you or invade your privacy. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) enforces the FDCPA in coordination with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). CFPB rules apply to debt collectors with $10 million in annual receipts from consumer debt collection activities.
Generally, the FDCPA only applies to agencies that collect debts for others. However, other federal or state laws may apply to in-house debt collections.
Does a creditor have to tell me before it sends my account to a collection agency?
You have no right to be notified under the FDCPA that an account will be referred to a collection agency. However, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA or FACT Act) requires financial institution creditors to send notice that negative information may be posted to your credit report.
Your state may have a law that requires notice in some cases. In California, for example, you must be notified before a health or fitness club refers a debt to a collection agency. If you are threatened with such a referral with no sign of your creditor carrying through on the threat, the creditor may have violated the law.
Can a debt collector threaten to sue me?
A collection agency can file a lawsuit to collect a debt. However, among the many things a collector is not allowed to do is threaten you with a lawsuit just to get you to pay the debt. Examples of threats and deceptive practices prohibited by the FDCPA are when the collector:
- Says it will garnish your wages or sell your property if it is not legal to do that.
- Says it will sue you, if the collector doesn't intend to sue.
- Is not truthful about the amount of money you owe.
- Says you will be arrested if you don't pay the debt.
- Threatens you with violence.
Can a debt collector contact me by phone?
Yes, but a debt collector cannot:
Call you before 8 a.m. and after 9 p.m. unless you agree.Call you repeatedly or use the phone to harass you.Trick you into accepting collect calls or paying for telegrams. Use obscene language, make negative comments about your character, or make religious or ethnic slurs.
Call you at work if the collector knows your boss does not allow such calls.
If you have an attorney, the collector should call that person, not you.
Fair play under the FDCPA also means a debt collector owes you the truth about who it is and what it intends to do. False statements and deceptive practices like the following are not allowed. A collector cannot:
- Claim to be an attorney or government employee when it is not.
- Send you documents that look like legal papers when they are not.
- State that forms sent to you are not legal documents when they are.
- Say that you committed a crime.
I'm receiving phone calls from a collector. Can I stop the collection agency from contacting me by phone?
You can write a letter to the agency telling it not to contact you by phone, not to call at certain times or locations, or not to make any further contact at all. This last request does entitle the collector to contact you one more time to inform you of what, if any, action it intends to take to collect the debt, but not to threaten you. You should send such a letter by certified mail and request a return receipt. If the company has a fax number, send the letter by both fax and by mail. Understand, telling the collection agency not to contact you should stop the phone calls, but it won't stop the collection efforts. For more on collection tactics that are prohibited by the FDCPA, see the FTC publication "Debt Collection".
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has issued bulletins on prohibited tactics at http://www.consumerfinance.gov/f/201307_cfpb_bulletin_unfair-deceptive-abusive-practices.pdf and http://www.consumerfinance.gov/f/201307_cfpb_bulletin_collections-consumer-credit.pdf.
Does an agency have to contact me in writing before it calls me?
No. A collection agency may contact you first by telephone. Within five days after the phone call, the collector must send you a written notice. The notice must tell you how much you owe and the name of the creditor that says you owe the money.
Does a debt collector have to tell me anything else?
The person who calls you from a collection agency has to give you his or her name and the name of the agency. The caller cannot pretend to be someone else. A collection agency cannot lie about who it is or send documents that mislead you.
A debt collector posted erroneous information on my credit report. What can I do?
Rules adopted by the FTC and the federal banking agencies allow you to dispute inaccurate information directly with the company that furnished it. This includes a debt collector that reports information to a credit bureau. To learn more about the dispute resolution procedures, see www.ftc.gov/opa/2009/07/facta.shtm.
3. Debt Collectors and Your Privacy
The FDCPA includes provisions intended to safeguard privacy. Discussions about the debt can only be held with (1) the individual, (2) the creditor, (3) an attorney representing one of the parties, and (4) a credit bureau. Public airing of your business intended to shame you into paying a debt is not allowed. Debt collectors:
- Cannot exchange (with other agencies) information about individuals who allegedly owe a debt.
- Cannot distribute a list of alleged debtors to its creditor subscribers.
- Cannot advertise a debt for sale.
- Cannot compile a list of debtors for sale to others.
- Cannot leave messages with third parties, asking them to have the debtor call the collector.
May a debt collector contact my neighbors or family members about my debt?
Not if the collector knows your name and telephone number and could have contacted you directly. When contacting your family members including minors or neighbors to find out how to locate you, the collector:
- Cannot tell others you owe a debt or discuss details of the account.
- Must identity himself, (by name, but not as a debt collector).
- Must identity the name of the collection agency only if asked.
- Can only contact the party once unless the collection agency has reason to believe the person has new information.
- Cannot leave information about a debt on a third party's answering machine or voice mail service.
Contacts with a spouse, the parent of a minor, a guardian, co-signer, executor, or administrator are considered the same as contacts with the debtor under the FDCPA.
If the situation results in a court judgment being entered against you, the FDCPA allows a collector to contact third parties "as reasonably necessary to effectuate a postjudgment judicial remedy." However, according to the FTC , a debt collector may not send a copy of the judgment to your employer, except as part of a formal service of papers to achieve a garnishment or other remedy.
I am being contacted by a collector looking for my former roommate, neighbor, or relative. Can I stop this?
The FDCPA says a debt collector may contact someone other than the debtor, but only to learn the location of the debtor. Usually this contact can be made only once, unless the collector has reason to believe the person has new information. If you are a relative or roommate, a debt collector who contacts you repeatedly also violates your privacy. Excessive contact may be considered a form of harassment. You should be able to stop contact by writing to the debt collector.
If the collector persists in contacting you, discloses details about the other person's debt, or if the collector's actions have been abusive or threatening, you should complain to the appropriate government agency and seek legal advice. The important thing to remember is that you have the same rights as the debtor, including the right to bring an action for any of the violations described here.
