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Discover Athens, Olympia and Delphi in more depth with this 4 day Spotlight on Greece tour. Visit the Acropolis and Parthenon in Athens, the first Olympic stadium in Olympia and the Temples of Hera and Zeus in Delphi, all with your local Greek guide. A great add-on to the beginning or end of your Contiki adventure.
Ready to book? Want to talk to a specialist?
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Itinerary + Inclusions & ME Time Optionals
ME Time Optionals
ME Time optionals will take your trip to a whole new level with unforgettable experiences unique to the places you visit. See more, do more, live more & go home completely regret-free. Costs for these aren't included in your tour cost & are payable to your Trip Manager in local currency.
On our trips we don't just take you to the destinations, we make sure you get under the skin of every place you visit. From amazing food & accommodation, to exclusive access to incredible experiences, with Contiki you'll get unbeatable value & a completely unique travel experience.
Check-in to your hotel and spend the afternoon getting a sneak peak at mythical Athens, a city crammed with ancient wonders and busy with modern, urban soul.
Later, meet up with your fellow travellers and Tour Rep back at the hotel.
Wrap up the day on the shady slopes beneath the Acropolis and jump start your trip with an optional dinner in the rustic district of Plaka, where traditional tavernas spill out onto the pavements. Tonight's festive atmosphere is perfect for getting to know your group and Trip Manager over local wine.
- Visit the famous Plaka area
- A Traditional Athens Affair Euro 43.00
Step back in time in Europe's oldest city to the birthplace of democracy. Get the run down on the Parthenon and the Acropolis from our expert Local Guide, as you wander around the famous columns above the city sprawl. Then we check out the first modern Olympic Stadium from the 1896 Games.
Travelling across the Peloponnese, past rugged mountains, cypress trees and citrus groves, the group drops by the impressive man-made Corinth canal.
Next up is epic Mycenae, a former military stronghold. Unravel 4000 years of history with your Trip Manager and get inside the legend with a visit to Agamemnon's Palace. You'll learn about the heroics, myths and curses connected to this site.
Check out the impressive Acronafplion citadel that looms over Greece's original capital, Nafplio, where we stop by for free time and lunch. Park yourself at a portside café or a grill-house in the narrow streets of the old town and order local specialties, like fried shrimp or koutsomouris (small red mullet).
Tonight, we pull in to the hometown of the Olympic Games and UNESCO World Heritage site, Olympia. Finish up the day with a couple of drinks at the hotel by the pool.
- Learn about the birthplace of modern society on a guided tour of Athens & the Acropolis
- See the Corinth Canal
- Guided tour of Mycenae, including the Palace of Agamemnon
- See the Acronafplion citadel at Nafplion
This morning our Local Guide shows off the important sites of the first Olympic Games in 776BC and gives you the run down on this sporting sanctuary. Take a seat in the impressive 45 000 seat stadium and get a look into ancient beliefs with a visit to the Temples of Zeus and Hera.
After a lunch stop in a traditional Greek village, watch rural Greece go by from the coach, before crossing the Corinthian Gulf and arriving in Delphi.
Delphi is one of Greece's most important sacred destinations and a scene stealer.
After dinner round up some friends and discover Delphi's casual bars, where you can try out the national drink, ouzo.
- Guided tour including Olympic Stadium and Temples of Hera and Zeus
With lush valleys and a cliff-side position on the slopes of Mt. Parnassus, Delphi is all about spine-tingling views and incredible ruins.
Learn how this spectacular site was the centre of the universe for Ancient Greeks and a place of prophecy, as your Tour Manager leads you through the limestone columns of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Afterwards we head back to Athens where the tour winds down this afternoon in the heart of the city at Syntagma Square, home to the Greek Parliament. Make the most of a last look at the Parthenon, high up on the hill above the city, before you farewell your new friends.
- Guided tour of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Ready to book?


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Turnpike memories: The bad and the good
So, given its current "pay-to-play" scandal (allegedly), the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission could use a compliment and/or another defense attorney right about now.
I realize the former won't do much to rectify their issues. Come to think of it, my shoutout isn't even for them.
Rather, it's for the effort their rank and file nobly provided the public 20 years ago this month.
That anniversary dawned on me while bound for home from the recent PIAA wrestling tournament in Hershey. I drove much of the state's same east-west toll road on March 15, 1993, three days after the Storm of the Century.
Those old enough remember the Storm of the Century, right?
Record snowfall from Canada through the Deep South. Hurricane-caliber wind. Scattered tornadoes. More than 300 deaths.
Yeah, that one.
My vantage point for that meteorological chaos was from a chain motel in Altoona. Ironically, I was in Horseshoe Curve country to cover another high school wrestling tournament as part of my former newspaper gig with the Titusville Herald.
I guess being conditioned to such white stuff didn't leave me as panicked as others stranded there. Once the elements were done with their apocalyptic wrath, I actually felt a sense of serenity and one-with-the-universeness upon fully taking in the landscape.
Not that there weren't dire moments over those three stranded days. My situation was on par with those plane crash survivors in the Andes Mountains who resorted to cannibalism.
(If you discount my access to standard food and shelter, of course.)
Sure, the motel's pop machine was functional, but it was out of Mountain Dew. I had no choice but to endure on its diet version.
And yes, my room's television broadcast cable stations. But only basic cable stations.
No HBO. No Showtime. No soft porn on Cinemax.
I know, I know. Real looking-into-the-abyss stuff.
It wasn't until PennDOT gave a green light for the turnpike to reopen that I truly appreciated the storm's epic swath.
I could barely see the Appalachian countryside en route home. Not from whiteout conditions, but from the unending two-plus stories of snow stacked aside of the turnpike.
Make that an immaculately clear and dried turnpike, the likes of which leave me sincerely impressed by its snowplow crews to this day.
