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Definition of hillock in English:
A small hill or mound.
Example sentences
- This is the top of Pole Hill, a wooded hillock in Norman Tebbitt's old stomping round of Chingford.
- For no less than three miles this vast upland of hillocks and brows roll on, serried knolls which appear to stretch onwards into infinity.
- Le Moulin Rouge is an exotic nightclub situated in Montmartre, a community on the Butte hillock overlooking Paris.
mound, small hill, prominence, elevation, rise, knoll, hummock, hump, dune;
bank, ridge, knob
formal eminence
hillocky adjective
- Example sentences
- The relief is far from uniform: hillocky areas intermingled with low mountains, plain and river valleys.
- Its relief is typically hillocky with the absolute marks up to 228 m.
- They have a hillocky surface, and the soils profile is poor.
Words that rhyme with hillockpillock
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: hill·ock
Definition of hillock in:
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Contacts with Perks Good day C. List, We're here x: I have to find a cool lady who wants to be friends, is open to exploring more. I just want to chill, go apart sometimes, laugh, have, and "enjoy" a single another. It may be cool if your woman was open minded additionally. Age and all those things extra biz does sometimes matter, still, as long even as we "click" and there is an attraction, we will good. Make sure you be ddd free of cost, and understand that this became a friendship with added benefits. I am not searching for a stalker, but We want a g/f about some sorts. Dating may a women for fuck Waycross ppear to be fun too. Approximately Me: x/b, ladys lady, drug/disease/and amateur dramatics free. I here's thick and curvy. I like to the curves and the femininity of unique. I want a lady that I can explore with. FYI: Now i'm married and my husband accepts my selections. He is support, and what you and I'm going to do has nothing about him. ***Put TAKE IT EASY in the issue line (down along with the demons of spam!!! lol) ***Please reply by having a pic, I always know who Im emailing. women for fuck Waycross Buechel Kentucky KY US United States, Liverpool borough, Old Tappan New Jersey NJ, Pense, Saskatchewan, Salley town, Ugashik CDP, Goddard, Warner New Hampshire NH US United States
Written on 12/1/2011, by Fae" rel="author">Tamsin

subset: commoncrawl


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Every year, the board of Slow Food NYC holds an open meeting for our New York Chapter Slow Food USA members in order to connect with our membership and keep our communication as open as possible. Whether you've just recently joined our chapter or have been a member for years, you're welcome to attend. If you are interested in joining the Board or just want to volunteer on certain projects, this event is an ideal way to meet the current leadership and get the information you need to get more involved.
Wednesday, October 9, 2012 7:00 - 9:00PM
Arrive at 7:00 pm for a short reception, with meeting & presentations starting at 7:30 sharp.
61 Local, Mezzanine (upstairs via grey door at the back)
61 Bergen Street, Brooklyn
The modest $8 charge helps us defray the expenses of hosting this event and includes a beverage at short reception. Please register in advance so we may add your name to the door list downstairs.


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Roadrunner expands less-than-truckload service from Boston
Roadrunner Transportation Systems Inc. said Wednesday it has opened a new less-than-truckload outbound service center serving New England.
The new service center in Boston will provide outbound service from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont, the company said. The service center will open Monday. »Read Full Article(1)
State budget debate will focus on $467 million in reserves
Madison - Gov. Scott Walker's administration said Tuesday that the state is expected to go into its 2013-'15 budget with $467 million in reserves, setting up a debate over priorities ranging from tax cuts to education to further strengthening of the state's finances.
To put that figure into context, the reserves amount to about 3% of the $14.36 billion the state has budgeted to spend this year. »Read Full Article(543)
Fast-growth, vet-owned firms to make presentations
Eight high-growth companies founded by military veterans will make presentations next week at an event sponsored by VETransfer, a nonprofit organization that helps veterans start companies.
The event, called a demo day, is the first-ever for VETransfer's program called VictorySpark, which holds 12-week classes for higher-growth, veteran-founded companies. It is open to the public and will be held at Lakefront Brewery at 6 p.m. Dec. 6. »Read Full Article
Harley-Davidson asks judge to dismiss cruise-control lawsuit
Harley-Davidson has asked a Texas judge to dismiss claims from a motorcyclist who says defective cruise control caused his bike to hit a concrete highway barrier.
In the lawsuit, William Simmons said he was injured in July 2009 when the cruise control on his bike engaged as he entered a curved ramp on Interstate 45. He said that he applied the brakes, but the malfunction caused him to lose control of the bike. »Read Full Blog Post(17)
Condo owners sue to block Grafton Meijer project
A Grafton couple who own a condo near the planned future home of a Meijer supermarket and discount store has filed a lawsuit seeking to block that development.
Jack and Michelle Corrao claim the value of their property will be hurt by the 191,352-square-foot store, to be built on 33 acres east of Port Washington Road and south of the Home Depot and OfficeMax stores. That site is near the I-43/Highway 60 interchange. »Read Full Blog Post(17)


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Top Definition
To over-hype something to the point of building expectations that the final product will never be able to fufill. The word comes from Peter Molyneux who is known to speak candidly about games he is working on, in all cases never truly able to deliver on his word.
After reading all those reviews of this movie, I feel totally molyneux'd after actually seeing it.
od uživatele Ninja_Arashi 22. červen 2009
Trending Now
Can you define these popular missing words?
Having your mind blown after watching one of Stefbot's videos on youtube.
If you want to be Molyneux'd, I would suggest watching "The Bomb in the Brain" series on youtube.
od uživatele searching4meaning 27. listopad 2013


text: To accompany the CERT program, an eligible school can purchase a new innovative educational tooling package. With this package, students will utilize the same robots and software that are used in industry including integrated vision systems (iRVision), programming a logic controller, and the use of ROBOGUIDE simulation software. Schools can use the new package to integrate robot training into their programs and initiatives. Some of the successful approaches used by educational institutions are:


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- Vitamin Guide
- Health Conditions
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- Herbal Remedies
- Current News
- Food Guide
- Recipes
Butter may be stored in its original package in the refrigerator for two to three months. Butter can also be frozen, but it begins to lose some of its flavor after about six months. Ghee is traditionally kept, sometimes for months, without refrigeration. Nevertheless, homemade ghee is best stored in the refrigerator.
Copyright © 2015 Aisle7. All rights reserved. Aisle7.com
Learn more about Aisle7, the company.
Learn more about the authors of Aisle7 products.
The information presented in the Food Guide is for informational purposes only and was created by a team of US–registered dietitians and food experts. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements, making dietary changes, or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires June 2016.


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From staff reports
Make no mistake about it, the Marietta Touchdown Club is moving forward at a rapid pace as members plan for the 2011 football season.
Newly elected officers for the club are: Brett Bronski, president; Robin Littleton, vice president; Toni Henry, vice president; and Mary Hogan, secretary-treasurer.
When the officers were elected at a recent meeting, it was agreed that a Marietta Touchdown Club "kickoff" session would be held at 6:30 p.m. April 14 in the MHS cafeteria.
At the meeting, Marietta head football coach Craig Farnsworth commented that "we need Marietta Middle School participation at our April 14 meeting." The second-year Tigers boss is very interested in improving seventh and eighth-grade football equipment and uniforms. Everyone at the session repeatedly commented that Middle School involvement is very important.
As to the purpose of the Touchdown Club, Bronski said it best, "We want to involve both High School and Middle School football parents and fans."
Also, during the meeting, a special announcement was made.
There will be a seventh, eighth and ninth grade parents and caregivers workshop from 9 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. May 21 (Saturday) at MHS.
The workshop speakers will deal with the "life of a student-athlete."
Dr. Ryan May, professor of clinical psychology at Marietta College, guidance counselor Rita Frum, and coach Adam Eichhorn are scheduled to speak.
May, who is also on staff at Marietta Memorial Hospital, brings a unique set of credentials in addition to his academic ones. The doctor played both prep and college football, and is currently a football coach.
May will be talking about "guiding the student-athlete."
Frum will be focusing on the "early warning signs of academic failure.
And, Eichhorn will be reviewing the merits of student-athlete nutrition and personal physical conditioning.
Those parents and caregivers of seventh, eighth and ninth grade student-athletes who are interested in workshop enrollment can make a reservation by e-mailing Henry at firstname.lastname@example.com or calling Marietta High assistant coach Bob Springer at 350-1886.
The workshop fee is 25 cents per attendee. That's right, one quarter.