May a collector send me mail in care of another person?
Only if you live at the same address or receive your mail at that address. Even when communicating with you directly by mail, a collector is not permitted to use a postcard. The outside of an envelope sent to you by a debt collector should not include language to indicate that the mail is from a debt collector or that the letter relates to the collection of a debt. In short, the collector should take reasonable measure to assure your privacy. For example, if the collector knows that you share your address with others, it may be required to mark the letter "personal" or "private" and not give any outward appearance of the nature of the letter.
May a debt collector contact me about a debt owed by a deceased relative? Am I responsible?
A debt collector may contact anyone responsible for paying a deceased's person's debts. Generally, the debts of a person who is deceased are paid out of the person's estate. If the deceased had a will, that document almost certainly identifies the party responsible for settling affairs, including the payment of debts. When there is no will, a court may appoint someone to be responsible for settling the estate.
However, if you, for example, cosigned a loan, you may be equally responsible for the debt. You may also be responsible if you are the surviving spouse or live in a community property state such as California. Questions about responsibility for a debt should always be taken up with an attorney. The Federal Trade Commission has issued guidance on contacts regarding the debts of a deceased in Debts and Deceased Relatives.
Someone claiming to be from a law enforcement agency called about a debt I don't owe. Should I be worried?
This is a typical tactic of what the FTC calls "fake" debt collectors. Such callers often attempt to scare you, even with threats of jail. They usually attempt to get you to divulge your Social Security number as well as bank account and credit card information. Also, they may not reveal their identity or information about where you might contact them. To read more about fake debt collectors and how to spot them, see the FTC's publication "Fake Debt Collectors".
If I co-sign a loan, can a debt collector contact me?
Yes, if the person who asked you to co-sign does not pay. When you co-sign a loan, you are guaranteeing that the lender will be repaid - either by the person who asked you to co-sign or by you.
As the co-signer, you have the same legal protections as the primary signer. You may also have additional claims against the creditor and possibly the collector if you were not given the special disclosures required under state and federal law advising co-signers of the risks involved. For more on the implications of co-signing for another person's debt, see the FTC publication "Cosigning a Loan".
Does a debt collector have access to my credit report?
Yes. The FCRA lists a number of "permissible purposes" for accessing your credit report. One purpose is for "...review or collection of an account..." (FCRA Sec 604(3)(A)) If you are dealing with a debt collector, we recommend you check your credit report. You can order free reports from each of the three national credit bureaus once every 12 months. For more on free credit reports, visit the FTC's Free Credit Report page.
Often, a single collection action will result in multiple negative entries on your credit report. For example, a delinquent account may be reported under the name of the original creditor and again under the section of the credit report for "collections." If the matter resulted in a court judgment, it may again appear on your credit report under the public records section. If you find the same account is reported in multiple areas of your credit report, we recommend you dispute this with the credit bureaus and file a complaint with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Dual reporting of a single account can unfairly lower your credit score.
Does the FDCPA cover all collection actions?
No. Here are examples of debt collection activities that are not subject to the FDCPA:
- A creditor that collects its own overdue accounts is not subject to the FDCPA. The law defines "debt collector" as one in the business, the principal purpose of which is the collection of debts due another. But in-house collections are covered by the FDCPA if they create the impression that they are either an independent collector or a governmental agency. State collection laws such as California's may apply to both outside and in-house collection activities. Where they do, the collector so defined is subject to federal law.
- Government employees whose job is to collect debts as an official duty are not covered by the FDCPA. Student loans and debts collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) are a good example of debts collected by government employees. However, when the government refers collection of debts to an outside agency, the FDCPA applies. The U.S. Department of Education sometimes refers collection of student loans to an outside collector. For more on student loans and collections, see the Department of Education's website.
- Process server, that is someone attempting to serve a copy of a court order enforcing payment of a debt, is not covered by the FDCPA, provided its efforts are limited to the service of process.
- Consumer credit counseling services are not subject to the FDCPA if the service is a nonprofit organization and receives payments from the debtor for distribution to creditors.
Are attorneys subject to the FDCPA?
An attorney that regularly collects or attempts to collect consumer debts owed another, directly or indirectly, must comply with the FDCPA. The law also applies to attorneys who act as in-house counsel and who send dunning letters or make telephone calls on behalf of their employer/client.
The status of attorneys as debt collectors may vary under state collection laws. To find out what the laws are in your state when an attorney acts as debt collector, contact your state Attorney General through the website of the National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG).
What is the Debt Collection Improvements Act?
The Debt Collection Improvements Act (31 USC § 3711) applies to debts owed to the federal government. Collection efforts are under the control of the Financial Management Service, a part of the U.S. Department of Treasury. For more on this law and how it applies, see the Department of Treasury website.
Over half of the states have laws that govern the activities of debt collectors. Some laws provide additional protections not found in the federal law. Attachment A to this guide lists such state laws and provides links to publications about them.
California's Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (California Civil Code § 1788, et seq.) adds to the federal law in several ways. Unlike the federal law, the California law applies to third-party collectors as well as creditors that collect debts for themselves. California law also gives you added protections against unwarranted contact with your employer. In California a debt collector may only contact your employer to:
- Verify your employment status.
- Verify your business address.
- Garnish your wages when a court issues a judgement against you.
- Find out about insurance coverage if the debt involves a medical bill.
Under California law, the debt collector must first attempt to contact your employer in writing for any one of the allowed purposes (except for verification of employment, in which case a single oral contact is permitted). The collector may only telephone or make a personal contact with your employer regarding the issues listed above if after 15 days there has been no response to the written inquiry. For more on debt collection in California, see the California Attorney General's guide.
Does a collection agency need a license?
