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Irving v. Lipstadt
Defense Documents
David Irving, Hitler and Holocaust Denial: Electronic Edition, by Richard J. EvansTable of Contents
|(ii) Unreliable evidence... >
|(vii) Further misuse of ... >>
(i) Introduction
1. Irving has intimated that he will contest in court that estimates of the casualties vary between 35,000 and 250,000.34 This is indeed in a strict sense true. Georg Feydt, a Dresden civil defence engineer during the war, said that the number could not have been above 50,000, quoting an official figure of 39,773 fallen, but without naming his source.35 Hans Rumpf, General Inspector of the fire services in Germany during the war put the figure at 60,000, which in turn was the number first 'approximately' given by the German army.36 This figure of 60,000 gained acceptance in West German official circles after the war. The first post-war mayor of Dresden, Max Seydewitz, put the figure at 35,000, although conceding that it could be several thousand higher. This remained, with some exceptions, the official East German figure.37 Others, contemporary and later, have put the figure variously at between 100,000 and 400,000. None of these though can be considered with any degree of seriousness. Either they are content merely to quote secondary sources or each other, or repeat propaganda figures circulated immediately after the attack.38
2. The fact that various people have made widely varying estimates of the numbers of dead is completely beside the point What is at issue is Irving's own estimate, or rather, as we shall see, estimates, and the question of whether or not he has falsified statistics in order to arrive at them.
3. Irving's own estimates of the numbers of dead have varied widely over time, and have changed from one edition of his book to the next and in his public speeches:
- In the 1966 edition of The Destruction of Dresden the triple blow was 'estimated authoritatively to have killed more than 135,000 of the population...',39 but the 'documentation suggests very strongly that the figure was certainly between a minimum of 100,000 and a maximum of 250,000.'40
- In the 1971 edition the triple blow was 'estimated authoritatively to have killed more than 100,000 of the population...'41
- In 1989 Irving told journalists whilst launching the 'Leuchter Report' in Britain that: 'There were one million refugees in the streets of Dresden at the time that we burned Dresden to the ground, killing anything between 100,000 and 250,000 of them.'42
- In 1992 Irving told the Institute of Historical Review that 'a hundred thousand people were killed [in Dresden] in a period of twelve hours by the British and Americans.'43
- In 1993, in a publicity video made for the Australian public, Irving stated that 'over 130,000 people died in that particular air raid.'44
- In the 1995 edition of The Destruction of Dresden the figure was no longer authoritative and the attack had 'cost the lives of between fifty and one hundred thousand inhabitants....'45 Elsewhere he dropped the lower figure and said the attack cost 'up to a hundred thousand people their lives.'46
- In 1996 Irving had changed this figure yet again in his Goebbels: The Mastermind of the 'Third Reich', where he notes of the Dresden raids that 'Between sixty and one hundred thousand people were choked to death or burned alive...'47
4. As will be demonstrated, these erratic fluctuations in Irving's figures are entirely arbitrary and have never accorded to the changing state of research (either his own or that of others) into the Dresden death roll. The only consistency in his figures is that they have resolutely remained far in excess of the most reliable and agreed figures (i.e. those based on the most solid research and which command the most general assent). We shall now see how he has arrived at these inflated estimates, and what evidence that they are indeed far above the likely number.
5. In 1977 Bergander's book appeared, which after painstaking research and sound reasoning came to the conclusion that the number which 'came nearest to the truth' was 35,000, even if he did not exclude the possibility of it being a few thousand more.48 This figure tallies with that given by Walter Weidauer and by the East-German authorities.
6. Many historians accept the 35,000 figure.49 For instance the historian Earl A. Beck said 'the constant increase in estimates of the number killed in the raids does not comport with the facts. Official reports justify an estimate of between 25,000 and 35,000 killed. Figures that rose to 100,000 or 200,000 killed lost touch with reality.'50 In 1994 research by the Dresden historian Friedrich Reichert was published, using a previously unused source, which convincingly reduced Bergander's figure of 35,000 to 25,000.51 This figure can be regarded as close to definitive.
7. The Dresden City museum sent Irving a copy of the research in 1997. It seems unlikely he could have read it in 1994 before issuing his own revised edition (his manuscript is dated 1993), but from his reply to the defence plea it is clear Irving rejects these findings as well.52
34. Reply to Defence of Second Defendant, paragraph 48, p. 38.
35. Georg Feydt, in Ziviler Luftschutz 4, 1953, quoted in Bergander p. 253. His was the first 'sober' account of the attack, but went largely ignored at the time. Irving refers to the article several times in his accounts.
36. Hans Rumpf, Das war der Bombenkrieg (Hamburg, 1961), p. 106 108 Rumpf was one of the authors to first bring many rumours and legends to full circulation through his books; KTB/OKW, vol. IV, second part, p. 970.
37. Seydewitz, p. 141. Dresden was located in the Soviet occupation zone and from 1949 to 1990 in the communist German Democratic Republic.
38. Bergander details the progressive and feverish notching up of the figure throughout the literature, pp. 253-259.
39. Corgi, edn. 1966, vii.
40. Corgi, edn. 1966, p. 225.
41. Corgi, edn. 1971, p. 7.
42. Videotape 184, 'Leuchter Report press conference,' London [?], 23 June 1989. Titles read: 'The Truth at Last, Six Million Lies, Focal Point Video'.
43. David Irving, 'Life under Fire' (remarks delivered to the eleventh IHR conference, October 1992), Journal of Historical Review, vol. XIII, no. 1 (January/February 1993), 8-11, p. 10.
44. Videocassette 200: Irving, "The Search for Truth in History -Banned!" 1993.
45. Focal Point, ix.
46. Focal Point, p. 167.
47. David Irving, Goebbles, Mastermind of the 'Third Reich' (London, 1996), p. 501.
48. Bergander, p. 268.
49. For example Pommerin, p. 244; Sherry, p. 260.
50. Earl A. Beck, Under the Bombs. The German Home Front 1942-1945 (Kentucky, 1986), p. 179.
51. Friedrich Reichert, 'Verbrannt bis zur Unkenntlichkeit', in Dresden City Museum (ed.), Verbrannt bis zur Unkenntlichkeit. Die Zerstörung Dresdens 1945 (Altenburg, 1994), pp. 40-62, p. 58.
52. Doc. 1836, Stadtmuseum Dresden to Irving, 13 April 1997.
|(ii) Unreliable evidence... >
|(vii) Further misuse of ... >>


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Rain won't cancel annual vow renewal on Siesta
Published: Thursday, February 14, 2013 at 12:24 p.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, February 14, 2013 at 12:24 p.m.
If you're planning to go to Siesta Key Beach this evening to renew your vows don't let the threat of rain dissuade you. The annual event, which draws hundreds of couples, will take place rain or shine, organizers say. There is one caveat: If lightning hits the event will be cancelled. If it does rain a tent will be set up to keep as many people as possible dry. Also, if it rains the commemorative certificates will be handed out Friday.
A 10-piece band will play from 4-5 p.m., with the non-denominational service scheduled to begin at 6.
The ceremony will take place at the Siesta Key Beach Pavilion, 948 Beach Road. For more information or to pre-register, call 861-5000.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.

subset: commoncrawl


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Can I print, fax or make copies at the library? Yes, here are the charges for these services:
Print copies made from computers and microfilm —B&W 10¢/page; color 20¢/page
Photocopies—B&W 10¢/page; color 75¢/page
Send faxes—$2.50 first page, $1.00 each additional
Do you proctor tests? Yes, call the library for details.
I need something notarized. Do you provide this service? Yes, please call to make an appointment.


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Sales Director
- Recruiter
- Maximiles UK
- Location
- Based in Clapham, London SW4
- Salary
- Competitive basic salary plus generous OTE
- Posted
- 14 Feb 2013
- Closes
- 05 Mar 2013
- Business Type
- In-house / Client-side
- Specialism
- CRM, Sales & Business Development
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
Role: Sales Director – Loyalty Marketing Services, CRM & Mobile
Reporting to: Group COO, based in Paris
Location: Clapham SW4. Victoria & Northern Tube Lines & Southern Rail.
Rate: Competitive package
Maximiles Group is a leading European provider of multichannel loyalty solutions. Our range of marketing services and loyalty programmes help businesses attract, retain and motivate their customers and employees. We have a pan-European B2C coalition loyal programmes with over 8 million members across Europe and run major loyalty programmes for some of Europe's most famous and dynamic brands such as Avis, Amex, MasterCard, UGC Cinemas and Virgin Megastores.
As part of ambitious growth plans we are seeking a talented Sales Director to establish the Loyalty business in the UK by leveraging the credentials and expertise of the well-established proprietary loyalty capabilities of the Maximiles Group on the Continent. The Sales Director will work alongside another 2 Sales Directors responsible for the long established panels and direct marketing divisions.
the Sales Director will be solely responsible for establishing this new business line in the UK, which will include identifying prospects, setting well qualified meetings, developing sales opportunities with support from the Technology and Marketing teams and signing new clients for:
- Maximiles' bespoke loyalty technology solutions in the UK – with a product offer ranging from mobile, social and multi-channel programmes to membership cards.
- Loyalty partners looking to join the maximiles.co.uk loyalty coalition.
The Sales Director will play a key role in bringing about a step change in how Maximiles develops and grows its UK business and your key responsibilities will be to:
Win new proprietary loyalty solutions business in the UK, providing bespoke/white label loyalty, membership, multi-channel customer engagement and rewards programmes to UK based businesses – typical clients are large consumer facing service businesses (eg. financial services, retail, travel & leisure)
- Win new business deals by selling Maximiles' ability to design and build web-sites, mobile apps, create databases, acquire new customers, email/SMS customers and generate actionable customer insight – typical clients are any business looking to build a customer database or run an acquisition programme
Of graduate calibre, you are an exceptional "hunter" with proven solutions sales results gained selling technology solutions such as loyalty, ecommerce and CRM platforms to senior marketers. You love to be measured against what you have sold and the strength of your relationships.
Ideally, you will be established - although there is no definite requirement for previous experience in a Sales Director role - within the technology end of a marketing services business where you are already well networked with CRM, Loyalty and Marketing Directors within large UK based businesses. Agency-side marketing service experience is important as is knowledge of marketing technology and services.
This role would also suit a Sales Manager aspiring to become Sales Director within 6 months.
You will need to be a confident and skilled communicator with strong negotiation skills and a desire to learn from working in an international team. You are London based and ready to make a commitment to being a core part of this growing business.
To be part of a dynamic, growing business, please send your CV, together with details of your current salary package, salary expectations and preferred working conditions by clicking on the APPLY button below.
Please note that calls will not be taken from agencies.