Kudos again, folks. It's too bad clearing all the unwanted debris from your management (allegedly) won't be as easy.
MIKE COPPER can be reached at 870-1614. Send e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/entcopper.

subset: commoncrawl


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Are you covered?
On the eve of the Oct. 1 kickoff of California's new health-insurance exchange created by the new health care law, many Bay Area residents still don't understand how the exchange and the new insurance subsidies work.
Over the next months, we'll be doing our best to explain the federal Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare, in detail to readers. Now, however, we'd like to hear from you -- particularly if you currently lack health insurance or are thinking of buying insurance through the exchange.
Email firstname.lastname@example.com and tell us your story.
For more on Obamacare and to find a health care plan in California under the new law go to www.mercurynews.com/obamacare.


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FTP, SFTP, WebDAV, and .Mac client designed exclusively for Leopard to upload, download, and edit your files.
Flow is an FTP, SFTP, WebDAV, and .Mac client designed exclusively for Leopard and Snow Leopard to upload, download, and edit your files.
- Connect to FTP, SFTP, Amazon S3, WebDAV, and iDisk servers.
- Edit files directly on the server, in the robust internal editor, or any other editing app of your choice.
- Copy and View URLs to your remote files instantly.
- Use QuickLook to preview any file the Finder can.
- Quickly Upload without interaction : When you drag a bookmark to your desktop, it becomes a droplet. When you drop files or folders on it, itâll upload those items, and even copy their URL.
Required OS: not specified
Tags: upload , flow , webdav , sftp , ftp , hype
26 Opinions
This app has been re-written more times than I've had hot dinners. And the developer still can't get it right. Sure, it looks pretty, but when it comes to the actual FTP / SFTP part it just doesn't cut it for more than very casual use. Look elsewhere if you want a proper FTP/SFTP client. This isn't it.
This app has been rewritten and I find it to be very fast. It's much more simple and elegant than Transmit and Cyberduck.
It's not as stable as cyberduck or transmit. If I'd buy a ftp program it would be transmit which I tried as trial and is awesome.
The program didn't work for 2 webdav servers I use, and my support request was never answered.
With an ftp application you mainly want to upload/download files. Everything else this application has is an extra bonus. Well, as it turns out Flow just don't do the basic stuff good enough. 50% of the time (yes, really) it just inits the download and then stops. I just wish they could make Flow work with upload/download, because the less basic functions are actually really good.
You can control the page which is previewed in the right-pane by simply changing the URL. When editing the CSS file, just change the URL to the page which uses that CSS (and thus you want to display). As you save, the preview will be updated.
Whatever I try, I don't manage to edit the css while live previewing the html page (like they are showing on this screenshot http://extendmac.com/flow/images/screenshots/Editing.jpg ). Is anybody managed to do that? Every time I make a change in the CSS, the preview pane show me a "preview" of this CSS file, which basically show me the same code, but without colored syntax. This screenshot is really misleading about the capabilities of this software. What's up with the text-wrapping too? No way to uncheck soft wrap, really?
Flow does not support FTP-TLS/SSL and developer responds "no plans to implement it any time in the near future unless demand increases sharply."
The basic idea is good, but it is just so unstable and lacking features (e.g. pause, resume and sort transfers). There are lots of kinks that need to be ironed out.
If in doubt, go with Transmit, it's cheaper too!
Just updated to the latest version and there's a new bug in place of the other bugs that got fixed -- it can't save passwords for bookmarks. It's a nice software but very unstable. I switched back to Transmit.
Page 1 of 3. 26 entries.


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Children and their parents are invited to attend the annual Christmas on the Square on Saturday, Dec. 7, 2013 on the Courthouse Quadrant of the Square in downtown Camdenton.
Activities will begin at 11 a.m. with games, ornament making, chocolate snowmen, prize drawings, craft tables, music, bounce house, petting zoo, hot dogs, hot chocolate, entertainment by the Camdenton School children's choir and Xanadu dance team, cookies and more.
Santa Claus will arrive at noon and will be available to meet with children while other activities are going on until 2 p.m.
All activities are free, including the hot dogs and hot chocolate. People are encouraged to bring canned goods that will then be turned in to the LAMB House food pantry. In addition, people can register for the turkey and ham drawings during the event. Turkeys and hams are provided by Camden County elected officials.
This event is sponsored by the Camdenton Area Chamber of Commerce. For more information call the Chamber at 573-346-2227
Location, ST | website.com


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I was asked by the UK Action Group of the Open Document Format Alliance to write a white paper on the technical differences between ODF and OOXML. After much agonizing, correcting, having others correct my mistakes, suggestions, changes and drafts I still have got something that may be alright to be previewed by all. The actual documents are in ftp://officeboxsystems.com/odfa_ukag both as a "PDF" and an "ODT" (Open Document Format).
The following is a transcribed version of the white paper. Although it has all the Free Software Magazine formatting constraints which means that the information is not as clearly presented, so therefore I recommend you to download the document from the above URL. It is here primary for reference purposes.
Technical Distinctions of ODF and OOXML
ODF Alliance UK Action Group
A Consultation Document
Edward Macnaghten
For many years various computer software vendors produced office software. However, it was difficult for a user of one application to reliably manipulate documents that were created by another. The file format specifications were closely guarded secrets, and for interoperability to exist developers would spend large amounts of resources trying to decipher complex "file dumps".
Obviously a standard was needed, and ODF came to the fore. Soon after, Microsoft suggested that its own OOXML should perform that role instead.
An important point of any standard is the desirability and ease with which it can be implemented. A standard that cannot be implemented by all interested parties within the realm it applies to makes it virtually useless, and only serves to hinder interoperability rather than promote it.