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Show Highlights 1/7/10
You feel pretty good now that your brand new HDTV is up and running in your living room, don't you? It's too bad that in a few years it's going to look like a beta-max VCR next to the 3-D TV's coming down the pike. We'll let you know how long you have. Plus…we'll soon find out just what happened on Northwest Flight 253, a wave of bankruptcies hits states, the Gilbert Arenas suspension may spark a legal feud, ladies love their skinny jeans, and our producer Jimmy Maas tries his best to convince a WSJ reporter that Texas will be the BCS National Champion!
For Thursday January 7, 2009…
4:23 – The President plans to address a report which is supposed to tell us exactly what happened that allowed a man with a bomb onto Northwest Flight 253 on Christmas Day. Gordon, for one, would like to see a few more heads roll on the heels of this monumental lapse in security.
5:28- Now that the holiday break is over, here comes health care! WSJ's David Wessel tells us what we could learn from the last major health care debate four short years ago.
8:51 – Another wave of bankruptcies is hitting the states most hammered by the housing bust.
12:58- These reports always seem to be doctored, but it does appear that we saw fewer delays and hassles during air travel last year. WSJ's Scott McCartney points out though, that the honeymoon could be short lived.
20:02- It gives me a headache just thinking about it, but 3-D TV's could be making their way into our living rooms in the next few years. They're going to be all the rage at this year's Consumer Electronics Show, which opens today. CES spokesperson Tara Dunion previews what's hot.
24:00 – A Conway Twitty classic leads us to today's Mike Salvatorelli segment. Studies show that women would rather fit into their skinny jeans than just about anything else!
28:55 – NBA star Gilbert Arenas has been suspended indefinitely for bringing guns into an NBA locker room. While this may spark a legal feud, a P.R. expert tells us that the league absolutely did the right thing.
31:19- Despite his best efforts, giving it the "ole college try", our producer Jimmy Maas is unable to convince WSJ sports reporter Darren Everson that his beloved Texas Longhorns will be victorious in tonight's BCS National Championship Game. He does, however, drop some sobering statistics for Alabama fans about the chances of the team ranked #1 in the polls with the current Heisman Trophy winner on their roster actually bringing home the crown.
That about wraps it up for today. Make sure you join our ever-growing legion of followers on Twitter to get instant tweets when new podcasts and blogs are posted. We'd also love to have you as a fan of the show on Facebook. And, you can always email your questions and comments to Gordon and Gina at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Thanks for listening!


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The University of Leicester (Leicester, UK) has announced the launch of a new forensic science institute to be named after Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys, the world famous geneticist. Jeffreys is credited with the development of DNA profiling and fingerprinting; techniques that are now used globally.
Developed by Dr John Bond and Dr Lisa Smith, the institute will be a multi-disciplinary centre at the University of Leicester to assist in police investigations in cases that the former UK government Forensics Science Service (FSS) would have previously handled. The UK-based service was closed earlier this year leading to concerns of whether a provider would be able to meet the demands of forensic analysis in the UK.
Jeffreys retired from the university in September 2012, but remains associated as an Emeritus Professor. He commented, "This is a very exciting new initiative, and I am so proud to have it named after me. The provision of forensic science in the UK has undergone major and potentially damaging changes in recent years, so this institute has real potential to provide much-needed breadth and depth of expertise, especially in complex casework, as well as a voice for the proper funding of forensic science research in the UK."
The institute will be officially launched on the 19th of November 2012 with the event open to the public.
For more information please visit:www.le.ac.uk/forensic-science


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Paying for College: Experts Gather in Search of New Models
The Lumina Foundation has made college attainment its primary focus. One major impediment to its "big goal" of increasing "the proportion of Americans with high-quality college degrees, certificates, or other credentials to 60 percent by 2025" is the...
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StartUpHire is the place to find Accounting jobs in and near Gresham. Review the list of Accounting Gresham career opportunities to the left. These Accounting jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
You can refine your job search for Accounting career opportunities in Gresham by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options.
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This position is responsible for ensuring the integrity of world-wide revenue by providing technical expertise, business sense, and a strong desire to improve processes and controls. The Revenue Manager serves as a partner to the Sales and Legal teams to ensure that customer7/31/2016 Portland, OR Save This Job
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08.02.16 Facebook Twitter Linkedin The Customer Support Consultant is a key player on a team focused on delivering exceptional customer service to outpatient rehabilitation practices using Clinicient?s practice management software. Tasked primarily with supporting customer8/10/2016 Portland, OR Save This Job


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This month, President Obama unveiled his blueprint to overhaul government surveillance programs. He wants to store bulk telephone data, collected by the NSA, outside of government to reduce the risk that those records might be abused.
Instead, the data would be stored with telephone companies or another third party.
Rob Efrus, founder and CEO of Efrus Federal Advisors, discussed that plan with Government Matters.


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Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty broadcasts in 28 languages. Most of our programs are available on FM and medium-wave frequencies of local radio stations in the countries of our broadcast area. If you are having problems listening to programs on the internet, please read our technical help document.
http://gdb.rferl.org/62aaf6b2-c9f2-4109-a78f-9fc7f35f3688_w203.jpg --> http://gdb.rferl.org/62aaf6b2-c9f2-4109-a78f-9fc7f35f3688_mw800_mh600.jpg
Opposition leader Zharmakhan Tuyakbai showed the country is heading toward totalitarianism (RFE/RL)
18 December 2005 -- Kazakh opposition parties have asked the country's Supreme Court to cancel the results of the 4 December election that returned President Nursultan Nazarbaev to power.
December 18, 2005
International observers have described those polls as flawed.
In a statement today, the opposition movement For a Just Kazakhstan said it had asked the country's highest court to declare the election illegal and invalid.
The official results showed 91 percent of voters favored another seven-year term for Nazarbaev, while the leading opposition candidate, former speaker of parliament Zharmakhan Tuyakbai, got 6.6 percent of the vote.
Tuyakbai called the result an obvious sign that the oil-rich Central Asian state is "turning from an authoritarian regime into a totalitarian one."
Tuyakbai's supporters have filed 1,204 complaints about alleged electoral breaches with various courts.
Workers at Almaty polling station No. 310 registering election monitors prior to the opening of voting on December 4
RFE/RL's complete coverage and background of Kazakhstan's presidential election on December 4, 2005.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty © 2016 RFE/RL, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Powered by Android v2.2 operating system, Devante My Tab with calling function is known to be the new revolution in the market of budget tablets. The calling feature is going to snatch all the attention away from other budget tablets that comes with basic tablet features.
With CPU 800 MHZ processor, this 7-inch 2 point touch screen phone has an internal memory of 4 GB, which can be further expanded up to 32 GB using a Micro SD card. This tablet also has a G sensor. The visuals come across in more dynamic and vivid colors, which completely enhance your experience. This tablet-cum-phone is powered by a 2500 mAh rechargeable lithium battery.
So, make calls, check emails, surf the net and click pictures - all this and lot more available on this Android based Devante My Tab. Devante has launched this calling tablet at affordable rates in India.
Have you purchased this item?Write A Review
not good enough according to price.Screen is very bad.android market can not use.other wise its ok if price would be around 2000.its west of the money better to by lawa,lemon,karbon,micromex is the best in and around this price like it.and web site has right to accept and reject people advice so why asking to write something.
This is d worst tab I ever came accross. I wil not recommend it even to my enemy. Tab is bad. Pls don't buy
Battery life is major concern. I dint got even 1 hr backup. Touch screen is not good. The screen got cracked within 3-4 months. Not so happy.
Best tablet for indian wheather.
we can also access calling frm the tab
its a great tab in such low range. it have more fuction like camera, android operating system,512 mb ram and more important 4GB ram. no one can give in this range in a tab which have 7 inch display.
Get answers from experts and customers who have used this item.


