text:
Rising tide
Exploring pathways to growth in the mobile semiconductor industry
To compete in the mobile 4G era, it will be important for companies to transition from traditional, closed business models to a more open, collaborative approach.
Foreword: Why read this report?
Last year, Deloitte TMT released its Open Mobile 2012 study, which showcased selected findings from a highly targeted survey of senior executives in and around the mobile ecosystem. Our research highlights a broad range of opinions on the opportunities and challenges associated with sustaining top-line growth across and beyond the industry in the immediate three- to five-year time frame. In particular, the study explored the impact that the accelerated development of mobile web technology, changing consumer behavior, and a shifting regulatory policy landscape are having on the issues of competitiveness, growth, and innovation.
With the release of this latest report, also part of our ongoing Open Mobile series, we present a new study—this time focused on the mobile semiconductor industry. With semiconductor companies increasingly having a major impact on all facets of the mobile ecosystem, Deloitte Research explores the leading-edge growth strategies and capabilities that semiconductor firms are using to sustain market leadership and capitalize on new mobile opportunities.
Semiconductor and mobile technology executives will find this report useful in two ways. To begin with, we present a comprehensive overview of the mobile semiconductor ecosystem. Specifically, we highlight, discuss, and synthesize projected growth trends and end-market data to present a new analysis of the mobile semiconductor competitive landscape. Having identified the emerging growth opportunities, we then switch focus to the enterprise level and explore the challenges companies face when executing mobile business model innovation to act on these opportunities. Case studies are presented analyzing several leading semiconductor companies' approaches to using open innovation and platform leadership strategies in emerging mobile growth markets. Insights and findings from the case studies are then used to inform executive guidance, the core of which is a diagnostic model to assess the development and maturity of mobile platform innovation capabilities.
About the Deloitte Research Open Mobile series
Since 2009, the Deloitte Research Technology, Media, and Telecommunications (TMT) team has explored the advent of the open mobile era and the subsequent shifting competitive landscape in the United States and global mobile markets. The team has produced a number of research reports on a wide range of strategic issues that mobile technology companies face in this increasingly turbulent industry. For more details on our current research and free downloads of all our reports, please visit http://dupress.com/industries/technology-media/.
Executive summary
The growth of wireless data traffic continues at a blistering pace. With it, mobile technology adoption has become widespread across large sections of society, touching on all aspects of daily life. Consumer and enterprise mobile markets are in constant turbulence, and the uptick in demand across the smartphone, tablet, and mobile PC mass markets is expected to continue aggressively in the short to medium term.
At the root of this shift is an ongoing wave of disruption centered on mobile web technology and software innovation. As the consumer mobile web experience progressively mimics the consumer desktop PC experience, competition across the mobile value chain is at an all-time high, with incumbents facing unprecedented pressure from software-driven entrants. Against this backdrop, insights from a recent Deloitte Open Mobile survey highlight a pressing need for incumbent companies to secure viable pathways to growth—or else, risk being marginalized by a growing army of new entrants from nontraditional mobile industries. Together with an exploration of the transformation of the strategy process in mobile technology-oriented companies today, our research highlights the challenges ahead for all firms looking to remain competitive in the face of global hypercompetition.
Within this context, this report highlights an increasingly significant segment of the emerging mobile ecosystem—the semiconductor industry. There are two objectives: Provide an analysis of the most salient growth opportunities within one of the fastest-growing market segments in the mobile industry, and explore the tactics being used by leading semiconductor companies to capture and create value. Drawing on this analysis, we then provide guidance that all companies competing across the mobile industry can use to sustain growth in periods of high market turbulence.
From an industry perspective, our research suggests that a number of key demand drivers across the mobile sector are converging. All represent strong growth opportunities for semiconductor firms that are willing to capitalize on these opportunities by enacting agile platform-growth strategies. A detailed analysis of four primary drivers—wireless traffic growth, mobile device and services growth, connectivity, and mobile software trends—suggests that select firms are well placed to make substantial inroads into the major mobile consumer and enterprise value chains. Additionally, an examination of the leading semiconductor product end markets reveals the effect the 4G era may have on the competitive landscape as companies jostle to gain leadership in emerging mobile markets.
To accompany this industry breakdown, we then switch gears and focus at the enterprise level, taking an in-depth look at the strategic capabilities required to stimulate innovation and enhance the potential for capturing value. Selected case studies highlight semiconductor firms that are developing leading-edge innovation and platform leadership capabilities as pathways to growth in emerging markets.
From this analysis, executive guidance is then offered on maintaining competitiveness amid heightened market competition and technological disruption. Tactics used to transition from traditional, closed business models to a more open, collaborative approach are considered essential for competing in the mobile 4G era. A framework to guide capability development, using the twin strategies of open innovation and platform leadership, is drawn from the lessons learned from the most innovative semiconductor companies in mobile today.
Consumer and enterprise mobile markets are in constant turbulence, and the uptick in demand across the smartphone, tablet, and mobile PC markets is expected to continue aggressively in the short term. But what comes next?
The rising tide that lifts all boats
The once traditionally predictable wireless sector now finds itself constantly disrupted in a period of sustained hypercompetition.1 Deloitte's Open Mobile series continues to explore this phenomenon in some depth, focusing particularly on incumbent markets under threat from new entrants as well as emerging growth markets harnessing mobile technology at their core. In this report, our attention is broadly on the latter, but within the context of perhaps the driving force of mobile growth today: the semiconductor industry.
Often at the center of mobile technology innovation but rarely grabbing the same headlines enjoyed by the likes of Apple and Google, semiconductor companies continue to play an increasingly important role in defining the rate and direction of mobile device and service innovation sweeping the sector. The impact of this shift is continuing to grow; mobile technology adoption is now widespread and on the rise in industries and sectors that are reconfiguring their business models around mobile platforms. As subsequent consumer and enterprise demand increases for these mobile products and services, semiconductor companies are set to reap economic benefits from their influential positions in emerging mobile ecosystems in industries such as automotive, health care, energy, and commerce.
With mobile's rising tide continuing to lift companies competing in the sector, this report initially explores the driving factors for semiconductor mobile growth before identifying leading practices for growth and innovation from the industry's leading players. We highlight companies that are proactively developing new markets in sectors undergoing rapid transition, where incumbents are continually being challenged to respond with innovative new business models.
The blistering growth in mobile data traffic
In 2013, Cisco's annual Visual Networking Index predicted mobile and Internet data traffic to increase 13-fold from 2012 levels over a five-year period (see figure 1). Even more significant, the index forecasts total mobile traffic to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 66 percent across combined consumer and enterprise markets.2 This effect can be observed at the country level. For example, according to industry wireless association CTIA, wireless traffic has doubled in the United States, growing 104 percent year over year between 2011 and 2012 (see figures 2 and 3) with an expansion in the mobile subscriber base. Emerging regional markets are also developing rapidly, with Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific, and Latin America all believed to eventually outgrow the developed world in terms of mobile traffic growth.
Across the technology, media, and telecom sectors, the magnitude of these forecasts should not be underestimated. The pace of growth in mobile data traffic is staggering, and society has embraced mobile wireless technology in ways that were unthinkable a mere five years ago. As Silicon Valley venture capitalist Mary Meeker points out, innovation in mobile technology and wireless connectivity has rapidly touched upon all facets of life and "reimagined" everything from personal computing, printed media, news, and information to music, video, home entertainment, and art to eating, drinking, health care, banking, and commerce.3 The list is seemingly endless. Mobile technology has undoubtedly changed how we live, work, socialize, and collaborate. And yet, in many ways, we've barely scratched the surface. With the advent of ubiquitous wireless access in cities across the developed and developing world set to spur waves of democratized digital populations, the possibility that mobile technology will transcend previous technological shifts in societal impact is very real indeed.
Digging beneath the macro-level data, the most salient questions today surround the sources fueling the growth in data traffic. Specifically, what are the particular events and paradigm shifts behind this surge? From a consumer and enterprise perspective, it seems that a confluence of mobile meta-trends is accelerating the rapid adoption of mobile technology and devices across developed and emerging economies, businesses, and corporations and into the homes of consumers everywhere.
The 4G era takes hold
In economic terms, the emergence of the 4G wireless era has profound consequences for firms competing across the technology, media, and telecommunications sectors. Perhaps more so than previous network standards, 4G network technology in the form of the long-term evolution (LTE) standard will likely boost mobile innovation and adoption and fuel the growth of mobile data traffic to new heights.4
On paper, LTE will provide a jump in network speeds and bandwidth capability, ushering in a new wave of mobile ubiquity. To date, the United States leads the way in 4G adoption, commanding roughly 64 percent of worldwide LTE subscribership (see figure 4). This is not surprising. Many US wireless service providers have announced support for the standard, which is designed to be backward-compatible with GSM and HSPA technologies, giving it a clear cost advantage over competing technologies such as WiMax. LTE will also provide network operators 2–5 times greater spectral efficiency than the most advanced 3G networks, reducing the transmission cost per bit and allowing better economics for carriers and end users. Analyst estimates continue to bear this out, with recent market forecasts suggesting LTE services will generate more than $11 billion in service revenue in the United States by 20155 with global LTE subscribers likely to exceed 1 billion by 2016.6
Recently, wireless service providers in the United States have continued investing substantially to enhance existing mobile network infrastructure. Total capital investments were approximately $25 billion during July 2011–June 2012, including network upgrades from 3G to 4G. Leading the deployment in the United States is Verizon, which successfully launched its LTE network in late 2010 and rapidly expanded to approximately 491 markets by April 2013.7 Meanwhile, not to be outdone, AT&T is currently pushing the expansion of its HSPA+ network while simultaneously expanding the rollout of a new LTE network, which began in summer 2012 with a target of complete coverage in the United States by the end of 2013.8
In global markets, Japan (13 percent) and South Korea (8 percent) are quickly catching up in total LTE subscribership.9 Elsewhere, 4G subscriber rates are set to grow consistently in 2013 and beyond,10 with advanced economies in Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia all primed to accelerate LTE rollout in the next 12 months. Not far behind, China will likely ramp up in 2013–14.11 Driven by this uptick, an estimated 1 million new connections are being added each day (see figure 4).
And with demand rapidly outstripping supply, governments worldwide are seeking to revise regulatory policy to free up more spectrum for 4G licenses. All the while, mobile network traffic continues on an aggressive upward march: It is predicted to grow sevenfold during 2013–2017,12 adding pressure to the call for additional spectrum solutions in markets already facing a crunch.13
It's a wonderful (connected) life
Well beyond the immediate confines of the wireless sector, the impact that 4G will have on non-traditional wireless industries such as commerce, health care, energy, and automotive is expected to be even more pronounced. Here, mobile device and software innovation—focused on enhanced wireless connectivity powered by machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies—is driving business model innovation. The outcome is a flood of new mobile products and services in industries adopting mobile technology at their core. In economic terms, the net effect of this technological shift is significantly positive across multiple facets of the mobile industry's value chain, from both the supply and demand sides. Executives participating in Deloitte's recent Open Mobile survey concurred and nominated the top three vertical industries where they thought 4G technology will have the biggest impact on stimulating mobile business model innovation—increasing the potential for value generation outside of traditional mobile and wireless markets in the process.14 Of those polled, 78 percent believe the health care/life sciences sector holds the most potential, with consumer products/retail industry and financial services/commerce also considered prime sectors set to benefit most from the emergence of 4G broadband technology (see figure 5). In terms of value generation drivers across these sectors and beyond, a majority believes mobile services—most prominently in areas such as mobile cloud computing and mobile payments—hold the biggest potential along with increased utilization of M2M technologies, which is also considered a major trend. With new device innovation set to proliferate in these areas, semiconductor companies will be well placed to drive product innovation across a variety of verticals and accelerate the adoption of mobile technology in the process.
The rise of the machines
The cornerstone of many of the emerging mobile service opportunities, the rise in wireless connectivity and the subsequent growth in the Internet of Things (IOT) category, is providing significant momentum in connected device categories across consumer and enterprise sectors alike. In industries such as energy, health care, retail, and consumer products, devices integrated by M2M wireless technology are enabling new gateways to connectivity and propelling mobile revenue growth (see figure 6).
As a result, worldwide M2M interconnected devices are on a steady upward march that is expected to surge 10-fold to a global total of 12.5 billion devices by 2020 (see figure 7).15 The resulting forecast in M2M traffic shows a similar trajectory, with traffic predicted to grow 24-fold from 2012–2017, representing a CAGR of 89 percent over the same period (see figure 8).16 Revenue from M2M services spanning a wide range of industry vertical applications, including telematics, health monitoring, smart buildings and security, smart metering, retail point of sale, and retail banking, is set to reach $35 billion by 2016.17
Driving this surge in the M2M market are a number of forces such as the declining cost of mobile device and infrastructure technology, increased deployment of IP, wireless and wireline networks, and a low-cost opportunity for network carriers to eke out new revenue streams by utilizing existing infrastructure in new markets. This opportunity will likely be most prominent across a number of enterprise verticals, with the energy industry—in the form of smart grid and smart metering technologies—expected to experience significant growth in the M2M market. Indeed, the Obama administration's targeted economic stimulus package of $3.4 billion to modernize the nation's power grid will further accelerate the development of this particular market.18
The health care sector is also set to gain from the increased adoption of mobile technology, with the US wireless health monitoring device industry forecast to become a $22 billion industry by 2015.19 The majority of the remaining M2M service opportunities are currently clustered around the transportation, automotive, logistics, and fleet management sectors, where applications range from reducing traffic congestion by monitoring traffic flows to facilitating RFID tracking in supply chain management. In all cases, M2M technology assists improvements in productivity, innovation, and compliance-related business functions and is set to play an even greater role in mobile growth strategies as networks and platforms shift to facilitate more open access.
For semiconductor companies looking to exploit these opportunities, the roadblocks are mainly at the sector level where fragmentation exists among the various ecosystems that have grown to support the rollout of M2M across multiple industry subsectors. Several elements of the M2M value chain are at risk within these ecosystems. This includes companies and organizations active in the services (systems integration), software (middleware and application infrastructure vendors), hardware (manufacturers of GPS chips and RFID sensors), and telecom (network access, connectivity, infrastructure vendors) sectors. Each of these areas is subject to technological fragmentation, and a particular lack of standardization is apparent in the many coalitions and standards bodies set up to develop targeted technology solutions. The presence of a general standard would help to achieve seamless national and international coverage, but idiosyncratic solutions for specific devices over specific networks are the main issues currently preventing this from happening. However, if companies can successfully orchestrate a consolidated ecosystem strategy across the most disjointed elements of the current value chain, new pathways to sustainable M2M business models will likely emerge, opening doors for semiconductor companies to exert influence.
However, if companies can successfully orchestrate a consolidated ecosystem strategy across the most disjointed elements of the current value chain, new pathways to sustainable M2M business models will likely emerge, opening doors for semiconductor companies to exert influence.
Smartphones and tablets drive silicon growth platforms
In the mobile device category, the most significant growth driver for the semiconductor sector is the increasing global demand for smartphones and tablets. Again, the numbers are a stark reminder of the rapid rise of connectivity and adoption of mobile technology across all facets of consumer and enterprise markets. A comparison with the traditionally robust PC semiconductor market illustrates just how quickly smartphone and tablet adoption has risen over the last 18 months, with an even greater uptick expected in the next 3–5 years.
A comparison with the traditionally robust PC semiconductor market illustrates just how quickly smartphone and tablet adoption has risen over the last 18 months, with an even greater uptick expected in the next 3–5 years.
On a global scale, PC shipments are expected to decline at a CAGR of 4.5 percent during 2012–2017, reaching 272 million units shipped in 2017 (see figure 9). PC end revenue is anticipated to decrease at an 8.4 percent CAGR during the same period, reaching $142.2 billion in 2017, reflecting declining consumer demand for this form factor. In contrast, smartphone sales are expected to grow at a CAGR of 14.2 percent during 2012–2017, to 923 million units.20 Subsequently, smartphone revenue is forecast at $346.4 billion in 2017—a CAGR of 12.3 percent over 2012–2017. Premium-category smartphone sales, which exceeded PC shipments for the first time in 2011, will likely continue outperforming PC shipments through 2017 due to growing consumer interest.21 Even more startling is the upward march of tablet device adoption, with worldwide tablet shipments anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 31.2 percent during 2012–2017, reaching 468 million units. Revenue is expected to increase from $40.8 billion in 2012 to $93.2 billion in 2017, a CAGR of 18.0 percent (see figure 9).22
While basic phones taper off, smartphone demand remains somewhat buoyant
At the macro level, worldwide handset sales are expected to be somewhat sluggish during 2013–2017 mainly due to lackluster demand for basic and low-cost phones in both developed and developing economies (see figure 10).23 However, basic and low-cost phones will likely experience stable demand in emerging markets as cost-conscious consumers seek out increasingly affordable devices. Indeed, as mobile technology development accelerates, a trickledown effect is prevalent in many markets, helping spur growth in low-end product categories across emerging economies.24 For example, in regional markets such as China, technology reuse has never been higher and is set to spike further, with a reference design approach in semiconductor chipset utilization becoming common among vendors. This will likely help stimulate demand and lay the groundwork for waves of lower-end product introductions across the smartphone segment.25
On the flip side, however, with global carriers' network transitions to the 4G era increasing, the consumer transition from basic to smartphone adoption is growing, and demand for smartphones will likely remain strong through 2017 as technology development accelerates and prices decline across the category. Emerging markets are projected to again lead the way in smartphone growth projections. The emerging and mature Asia-Pacific region in particular is set to become the leading smartphone market by 2017, with forecast adoption in excess of 21 percent. Greater China, North America, and Western Europe are forecast to be the second-, third-, and fourth-biggest end markets for smartphones, respectively, as of 2017 (see figure 11).26
Emerging regional markets, such as the Middle East and Africa (26.1 percent CAGR during 2012–2017), Eastern Europe (24.4 percent), and Greater China (15.8 percent), are also projected to experience significant growth during 2013–2015. China, in particular, will likely emerge as the second-largest regional market for smartphones by 2017, accounting for 20 percent of global shipments (see figure 11).27 Other forecasts are even more bullish; some analysts expect China's connected device market, which encompasses a broad range of consumer electronic devices in addition to mobile devices, to experience sixfold growth by 2020, representing some $700 billion in potential revenue—twice the current semiconductor market.28 The key catalysts for this expected adoption surge are an abundance of carrier-subsidized smartphones, customized handsets from domestic vendors, and the move to 3G and 4G networks, all spurring smartphone demand in China, emerging Asia Pacific countries, and Latin America during 2012–2017.