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Possible tornado damages hospital
Published: Monday, February 25, 2013 at 5:26 p.m.
Last Modified: Monday, February 25, 2013 at 5:26 p.m.
The National Weather Service is investigating a possible tornado that damaged cars and buildings along Industrial Boulevard in Houma Monday.
Intense winds blew down utility poles and tore part of the awning off of the Shell station at Industrial and Grand Caillou roads, said Earl Eues, the parish's director of emergency preparedness. The Cash Magic building on Grand Caillou was also damaged, he said.
The winds knocked down several utility poles and damaged cars in the area. Readers reported seeing transformers exploding and cars rolling and lifting in the wind.
Leonard J. Chabert Medical Center CEO Rhonda Green said the hospital suffered damage in several places. The doors to the emergency room were blown out, the switch that controls generator power was damaged, and the boilers and chillers that supply steam to sterilize equipment were damaged.
Several windows at the hospital were shattered, along with other minor damage. Cars in the hospital parking lot were damaged; the windows on four state-owned vehicles were shattered.
"We were very fortunate that no one was hurt," Green said. "We are back up and running now."
Eues said most of the major damage was confined to that part of Houma.
Lafourche Parish spokesman Logan Banks said there were no reports of damage or injuries Monday, but minor damage was reported Sunday night in Mathews. Some residents there reported seeing a tornado, though that has not been confirmed by the National Weather Service.
A Weather Service meteorologist said radar showed weak circular activity Monday in Houma but mostly intense straight-line winds. An investigator was dispatched this morning to assess the damage and confirm whether a tornado had hit the area; that report should be submitted this afternoon.
Today's weather is projected to be dry, cool and windy, with highs in the low 60s.
There's no chance of rain in the near future, according to WWL-TV meteorologists.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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SAN JOSE -- Sharks TV color analyst Drew Remenda won't be returning to his spot in the broadcast booth next season.
"They decided not to renew my contract," Remenda said Tuesday. "It wasn't because of anything I did or anything wrong. It was explained to me they wanted to take the broadcast in a different direction. Honestly, we parted amicably."
Remenda, who just completed his 13th season as television analyst alongside Randy Hahn, was an assistant coach with the Sharks from 1991 to 1995 before becoming an analyst. Prior to his TV spot, he was the radio color commentator working with Dan Rusanowsky.
"When I first got there as an assistant coach, they asked me what was my goal," Remenda said. "I said I hoped I'd be there for five years. I ended up being there for 20. I would love to tell you there's some big conspiracy there, but they've been great to me."
Remenda said he had "kind of an inkling," his contract might not be renewed, so hearing the actual words from chief operating officer John Tortora was not that difficult.
"The hardest thing is to think I'm not a San Jose Shark any more," Remenda said.
Reached late Tuesday night, Tortora declined to comment on Remenda's departure beyond a prepared statement that acknowledged the announcer would not be back and wished him well in the future. The statement offered no explanation for the team's decision that was first reported by media blogger Rich Lieberman.
With contacts throughout the hockey world, Remenda said he already has several irons in the fire as far as his next job.
"There's a couple possibilities and a solid chance I might go back into coaching, though not at the NHL level," Remenda said, adding that working closely with Todd McLellan and his staff the past six years has sparked his interest in returning to the bench.
Popular with fans, Remenda had a league-wide following thanks to satellite packages that carried NHL games to outside markets. And news of his departure triggered an outpouring of support on Twitter.
"Drew and Randy are one of the very best broadcast tandems in the NHL," said Craig Button, a former Calgary Flames general manager who is now a TV analyst at TSN. "They are knowledgeable, thorough and have fun."
Remenda was willing to speak his mind during a broadcast. While he viewed the game from the Sharks perspective, he could be anything but a homer in his commentary when he felt it was warranted.
After the Sharks were eliminated by the Edmonton Oilers in the 2006 playoffs, Remenda announced on the air that he was leaving the Sharks to become an analyst with "Hockey Night in Canada."
He returned to San Jose after one season, saying he missed having one team to identify with when he was part of the well-respected Canadian Broadcasting Company operation.
In recent years, Remenda split his time between the Sharks and his family in their hometown of Sasktatoon, Saskatchewan. Under that arrangement, he would miss an occasional game with radio analyst Jamie Baker filling in.
Remenda had nothing but kind words for the Sharks, praising general manager Doug Wilson and the front office staff as well as players and coaches.
"The only time I've been upset about this whole thing," Remenda said, "was when I've talked to people in this organization that I've had to say goodbye."
For more on the Sharks, see David Pollak's Working the Corners blog at blogs.mercurynews.com/sharks. Follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/PollakOnSharks.
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WASHINGTON (October 24, 2012)--President Barack Obama said Wednesday Democrats have a good chance of keeping control of the U.S. Senate, but will face a tougher time taking over the U.S. House from Republicans.
Obama told radio host Tom Joyner in an interview taped Tuesday that Senate Democrats have a hard time getting much done because of Senate rules that often require 60 votes to advance legislation.
Democrats control the Senate 53-47, including two independents who vote with them.
Of the 33 seats up for grabs, a dozen are considered competitive.
Republicans need a net gain of four seats Election Day to take control if Mr. Obama is re-elected, and three if Romney wins.
In the House, Democrats may make some gains but seem unlikely to pick up the 25 seats they need to win control from the GOP.


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The Public Press is meeting with neighborhood groups in San Francisco. Can we talk to you?
Media coverage of the San Francisco Public Press
2009 coverage:
SF Panorama offers a 21st century model for newspapers — Zoe Corneli, "Crosscurrents" on KALW News (12/15/09)
Include interest when reporting projects' cost, Rosalind Gammon, Businessjournalism.org (12/14/09)
McSweeney's Proves Print Isn't Dead — Claire Suddath, Time (12/11/09)
SF Panorama: Definitely Worth the $16 — Jess Hemerly, 7x7 (12/10/09)
The SF Bay Bridge: Made in China and Costing a Fortune — Marian Wang, Mother Jones (12/10/09)
A newspaper to inspire you all over again — Alan Mutter, Reflections of a Newsosaur (12/10/09)
The Expense of Fixing the Bay Bridge — Michelle Quinn, New York Times Bay Area Blog (12/9/09)
The Birth of Panorama, a Drink and Then Sleep — Anna Bloom and Gerry Shih, New York Times Bay Area Blog (12/9/09)
McSweeney's looks to save print; 320 page newspaper results — Betsey Reinsborough, Editorsweblog.com (12/9/09)
Wednesday Foodie Edition — Armand Emamdjomeh, Mission Loc@l (12/9/09)
Getting Misty-Eyed Over Dave Eggers Newspaper Experiment — Elizabeth C., Crabbygolightly.com (12/09)
San Francisco Panorama — "Forum" with Michael Krasny, KQED Public Radio (12/8/09)
Dave Eggers, newspaper publisher? — David Ulin, Los Angeles Times (12/8/09)
San Francisco Panorama hits the streets — Steven T. Jones, San Francisco Bay Guardian (12/8/09)
Panorama!! — JD Beltran, SFGate.com (12/8/09)
McSweeney's "Panorama" Newspaper Arrives -- With Special Probe of SF Bay Bridge Project — Editor & Publisher (12/8/09)
McSweeney's Bay Bridge Investigative Report Released — Jay Barmann, SFist.com (12/8/09)
Case Study in Collaboration: Spot.Us, Public Press and McSweeney's — David Cohn, PBS MediaShift Idea Lab (12/8/09)
Dave Eggers' One-Day-Only Newspaper — Stacey Delo, MarketWatch (12/8/09)
A heartbreaking work of newspaper genius -- at $16 a pop — Will Bunch, Philly.com (12/8/09)
McSweeney's San Francisco Panorama Sells Out Immediately — Rhonda Winter, Eco Localizer (12/8/09)
Too Big to Comprehend — Andy J. Wang, Curbed SF (12/8/09)
Nonprofit profile: SF Public Press — Maureen Futtner, Examiner.com (11/4/2009)
Interview with Project Director Michael Stoll about changes at San Francisco Chronicle, KGO Radio News (11/4/2009) (MP3)