The technical philosophy of the design of a standard is therefore important.
This document reviews the ODF and OOXML formats. It examines some of the nuts and bolts as to how the files are actually formed and the technical merits (or otherwise) of what is created.
This only examines the technical issues; those concerning intellectual property and legal issues are dealt with elsewhere.
ODF Background
ODF is a format developed as a vendor neutral standard. However, it did not originate from anywhere inparticular but rather through a process of evolution [1]...
- In 1999 StarDivision began work on an XML interchangeable file format for their StarOffice product.
- In August that year StarDivision was acquired by Sun Microsystems.
- In October 2000, Sun Microsystems released large amounts of the source code to the community driven OpenOffice.org project under an open licence. At the same time an XML community project was created with the goal of defining an XML specification for the interchangeable file format.
- In May 2002 OpenOffice.org version 1.0 and StarOffice version 6 were released using this XML format (SXW).
- Also in 2002 collaboration began with other office suites, notably the KOffice project, to further refine the interoperability of the format.
- In December 2002, OASIS had a conference call announcing the creation of what is now the ODF standard.
- Then, from 2002 to 2004 the format was overhauled based on experiences to date and examination of what is required in an office format.
- In December 2004, a second draft of the XML file format was approved by OASIS for review.
- In February 2005, a third draft was published for public feedback—six years after commencement of the project and five years after public consultation began.
- In May 2005, the ODF format was approved as an OASIS standard [2].
- Soon after that, many office suites adopted the standard as a means to store the documents [3].
- In September 2005, ODF was submitted as ISO standard.
- In May 2006, ODF achieved ISO certification (ISO/IED 26300).
- In February 2007, OpenDocument Version 1.1 had been approved by OASIS [4]. It particularly addresses accessibility issues.
- ODF throughout continued and continues to grow in popularity and support [5].
The phiosophy behind the format was to design a mechanism in a vendor neutral manner from the ground up using existing standards wherever possible. Although this meant that software vendors would need to tweak their individual packages more than if they continued down their original routes, the benefits of interoperability were understood by the participants to be important enough to justify this [6].
This is reflected in the specification in many ways, but specifically:
- XSL:FO—Formatting
- SVG—Scaleable Vector Graphics
- MathML—Mathematical formulas
- XLink—Embedded links
- SMIL—Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
- Xforms—Forms definitions
OOXML Background
OOXML is the format Microsoft developed for its Office 2007 suite. The development of OOXML was not performed with visible public consultation. It is difficult to determine when development of the format started. However, the following is known:
- Microsoft used an XML format as an option in their Office 2003 suite, though it was not the default format. It was not compressed and all data was stored in the single XML file, binary data, such as pictures, being represented as BASE64 strings in special
binDatatags. A strict licence governing use of this format was included. This was released during 2003.
- Microsoft started development of Microsoft Office 12, which would be known as "Microsoft Office 2007". They developed a new XML schema (OOXML), probably using the Office 2003 XML files as a base. Like ODF, the format stores the data in a number of files embedded in a
.zipfile. No visible consultation with the public occurred during its creation.
- Under pressure, Microsoft relaxed its licensing terms in January 2005. However, they were not relaxed enough to permit free software to use it [7].
- Shortly after the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Information Technology Division chose OASIS ODF as a standard for its documents Microsoft announced that it would be submitting its format to ECMA for standardisation [8]. Later that month (November 2005), Microsoft relaxed the licence further as well as placing a mutual Non-Assertive-Clause for the patents they held on it [9].
- In December 2006, ECMA approved OOXML as a standard (ECMA 376) [10]. This was done after no visible public consultation, and approximately two and a half years of development since releasing their previous (Microsoft Office 2003) closed XML format(10). It was almost immediately submitted to ISO to be certified as an international standard later that month.
- In January 2007, a draft of over 6000 pages was released to members for 30 days to analyse and submit "contradictions".
- Microsoft released Microsoft Office 2007 in January 2007.
- In February 2007, an unprecedented twenty countries submitted comments and contradictions to the standard.
We are of the view that the format appears to be designed by Microsoft for Microsoft products, and to inter-operate with the Microsoft environment. Little thought appears to have been exercised regarding interoperability with non-Microsoft environments or compliance with established vendor-neutral standards [11].
An example of the XML differences between ODF and OOXML word processing files
The philosophies behind ODF and OOXML greatly affect the end result. A way to demonstrate this is to review the meat of the file of the same document saved in the different formats. To this end an example document has been assembled, and the appropriate parts of the XML files examined.
To do this the following operations were performed:
- A basic 1 page document consisting of a sentence, with some elementary font effects, and a picture, was created. This document has been pasted onto the following page for reference.
- The document was saved both as an ODF (.odt) and an OOXML (.docx) file.
- The resulting zip files were each expanded and explored to find the "meat" of the document. For each this was then extracted.
- The resulting XML for each was then reformatted for readability just by adding indents and line breaks, and by colouring different parts of the text. The same formatting rules and methods were used on each example.
- The formatted XML extract for each is reproduced below.
- An analysis follows the XML extracts.
Although this example shows a relatively small aspect of the two formats, it does highlight the differences between the designs.