There is no federal license or registration required for collection agencies. However, in some states debt collectors must register or apply for a state license. Licensing requirements vary from state to state. To learn more about the licensing and bonding requirements for collection agencies operating in your state, link to your state's collection law through Attachment A. If your state is not listed, contact your state's attorney general through the National Association of Attorneys General website. You may also contact your state's consumer protection office through the federal government's Consumer Protection website.
6. Corresponding with a Debt Collector:
Tips on Filing Disputes
We suggest you start a file at your first contact with a collector. Letters you write as well as ones sent to you are an important part of your file. Letters, along with your notes of telephone conversations and personal contact, create a "record." Your file will be invaluable if you ever find it necessary to complain to a government agency or file a lawsuit.
There are many reasons to write to a collector. There are also certain things to look for when a debt collector writes to you. Here are just some things that might lead you to write a letter to a collector:
- It is not your debt. The collector has you confused with someone else.
- You are a victim of identity theft - someone used your identity to run up charges.
- You already paid the debt.
- The creditor sent the bill to an old address, even though you told the creditor you moved.
- The collection agency says you owe more than you think or says you owe an exorbitant amount in fees and extra charges.
- You need to clarify your conversation with a collection agent.
- You would like to stop phone calls to you or others.
You may also want to create a written record of your dealings with the collector. A record could prove particularly useful later on, especially if you are dealing with a problem collector or one that refuses to put its agreements with you in writing.
Some things you would record in a letter to a debt collector:
- Promises.
- Terms of payment.
- Commitments to adjust entries in credit history.
- Proper crediting of payments.
- Instances where the collector failed to keep a promise to you or failed to act within the agreed upon time.
- Instances where the collector or its representative engaged in abusive practices such as threats, abusive language, or contact with third parties.
How do I dispute a collection action?
Your first contact with a collection agency is likely to be a telephone call. The law requires a collection agency to send you a written notice five days after it first contacts you. The FDCPA requires a collection agency to tell you how to contact the collector in writing.
The written notice must also tell you how to dispute the debt and give you the information you need to lodge a dispute. The FDCPA (§1692g(a)) says the written notice should also tell you:
- The amount of the debt.
- The name of the creditor.
- A statement that if you notify the debt collector in writing within the 30-day period that you are disputing the debt, the collector will obtain verification of the debt or a copy of a judgment against you.
- A statement that, if you request it, the collector will provide you with the name and address of the original creditor, if different from the current creditor.
- A warning informing you that, "This is an attempt to collect a debt and any information obtained will be used for that purpose."
If you do not receive the notice within five days, call the collection agency and ask for its address and fax number. Then, send a letter to the collector noting its failure to send you the required notice. As a minimum, make a note for your file.
What information should I include in a letter?
We have developed several debt collection letters that you can tailor to fit your specific situation. We include suggested wording for disputing a debt as well as giving the collector notice to stop contact with you, people you know, or your employer. The sample letters are not intended to confer legal advice and are only offered to provide guidelines.
It is a good idea to include a date in your letter by which you expect to hear back from a collector, for instance, that either it is investigating your dispute or will no longer contact you about another person's debt. Usually, a date of two to three weeks is sufficient.
It is also very important to send correspondence to a debt collector by Certified Mail, Return Receipt Requested. This way, you will receive a signed and dated notice that the collector has received your letter. Without confirmation, it may come down to your word against the collector. You may also want to fax your letter before mailing it.
What happens after I dispute a collection?
After you file a dispute, the collection agency then must stop collection efforts until it has conducted an investigation. This means the debt collector cannot put the debt on your credit report. It must validate the debt by obtaining a verification of the debt or a copy of a judgment from the creditor. A copy of documents that verify the bill should then be mailed to you. When you send the collector proof that the debt is not yours or has been satisfied, ask for written confirmation that the collector is not holding you accountable for the debt. Some accounts, even though properly disputed with one collector, may be sold to another. This can happen years after you have successfully disputed an account.
This makes it all the more important to create a record of your experience with the prior collector. Keep your file indefinitely, especially if it contains correspondence that states you are not responsible. State law may keep a collector from suing you after a given period of time. However, there is no statute of limitations on collection efforts. What you thought was a closed file, may later come back to haunt you.
How long does the collection agency have to conduct its investigation?
There is no set time, but, again, the collection agency cannot resume collection action unless it confirms the debt.
May a debt collector report negative information on my credit report?
Yes. However, collection agencies are not consistent when it comes to reporting. Some collectors report only larger collection amounts while others report all collections. For a discussion about inconsistent reporting and other issues that arise when collectors report to credit bureaus, see the Federal Reserve Board Study, Credit Report Accuracy and Access to Credit. If you dispute a debt with a creditor or a collector, any notation on your credit report should also state that you dispute the debt.
Am I liable for the debt if I don't dispute it in 30 days?
If the matter ends up in court, failure to file a dispute cannot be held against you. The FDCPA (§1692g(c)) says failure to file a dispute does not allow a court to assume you admit liability for the debt. However, being able to establish that you did comply with all statutory requirements may greatly enhance your chances of success. Your goal is to establish the facts and convince the judge or others who decide the matter that you are credible and deserve to have the law applied with its full effect on your behalf.
7. How to Complain about a Debt Collector: Tips on Suing
What can I do if a debt collector violates the law?
If you have exhausted all strategies in dealing with the debt collector as described in this guide and the collector continues to use illegal, unfair and abusive practices, you may file a complaint, sue the collector, or both. We explain how to file a complaint below, and provide tips for suing a collector at the end of this section.
- Federal Trade Commission (www.ftc.gov). The FTC is the government agency that enforces the FDCPA. It may bring an action in federal district court against a debt collector that violates the law. Understandably, the agency does not have the resources to bring a court action on behalf of an individual or against every collector about which it receives a complaint. But the agency can and does take action against the most egregious offenders.