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Help! How Much Should I Weigh?
The days of eating lunch at your desk should be over—now. "If you're not regularly taking breaks, things can get very overwhelming, and you end up being more ineffective because your mind is not fresh enough," Palmer says. Take a walk or stroll through the park during your break. If you skip lunch because you feel you don't have enough time, you could end up making a mistake from being too tired and taking even more time to correct it, she warns.
The biggest mistake people make is bringing their jobs home with them too often. "Work shouldn't be everything," Palmer says. Try getting involved in other activities outside of work, like taking that yoga class you've been looking at. Train yourself to only think about work when you're actually on site, unless you have an important meeting or event to prepare for. Your job is a part of your life—it's shouldn't be your whole life.
5 Places in Riviera Maya You've Got to See


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WASHINGTON (January 1, 2013)—U.S. House Republicans planned a closed-door meeting Tuesday to decide their next move after the Senate overwhelmingly approved compromise legislation aimed at averting a fiscal cliff of across-the-board tax increases and sweeping spending cuts to the Pentagon and other government agencies.
The Senate endorsed the legislation early Tuesday in an 89-8 vote that came hours after Vice President Joe Biden and Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky sealed a deal.
U.S. Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, R-Texas, voted for the bill.
"Like many Americans I am disappointed it took so long to reach an agreement allowing us to avoid the so called fiscal cliff," she said Tuesday.
"The agreement is not perfect, but it leaves in place important tax cuts that protect 99% of working Americans. I would prefer not raising taxes on anyone, but the president and Senate majority had the votes to raise taxes even more and this agreement prevents most of those increases," she said.
"This measure also extends unemployment benefits, extends key business tax credits and prevents harmful cuts to Medicare and our national defense," she said.
The bill would prevent middle-class taxes from going up, but would raise rates on higher incomes.
It would also block spending cuts for two months, extend unemployment benefits for the long-term jobless, prevent a 27 percent cut in fees for doctors who treat Medicare patients and prevent a spike in milk prices.
The measure ensures that lawmakers will have to revisit difficult budget questions in just a few weeks, as relief from painful spending cuts expires and the government requires an increase in its borrowing cap.
President Barack Obama urged the House to act quickly.
"There's more work to do to reduce our deficits, and I'm willing to do it. But tonight's agreement ensures that, going forward, we will continue to reduce the deficit through a combination of new spending cuts and new revenues from the wealthiest Americans. And as we address our ongoing fiscal challenges, I will continue to fight every day on behalf of the middle class and all those fighting to get into the middle class to forge an economy that grows from the middle out, not from the top down," he said.
U.S. House Speaker John Boehner pointedly refrained from endorsing the agreement, though he's promised a vote on it or a GOP alternative right away, but he is expected to encounter opposition from House conservatives, and it's unclear when the vote would occur.
Boehner and House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, R-Va., arrived at the Capitol in late morning, and both bid "Happy New Year" to greeters, but didn't say anything substantive.
Boehner planned to brief his caucus in the afternoon.
Biden scheduled a separate meeting with House Democrats to reprise his role of Monday night when he promoted compromise to Democrats before that chamber voted.


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You are a fan of imposters rugby ? Come to discover the best forums imposters rugby on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of imposters rugby . You can also build a forum imposters rugby and create your online discussion.
The sports forum community that talks about the sports you want - rugby, cricket, boxing, tennis, football, golf, even wrestling. Join the debate today.
forum, boxing, sport, football, wrestling, hockey, #rugby, union, golf, tennis, cricket, entertainment, debate, discussion, martial, arts, messageboard, british
A forum for spoilt posh schoolboys
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The offsite for the New Zealand community of Blackout Rugby.
Unofficial Sydney Roosters Forum. The Unofficial Sydney Roosters Forum
Free forum : Offsite forum for Blackout Rugby Ireland
The Final Whistle - Discuss all types of sport. This is your chance to chat about issues in the sporting world. So if you love sport, then why not check out TFW now.
free, final, whistle, #rugby, league, cricket, football, basketball, sport, sports


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A delicious B&B breakfast that could feed an army. Guestrooms straight out of House and Home and a welcome so warm that you might not even need the turf fire. B&Bs in Ireland aren't accommodation – they're an experience.
And the secret? It's all down to tradition. Welcomed into the B&B by your host (the lady of the house or the 'Bean an Ti' in Irish) this is where your Irish experience begins. Fresh home baking including hot scones made with a delicate hand and good old family recipes handed down through generations. A hot pot of tea and a friendly chat with your host who may ask 'So, how was the journey. You must be exhausted!' You've chosen their family home B&B and their beloved Ireland for your holiday – and they couldn't be happier.
And now for the inside knowledge on the local area. You will find everything you need to know at the local B&B. Where to sip the best Guinness, where to find the best local restaurants and how to find that secret walk that only the locals know. B&Bs in Ireland have honed their local knowledge not only over their own lifetime, but from their grandparents too. Expect to hear 'my grandfather caught the biggest pike on that lake!' or 'my grandmother showed me how to bake this soda bread. I might even give you the recipe…' Now you've arrived at your Irish B&B and now you will feel like part of the family. Any holiday in Ireland is a story. B&Bs are a chapter you won't want to miss.
B&B Activity Vacations in Ireland
We all have our interests. Spending a weekend with a line lazily cast in a lake or stomping around a heathery mountain range in search of historic hills. Teeing off into the great blue yonder or finding foodie heaven with a bowl of steamed mussels on the coast. When you stay in an Irish Bed and Breakfast, be sure to take your interests with you. You see, while you might see B&Bs in Ireland as cosy comfort or that place where you first found the full Irish breakfast – the truth is, there's more.
Bed and Breakfasts approved by Failte Ireland and in the B&B Ireland group are experts in their field. B&B Ireland members are experts in their field. After the finest food? Pop into a Food Lovers' B&B. Seeking some serious surf? You'll be needing and Adventure's Welcome property. And the list goes on. Eco aware, pet friendly, Gaeltacht, Angling, Golfing, Farmstays and Walking and Ancestry. And it's not exclusive. A B&B can be Eco-friendly but they could be for Food Lovers', too. The key here is choice. B&Bs – accommodation, just better.
Footprints aren't just in the sand. They're in what we use, how we travel and where we stay. An increasing amount of travellers are concerned with their environmental footprint and that's where B&B Ireland approved Eco-Friendly B&Bs come in. The hosts here are all about The Good Life with the best environmental practice used by managing water usage, food production and electricity usage with various new and cutting edge ways. You'll sleep a little sounder at night when you've done the earth some good.
No one does puppy dog eyes like the family dog being left behind as you set sail for the holiday of a lifetime. Arranging and paying for kennels are headaches you don't need when you're supposed to be relaxing for a holiday, making Pet Friendly B&Bs a welcome addition to a holiday with Rover in tow. On offer from Pet Friendly B&Bs are secure fences, pet accessories, suitable sleeping arrangements as well as hugely understanding hosts who would rival Doctor Doolittle for pet rapport.
Visitors staying in B&Bs are often after something intangible – the traditional. Tradition, culture and people start with language and it's in a Gaeltacht B&B where tradition trips off the tongue. Literally. Dive into Gaeilge (Irish) at one of Ireland's Blaiseadh Gaeltachta B&Bs and you dive into the thick, rich mist that is Ireland's Gaeltacht culture of not only language, but music, storytelling and song. And in case you're not linguistically inclined, the hosts speak English as a matter of course. Who knows, by the end of your stay you'll be blessed with a cupla focail (a few words) just like Queen Elizabeth II when she visited Ireland. ( not sure how relevant this is in markets other than GB??)


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The Big Finish!
A great way to end the week for The Zone! We were out on a cool day that ended up BEAUTIFUL at the new Tropical Smoothie Cafe in Benton next to the Tinseltown Theater.
Spoke to a lot of people Thursday night at the Signing Day in the Rock event
and joined 1500 other fans as we called the Hogs with
the head Hog and his new staff in Verizon Arena.
Spoke to OC Jim Chaney...and you can see some of that here..
and also had a chance to meet Randy Shannon the new, very overqualified, LB coach.
He is excited about working with his fellow staff members.
As the evaluations of all the classes around the league and the country continue we talked to Edward Aschoff of ESPN.com
about how he thinks Arkansas fared and who he thinks made strides on national signing day.
We also spoke to Chris Bahn
of Arkansas Business about a plan for some new facilities on the hill and what he thinks of a plan for a small committee to decide who's in and who's out of the national championship picture when the playoff starts.
A wild week in the Zone has come to a close. Remember you can catch the Hogs on the Buzz this weekend. UALR is off, but the Trojans scored a big win on the road
last night over ULM and now lead the division with a loss by ASU to Middle Tennessee. The in-state rivals have a HUGE matchup in Jonesboro on...wait for it...Valentines Day next week. Gonna be a good one.
Everyone have a safe weekend and we'll talk on Monday!