The ODF XML Representation of the "meat" of the "Example Document"
<text:h text:style-name="P1" text:outline-level="1"> Example document </text:h> <text:p text:style-name="Standard"> This has some <text:span text:style-name="T1"> bold formatting </text:span> , also some <text:span text:style-name="T2"> with italics </text:span> , a <text:a xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.odfalliance.com"> <text:span text:style-name="Internet_20_link"> web link </text:span> </text:a> and a picture... </text:p> <text:p text:style-name="Standard"> <draw:frame draw:style-name="fr1" draw:name="graphics1" text:anchor-type="as-char" svg:width="5.9929in" svg:height="5.4362in" draw:z-index="0"> <draw:image xlink:href="Pictures/10000000000002DC00000298CDD44AEF.jpg" xlink:type="simple" xlink:show="embed" xlink:actuate="onLoad"/> </draw:frame> </text:p>
The OOXML XML Representation of the "meat" of the "Example Document"
<w:p> <w:pPr> <w:pStyle w:val="Heading1"/> </w:pPr> <w:r> <w:t> Example document </w:t> </w:r> </w:p> <w:p> <w:r> <w:t> This has some </w:t> </w:r> <w:r> <w:rPr> <w:b/> </w:rPr> <w:t> bold formatting </w:t> </w:r> <w:r> <w:t> , also some </w:t> </w:r> <w:r> <w:rPr> <w:i/> </w:rPr> <w:t> with italics </w:t> </w:r> <w:r> <w:t> , a </w:t> </w:r> <w:hyperlink w:rel="rId4" w:history="1"> <w:r> <w:rPr> <w:rStyle w:val="Hyperlink"/> </w:rPr> <w:t> web link </w:t> </w:r> </w:hyperlink> <w:r> <w:t> and a picture... </w:t> </w:r> </w:p> <w:p> <w:r> <w:pict> <v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype> <v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="width:431.25pt;height:391.5pt"> <v:imagedata w:rel="rId5" o:title="dalek"/> </v:shape> </w:pict> </w:r> </w:p>
Analysis of the two examples
This section highlights aspects demonstrated in the above example. It is by no means a complete analysis of the differences between the two formats but it does show the philosophical and conceptual thought processes behind each.
Tags and tag naming
To start with, a brief and over-simplified description of a tag. A tag is what XML encloses in the "<" and ">" characters. The name is the first (and sometimes only) part of it. The name is of the format namespace:tagname where the "namespace" is a means of grouping some tags of a particular type together. Should the name begin with a "/" character then that signifies the end of a "block" created with a tag of the same name.
The OOXML has shorter tag names. The benefits to this are firstly a saving of file space, and secondly it facilitates an increase in the speed used of "parsing" the data to convert it to the internal structures the application needs. However a greater number of tags are needed in that format.
The ODF naming is longer and more wordy although it follows the XML convention for naming tags. The benefit to that is it eases interoperability when implementing the standard. File space and parsing performance increases are offset by the fact there are fewer tags required in this format.
The differences in file space and performance are of little significance. Firstly, the ZIP algorithm of the containing files, which each uses, compresses all the tag names to such an extent that they use almost exactly the same amount of file space. Secondly, in modern machines disk access takes the bulk of load time, rendering the processing resource required for parsing tag names insignificant.
The readability and clarity of the tag names influence the adoption of the formats. The cost of implementing the standard such as this is directly related to the resource required to develop the mechanics. If the standard is cryptic, then extra resources need to be deployed both to implement it and support it. There are hundreds of tags in each format and the more unintuitive they are the harder it is for developers to understand, remember and reference them.
Span feature
Again a brief and over-simplified description: "Spanning" is a method of changing the attributes of a section of a block within the block itself. For instance, a bold italic red piece of text might be embedded within a paragraph. A method of storing that in an XML document is to place a tag at the beginning of that section (in the example, specifying the text to be bold and italic), and a terminating tag at the end.
ODF supports the "span" feature, as seen by the
text:span tag above.
OOXML does not support this. OOXML needs to end the parent block at the beginning of the change of format and create a new one, then end that block when the format changes back, and create yet another one prior to continuing. This can be seen with the relative proliferation of the
w:t, and
w:r tags in the example, and makes the document format considerably more complex.
Use of prior standards
The use of existing standards eases the process of creating a compliant product, which is an obvious goal for standards in the first place.
The already-existing "xlink" and "svg" standards can be seen in the ODF XML example above. The design of that format used existing standards wherever possible.
OOXML seems not to apply existing standards in this area. The only standard it appears to follow is the basic XML formatting standard itself. Also some aspects of OOXML can be exceedingly obfuscated, such as the
eqn attributes in the
v:f tag in the example—"
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>".
An example of the XML differences between ODF and OOXML spreadsheet files
As with the word processing example above, the spreadsheet file format was examined. Again, the differences between the philosophies of the formats come to the fore on examination.
To do this, the following operations were performed:
- A basic spreadsheet (represented below) was created, consisting of two rows each consisting of a name, a date, a value and a simple formula. A total row was created with the word "Total" in bold and the sum of the values in the respective columns, and finally a piece of text of a varying format was added.
- The document was saved both as an ODF (
.ods) and an OOXML (
.xlsx) file.
- The resulting zip files where each expanded and explored to find the "meat" of the document. This was then extracted.
- As with the word processing example, the resulting XML was then reformatted for readability just by adding indents and line breaks, and by colouring different parts of the text. The same formatting rules and methods were used on each example.
- The formatted XML extract for each was reproduced in the pages below.
- An analysis follows the XML extracts.