The tablet takeover
One of the biggest shifts in mobile device ownership over the last 12 months has been driven by a voracious consumer demand for tablets, which have undoubtedly become the mobile device du jour across an increasingly wide demographic. Such is the extent of the demand that some analysts predict up to 44 percent of consumers worldwide will own tablets by mid-late 2013, with 25 percent being first-time owners.29 In the United States this trend is particularly pronounced, with tablet ownership thought to be in the region of 25 percent in 2012, compared to just 3 percent in 2010.30 Indeed, a recent study by Deloitte predicted that almost 50 percent of US consumers will likely own tablets by 2013, with 22 percent likely to be first- time buyers.31
Au revoir, PCs?
In the short term, a victim of this shift toward ultra-mobile computing platforms could be the market for desktop PCs. With the mobile web experience increasingly matching, and in some cases exceeding, the desktop PC web experience, a significant amount of IP and Internet traffic is originating from non-PC devices. As tablets such as Apple's iPad® become "content creation devices," consumer demand for PCs is expected to taper off and remain sluggish through 2017 (see figure 12). New design form factors and innovative mobile software development will likely spur consumer adoption and help address email, social networking, web browsing, and mobility requirements at lower price points compared to PCs.
As tablets such as Apple's iPad® become "content creation devices," consumer demand for PCs is expected to taper off and remain sluggish through 2017.
From a regional perspective, North America and Western Europe continued to propel tablet demand in 2011–2012. However, emerging market regions (Greater China, in particular) are predicted to slowly develop into the major end markets, driving tablet demand through 2017. In terms of total shipment, 256.9 million tablets are expected to be shipped worldwide in 2015, representing a 31.5 percent CAGR throughout 2012–2015. Subsequent tablet revenue is expected to increase from $41.6 billion in 2012 to $64.3 billion in 2015—a CAGR of 15.6 percent. Among all regions, North America—primarily the United States—will continue to fuel tablet shipments through 2016 (see figure 13).32 Deloitte's survey reveals 36 percent of US consumers already own a tablet device, with Millenials and Xers being the leading users. Moreover, the survey shows that Millennials and Xers are the most likely to use a tablet as a viable replacement for a laptop.33
Beyond the consumer market, tablet adoption is progressing at a steady, albeit more restrained, pace within the enterprise. A recent sample of CIOs surveyed in Europe and the United States revealed that firms that plan to purchase (or have purchased) tablets for corporate use are slowly increasing.34 While this research reflects a somewhat slow uptake by enterprises, support is steadily rising; approximately 30 percent of those surveyed expect to support or adopt tablets in the workplace by the end of 2013 (see figure 14).35 Key barriers to adoption are currently cost-related and mainly associated with device hardware investment and software support. Additionally, network access and security concerns, combined with a general lack of enterprise tablet software applications, are also thought to be inhibitors to a more widespread adoption. These concerns should be addressed in 2014 for tablet adoption to make a greater corporate impact even as corporate smartphone adoption reaches new heights.
A profile of the mobile semiconductor industry
From a market perspective, the semiconductor mobile ecosystem is a complex and evolving entity. Growth opportunities in component end markets are, on the surface, somewhat fragmented, but consolidation across a number of key technology trends is evident. This consolidation will have important ramifications for opportunities (and challenges) across the semiconductor end markets, which combined, make up the broader mobile semiconductor ecosystem. Before breaking down the end markets, a general overview of the industry and the leading players is useful to understand the current competitive landscape.
From a market perspective, the semiconductor mobile ecosystem is a complex and evolving entity. Growth opportunities in component end markets are, on the surface, somewhat fragmented, but consolidation across a number of key technology trends is evident.
Overview and revenue league tables
The past two years have seen a number of challenges confront the semiconductor industry as it deals with a stuttering recovery from the global economic slowdown, sovereign debt concerns, and the impact natural disasters, such as the Japanese tsunami, had on consumer demand and supply chain capability (see figure 16). Consequently, overall revenue growth has been hampered, with PC OEMs in particular facing demand challenges that directly negated investment in capital expenditure through early 2012.
However, despite the continued macroeconomic slowdown and lackluster PC demand, the emergence of increasingly popular, sophisticated mobile devices, specifically smartphones, tablets, and ultrabooks, bodes well for mobile semiconductor demand through 2015. With the likes of Apple and Samsung continually sustaining hardware and software innovation across the smartphone and tablet categories, the introduction of more sophisticated semiconductor platforms will likely drive industry revenue and investment in multiple end markets. To that end, major semiconductor manufacturers—including Intel, Samsung, and TSMC—have all announced aggressive spending plans, given an expected positive demand outlook for mobile devices in particular.
A fragmented competitive landscape
At the enterprise level, the industry remains broadly fragmented, with a number of companies competing across distinct product end markets and serving a wide number of industries. Intel remains the world's biggest semiconductor firm, sustaining a leading market share of approximately 16 percent built on solid microprocessor and memory sales and bolstered with the company's recent Infineon (baseband unit) acquisition (see table 1). Samsung's semiconductor group continues to hold the No. 2 position, increasing its market share to 10.1 percent in 2012 and steadily narrowing the gap with Intel (see figure 17). Qualcomm's revenue growth of 27 percent was the highest among the top 10 companies, a result of its leading position in the fast-growing mobile devices market, which enabled it to leapfrog three positions on the revenue league table to No. 3 in 2012 (see table 1). Although dominant in the PC and server markets, major competitors to Intel such as Samsung, Qualcomm, and Broadcom will continue to bolster market share in the mobile smartphone and tablet markets—traditionally an area on which Intel has had little focus.36
Table 1. Top 10 semiconductor vendors by revenue, worldwide, 2012
|Revenue ($ billions)
|Market share
|2011–2012 Revenue change
|SK Hynix
Source: Dale Ford, Qualcomm rides wireless wave to take third place in global semiconductor market in 2012, iSuppli, December 4, 2012.
* Samsung semiconductor revenue only.
Table 2. Semiconductor revenue, % contribution by end-use application, 2012–2017, worldwide
|End-use application
|Data processing
|Military and civil aerospace
Source: Bryan Lewis and Peter Middleton, Forecast analysis: Semiconductors, worldwide, 1Q13 update, Gartner, April 17, 2013. Note: Numbers rounded off for purposes of this analysis.
At a regional level, opportunities in emerging markets are propelling growth across the main vertical industries and end markets. PC consumption in the near term remains somewhat buoyant; emerging markets accounted for roughly two thirds of total PC shipments in 2012. This trend is expected to continue, with forecasts for 2016 anticipating China, Brazil, Russia, and India to lead PC consumption, ahead of the United States. This is a significant shift from 2010–2011, when only two of the top five PC consumers were from emerging markets.37
Breaking down the mobile end markets
A deeper analysis of the mobile semiconductor ecosystem reveals a number of key component end markets across which technology trends and drivers are making a sustained impact on top-line growth opportunities.
Application processor end market snapshot
In the mobile application processor (AP) market, it's a tale of two segments, with smartphones and the booming tablet market driving revenue. Increasing sales of high-end smartphones from tier 1 manufacturers boosted discrete AP sales during 2011–2012 (see figures 18 and 19). The continued strong demand for high-end phones using discrete processors (for example, the Samsung Galaxy series and Apple's iPhone® series) helped sustain sales. This allowed semiconductor companies to enhance flexibility by replicating processor design across multiple device categories, thereby maximizing device performance.
At the other end of the segment, growing demand for low-end and mid-range smartphones in emerging markets fueled growth for integrated application processors in 2011 and 2012, as integrated platforms (primarily an application processor plus baseband modem) helped reduce system costs and offered significant power-saving benefits to OEMs. Leading the way is Qualcomm (see figure 19), which benefited from solid adoption of its Snapdragon platform in multiple devices, building on established relationships with a number of smartphone vendors that included Samsung, LG, Nokia, RIM, and Motorola. The firm's Snapdragon S4 platform is also being used by Microsoft as part of its initial rollout of Windows RT-based tablets based on the ARM architecture. Texas Instruments (TI) also held a competitive market position in 2011–2012, due to the steady adoption of its OMAP integrated platform across a range of tablets and handhelds38 (including the hugely popular Amazon Kindle). Likewise, Samsung was successful in leveraging its Exynos platform across similar device categories. NVIDIA also improved its market share to 3.6 percent in 2012, primarily due the increased adoption of its dual-core Tegra platform across multiple Android smartphones and tablet devices as well as adoption of the processor in Microsoft's Windows RT-based products.39 ST-Ericsson and Broadcom also improved their traction with the high-volume, low-cost smartphone devices powered by Android.40 Meanwhile, Intel is looking to quickly catch up, via its Atom processor for use on the Windows 8 platform, which aims to compete with both the Tegra and Snapdragon platforms in the process.
Nonetheless, from a broader architecture perspective, ARM continues to dominate in the mobile application processor market for smartphones and tablets. As of 2012, an estimated 95 percent of smartphones were powered by ARM CPU cores.41 Major manufacturers such as Qualcomm, Samsung, Apple (Ax series), Broadcom, NVIDIA, and TI have all licensed and continue to license ARM's processor technology to manufacture chips for mobile devices. Leveraging a powerful, ecosystem-based partnership has allowed the company to compete with Intel's x86 architecture platform and carve out a dominating position in the smartphones sector. Partnerships with semiconductor design vendors, chip manufacturers and foundries, mobile device vendors, and mobile OS providers have cemented ARM's position as the cornerstone of the mobile ecosystem. The firm captures value by licensing its chip design IP and architecture rather than by manufacturing its own chipsets, and as of 2012, its ecosystem numbered close to 1,000 partners. By providing the process architecture IP license and the necessary design tools, ARM allows its partners to design custom chips based on ARM CPU cores. Major mobile OS platforms designed for mobile chips based on ARM's processor architecture include Apple's iOS, Google's Android, and the Windows platform—another indication that Intel has been relatively late to capitalize on the mobile market opportunity.42
To remedy this, Intel is aggressively attempting to penetrate the smartphone market with its new range of Atom x86-based processors, going head to head with ARM in developing power-efficient chips to serve the immediate market. In parallel, the company, which currently manufactures mobile chips using 32-nanometer (nm) line widths, is also ramping up a new 22-nm 3D manufacturing process that is scheduled to come online in 2013; processors are expected to be commercially available by 2014. In response, ARM signed an agreement with GlobalFoundries in August 2012 to collaborate on manufacturing chips using 3D transistor technology.43
Looking further out, Intel's development of a more power-efficient PC processor, using the next-gen Haswell architecture—the successor to Ivy Bridge—will optimize power consumption due to an integrated CPU and platform controller hub. This will theoretically reduce consumption by approximately 30–50 percent compared to Ivy Bridge. Expectations are that Haswell will eventually trickle down into the tablet market over the next 2–3 years. But despite these moves, the current mobile applications processor market is still considered to be of somewhat limited growth potential for the company.44
Cellular baseband end market snapshot
As global wireless network providers maintain a steady upgrade of network technology, semiconductor companies are well placed to profit from the increasing adoption of High-Speed Packet Access+ (HSPA+) technology in smartphones, coupled with solid GSM/GPRS/EDGE baseband processor unit growth. 4G LTE network rollout began ramping up in 2H11 in the developed markets, and is expected to become a significant growth driver for baseband processors 2013 onward.
Other growth drivers for baseband modem chipsets (adjacent to the mobile phone segment) include laptops, tablets, ultrabooks/hybrids, and e-readers. M2M technologies, including smart meters, are also being equipped with wireless connectivity solutions. Verticals such as the energy and the automotive industry, which are investing heavily in M2M technology, will likely provide a robust and steady growth channel for semiconductor companies 3–5 years out.
In terms of the competitive landscape, the sustainable growth of 3G and 4G network technologies contributed to the strong revenue positions of baseband vendors Qualcomm and Broadcom. In particular, integrated application processors helped propel revenues. Qualcomm also holds a dominant position in the market for USB dongles and embedded solutions with its Gobi platform. Companies such as MediaTek, on the other hand, attribute their past revenue growth to older 2G and 2.5G solutions, and are now focused on increasing market share in 3G and 4G solutions (see figure 21).
RF semiconductor end market snapshot
Radio frequency (RF) device revenue increased 4.3 percent year over year to $5.3 billion in 2012. RF transceiver revenue grew 6.6 percent year over year, while power amplifier revenue was up 2.8 percent (see figure 22). Transceivers continue to be increasingly integrated with baseband processors, mainly in low-end and mid-range phones. The market for power amplifiers benefited from rising demand for mobile phones with 3G and 4G technologies, which require extra power amplifiers to support additional bands. This led to firms such as Skyworks and Avago benefiting from key design wins with large smartphone vendors, including Apple and Samsung. In the transceivers segment, leading baseband vendors such as Qualcomm, STMicro, Intel, and MediaTek held strong market positions, given their alliances with tier 1 smartphone vendors (see figure 23).45
Wireless connectivity end market snapshot
The market for wireless connectivity has transitioned from single-function chipsets for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and GPS toward wireless combo chips, which combine some or all of those functions within a single chip solution. While solutions that combined Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and FM remained dominant in 2011 and 2012, combo solutions that also integrate GPS have increasingly gained traction in 2013.
Broadcom continues to lead the wireless connectivity market, leveraging its mobile phone combo chip solutions that integrate Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and FM on a single chip (see figure 25). The company also introduced a Bluetooth + GPS + FM combo chip solution and remains well positioned to benefit from the tablet trend, being the incumbent supplier for Apple's iPad platform (as well as the major supplier for the iPad's touchscreen controller). Innovation in connectivity solutions remains the firm's strong suit, and this, combined with its forward-looking position on integrating near field communications (NFC) technology into more combo chip solutions, will act as a catalyst for its top-line growth objectives.46 Other major vendors, including Qualcomm and MediaTek, also launched combo chip sets in 2012, such as a quad-combo chip that integrates GPS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and FM.47
Mobile memory end market snapshot
Smartphone and tablet adoption are enabling a revival of DRAM and NAND demand and boosting the memory market in the process. As both device categories increasingly combine content consumption with content creation, software applications requiring substantial memory capability are on the rise. Gaming and video are two content-rich growth categories for mobile applications that are set to continue their upward growth curve through 2015. As a result, strong growth is projected in both the DRAM and NAND markets in the short term as smartphone technology trickles down into lower-end device categories and the emergence of more powerful tablets and "superphones"48 begins to take hold (see figure 26). In terms of market leadership, Samsung remains dominant in both memory markets, leveraging its leading technology innovation and economies of scale (see figures 27 and 28).
GPU end market snapshot
In line with the other semiconductor end markets, the GPU market continues to see increased demand resulting from robust smartphone and tablet adoption. With both device categories utilizing GPUs to enable functions such as advanced gaming capabilities, user interface capabilities, and browser acceleration, growth in this market is projected to continue to climb. Innovation trends include increasing functionality, with some of the latest chips including augmented reality capability and high-performance image and video processing functionalities.
On the competitive landscape front, Imagination Technologies continues to hold a leading position in the global mobile GPU market, with a 46.5 percent unit shipment share (see figure 29). The company's GPU offerings are the preferred solution for most of the major smartphone and tablet vendors, including Apple and Samsung. Many system-on-chip (SoC) vendors, including TI and Intel, also license Imagination's GPU intellectual property for their own integrated processor platforms.
Qualcomm is the leading mobile device GPU vendor (see figure 29), primarily due to its integration strategy of positioning its Adreno GPU chip as part of the Snapdragon platform, which is one of the leading integrated mobile device processor platforms in the market. In the overall mobile GPU market, Qualcomm currently ranks second, behind Imagination Technologies.
In the mobile GPU IP market, ARM is the No. 2 GPU design vendor, after Imagination (see figure 29). Companies, including Samsung, ST-Ericsson, and Broadcom, continue to license ARM's GPU IP for their integrated SoCs. Meanwhile, NVIDIA, a relatively small player in the overall mobile device GPU market, continues to build out its integrated processor offerings, focusing heavily on leveraging its leading-edge capability in graphics. The firm's proprietary GPU GeForce chip is now integrated across its range of Tegra mobile processor platforms.
Growth trends in the end markets
Across the end markets, several technology trends stand out as a bellwether to future revenue growth.
Integrated platforms
One of the major technology trends that continue to impact the industry is the move toward integrated processors. These are chips that combine multiple functionality on a single chip platform—typically consisting of memory and graphics functionality combined with processor capability. The benefits of this approach are primarily performance- and cost-related, allowing vendors to theoretically lower costs for customers by integrating application, graphics, and baseband processors that share memory and power capabilities. As such, the move toward integration in mobile devices is rapidly gaining traction across the tablet and smartphone sectors. Major OEMs such as Broadcom, Qualcomm, Nvidia, and TI are prominent in pushing the technology out to a wide customer base that is eager for low-cost and power-efficient solutions.