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (http://www.consumerfinance.gov/). The CFPB has authority to coordinate with the FTC in evaluating consumer complaints, investigating and enforcing suspected violations of the FDCPA. The CFPB, unlike the FTC, has authority from Congress to write rules and provide supervision of debt collectors. To read more about the CFPB's role in enforcing the FDCPA, see the agency's Report to Congress.
The government's primary source of information about abusive collection practices is through consumer complaints. Both the FTC and the CFPB offer an online complaint form on their websites, www.ftc.gov and www.consumerfinance.gov/. Since both the FTC and CFPB investige FDCPA violations, complaints may be made to both agencies.
- State Attorney General or State Office of Consumer Protection. State officials may enforce the FDCPA as well as state collection laws. Before submitting a complaint to your state officials, check to see if your state has its own collection law (see Attachment A). When writing your complaint letter, be sure to describe a collection agency's actions that violate the FDCPA as well as those that violate the law in your state. Keep detailed notes, correspondence, and recordings of any documents or messages that may indicate the collector has violated state or federal laws.
- Debt Collector Associations. The American Collectors Association is a national organization made up of member collection agencies. To become a member, a collection agency must agree to follow the FDCPA and a set of industry standards.
What should I include in a complaint to a government agency?
Here are some general tips for preparing a complaint:
- Get organized before you begin to write your complaint. This is where your file will come in handy. Keep good notes of dates, representative's names, and details of any conversations, correspondence or personal contact. Keep originals of all correspondence you send and receive.
- Create a chronology or timeline from your file. Always start with the date of the first contact by the debt collector. Your chronology does not have to be elaborate. It can be as simple as putting all your notes, letters and other documents in date order. Attach copies, not originals, of any documents, like a paid receipt, that support your version of events and strengthen your arguments. Keep your originals in your file.
- Select only major points or important details to include in your complaint. Not every contact by a debt collector amounts to an abusive practice. For instance, it is not necessary to include every telephone call made from a debt collector in your complaint letter -- unless the telephone calls are made at odd hours, are harassing, or are calls made to your employer after the collector has been informed that you are not permitted to accept such calls.
- Summarize minor points. Frequent contacts that did not include abusive practices, may simply be noted in a summary statement. For example, "Between January 1 and February 1, the collection agency contacted me fifteen times."
- Start your complaint by giving the first date you were contacted by the collection agency. This is a critical date. It can go a long way in supporting your complaint or lawsuit if the problem cannot be resolved otherwise. The original date of contact can establish, for example, that you have been attempting to resolve the problem directly with the collector for a long time. This date can also show that the collection agency did not, as required by law, follow up a telephone contact with a written notice within the five days required by law.
- The tone of your complaint should be business-like and to the point. To hold the attention of the agency official or others who read your complaint, you should briefly state who, what, and when. Be concise. Simply explain the actions by the collector you feel were abusive and violations of the law.
May I sue a collection agency?
Yes. The FDCPA allows individuals and class action plaintiffs to sue in federal or state court within a year of the violation. Under the FDCPA, if you win, you may recover actual damages plus up to $1,000. Attorney fees and court costs may also be recovered. Members of a class action may recover actual damages plus a total of $500,000 or one percent of the net worth of the debt collector.
There are many private practice attorneys who specialize in assisting consumers who have experienced violations of state and federal debt collection laws. The website of the National Association of Consumer Advocates provides a directory of member attorneys. The search process enables you to find attorneys near you and to specify those with debt collection experience.
May I tape record calls from the collector?
If the collector is verbally abusive when phoning you or engages in other practices in apparent violation of the law, you might want to gather evidence by taping the calls. Such evidence can be invaluable if you file a complaint with the authorities and if you sue the collector. Be aware that in a some states including California, you need to obtain consent before taping the call, with some exceptions. Check the website of the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press for a 50-state compilation of laws regarding tape recording.
What if I am a victim of identity theft?
A call from a collection agency or being denied an extension of credit is often the first clue that something is wrong. When a collection agency contacts you about a bill you know nothing about, you may be the victim of identity theft.
If you think someone else opened an account in your name or made charges to your existing account without your permission, you should follow the steps in our Fact Sheet 17a,"Identity Theft: What to Do if It Happens to You" . Be sure to write the collection agency and explain that you are an identity theft victim. See our sample letters, specifically sample letter 3. In addition, the Identity Theft Resource Center has posted a fact sheet for identity theft victims dealing with collection agencies.
We suggest that you ask the collector for copies of documentation such as transaction receipts and statements that are associated with the fraudulent account. You should also ask the collector and the creditor to send you their fraud affidavit form, or use the one provided by the FTC. You can fill out this affidavit and use it for several accounts if more than one has been opened in your name by the imposter.
If a debt collector learns that you may be the victim of identity theft, the collector must:
- Notify the original creditor about the fraud or identity theft.
- Give you information about the debt, such as account applications and statements.
Can a collection agency contact my boss?
A debt collector may contact anyone other than you, but only to find out where you live or your telephone number. This includes your employer, who is treated like any other third-party contact under the FDCPA. Unfortunately, the FDCPA creates no specific restrictions on contacts with an employer. Although not required to do so, a collection agency should contact your boss only as a last resort.
The laws of your state may have stricter rules about contact with your employer. In California, for example, a collection agency must first try to contact your employer in writing before making a call. If your employer does not respond within 15 days, the collection agency may then call.
Can a collection agency send legal documents to my employer?
Papers that are connected with your job may be sent to your employer. A judgment or court order that garnishes your salary is an example.
Can a collection agency call me at work?
The FDCPA says a collector cannot call you at work if your employer does not allow you to receive such calls or if you have asked (preferably in writing) that they not call you there. If you are first called at home, make sure to tell the collection agency that it cannot call you at work if that is your wish. Follow up with a written request.