Example spreadsheet
|Normal BoldItalicBoth
- Cells "D1" and "D2" contain the formulas "=C1/3" and "C2/2"
- Cells "C3" and "D3" contain the formulas "=SUM(C1:C2)" and "=SUM(D1:D2)"
- Dates are UK representations (DD/MM/YYYY)
ODF XML Representation of the "meat" of the spreadsheet
<table:table table:name="Sheet1" table:style-name="ta1" table:print="false"> <table:table-column table:style-name="co1" table:default-cell-style-name="Default"/> <table:table-column table:style-name="co1" table:default-cell-style-name="ce3"/> <table:table-column table:style-name="co1" table:default-cell-style-name="Defaul"/> <table:table-column table:style-name="co1" table:default-cell-style-name="ce5"/> <table:table-row table:style-name="ro1"> <table:table-cell office:value-type="string"> <text:p> Fred </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell table:style-name="ce4" office:value-type="date" office:date-value="2007-03-05"> <text:p> 3/5/2007 </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell office:value-type="float" office:value="23"> <text:p> 23.00 </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell table:formula="oooc:=[.C1]/3" office:value-type="float" office:value="7.66666666666667"> <text:p> 7.67 </text:p> </table:table-cell> </table:table-row> <table:table-row table:style-name="ro1"> <table:table-cell office:value-type="string"> <text:p> George </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell table:style-name="ce4" office:value-type="date" office:date-value="2007-06-02"> <text:p> 6/2/2007 </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell office:value-type="float" office:value="14"> <text:p> 14.00 </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell table:formula="oooc:=[.C2]/3" office:value-type="float" office:value="4.66666666666667"> <text:p> 4.67 </text:p> </table:table-cell> </table:table-row> <table:table-row table:style-name="ro1"> <table:table-cell table:style-name="ce1" office:value-type="string"> <text:p> Total </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell table:style-name="Default"/> <table:table-cell table:style-name="ce5" table:formula="oooc:=SUM([.C1:.C2])" office:value-type="float" office:value="37"> <text:p> 37.00 </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell table:style-name="ce7" table:formula="oooc:=SUM([.D1:.D2])" office:value-type="float" office:value="12.3333333333333"> <text:p> 12.33 </text:p> </table:table-cell> </table:table-row> <table:table-row table:style-name="ro2"> <table:table-cell table:style-name="ce2" office:value-type="string"> <text:p> <text:span text:style-name="T1"> Normal </text:span> <text:span text:style-name="T2"> Bold </text:span> <text:span text:style-name="T3"> Italic </text:span> <text:span text:style-name="T4"> Both </text:span> </text:p> </table:table-cell> <table:table-cell table:number-columns-repeated="2"/> </table:table-row> </table:table>
OOXML XML representation of the "meat" of the Spreadsheet
Excerpt from the "sheet1.xml" file
<sheetData> <row r="1" spans="1:4"> <c r="A1" t="s"> <v> 0 </v> </c> <c r="B1" s="1"> <v> 39146 </v> </c> <c r="C1"> <v> 23 </v> </c> <c r="D1" s="2"> <f> C1/3 </f> <v> 7.666666666666667 </v> </c> </row> <row r="2" spans="1:4"> <c r="A2" t="s"> <v> 1 </v> </c> <c r="B2" s="1"> <v> 39235 </v> </c> <c r="C2"> <v> 14 </v> </c> <c r="D2" s="2"> <f> C2/3 </f> <v> 4.666666666666667 </v> </c> </row> <row r="5" spans="1:4"> <c r="A5" s="3" t="s"> <v> 2 </v> </c> <c r="C5"> <f> SUM(C1:C4) </f> <v> 53 </v> </c> <c r="D5" s="2"> <f> SUM(D1:D4) </f> <v> 12.333333333333334 </v> </c> </row> </sheetData>
OOXML Spreadsheet—"sharedStrings.xml" file
<sst count="4" uniqueCount="4"> <si> <t> Fred </t> </si> <si> <t> George </t> </si> <si> <t> Total </t> </si> <si> <r> <t> Normal </t> </r> <r> <rPr> <b/> <sz val="10"/> <rFont val="Arial"/> <family val="2"/> </rPr> <t> Bold </t> </r> <r> <rPr> <sz val="10"/> <i/> <rFont val="Arial"/> <family val="2"/> </rPr> <t> Italic </t> <rPr> <sz val="10"/> <b/> <i/> <rFont val="Arial"/> <family val="2"/> </rPr> <t> Both </t> </r> </si> </sst>
Analysis of the two examples
The XML for spreadsheets is more "fiddly" than the one for word processing. The reason for this is that it needs to organise the data into a table, rows, columns and cells. As before, the above is not a complete representation of the entire XML files but it does highlight the differences in philosophy.
Tags and tag naming
The same applies to spreadsheets as it does to the word processing example. Short tag names in OOXML simply means the specification is somewhat cryptic. For example, what DOES "<c r="A5" s="3" t="s">" mean exactly? XML is intended to be more descriptive. Although it is computers that interpret the files for the application it is human developers who are assigned to implement and maintain the routines. Faster and more cost effective deployment and integration of the format is achieved when the tag and attribute-name's meanings are clear.
Storage of text
An almost immediate "feature" of OOXML is that there is no "string" or "text" data in the main content area of the sheet's XML. Instead there are references to a special "sharedStrings.xml" file. Where the type of the cell is text, OOXML sets the
t attribute in the
c tag to be value
s, and the body contains a number representing the nth item (starting from zero) of a list of strings stored in the
sharedStrings.xml file. The stated reason behind this is to reduce the size of the file by consolidating duplicate text entries of the spreadsheet to save space.
Cell value (A1)
ODF representation
<table:table-cell office:value-type="string"> <text:p> Fred </text:p> </table:table-cell>
OOXML representation
<c r="A1" t="s"> <v> 0 </v> </c>
Another peculiar "feature" of the OOXML's treatment of text is the inconsistent formatting. The cell's formatting style is defined in the cell's tag (the
c tag) using the
s attribute, which contains a number that cross references to the nth item, starting from zero, of a list of fonts defined in the "styles.xml" file (n being the number defined in the
s attribute). The inconsistency appears when examining a cell with varying text formats, where some of the formatting is defined in the
si tag in the
sharedStrings.xml file, but explicitly instead of using "font item numbers" references as the main file.EDITOR: This last sentence from "but explicitly..." doesn't make sense to me. Please review it.