From a market perspective, upticks in smartphone adoption, particularly in emerging markets, will again fuel growth in integrated platforms. As multi-core CPUs make headway into entry-level smartphones, power consumption and cost will likely become key elements. Consequently, the trickle-down effect of technology reference design reuse in markets such as China will likely ensure that a wave of low-end, affordable smartphone designs hits the emerging markets 2013 onward. Additionally, with LTE forecast to have a big impact on driving adoption, demand for power-efficient handsets with integrated platforms such as Snapdragon and Tegra is expected to continue to climb.
Superphones need more power
Parallel to the shift toward integrated chipsets, albeit at a reduced level, is the predicted sustained demand in the discrete semiconductor end market to serve the emerging superphone mobile device category. These chips, which are used in several electronic applications—most importantly, in managing electric power—will likely see steady revenue growth through 2014 due to sustained demand for advanced functionality in high-end devices. Smartphone vendors such as Apple and Samsung (with the iPhone and Galaxy devices, respectively) currently use discrete chips for the flexibility of customizing the chip design across multiple devices and form factors (see figure 30).
Multi-core processor demand rises
Recently, the smartphone category has also seen a rise in the use of dual-core and quad-core processors, which helps lower the number of application processors required on a single wafer. Typically, a single wafer can be comprised of over 1,260 single-core processors, which is reduced to approximately 560 with a dual-core processor and to approximately 370 on a quad-core processor.49 Given the increasing consumer demand for high-end smartphones with multi-core processors, Apple and Samsung use both dual- and quad-core processors in their devices. As such, application processor vendors are likely to continue to ramp up capacity and expand their investments in this area steadily through 2015 (see figures 30 and 31).
Looking further out, growing demand for faster applications in mobile devices will potentially lead to increased demand for multi-core processors, which have faster processing speeds and lower energy consumption compared with single-core processors. Additionally, multi-core processors enable higher performance while supporting parallel execution of multiple applications.
Moore's Law propels another wave of shrinking
The race to boost chip performance through shrinking components continues unabated. With the industry now transitioning to sub-22 nm linewidths and 3D transistors, the push by companies such as Intel, Qualcomm, and Samsung to develop chips on smaller nodes is noteworthy. Intel, in particular, has an aggressive R&D pipeline, which will likely see the company become the first vendor to develop chips for PCs on a 14-nm linewidth in 2013. By 2019, the company plans to introduce chips on a 5- nm node.50
Meanwhile, foundries such as TSMC and UMC—while trailing Intel—plan to introduce 16-nm/20-nm/22-nm chips for PCs during 2013–14. For mobile devices, a slight lag is present, with vendors instead aiming to introduce smaller (sub-22-nm) processors 2014– 15 onward.51
Semiconductor manufacturers are also exploring producing chips on larger 450-mm size wafers, which will improve production scale and boost fixed-cost savings. Intel and TSMC were the first to announce separate plans to pilot production on 450-mm wafers. Intel, in particular, signaled its intent in this area by signing an agreement to invest roughly $1 billion in backend equipment provider ASML's 450-mm wafer and R&D programs.52 The significant capital investment required by both chip vendors and backend equipment providers will likely push the move toward 450-mm wafers out to 2017.53
Mobile device memory is on the uptick as advanced functionalities demand increased digital storage
As the level of mobile gaming becomes more sophisticated, increased memory capacity is required to handle more advanced tasks, which in turn is driving DRAM demand in the end markets. Activities such as multitasking, media encoding/decoding, and data synchronization in advanced mobile computing devices, all require higher memory.54 Handset DRAM density increased from 2.3 GB in 2Q10 to 5.8 GB in 2Q12. In media tablets, mobile DRAM density increased from 2.0 GB to 8.3 GB over the same period.55
NAND flash storage capacity is also on the rise as smartphone and tablet users voraciously consume content such as digital music, video, images, and books. For instance, three variants of Apple iPhone 5 smartphones were launched with different NAND flash memory features—16 GB, 32 GB, and 64 GB.
Growth trends in vertical industries
Several industry verticals, where mobile technology adoption is rapidly advancing, are also providing semiconductor companies with new routes for mobile-focused growth. Companies such as Qualcomm have dedicated strategies in place to take advantage of opportunities across the Internet of Things landscape. Increasing application complexity, consolidation of multiple subsystems, and rising demand for wired and wireless connectivity features are all contributing to semiconductor growth opportunities in the automotive, health care, energy, and retail industries.
Mobile growth in the automotive industry
The automotive industry has made great strides over the last three years to rapidly adopt wireless technology across a range of consumer and enterprise products and services. With in-vehicle electronics growing in complexity and demand, three categories for semiconductor connectivity growth currently stand out: in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), telematics, and insurance services.
The semiconductor revenue opportunity from in-car infotainment, which is by far the biggest automotive growth channel, is estimated to reach $8.54 billion by 2018 (see figure 33).56 Propelled by a surge in the integration of infotainment and wireless connectivity solutions that will power the likes of next-generation location and navigation systems, telematics, and connectivity, this section of the market is expected to grow 3–7 percent annually over the next five years. This will subsequently provide companies such as Intel, Qualcomm, Nvidia, and Broadcom opportunities to significantly expand their embedded market footprint.57 In the telematics category, connectivity systems to assist vehicle diagnostics for maintenance purposes are among other services, such as fleet vehicle management and roadside assistance, that are converging with advanced driver insurance systems in products such as pay-as-you-go driver insurance and driver-based insurance mapping.
In many instances, it is apparent that mobile operating system platforms are continually being enhanced in all areas of wireless automotive and integrated closely with today's mobile semiconductor platforms.
mHealth markets set to soar
As previously discussed, the US health care sector is witnessing increased adoption of mobile and wireless technology, with the global mobile health (mHealth) market forecast to be worth $11.8 billion by 2018.58 Within this fast-growing embedded segment, the consumer medical device market is expected to be a leading connectivity growth opportunity for semiconductor companies.
Key drivers for this expected growth are the recent health care reforms in the United States, such as the Affordable Care Act and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which are aimed at reducing health care costs, improving care quality, and increasing general public access to health care. These reforms, together with an aging population, are driving the need to reduce the cost of treatment, thus fueling demand for remote patient treatment and monitoring. Within this niche market, device OEMs are utilizing semiconductor processor platforms to enable advanced functionality in areas such as diagnostics and therapy. In turn, this is helping fuel US wireless health monitoring device revenues, which are estimated to grow to $22.2 billion in 2015.59 Alongside this market, use of embedded medical monitoring devices is anticipated to grow to 170 million devices by 2017.60
At present, Intel has a technology lead in the medical device platform market through the widespread use of its Atom processor, but it faces increasing competition from arch rival ARM.61 Current challenges to sustained growth in this market are mainly with regard to fragmentation in wireless connectivity standards, which will challenge medical device vendors. Emerging standards are wide and varied and include IEEE 802.15.6, Bluetooth Low Energy (LE), Wi-Fi, and Zigbee.62 In contrast, the portable health care device platform market is less fragmented, with two main platforms: the Intel Atom-based Qseven Computer-on-Module (COM), which supports Windows and Linux platforms, and the ARM-based Ultra Low Power COM (ULP-COM), which supports Android and Linux. Support for multiple connection protocols is crucial to the adoption of portable health care devices.63
Intel is also collaborating with GE in a joint venture to develop mobile health care devices.64 Qualcomm, through its subsidiary Qualcomm Life, has also created a presence in this market with its 2net platform,65 a cloud-based platform designed to provide wireless connectivity, data management, and services for chronic disease management and a channel to share medical information. More than 161 partners and collaborators have currently integrated or are considering integration with the 2net platform.66
Smart energy leading the way
Innovation in the energy sector is occurring at a rapid rate. In particular, the emergence of smart grid networks across the United States is perhaps the leading value proposition for exploiting wireless M2M technology. At the broadest level, these networks provide means of tracking energy utilization, mainly in the form of smart grid metering, for two-way communication between consumers and the electricity grid in real time. This enables significant energy and cost-saving features not possible with today' s grid.67
Growth opportunities are significant: Recent analyst projections suggest the US smart grid market will grow from $21.4 billion in 2009 to $42.8 billion in 2014.68 By 2014, 88 percent of this market is projected to be comprised of device and hardware manufacturers, software developers, and communications equipment providers. Within these sub-sectors, double-digit growth forecasts are not uncommon. In parallel, the total smart grid communications market is forecast to experience tremendous market growth with a projected CAGR of 17 percent through 2015. The total market size in 2015 is projected to reach almost $1.6 billion.69The market is divided between wired (with a CAGR of 10 percent) and wireless communications (with a CAGR of 26 percent). Currently the market size of wired communications is larger, but wireless communications will surpass it by 2015 and prove a larger market as more investments are made.70 Other forecasts suggest that the smart grid infrastructure market, including grid automation upgrades as well as smart metering, represents yet another golden opportunity that will likely attract $200 billion in worldwide investment from 2008 to 2015.71 It is across these infrastructure and components markets that semiconductor companies could be well placed to make an impact.
Pathways to competitiveness in this sector can often emerge from participating in various ecosystems that are forming in a number of overlapping industries, bringing together a wide variety of M2M value chain players. From power generation through energy distribution and management, communications infrastructure, and future applications development, the scope and complexity of these ecosystems is growing. Leading semiconductor companies competing in these networks include Qualcomm, which has a number of strategic alliances in place, including an equity stake in Consert Inc., a smart grid technology provider.72 Qualcomm technology is also deployed in 241,000 cellular embedded smart meters as part of Texas New Mexico Power's smart grid network.73
Smart homes on the rise
The impact of smart home74 technology adoption is picking up speed, and semiconductor companies are well placed to capitalize on it. Recent analyst projections suggest global smart home revenues are estimated to reach $72 billion by 2017, with new ecosystems focusing on the development of systems and devices for smart home entertainment, computing, monitoring and control, and even health (see figure 35).75 Market trends to watch in this area include the emergence of app-based home automation solutions; adoption of multiple, and seamless, connectivity options within the home; and a general shift in consumer discrete content viewing to a content-as-a-service model. All of these trends will offer semiconductor companies opportunities to develop and utilize new platform chip technologies in a multitude of home connectivity solutions and consumer devices.
Companies already making inroads into this market include Qualcomm, which has multiple wireless and wireline products as well as software solutions that enable smart home connectivity,76 and Samsung, which has introduced AllShare, a digital content sharing platform for smart home use. Samsung has also launched Smart View, a software application that links its Smart TVs with its own brand of mobile devices, enabling users to stream live TV and other content. Also part of the firm's platform strategy is a home energy management (HEM) solution that integrates smart appliances, smart TVs, thermostats, mobile devices, solar panels, and smart meters.
Mobile payments finally set to take off?
In the world of mobile technology-enabled commerce, mobile payments technology has been the headline grabber for a number of years now. With the adoption of NFC77 technology steadily rising in the United States and global consumer markets, analysts predict that the market for mobile payments will reach $617 billion in transaction value by 2016, with the North American market predicted to grow at a CAGR of 126 percent during 2009–2016 (see figure 36).78
Growth opportunities for semiconductor companies in the area of mobile payments will primarily depend on the scale of adoption of NFC technology and integrated NFC chipsets. In addition to payment technology, NFC is also used for data share functions, interactive gaming, mobile advertising, ticketing, transportation, and wireless streaming. In terms of penetration, nearly 40 million NFC-enabled devices were shipped in 2011, and the market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 82 percent and reach 800 million by 2016 (see figure 38).79 It is estimated that over 50 percent of NFC-enabled devices will be smartphones and 25 percent will be consumer electronic devices. Companies developing NFC chip platforms include NXP, Inside Secure, TI, Broadcom, Qualcomm, and Intel. Many of these chipsets will be integrated into devices such as PCs/notebooks, routers, and gaming consoles.
Despite the bullish forecasts, challenges exist with NFC reaching scale in predicted adoption. In the United States, the mobile payments landscape continues to be marked with uncertainty as competing platforms, ecosystems, and technology standards remain in flux, with major players such as Google, Visa, AT&T, and Verizon pushing ahead in developing their own proprietary consumer platform solutions. Until collaboration and integration occur across the mobile payments value chain, NFC payment transaction values are likely to remain flat in the United States and global markets.80
For chipset manufacturers, a broader outlook on NFC utilization beyond smartphone payment applications will be critical while the mobile payments infrastructure develops to facilitate widespread consumer adoption.
Keys to unlocking growth: Democratize or die!
"Not all the smart people work for us. We need to work with smart people inside and outside our company."
— Henry Chesbrough, 2003
H aving defined the mobile semiconductor landscape and assessed the most likely industries and end markets for mobile semiconductor growth, in this section we switch our focus to the enterprise and explore the strategies, tactics, and resources used by successful semiconductor firms competing in mobile. Unsurprisingly, the tactics used by these companies for exploiting growth opportunities vary according to the specific industry, product technology, and market offering. However, our research did reveal a number of common threads across the core components of the leading companies' innovation strategies. Specifically, elements from the open innovation and platform leadership playbooks are thought to be key in pursuing breakthrough innovation in each company analyzed.81 This is enabling the emergence of democratized pathways to growth, allowing companies to look beyond the four walls of their organizations to secure new knowledge and new partners for collaboration. In doing so, company boundaries are becoming permeable and the process for developing mobile technology-based innovation is increasingly distributed and dispersed across geographies and talent demographics.
Open innovation—a decade old and still evolving
A decade has passed since Henry Chesbrough, the Berkeley professor often considered the leading academic on open innovation, laid the foundations for what many think is the dominant model in innovation strategy today. Since then, open innovation has allowed companies from an increasingly wide variety of industries the chance to explore the advantages of cooperation and collaboration and kick-start their previously stagnant innovation process. Even more significant are the risks associated with not pursuing open innovation. Evidence is mounting that firms that do not enter into collaborative knowledge sharing can, as a consequence, expect to shrink their knowledge base over the long term, lose their ability to partner with other organizations, and ultimately stymie their entire innovation capability82—all of which could be bad news for those seeking growth in new mobile markets.
As more companies shift from the traditional closed model of innovation and embrace an open approach, gone are the days of relying on R&D to be kept in-house. No longer do firms need to depend on the old ways of using internal resources to closely guard the development of intellectual property until new products or services are launched in the market. Open innovation is, in many ways, the antithesis of this approach, helping companies look beyond their boundaries to seek and utilize flows of knowledge, both inbound and outbound, to accelerate internal innovation and expand markets for external innovation.83 And as the model becomes more widely used, management research on the topic is increasingly focused on understanding the "mechanics" of execution.84 Consequently, current approaches to making open innovation work tend to fall into three broad process categories: outside-in, inside-out, and hybrid.85
The outside-in process
The most common approach to implementing open innovation is through a series of activities that can be characterized as outside-in processes.86 Here, the objective is to improve the company's knowledge base primarily to stimulate and enhance the process of innovation. This is usually done by integrating and interacting with external sources of new knowledge such as those in the immediate competitive landscape, including suppliers, clients, customers, and competitors. Other external sources can also include research institutes and non-customers and suppliers from completely different industries. It is here that the importance of developing an astute innovation networking strategy is paramount, with the ability to expand networks into supporting ecosystems that integrate disparate communities now recognized as a core skill.
The inside-out process
The inside-out approach to open innovation concerns the routes by which firms can capture value by bringing ideas to the market, trading in intellectual property, and transferring technologies to the external market for further development.87 Those companies that emphasize an inside-out process as their core open innovation approach primarily look to shift the exploitation of their intellectual property beyond the firm's boundaries through licensing mechanisms that are often used to spread technology and ideas to other companies and other industries. Value is often generated and captured by using IP licensing royalty fees, making agreements with other firms in joint ventures, and developing spin-off companies, all of which can allow firms utilizing these tactics to collectively generate more overall value from innovation. The focus on new business model innovation in new markets via corporate venturing is also an outlet for larger multinational companies that have the resources to pursue such strategies.
The hybrid (or coupled) process
A hybrid (or coupled) open innovation process focuses on combining aspects of the outside-in approach to secure new knowledge with tactics from the inside-out process to bring ideas to the market. Here, co-creation between usually complementary partners via network alliances, joint ventures, and other vehicles for cooperation is combined with commercialization tactics to develop and exploit innovation.88 Many of the approaches used in this process stem from lessons learned in areas such as open source software development where communities of self-organizing peers evolve to enable product development. These approaches can involve integrating early adopters of technology (also known as lead users), consumers, and universities and research institutes. Partnering with innovation intermediaries such as InnoCentive and crowdsourcing solutions using digital platforms are also examples of deploying a hybrid process in an open innovation strategy. These last two approaches are evidence that developments in social media technologies are enabling companies to interact with an unprecedented variety of partners, drawing them into the heart of their open innovation strategies in all stages of product design, development, and adoption in the market.
Our study on semiconductor companies pursuing mobile technology-based growth synthesized these three process categories into a single framework for analysis. This framework acts as a "lens" through which to view the tactics being used for innovation in each company across a wide range of industries. A notable research finding is the predominant use of platform leadership strategies in pursuing top-line mobile growth.