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Prefilter replaces Kohler 2408302, 41-083-04.
You May Also Be Interested In The Following Product:
19-1389 - Kohler 4708303 Air Filter
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19-1389 - Kohler 4708303 Air Filter
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Lem's latest: Kovalev, Campillo make weight
Sergey Kovalev is 7-0-1 in his past eight fights, and in search of his fourth straight victory against Gabriel Campillo.
Sergey Kovalev is 7-0-1 in his past eight fights, and in search of his fourth straight victory against Gabriel Campillo.
Kevin McBride said his reasons for continuing to fight have little to do with money as much as "restoring sanity in my own head."
WBC lightweight beltholder Adrien Broner will pursue his sixth straight knockout victory against ex-titleholder Gavin Rees on Feb. 16.
Floyd Mayweather's triumphs over Ricky Hatton, Shane Mosley and Victor Ortiz are among those featured in a four-day, four-night series of classics by Golden Boy and FOX Deportes.
Steve Cunningham's four-year appetite for revenge against Tomasz Adamek conjures comparisons to grudge matches like Thomas Hearns-Sugar Ray Leonard II and Juan Manuel Marquez-Manny Pacquiao IV.
Heavyweight Tomasz Adamek said that he will be a "different" fighter for his Dec. 22 rematch with Steve Cunningham, whom he defeated by split-decision as a cruiserweight four years ago.
Steve Cunningham's rematch with Tomasz Adamek represents his second fight in the heavyweight division.
WBC lightweight beltholder Adrien Broner could face WBO counterpart Ricky Burns on Feb. 16 in Atlantic City.
The Jan. 26 clash featuring RING super middleweight champion Andre Ward and former undisputed middleweight titleholder Kelly Pavlik unites promoters Bob Arum, Dan Goossen and Don King.
WBC junior featherweight titleholder Abner Mares and eight-division titlewinner Manny Pacquiao handed out free Turkeys at different venues over the weekend.
Adrien Broner's stoppage of Antonio DeMarco was among the seven knockouts which contributed $3,000 each toward a Hurricane Sandy relief fund for the Boys and Girls Clubs of Atlantic City.
Adrien Broner and Antonio DeMarco will be wearing Reyes gloves, considered the most advantageous for scoring knockouts, on Saturday night.
Adrien Broner: "With the talent that I have, the type of guy that I am, the charisma that I have, I knew that there would be some point in time when boxing will revolve around Adrien Broner."
RING heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko is both lighter and shorter than Saturday night's challenger, Mariusz Wach, whom he will face in the wake of the death of longtime trainer, Emanuel "Manny" Steward.
Heavyweight contender Eddie Chambers has signed with Main Events and will fight as a cruiserweight.
Olympian Oscar Molina will make his professional debut by fighting on the same Nov. 24 card as his twin, Javier, who already has 12 professional bouts.
Wladimir Klitschko: "I will defend the titles that I won together with Emanuel Steward."
Boxer-turned-trainer Johnathon Banks on the spirit of Emanuel Steward: "It's so thick that you can cut it with a knife. I mean, it's really, really thick. This spirit has been within me for years, and his words have been in my head for years."
RING heavyweight Wladimir Klitschko will be staring up at a taller opponent for the first time in his career on Nov. 10 against Mariusz Wach, and he will do so in the wake of the death of his trainer, Emanuel Steward.
Johnathon Banks' name was the first one mentioned by Emanuel Steward when Wladimir Klitschko asked who should replace him in Klitschko's corner.


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WASHINGTON – Thursday's Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act could have far-reaching effects on American health care policy and politics over the next few years. What it won't do is affect any Tricare or Veterans Affairs health care coverage.
Lawmakers specifically exempted those systems from the health care debate in 2010, in response to concerns that the new rules and regulations could upset their patient care efforts. Congress also passed the Tricare Affirmation Act that year, adding an extra layer of exemption and protection.


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IOM to begin river movement of Renk returnees
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) prepared late last week to deport nearly 3,000 South Sudanese migrants stranded in Renk to their final destinations in the Greater Bahr el-Ghazal region via Nile barges. It is the first movement since a hiatus of more than 4 months.
Deputy Coordinator of South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (SSRRC) Fadiat Kak told Radio Tamazuj that IOM jointly with SSRRC have started the process of deportation of Sudan returnees in Renk to the various states of Greater Bahr el-Ghazal of Western, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, Warrap and Lakes states.
Kak revealed that registration of the returnees began since on May 21, at Abayok camp, noting that they had previously deported group of returnees from Unity State and Upper Nile by land, however, they are now transporting this group of the Bahr el-Ghazal states by river.
He added that the preparations are almost winding up and returnees will start moving at the end of this month or early in June. In regard to aid assistance, Kak stressed that it's on the shoulders of aid organizations to make sure that all the necessary basic needs of returnees are met.
"There is ongoing registration process in the all camps present in Renk which include, Abayok, Mina and Fayawar. Currently registration started at Abayok from which we are intending to deport a considerable number of returnees to the Bahr el-Ghazal states. The registration started 2 days back. The process is carried out by IOM organization at the assembly area in coordination with SSRRC. We want to deport them through Nile transportation means to Juba, than, from there to the various states of greater Bahr el-Ghazal. This is actually part of the continuous voluntary return program," Kak stated.
It should be noted that the barges have not being operating since 4 months ago due to a conflict between the tax authorities and operating companies, which led to the cessation of the process. The issue was resolved and companies have re-commenced the transportation process.
File photo: Barges loaded with household possessions of returnees in Renk (UK Embassy)
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Rebekah Brooks arrested by phone hacking police
Former News International CEO and husband Charlie Brooks, both friends of David Cameron, said to be held
SIX MORE people have been arrested by police investigating phone hacking at News International - and a reporter on Murdoch-owned Sky News is saying that former News International CEO and Sun editor Rebekah Brooks is among them.
The six people - five men and one woman - were arrested at their homes in London, Oxfordshire, Hampshire and Hertfordshire on suspicion of conspiracy to pervert the course of justice.
Sky News crime correspondent Martin Brunt reports that Rebekah Brooks and her racehorse trainer husband Charlie Brooks, who was at Eton with Prime Minister David Cameron, are among those held.
If Charlie Brooks has been arrested, it will surely spoil his plans to attend the four-day Cheltenham Festival which begins today. In his racing column for The Daily Telegraph earlier this week, he wrote: "Cheltenham is primarily a four-day battle of attrition with one's constitution, bank manager and anyone in particular who expects you home."
He then went on to describe how he plans to spend his journey home on Friday, after the Gold Cup. "This year I shall be going for the five-stop strategy that brings in the Horse and Groom in Lower Oddington, the King's Head at Bledington, the Plough in Kingham and the Chequers at Churchill. Preceded by a quick detour to the Hollow Bottom in Twiston Davies."
The police are not confirming the identities of any of those detained. They are currently being interviewed at police stations in Buckinghamshire, London and Oxfordshire, but the BBC reports that they are a 49-year-old man and 43-year-old woman from Oxfordshire, a 39-year-old man from Hampshire, a 46-year-old man from west London, a 38-year-old man from Hertfordshire and a 48-year-old man from east London.
If Rebekah Brooks is one of those who were arrested this morning, it would be the second time she has been detained under Operation Weeting. Last July, she was held on suspicion of conspiring to intercept communications and as part of the related Operation Elveden investigation into alleged corrupt payments to public officials.
Forty-five people have now been arrested under Operations Weeting and Elveden.