The ODF format renders above complexity unnecessary. ODF only uses a
style-name attribute that cross references a style table. This is consistent throughout the ODF specification:
Date representations
Cell value (B1)
ODF representation
<table:table-cell table:style-name="ce4" office:value-type="date" office:date-value="2007-03-05"> <text:p> 3/5/2007 </text:p> </table:table-cell>
OOXML representation
<c r="B1" s="1"> <v> 39146 </v> </c>
An important aspect is the treatment of dates. OOXML stores the dates 5th March 2007 and the 2nd June 2007 as the numbers 39146 and 39235 respectively. This is the number of days since 31st December 1899. However, there is a "design bug" in the specification that states that the year 1900 needs to be treated as a leap year, which it is not. If a particular setting is altered in the OOXML format, the above numeric representation changes to the number of days since 1st January 1904, avoiding this problem.
ODF represents the dates 5th March 2007 and 2nd June 2007 as "2007-03-05" and "2007-06-02" as in accordance with the existing ISO standard.
Redundancy in numeric and date cells
Cell value (C1)
ODF representation
<table:table-cell office:value-type="float" office:value="23"> <text:p> 23.00 </text:p> </table:table-cell>
OOXML representation
<c r="C1"> <v> 23 </v> </c>
(also see date example above)
OOXML simply stores the numeric value in each table cell unless there is a formula, in which case it stores that and the result of the formula. ODF always stores the numeric value as an attribute and the formatted representation in the body, as well as the formula as an attribute if it exists. This means ODF stores redundant data. One rationale behind this is that although it is a little more complicated to create, it is a lot easier to read. A program inquiring on the spreadsheet can extract either the value or the formatted text easily, whereas in OOXML, extracting the formatted text is highly complicated. The other rationale deals with consistency within the specification, which is covered in the next section. A rationale for OOXML omitting this redundancy is that it creates larger files.
Consistency with the rest of the specification
ODF's table specification for spreadsheets is identical to the table definition used in the word processing documents. The tags and the attributes are the same. In fact, the "Table" definition only occurs once in the specification and the spreadsheet and word processing table sections simply refer to it. This simplifies the task of implementing the specification as well as making it shorter. In the OOXML specification, the same is not the case. The tag and attribute names and structures differ. There are some formatting similarities for the cells with a variable format. However, they are not stored as part of the table data but in the "sharedStrings.xml" file, making simple portability very difficult in practice.
Summary of differences
The differences between the formats appear to reflect their respective philosophies. The emphasis of OOXML appears to be on representing the data the Microsoft Office applications use and reducing file sizes to save space and enhance performance. The emphasis of ODF appears to be one of interoperability, ease of implementation and access to the data.
The file space savings of OOXML are all but obliterated through the ZIP algorithm of the containing file that the formats use. This reduces the redundancy without complicating the formats themselves. Also, performance enhancements of shorter tag names are insignificant to the resource required by the computer to retrieve the data from the disk, memory card or network.
Although OOXML is better designed for use with Microsoft Office products, the use of meaningful tag names, explicit representations of data and consistency throughout the specification will make ODF more interoperable and easier when implementing the format in different scenarios.
Unique application configuration settings
For an open format to be adopted it needs to be the default means of saving data for the applications adopting it. This presents a problem.
The problem
An office manipulation program, such as a word processor or spreadsheet, will have quirks that are unique to it. For instance, Microsoft's Word 2003 has compatibility options such as "Auto Space like Word 95" and "Convert backslash characters into Yen signs". By the same token, OpenOffice.org 2.0 Writer has options to "Use OpenOffice.org 1.1 tabstop formatting" and "Consider wrapping style when positioning objects". These options are unique to their respective applications, and have no place in the interoperability of the documents themselves; other applications run a risk of not knowing how to interpret them. They can, however, mean competitive advantages for one application over another.
This information needs to be included somehow. The reason is that, should an application save its data on a local disk, then, after reloading the data, it is important that these unique application configuration settings are maintained.
The above does mean that it's likely that the precise rendering of a document is slightly different when transferring it from one application to another, regardless of format used. However, this is not relevant when considering the fact that the same office application often renders differently from one version to the next, or even that the same version of the same office application running on the same operating system will render differently depending on the machine on which it is run. Peripheral items like fonts installed and different printers attached can affect rendering.
Should precise rendering of a document be required then there are standards for that, notably PDF. In these circumstances no editable office document format should be used.
The problem the specification designers need to solve is how to maintain these application-specific settings in an open document format.
The ODF Solution
ODF's solution is the adoption of a configuration tag. An example follows:
Sample of ODF configuration settings for OpenOffice.org
<config:config-item-set config:name="ooo:configuration-settings"> <config:config-item config:name="PrintPaperFromSetup" config:type="boolean"> false </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="AddFrameOffsets" config:type="boolean"> false </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="PrintLeftPages" config:type="boolean"> true </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="PrintReversed" config:type="boolean"> false </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="PrintTables" config:type="boolean"> true </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="LinkUpdateMode" config:type="short"> 1 </config:config-item> </config:config-item-set>
The particular configuration parameter is stored in the
config:name attribute, the type of the parameter's value in the
config:type attribute and the configuration setting in the body of the tag itself.
As shown above, all the parameters are also enclosed within a
config-item-set tag which is specific for the application, which means identical
config:name values for different applications will not clash.
These unique settings mean nothing to other applications, so they are ignored when they load the document, and are, as far as functionality is concerned, irrelevant.
Here is a possible scenario.
In the future, it would be practicable for ODF aware applications to create a "generic" or "alien" configuration panel in their settings option that simply stores and lists unknown configuration settings it finds. The tag itself states what type of setting it is in a human-readable form, so theoretically modification of these would be possible too. When the document is saved for transfer then these settings could be included in the file. This means when one person creates a document, setting some of their application's configuration in their own way, then transfers it to a second person who edits the document using a different application, saves it and passes it back, the first person would be able to edit the file and the unique application's configuration settings would have been kept.