Platform leadership—at the core of mobile business model innovation
Underpinning many of the critical steps in a company's open innovation playbook is the use of a broader platform leadership strategy designed to quickly develop and deploy mobile technology platforms and gain traction in emerging mobile growth areas. From a competitive perspective, a number of dominant platform leaders—companies adept at developing and deploying mobile platforms designed to rally other new and established players (usually around particular operating system [OS] technologies) and collaborate on new products and services—have emerged, and they continue to make significant gains in emerging mobile growth areas.89
Platform leaders control the development of a core product or service that usually emerges from a broader technology platform, the growth of which is also under the platform leader's control.90 Success in this area often relies on the ability to nurture ecosystems of complementors91—firms that support and build/expand the platform to provide greater value for customers. Astute leverage of networks of complementors and the subsequent adoption of the platform by users can lead to large-scale network effects that can then be exploited in the platform's commercialization phase. The personal computer and video game industries are good examples of where core technology platforms (for example, the Windows platform and the Microsoft Xbox gaming platform) were expanded by networks of developers and supported by the subsequent innovative efforts of complementors who made these platforms a market success.92
Examples of open innovation and platform leadership crossover are increasingly evident in the telecom and mobile sectors, where both strategies are used across industry value chains to gain access to new knowledge and technologies. This is often done via new network partnerships structured to develop product and service platforms that are then used to forge new markets and increase competitiveness. For instance, network carriers are beginning to simultaneously use open innovation and platform leadership strategies to attract partners and customers toward the development of new wireless technology platforms. AT&T, for example, has recently embarked on its high-profile "foundry" strategy designed to boost its venturing capability by orchestrating ecosystems that create new ideas, stimulate product innovation, and provide start-up companies with partnerships to market.93 Tactics used often draw on the "collaborative community" approach in which participants in open innovation networks build cooperative relationships in environments where intellectual property (IP) rights are not threatened. This is a key element of network building, aimed at increasing knowledge flows, idea generation, and the adoption of new product platforms in a relatively IP-friendly environment. More competitive approaches are also common in which network partners that compete with each other are driven by the need to maximize value capture through "co-opetition"—in other words, competing in efforts to support the development of a common platform for the benefit of the broader network. In these instances, the formation, adoption, and expansion of network partnerships into supporting ecosystems is thought to be a key step in the process of generating and capturing platform value.94
In today's mobile world, operating systems such as Google's Android, the Windows phone, and Apple's iOS are some of the most prominent stand-alone platforms that help drive industry-wide innovation.95 Each of these platforms successfully integrates separately developed technologies and attracts other third parties to add their own product innovations. Here, the parallels between the emergence of the open mobile era and the evolution of the personal computer (PC) industry are evident. The explosive growth of the PC industry over the last two decades could not have occurred without a broad supporting cast of various companies' products. Operating systems combined with hardware such as keyboards, monitors, and disk drives, along with software applications and developer kits, all helped fuel the stellar growth of the PC industry. The same evolution can be forecast for the mobile industry.96 The mobile OS platform will likely become a core technology architecture around which layers of hardware and software will be integrated by platform developers and ecosystems of complementors.
Companies looking to boost business model innovation by becoming platform leaders in this area should first leverage network effects to increase the number of people using the platform product. Doing so can lead to more opportunities and incentives for complementor firms to introduce complementary products and services that may assist in growing the platform.97
Understanding the elements of platform leadership
In this study, we define a platform as simply a company's technological building block of separate, interlinked components. These components can be either hardware or software—or both—which can be further developed and/or added to by third-party developers and, in some instances, competitors. Products can be thought of as platforms when they consist of one component or a subsystem of an evolving technological system. Platforms are normally functionally interdependent with most of the other components of the overall system, which ultimately drives consumer demand. Many proprietary platforms consist of an architecture of related standards, controlled by one or more sponsoring firms. In a mobile computing context, architectural standards could typically encompass a number of processors, an OS, and associated peripherals.
Platform leadership has a number of core elements, some of which overlap with open innovation. For instance, both approaches utilize ecosystems, which can be thought of as stand-alone networks of interlinked companies working cooperatively and competitively to co-evolve capabilities around innovation. Moreover, in the context of "platform ecosystems," firms may collaborate through a common set of technology standards, creating a base architecture as a platform. Other key elements of platform leadership include:
Platform sponsorship: Platform leaders drive innovation in their industry, motivating others to form communities to supply innovation and support their core product platforms. Companies adept at platform leadership wield tremendous influence and help shape the evolution of their industries. Firms looking to become platform leaders should attack the big challenges in their fields and try to solve industry-wide business problems that affect a large number of firms. To become a leader, companies should then effectively "sponsor" the development of the platform and take on the role of curating, coordinating, and mobilizing co-development networks with partner firms.
Community building: Platform leadership often requires a comprehensive approach to network and ecosystem building to support the development and commercialization of the platform. Leaders facilitate a community of complementors to supply add-on products and services that create momentum around the platform. Companies need to develop supporting innovation communities that reconfigure talent, resources, and capabilities to serve and feed the platforms. Often, these networks, which can be dispersed and drawn together across disparate geographies, mimic the mechanisms of the open source development model, which has traditionally linked self-organizing talent quickly and efficiently to develop code. The same process is now being used to boost product and service innovation focused on enhancing the platform that coordinates their activities.
Platform interface design: The concept of modularity (the ability to separate technical components of the platform) in platform design is an important element of platform leadership. Modularity allows leaders to combine technical innovation with business model innovation, boosting the potential for commercial exploitation while sustaining control over platform integration. Modularity in platform interface design promotes outsourcing in collaborative development, provided that the platform's architecture and interfaces are appropriately designed to allow users and the supporting ecosystem of innovation communities to develop new product complements. A robust technology and intellectual property plan should also be in place to guide decisions on managing the platform technology interfaces. At this stage, companies should decide how much modularity is required in the technology architecture in order to enhance the core platform technology's ease of use and compatibility across multiple product generations. Many of the semiconductor industry's leading products are based on platforms with enhanced modularity built in. From a historical perspective, Qualcomm's integrated CDMA chip sets were an early example of modular architecture that was used to great effect across a wide range of the wireless industry's products and services.
IP and incentive management: Decisions on designing modular interfaces also require careful consideration of what to make open and what to protect in terms of core intellectual property. Platform leaders should pay close attention to how much of their IP should be made available to the market and to complementor firms. Not all platforms may need to be completely open. If too much IP is given away, firms face the risk of complementors becoming competitors.98 Conversely, companies that hoard too much of their IP run the risk of severely diminishing the potential for innovation that can sustain platform momentum. Therefore, knowing what to protect versus what to disclose in order to stimulate third-party innovation is vital. Companies should begin this process by evaluating their core capabilities to understand exactly where their strengths and weaknesses lie in the context of their functional and value chain activities. The decision to open up proprietary technology to weaken the opportunity for rivals to capture value from the same technology only works if the company's strengths in other business areas are sufficient to generate competitive advantage. This is a critical decision when considering the use of open source technology to develop open platform business models.99
Separating the leaders from the laggards: Selected case studies
To dig deeper into which semiconductor companies are edging ahead in the mobile growth wars, our enterprise-focused research explored the tactics and strategies used by leading semiconductor companies gaining traction in new mobile technology markets. Our initial analysis utilized a structure-conduct-performance (SCP) framework (see figure 39), which is an enduring approach to analyzing the relationships between an industry's structure and the influence it has on the conduct and performance of the companies that compete within it.100 Using the SCP framework allowed for investigation of a firm's performance (profitability) against the context of its conduct or behavior (in this instance, primarily innovation processes) within the structure of the industry and various elements such as barriers to entry and the number and size of competitors. Using each element of the SCP framework, we explored the mobile semiconductor landscape in more depth. For example, we employed Porter's five forces framework under the structure category to assess the elements that comprise Porter's well-known model101 (existing industry competitors, threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers/customers, and threat of substitute products and services).
Following the performance element of the SCP framework, a preliminary revenue growth analysis identified seven major semiconductor companies that are leading and/or gaining traction in mobile technology-dominated markets: Qualcomm, Samsung, Intel, Broadcom, Nvidia, ARM, and TI. In-depth case studies were then developed for each company to explore their core capabilities and common approaches to growth and innovation. The following section outlines the case study approach and highlights selected examples from each segment of the analysis.
Case study methods overview
A case study analysis of each company helped explore commonalities in growth and the innovation tactics used by each firm. These commonalities provided a preliminary basis for generalizing across companies to begin to understand the basis of competitive advantage in the mobile semiconductor industry at a much finer level of tactical detail.102 A cross-case study comparison then provided insight into each individual company's platform leadership and open innovation strategies for generating growth in mobile. The presence and use of platform leadership and open innovation strategies and tactics were then tentatively linked to financial performance. We also explored each firm's core competencies using academic theory rooted in the evolutionary economics field, specifically the resource-based view of the firm.103 The well-known core competence framework derived by C.K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel provided a means of evaluating and comparing each firm's approach to establishing competitive advantage.104
The lens used for analyzing active elements of the open innovation and platform leadership strategies used by each company initially comprised two analytical frameworks derived from the core elements of each strategy. In the context of open innovation, our analysis framework focused on those processes for innovation that could be categorized under the inside-out, outside-in, and hybrid approaches to open innovation described earlier. From our initial findings, we broke these processes down into five separate tactics evident from secondary research on each company's approach to innovation and value appropriation. The five tactics observed were in-licensing external technology, shared architectural control, information transparency, enabling third-party complements, and out-licensing external technology. These tactics are also individually recognized in academic open innovation literature as valid methods for pursuing an open innovation strategy.105 By synthesizing these elements in this manner, we offer a new approach to evaluating democratized approaches to innovation within the semiconductor sector.
To analyze platform leadership strategies, we again derived a framework based on the previously described critical elements of platform leadership drawn from academic literature. For ease of categorization, we positioned these elements under the headings of design, development, and adoption, which represent the broad phases of the innovation process from concept to commercialization.106 Finally, integrating both perspectives allowed for a method of analyzing both open innovation and platform leadership strategies (see figure 40).
Selected case study highlights
The following examples highlight some of the main findings from three of the companies for which case studies were developed, namely Qualcomm, Intel, and Broadcom.107 These insights were derived primarily from extensive secondary research and supplemented by interviews with select mobile semiconductor executives.
Qualcomm: From smartphones to mHealth and beyond
In recent years, Qualcomm has taken major steps to expand its product and service offerings beyond the confines of the conventional semiconductor market. Traditionally a leader in wireless component technology, the firm has strong platform leadership capabilities initially forged in the development of its CDMA wireless technology platform more than three decades ago.108 Today, Qualcomm is a leading player across multiple mobile technology markets and has strengthened its position in various mobile chip end markets such as the applications processor and baseband processor markets.109 In particular, the successful expansion of its Snapdragon application processor platform has proved popular with a variety of leading mobile device vendors (both smartphones and tablets) such as Samsung, HTC, LG, Nokia, and Sony.
However, it is beyond the immediate mobile device market where the company has most notably started to flex its platform and innovation capability. With the firm's commitment to research and development regularly exceeding 20 percent of turnover over the past three years (most recently 20.5 percent in 2012, amounting to $3.9 billion),110 growth through product innovation is viewed as a priority. Indeed, a number of new initiatives have been established, from augmented reality to femtocells, which have helped the firm increase the diversity of its technology portfolio. Such a sizeable outlay to R&D is rewarded via the appropriation of value through IP royalties, which continues to be a dominant revenue generator for the company and a core competence (see figure 41). Indeed, a significant 33 percent of revenue generated comes from exploiting IP.111 Securing competitive advantage through innovation continues to be a core growth tactic for the firm. Exploring some recent forays into new mobile technology markets reveals a consistent approach to platform innovation.
Embracing the mHealth opportunity through platform innovation: The US health care sector is witnessing increased adoption of mobile and wireless technology, with the global mobile health (mHealth) market forecast to be worth $11.8 billion by 2018.112 Within this fast-growing embedded segment, the consumer medical device market is expected to be a leading connectivity growth opportunity for semiconductor companies.
Key drivers of this expected growth are recent health care reforms in the United States, such as the Affordable Care Act and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, aimed at reducing health care costs, improving care quality, and increasing general public access to health care. These reforms, together with an aging population, are driving the need to reduce the cost of treatment, thus fueling demand for remote patient treatment and monitoring. Within this niche market, device OEMs are utilizing semiconductor processor platforms to enable advanced functionality in areas such as diagnostics and therapy. This is helping fuel the US wireless health monitoring device industry, which has doubled in the past four years from a value of $7.1 billion (2010) and is estimated to grow to $22.2 billion by 2015.113
Qualcomm is one of the semiconductor companies making plays in this area. Through its subsidiary Qualcomm Life, the company has launched the 2net platform, a cloud-based platform designed to provide wireless connectivity and data management services for chronic disease management and to improve the sharing of medical information.114 More than 180 partners and collaborators have currently integrated with or are considering integrating with the 2net platform.
This is one example of Qualcomm's approach to becoming a platform leader in mobile and wireless using elements of the open innovation playbook—in this instance, network and community building (see figure 42). Already leading the mobile applications processor market with the hugely successful Snapdragon chipset,115 which powers many of today's smartphones and tablets, the company has successfully leveraged a number of tactics designed to exploit collaborative innovation. For example, the firm's prominent use of acquisitions and in-licensing technology, most notably in the form of the ARM processor architecture at the core of the Snapdragon chipset, has allowed it to build a series of resilient technology platforms across multiple markets and engage third parties as part of a collaborative innovation strategy. Partnering with firms to assist them in developing new mobile software and hardware innovation allows Qualcomm to build networks and lead new ecosystems that complement and enhance its proprietary core technologies. Other vehicles used to establish collaborative innovation networks and allow co-development on shared product architectures include Qualcomm's venture capital group, which acts as a conduit to bring in and spin out new ideas and products to the market. The Qualcomm Life Fund is part of this group. It is focused on investing in companies active in areas such as chronic disease management, remote diagnosis, and health informatics and analytics, all of which will help accelerate the adoption of the 2net platform.116
Open innovation and platform leadership tactics in use: In 2009, Qualcomm established the Qualcomm Innovation Center to promote mobile open source software development in conjunction with developing proprietary Qualcomm technologies. Once again, acquiring external technology and establishing innovation networks—this time in the open source community—are a key element of the process.
The Qualcomm Innovation Center has undertaken a series of successful initiatives in areas such as smart home technology via the AllJoyn project. This technology platform has a P2P framework at its core that enables wireless networking between devices and applications through an open and shared architecture, and allows developers to create apps and services that can leverage P2P connectivity within the home.117 The firm leverages its developer network in many similar open source projects. All of these are supported by the Innovation Center, which helps provide developers and device vendors access to software developer kits (SDKs) and source code, making it easy to take advantage of next-generation Qualcomm technologies.
Other open innovation tactics center on the firm's strong capabilities in licensing intellectual property, both in-licensing and out-licensing. With regard to in-licensing, acquisitions are a common way to fill gaps in the technology portfolio or to enter new markets; the Atheros deal in the area of wireless connectivity is an example. Qualcomm has also in-licensed a number of well-known technology platforms such as the ARM Cortex architecture platform and the Ensigma UCC broadcast, communication, and connectivity IP family from Imagination Technologies. With regard to out-licensing, the firm has steadily built on the success of its CDMA licensing program and has leveraged its venturing process, via the group Qualcomm Ventures, to considerable effect in emerging mobile technology development (50 percent of investments are in software development).118
Other notable successes in Qualcomm's mobile platform leadership efforts are centered on more traditional chip market offerings. The Snapdragon family of ARM-based mobile application processor platforms and the Gobi cellular baseband platform, which are both positioned to serve a wide range of mobile and wireless device markets, are notable examples. Each is currently the leading product in its particular end market. The Snapdragon processor is a successful application processor platform technology in the smartphone, tablet, and PC sectors.119 Meanwhile, the Gobi platform has emerged as a prominent modem chipset in the 3G/4G modem market, in which Qualcomm is a leading supplier. The chipset, which currently powers over 100 Internet of Things devices, is being leveraged by the company as a gateway platform across a number of emerging embedded wireless connectivity markets that utilize machine-to-machine technologies. This includes the smart energy sector, the industrial automation market, and the wireless automotive technology market.120
In these examples of Qualcomm's mobile and wireless platform innovation strategy, certain key elements are prominent in helping propel the firm's growth play in each emerging mobile market. To begin with, the process of forming, cultivating, and launching a complementor ecosystem is a critical step. In each instance, the firm positions itself at the center of a nascent network of partner firms, many of which are from disparate industries that are adopting mobile technology at the core of new business models. This allows Qualcomm to direct and grow the network around its particular core technology platform. The core technology is often then used as a building block around which innovative new products and services are developed by the ecosystem partner firms and launched into emerging mobile and wireless markets. In each of the ecosystems, design, development, and adoption partnerships are evident, creating potential pathways to mobile growth for Qualcomm. In the case of the Snapdragon platform, the complementor ecosystem (see figure 43) is broadly made up of mobile device manufacturers, processor core technology partners (ARM), software developer partners, technical standards bodies and institutions, OS providers, and finally Qualcomm's own chipset reference design group. Together, these partner networks coalesce around the Snapdragon platform, with Qualcomm acting as the platform sponsor and coordinating design, development, and adoption relationships. Doing so enables interfaces designed around core areas of the platform to act as channels for third-party complementors to support the platform and often facilitates in-licensing and out-licensing deals to generate and capture value from intellectual property.121
With the Gobi platform, Qualcomm has once more developed a robust ecosystem to support, adopt, and lead the commercialization of the modem chipset platform (see figure 44). With Qualcomm, a leading provider of multi-mode 3G and 4G modems that integrate voice, data, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, location, and security features, the Gobi chipset platform offers one of the most complete solutions for wireless connectivity in the market. As a result, Gobi modems can be found powering a broad range of notebooks, smartphones, tablets, data devices, and connectivity devices across an expanding mobile device and embedded wireless connectivity market. The ecosystem to support the development of this platform can again be broken down into three distinct design, development, and adoption phases. As the acting platform sponsor and provider of the core Gobi platform technology, the company coordinates development and commercialization activities using a broad range of open interfaces to link to module suppliers such as Huawei and Novatel; OS providers such as Android, Windows, and Linux; standards bodies; and, of course, software developer communities. Qualcomm's Gobi application programming interface (API) and software development kit (SDK)provide a common software interface that allows developers to connect and develop software for a broad range of 3G and 4G mobile and wireless devices. Recently, an uptick in wireless connectivity opportunities has seen Qualcomm's M2M group reference hardware designs and respective SDKs to developers focus on M2M applications for Gobi-powered devices in areas such as telematics, smart metering, healthcare, retail, and asset tracking.122
Similar features are also seen in the case of the 2net platform described earlier. With the 2net platform, Qualcomm has designed an open, cloud-based service platform that enables end-to-end wireless connectivity facilitating the storage, encryption, and transmission of data from medical devices to a centralized hub (the 2net hub, which is a stand-alone FDA-listed device that enables a plug-and-play connectivity gateway). The platform also provides data management and managed services for chronic disease management (such as remote monitoring services) that can be accessed by a range of partners. These partners form the core of the 2net ecosystem and span the wireless health care value chain. Network partners include wireless medical device vendors and manufacturers, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies, health care service providers (such as insurance companies and data service providers), informatics companies, OS providers, software developers, network carriers, and industry and academic groups. Qualcomm, as the sponsor and provider of the platform, enables third-party complementors to support and develop the 2net platform by distributing platform SDKs and APIs that provide access to a stream of biometric data across multiple devices, radio technologies, and software OS platforms. This allows software partners to tap into the 2net medical data stream and enable innovative applications to be developed, with the goal of further stimulating the use and adoption of the 2net platform. Qualcomm predominantly appropriates value from the platform via a licensing and subscription model wherein a stable and secure network is provided for partners and complementors, facilitating biometric data aggregation and analytical services.123
Intel: Mobile becomes a priority
The world's largest semiconductor company has, until recently, chosen primarily to consolidate and grow its market leadership position in the PC and related server and data center markets. However, over the past two years, the firm has steadily focused on making an impact in emerging mobile and wireless connectivity markets. In 2012, with R&D spend at $10.1 billion, it announced a series of R&D system-on-chip (SoC) investments for the smartphone, tablet, and ultrabook mobile device categories, as well as a growing focus on the wireless embedded systems markets.124 To complement this aggressive move into mobile, Intel continues to develop its traditionally strong manufacturing capabilities, with its technology roadmap pushing the development of 450-mm diameter wafers and 10-nm nodes beyond 2015.125 Figure 45 provides an overview of the company's core competences as it begins to change direction and focus on emerging mobile growth opportunities.