Keep detailed notes about each violation of this request, making sure that both you and any witnesses to the contact will be able to testify at a much later time if you decide to take legal action against the collector. One ideal way is to have witnesses write a statement specifying the date, time, and details of the contact. Each of you should retain a copy.
Does my employer have other ways of finding out about a collection?
Collection action may appear on your credit report with the three credit report agencies: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. If you apply for a new job or are considered for a promotion or transfer in your current job, the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) allows employers to obtain your credit report as part of an employment background check. In this way, your employer may find out about any accounts you have in collections and may make decisions based on that information.
For more on employment background checks and credit reports, see:
- PRC Fact Sheet 16 "Employment Background Checks: A Jobseeker's Guide" www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs16-bck.htm.
- Fact Sheet 16a, "Employment Background Checks in California" www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs16a-califbck.htm.
- FTC publication, "Using Consumer Reports: What Employers Need to Know," http://business.ftc.gov/documents/bus08-using-consumer-reports-what-employers-need-know
Collection of medical debt is a major consumer issue. A December 2014 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau study found that over half of all overdue debt on credit reports is from medical debt and that one out of five credit reports contains overdue medical debt.
May a doctor or hospital refer an overdue medical bill to a collection agency?
Yes. HIPAA, the federal medical privacy rule, allows a health care provider to disclose information to a collection agency. HIPAA also says an overdue bill can be reported to a credit reporting agency.
Collection of an unpaid bill is considered a payment activity under HIPAA. Thus, it is not necessary that you give your consent before a medical bill is referred to a collection agency or before a negative entry is placed on your credit report. A debt collector would generally be a business associate of the covered entity. Although information may be disclosed to a debt collector, HIPAA requires that the minimum necessary standard be applied. This means the doctor or hospital should not give the collector any more information than is necessary to collect the bill.
However, you may dispute a medical bill with the health care provider or a collection agency. If you do, the fact that you have lodged a dispute should also be revealed if a negative report is made to your credit report.
Can my medical information be disclosed to a credit reporting agency?
HIPAA says the healthcare provider or health plan may disclose only the following information about you to a credit bureau.
- Name and address.
- Date of birth.
- Social Security number.
- Payment history.
- Account number.
- Name and address of the one claiming the debt.
Of course, the name of the healthcare provider may contain clues to the medical condition of you or members of your family. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) changes the way medical collections appear in credit reports. The names of healthcare providers must be masked if they would disclose the type of medical condition for which you sought care. For more about medical information and the FACTA rules, see PRC Fact Sheet 6(a), www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs6a-facta.htm#7
A debt collector called me after an identity thief got medical treatment under my name. What should I do?
Medical identity theft is a largely unreported type of identity theft. This type of identity theft occurs when an imposter uses your identifying information to obtain medical treatment or medical supplies. If you become a victim of this crime, you may find yourself dealing with a medical debt collector as well as erroneous negative data included on your credit report. Medical identity theft may also involve false claims made to a victim's health insurance plan.
A report published by the World Privacy Forum examines the unique character of medical identity theft as well as potential harms to victims. See the World Privacy Forum's report, FAQ for victims, and tips for consumers. http://www.worldprivacyforum.org/category/med-id-theft/
Federal and State Laws
Federal Laws
- Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 USC §1692-1692o
- Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 USC §1681 et seq.
- Fair Credit Billing Act, 15 USC §1601 et seq.
- Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 USC §41-58
- Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACT) of 2003
Public Law No. 108-159 (December 4, 2003)http://www.ftc.gov/os/statutes/fcrajump.shtm
California Law
- Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, California Civil Code §1788, et seq.
Laws in Other States
Government Agency Contacts
- Federal Trade Commission
Consumer Response Center
600 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20580
Telephone: (877) FTC-HELP (877-382-4357)
Web: https://www.ftccomplaintassistant.gov/#crnt&panel1-1
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
1700 G. Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20552
Complaints: www.consumerfinance.gov/complaint/
- California Attorney General
Public Inquiry Unit
P.O. Box 944255
Sacramento, CA 94244-2550
Telephone: (800) 952-5225 and (916) 322-3360
Web: http://ag.ca.gov/consumers/general.php
- State Attorneys General Offices
National Association of Attorneys General,
- Consumer Protection Offices in the States
Federal Government's Consumer Action Web site
Other Resources
- Attorney Referral Services, National Association of Consumer
Advocates (NACA)
NACA's website, http://www.consumeradvocates.org/ offers a national directory of member attorneys. The search process enables you to specify lawyers with debt collection experience, http://www.consumeradvocates.org/find-attorney
- American Collectors Association
P.O. Box 39106
Minneapolis, MN 55439-0106
Telephone: (612) 926-6547
Fax: (612) 926-1624
Web: http://www.acainternational.org/
- California Association of Collectors
P.O. Box 254490
Sacramento, CA 95865-4490
Telephone: (916) 929-2125
For information and to complain about members: (800) 316-2262
Web: www.calcollectors.net
- National Foundation for Consumer Credit, Inc.
8611 Second Avenue, Suite 100
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Telephone: (800) 388-2227
Web: www.nfcc.org
- Center for Responsible Lending, "Debt Collection & Debt Buying" (April 2014), http://www.responsiblelending.org/state-of-lending/reports/11-Debt-Collection.pdf
- Debt.org offers information for families at www.debt.org/family/, for students at www.debt.org/students/ and for divorce at http://www.debt.org/family/divorce/
- Better Business Bureau
- Consumer Action, When a collector calls: An insider's guide to responding to debt collectors
- Bob Sullivan (Consumer Advocate), Seven Questions That Will Help You Sniff Out a Debt Collector Scam
Federal Trade Commission Publications and Links
- "Time-Barred Debts:" Understanding Your Rights When it Comes to Old Debts, www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/alerts/alt144.shtm
- "Debt Collection"
- Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Home Page,
- "Ads Promising Debt Relief May be Offering Bankruptcy,"
- "Using Consumer Reports: What Employers Need to Know,"
- FTC's Identity Theft Fraud Affidavit,
- Paying the Debts of a Deceased Relative: Who is Responsible? www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/alerts/alt004.shtm
- Who's Calling? That Debt Collector Could Be a Fake. www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/alerts/alt076.shtm
- Credit Repair: How to Help Yourself, www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre13.shtm
Fact Sheets of the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse and Identity Theft Resource Center
- ITRC Fact Sheet 116, "Collection Agencies and Identity Theft"
- PRC Fact Sheet 6, "How Private Is My Credit Report,"
- PRC Fact Sheet 17a, "Identity Theft, What to Do When It Happens to You,"
- PRC Fact Sheet 16 "Employment Background Checks: A Jobseeker's Guide"
- PRC Fact Sheet 16a, "Employment Background Checks in California"
- Attachment A: State laws and state publications are available at: www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs27plus.htm.