text:
Miranda Rights
You have the right to remain silent — and to watch this BrainPOP movie to find out why you have the right to remain silent! In this movie, Tim and Moby explain the origin of a set of rights known as the Miranda rights. Discover why police have to speak the Miranda rights to anyone they arrest, what rights are guaranteed to a suspect, and which Constitutional amendments guarantee those rights. You'll also learn why they're called the Miranda rights and what it means to be coerced. Plus, find out why not knowing your rights could change the way you behave under arrest or in court and why the Supreme Court had to make a law to ensure that everyone would know his or her rights. Know your rights!
Learn More:What are Miranda rights?What does the Fifth Amendment mean?What happens if the police don't read you the Miranda rights?
See a Full List of Topics


text:
Men's Under Armour Spine Bionic Basketball Shoes
Buy Online & Pick Up In-Store
The Under Armour Spine Bionic will make your game better. The upper's are ultra-light but strong enough to support even your most violent movements. Under your feet, you've never felt anything like the mix of lightweight flexibility, stability, and comfort of UA Spine cushioning. There's never been a shoe this playable. Literally unbelievable.


text:
NIAID conducts and supports basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. For more than 60 years, NIAID research has led to new therapies, vaccines, diagnostic tests, and other technologies that have improved the health of millions of people in the United States and around the world.
In recent years, the scope of the NIAID research portfolio has expanded considerably in response to new challenges such as
The growth of NIAID programs also has been driven by unprecedented scientific opportunities in the core NIAID scientific disciplines of
Advances in these key fields have led to a better understanding of the human immune system and the mechanisms of infectious and immune-mediated diseases.
We still have much to discover about many infectious and immune-mediated diseases and how best to diagnose, treat, and prevent them. However, with a strong research base, talented investigators in the United States and abroad, and the availability of powerful new research tools, we fully expect that NIAID basic and applied research programs will provide the essential elements to
Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases
The threat of bioterrorism has created new challenges for medicine and public health. Our nation's ability to detect and respond to acts of bioterror requires new and improved countermeasures, including diagnostics, vaccines, and therapies. The development of countermeasures is driven by biomedical research on disease-causing microbes and on the immune system response to these pathogens. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and NIAID support much of this research. In 2003, NIAID assumed the principal responsibility within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and NIH for research and development of medical countermeasures against deliberate threats of infectious disease, chemical weapons, and radiation.
Disease-causing organisms evolve naturally, re-emerge with new properties or in new settings, and can be introduced deliberately, as in the case of the anthrax attacks in 2001. To help ensure that the nation is prepared for all of these possibilities, NIAID has integrated its research efforts for biodefense and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. The Institute's research agenda in this area includes the following:
As the lead agency at NIH for infectious diseases and immunology research, NIAID developed the
The strategic plan and research agendas stress two overarching and complementary components:
Advances in biodefense research have been rapid and significant, as delineated in the NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for CDC Category A Agents Progress Report (1.04MB, PDF) and the NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens, Progress Report.
We anticipate that the large investment in research on biodefense will have many positive spin-offs for other diseases. NIAID research on microbial biology and on the pathogenesis of organisms with bioterror potential will certainly lead to a better understanding of other more common and naturally occurring infectious diseases that afflict people here and abroad.
Furthermore, and importantly, the NIAID biodefense research agenda promises to enhance our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the innate immune system and its relationship to the adaptive immune system. Such knowledge will help in the search for new ways to treat and prevent a variety of immune-mediated diseases.
Learn more about NIAID biodefense and emerging infectious diseases research.
Vaccine Research
Vaccine research has long been a cornerstone of NIAID research. Effective vaccines have contributed enormously to improvements in public health worldwide. Research supported by NIAID has led to new or improved vaccines for a variety of serious diseases.
As the lead agency at NIH for infectious diseases and immunology research, NIAID has helped develop vaccines for
NIAID is committed to improving global health through the rigorous pursuit of effective vaccines for human diseases.
NIAID has three broad goals in vaccine research:
One of the important challenges for the 21st century is developing safe and effective vaccines for the three greatest microbial killers worldwide:
These diseases account for one-third to one-half of healthy years lost in less-developed countries. NIAID has a robust portfolio of vaccine research and development for these and other diseases of global importance, including agents of bioterrorism.
Learn more about NIAID vaccine research.
Immune System Research
An important NIAID research focus is the immune system, the complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Because the human body provides an ideal environment for many microbes, they try to break in. It is the immune system's job to keep them out or, failing that, to seek out and destroy them. When the immune system hits the wrong target or is crippled, however, it can unleash a torrent of diseases, including asthma and allergic diseases, arthritis, or AIDS.
NIAID-funded research in basic and clinical immunology has led to many promising approaches for treating people with immunologic conditions such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and asthma. For example, researchers are developing novel ways of selectively blocking inappropriate or destructive immune responses while leaving protective immune responses intact, an area of research known as tolerance induction.
The NIAID-supported Immune Tolerance Network (ITN) is an international consortium consisting of approximately 80 basic and clinical scientists and physicians at more than 40 institutions in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. ITN has 18 approved clinical protocols that are enrolling patients, or will do so soon, in areas such as islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes, kidney transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and asthma and allergic diseases.
Learn more about NIAID immune system research.
Infectious and Immunologic Diseases
NIAID conducts and supports research on nearly 300 infectious agents (including bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and prions) and investigates the biological properties of these pathogens and the immune system's responses to them. Findings from this research are vital to NIAID efforts to create vaccines, drugs, and diagnostic tools to better diagnose, prevent, and treat infectious disease.
Despite recent progress in treatment and prevention, HIV/AIDS continues to exact an enormous toll throughout the world. Estimates on the scope of the HIV/AIDS pandemic are profoundly sobering. As of the end of 2010, an estimated 34 million people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, 2.7 million people worldwide were newly infected with HIV, and 1.8 million people with HIV/AIDS had died. More than 95 percent of these infections and deaths occurred in developing countries, most of which also are burdened by other significant health challenges.
The NIAID mandate to support research on HIV/AIDS began in response to the pandemic that started more than 30 years ago. The Institute supports and conducts studies in the following areas:
NIAID support of these research efforts has led to advances that have helped save millions of lives and played a key role in defining standards of care for treating HIV infection.
HIV/AIDS Research Collaborations
To help turn the tide of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, NIAID established research collaborations with international colleagues in more than 50 countries to develop comprehensive approaches to the HIV pandemic. These approaches encompass vaccine development and other prevention activities, therapeutics, and care of the HIV-infected person. These collaborations already have yielded important results, notably in developing methods to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Research Efforts
NIAID-sponsored researchers have made critical discoveries about the basic biology of HIV and the immune response to HIV infection, which in turn have led to the development of therapies that suppress the growth of the virus in the body. Although researchers have learned much in recent years, questions remain about the molecular interactions involved in the regulation of HIV expression and replication, why the host immune response fails to control the infection, and how reservoirs of virus persist in the body despite highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART).
NIAID continues to search for more scientific information about how the virus attacks the body and how the body defends itself, which is critical for identifying additional targets for therapeutic interventions and vaccines.
Learn more about NIAID HIV/AIDS research.
For the past decade, NIAID has focused on reducing the significant and growing burden of asthma among inner-city minority children.
Inner-City Asthma Study
NIAID's Inner-City Asthma Study has investigated novel interventions to improve the health of inner-city children with asthma.
Physician Feedback Intervention
One approach, called a physician feedback intervention, involves periodic reports to the child's doctor about the status of the child's asthma. These reports, generated from bimonthly phone interviews with parents, recommend changes in the child's treatment regimen according to National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines, if warranted.
Environmental Intervention
Another method involves an environmental intervention to identify and remove asthma triggers, such as cigarette smoke or cockroaches, from the child's home. Both interventions are reducing healthcare use, and the children receiving the environmental intervention gained an additional three weeks of symptom-free days during the intervention year. We are working to make such interventions available nationwide.
Learn more about NIAID asthma research.
Last Updated October 23, 2012


text:
Holocaust Denial on Trial, Trial Judgment: Electronic Edition, by Charles GrayTable of Contents
|< Claims made by Irving
|Evidence relied on by Irv... >
The Defendants' evidence of the falsity of Irving's claims
8.21 A formidable obstacle in the way of arriving at an accurate number for those killed by gas is that no records were kept by the Nazis of the numbers put to death in the gas chambers or, if they were, none have survived. Records were kept, as I have mentioned earlier, of the number of deaths amongst those who were registered as inmates of the camp. But, for reasons which are perhaps obvious, none of those deaths is recorded as having been due to gassing.
8.22 The difficulty of arriving at an accurate estimate is compounded by the undoubted fact that many inmates died from disease and above all in the typhus epidemics which from time to time ravaged the camp. Whilst the Defendants do assert that these deaths are the result of deliberate genocidal policy on the part of the Nazis, they must of course be discounted in order to reach a correct estimate of the number of deaths in the gas chambers. Initial estimates, largely based on the capacity of the crematoria, ran as high as 4 million. As has been see the camp commandant, Hoss, gave varying estimates, ranging from 3 million to 1.1 million. However, analysis of the numbers of Jews transported to Auschwitz produced a lower estimate of around 1 million. Research carried out more recently, notably by Raul Hilberg and by Dr Piper of the Auschwitz Museum, has concluded that the true figure for the number of deaths at Auschwitz is in the region of 1.1 million of which the vast majority perished in the gas chambers. This figure has, according to the evidence of van Pelt and Longerich, been endorsed by the majority of serious, professional historians concerned in this field. The only significant exception is Jean-Claude Pressac, a French chemist and amateur historian, whose study concluded that the overall number of deaths was 630-710,000, of which 470-550,000 were gassed on arrival at the camp.
8.23 Longerich estimated that between February 1942 and January 1945 between 900,000 and 1 million Jews died at Auschwitz. But he made clear that those figures included those who died otherwise than by being gassed, for example in epidemics. Deaths outside the gas chambers accounted for about 100,000 deaths, leaving 800,000 to 900,000 murders by gassing. Longerich made clear that he regarded all the deaths as genocidal since the conditions in the camp were deliberately prepared by the Nazis.
8.24 It is the contention both van Pelt and Evans on behalf of the Defendants that Irving has consistently under-estimated the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust and more particularly at Auschwitz. The Defendants assert that the available evidence demonstrates that the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust, both at Auschwitz and more generally, far exceeds Irving's estimates (which themselves vary considerably). They contend that he has paid no proper regard to that evidence and that he has carried no or no adequate research into the numbers killed.
|< Claims made by Irving
|Evidence relied on by Irv... >