Open innovation at Intel: Broadly speaking, Intel has focused its innovation activities around three core pillars of computing: energy-efficient performance, security, and connectivity.126 Again, using the design, development, and adoption lens for analysis and linking back to the critical elements of the open innovation playbook, it is clear that open innovation has a role in many business units across the firm in its approach to technology and manufacturing platform design. Prominent in this regard is the company's R&D group, Intel Labs, which has implemented specific processes built around developing dynamic ecosystems to support broader technology development. These processes often feed into the company's famed "tick-tock" model of chip manufacturing process technology development.127 The Intel Labs joint pathfinding process is a good example of this approach, which seeks to build new ways of collaborating and sharing resources between research labs and business partners; the goal is to span the "valley of death that lies between research and product adoption," according to Martin Curley, director of Intel Labs in Europe.128 Intel Labs views this process as part of its overall drive toward implementing its Open Innovation 2.0 strategy, which aims to integrate the traditional open innovation elements of partnering and networking with a more comprehensive adoption of ecosystem development that includes the use of social media technologies, co-creation platforms, and user innovation communities to broaden the impact of open innovation across the company.
Other aspects of the company's active open innovation playbook include substantial in-licensing of external technology through patent acquisition, notably in the areas of LTE and home networking, as well as via the acquisition of established technology providers such as Infineon's wireless solutions business and embedded software provider Wind River Systems. In the area of co-creation, Intel collaborates with a number of partner firms, including Toyota on wireless connectivity in automotive driver assistance systems and General Electric in the area of mHealth. The approach is often to develop common technology platform assets and share platform architecture control with collaborators. Information transparency is also important in the collaborative process; in some instances, it links to the company's involvement in open source software initiatives. One such example is the Tizen open source project housed under the Linux Foundation, which is a project focused on developing an open source mobile OS platform. The development of this initiative is led by a technical steering group composed of Samsung and Intel. The effort has led to the distribution of multiple open source development licenses within and beyond the open source mobile software community.129
Other areas of the company that utilize open innovation processes include Intel Capital, the firm's venture capital group, which has a strong track record of acquiring, funding, and commercializing Intel's technology-based ventures. Since 1991, Intel Capital has helped over 200 companies go public, while more than 300 have been acquired or have participated in mergers. A steady flow of out-licensing technology deals is another commercialization channel leveraged by Intel Capital, which has a number of dedicated investment funds to draw from. These include an ultrabook fund, the AppUp mobile software developer fund, and regional and country-related funds such as the Brazil technology fund and the India technology fund.130 Aligned with the AppUp fund is the AppUp developer program, which assists mobile software and application developers by distributing SDKs and APIs to enable apps to be built on Intel's x86 architecture across various device and OS platforms.131 Collaborations are wide and varied and include partners in the area of smartphones such as device OEM Lenovo and network carrier Orange, both of which worked with Intel's Medfield-powered form factor reference design (FFRD) to produce smartphone devices. The collaboration with Orange in particular is thought to be unique, as Intel is the first chipmaker to sell an FFRD directly to a carrier rather than through an OEM.132
Other notable aspects of this Atom-based ecosystem include strong network ties to developer communities through funding mechanisms (see figure 46). Links to the Intel AppUp center by way of Intel's online AppUp stores—from app development through commercialization—are also apparent. A high level of information transparency, often enabled by the use of open source software code, enables third-party complementors from the software community to co-create directly with the company on and around the Atom platform. This has enabled Intel to make inroads into areas such as mobile payments by collaborating with the likes of Visa and its payWave133 technology on software security and the use of the Atom- powered FFRD.
Platform leadership tactics in mobile and wireless: Intel's famed approach to platform leadership in the PC and server markets is enabling the company to attempt to rapidly catch up in emerging mobile growth markets and take on archrival ARM, the dominant leader in mobile chip design.134 Leading the charge is the company's aggressive development of the Atom SoC platform for a variety of device and embedded markets. With this particular processor platform, Intel initially targeted the netbook market, releasing multiple versions of the architecture for various product segments and generating annual revenue in excess of $1 billion from 2009 through 2011.135 As sales have climbed, the company is now targeting the broader mobile landscape with a focus on the smartphone and tablet markets, where analysts predict that Intel could generate revenues of anywhere between $700 million to $1 billion with smartphones and $300 million to $600 million with tablets in the short to medium term.136 Much of this projected revenue will likely depend on the success of the recent Medfield and Clover Trail processors, which are based on 32-nm architectures and promise gains in lowering power consumption in the smartphone and tablet markets. Plans for successors to both SoCs were also announced recently. The next versions of the Atom processor, code named Merrifield and Bay Trail, will make their debuts in smartphones and tablets, respectively, 2014 onward. Both new processors, which are based on the new Silvermont 22-nm architecture, promise up to 50 percent improvement in performance, enhanced battery life, and LTE connectivity.137 Broadening adoption beyond the Windows 8 OS smartphone and tablet platform is considered the key challenge as the company looks to expand its mobile device OS footprint, with Google's Android platform being a prime target.138
Regarding embedded market opportunities, Intel is also positioning the Atom processor to address market needs in the areas of in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) and M2M (see figure 47), which, according to analyst estimates, could net the company revenues in excess of $1 billion per year over the next few years.139
Capitalizing on mobile and wireless growth in the automotive and health care industries: The automotive industry has made great strides over the last three years in rapidly adopting wireless technology across a range of consumer and enterprise products and services. With in-vehicle electronics growing in complexity and demand, two categories for semiconductor growth currently stand out: IVI and telematics/connectivity systems.140 By far the biggest automotive connectivity growth channel, the IVI market is estimated to reach $41 billion by 2016 (see figure 48).141 Propelled by a surge in the integration of infotainment and wireless connectivity solutions that will power features such as next-generation navigation systems, advanced premium audio, fuel efficiency, and enhanced safety functionality, this section of the market is expected to offer chipmakers opportunities to significantly expand their embedded market footprint. Similarly, chip companies are finding strong growth opportunities in the telematics category, where connectivity systems to assist vehicle diagnostics for maintenance, fleet vehicle management, and roadside assistance are converging with advanced driver insurance systems in products such as pay-as-you-go driver insurance and driver-based insurance mapping.
Intel, which is using its Atom processor to develop next-generation IVI platforms, is enabling co-development, partnering with companies such as Hyundai Motor Corporation, Kia Motors, Toyota, and Nissan.142 The company's strategy is to grow its leading position at the core of an ecosystem that incorporates multimedia and voice technology companies, IVI system manufacturers, mobile software developers, and car manufacturers (see figure 49).143 The value proposition surrounding the Atom platform—lower power consumption, 3G and Bluetooth wireless capabilities, and advanced video streaming, navigation, and gaming capabilities—makes it attractive for partner firms to use at the core of their own IVI platform technologies and thereby become complementor firms contributing to the core platform' s success.
Building a presence in mHealth: Intel's involvement in the emerging mHealth sector follows a similar strategy to its play in the embedded automotive markets. Once again, the company is steadily developing and orchestrating networks of ecosystems to support its core Atom processor in various emerging embedded wireless health care markets. Partnerships with a diverse variety of platform complementor firms—including OEM device vendors, OS developers, and service providers—support the development of wireless business model innovation in areas such as health care informatics, mobile medical devices, and health care data gateways (see figure 50).144 In particular, the Atom processor is used by hardware partners to address many of the design challenges inherent in developing secure systems that increase device interoperability and support an upgrade path for the future.145
Broadcom: Expanding the connectivity portfolio
Broadcom Corporation is a leading fabless semiconductor company with strong market positions across the mobile and wireless, infrastructure, and broadband communications sectors. Traditionally, the company has leveraged its significant R&D capabilities to remain competitive in established and emerging markets. In 2012, its R&D spend was approximately $2.3 billion or 29 percent of revenue, the third-largest overall in semiconductor R&D spending.146 An outcome of this commitment to innovation is the firm's holdings and IP portfolio, which is considered one of the strongest in the industry by organizations such as the Patent Board and IEEE. Indeed, the company was ranked second after Samsung in the Patent Board's 2012 semiconductor innovator rankings, based on the quality, strength, and size of its patent portfolio.147
Unsurprisingly, as consumer and enterprise demand grows for mobile products and services, the company is increasingly focusing on developing its wireless product offerings, with current research areas emphasizing LTE and wireless connectivity SoC solutions. Figure 51 highlights the core competences that the firm is developing to ensure that mobile and wireless growth in emerging end markets is at the center of its mobile platform innovation strategy.
In line with the other companies profiled, Broadcom is steadily establishing mobile and wireless market positions via platforms and ecosystems in sectors where mobile and wireless technology adoption is rising, such as the automotive and consumer electronics sectors. The firm leads the semiconductor wireless connectivity end market.148 Supporting this position is an increasingly open approach to innovation that allows the company to build on its traditional R&D capabilities across the distinct design, development, and adoption phases of the innovation process.
Several elements of this strategy stand out. In the design stage of the product innovation process, Broadcom is known for its significant commitment to internal development (the firm employs a large number of PhD-level engineers) balanced by an aggressive approach to mergers and acquisitions that allows it to acquire niche companies and technologies, boosting its inflow of knowledge in the process.
Recently, acquisitions in the wireless connectivity, mobile software, and the network carrier sectors have accelerated its push into mobile and wireless. Notable deals include Beceem in the area of LTE, NetLogic Microsystems in multi-core embedded processors, and BroadLight in optical network processors. A concentrated push to in-license wireless technology is seen as an important mechanism for establishing pathways to future mobile growth.149
Broadcom also focuses on establishing co-creation partnerships with third-party complementor firms, sharing access to its intellectual property with the likes of the application developer community and government agencies under various licensing agreements.150 While out-licensing its strong IP portfolio remains a major revenue mechanism, many of these agreements are royalty-free and designed to stimulate the use of mobile technology for the public good in areas such as public health and emergency response applications. Sharing architectural control of product development platforms and boosting information transparency to aid knowledge sharing are hallmarks of the company's approach to innovation in wireless connectivity markets. For example, the firm actively participates in open source software networks (it is a founding member of the LiMo foundation), providing APIs and SDKs to the Android development community. Through this activity, the firm aims to extend its chip footprint in emerging mobile growth markets such as near field communications (NFC), where the firm's NFC software stack can be found embedded in the Android OS platform. Broadcom also targets the wireless automotive markets, where it is a leading member of the OpenSIG alliance—an industry group formed to collaborate on commercializing Ethernet-based connectivity solutions in the automotive sector. Expanding its role in the software developer ecosystem is a key objective for Broadcom as it looks to emulate the success of competitor firms in this area such as Qualcomm.151
Platform leadership tactics in emerging wireless connectivity markets: Broadcom's prime objective in the mobile and wireless markets is to increase chipset functionality and steadily expand its portfolio of connectivity solutions, especially in the area of combo chips/SoCs, which are used in smartphones and tablets.152 Shifting its R&D efforts to focus on developing integrated baseband and application processors 2010 onward, has allowed the firm to gradually extend its reach with major device vendors such as Apple, Samsung, and Nokia, all of which use Broadcom connectivity chipsets in a variety of smartphone and tablet devices. Analysts estimate that Broadcom currently has a 70 percent share in the smartphone and tablet connectivity chipset market.153
As the LTE market continues to expand, opportunities for the company to leverage its experience across the baseband, GPS, Wi-Fi/Bluetooth, and application processor markets continue to improve. Developing robust combo chip platform solutions in these markets should provide a means for securing growth in a number of new mobile technology markets (see figure 52).
An important element in Broadcom's wireless connectivity strategy is its goal of strengthening and expanding its presence in software developer networks as a pathway to technology adoption. To do this, the company is seeking to sponsor and orchestrate new ecosystems built around its core chip software technology that will allow the accelerated development of future SoC products.154 Target complementor partners include OS providers and sponsors to aid in developing SDKs that will likely attract application developers to work with Broadcom technology. The company believes that enhancing software development around core chip technology platforms will provide better integration with hardware solutions and stronger collaboration opportunities with mobile and consumer electronic device OEMs. The firm's reference design program is a prominent element of this strategy. In this program, Broadcom provides reference platforms consisting of layers of software applications designed around its integrated circuitry, which enables application developers to optimize app development on Broadcom-powered devices.
Making moves with NFC and mobile payments: One area in particular where Broadcom is using software platform leadership tactics to establish a competitive advantage in wireless connectivity is NFC technology. Analysts predict that the NFC market is set to grow at a CAGR of 82 percent from 2011 through 2016, with a predicted 800 million NFC-enabled devices shipped by 2016 (see figure 53). More than 50 percent of these devices will be smartphones, and 25 percent will be consumer electronic devices.155 Large-scale adoption of NFC chip technology will likely depend on the success of mobile payment technology, which is yet to be fully adopted in the developed markets. This is mainly because economic complexities in the payment ecosystem are slowing down infrastructure development as various players across different industries struggle to find common ground in value appropriation and distribution. Nevertheless, analysts remain bullish that the estimated uptick in smartphone NFC technology will stimulate consumer adoption of mobile payment services and products, with a predicted global transaction value of $38 billion by 2016.156
To act on these opportunities, Broadcom acquired Innovision Research & Technology Plc, an NFC technology company, in 2010 to enhance its NFC capabilities. The firm ultimately aims to develop secure NFC-enabled application processors and generate untapped revenue in combo chip solutions (Wi-Fi + LTE + NFC). At the core of this strategy is the goal of reducing system costs associated with NFC technology to the point where it becomes attractive to integrate NFC into everyday smartphones that are used to facilitate mobile payment transactions—spurring consumer adoption in the process. At the same time, the firm intends to cultivate the use of NFC in other applications where the technology could be useful and quickly gain commercial momentum (see figure 54). Such applications include targeted mobile advertising, interactive gaming devices, ticketing and transportation access technology, and wireless infrastructure technology. An important element of this strategy will be to focus on targeting products and services on and around the Android OS platform, which represents the largest market for NFC adoption: Approximately 1 million NFC-enabled Android devices are activated each week.157
In terms of specific platform leadership tactics aimed at creating and capturing value with NFC chip technologies, Broadcom is steadily building and participating in a series of NFC development and commercialization ecosystems and partner networks. Chief among these is the company's role as an NFC chip technology platform sponsor in multiple Android ecosystems. To date, these activities have focused mainly on the development of Broadcom's own NFC software stack, which is widely used across many Android wireless connectivity solutions; the solution has the backing of Google, which uses the stack in a number of its Nexus smartphones. Broadcom's stack design affords partners a high level of flexibility in terms of OEM device and application developer adoption. Because of this, a number of diverse routes to commercialization have emerged from the company's NFC ecosystems. These include mobile wallet partners in the ISIS mobile payments ecosystem, mobile device OEMs, software security partners, OS partners, and, of course, application providers (see figure 55). Part of Broadcom's NFC strategy is to orchestrate product development relationships with device OEMs. The company can then use software interfaces to attract complementor firms that can build on the software program and move toward integrating Broadcom chip technology into their products. By encouraging the incorporation of its own reference platforms, which include system-level software suites and application layer software, into OEM prototype devices, Broadcom can collaborate with OEM complementor firms from the early stages of design to a product's final release to the market.158
Summary of the case study analysis
A number of common elements can be identified in the strategies being employed for mobile growth in each of the companies studied. Our analysis provides several themes for discussion and guidance.159
Mapping the mobile and wireless growth opportunities
All seven companies studied have developed significant plays in emerging mobile and wireless connectivity markets. Each company is notable for pursuing mobile business model growth through the use of platform leadership and open innovation strategies. These include making forays into the mHealth and wireless health care markets, mobile commerce and retail, wireless connectivity systems in the automotive sector, consumer electronics and smart home technology, and smart grid solutions in the energy market. Within each of these segments, each company is developing new integrated chip offerings to power mobile device and wireless connectivity solutions. Moreover, several are developing new mobile technology products and solutions beyond their traditional chip component products. Our mobile end market analysis highlights the forecasted trends likely to impact these sectors as new mobile growth opportunities in the 4G era take hold. Figure 56 summarizes some of the strongest wireless growth market opportunities in which leading chip companies are becoming active.