- Attachment B: Sample Letters are available on line at: www.privacyrights.org/Letters/letters.htm#Debt
Sample Letter #1 - Dispute the Debt
Sample Letter #2 - Stop Contact by Collection Agency
Sample Letter #3 - Identity Theft Victim --Stop Contact By Collection Agency
Sample Letter #4 - Stop Contact With Employer and Others
Sample Letter #5 - Complain about a Collection Agency
Sample Letter #6 - Stop Contact about Someone Else's Debt
The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse developed this guide with funding from
the Rose Foundation Consumer Privacy Rights Fund.
We acknowledge the assistance of Lou Bruno, Esq.,
consumer law attorney, Escondido, CA, in reviewing this publication
Browse Privacy Topics
Background Checks & Workplace
Banking & Finance
Credit & Credit Reports
Debt Collection
Harassment & Stalking
Identity Theft & Data Breaches
Junk Mail/Faxes/Email
Medical Privacy
Online Privacy & Technology
Privacy When You Shop
Public Records & Info Brokers
Renter Privacy
Social Security Numbers
Telephone Privacy
Who We Are
We are a nationally recognized consumer education and advocacy nonprofit dedicated to protecting the privacy of American consumers.


text:
This deal has ended.
Through 7/28, use code DXHFS for free shipping on any order at dELiA's and save even more on their selection of clearance sandals. Good deals include the Nyla Jelly Heel, originally $34.50 and now $14.99, the Kiara Slide lowers from $39.50 to $19.99 and the Marykate Cuff Sandal (pictured) is marked down from $44.50 to $24.99. Sales tax is charged in states with dELiA's retail locations.No longer available


text:
Results 1 to 1 of 1
07-26-2003, 05:47 AM #1New Member
- Join Date
- Jul 2003
- Posts
- 1
Raq 4r And 4i And Raq 4 Training Manuals
FOR SALE. I'd like to sell the whole lot to one person if possible. Both RAQs in good working order and I have a couple of extra fans too. Training manual box and interactive CDs orginally retail for over $600 alone.
Make me an offer before I put them up on Ebay. firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Vamizi refuge
Coral reefs in the northern Mozambique channel, a potential refuge for corals from climate change. Photo: Emily Darling
Koro corals, Fiji
Corals provide underwater architecture for diverse and economically valuable reefs. Photo: Emily Darling
Dr Stacy Jupiter (WCS) monitors reefs off Koro Island in Fiji. Photo: Emily Darling
Koro catch
A fishermen on Koro Island, Fiji walks back to the village with his catch to clean and cook. Coral reef fisheries provide food security, livelihoods and cultural values for half a billion people worldwide.


text:
TAHLEQUAH, Okla. — Reasor's here said it is scheduled to break ground on two new stores in Oklahoma on Wednesday, one in Sand Springs and one in Bixby. The Sand Springs location, scheduled to open later this spring, involves a $10 million remodel and renovation of a 65,000-square-foot space previously occupied by Wal-Mart. The 75,000-square-foot Bixby store is a ground-up construction project, slated to open by the end of the year. The two stores will expand Reasor's ...
REGISTER TO VIEW THIS ARTICLE - Register for a Free Account
Why Register for FREE?
Registering for content on Supermarket News will give you INSTANT access to invaluable articles and media content that industry professionals rely on. You will have access to our special reports, feature articles, and industry analysis. It's FREE, easy and quick. What are you waiting for! In addition you will also receive complimentary access to the SN salary survey data tables.
Click here to read the FAQ page if you have any questions (opens in a new window)
Attention Paid Print Subscribers: While you have already been granted free access to SN we ask that you register now. We promise it will only take a few minutes! Or visit your profile and add your print magazine account number and zip code.


text:
Crohn's Disease Health Center
Crohn's Disease and Pregnancy
In this article
What Is Crohn's Disease?
Crohn's disease is a chronic illness in which the intestine, bowel, or another part of the digestive tract become inflamed and ulcerated. Ulcerated means it is marked with sores. Along with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease is part of a group of diseases known as inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD.
Crohn's disease most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine. That part is called the ileum. The disease can, though, occur in any part of the large or small intestine, stomach, esophagus, or even the mouth. It can occur at any age, but it is most common between ages 15 and 30.
What Are the Symptoms of Crohn's Disease?
People with Crohn's disease experience periods of severe symptoms. These are followed by periods with no symptoms that can last for weeks or years. The period with no symptoms is called remission. Unfortunately, there is no way to know when a remission will occur or when symptoms will return.
The symptoms of Crohn's disease depend on where the disease is in the bowel. They also depend on its severity. In general, symptoms can include:
- chronic diarrhea
- rectal bleeding
- weight loss
- fever
- abdominal pain and tenderness (often on the right side of the lower abdomen)
- feeling of a mass or fullness in the lower, right abdomen
- delayed development and stunted growth (in children)


text:
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group may bid for Providence-based RBS Citizens Financial Group, the U.S. unit of the Royal Bank of Scotland, the Wall Street Journal reported.