text:
The forecast may be iffy, but you can still start thinking about painting your home's exterior. Here's some advice.
- Prepare for best results: Surface preparation is key. Clean the area thoroughly with a phosphate-free cleaning solution, then rinse with a garden hose or pressure washer. Use a scraper, putty knife or wire brush to loosen any debris. Fill holes and cracks with acrylic-based caulking and smooth surfaces with 120-grit sandpaper.
- Take it stroke by stroke: Once you start painting, work from the top down and leave the trim for last. If you're painting boards or siding, focus on one or two boards at a time, going from one end to the other. Begin painting on the side of your house that remains in the shade the longest (painting in direct sunlight can cause blisters and lap marks).
- Choose tools wisely: A four-inch, straight-edged brush is best for broad surfaces such as siding, while a two-inch brush is suggested for trim. Rollers work well on porous surfaces such as masonry or stucco and are useful for covering flat surfaces. For large areas, a spray gun produces a uniform, professional finish.
- Less is more: While priming the surface is a good idea, never overdo the paint. There's a limit to the number of coats a surface can support. For long-lasting results, apply a maximum of two even coats. Never paint wood when it is wet.
Dulux Paints offers its Diamond Exterior Satin premium acrylic, which can repel rain showers in as little as 30 minutes after applying. Available in more than 2,000 colours, Dulux says it's also resistant to blistering and won't crack or peel in extreme weather changes.
Paint easier and faster
Is a busy lifestyle keeping you away from that painting project on your to-do list? If so, there's a solution for reducing the amount of time it'll take, by eliminating the messy paint tray.
The handle for Black & Decker's Pivoting RapidRoller is designed to hold paint, dispensing it using a trigger. It works like a traditional roller, but also has a threeposition pivoting frame that allows the paint to flow into tough-to-reach corners and narrow spaces.
For more information and a demonstration or to order, visit http: //www.blackanddecker.com/power-tools/ BDPR400.aspx.


text:
'Strawberry (fiscal) spring'
Should Gov. Dannel P. Malloy or any of his counterparts spout happy talk about their states' budget health this month, skepticism will be the order of the day. The impending tax bonanza has the look of what horror novelist Stephen King, in one of his early short stories, called "strawberry spring" — a brief spell of fine weather, followed by a long stretch of renewed winter.
Connecticut's fiscal brain trust is likely to discover a pleasing burst of revenue in the next report on tax receipts, thanks to corporate America's response to impending changes in tax rates. As has been well documented, the ebbs and flows of Connecticut's revenue stream are closely tied to the investment behavior of wealthy folks residing in the state's Gold Coast towns.
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text:
What is real? Are you real? I know I'm real...I think....ha-ha
Printable View
What is real? Are you real? I know I'm real...I think....ha-ha
There ya go mack keep as cool as you can.
Face piles of trials with smiles.
It riles them to believe that you beseige the web you weave,
Keep on thinking...
wow....I don't know if I got that right or not , but it should be close.
Askin stupid questions, askin stupid questions, why you askin stupid questions... makin statements!
[QUOTE=EmassSpicoli;183905]Are you starting what I think you're starting? This is your opt-out...
Some others on here may grow tired of our poetic/lyrical discourse.[/QUOT
I was just finishing up he lyrics on an ancient song from an ancient band The Moody Blues that sisurfdog came up with....trust me, I'm no poet...lol
MATT JOHNSON used to dominate,crossed some lines of race/religion/sexual identity and fizzled out all together.lee,yankee,lb and 42 are the true veterans,now.
pfft..freakin newbs


text:
My brother recently got a Sony 4k TV, the x900a. We downloaded some 4k video clips to his computer and installed PMS to stream it to his new TV. We went under Transcoding Settings>Video Settings>Misc Options and in "Skip transcode for the following extensions" we put ".mp4" (without the quotes) since the files have a .mp4 extension and we want to watch them in their native resolution. When we try to play them we get a lot of digital garbage on the screen and the TV says "Content not supported". The audio works fine, though.
Has anyone on these forms has any experience with streaming to a 4k TV yet? Is the software capable?


text:
Definition of scope in English:
1The extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant: we widened the scope of our investigation such questions go well beyond the scope of this book
More example sentences
- The content is specific to areas within the scope of an executive's responsibilities.
- The classic brand management system usually limited its scope to the relevant market in a single country.
- And while it matches their first effort in scope and subject matter, the documentaries leave a little something to be desired this time around.
2The opportunity or possibility to do or deal with something: the scope for major change is always limited by political realities
More example sentences
- It became, as a direct consequence, a field where limited opportunities gave plenty of scope for those who were established to exploit those who were eager aspirants.
- First, the techniques of self-help may create scope for opportunism on the part of secured as against unsecured creditors.
- For this reason the broadest possible geographical scope for the law of international watercourses is to be preferred.
opportunity, freedom, latitude, leeway, capacity, liberty, room (to maneuver), elbow room;
possibility, chance
3 informal A telescope, microscope, or other device having a name ending in -scope: infrared night scopes
More example sentences
- The presence of a minimum of two big spotting scopes is usually the key field mark.
- Fossils were measured under a dissecting scope using a calibrated ocular micrometer.
- F 1 progeny were scored under a dissecting scope for suppression or enhancement of the KDN rough eye phenotype.
5 Linguistics & Logic The range of the effect of an operator such as a quantifier or conjunction.
Example sentences
- An operator (like always) within a relative clause does not like to take wider scope than operators outside the relative.
- The claim is that the ambiguity can be resolved entirely in terms of syntactic scope.
- The claim, of course, was that referential uses of a description are a function of pragmatics, not quantifier scope.
verb[with object]
1.1Set the scope of (a projected undertaking): it is important that a project is scoped correctly to ensure the budget can be accurately defined
More example sentences
- A ' Futures Team ' is being set up whose purpose is to scope out future innovations for the West Midlands.
- At least there was plenty of empty ground on which to scope out a hurried new design.
- Like methods, properties are scoped to their enclosing interface declaration.
2North American informal Look at carefully; scan: they watched him scoping the room, looking for Michael
More example sentences
- Let alone getting 250 grand a year to play a bit of footy, in between scoping the scene at Burleigh Heads.
- Grigory was three miles due west of Natalya's position, scoping out the scene.
- Then a couple of white guys, hunched over, scoping out the street, looking to score.
Mid 16th century (in the sense 'target for shooting at'): from Italian scopo 'aim', from Greek skopos 'target', from skeptesthai 'look out'. sense 3 of the noun is derived from -scope..
kaleidoscope from early 19th century:
Sir David Brewster, the 19th-century inventor of the kaleidoscope, also coined the name for his invention. It is made up of elements from the Greek words kalos 'beautiful', eidos 'form', and skopein 'to look at', also the root of scope (mid 16th century).
Words that rhyme with scopeaslope, cope, dope, elope, grope, hope, interlope, lope, mope, nope, ope, pope, rope, soap, taupe, tope, trope
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: scope
Definition of scope in:
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= trending


text:
BERKELEY -- Saying she "wouldn't trade one minute of the last 10 years," Sandy Barbour officially stepped down as Cal's athletic director Friday.
Barbour's departure comes at what she described as an "intersection" for her and the university "where it's time to find out what's next." It followed six months of discussions with chancellor Nicholas Dirks, who is wrapping up his first year on the job and will lead the search for Barbour's replacement.
"Given the challenges and opportunities that lie before us," Dirks said, "we believe our university will benefit from leadership that can provide new energy and a fresh perspective."
Dirks declined to provide details on the search, which is expected to take months. Cal has not yet decided whether to employ an executive placement firm, according to a senior administration official.
Dirks named H. Michael Williams, a former Cal wrestler, as the interim athletic director. Williams has been a Cal trustee since 2007 and is a member of the Chancellor's Task Force on Academics and Athletics. He was an executive at Barclays Global Investors until retiring a few years ago.
"We share a lot of the same values," said Barbour, who added that Williams would take appropriate care of "my baby."
If Williams has specific goals for his tenure -- he is not expected to be a candidate for the permanent job -- he declined to get specific at a news conference Friday.
But he hinted at his love for collegiate athletics, calling the student-athletes "the most visible ambassadors of the Cal community," and he praised Barbour for making "the exceptional the expected."
During Barbour's decade at the helm, Cal won 19 national team championships, a Pac-12 co-championship in football, and the women's basketball team made its first trip to the Final Four. The school also renovated Memorial Stadium and built a first-class training center.
But the Bears experienced a series of setbacks in recent years, including poor academic performance and budget issues that nearly forced the school to eliminate sports, including baseball.
"I came to Cal 10 years ago to be a part of a program that espoused to have it all," Barbour said. "And we've certainly pursued it all.
"We've had our ups and downs, but the ups far outweigh the downs."
Barbour, 54, who is affectionately known as "boss lady" to Cal athletes, will remain at the school and develop a sports management program through UC Extension.
"Anytime I would go anywhere nationally," women's basketball coach Lindsay Gottlieb said, "coaches and athletic directors seek me out to tell me how lucky I was to work for Sandy."