Developing what it takes to compete in mobile technology
Our analysis shows that each case study company has a distinct set of skills, processes, resources, and organizational capabilities that, when integrated and deployed, enable them to create competitive advantage in mobile technology markets. Companies such as Qualcomm, Intel, and Broadcom have a strong overall focus on product development and innovation, which informs their technology expertise and development. Indeed, from a resource-based perspective, all of the companies we analyzed share common competences that are core to their product and service innovation goals (see figure 57). These mainly fall under the conduct category of the SCP strategy framework used to assess behaviors that generate and capture value via superior performance in the market.
Our analysis also points toward tactical commonalities across the studied companies' mobile growth strategies. In particular, common tactics in the three categories of open innovation (outside-in processes, inside-out processes, and hybrid processes) are noticeable in the various design, development, and adoption phases of each firm's mobile technology growth strategy. Similarly, commonalities in the companies' approaches to platform leadership are evident in several areas. These include efforts to develop (and sponsor the development of) core mobile technology, build networks of complementor firms and orchestrate the resulting platform ecosystem, and equip product technologies with open and accessible interfaces to stimulate development. Similar approaches to IP management in the market adoption phase are also notable. All of these elements constitute the core elements of a robust platform leadership strategy.
Taking the three highlighted case studies as an example, Qualcomm, Intel, and Broadcom are each pursuing a variety of growth strategies in emerging mobile markets, many of which are beyond their traditional chip markets. Qualcomm's play in the emerging wireless health care sector is a good example of the firm leveraging its competences and capabilities in traditional areas of strength—such as platform development, technology acquisition, in- and out-licensing, venturing, and ecosystem development (particularly in software development communities)—to generate and capture value in a relatively new market (via its Qualcomm Life initiative). All of these tactics are also present in Qualcomm's efforts to propel the Snapdragon and Gobi chipset platforms to leading positions in the mobile device and wireless connectivity markets.
Intel is using similar approaches to ramp up its focus on emerging mobile opportunities. Long considered a skilled exponent of platform leadership in the PC markets, the company is rapidly exporting its skills and knowledge to mobile growth platforms as it expands its product footprint in a variety of connectivity segments such as automotive and health care. Equally interesting is Intel's renewed commitment to open innovation: With initiatives such as Open Innovation 2.0, Intel is pursuing what the firm calls joint pathfinding—a means of expanding its collaborative capabilities by introducing a variety of open innovation and platform leadership tactics in new and emerging R&D markets. Once again, we note the company's focus on activities such as corporate venturing to develop new ecosystems in communities at the heart of the mobile landscape, such as software development. Doing so enables Intel to forge new channels for collaboration, especially in the area of open source software, and share architectural control at the heart of new mobile platform development. This, coupled with a continued focus on technology acquisition to facilitate in-licensing, allows the company to fund collaboration on new business model innovation with a diverse set of ecosystem partners.
Broadcom, too, is increasingly focused on using a combination of platform leadership and open innovation tactics to gain footholds in emerging mobile technology markets such as NFC. Forming ecosystems and partner networks in open source communities, particularly those that serve the Android platform, has allowed the company to grow its links to the software community—a powerful example of using co-creation strategies as a means of new platform development. This strategy, along with an increased emphasis on sharing architectural control with developers and promoting collaboration (via the distribution of SDKs and APIs integrated with core Broadcom chip technology), has allowed the firm to pursue wireless opportunities previously beyond its traditional market focus.
Toward a new taxonomy for open innovation and platform leadership
This research report serves two functions. First, it provides a detailed overview of the fast-evolving mobile semiconductor competitive landscape, highlighting the emerging end markets that are likely to provide substantial growth opportunities in the immediate three- to five-year time frame. Secondly, it sheds light on some of the leading strategies being used by semiconductor companies pursuing mobile business model innovation in developing mobile and wireless connectivity markets.
The findings have several implications for firms seeking to cultivate new growth strategies in fast-moving technology markets such as the mobile and wireless sectors. By highlighting the use of open innovation and platform leadership tactics at the heart of leading companies' approaches to gaining footholds in mobile growth markets, we are able to answer some of the "how to" questions that continue to surround the use of open innovation and platform leadership. In addition, this study expands on some of the findings from our most recent Open Mobile research, where innovation and platform leadership were thought to be the two most important firm capabilities in mobile. In that study, respondents were asked to select capabilities important for enabling competitiveness in the emerging 4G era. The capability to innovate—at the product or service level and/or at the business model level—was thought to be most critical, followed by the need for vision and commitment to platform leadership. Both of these capabilities are observed to be dominant in each of the mobile semiconductor case studies we developed.
Focusing in particular on the "how to's" in open innovation, our analysis yields findings that could provide the basis for a new taxonomy for open innovation.160 Drawing on the cross-case comparison data to identify elements used in each of the broader open innovation process categories (outside-in, inside-out, and hybrid), tentative conclusions can be drawn about the core tactics being used to shape a powerful open innovation capability in emerging mobile markets. Specifically, these tactics are:
- In-licensing external technology: This tactic is used primarily to acquire external knowledge, bridge internal knowledge gaps, and complement existing downstream assets such as manufacturing, marketing, and business development. In-licensing also offers fast access to emerging technology markets.
- Enabling third-party complements: This tactic is a key element of both open innovation and platform leadership. Platform owners generally maintain overall control over the platform's development by means such as stipulating appropriate technical standards and using modular interfaces while simultaneously attracting partner firms to work on and around the core technology to drive development and adoption. Networks are formed to link customers, platform user groups, third-party developers, and component suppliers to boost the platform's commercial potential in the market.
- Shared architectural control: In shared architectural control, the platform sponsor takes responsibility for sharing elements of the platform architecture with partner complementor firms. This tactic is meant to stimulate further development and commercial adoption in the marketplace. It is a key step to enabling the formation of co-creation ecosystems on and around the platform.
- Information transparency: An increasingly important aspect of open innovation is to ensure a high level of transparency in knowledge management. This includes the need for effective information sharing between a company and its development and adoption ecosystem partners. One approach to enabling information sharing is the extensive use of open source technology, which allows partners to access core elements of hardware/software platforms through means such as Creative Commons license agreements and membership in the Linux Foundation.
- Out-licensing internal technology: The ability to spin out/license technology from inside an organization to an external organization or to the market is an important step in business model development. This tactic allows development companies to control how the technology will be used in future applications and enables them to appropriate value from patent license royalties. Out-licensing also provides patent protection for fledgling technology development and can aid in democratizing IP development via open source strategies. Additionally, it also gives companies the ability to utilize dormant technology via external licensing agreements that can then help stimulate broader innovation projects within the company. Finally, spin-outs from internal venture capital processes are frequently used to accelerate the adoption of core technologies in emerging markets.
When combined and deployed as part of an open innovation strategy, these elements represent a new taxonomy for open innovation (figure 59), one that is grounded in fast-moving mobile technology markets and built on theoretical foundations from the latest research in the field.161
Managerial implications
This report has several implications for executives managing growth strategies in mobile technology markets. To date, much has been written on the basic underlying structure of open innovation and the challenges associated with implementation, but a lack of empirical evidence surrounding the development of specific open innovation capabilities, skills, and processes is notable.162 In this context, the development of a new taxonomy for open innovation goes some way toward filling in the gaps of how to effectively manage the open innovation process in fast-moving technology markets that are prone to constant disruption. This taxonomy should aid managers and executives who face challenges in developing effective ecosystem strategies that are designed to support mobile platform innovation.163 By highlighting the critical open innovation elements used in platform innovation tactics, companies can begin the process of developing capabilities around these areas to aid in deploying technology-based growth strategies.
In terms of assessing the usefulness of this taxonomy, and in the context of the performance category in the structure-conduct-performance framework guiding this analysis, more research is required on the linkages between each of the open innovation taxonomy elements and the effect on company financial performance. One method currently proposed is the mapping, weighting, and ranking of active elements of open innovation capability against company gross margin performance in order to explore the symbiotic relationship between the many variables under analysis.164 This would build on recent research focused on understanding the foundations of company performance in the context of two-sided platform business models.165
Executive guidance
A s outlined in this report, leading semiconductor companies are increasingly "opening up" their innovation and platform leadership processes to integrate external resources in the pursuit of mobile growth strategies. Having defined a new taxonomy for the main elements underpinning the use of such approaches, we now focus on capability development and offer guidance on a diagnostic approach to support decision making on open innovation and platform leadership strategies.
Developing a capability maturity model for mobile business model innovation
The first step toward formulating a diagnostic model is to identify the key areas for open innovation and platform leadership capability development, along with the respective tactics and process elements. Doing so will allow executives to assess strengths and weaknesses across core capabilities and develop a foundation for ongoing measurement purposes. Again drawing on insights from the case study analysis and the open innovation taxonomy framework development, the key capability areas and accompanying process elements are thought to be as follows:
Ecosystem development
Ecosystem formation via partnering and network development is a core capability at the heart of every open innovation and platform leadership strategy. Related process activities in the diagnostic model include network partner development, platform community building with complementor firms, and platform sponsorship. All of these are core elements in the open innovation and platform leadership playbooks; it is essential to develop them as integrated capabilities used to form ecosystems for growth.
Open culture development
Developing an open and transparent environment that promotes internal and external knowledge access and sharing on and around core platform technologies is thought to be an important foundation for successful platform innovation.166 Processes and mechanisms used to stimulate and enhance creativity and innovation through the creation of an open working environment are widely used in emerging mobile markets. They include building linkages and networks to open source software and open hardware communities, designing open development interfaces to provide complementor partners access to core platform technology, and generally following the ethos of sharing architectural control during platform hardware and software development.
The third core capability in the diagnostic model is closely linked to both the ecosystem and open culture development capabilities. Through a commitment to co-creation and the use of specific knowledge management tools to aid this process, companies can expect to improve innovation efficiency and creativity.167 Processes built around active participation in technical standards organizations to stimulate cross-industry collaboration, for example, are common across open platform strategies. Other tactics include user-driven innovation strategies wherein lead customers and developers are actively brought into the innovation and product development phase of platform development to integrate external expertise. Developing formal and informal relationships with other sources of external knowledge, such as academic institutes, is also a common way to bolster R&D initiatives.168 Finally, the widespread use of social media, as well as specific software tools and mechanisms such as SDKs and APIs, is seen as vital to attracting external collaborators to software development initiatives that are increasingly core to new mobile technology development.
Corporate venturing
Corporate venturing capability is another key component of mobile business model innovation. Each case study company we analyzed exhibited some level of commitment to technology-based entrepreneurship. Once again, key processes and activities in this area overlap with ecosystem development, open working culture development, and co-creation. Notable in all cases were dedicated incubator spin-out processes, developer funds, joint product development agreements, and IP management processes incorporating a broad range of in-licensing and out-licensing activities. Together, these elements are seen as essential to appropriating economic value from venturing strategies supporting mobile innovation.
Measuring the effectiveness of open innovation and platform leadership capability development
Knowing where to develop capability is one element of a diagnostic approach to open innovation and platform leadership deployment; measuring the effectiveness of each of the capabilities and processes identified is the other piece of the puzzle. The ability to assess strengths and weaknesses against a defined level of maturity in each capability can help executives benchmark progress and help them plan continuous improvement efforts.169 In the approach outlined here, we follow a scoring system developed in prior innovation research170 that can be aligned to five distinct phases of capability building, and hence maturity, in each of the four key capability areas and their relevant processes identified in the diagnostic model. These five phases of maturity are:
- Phase one: No sign of the capability exists. Relevant processes and activities are inconsistent and executed on an ad-hoc basis. No clear strategy for deployment is observed.
- Phase two: The need to develop the specific capability is recognized. Processes and activities are clearly identified and defined. A basic understanding of the objectives and target goals are evident. Innovation output remains inconsistent.
- Phase three: Relevant processes and activities are in place but usage is sporadic and output remains somewhat inconsistent. Employees are encouraged to implement relevant processes on a regular basis.
- Phase four: Relevant processes and activities are used by employees who understand the reasons behind the capabilities being developed and the role and impact expected from implementing an open innovation and platform leadership strategy. Innovation outputs are consistent.
- Phase five: Processes and activities are institutionalized. Employees are motivated to deploy them on a regular basis. Innovation outputs are sustained and provide the company with competitive advantage in emerging growth markets.
Companies can begin to implement the model using a standard spider chart analysis that ranks each process against the maturity scale, awarding a score of 1 for a phase one capability, 2 for a phase two capability, and so on. Executives can develop customized questionnaires to aid in this assessment, exploring each of the processes and activities to be measured. This process is exemplified in the sample spider chart shown in figure 60 (developed for illustrative purposes only).
Once a company's current maturity is documented, leaders can then quickly evaluate open innovation and platform leadership capability gaps and develop plans to improve process areas thought to be weak. Doing so will provide a basis for continuous improvement, which can be tracked via a regular reassessment with the capability maturity model diagnostic.
EndnotesView all endnotes
- Hypercompetition, as described by Prof. Richard D'Aveni, describes hyper-inflated market competition that can emerge in sectors prone to rapid technological disruption with competitive advantage often difficult to sustain. See Richard D'Aveni, Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering (New York: The Free Press, 1994).
- Cisco Systems, Cisco visual networking index: Global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2012–2017, February 6, 2013.
- Mary Meeker, "Internet trends," presented at D10 Conference, California, May 29–31, 2012.
- Craig Wigginton, Dwight Allen, and Carl E. Steidtmann, The impact of 4G technology on commercial interactions, economic growth, and U.S. competitiveness, Deloitte, August 2011.
- ABI Research, LTE services in the US will generate more than $11 billion in 2015, December 16, 2010.
- Wayne Lam, "Global LTE subscribers set to more than double in 2013 and exceed 100 million," iSuppli, January 22, 2013.
- Verizon News Center, Verizon wireless 4G LTE markets, http://news.verizonwireless.com/LTE/Markets.html, accessed April 18, 2013.
- Angela Moscaritolo, "AT&T, Verizon expand 4G LTE networks," PCMag, November 14, 2012, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2412129,00.asp.
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- In 2012, a total of 83 global carriers had launched LTE networks in 43 countries with 40 additional carriers intending to deploy LTE by early 2013. (Source: Parks Associates, Asia & Pacific to overtake North America in 4G/LTE subscriptions as global adoption exceeds 50 million subscribers in 2012, July 24, 2012, http://www.parksassociates.com/blog/article/pr-jul2012-lte.)
- Wigginton, Allen, and Steidtmann, The impact of 4G technology on commercial interactions, economic growth, and U.S. competitiveness; Parks Associates, Asia & Pacific to overtake North America in 4G/LTE subscriptions as global adoption exceeds 50 million subscribers in 2012; ABI Research, LTE subscriber totals have surpassed WiMAX in 2Q12, September 26, 2012, http://www.abiresearch.com/press/lte-subscriber-totals-have-surpassed-wimax-in-2q12.
- Cisco Systems, Cisco visual networking index.
- Wigginton, Allen, and Steidtmann, The impact of 4G technology on commercial interactions, economic growth, and U.S. competitiveness; Parks Associates, Asia & Pacific to overtake North America in 4G/LTE subscriptions as global adoption exceeds 50 million subscribers in 2012; ABI Research, LTE subscriber totals have surpassed WiMAX in 2Q12.
- Scott Wilson, Open Mobile: The growth era accelerates, Deloitte Development LLC, January 2012, http://dupress.com/articles/open-mobile-a-survey-of-u-s-mobile-industry-executives/.
- Matt Hatton, Assessing mobile network operator capabilities and opportunities in M2M, Machina Research, September 5, 2012.
- Cisco Systems, Cisco visual networking index.
- Juniper Research, M2M to generate $35bn in service revenues by 2016, driven by automotive telematics and consumer electronics, press release, May 17, 2011.
- Michele Pelino, The M2M market is a blossoming opportunity, Forrester Research, March 16, 2010.
- Kalorama Information, Remote and wireless patient monitoring markets, August 1, 2011, http://www.kaloramainformation.com/Remote-Wireless-Patient-6487095/; Harry Greenspun and Sheryl Coughlin, mHealth in mWorld—How mobile technology is transforming health care, Deloitte Development LLC, 2012.
- Carolina Milanesi and Ranjit Atwal, Forecast: Desk-based PCs, notebooks, ultramobiles and tablets, worldwide, 2010-2017, 1Q13 update, Gartner, March 20, 2013.
- Annette Zimmermann et al., Forecast: Mobile phones, worldwide, 2011-2017, 1Q13 update, Gartner, March 22, 2013.
- Milanesi and Atwal, Forecast: Desk-based PCs, notebooks, ultramobiles and tablets.
- Zimmermann et al., Forecast: Mobile phones.
- David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, Broadcom Corp. BRCM: Analyst Day—LTE baseband to sample—Raising estimates, Wells Fargo Securities, December 6, 2012.
- Analyst forecasts suggest total handset volume will decline to approximately 7 percent CAGR through 2015 (Societe Generale Cross Asset Research, October 18, 2011).
- Zimmermann et al., Forecast: Mobile phones.