Executives from the two banks met recently to discuss the possible purchase of Citizens, but any deal has less than a 50 percent chance of completion, the newspaper said.
The Royal bank�s shares jumped in trading on the London Stock Exchange.
The Royal is Britain�s biggest state-owned lender, while Sumitomo Mitsui is Japan�s second-biggest bank by market value.
Citizens is preparing for an initial public offering later this year, said Bruce Van Saun, CEO of Citizens.
�We announced in November 2013 that we would accelerate the IPO of Citizens, aiming to start the process in the second half of 2014 and to fully sell the business by the end of 2016,� RBS spokeswoman Debbie Phillips said in a statement. Representatives of Sumitomo weren�t immediately available to comment. (Bloomberg News)
Location, ST | website.com


text: Four friends chance upon the skeleton of a lion and the three arrogant ones decide to test their power by bringing it back to life. The fourth friend who is the humble one warns them against it but is laughed at by the others. In the end, the three arrogant ones learn that sometimes common sense is more valuable than intelligence but it is a lesson learned too late. In the jungle, the partridge is forced to leave his home, a hole in a tree, unguarded in search of food because of a draught. When he comes back, he finds that his home has a new occupant—a rabbit. None of them is willing to give up 'his' home and the matter is taken before a wise cat. But the truth is that the cat is the wrong person to approach for help.


text:
I asked this question for a number of reasons. The main one was to ensure that the CPS was aware of the consultation and to make representations on behalf of the members. I also wanted to discuss the issue, and gather other people's views.
As professional ecologist working in nature conservation, I am strongly entrenched in the "preserve the peat" faction. If you open the link to the peat consultation there are some very interesting background documents from DEFRA which outline the overwhelming arguments for not continuing to harvest peat. The most basic argument, as carnivorous plant growers, is that we should not be destroying the habitat that the plants we love grow in!
The writing has been on the wall with respect to peat for a long time. I wrote my "peat free" article for the CPS in 2004 & indicated that peat would be very difficult to obtain in the future, a statement which was questioned by a few people but look where we are now! I have not bought peat for about 17 years now, so it can be done. It is not always easy, and it is not always cheap or convenient. I very much feel for other growers who do not have easy access to alternatives. I acknowledge that a small amount of carnivorous plant growers using a small amount of peat will have an insignificant effect on peat bogs around the world, but maintaining peat harvesting on a small-scale just for carnivorous plants, ericaceous plants and some orchid growers is very unlikely to happen.
So what do I think the CPS should be responding with? Probably something like:
- we strongly support the proposals to phase out the use of peat
- would point out the specialist requirements of carnivorous plants as a group in requiring acid, low nutrient composts
- would point out that some members of the CPS have been carrying out research into alternatives, although on a small-scale, but would share information we have on alternatives such as moorland gold, Coco peat and Sphagnum derivatives & hydroponics
- acknowledge that currently peat is the only viable option for many growers, both financially and logistically
- would like to see collaborative, funded research into peat-free alternatives for minority plant groups
- would like to see a levy on peat used to subsidise research into alternatives
- would like to see a levy on peat used to subsidise peat alternatives to make them `significantly cheaper than peat products
What do others think?
Hi all
Been off the Forum for a while getting ear bleeds from all the EEE work and working on the Defra peat consultation. Oh, and also trying to lead a normal life which seems to be escaping me.
The CPS will be responding positively to the Defra consultation, in the same vein as Stephen suggests. I haven't been peat free for as long, 4 years against 17, but the only problem I've encountered is a couple of Alata and Darlingtonia. I can't put that down to coir as other factors may have come into play. I've been re-potting quite a few plants I grow in coir and perlite and the roots look very healthy in my Sarracenia.
As mentioned in my recent Journal article a mix of organic coir and Moorland Gold would be a good start as an alternative, perhaps with some perlite - it makes a nice mix.
To preserve threaten cps in cultivation we will be asking for an exception, though this would need to be linked to a formalised registration process to get one.
Hydroponics will have a place, but only if a large scale easily adopted and cheap to run system can be developed (also must not reduce plant growing space, as we do like to pack our plants in). I've set up a large system this year (flood and flow system), with the smaller version on show at the EEE. The growing medium is expanded clay and sustainably sourced sphagnum moss. Early days, but my Darlingtonia and Disa are ahead of the rest of my plants already.
The CPS will develop an action plan, or road map as Defra put it, towards becoming peat-free in the time frames outlined in due course.
The CPS response will be published on the website shortly, and when it is I'll announce it on the Forums.
The implications of the consultation will be worrying for a good number of growers, but it's very important we do not bury our heads, take a positive attitude and for everyone to start trying alternatives on a few spare plants.


text:
Promoted Stories
Coolest Suburbs Worth a Visit
Edina, MN
miles from downtown Minneapolis, Edina comes to life at the intersections of 50th
and France, where this sprawling suburb takes on a small village feel. Browse
the quaint shops or have a glass of wine at the cheeky Salut Bar Americain.
See: Check out the sculpture exhibit along Edina Promenade
pathway leading into Centennial Lakes Park (7499 France Avenue South; 952-833-9580),
where you can play croquet, ride paddleboats, or skate along three ponds linked
by canals.
Eat: Ask any local and they'll send you to Edina Grill (5028 France Avenue South; 952-927-7933) for steak and pierogies with crispy tobacco
onion strings.