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PI Name: MCCLAIN, CRAIG J.
Project Title: S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Abstract: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal will evaluate critical-interactions of cytokines and nutritional/ metabolic abnormalities of the hepatic transmethylation/transsulfuration pathways in the development of ALD using novel human, animal, and in vitro models, with the ultimate goal of developing specific therapy for ALD. Abnormal metabolism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is well documented in both experimental models of ALD and human ALD, and TNF plays a critical role in the development of experimental ALD. Abnormal methionine metabolism also is well documented in ALD, with patients frequently having elevated plasma methionine concentrations which correlate with prognosis. MAT1 A, the enzyme responsible for the initial conversion of methionine to S- adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is decreased in ALD. Depressed SAMe levels are observed in most forms of experimental liver injury including ALD, and SAMe therapy is an effective hepatoprotective agent in experimental liver injury. Data from our group show that one potential beneficial effect of SAMe is its ability to inhibit endotoxin stimulated TNF production in monocytes/Kupffer cells. Moreover, MAT1A "knockout" mice have recently been generated, and these SAMe deficient mice develop spontaneous steatohepatitis and are much more sensitive to a second insult. While SAMe levels are depleted in ALD, both S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and homocysteine levels are elevated. The SAMe:SAH ratio and the cellular concentration of SAH critically control most methyltransferase reactions in the body, and we recently reported that increased SAH sensitized to TNF induced hepatotoxicity. It is our working hypothesis that increased TNF in conjunction with altered SAMe/SAH metabolism play an etiologic role in the development/progression of liver injury in ALD. The specific objectives of this proposal are to: 1. Document that SAH sensitizes to TNF hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. 2. Evaluate the effects of alcohol/SAH on induction of mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocyte death. 3. Determine mechanisms whereby SAMe and SAH modulate LPS-stimulated cytokine production. 4. Evaluate beneficial effects of SAMe therapy on critical metabolic functions in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. These studies utilize state-of-the-art models/techniques in a translational approach to develop an enhanced understanding of mechanisms involved in ALD and potential new therapy for ALD.
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Great for recessed can lights or track lights. This dimmable PAR38 LED produces a lot of light, yet uses much less power than incandescent or halogen bulbs. Dimmable from 100% down to 10%.
- Power Consumption:17 Watts
- Replaces: 75-watt recessed can lights or spot lights
- Input Voltage: 120 V AC
- Lumens:1100 Lumens
- Color Temperature: 3000K (warm white)
- Beam Angle: 40 degrees
- Lifespan: > 50,000 hours
- Construction: Aluminum with integrated heatsink
- Base Type: E26 (standard screw-in base)
Cost to run for one year:* – $4.96
Calculated assuming 8 Hours a day operation, 365 Days a Year with $.10 KWh Electricity Cost. The LED would last over 17 years at this usage. A comparable incandescent or halogen light would cost $21.90 per year.
General information about LED lights
- 90% more efficient than halogen and incandescent lamps
- Last much longer than incandescent bulbs (eg 1,000 hrs vs 30,000 hrs)
- No toxic chemicals. CFLs contain mercury, and LEDs do not.
- No UV emissions
- Durable, and shock-resistant
- Starts up instantly, unlike CFL bulbs
- Stays cool and does not give off much heat
- Frequent cycling on/off will not shorten lifespan (unlike CFLs)
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We want you to be completely satisfied with every purchase you make. If you are in any way dissatisfied with a product you ordered, we'll exchange it, replace it or refund your money within 30 days of purchase. Simply email us the problem, and we'll take care of you. Certain products have extended warranties (up to 50 years!) that are listed on the particular product page. Please call us at 1-888-451-6752 if you need further clarification.
Additional Information
|Length: 5.3", Diameter: 4.8"
|Made in the U.S.A.
Shipping Information
- Shipping Details:
- Insured against damage or loss while in transit
- This Product Ships To:
- US Lower 48
- Ships Via:
- Fedex or UPS
Questions about the TCP Dimmable PAR38 Flood Reflector LED 17-Watts
6 Item(s)
- From JIM at 11/18/12 3:15 PM
- would the dimable LED PAR 38 fit in globe that uses a standard 100 to 150 watt incondecent bulb. If so, what comparison?
- The 17 watt PAR38, at 5" long, is larger than the standard vanity globe encolsure.
The 13 watt A19 is closer to the size of a typical incandescant bulb. This will fit in a vanity globe. However the illumination is not the 100-140 wattage you are after. Most vanity globe take 60-watt equivalents which is why this bulb is popular.
If you have on oversize globe (not a vanity globe) than you can us the Specifications tab for any of our bulbs to get the measurements.
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From Joe at 10/3/12 8:58 AM
- This would be my first LED. I want to replace several recessed flood lights beginning with the largest; a 150 w. dimable, used most of the time. Is the Par 38
Reflector 17 w the best choice?
- Yes, the TCP PAR38 Flood Reflector would be the best option for the recessed flood lights you are replacing.
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- This would be my first LED. I want to replace several recessed flood lights beginning with the largest; a 150 w. dimable, used most of the time. Is the Par 38
- From mike s at 7/11/12 9:55 PM
- are any of these led bulbs ok for outdoor floodlights on a motion detector my outside lights are dimmable and are on alot it goes on bright then dims for awhile then shuts off
- Yes, this LED flood reflector can be used indoors and outdoors, and is UL rated for damp locations. It should work with a motion detector as an incandescent bulb would.
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From Harry J at 1/7/12 7:18 AM
- I am looking for an energy efficient bulb to replace a 75 watt Hologen floodlight in a recessed can 4.5" diameter. The halogen bulb produces 940 lumens. Will the PAR 38 be suitable?
- The TCP Dimmable PAR38 Flood Reflector LED, 17-watts would be ideal for your application however it has a diameter of 4 3/4" and length of 5". You state your can is 4 1/2" diameter.
The FEIT Electric Dimmable PAR30 Flood Reflector LED, 13.5-watts has a diameter of 3 3/4", but has an output of 650 lumens, and would not be as bright as your current halogen bulb.
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From John C at 1/6/12 7:39 PM
- From Aldo at 7/12/11 4:27 AM
- Would I need a special light fixture for this model and can it be used with motion sensors and applied to 220 volts ? (in Asia lighting project)
- The TCP Par 38 LED does not need a special fixture; it works just fine with existing PAR38 fixtures. It also works great with motion sensors. However, it's rated for 120 volts, not 220.
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
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Wednesday, 6th April, 2011, 09:10 PM #11
The Grand Druid (Lvl 20)
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I'm fascinated by this semantic discussion. Do you understand "everything is core" to mean that someone running the game must-have or must-allow everything rather than someone running the game can rest assured that everything produced is balanced enough that they can allow it if they wish? Obviously, "kitchen sink" refers to a game that does allow everything but your post (and several below your post) seem to suggest that "kitchen sink" is a foregone conclusion.
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Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 12:27 AM #12
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Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 01:22 AM #13
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What I was trying to find out is: what makes a supplement any more "kitchen sink" than another supplement? WotC produces books that provide new options. How many of those options are included is up to the GM. How is this book more "kitchen sink" than every other book produced by WotC past PHB 1?
As far as I can tell it is a supplement like any other.
Last edited by deinol; Thursday, 7th April, 2011 at 02:53 AM.
Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 04:53 AM #14
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I find it funny that many people were afraid the vampire class was too fragile and the one guy who has actually seen it fears it will be too powerful.
The Vryloka powers sound awesome, especially bloodbond. Resurrection with a shadow twist.
The comments on the blackguard made me curious about the rest of the blackguards features and powers.
Binders sound interesting and I hope they come out with a vestige binder. It could summon some of the vestige based creatures from tome of magic I beleave it was?