- Ibid.
- Christin Armacost, Industry surveys: Semiconductors, Standard & Poor's, August 30, 2012.
- Morgan Stanley, Tablet landscape evolution: Window(s) of opportunity, May 31, 2012.
- Pew Internet, Tablet and e-book reader ownership nearly double over the holiday gift-giving period, January 23, 2012, http://libraries.pewinternet.org/2012/01/23/tablet-and-e-book-reader-ownership-nearly-double-over-the-holiday-gift-giving-period; Pew Internet, 25% of American adults own tablet computers, October 4, 2012, http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Tablet-Ownership-August-2012.aspx.
- Deloitte, State of the Media Democracy, seventh edition, 2013, http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/Industries/media-entertainment/media-democracy-survey/index.htm?id=us_furl_tmt_general_tmttrends_mainushp_031913#&panel1-1.
- Milanesi and Atwal, Forecast: Desk-based PCs, notebooks, ultramobiles and tablets.
- Deloitte, State of the Media Democracy, seventh edition, 2013.
- Morgan Stanley, Tablet landscape evolution.
- Ibid.
- Dale Ford, "Qualcomm rides wireless wave to take third place in global semiconductor market in 2012," IHS iSuppli, December 4, 2012.
- Armacost, Industry surveys.
- TI has subsequently announced a move out of the tablet market citing competitive pressure and has instead indicated an increased focus on positioning its OMAP product line in embedded markets such as automotive and consumer products. (Source: "Texas Instruments cuts 1,700 jobs, winds down tablet chips," CNBC, 2012.)
- David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, Intel: Poised to grow presence in tablets and smartphones, Wells Fargo Securities, May 7, 2013.
- David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, INTC: Poised to grow presence in tablets and smartphones, Wells Fargo Securities, May 7, 2013; David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, Semiconductors handsets/tablets processors, Wells Fargo Securities, March 22, 2012.
- ARM Holdings Plc, ARM annual report, 2012.
- In comparison, the Intel x86 architecture has thrived, operating primarily on the "Wintel" model in the enterprise PC and server markets.
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES, ARM and GLOBALFOUNDRIES collaborate to enable next-generation devices on 20nm and FinFET process technologies, press release, August 13, 2012, http://globalfoundries.com/newsroom/2012/20120813.aspx.
- "Intel's Haswell chips are engineered to cut power use," BBC News, September 11, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19557496.
- Jon Erensen, Mark Hung, and Roger Sheng, Market share analysis, mobile phone application-specific semiconductors, worldwide, 2012, Gartner, May 28, 2013; Jon Erensen, Mark Hung, Roger Sheng, and Michele Reitz, Market share analysis: Mobile phone application-specific semiconductors, worldwide, 2011, Gartner, June 1, 2012.
- Broadcom, Broadcom launches industry's first certified NFC quad-combo wireless connectivity solution, press release, December 11, 2012, http://www.broadcom.com/press/release.php?id=s726226, accessed May 9, 2013.
- Qualcomm, Qualcomm Atheros launches 802.11ac product ecosystem to provide end-to-end, gigabit-capable Wi-Fi performance, press release, February 23, 2012, http://www.qualcomm.co.in/news/releases/2012/02/23/qualcomm-atheros-launches-80211ac-product-ecosystem-provide-end-end-gigabit; MediaTek, MediaTek extends Wi-Fi plus Bluetooth combo leadership with advanced 802.11ac plus BT 4.0+HS combo chip for mobile consumer platforms, press release, March 29, 2012, http://www.mediatek.com/_en/03_news/01-2_newsDetail.php?sn=1055.
- A "superphone" is a smartphone equipped with multi-core processor and at least 1 GB RAM, and capable of handling rich-media applications such as gaming and audio/video streaming.
- James Song, Semiconductor 2H12 outlook report, KDB Daewoo Securities, June 28, 2012.
- Sunit Rikhi, Manufacturing & foundry capabilities, Intel, May 23, 2013, http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/INTC/0x0x666570/1f334d17-5f6f-4ca5-a72b-2d3bcf8aab3b/05-23-13_Intel_Mftr_and_Tech_Capabilities_-_Sunit_Rikhi_London_with_Risk_Factors.pdf.
- "TSMC aims to tighten mobile chip manufacturing race with Intel," Infoworld, April 18, 2013, http://www.infoworld.com/d/computer-hardware/tsmc-aims-tighten-mobile-chip-manufacturing-race-intel-216819; "ARM, TSMC complete 16nm Cortex-A57 tape-out, chip launching no time soon," Extreme Tech, April 2, 2013, http://www.extremetech.com/computing/152382-arm-tsmc-complete-16nm-cortex-a57-tape-out-chip-launching-no-time-soon.
- "Announcing a customer co-investment program aimed at accelerating innovation," presented at ASML investor presentation, Veldhoven, the Netherlands, July 9, 2012, http://www.asml.com/doclib/press/presentations/asml_20120709_2012-07-09_Co-investment_program.pdf.
- "IDF: Intel isn't betting on 450mm wafers or extreme ultraviolet for 10nm," Inquirer, September 13, 2012, http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2205142/idf-intel-isnt-betting-on-450mm-wafers-or-extreme-ultraviolet-for-10nm.
- A good example of this progression is Samsung's Galaxy S smartphone—the first-generation model contains 512 MB RAM, while the recent Galaxy S III has 1 GB RAM.
- Ryan Chien, "Stunning rise in densities and revenue drives overall mobile DRAM expansion," IHS iSuppli, August 6, 2012, http://www.isuppli.com/Memory-and-Storage/MarketWatch/Pages/Stunning-Rise-in-Densities-and-Revenue-Drives-Overall-Mobile-DRAM-Expansion.aspx.
- Luca De Ambroggi, "Infotainment in cars to enjoy solid prospects in the future despite subdued growth in 2013," IHS iSuppli, March 5, 2013, http://www.isuppli.com/automotive-infotainment-and-telematics/marketwatch/pages/infotainment-in-cars-to-enjoy-solid-prospects-in-the-future-despite-subdued-growth-in-2013.aspx.
- Ibid.
- GlobalData, mHealth: Healthcare goes mobile, August 3, 2012, http://www.globaldata.com/PressReleaseDetails.aspx?PRID=294.
- Kalorama Information, Remote and wireless patient monitoring markets; Greenspun and Coughlin, mHealth in mWorld.
- Ibid.
- Colin McCracken, Standards vie for mobile medical leadership, Embedded Intel Solutions, spring 2012, http://www.eproductalert.com/digitaledition/intel/2012/04/Embedded%20Intel%20%20Solutions%20Spring%202012.pdf, http://embedded.communities.intel.com/docs/DOC-7234.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Intel, Fact sheet—Intel-GE Care Innovations builds upon years of Intel Digital Health and GE Healthcare home health milestones, http://newsroom.intel.com/servlet/JiveServlet/download/1825-3277/Intel-GE_ProductMilestones_FactSheet.pdf, accessed July 31, 2102.
- Qualcomm Life, 2net Platform, http://www.qualcommlife.com/wireless-health.
- QCOM Life, "Ecosystem Collaborators," http://www.qualcommlife.com/ecosystem.
- Government activity in the telecom sector has come from the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which placed smart grids at the heart of the US national broadband plan. At the center of this mandate is an objective requiring state governments to ensure utilities suppliers provide consumers real-time access to energy consumption data. The FCC also mandates the use of 700MHz spectrum for smart grids and the adoption of open standards for delivering the data. A key target is to improve smart grid access to rural areas across the United States that have been of a lesser priority in the past due to the high costs associated with the required infrastructure rollout. To support this rollout, the Rural Utilities Services (RUS) will provide loans to projects aimed at developing smart grid broadband technology.
- ZPryme Research, Smart grid: Hardware & software outlook, December 2009.
- ZPryme Research, Telecom & the smart grid: An industry brief spotlighting the explosive growth of the U.S. telecom and smart grid communication market, January 2012.
- Ibid.
- Lance Whitney, "Smart-grid spending to hit $200 billion by 2015," CNET, December 28, 2009, http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10422232-54.html.
- "Consert raises $17.7 million in venture capital funding," TMCnet, June 30, 2010.
- Marcus Torchia and Usman Sindhu, "Cellular and the smart grid: A brand-new day," IDC Energy Insights, September 2011; "How utilities are using cellular communications to today," presented at SmartGridNews.com webinar, March 14, 2013, http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/smart-grid-news-how-utilities-are-using-cellular-communications-today.pdf; "Qualcomm pushes for cellular in smart grid," Greentech Media, September 7, 2011.
- A smart home can generally be defined as a living space in which wireless connectivity technology is embedded in consumer electronics and home appliances, which are then managed via Internet broadband connections.
- "Smart home revenues forecast to reach USD 72 bln by 2017," Telecompaper, January 8, 2013, http://www.telecompaper.com/news/smart-home-revenues-forecast-to-reach-usd-72-bln-by-2017–917623.
- Fabrice Hoerner, "The home of the future: Intelligent and connected," presented at WCA CenterStage, Wireless Communications Alliance, December 2012, http://www.wca.org/event_archives/2012/Qualcomm_Dec2012_Conn_Home.pdf.
- NFC (near field communications) is a shortwave radio technology for transmitting data between two devices over short distances.
- Sandy Shen, Forecast: Mobile payment, worldwide, 2009-2016, Gartner, May 9, 2012.
- Mohamed Awad, NFC ready for mainstream adoption with new combo chip, Broadcom, December 11, 2012, http://blog.broadcom.com/nfc/nfc-ready-for-mainstream-adoption-with-new-combo-chip/.
- Ibid.
- For more on the topic of open innovation see Henry W. Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2003); Henry W. Chesbrough, Open Business Models (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006); and Henry W. Chesbrough; Wim Vanhaverbeke, Joel West (Editors), Open Innovation, Researching a New Paradigm (Oxford University Press, 2006). For more on platform leadership strategy see A. Gawer and M. A. Cusumano, Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002); A. Gawer and M. A. Cusumano, "The elements of platform leadership," Sloan Management Review (spring 2002); and A. Gawer and M. A. Cusumano, "How companies become platform leaders," Sloan Management Review (winter 2008): pp. 28-35.
- Ellen Enkel, Oliver Gassmann, and Henry W. Chesbrough, "Open R&D and open innovation: Exploring the phenomenon," R&D Management 39, no. 4 (2009): pp. 311-316.
- Chesbrough, Open Innovation; Chesbrough, Open Business Models; and Chesbrough, Open Innovation, Researching a New Paradigm.
- For example, see Kevin J. Boudreau and Karim R. Lakhani, "How to manage outside innovation," Sloan Management Review 50, no. 4 (2009): pp. 69-76; Oliver Gassmann, Ellen Enkel, and Henry Chesbrough, "Open R&D and open innovation: Exploring the phenomenon," R&D Management 39, no. 4 (2009): pp. 311-316.
- Enkel, Gassmann, and Chesbrough, "Open R&D and open innovation."
- Henry Chesbrough, "Why companies should have open business models," Sloan Management Review 48, no. 2 (winter 2007): pp. 22-28; Letizia Mortara, Johann Napp, Imke Slacik, and Tim Minshall, How to implement open innovation: Lessons from studying large multinational companies, Center for Technology Management, Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge (2009): p. 56.
- Enkel, Gassmann, and Chesbrough, "Open R&D and open innovation."
- For example, see E. von Hippel and G. von Krogh, "Free revealing and the private-collective model for innovation incentives," R&D Management 36, no.3 (2006): pp. 295-306; Eva Guinan, Kevin J. Boudreau, and Karim R. Lakhani, "Experiments in open innovation at Harvard Medical School," Sloan Management Review 54, no. 3 (spring 2013): pp. 44-52; Henry W. Chesbrough and Melissa M. Appleyard, "Open innovation and strategy," California Management Review 50, no. 1 (2007); E. von Hippel and G. von Krogh, "Open source software and the 'private-collective' innovation model: Issues for organization science," Organization Science 14, no.2 (2003): pp. 208-223; E. von Hippel, "Innovation by user communities: Learning from open source software," Sloan Management Review (summer 2001).
- For more on platform leadership strategy, see A. Gawer and M.A. Cusumano, Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002); A. Gawer and M.A. Cusumano, "The elements of platform leadership," Sloan Management Review (spring 2002); A. Gawer and M.A. Cusumano, "How companies become platform leaders," Sloan Management Review (winter 2008): pp. 28-35; A. Gawer, Platforms, Markets and Innovation (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elger Publishing, 2009).
- Ibid.
- Complementor is a term used to describe an entity within a platform ecosystem, usually a partner company, that may not ultimately drive the direction of growth but contributes to the development of the platform. Complementors in this context can be thought of as development-side users and/or adoption-side users. For example, development-side users can include application developers, hardware, software, wireless solution, and multimedia solution providers. Adoption-side users can include customers and other complementors such as carriers and device manufacturers. The term complementors was initially coined by A. Brandenburger and B. Nalebuff; see Co-Opetition (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 1996).
- Michael L. Katz and Carl Shapiro, "Systems competition and network effects," The Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, no. 2 (spring 1994): pp. 93-115; Kevin J. Boudreau and Lars Bo Jeppesen, Unpaid complementors and platform network effects? Evidence from on-line multi-player games, Social Science Research Network, April 16, 2011, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1812084; Timothy F. Bresnahan and Shane Greenstein, "Technological competition and the structure of the computer industry," 1998; Kevin J. Boudreau and Karim R. Lakhani, "How to manage outside innovation," Sloan Management Review 50, no. 4 (2009): pp. 69-76.
- AT&T, "Foundry," https://www.foundry.att.com/; Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani, SAP AG: Orchestrating the ecosystem, Harvard Business School Case 609-069, April 2009.
- Annabelle Gawer and Rebecca Henderson, "Platform owner entry and innovation in complementary markets: Evidence from Intel," Journal of Economics & Management 16, no. 1 (spring 2007): pp. 1-34; Richard Tee and Annabelle Gawer, "Industry architecture as a determinant of successful platform strategies: A case study of the i‐mode mobile Internet service," European Management Review 6 (2009): pp. 217-232; Pieter Ballon, "Platform types and gatekeeper roles: The case of the mobile communications industry," presented at the Druid Summer Conference, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, June 17-19, 2009; Geoffrey Parker and Marshall Van Alstyne, "Six challenges in platform licensing and open innovation," Communications & Strategies, no. 74 (2009): p. 17; Michael G. Jacobides, Thorbjørn Knudsen, and Mie Augier, "Benefiting from innovation: Value creation, value appropriation and the role of industry architectures," Research Policy 35 (2006): pp. 1200-1221.
- Martin Kenney and Bryan Pon, "Structuring the smartphone industry: Is the mobile Internet OS platform the key?" Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade: From Theory to Policy 11, no. 3 (September 2011): pp. 239-261.
- Mary Meeker, "Internet trends," presented at D10 Conference, California, May 29–31, 2012.
- Michael L. Katz and Carl Shapiro, "Systems Competition and Network Effects," The Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, no. 2 (spring 1994): pp. 93-115; Boudreau and Jeppesen, "Unpaid complementors and platform network effects?" April 16, 2011, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1812084.
- Gawer and Cusumano, Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation.
- Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2004).
- The SCP framework had its origins in the work of Harvard economist Edward Mason in the 1930s and has subsequently evolved over a number of decades, gaining popularity among corporate strategists when Michael Porter (Competitive Strategy, 1980) used it as an analytical tool for businesses striving to compete within a market.
- Michael E. Porter, "How competitive forces shape strategy," Harvard Business Review 57, no. 2 (March–April 1979): pp. 137-145; Michael E. Porter, Competitive Strategy (New York: The Free Press, 1980).
- To explore the diversity of processes used to achieve growth through innovation, we used the case study methodology developed and described by Robert K. Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods), (California: SAGE Publications, 2009) and K. M. Eisenhardt and M. E. Graebner, "Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges," Academy of Management Journal 50, no. 1 (2007): pp. 25–32.
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- C. K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel, "The core competence of the corporation," Harvard Business Review (May-June 1990): pp. 79-90.
- Joel West, "Strategic openness," presented at the Program in Open Innovation, University of California Berkeley, October 10, 2011, http://openinnovation.berkeley.edu/jukebox-toi-fall11.html; Joel West and Jason Dedrick, "Innovation and control in standards architectures: The rise and fall of Japan's PC-98," Information Systems Research 11, no. 2 (June 2000); Joel West and Siobhan O' Mahony, "The role of participation architecture in growing sponsored open source communities," Industry & Innovation 15, no. 2 (April 2008): pp. 145-168; Timothy F. Bresnahan and Shane Greenstein, "Technological competition and the structure of the computer industry" (1998), http://www.stanford.edu/~tbres/research/techcomp.pdf; P. L. Robertson and R. N. Langlois, "Innovation, networks, and vertical integration," Research Policy 24 (1995): pp. 543-562; H. W. Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2003); H. W. Chesbrough, "The era of open innovation," MIT Sloan Management Review 44 (2003): pp. 35-41; H. W. Chesbrough, "Open innovation: A new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation," in H. W. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, & J. West (Eds.), Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole, "The simple economics of open source,"February 2000, http://www.people.hbs.edu/jlerner/simple.pdf.
- Joe Tidd, John Bessant, and Keith Pavitt, Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change, 3rd ed. (England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2005); Joe Tidd and John Bessant, Managing Innovation, 4th ed., (England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009).
- For analytical and editorial purposes in this report, we present three of the most diverse case studies conducted. Full details on each individual case study are available upon request.
- A. Gawer and M.A. Cusumano, "How companies become platform leaders," Sloan Management Review (winter 2008): pp. 28-35.
- David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, Intel: Poised to grow presence in tablets and smartphones, Wells Fargo Securities, May 7, 2013.