The OOXML solution
OOXML chose this route. Rather than create an application-definable configuration tag there is a unique tag for each setting. An example follows:
Sample of OOXML configuration settings for Microsoft Office
<w:compat> <w:doNotSnapToGridInCell/> <w:doNotWrapTextWithPunct/> <w:doNotUseEastAsianBreakRules/> <w:growAutofit/> <w:footnoteLayoutLikeWW8/> </w:compat>
There are well over a hundred of these tags defined in the specification.
Although OOXML's version on the face of it seems simpler, it adds additional complications for adoption of the standard. Currently, the only application's unique settings that are catered for are the applications that the standard's authors have decided to include, which would appear to currently consist of the Microsoft Office suites. For other applications to be added, further tag names would need to be defined in the specification, potentially creating thousands of them, each having nothing to do with interoperability.
A new application vendor could get around this by unilaterally devising their own home-grown tag names and using those. However these would break the specification. Also as the specification does not define a method of placing these tags within a container tag creating your own tags could lead to a possibility of a clash with other applications.
Furthermore, there seems no obvious way for an application using OOXML to display "alien" configuration settings in its own panel. Although the application could theoretically store the tag names and associated values, there is no guaranteed way of knowing what the type of the attribute is, making it much harder to present and nearly impossible to make changeable with any validation at all. This is made worse by the fact that boolean values are decided by the existence or otherwise of a tag rather than a value in its body, meaning that the only way to find if it is unset is to look for it and see if it is not there.
Interoperability between applications regarding configuration settings
If Microsoft were to adopt ODF for Office, it could cater for all its unique settings by the way that specification is defined at the moment. The above example could be represented as:
How some Microsoft Office configuration settings could be represented in ODF
<config:config-item-set config:name="mso:compatability-settings"> <config:config-item config:name="SnapToGridInCell" config:type="boolean"> false </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="WrapTextWithPunctuation" config:type="boolean"> false </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="UseEastAsianBreakRules" config:type="boolean"> false </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="AllowTableExpandBeyondMargin" config:type="boolean"> true </config:config-item> <config:config-item config:name="EmulateWW8FootnotePlacement" config:type="boolean"> true </config:config-item> </config:config-item-set>
Although the above would still be alien to non Microsoft Office applications they could easily be made to store them and to reproduce them when the file is saved.
However, should OpenOffice.org adopt OOXML, there is no current way that it can add its configuration settings using the standard:
How some OpenOffice.org configuration settings could be represented in OOXML
Contradictions in OOXML
Upon examination of the OOXML specification, a number of contradictions between it and existing standards emerged. Some of these are listed below. These are expressed as the form of the contradiction, one or more rationales used to defend OOXML, and a response to each rationale.
OOXML duplicates and overlaps ODF
It is clearly pointless to have OOXML when ODF already exists as a standard for office document interoperability. The cost penalties to industry, governments and other institutions to implement two standards instead of one are self evident and should be uneccessary.
Rationale: standards can overlap
Standards already exist that overlap with each other, such as HTML, PDF/A and ODF for exchanging office documents, CGM and SVG for vector graphics, JPEG and PNG for image formats, RELAX NG and DTD for XML schema definitions and TIFF/IT and PDF/X for publishable graphics.
Standards should not overlap. In the examples given, HTML, PDF/A and ODF are used for very different types of document interchange, CGM and SVG are used for different purposes, JPEG and PNG handle different types of images and PDF/X was created because of shortcomings of TIFF in certain areas.
Where a standard exists for a purpose then it should be used for that. It is pointless to create a competing standard for its own sake. It seems illogical to create a competing standard when one already exists and is meeting industrial strength requirements. To intentionally create a standard that is known simply to duplicate the functionality of another just results in extra costs with no benefits to those who need to adopt it.
Rationale: OOXML has a distinct purpose of storing existing Microsoft Office documents
OOXML is different to ODF in that OOXML was designed with compatibility with existing Microsoft closed formats and ODF was designed for document interoperability.
There are many existing Microsoft Office documents in existence; a standard should exist that reproduces the precise formatting of these documents as originally written. Those that require this include national library archives and mission critical scenarios. Also, persistence of this precise formatting is required when moving data to and from other platforms such as mobile and fixed computers.
The purpose of an editable document standard is interoperability, otherwise there is no point to it. Also, after examination of the specifications, no technical reason can be found why Microsoft Office cannot store its files using ODF as reliably as with any other format.
Rationale: OOXML and ODF can co-exist
The fundamental differences between ODF and OOXML means they cannot be merged. OOXML was designed to be compatible with Microsoft Office documents, and ODF was designed for document interchange; this as well as some "nitty gritty" differences makes merging them impossible. However, translators can be written, are being written and have been written to convert from one format to the other; therefore co-existence is possible. This means there is no contradiction between the two.
The two points above cancel each other out. Although OOXML and ODF have too many namespace and structural differences to be merged, ODF can store documents created for OOXML, but not vice-versa. OOXML therefore should not be a standard.
Objection: OOXML has inconsistencies with existing ISO standards
OOXML has inconsistencies with the following standards:
|OOXML Ref
|Page Size Names (ISO 216)
|18.104.22.168, 18.104.22.168
|ISO 216 defines names for pager sizes, OOXML uses its own numeric codes for these sizes rather than the existing standard.
|Language codes ISO 639
|OOXML defines its own language codes that are inconsistent with the standard
|Colour Names ISO/IEC 15445 (HTML)
|Not only does OOXML sometimes redefine some colour names, but it also redefines some colours corresponding to names belonging to the standard. The colours "dark blue", "dark cyan", "dark gray", "dark green", "dark red" and "light gray" are different in OOXML to the existing standard.
|Dates and times ISO 8601
|OOXML represents the dates as integers from 31st December 1899 with the caveat that 1900 needs to be incorrectly considered a leap year, or 1st January 1004 depending on a configuration setting. This is enormously inconsistent with the standard which represents the date more descriptively.
|Readable XML ISO 8879
|Almost all
|Tag names such as
rotWithShape and
w are neither consistent nor human-readable. There are many other examples.