The Hexblade gloom pact will get to summon a seperate set of shadow creatures.
I hope there will be other reviews soon.
Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 04:55 AM #15
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Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 05:22 AM #16
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The first thing that indicates this being an Essentials book is the back cover, which states:
Player's Option: Heroes of Shadow is aimed at players who are ready to reach beyond the Dungeons & Dragons Essentials books, Heroes of the Fallen Lands and Heroes of Forgotten Kingdoms.Also, the name itself was a dead giveaway, as a Traditional 4E book would have probably been called "Shadow Powers" rather than "Heroes of Shadow".
For use with these Dungeons & Dragons Essentials Products: Heroes of the Fallen Lands, Heroes of the Forgotten Kingdoms, Rules Compendium
But what really makes "Heroes of Shadow" an Essentials product is in the class design and structure - the four classes presented, as well as the class options like the new Death Domain, were designed using the format seen in the other "Heroes of..." books: melee classes were given a limited number of power options, while casters had their choice from a plethora of spell-like powers.
The Essentials design structure differs from the Traditional 4E character "chassis" by limiting the actions of melee characters and reducing the number and choices of their daily attack powers. For example, by level 10, the Executioner being pure melee has no daily attack powers at all; the Blackguard as a melee/caster mix has two daily attack powers, while the Vampire and Binder have the three dailies that a Traditional 4E character would have. The Assassin (Executioner) has a daily-like power, in that they can prepare three vials of poison from a short list of four poisons they have learned by 10th level.
The other Essentials design concept is to limit choices when creating a character to make the process faster and more streamlined for new D&D 4E players. As an example, when creating a 10th Level Vampire and selecting powers, a player is allowed to make only one choice: at Level 2, they can choose between two encounter utilities - that is all the choices on powers that a Vampire is given. Other classes have similar limitations, being able to make selections between 2-3 powers at certain Levels.
While it is true that the Dev Team has stated that Traditional 4E characters may use feats and powers from Essentials interchangeably, that fact does not transform this book into Traditional 4E content. This book has a lot of great material in it, and my grade card showed that I respected and even liked most of the content - as a reviewer, I was able to take a step back and looked at it objectively. But it was still designed under Essentials parameters and labeled on its back cover as Essentials -which makes it an Essentials source book.
Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 06:35 AM #17
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My verdict of the review is: more review, less propaganda next time. Even if I were anti-essentials, I would much rather have had a concrete count of how much material is usable in a pressentials* game than a "wizards are ruining 4e with essentials" rant.
*pre-essentials. Or is there some other word for it?
Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 08:40 AM #18
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I take issue with statements like
"For those of us who choose not to play a pure Essentials campaign . . . this book offers nothing but a few pages of fluff material about the Shadowfell, and very little else."
"During the Product Preview Seminar at GenCon 2010, Heroes of Shadow was promised as an option's book for "Core players" after the ten Essentials products have been published over the last quarter of 2010, and this clearly is not the case."
Neither statement appears to be true given that feats, powers and items are all available for a non-essentials game. Furthermore, I have a sneaking suspicion that at least some and possibly most of the paragon paths and epic destinies are available to non-essential classes as well.
In short, it seems this book provides a plethora of options for 'traditional' players. And this seems to jive quite well with what was stated at the product seminar.
The fact that the new classes follow the essentials design philosophy does not make every other piece of material in the book 'essentialized' and unusable by traditional campaigns. The same can be said of the text on the back of the book, which could just as easily be put on the back of Players Handbook 3 (looking for options beyond the essentials books? Look no further)
I do realize you liked the book and gave it a good review. However, I was given the distinct impression from the review that there was almost nothing in the book that was usable by someone not playing essentials classes. That strikes me as very misleading. To be honest, it doesn't seem much different than what we saw with the other Power books you mention, where new builds (albeit in traditional format) were presented; the new powers were flavored to work with the new builds; but almost everything was available for other builds. I don't really see much different in this book from what you've described.
I'm sure you didn't intend to be misleading. And I don't mean to come across as accusatory. But I do use these sorts of reviews in assessing my purchase choices, and I found myself confused about what was in the book (e.g., from the review it appeared that feats, powers etc. weren't available to non-essentials classes).
Anyway. I do appreciate the review. Even if I have a fairly major quibble.
Last edited by lkj; Thursday, 7th April, 2011 at 08:46 AM.
Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 10:11 AM #19
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Are all warlock powers Cha based?
Are all paladin powers Str based?
Are all cleric powers Wis based?
I have to post this in some threadsPlayer's Option: Heroes of Shadow is aimed at players who are ready to reach beyond the Dungeons & Dragons Essentials books, Heroes of the Fallen Lands and Heroes of Forgotten Kingdoms.
For use with these Dungeons & Dragons Essentials Products: Heroes of the Fallen Lands, Heroes of the Forgotten Kingdoms, Rules Compendium
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Thursday, 7th April, 2011, 01:57 PM #20
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Is there anything that limits the Vryloka or Shade races to Essentials classes? I can't imagine that there is.
And when it comes to new classes, it sounds like the author feels that "no dailies or limited dailies" is what makes a class "Essentialized." From that definition, it sounds like the Executioner is an Essentials class, the Blackguard is a semi-Essentials class, and the Vampire and Binder are full-on traditional classes.
So, the book presents two classes for non-Essentials players, two new races (and one old race) for non-Essentials players, plus the fluff and feats for non-Essentials players, and a bunch of powers for certain non-Essentials classes like the Wizard, Cleric and Warlock. We don't know yet how flexible the paragon paths and epic destinies are for non-Essentials classes, but I'm guessing that some of them will be fine.
Which sounds to me like the book is pretty much as the author mentioned WotC saying it would be at GenCon - plenty of material for non-Essentials players, and plenty of material for Essentials-only or "kitchen sink" players.
I'm really confused by that part of this review. Is it really Essentials because the back cover refers to the Essentials books rather than the PHBs? If there are tons of options for players who only have the PHBs, this seems like a good hybrid book to me.
I guess I lose at Edition Wars, because I just don't understand the controversy.
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Please complete city work at Marina
To the Editor:
While I was walking at the Oak Ridge Marina/Melton Lake Park to watch and admire the young rowers, who came to our town for the spring training and competition from several colleges all over the country, I saw this unfinished electrical work construction site by the city of Oak Ridge (COR). The irony in this eye-soaring site is that the work there has been ongoing on for a long, long time and is located next to the recently built beautiful gazebo with blue colored roof.
I was amazed of the condition of this site left unfinished during this important annual rowing event, which is well known over the years always to happen during the March spring breaks. What a contrast to the beautiful view we have at the park.
The COR should not lose this great opportunity for luring these young college visitors to advocate the city's unique beauty at the park, and I am sure that the COR utility planners will do everything to remediate this long overdue situation in timely fashion. I took some pictures to reflect the construction status to share with your readers, and I hope before the national rowing competition starts shortly this very unsightly view will be taken care of soon.
Taner Uckan
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Location, ST | website.com