- Qualcomm Inc., "Qualcomm Inc., Form 10-K annual report," November 7, 2012, http://investor.qualcomm.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1234452-12-371.
- Ibid.
- GlobalData, mHealth: Healthcare goes mobile, August 3, 2012; Deloitte, mHealth in mWorld—How mobile technology is transforming health care, 2012.
- Kalorama Information, Remote and wireless patient monitoring markets, August 1, 2011; Deloitte, mHealth in mWorld—How mobile technology is transforming health care, 2012.
- QualcommLife, The 2net Platform, http://www.qualcommlife.com/wireless-health; QualcommLife Fund, http://www.qualcommlife.com/qualcomm-life-fund.
- Gartner, Market share analysis: Mobile phone application-specific semiconductors, worldwide, 2011, June 1, 2012.
- QualcommLife, The 2net platform, http://www.qualcommlife.com/wireless-health; QualcommLife Fund, http://www.qualcommlife.com/qualcomm-life-fund.
- Qualcomm Innovation Center Inc., http://www.quicinc.com/about/.
- Qualcomm Ventures, https://qualcommventures.com/about/how-we-help-you/.
- David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, Intel: Poised to grow presence in tablets and smartphones; Qualcomm Automotive, http://www.qualcomm.com/solutions/ioe/automotive; Qualcomm honored as best advanced telematics supplier by Frost & Sullivan with 2012 U.S. Fleet Manager's Choice Award, Qualcomm, August 12, 2012.
- Monte Giles, Gobi anywhere—The world is your hotspots, Seybold University, March 22, 2010; Monte Giles, "GobiTM SDK—Developing code to connect, locate, and manage 3G/4G data devices," UPLINQ 2011 Conference, San Diego, June 1-2, 2011.
- Leon Farasati, "The advantages of using the Snapdragon MDP for app development," UPLINQ 2012, San Diego, June 27–28, 2012; Steve Lukas, "Developing apps using the Snapdragon SDK for Android," UPLINQ 2012, San Diego, June 27–28, 2012; Raj Talluri, "Snapdragon processors powering the next million dollar app," UPLINQ 2012, San Diego, June 27–28, 2012; Julian Harris, "Snapdragon developer ecosystem," Innovation Qualcomm (IQ) 2011, Istanbul, September 13–14, 2011; Manish Sirdeshmukh, "Designing graphics & gaming apps across the Snapdragon S-Class tiers," UPLINQ 2012, San Diego, June 27–28, 2012; LIAT Ben-ZUR, "Driving better mobile experiences a holistic approach to hardware and software," Qualcomm Americas Industry Analysts Summit 2011, November 30–December 1, 2011; Qualcomm Developer Network, "Home page," https://developer.qualcomm.com/, accessed September 20, 2013.
- "Qualcomm computing mobile broadband API," UPLINQ 2012, San Diego, June 27–28, 2012; Monte Giles, "Gobi SDK—Developing code to connect, locate, and manage 3G/4G data devices," UPLINQ 2011, San Diego, June 1–2, 2011.
- QualcommLife, "Ecosystem overview," http://www.qualcommlife.com/wireless-medical-information-technology, accessed September 20, 2013; QualcommLife, "What is 2net?," http://www.qualcommlife.com/wireless-health; QualcommLife, "Developer tools," http://www.qualcommlife.com/2net-developer-tools; Qualcomm, Qualcomm Life announces availability of the 2net app SDK and initiation of the 2net App Developer Challenge, press release, August 15, 2012, http://www.qualcommlife.com/images/pdf/press/QCL_2net_SDK_Release_Launch_FINAL.pdf.
- Intel, "2012 annual report and form 10-K," December 29, 2012, http://www.intc.com/annuals.cfm.
- Sunit Rikhi, "Intel manufacturing and foundry capabilities," Intel London Analyst Summit, May 23, 2013, http://www.intc.com/eventdetail.cfm?EventID=130378; Intel, Intel and ASML reach agreements to accelerate key next-generation semiconductor manufacturing technologies, press release, July 9, 2012, http://www.intc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=690165; David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, INTC: Primer 2013—The universal processor company, Wells Fargo Securities, May 28, 2013.
- Intel, "2012 annual report and form 10-K," December 29, 2012, http://www.intc.com/annuals.cfm.
- Intel's "tick-tock" model refers to its approach to manufacturing process technology and processor microarchitecture innovation, which are structured to occur in alternating "tick" and "tock" cycles. A "tick" cycle occurs every couple of years in which manufacturing process technology advances. During alternating "tock" cycles, Intel uses the previous "tick" cycle's process technology developments to progress development of the next processor microarchitecture standard. For 2014, the company is targeting a 14nm node process. (Source: Intel.com.).
- Martin Curley and Bror Salmelin, Open innovation 2.0: A new paradigm, open innovation strategy and policy group, 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=2182.
- InterDigital, InterDigital agrees to $375 million patent transaction with Intel, press release, June 18, 2012, http://ir.interdigital.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=683872; Aware, Aware announces closing of sale of selected patents, press release, June 21, 2012, http://ir.aware.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=685521; Patrick Darling, Intel completes acquisition of Infineon's wireless solutions business, Intel, January 31, 2011, http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/01/31/intel-completes-acquisition-of-infineon-s-wireless-solutions-business; Intel, Intel to acquire Wind River Systems for approximately $884 million, press release, Intel, June 4, 2009, http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/2009/20090604corp.htm; Krystal Temple, Intel, Toyota drive joint research on next-generation in-vehicle infotainment systems, Intel, November 9, 2011, http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/11/09/intel-toyota-drive-joint-research-on-next-generation-in-vehicle-infotainment-systems; Intel, GE, Intel to form new healthcare joint venture, press release, August 2, 2010, http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/2010/20100802corp_sm.htm#story; Dawn Foster, "Welcome to Tizen," Tizen.org, September 27, 2011, https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen; Tizen.org, "Tizen software development kit (SDK) license agreement," https://developer.tizen.org/download/samsung_sdk_license.html; The Linux Foundation, "Members," http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/members.
- Intel Capital, "Our advantage," http://www.intelcapital.com/advantage/.
- Intel Capital, "The Intel Capital AppUp(SM) Fund," https://www.intelportfolio.com/portco/fund/; Intel Capital, "Intel AppUp Developer," http://software.intel.com/en-us/appup.
- Anand Lal Shimpi, "Orange to sell co-branded Intel smartphone reference design directly to customers, codename: Santa Clara," Anandtech, February 26, 2012, http://www.anandtech.com/show/5578/orange-to-sell-cobranded-intel-smartphone-reference-design-directly-to-customers-codename-santa-clara.
- Intel, Visa and Intel form strategic alliance to advance mobile commerce, February 27, 2012, http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2012/02/27/visa-and-intel-form-strategic-alliance-to-advance-mobile-commerce.
- David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, INTC: Poised to grow presence in tablets and smartphones, Wells Fargo Securities, May 7, 2013.
- David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, INTC: Atom mini primer, Wells Fargo Securities, June 27, 2012.
- Ibid.
- Agam Shah, "Intel shows first smartphone with Merrifield chip," CIO.com, June 4, 2013, http://www.cio.com/article/734379/Intel_Shows_First_Smartphone_with_Merrifield_Chip.
- James Niccolai, "Intel expects $150 Atom-powered Android tablets on shelves this year," PCWorld, July 17, 2013, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2044617/new-intel-chief-sees-150-atom-tablets-this-year.html; Intel, Intel and Google to optimize Android platform for Intel architecture, press release, September 13, 2011, http://www.intc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=605007&ReleasesType=&wapkw=android; Shara Tibken, "Android notebooks? Yep, Intel says, and they'll only cost $200," CNET, April 25, 2013, http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-57581500-92/android-notebooks-yep-intel-says-and-theyll-only-cost-$200/.
- Wong, Chanda, and Paulin, INTC: Atom mini primer.
- iSuppli Corporation, Automotive infotainment electronics market set for growth in 2012, February 2012.
- Ibid.
- Krystal Temple, Intel, Toyota drive joint research on next-generation in-vehicle infotainment systems, Intel, November 9, 2011, http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/11/09/intel-toyota-drive-joint-research-on-next-generation-in-vehicle-infotainment-systems; Krystal Temple, Chip shot: Intel, Hyundai, Kia, C&S Technology to develop IVI solutions, Intel, September 6, 2011, http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/09/06/chip-shot-intel-hyundai-kia-c-s-technology-to-develop-ivi-solutions; "Intel and NISSAN collaborate for next-generation in-vehicle infotainment systems," Telecomworldwire, April 6, 2012.
- For more on Intel's embedded market opportunities see David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, Intel Corp., June 27, 2012.
- Colin McCracken, Standards vie for mobile medical leadership, Intel, spring 2012, pp. 22-24, http://www.eproductalert.com/digitaledition/intel/2012/04/Embedded%20Intel%20%20Solutions%20Spring%202012.pdf; Intel, Fact sheet—Intel-GE Care Innovations builds upon years of Intel Digital Health and GE Healthcare home health milestones, http://newsroom.intel.com/servlet/JiveServlet/download/1825-3277/Intel-GE_ProductMilestones_FactSheet.pdf; Eric Dishman, Healthcare innovation at Intel: Alive and well, Intel, January 27, 2012, http://blogs.intel.com/healthcare/2012/01/25/healthcare-innovation-at-intel-alive-and-well/; Intel, Intel SOA Express for Healthcare, 2010, http://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/DataSheet/Intel_SOAE-H_Data_Sheet.pdf; Intel, Home health gateway based on Intel architecture, 2011, http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/application-notes/healthcare-atom-home-health-gateway-note.pdf; Intel, Tanita's professional body composition monitors adopt Intel architecture for graphical user interface and superior functional expansion capabilities, 2012, http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/white-papers/intelligent-systems-tanita-gui-paper.pdf; Intel, A meta vision of the future, 2010, http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/case-study/performance-xeon-7500-imdsoft-study.pdf; McAfee, "McAfee DeepsSAFE Technology, FAQs," http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/faqs/faq-deepsafe-technology.pdf; Care Innovations, "Home page," http://www.careinnovations.com/; Intel Health, "Motion computing," http://www.motioncomputing.com/flash/intel/index.html.
- For example, Intel's Atom processor powers the AND Technologies Al-EKG device used for the detection of cardiac arrhythmia in remote patient applications. EKG data is captured, analyzed, and sent back to health care providers at a remote location. The device supports multiple wired and wireless connectivity standards. (Source: Intel, Faster Detection of Cardiac Arrhythmia for Remote Patients, 2013.)
- Broadcom, "Annual reports," http://investor.broadcom.com/annuals.cfm.
- Broadcom, "Facts at a glance," http://www.broadcom.com/docs/company/company_factsheet.pdf; Donnelle Koselka, Patent board ranks Broadcom #2 innovator in semiconductor industry, Broadcom, February 28, 2012, http://blog.broadcom.com/broadcom-innovation/patent-board-ranks-broadcom-2-innovator-in-semiconductor-industry/.
- Jon Erensen, Mark Hung, and Roger Sheng, Market share analysis: Mobile phone application-specific semiconductors, worldwide, 2012, Gartner, May 28, 2013.
- Broadcom to acquire NetLogic Microsystems, Inc., a leader in network communications processors, Broadcom, press release, September 12, 2012; Broadcom completes acquisition of BroadLight, Broadcom, press release, April 5, 2012.
- Broadcom has developed a unique and efficient system for IP sharing and unified design flows through its centralized engineering organization and IP library. This unified design approach encourages collaboration across business units, eliminates areas of potential overlap, and reduces engineering costs and time-to-market. (Source: Tamara Snowden, Innovation at its best: The power of IP sharing, Broadcom, June 18, 2012.)
- OPEN Alliance, "About OPEN Alliance (one-pair ether-net) special interest group (SIG)," http://www.opensig.org/about.php; Broadcom, "Analyst Day 2012 presentation"; Mohamed Awad, Android "taps" Broadcom software for near field communications, Broadcom, November 14, 2012, http://blog.broadcom.com/wirless-technology/android-taps-broadcom-software-for-near-field-communications/; Broadcom, Broadcom contributes standards-based NFC software stack into Android, November 14, 2012, http://www.broadcom.com/press/release.php?id=s721237; Broadcom, Broadcom joins the LiMo Foundation as a leading semiconductor provider for mobile Linux® solutions, September 18, 2007, http://www.broadcom.com/press/release.php?id=1052692.
- David Wong, Amit Chanda, and Parker Paulin, BRCM: Analyst Day—LTE baseband to simple—Rising estimates, Wells Fargo Securities, December 6, 2012; Broadcom, "Analyst Day 2012 presentation."
- Harlan Sur, John S. Ahn, and Saqib Jalil, Buy on weakness: BRCM's best-in-class connectivity and cellular platform should continue to drive growth, JP Morgan, July 17, 2012.
- Wong, Chanda, and Paulin, BRCM: Analyst Day—LTE baseband to simple—Rising estimates.
- Mohamed Awad, NFC ready for mainstream adoption with new combo chip, Broadcom, December 11, 2012, http://blog.broadcom.com/wirless-technology/nfc-ready-for-mainstream-adoption-with-new-combo-chip/.
- Sandy Shen, Forecast: Mobile payment, worldwide, 2009-2016, Gartner, May 9, 2012.
- Broadcom, Broadcom contributes standards-based NFC software stack into Android, November 14, 2012, http://www.broadcom.com/press/release.php?id=s721237.
- Broadcom, "Analyst Day 2012 presentation"; Broadcom, "BRCM—Q4 2012 Broadcom earnings conference call," January 29, 2013.
- The analysis included a variety of qualitative and quantitative methodologies as detailed by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd Edition), (SAGE Publications, 1994).
- See for example, Joel West, "Strategic openness," presented at the Program in Open Innovation, University of California Berkeley, October 10, 2011, http://openinnovation.berkeley.edu/jukebox-toi-fall11.html; Joel West and Jason Dedrick, "Innovation and control in standards architectures: The rise and fall of Japan's PC-98," Information Systems Research 11, no. 2 (June 2000); Joel West and Siobhan O' Mahony, "The role of participation architecture in growing sponsored open source communities," Industry & Innovation 15, no. 2 (April 2008): pp. 145-168; Timothy F. Bresnahan and Shane Greenstein, Technological competition and the structure of the computer industry, 1998, http://www.stanford.edu/~tbres/research/techcomp.pdf; P. L. Robertson and R. N. Langlois, "Innovation, networks, and vertical integration," Research Policy 24 (1995): pp. 543-562; H. W. Chesbrough, "Open innovation: A new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation," in H. W. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, & J. West (Eds.), Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
- Ibid.
- Renẻ Rohrbeck, Katharina Holzle, and Hans Georg Gemunden, "Opening up for competitive advantage—How Deutsche Telekom creates an open innovation ecosystem," R&D Management 39, no. 4 (2009): pp. 420-430; Cely Ades, Aline Figlioli, Robert Sbragia, Geciane Porto, Guilherme Ary Plonski, and Kleber Celadon, "Implementing open innovation: The case of Natura, IBM, and Siemens," Journal of Technology Management & Innovation 8, (2013): pp. 12-25; Sari Viskari, Pekka Salmi, and Marko Torkkeli, Implementation of open innovation paradigm—cases: Cisco Systems, DuPont, IBM, Intel, Lucent, P&G, Philips and Sun Microsystems, Department of Industrial Management, Lappeeranta University of Technology, Finland, 2007; Joel West and Scott Gallagher, "Challenges of open innovation: The paradox of firm investment in open-source software," R&D Management 36, no. 3 (2006): pp. 319-331.
- In the most recent Deloitte Open Mobile survey, executives expressed frustration on the role and use of ecosystems in supporting mobile platform technology development, with C-suite respondents in particular unsure of the impact such a strategy would have on mobile business model innovation. (Source: Deloitte Development LLC, Open Mobile: The growth era accelerates, 2012.)
- For example see Michael E. Raynor and Mumtaz Ahmed, The Three Rules (New York: Penguin Group, 2013).
- Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall Van Alstyne, "Opening platforms: How, when, and why?" Harvard Business Review, working paper, 2009; Thomas Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall W. Van Alstyne, "Strategies for two-sided markets," Harvard Business Review, October 2006; Rahul Basole and Jurgen Karla, "On the evolution of mobile platform ecosystem structure and strategy," Business & Information System Engineering 3, no. 5 (2011): pp. 313-322; Mark de Reuver, Harry Bouwman, Guillermo Prieto, and Alex Visser, "Governance of flexible mobile service platforms," Futures 43 (2011): pp. 979-985; J. C. Rochet and J. Tirole, "Platform competition in two-sided markets," Journal of The European Economic Association 1 (2003): pp. 990–1029.
- Joe Tidd, John Bessant, and Keith Pavitt, Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change 3rd ed. (England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2005); Joe Tidd and John Bessant, Managing Innovation 4th ed. (England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009).
- Ellen Enkel, Oliver Gassmann, and Henry W. Chesbrough, "Open R&D and open innovation: Exploring the phenomenon," R&D Management 39, no. 4 (2009): pp. 311–316; Nina Koivisto, "Co-creation in open innovation," 35th DRUID Celebration Conference, Barcelona, Spain, June 17–19.
- Eric von Hippel, Democratizing Innovation (Boston: The MIT Press, 2005).
- Ellen Enkel, John Bell, and Hannah Hogenkamp, "Open innovation maturity framework," International Journal of Innovation Management 15, no. 6 (December 2011): pp. 1161-1189; P. Berg, J. Pihlajamaa, J. Poskela, and A. Smedlund, "Benchmarking of quality and maturity of innovation activities in a networked environment, International Journal of Technology Management 33, no. 2/3 (2006): pp. 255–278.
- Ibid.