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Index of content:
Volume 35, Issue 5, May 2008
Open Access Publishing and Medical Physics Authors: An Update35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2903206View Description Hide Description
- Top
6 MV dosimetric characterization of the 160 MLC™, the new Siemens multileaf collimator35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2889782View Description Hide Description
New technical developments constantly aim at improving the outcome of radiation therapy. With the use of a computer-controlled multileaf collimator(MLC), the quality of the treatment and the efficiency in patient throughput is significantly increased. New MLC designs aim to further enhance the advantages. In this article, we present the first detailed experimental investigation of the new 160 MLCTM, Siemens Medical Solutions. The assessment included the experimental investigation of typical MLC characteristics such as leakage, tongue-and-groove effect, penumbra, leaf speed, and leaf positioning accuracy with a 6 MV treatment beam. The leakage is remarkably low with an average of due to a new design principle of slightly tilted leaves instead of the common tongue-and-groove design. But due to the tilt, the triangular tongue-and-groove effect occurs. Its magnitude of approximately is similar to the dose defect measured for MLCs with the common tongue-and-groove design. The average longitudinal penumbra measured at depth with standard fields is for the central range and increases to for the entire field range of . The increase is partly due to the single-focusing design and the large distance between the MLC and the isocenter enabling a large patient clearance. Regarding the leaf speed, different velocity tests were performed. The positions of the moving leaves were continuously recorded with the kilovoltage-imaging panel. The maximum leaf velocitiesmeasured were . In addition, several typical intensity-modulated radiation therapytreatments were performed and the delivery times compared to the Siemens OPTIFOCUS™ MLC. An average decrease of in delivery time was observed. The experimental results presented in this article indicate that the dosimetric characteristics of the 160 MLC™ are capable of improving the quality of dosedelivery with respect to precision and dose conformity.
Attenuator design for organs at risk in total body irradiation using a translation technique35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2899999View Description Hide Description
Total body irradiation (TBI) is an efficient part of the treatment for malignant hematological diseases. Dynamic TBI techniques provide great advantages (e.g., dose homogeneity, patient comfort) while overcoming treatment room space restrictions. However, with dynamic techniques come additional organs at risk (OAR) protection challenges. In most dynamic TBI techniques, lead attenuators are used to diminish the dose received by the OARs. The purpose of this study was to characterize the dose deposition under various shapes of attenuators in static and dynamic treatments. This characterization allows for the development of a correction method to improve attenuator design in dynamic treatments. The dose deposition under attenuators at different depths in dynamic treatment was compared with the static situation based on two definitions: the coverage areas and the penumbra regions. The coverage area decreases with depth in dynamic treatment while it is stable for the static situation. The penumbra increases with depth in both treatment modes, but the increasing rate is higher in the dynamic situation. Since the attenuator coverage is deficient in the dynamic treatment mode, a correction method was developed to modify the attenuator design in order to improve the OAR protection. The correction method is divided in two steps. The first step is based on the use of elongation charts, which provide appropriate attenuator coverage and acceptable penumbra for a specific depth. The second point is a correction method for the thoracic inclination, which can introduce an orientation problem in both static and dynamic treatments. This two steps correction method is simple to use and personalized to each patient's anatomy. It can easily be adapted to any dynamic TBI techniques.
4D laser camera for accurate patient positioning, collision avoidance, image fusion and adaptive approaches during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2889720View Description Hide Description
A four-dimensional (4D) laser camera (LC) has been developed for accurate patient imaging in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology. A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor camera images the intersection of a scanned fan shaped laser beam with the surface of the patient and allows real time recording of movements in a three-dimensional (3D) or four-dimensional (4D) format . The LC system was first designed as an accurate patient setup tool during diagnostic and therapeutic applications but was found to be of much wider applicability as a general 4D photon "tag" for the surface of the patient in different clinical procedures. It is presently used as a 3D or 4D optical benchmark or tag for accurate delineation of the patient surface as demonstrated for patient auto setup, breathing and heart motion detection. Furthermore, its future potential applications in gating, adaptive therapy, 3D or 4D image fusion between most imaging modalities and image processing are discussed. It is shown that the LC system has a geometrical resolution of about 0, and that the rigid body repositioning accuracy is about 0, below displacements, below and better than at . This indicates a slight need for repeated repositioning when the initial error is larger than about . The positioning accuracy with standard patient setup procedures for prostate cancer at Karolinska was found to be about when independently measured using the LC system. The system was found valuable for positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) in vivo tumor and dose delivery imaging where it potentially may allow effective correction for breathing artifacts in 4D PET-CT and image fusion with lymph node atlases for accurate target volume definition in oncology. With a LC system in all imaging and radiation therapy rooms, auto setup during repeated diagnostic and therapeutic procedures may save around per session, increase accuracy and allow efficient image fusion between all imaging modalities employed.
Photon spectral characteristics of dissimilar linear accelerators35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2900001View Description Hide Description
This work measures and compares the energy spectra of four dosimetrically matched beams, generated from four physically different linear accelerators. The goal of this work is twofold. First, this study determines whether the spectra of dosimetrically matched beams are measurably different. This study also demonstrates that the spectra of clinical photon beams can be measured as a part of the beam data collection process for input to a three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning system. The spectra of beams that are dosimetrically matched for clinical use were studied to determine if the beam spectra are similarly matched. Each of the four accelerators examined had a standing waveguide, but with different physical designs. The four accelerators were two Varian 2100C/Ds (one waveguide and one waveguide), one Varian with a vertically mounted waveguide and no bending magnet, and one Siemens MD 6740 with a waveguide. All four accelerators had percent depth dose curves for the beam that were matched within 1.3%. Beam spectra were determined from narrow beam transmission measurements through successive thicknesses of pure aluminum along the central axis of the accelerator, made with a graphite Farmer ion chamber with a Lucite buildup cap. An iterative nonlinear fit using a Marquardt algorithm was used to find each spectrum. Reconstructed spectra show that all four beams have similar energy distributions with only subtle differences, despite the differences in accelerator design. The measured spectra of different beams are similar regardless of accelerator design. The measured spectra show excellent agreement with those found by the auto-modeling algorithm in a commercial 3D treatment planning system that uses a convolution dose calculation algorithm. Thus, beam spectra can be acquired in a clinical setting at the time of commissioning as a part of the routine beam data collection.
Quantifying the interplay effect in prostate IMRT delivery using a convolution-based method35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2897972View Description Hide Description
The authors present a segment-based convolution method to account for the interplay effect between intrafraction organ motion and the multileaf collimator position for each particular segment in intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)delivered in a step-and-shoot manner. In this method, the static dose distribution attributed to each segment is convolved with the probability density function (PDF) of motion during delivery of the segment, whereas in the conventional convolution method ("average-based convolution"), the static dose distribution is convolved with the PDF averaged over an entire fraction, an entire treatment course, or even an entire patient population. In the case of IMRTdelivered in a step-and-shoot manner, the average-based convolution method assumes that in each segment the target volume experiences the same motion pattern (PDF) as that of population. In the segment-based convolution method, the dose during each segment is calculated by convolving the static dose with the motion PDF specific to that segment, allowing both intrafraction motion and the interplay effect to be accounted for in the dose calculation. Intrafraction prostate motion data from a population of 35 patients tracked using the Calypso system (Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA) was used to generate motion PDFs. These were then convolved with dose distributions from clinical prostate IMRT plans. For a single segment with a small number of monitor units, the interplay effect introduced errors of up to in the mean CTV dose compared against the planned dose evaluated by using the PDF of the entire fraction. In contrast, the interplay effect reduced the minimum CTV dose by , and the CTV generalized equivalent uniform dose by , in single fraction plans. For entire treatment courses delivered in either a hypofractionated (five fractions) or conventional ( fractions) regimen, the discrepancy in total dose due to interplay effect was negligible.
Tumor trailing strategy for intensity-modulated radiation therapy of moving targets35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2900108View Description Hide Description