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The Laboratory of Virology (LV) conducts innovative scientific research on viral agents requiring high or maximum containment (biosafety level-2 to biosafety level-4). These agents include filoviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, and flaviviruses. Research studies focus on vector/reservoir transmission, viral ecology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and host immune response of these viral pathogens. A significant goal is to develop diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics against these agents.
LV scientists broadly study pathogens that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, viral encephalitis, and certain respiratory diseases. This work employs investigations in cell culture; animal models, including nonhuman primates; reservoir species; and arthropod hosts in order to elucidate the viral pathogenesis, immune responses, molecular evolution, cellular and molecular biology, and vector-host interactions.
Heinz Feldmann, M.D., Ph.D.
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Last Updated September 16, 2013


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AG104: Claydol Big and Tall
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Claydol Big and Tall (巨大ネンドールを封印せよ!! Seal The Large Claydol!!) is the 12th episode of Pokémon: Advanced Battle.
Episode Plot
The gang continues to wander through Izabe Island. Soon, they spot a statue of a Poké Ball. Brock wants to know story behind it, so an older man comes to tell it - it is for all who want to learn. The man is Sigorni, the sage of the Island. He knows the story of the Poké Ball in this Valley, the Valley of Destruction, but offers them souvenirs, much to their disappointment. However, he still has a book before the destruction. He tells them the tale.
Long ago, during this destruction, a power was sealed inside the stone Poké Ball. However, the power was released, so the ball is empty. When it got out, the power destroyed the island - seven days it took time. A sage, dressed in white appeared, summoned another Poké Ball to seal the power within, preventing destruction to roam the island once more. The man says that he'll show them the Poké Ball, but if they are worthy. Everyone raises their hand up, so the man goes to show them, through the Izabi Lake. He still offers them the souvenirs, though. Team Rocket heard the story, so they go to get to the lake before they do. They go inside the balloon and see the Poké Ball in the middle of the lake, so plan to get the power held within.
The sage shows them the ball, but sees Team Rocket. He wants to know if Team Rocket is interested in buying the souvenirs, though Ash tells him that they are mean and have no money. Team Rocket objects to the latter, saying the gadgets cost a lot of money. Team Rocket drops the bombs over the stone Poké Ball. The man warns that the power within can destroy the whole world. Soon, the ball begins to crack, revealing that a huge Claydol was kept inside - twenty times the normal one. Team Rocket is terrified by its size, but Jessie tells Meowth to capture it, so they release a device to pull it. However, Claydol is very heavy, so Jessie tells it to be captured. Claydol responses by freezing them with Ice Beam, then blasting off with Hyper Beam. They return - on Claydol's head.
Claydol begins to move, repeating the destruction, attacking everything with Hyper Beam. Ash goes to catch it, but the Claydol is too large to be kept inside. So, the sage tells them they need to get it to the mountain peak and bring it into the stone Poké Ball. However, they know that Team Rocket's balloon couldn't lift it, so the sage tells them that he thinks he knows what to do. The sage reads more, so the water techniques should affect it. Brock sends Mudkip and Lombre, who use Water Gun on the Claydol, stopping it. Next scene, however, the Claydol spins around, transporting Team Rocket to them and reflecting the attack back to them. Meowth whispers to Jessie and James they could help them so after they can get Claydol, so they offer help. Ash refuses, but is convinced he needs help to get Claydol down.
The sage reads the book more, and says they shouldn't use water type attacks. Instead, they need to make a food trail, to lure Claydol for hunger. James and Ash try to lure it by offering eggplants, but fail. The sage confirms that Claydol eats eggplants, but they need to be bigger. Brock has an idea - soon, Ash and James are dressed like eggplants. Claydol spots them and follows them, so they run to the peak. The sage reads more, so Claydol does not love, but hates eggplants. Ash and James run to a dead end and see Claydol very angry. Brock tells them that Claydol hates eggplants, so they soon take off their costumes and run to hiding seeing the costumes being stomped on. Claydol goes to a dead end as well, so uses Hyper Beam to make a hole so it can pass. The villagers hear the explosion, so begin to evacuate their homes.
The gang and Team Rocket begin to make a new plan. Jessie wonders why it wants to destroy the village, so the sage translates more of the text. It was believed that a maiden created Claydol from a material, so Claydol sought her out. To save the village, the sage transformed himself to a beautiful maiden, dancing and singing to lure Claydol out. Jessie is very happy, as she believes she is the maiden. Soon, she, May, Meowth and Wobbuffet begin to play instruments. Jessie is annoyed by the other three, but others tell her to focus. The sage is unsure if the maiden was gorgeous or ugly, so Jessie, Meowth, May and Wobbuffet change their uniforms. Claydol goes to them. The four demonstrates, though Claydol uses its moves to get rid of May, Jessie and Meowth, so Wobbuffet is the one standing. Wobbuffet runs and plays an instrument, while Claydol runs to it, fallen in love. The sage tells them that the sage in the book looked a lot like Wobbuffet, although May, Meowth and Jessie are not sure...
When Wobbuffet comes to path, Claydol is needing to be captured inside the stone Poké Ball. However, the Claydol will get it, so Ash sends Swellow to get Wobbuffet. Swellow takes... its wig, so Claydol is very angry for that fact. Wobbuffet runs away, so the gang and Team Rocket release the Poké Ball. However, what they did not count is that it got stuck. Brock sends Mudkip and Lombre to help, who use Water Gun, and along with Pikachu (who used Thunder), allow the ball to roll down. The ball touches Claydol, takes it and captures it inside. Everyone cheers, though they see Team Rocket trying to get the stone Poké Ball. They pull it down, but it is heavy, so the rope cuts and they are blasted off. The Poké Ball itself rolls to the lake, at exact same place where it was before. Max wonders if Claydol was a Pokémon at all. They hope that it is never set loose again, and that they will be able to live with it in peace.
- Ash is seen to have worn his hat backwards after he got out of the eggplant costume.
- This was also the last episode to use Challenger!! as the opening Japanese theme.
- The giant Poké Ball used in this episode is reminiscent of the Lavender Town chapter of The Electric Tale of Pikachu manga. Both were used to attempt capture a giant Ancient Pokémon and seal it away. However, the Haunter died, and wasn't captured, while the Claydol was resealed in the giant Poké Ball.
- For a short moment, May, Jessie, Meowth, and Wobbuffet play a song similar to Lugia's tune in The Power of One.
- An instrumental of Advance Adventure was used, as well as a sample of The Legend Comes to Life from Pokémon the Movie 2000 - The Power of One.
In Pokémon Trainer's Choice, "Flaaffy" is misspelled as Flaafy.
|Pokémon: Advanced Generation
|Other series: The Original · Advanced Generation · Diamond & Pearl · Best Wishes! · XY


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Membership fees for new and renewing members for this year are now due. Please mail your dues check of $15.00 for a signle membership or $20.00 for a family membership to Treasurer, Wood County Genealogical Society, P.O. Box 832, Quitman, Texas 75783 if you have not yet done so. You can also bring them to the October meeting. Receipt of fees makes it possible for us to begin to carry out planned activities for the 2011-2012 society year. If you would like to make an extra donation at this time, you may do so.
Membership Fees for 2011-2012 Are Now Due
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VANCOUVER, British Columbia -- Marty Havlat was not in the Sharks lineup Friday night. Not too surprisingly, the Vancouver Canuck shown using his stick to hit Havlat in the groin during his final shift of Game 1 said he had no recollection of that happening.
"I don't remember that," defenseman Kevin Bieksa said when a reporter brought up the play that was caught on video.
A second attempt to detail the painful-appearing hit that came midway through the first period got the same response.
"I don't know," Bieksa said. "I'll have to watch it over again to see what you're talking about."
The Sharks have not disclosed the extent of Havlat's injury, but he did not take part in the morning skate.
Raffi Torres started in Havlat's usual spot on a line alongside Logan Couture and Patrick Marleau.
Forward Tim Kennedy replaced Havlat in the lineup, skating on the fourth line with James Sheppard and Adam Burish, as Andrew Desjardins moved up to Torres' usual spot on the third.
Coach Todd McLellan passed on the opportunity to criticize Bieksa's conduct on Havlat's final shift.
"If there was a situation that somebody crossed the line, it could have been dealt with on the ice or after," the Sharks coach said.
"One of these days coaches are going to end up coming in here with their video equipment and playing four or five faceoffs and then we would throw out the theory about who's cheating and whatnot," the Sharks coach said.
Faceoffs, he added, are "about puck possession in my opinion, and we need to do it better than they can. It doesn't mean it'll happen tonight, but it did in Game 1, and all the more power to us."
San Jose won 57 percent of the faceoffs in Game 1.
The journeyman had two goals for the Sharks in 13 games this season but was either injured or a healthy scratch between March 10 and the final game against the Los Angeles Kings.
"That's always tough, because you always want to play, but the team is on a pretty good roll," Kennedy said before adding: "You'd rather be here than in the minor leagues."
For more on the Sharks, see David Pollak's Working the Corners blog at blogs.mercurynews.com/sharks. Follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/PollakOnSharks.


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When Summit boys' soccer head coach Tommy Gogolen first looked at the schedule, he set a goal of ending the season with an 11-4 record.
He got it.
He also set the goal of making playoffs.
He got that one, too, ensuring the deal was done Thursday night at Tiger Stadium with a 3-0 win over the Steamboat Sailors. Now, it's up to the seeding committee to decide where the Tigers will be in the playoff bracket.
Had the Sailors won Thursday night, they may have secured a playoff spot, but now it's up to the committee to decide.
"It really comes down now to the seeding committee," head coach Rob Bohlmann said. "Had we won, we would not have gotten one of the four secured spots from our league. We come in at fifth place."
Summit's Max Ortiz scored the first goal in the first half of the game while the Tiger defense held off any Sailor attacks. In the second half, the Tigers exploded into their attack zone, outshooting their opponents two to one.
A shot by senior forward Alan Roque was deflected, but senior Evan Feldman was at the net with pressure. In the commotion, Steamboat knocked the ball into the net.
Not long after that - and after several stellar passes and recoveries on behalf of the Tigers - Roque chased down the ball, moving it through the goalie and beyond a defender, who slid along the turf as he sought to stop the ball from rolling into the net.
"I thought we put in a much better effort in the second half, but in the end, tonight was not our night. The difference is, we weren't dangerous enough. We didn't have the ball at our feet enough attacking third to create opportunities to put the ball in the back of the net," Bohlmann said, though he added his defense played well despite a few unlucky moments.
Last time the two teams met, the score was 1-0, and the Tigers were expecting a tough game from the Sailors.
"We had a good game plan (tonight)," Gogolen said. "We were really patient with 4-5 passes then we knocked it up to our forwards. It worked brilliantly. Steamboat did a great job possessing the ball, but they never moved it forward."
Defensively, sophomore keeper Noah Glasco finished the season with eight shutouts in 15 games. Goals against the keeper averaged one, the second-best in the league behind Battle Mountain High School. Glasco has eight goals scored against him in-conference, which is also a testament to the defense.
"Even though he doesn't wear a captain band, he played like a captain tonight," Gogolen said of Alan Roque, the stopper who teamed with sweeper Connor Hebert to keep the ball from getting close to Glasco.
"(Connor) orchestrated the back there and did a fantastic job directing," Gogolen added.
The team played through two ankle injuries - Ortiz and Erick Rivas.
"We need to get them healthy for playoffs," Gogolen said.


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The Department of English offers a Concentration in Creative Writing for students who want to explore the art of writing and refine their skills in critical reading. Students work intensively on their own imaginative writing (fiction, poetry, and play writing) in conjunction with the study of literature. Students wishing to pursue a Concentration in English: Creative Writing must apply to the Creative Writing Advisor in the department and receive written approval.
A minimum of ten courses is required.
1. Concentrators must take at least four courses in creative writing, as follows:
a. Two courses (8 credits) at the 100 level from among the following:
b. One of the following courses:
c. One of the following:
2. Concentrators must take two of the following courses:
3. Concentrators must take four additional English courses at the 200 or 300 level, two of which must be in British or American literature before 1800 and two in British or American literature after 1800. Click here for details about pre- and post-1800 courses.
Students accepted into the Honors Program in English may write original fiction (a collection of stories or a novella), poetry, or a play to fulfill the requirements for the honors essay. Students choosing this option must have the approval of the Creative Writing Advisor in the English Department.