By Daniel Derouchie
Promoted Stories
Explore More
More from T+L


text:
37 Degree Latitude Theory (7)
Alien & Close Encounter (1)
Alien & UFO Sightings (11)
Alien Abductions (4)
Bigfoot (12)
Cattle Mutilations (57)
Cattle Mutilations (5)
Chuck Zukowski (72)
Colorado Springs Video Production (14)
Conspiracies (6)
Debbie Ziegelmeyer (11)
Ghost & Haunting (1)
gore (15)
Guest Blogs (2)
Hauntings & the Paranormal (9)
Horse Mutilations (6)
In the News (63)
Investigations (52)
Jesse Marcel Jr (6)
Lights & Orbs (1)
Media Appearances (13)
Miscellaneous (16)
Movies (8)
Open Minds Magazine (1)
Orbs, Lights & Shadows (4)
Pop Culture (8)
Roswell (13)
Roswell Dig (10)
Roswell Rock (1)
Roswell Rock Circle (1)
Sighting Reports (3)
Stan Romanek (5)
The Z-Files (117)
Travis Walton (1)
UFOnut Webisodes (14)
WP Cumulus Flash tag cloud by Roy Tanck requires Flash Player 9 or better.
UFOnut.com – Episode 013: Miller Mutilation Event
On Sunday December 13th, Chuck Zukowski was contacted by the Miller Ranch near Trinidad, Colorado, about a possible cattle mutilation. Two 1100 pound female Red Angus's went missing, one was found dead with unusual wounds and the other was found alive, but with internal injuries, which may have been inflicted during the primary mutilation event.
UFOnut.com – Episode 012: UFO WatchTower
Chuck Zukowski (ufonut.com) interviews Judy Messoline, the owner of the UFO WatchTower in San Luis Valley, Colorado. Along with Judy, guest lecturers Joe Fex, Paola Harris, Dakota Wolf, and Stan and Lisa Romanek describe the history and attraction of this famous UFO hotspot.
UFOnut.com – Episode 011: Torres Cattle Mutilation
Sunday, September 2nd, 2012, a dead cow was found on the Torres family ranch near Trinidad, Colorado. Monday the 3rd (Labor Day), rancher Torres ran into rancher Mike Duran at the local Labor Day parade and told Duran about the death of one of his cows. Rancher Duran, who had a similar mutilation in 2009 investigated by […]
UFOnut.com – Episode 010: Bailey Bigfoot Returns
Chuck Zukowski is called on once more to investigate the Bigfoot phenomenon in Bailey, Colorado. This is the first documentation of evidence in the June 2012 sighting, one of the most recent sightings of Bigfoot in the Pike National Forest near Bailey, Colorado.


text:
Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request
Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission For Omb Review; Comment Request.
The EIA has submitted the forms EIA-63A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," EIA-63B, "Annual Photovoltaic Module/Cell Manufacturers Survey," and the EIA-902, "Annual Geothermal Heat Pump Manufacturers Survey," to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and a three-year extension under section 3507(h)(1) of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-13) (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.).
Table of Contents Back to Top
DATES: Back to Top
Comments must be filed by October 18, 2010. If you anticipate that you will be submitting comments but find it difficult to do so within that period, you should contact the OMB Desk Officer for DOE listed below as soon as possible.
ADDRESSES: Back to Top
Send comments to OMB Desk Officer for DOE, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget. To ensure receipt of the comments by the due date, submission by FAX (202-395-7285) or e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com is recommended. The mailing address is 725 17th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20503. The OMB Desk Officer may be telephoned at (202) 395-4638. (A copy of your comments should also be provided to EIA's Statistics and Methods Group at the address below.)
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Back to Top
Requests for additional information should be directed to Alethea Jennings. To ensure receipt of the comments by the due date, submission by FAX (202- 586-5271) or e-mail (email@example.com) is also recommended. The mailing address is Statistics and Methods Group (EI-70), Forrestal Building, U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave, SW., Washington, DC 20585-0670. Ms. Jennings may be contacted by telephone at (202) 586-5879.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Back to Top
This section contains the following information about the energy information collection submitted to OMB for review: (1) The collection numbers and title; (2) the sponsor (i.e., the Department of Energy component); (3) the current OMB docket number (if applicable); (4) the type of request (i.e., new, revision, extension or reinstatement); (5) response obligation (i.e., mandatory, voluntary, or required to obtain or retain benefits); (6) a description of the need for and proposed use of the information; (7) a categorical description of the likely respondents; (8) estimate number of respondents and (9) an estimate of the total annual reporting burden (i.e., the estimated number of likely respondents times the proposed frequency of response per year times the average hours per response).
1. Forms EIA-63A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," EIA-63B, "Annual Photovoltaic Module/Cell Manufacturers Survey," and the EIA-902, "Annual Geothermal Heat Pump Manufacturers Survey."
2. Energy Information Administration.
3. OMB Number 1905-0196.
4. Three-year extension to an existing approved request.
5. Mandatory.
6. Forms EIA-63A and EIA-63B collect data on the manufacture, shipment, stocks, and import/export of solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic modules/cells and the status of the industry. The data are used by the private sector, the renewable energy industry, the DOE, and other government agencies. Respondents are U. S. companies that manufactured, shipped, and/or imported solar thermal collectors and/or photovoltaic modules and cells. The EIA-902 is used to collect data about the manufacture, shipment, stocks, and import/export of geothermal heat pumps and the status of the industry. The information collected will be used by public and private analysts that are interested in geothermal heat pumps and related energy issues.
7. Business or other for-profit institutions.
8. 283 respondents.
9. 1,415 hours.
Please refer to the supporting statement as well as the proposed forms and instructions for more information about the purpose, who must report, when to report, where to submit, the elements to be reported, detailed instructions, provisions for confidentiality, and uses (including possible nonstatistical uses) of the information. For instructions on obtaining materials, see the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section.
Statutory Authority: Back to Top
Section 13(b) of the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974, 93, codified at 15 U.S.C. 772(b).
Issued in Washington, DC, on September 9, 2010.
Stephanie Brown,
Director, Statistics and Methods Group, Energy Information Administration.
[FR Doc. 2010-23115 Filed 9-15-10; 8:45 am]