Internal organ motion during the course of radiation therapy of cancer affects the distribution of the delivereddose and, generally, reduces its conformality to the targeted volume. Previously proposed approaches aimed at mitigating the effect of internal motion in intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) included expansion of the target margins, motion-correlated delivery (e.g., respiratory gating, tumor tracking), and adaptive treatment plan optimization employing a probabilistic description of motion. We describe and test the tumor trailing strategy, which utilizes the synergy of motion-adaptive treatment planning and delivery methods. We regard the (rigid) target motion as a superposition of a relatively fast cyclic component (e.g., respiratory) and slow aperiodic trends (e.g., the drift of exhalation baseline). In the trailing approach, these two components of motion are decoupled and dealt with separately. Real-time motion monitoring is employed to identify the "slow" shifts, which are then corrected by applying setup adjustments. The delivery does not track the target position exactly, but trails the systematic trend due to the delay between the time a shift occurs, is reliably detected, and, subsequently, corrected. The "fast" cyclic motion is accounted for with a robust motion-adaptive treatment planning, which allows for variability in motion parameters (e.g., mean and extrema of the tidal volume, variable period of respiration, and expiratory duration). Motion-surrogate data from gated IMRT treatments were used to provide probability distribution data for motion-adaptive planning and to test algorithms that identified systematic trends in the character of motion. Sample IMRT fields were delivered on a clinical linear accelerator to a programmable moving phantom. Dose measurements were performed with a commercial two-dimensional ion-chamber array. The results indicate that by reducing intrafractional motion variability, the trailing strategy enhances relevance and applicability of motion-adaptive planning methods, and improves conformality of the delivereddose to the target in the presence of irregular motion. Trailing strategy can be applied to respiratory-gated treatments, in which the correction for the slow motion can increase the duty cycle, while robust probabilistic planning can improve management of the residual motion within the gate window. Similarly, trailing may improve the dose conformality in treatment of patients who exhibit detectable target motion of low amplitude, which is considered insufficient to provide a clinical indication for the use of respiratory-gated treatment (e.g., peak-to-peak motion of less than 10 mm). The mechanical limitations of implementing tumor trailing are less rigorous than those of real-time tracking, and the same technology could be used for both.
Accelerating protons to therapeutic energies with ultraintense, ultraclean, and ultrashort laser pulses35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2900112View Description Hide Description
Proton acceleration by high-intensity laser pulses from ultrathin foils for hadron therapy is discussed. With the improvement of the laser intensity contrast ratio to achieved on the Hercules laser at the University of Michigan, it became possible to attain laser-solid interactions at intensities up to that allows an efficient regime of laser-driven ion acceleration from submicron foils. Particle-in-cell(PIC) computer simulations of proton acceleration in the directed Coulomb explosion regime from ultrathin double-layer (heavy ions/light ions) foils of different thicknesses were performed under the anticipated experimental conditions for the Hercules laser with pulse energies from 3 to 15 J, pulse duration of 30 fs at full width half maximum (FWHM), focused to a spot size of (FWHM). In this regime heavy ions expand predominantly in the direction of laser pulse propagation enhancing the longitudinal charge separation electric field that accelerates light ions. The dependence of the maximum proton energy on the foil thickness has been found and the laser pulse characteristics have been matched with the thickness of the target to ensure the most efficient acceleration. Moreover, the proton spectrum demonstrates a peaked structure at high energies, which is required for radiation therapy. Two-dimensional PIC simulations show that a 150–500 TW laser pulse is able to accelerate protons up to 100–220 MeV energies.
Prostate intrafraction motion evaluation using kV fluoroscopy during treatment delivery: A feasibility and accuracy study35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2899998View Description Hide Description
Margin reduction for prostate radiotherapy is limited by uncertainty in prostate localization during treatment. We investigated the feasibility and accuracy of measuring prostate intrafraction motion using kV fluoroscopy performed simultaneously with radiotherapy. Three gold coils used for target localization were implanted into the patient's prostate gland before undergoing hypofractionated online image-guided step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) on an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator. At each fraction, the patient was aligned using a cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT), after which the IMRT treatment delivery and fluoroscopy were performed simultaneously. In addition, a post-treatment CBCT was acquired with the patient still on the table. To measure the intrafraction motion, we developed an algorithm to register the fluoroscopyimages to a reference image derived from the post-treatment CBCT, and we estimated coil motion in three-dimensional (3D) space by combining information from registrations at different gantry angles. We also detected the MV beam turning on and off using MV scatter incident in the same fluoroscopyimages, and used this information to synchronize our intrafraction evaluation with the treatment delivery. In addition, we assessed the following: the method to synchronize with treatment delivery, the dose from kV imaging, the accuracy of the localization, and the error propagated into the 3D localization from motion between fluoroscopy acquisitions. With and a bowtie filter implemented, the coils could be localized with the gantry at both and with the MV beam off, and at with the MV beam on when multiple fluoroscopy frames were averaged. The localization in two-dimensions for phantom and patient measurements was performed with submillimeter accuracy. After backprojection into 3D the patient localization error was , , and in the right-left (RL), anterior-posterior (AP), and superior-inferior (SI) axes, respectively. Simulations showed that while oscillating (stationary) motion cannot be effectively represented in 3D, linearly drifting (nonstationary) motion is detectable with good accuracy. These results show that measuring prostate intrafraction motion using a single kV imager during radiotherapy is feasible and can be performed with acceptable accuracy.
Maximum dose angle for oblique incidence on primary beam protective barriers in the design of medical radiation therapy facilities35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2898135View Description Hide Description
Primary barrier determinations for the shielding of medicalradiation therapy facilities are generally made assuming normal beam incidence on the barrier, since this is geometrically the most unfavorable condition for that shielding barrier whenever the occupation line is allowed to run along the barrier. However, when the occupation line (for example, the wall of an adjacent building) runs perpendicular to the barrier (especially roof barrier), then two opposing factors come in to play: increasing obliquity angle with respect to the barrier increases the attenuation, while the distance to the calculation point decreases, hence, increasing the dose. As a result, there exists an angle for which the equivalent dose results in a maximum, constituting the most unfavorable geometric condition for that shielding barrier. Based on the usual NCRP Report No. 151 model, this article presents a simple formula for obtaining , which is a function of the thickness of the barrier and the equilibrium tenth-value layer of the shielding material for the nominal energy of the beam. It can be seen that increases for increasing (hence, beam energy) and decreases for increasing , with a range of variation that goes from 13 to 40 deg for concrete barriers thicknesses in the range of 50–300 cm and most commercially available teletherapy machines. This parameter has not been calculated in the existing literature for radiotherapy facilities design and has practical applications, as in calculating the required unoccupied roof shielding for the protection of a nearby building located in the plane of the primary beam rotation.
Dynamic conformal arc therapy: Transmitted signal in vivo dosimetry35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2900718View Description Hide Description
A method for the determination of the in vivo isocenter dose,, has been applied to the dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) for thoracic tumors. The method makes use of the transmitted signal, , measured at different gantry angles, , by a small ion chamber positioned on the electronic portal imaging device. The in vivo method is implemented by a set of correlation functions obtained by the ratios between the transmitted signal and the midplane dose in a solid phantom, irradiated by static fields. The in vivodosimetry at the isocenter for the DCAT requires the convolution between the signals , , and the dose reconstruction factors, , that depend on the patient's anatomy and on its tissue inhomogeneities along the beam central axis in the direction. The factors are obtained by processing the patient's computed tomography scan. The method was tested by taking measurements in a cylindrical phantom and in a Rando Alderson phantom. The results show that the difference between the convolution calculations and the phantom measurements is within . The in vivodosimetry of the stereotactic DCAT for six lungtumors, irradiated with three or four arcs, is reported. The isocenter dose up to 17 Gy per therapy fraction was delivered on alternating days for three fractions. The agreement obtained in this pilot study between the total in vivodose and the planned dose at the isocenter is . The method has been applied on the DCAT obtaining a more extensive monitoring of possible systematic errors, the effect of which can invalidate the current therapy which uses a few high-dose fractions.
Potential use of P-32 ophthalmic applicator: Monte Carlo simulations for design and dosimetry35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2896076View Description Hide Description
Postoperative -irradiation after pterygium excision has been considered a valuable therapeutic procedure to reduce the recurrence rate. Recently, it was reported that -irradiation also substantially reduced the risk of surgical failure after glaucoma surgery. Pure -irradiation using a applicator has been almost exclusively used for this purpose. As an alternative to -irradiation, we propose treatment with betas of a source. While has a lower maximum energy than , it has an average energy comparable to that of . Furthermore, it can be produced easily in a nuclear reactor by neutron activation and is considered a less hazardous material. Monte Carlo simulations for the dosimetry of proposed applicators were performed using the MCNP5 code. The structure and dimension of the applicators were based on those of the applicators currently available, while medical plastic encapsulation and liquid source were chosen to enhance -dose to the surface of the conjunctiva. The applicator showed that the surfacedose distribution (up to depth) is very similar to that of . However, beyond depth, the doses decrease with depths more rapidly than doses. In order to achieve the same surfacedose rate, the required activity is about three times that for a applicator. We conclude that the proposed applicator can delivertherapeuticdoses to the target lesion while sparing the lens better than the applicator. The activity required to delivertherapeuticdoses can be produced in a reactor available at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute.
Management of the interplay effect when using dynamic MLC sequences to treat moving targets35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2896083View Description Hide Description
Interplay between organ motion and leaf motion has been shown to generally have a small dosimetric impact for most clinical intensity-modulated radiation therapytreatments. However, it has also been shown that for some MLCsequences there can be large daily variations in the delivered dose, depending on details of patient motion or the number of fractions. This study investigates guidelines for dynamic MLCsequences that will keep daily dose variations due to the interplay between organ motion and leaf motion within 10%. Dose distributions for a range of MLC separations and displacements between adjacent MLCs were exported from ECLIPSE to purpose-written software, which simulated the dose distribution delivered to a moving target. Target motion parallel and perpendicular to the MLC motion was investigated for a range of amplitudes , periods , and MLC speeds with target motions modeled as . Results were confirmed experimentally by measuring the dose delivered to an ion chamber array in a moving phantom for different MLCsequences. The simulation results were used to identify MLCsequences that kept dose variations within 10% compared to the dose delivered with no motion. The maximum allowable MLC speed, when target motion is parallel to the MLC motion, was found to be a simple function of target period and MLC separation. When the target motion is perpendicular to MLC motion, the maximum allowable MLC speed can be described as a function of MLC separation and the displacement of adjacent MLCs. These guidelines were successfully applied to two-dimensional motion, and a simple program was written to import MLCsequence files and evaluate whether the maximum daily dose discrepancy caused by the interplay effect will be larger than 10%. This software was experimentally evaluated, and found to conservatively predict whether a given MLCsequence could give large daily dose discrepancies.
Improving accuracy of electron density measurement in the presence of metallic implants using orthovoltage computed tomography35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2905030View Description Hide Description
The goal of this study was to evaluate the improvement in electron density measurement and metal artifact reduction using orthovoltage computed tomography (OVCT) imaging compared with conventional kilovoltage CT (KVCT). For this study, a bench-top system was constructed with adjustable x-ray tube voltage up to 320 kVp. A commercial tissue-characterization phantom loaded with inserts of various human tissue substitutes was imaged using 125 kVp (KVCT) and 320 kVp (OVCT) x rays. Stoichiometric calibration was performed for both KVCT and OVCT imaging using the Schneider method. The metal inserts—titanium rods and aluminum rods—were used to study the impact of metal artifacts on the electron-density measurements both inside and outside the metal inserts. It was found that the relationships between Hounsfield units and relative electron densities (to water) were more predictable for OVCT than KVCT. Unlike KVCT, the stoichiometric calibration for OVCT was insensitive to the use of tissue substitutes for direct electron density calibration. OVCT was found to significantly reduce metal streak artifacts. Errors in electron-density measurements within uniform tissue substitutes were reduced from 42% (maximum) and 18% (root-mean-square) in KVCT to 12% and 2% in OVCT, respectively. Improvements were also observed inside the metal implants. For the detectors optimized for KVCT, the imagingdose is almost doubled for OVCT for the image quality comparable to KVCT. OVCT may be a good option for high-precision radiotherapy treatment planning, especially for patients with metal implants and especially for charged particle therapy, such as proton therapy.
Fast internal marker tracking algorithm for onboard MV and kV imaging systems35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2905225View Description Hide Description
Intrafraction organ motion can limit the advantage of highly conformal dose techniques such as intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) due to target position uncertainty. To ensure high accuracy in beam targeting, real-time knowledge of the target location is highly desired throughout the beam delivery process. This knowledge can be gained through imaging of internally implanted radio-opaque markers with fluoroscopic or electronic portal imaging devices(EPID). In the case of MV based images, marker detection can be problematic due to the significantly lower contrast between different materials in comparison to their kV-based counterparts. This work presents a fully automated algorithm capable of detecting implanted metallic markers in both kV and MV images with high consistency. Using prior CT information, the algorithm predefines the volumetric search space without manual region-of-interest (ROI) selection by the user. Depending on the template selected, both spherical and cylindrical markers can be detected. Multiple markers can be simultaneously tracked without indexing confusion. Phantom studies show detection success rates of 100% for both kV and MV image data. In addition, application of the algorithm to real patient image data results in successful detection of all implanted markers for MV images. Near real-time operational speeds of for the detection of five markers in a image are accomplished using an ordinary PC workstation.
Relationship between isotope half-life and prostatic edema for optimal prostate dose coverage in permanent seed implants35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2900722View Description Hide Description
The robustness of treatment planning to prostatic edema for three different isotopes (, , and ) is explored using dynamical dose calculations on 25 different clinical prostate cases. The treatment plans were made using the inverse planning by simulated annealing (IPSA) algorithm. The prescription was 144, 127, and 125 Gy for , , and , respectively. For each isotope, three dose distribution schemes were used to impose different protection levels to the urethra: , , and . Eleven initial edema values were considered ranging from 1.0 (no edema) to 2.0 . The edema was assumed to resolve exponentially with time. The prostate volume, seed positions, and seed activity were dynamically tracked to produce the final dose distribution. Edema decay half-lives of 10, 30, and 50 days were used. A total of 675 dynamical calculations were performed for each initial edema value. For the isotope, limiting the urethra to leads to a prostate under 140 Gy for initial edema values above 1.5. Planning with urethra at provides a good response to the edema; the prostate remains higher than 140 Gy for edema values up to 1.8 and a half-life of 30 days or less. For , the prostate is under of the prescription dose for approximately , , and of edema values for urethra , , and , respectively. Similar behavior is seen for and the center of the prostate becomes "cold" for almost all edema scenarios. The magnitude of the edema following prostate brachytherapy, as well as the half-life of the isotope used and that of the edema resorption, all have important impacts on the dose distribution. The isotope with its longer half-life is more robust to prostatic edema. Setting up good planning objectives can provide an adequate compromise between organdoses and robustness. This is even more important since seed misplacements will contribute to further degrade dose coverage.
Frequency distribution of the nanoparticle magnetization in the presence of a static as well as a harmonic magnetic field35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2903449View Description Hide Description
We explore the properties of the signal from magnetic nanoparticles. The nanoparticle signal has been used to generateimages in magnetic particle imaging (MPI). MPI promises to be one of the most sensitive methods of imaging small numbers magnetic nanoparticles and therefore shows promise for molecular imaging. The nanoparticle signal is generated with a pure sinusoidal magnetic field that repeatedly saturates the nanoparticles creating harmonics in the induced magnetization that are easily isolated from the driving field. Signal from a selected position is isolated using a static magnetic field to completely saturate all of the particles outside a voxel enabling an image to be formed voxel by voxel. The signal produced by the magnetization of the nanoparticles contains only odd harmonics. However, it is demonstrated experimentally that with the addition of a static magnetic field bias even harmonics are introduced which increase the total signal significantly. Further, the distribution of signal among the harmonics depends on the static bias field so that information might be used to localize the nanoparticle distribution. Finally, the field required to completely saturate nanoparticles can be quite large and theory predicts that the field required is determined by the smallest nanoparticles in the sample.
Investigation of intensity-modulated radiotherapy optimization with gEUD-based objectives by means of simulated annealing35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2896070View Description Hide Description
Inverse treatment planning of intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) is complicated by several sources of error, which can cause deviations of optimized plans from the true optimal solution. These errors include the systematic and convergence error, the local minima error, and the optimizer convergence error. We minimize these errors by developing an inverse IMRTtreatment planning system with a Monte Carlo based dose engine and a simulated annealing search engine as well as a deterministic search engine. In addition, different generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD)-based and hybrid objective functions were implemented and investigated with simulated annealing. By means of a head-and-neck IMRT case we have analyzed the properties of these gEUD-based objective functions, including its search space and the existence of local optima errors. We found evidence that the use of a previously published investigation of a gEUD-based objective function results in an uncommon search space with a golf hole structure. This special search space structure leads to trapping in local minima, making it extremely difficult to identify the true global minimum, even when using stochastic search engines. Moreover, for the same IMRT case several local optima have been detected by comparing the solutions of 100 different trials using a gradient optimization algorithm with the global optimum computed by simulated annealing. We have demonstrated that the hybrid objective function, which includes dose-based objectives for the target and gEUD-based objectives for normal tissue, results in equally good sparing of the critical structures as for the pure gEUD objective function and lower target dose maxima.
Management of three-dimensional intrafraction motion through real-time DMLC tracking35(2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2905355View Description Hide Description
Tumor tracking using a dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) represents a promising approach for intrafraction motion management in thoracic and abdominal cancerradiotherapy. In this work, we develop, empirically demonstrate, and characterize a novel 3D tracking algorithm for real-time, conformal, intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)-based radiationdelivery to targets moving in three dimensions. The algorithm obtains real-time information of target location from an independent position monitoring system and dynamically calculates MLC leaf positions to account for changes in target position. Initial studies were performed to evaluate the geometric accuracy of DMLC tracking of 3D target motion. In addition, dosimetric studies were performed on a clinical linac to evaluate the impact of real-time DMLC tracking for conformal, step-and-shoot (S-IMRT), dynamic (D-IMRT), and VMAT deliveries to a moving target. The efficiency of conformal and IMRTdelivery in the presence of tracking was determined. Results show that submillimeter geometric accuracy in all three dimensions is achievable with DMLC tracking. Significant dosimetric improvements were observed in the presence of tracking for conformal and IMRTdeliveries to moving targets. A gamma index evaluation with a 3%– criterion showed that deliveries without DMLC tracking exhibit between 1.7 (S-IMRT) and 4.8 (D-IMRT) times more dose points that fail the evaluation compared to corresponding deliveries with tracking. The efficiency of IMRTdelivery, as measured in the lab, was observed to be significantly lower in case of tracking target motion perpendicular to MLC leaf travel compared to motion parallel to leaf travel. Nevertheless, these early results indicate that accurate, real-time DMLC tracking of 3D tumor motion is feasible and can potentially result in significant geometric and dosimetric advantages leading to more effective management of intrafraction motion. In order to visually illustrate the algorithm, a movie of MLC tracking for a conformal field has been added to the submission as EPAPS.


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I would like to know if the navigation on this page: http://www.coachingcreative.dk,
is possible to do in wordpress?
I have converted the site to a wp-theme, but I can't get the navigation to work as I want to.
I have made custom menues which works fine, but I can't get the CSS-classes to work on these.


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Two weeks after signing Vinny Cha$e, Epic Records have added yet another artist to their growing roster. In this interview, Gilbere Forte talks about signing with LA Reid's label and why he decided to go with them. He also talks about his upcoming project 'Pray' and sampling Fiona Apple on lead single, also called 'Pray'.
Watch the interview below.
Props: Rap-Up


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A short note about the Dropbox authentication bug
May you've heard about the Dropbox authentication bug (read it here, here or for the german readers here) wich has appeared on last Monday, the 20th June. There was a lot of utter confusion about it… and a lot of users were angry and very unhappy of how Dropbox has handled the problem. Hey people! Human error happens! Even in the Software development or in communication… you may know what I mean Wake up!


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Clinton Floor & Cabinet Shop
Clinton Floor & Cabinet Shop provides professional cabinetry, countertop and flooring services to the Clinton, TN area. With over 20 years of experience, we provide sales, service, design, and installation services for all our products and work with you to ensure complete customer satisfaction. We are a factory authorized dealer of Kabinart and only use the finest materials on all of our jobs. All of our items are custom built in order to fit your specific needs and we go above and beyond to make sure you are completely happy with our work.
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We also provide kitchen and bath remodeling services and make sure you are included with the design of your remodel.
Contact Clinton Floor & Cabinet Shop today at 865-457-9255 for your free estimate, or browse the website for more information about our products and services.


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The North Davidson Black Knights join WXII 12's Sports Director Kenny Beck in the Cheerwine Legend Zone for the best high school football highlights across The Piedmont.
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MUMBAI: The BSE Sensex fell over 151 points to 16,785.64 on Saturday as investors sold interest rate-sensitive stocks amid concerns that the Reserve Bank may further hike its lending rates to tame inflation and lingering doubts over a resolution to euro-zone debt crisis.
Besides, investors booked profits ahead of the next week's settlement of derivative contracts.
Of the 13 sectoral indices, only BSE-Consumer Durables closed in the positive terrain. Realty, capital goods and metal segments led the decline.


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SiteGround was one of the sponsors of the Los Angeles WordCamp 2014 and I was thrilled to be part of the team attending the event. We spent three extremely exciting and rewarding days together with more than 300 other WordPress enthusiasts in the City of Angels. We also had the chance to be involved in many of the great #WCLAX activities including the beginner's workshop, the selfie scavenger hunt and the contribution Sunday.
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The Catalina Flyer can accommodate groups from 75 to 350 people. For that truly special occasion, while you cruise the tranquil waters of Newport Bay. The Catalina Flyer, a luxury catamaran, features a richly appointed interior, dance floor, and full-service cocktail lounges. Everything you need to create a memorable event with an elegant style.
Charter by the Catalina Flyer
Catering by The Harborside Restaurant
The Catalina Flyer charter rate is:
$850.00 per hour (Sunday thru Thursday)
$1,150.00 per hour (Friday and Saturday)
There is a two hour minimum.
Clean-up fee $500.00
The minimum food total is
$6000.00 on Saturday
$5000.00 Friday and Sunday
Please see menus for per-person cost.
A $2000.00 non refundable deposit is required to confirm your boat charter.
This deposit covers your food and boat.
A 50% payment of the estimated balance is due 30 days prior to the event.
Final payment and final count is due 14 days before event.
** For school events a damage deposit of $750.00 is required
2 uniformed security personal are required. **


text: Applying for the MSL We encourage individuals with a minimum of two years of full-time professional experience to apply by submitting the following seven items: MSL Application Online Application Official Transcripts You must have a baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited institution in the U.S., with a GPA of at least a 3.0 on a 4.0 scale or a comparable degree from an officially recognized college or university outside of the U.S. You must submit transcripts from all colleges attended. Graduate Admission Test Score You can submit a graduate admission test score (e.g., GMAT, GRE, or LSAT) or narrative explaining at least two years applicable professional experience. Personal Statement The personal statement (2 to 3 double-spaced pages) is your opportunity to share your unique abilities, character, and experiences with the admissions committee. The statement should address the reasons you have elected to pursue an MSL degree in general and why specifically at Hamline. You should also comment on your professional plans following completion of the degree. The committee weighs this statement heavily in the decision-making process and also considers it a writing sample. Resume Your detailed resume should include work history, extracurricular activities, community service, internships, academic honors, hobbies, and other special interests, abilities or accomplishments. Letters of Reference Two letters of recommendation are required (no more than three will be accepted). References should be able to attest to your ability to enter an academically rigorous and competitive professional program, as well as your commitment to seeking an MSL degree. If you received your baccalaureate degree more than two years prior to applying to the MSL program, you may seek recommendations from a supervisor or someone who is familiar with your professional abilities, and applied knowledge and skills. We strongly discourage you from seeking recommendations from personal contacts or relatives. English Language Testing Requirements If English is not your native language, you must submit evidence that you possess a sufficient level of English to undertake graduate studies at Hamline University. You can demonstrate your English proficiency in one of the following ways: A minimum score on the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) of 600 (paper-based format), 250 (computer-based) or 100 (iBT) A minimum score of 7.0 on the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) A minimum score of 90 on the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB)Please note: Scores more than two years old are not accepted. State Eligibility (Online MSL only) If you are applying to the Online MSL, please confirm that you reside in a state where Hamline University is authorized to provide online education. (Eligibility by state.) The admission committee reviews applications and renders admission decisions approximately three to four weeks after receipt of a completed application file. We highly suggest that you apply by December 1 for the Spring semester and by July 1 for the Fall semester. This will allow for adequate placement in courses and for timely completion of the financial aid process. Pending Approval Pending approval by the Higher Learning Commission, we are unable to admit international students to the MSL program. Please mail all application materials to: Office of Graduate AdmissionHamline University1536 Hewitt Avenue, MS-A1710Saint Paul, MN 55104 Learn about tuition and financing. Non-Discrimination Policy Hamline University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, disability, religion, age, sexual orientation, or veteran status in its education or employment programs or activities. Accreditation Information Hamline University is registered as a private institution with the Minnesota Office of Higher Education pursuant to sections 136A.61 to 136A.71. Registration is not an endorsement of the institution. Credits eared at the institution may not transfer to all other institutions.


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Home > Masks and Wigs > Wigs
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Item Includes:
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Care Instructions:
Hand Wash in Cold Water W/ Mild Detergent or Shampoo - AIR DRY
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There are 2 main definitions of September in English:
September 1
- All staff have been fired with immediate effect and may not be paid for the month of September.
- For its September concert this year the group has looked to a newer generation of musicals.
- From September the plants start to enter dormancy so that by late October it is at a maximum.
Late Old English, from Latin, from septem 'seven' (being originally the seventh month of the Roman year).
seven from Old English:
Seven days of the week, seven deadly sins, seven dwarfs, seven wonders of the world, the Magnificent Seven…the number seven crops up again and again in history and culture. The word is from the same ancient root as Latin septem and Greek hepta 'seven'—septem is the source of September (Old English), originally the seventh month of the Roman year, and of septet (early 19th century), whereas hepta is found in words such as heptagon (late 16th century) 'seven angled', and heptathlon [1970s] combined with athlon 'contest'. The seven-year itch was originally a semi-proverbial medical condition, dating from the middle of the 19th century, but these days is a supposed tendency to infidelity after seven years of marriage. The phrase originated in the USA, and The Seven Year Itch, a 1955 comedy written and directed by Billy Wilder and starring Marilyn Monroe, introduced it to a wider audience.
Words that rhyme with SeptemberBemba, December, ember, member, November, Pemba
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: Sep¦tem|ber
Definition of September in:
There are 2 main definitions of September in English:
September 11 2
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: Sep¦tem|ber 11
Definition of September in:
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Reports/Washington County
Nathan L. Steele, 28, of 505 Wynncrest Drive, Marietta, reported Friday he was involved in an altercation with his wife, Jacqueline, 25. She repeatedly grabbed her husband to keep him from exiting a doorway and after doing so would bite her husband's leg. Based on his investigation, a deputy arrested Jacqueline Steele for domestic violence and transported her to the Washington County Jail.
A deputy requested a summons Friday for a 15-year-old Belpre resident to appear in Juvenile Court on a charge of delinquency for underage possession of alcohol. The Warren High School student was found in possession of a bottle of beer that she claimed she grabbed from her home refrigerator thinking it was apple juice. The student also received a 10- day suspension from school.
A deputy requested summonses Friday for Regina L. Hoover, 50, of 337 Wells Road, Waterford, and Jeffrey D. Parker, 48, of 3730 State Route 26, for disorderly conduct by fighting. Both parties were consuming alcohol at Parker's residence that evening when an argument erupted. While Hoover stated Parker punched her in the face for no reason, Parker exhibited injuries on his face that he attributed to Hoover.
Travis Fagan, of 180 Baker Ridge Road, Macksburg, reported Saturday at some point during the past week an unknown suspect(s) removed the radiators from three old trucks parked on his property across from 1287 Peaker Run Road.
Debra W. Lilly, 53, of 140 Brush Road, Marietta, reported Sunday sometime between 1 and 7 a.m. an unknown suspect(s) entered her home and stole her purse, her mother's purse and a 37-inch television. Several credit cards were inside the purses as well as a total of approximately $425.
The driver of an unknown vehicle struck and damaged a trash can and a mailbox Sunday at 209 Pit Road, Waterford.
Linda Holbert, 63, of 520 Cedar Ridge Road, Lowell, reported Monday an unknown suspect(s) used her debit card information to make five unauthorized online purchases. Holbert's bank canceled the transactions, which totaled approximately $444.
Arrests/Washington County
The following people were recently processed into the Washington County Jail:
Bernard Tyler Delancy, 24, of 3725 Frost Road, Coolville, was arrested Monday for theft, a felony.
Tabitha Nicole Jenny, 19, of 840 Spencer Ave., Steubenville, was arrested Monday for operating a vehicle without a license and for driving outside the marked lanes of travel, both misdemeanors.
Mark William Dunn, 61, of 99 Linton Hill Road, Coolville, was arrested Monday for domestic violence, a misdemeanor.
Piper Leigh Tornes, 18, of Marietta, was arrested Monday for two misdemeanor counts of domestic violence.


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What are the downsides of using a Static Homepage and other Static Navigational Pages? I'm using a HTML5 & CSS3 framework whose front-end editor seems to be affected by my usage of a Static Front Page. I don't quite understand the whole WordPress Loop (I'll go back to the Codex), but had the thought that Static Pages in general seem to place limitations on WordPress (I'm using 3.2.1). Do Static Pages run outside of the "Loop", need to added back into it, or are they 100% included in it?
Sorry if this seems like a dumb question!


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In this depleting stage of conventional energy sources, the conventional "megapower" production of electricity is observed to be insufficient due to exponential industrial growth and rise in living standard. In order to meet the requirements, Micro Power Generation, through renewable energy resources is widely adopted by the communities to meet their own needs in the countries.
Microgeneration, also known as "micropower", is the generation of zero or low-carbon electrical power by individuals, small businesses and communities at their own sites through Renewable Energy resources.
Micro generation technologies includes small wind turbines, solar photovoltaic technology, biomass conversion systems and wind-turbine systems that have been promoted for decades as alternative sources of renewable energy, the devices working based on these systems and used for domestic and industrial power generation are included in Microgeneration technologies.
Microgeneration is form of clean energy production at plant level and act as a catalyst for cultural changes in consumer attitude.
Small wind turbines, biomass gasifiers, solar power, micro-hydro, or a combination of these technologies are the few establishing units for use in Micro Power Generation. Although in the initiatial stage, adoption of these renewable energy technologies appears a bit costlier than the conventional source of energy, but its worth appears from the benefit of continuous power availability and great contribution against global warming as there is no emission of green house gases , pollution free and eco climate friendly technologies.
The utilization of these technologies is at a high par in mostly all the developed countries and also in developing countries.
An world Action plans have been formulated by the developed countries, like USA, Australia, Japan, to foster sustainable energy to make judicious use of renewable energy resources. USA is planning to generate large share of total energy requirement from renewable energy sources by 2025. In addition to advantage of support to fill the deficiency from short supply / power cuts through conventional grid supply, its implementation also creates new job opportunities in various areas of Renewable Energy.
The developing countries are also initiating to utilize maximum advantages through renewable energy resources. Like India, which is being located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator, where an average annual temperature ranges from 25°C – 27.5 °C, has huge solar Potential; and so is enriched with abundant resources of solar, as well as hydro and wind energy.
In order to keep its developing momentum accelerated and to rescue from hurdles generated through depleting conventional energy sources, action plans are in induction to explore maximum possibilities to set-up independent power plant by urban residential and commercial establishments making use of renewable resources like solar, wind and biomass, with issue to save energy by using low wattage / high luminous lamps (CFL / LED).
The government is making support by framing authorized Bodies at national level to give Financial support and sponsorship for research and development in renewable energy technologies, whereas to increase awareness of renewable energy at grass-root level.
The government offices are installed with solar / wind / biomass power generation systems to encourage and inspire people. The attraction is imparted in general community by launch of attractive incentives and subsidies schemes for implementation on installation and successful operation of renewable energy equipments. The urban residential and commercial establishments are bounded for installation of solar water heating systems to reduce load on conventional grid electric supply and mandatory condition has been implemented for provision of renewable energy systems in construction plan layout of new residential, commercial and industrial buildings.
In order to decrease reliance on depleting conventional energy sources, it is an urgent need for transition from production of electrical energy through conventional energy resources to one based on renewable resources. Renewable energy has potential to meet the need and provide an eco friendly climate.
Research & Development is needed for Development of cost-effective, high-efficiency renewable energy systems, such as development of cost-effective, high-efficiency and long-lasting photovoltaic cells, development of high efficiency wind turbines, ranging from 300 W – 10 kW, to generate energy even at low wind velocity, development of small-scale, low maintenance biomass gasifiers to make use of abundant biomass resources in rural areas for cogeneration.
Editorial Staff: D.V.Singh (email@example.com)


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Two or more individuals who routinely function like a team, are interdependent in achievement of a common goal, and may or may not work next to one another or in the same department.
Use workgroup in a sentence
Our workgroup has been doing extremely well since the addition of John, our sales have increased by over fifty percent and morale is at an all time high!
You should always try to make sure you get along well with the people in your workgroup to increase the productivity.
Our workgroup worked really well together and it was totally a surprise to me because we were all so different.