Rationale: page sizes
The ISO 216 page sizes are represented in OOXML, as well as others. OOXML simply uses a number to represent each page size and the specification documents the correspondence. Also, ODF does not use ISO 216 but page size measurements.
If page names and codes are to be used then it seems sensible that it should be standard ones. For instance, if a size of Letter, A4 or C4 is to be defined then it makes sense for the attribute value to be "Letter", "A4" or "C4", not "1", "9" and "30" (as it is in OOXML).
There is a good argument stating that ODF should use ISO 216 names. However it does not contradict that by making up its own names, but stores the page's dimensions instead.
Rationale: language codes
OOXML gives the implementer a choice. Either the ISO 639/ISO 3166 combination can be used or a special two byte hexadecimal value as specified in the document.
If a standard is there, and it does the job, then it should be used. Putting these "optional alternatives" in is pointless and only detracts from adoption. The ISO 639 and 3166 codes should be used alone, then if Microsoft were to drop the hexadecimal codes that would ease adoption.
Rationale: colour names
OOXML uses its own abbreviations for colour modifications: "dk" for "dark", "lt" for "light" and "med" for "medium" for colour highlighting. It also uses its own description of colors such as "darkRed" (OOXML) for "maroon" (ISO 15445) and "darkCyan" (OOXML) for "teal" (ISO15445); these are more meaningful.
The purpose of standards is that if everyone uses them it will make the world a more meaningful place. Unilaterally defining alternative and/or redefining the actual colours in a standard that is supposedly open is a contradiction, and as they vary from the standard they are less meaningful.
Rationale: dates and times
There are legacy applications, such as Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123 that treat the year 1900 as a leap year. The two methods of converting numbers to dates are to help cater for that. The first (the number of days since 31st December 1899) is to cater for the legacy applications: the second (the number of days since 1904) gives a more accurate representation for newer applications. Although the range of dates supported for OOXML (12-December-1899 or 1-January-1904 to 21-December 1999) is not as big as the range for ISO 8601, it should suffice.
The interchangeable document format should not be handicapped by the limitations of any application. Should an application need to store dates as a number it can convert them when loading the interchangeable format, and convert them back when saving it. ISO 8601 specifies an unambiguous method for interchanging dates, there is no reason why it cannot be used.
Rationale: terse tag names
Other SGML standards have terse tag names. For instance, the HTML standard has tag names such as
<TD> and so on. OOXML is a specification for a technical markup language and it is not unreasonable to expect direct manipulation and implementation to be done with a reference manual.
OOXML is supposed to be a standard for document interchange that uses XML. One of the advantages of XML is that descriptive tag and attribute names can be used: this makes understanding and implementation of the standard easier. Using short and/or inconsistent abbreviations is not considered good practice in an open standard.
The original version of HTML had about thirty tags, making it relatively easy to remember them all despite their cryptic nature, whereas OOXML has several hundred, making the sane naming of tags all the more important.
OOXML inconsistencies: references to external or redundant non-standard resources
|OOXML Ref
|Vector graphics
|14, 8.6.2
|OOXML defines its own vector graphics XML—DrawingML. But the recognised standard for this, also recommended by W3C, is SVG. OOXML also includes Microsoft's VML specification in contradiction to both SVG and DrawingML. VML was turned down as a W3C standard in 1999 in favour of SVG.
|22.214.171.124 18.104.22.168
|OOXML references Windows Metafiles and Enhanced Metafiles, both closed proprietary Microsoft formats.
|OOXML contains specific application configuration settings, most notably: autoSpaceLikeWord95, footnoteLayoutLikeWW8, lineWrapLikeWord6, mwSmallCaps, shapeLayoutLikeWW8, suppressTopSpacingWP, truncateFontHeightsLikeWP6, uiCompat97To2003, useWord2002TableStyleRules, useWord97LineBreakRules, wpJustification and wpSpaceWidth.
|18.104.22.168, 2.18.97, 18.104.22.168
|The OOXML standard is inconsistent within itself, as well as with recognised methods, of the representations of percentage values, which can be expressed as a decimal integer (Magnification Settings—220.127.116.11), as a code made up of an integer being the real percentage multiplied by 500 (Table Width Units—2.18.97) and a real percentage multiplied by 1000 (Generic Percentage Unit—22.214.171.124).
Rationale: vector graphics
Although SVG caters for most of VML and DrawingML it does not cater for all. OOXML was designed to meet the needs of interpreting legacy documents. These would contain VML graphics, and the later ones would contain graphics that can easily be converted to DrawingML. In order to reproduce them it is necessary for applications to interpret these graphics.
SVG is extensible. It would have been easy to extend SVG using OOXML namespaces to cater for the functionality of VML and DrawingML, maybe for inclusion in a later version of SVG. ODF did that.
These legacy documents mentioned would not currently exist in OOXML so would need a translator to convert them from the closed formats. This could just as easily be used to convert the VML and DrawingML's predecessor formats to the SVG derivative.
Rationale: Objects
The first reference to this—"Embedded Object Alternate Image Request Types" (22.214.171.124)—the OOXML format mentions these formats in enumeration lists, and any formats can be included. The specification does not limit embedded graphic types to Microsoft formats. ODF performs a similar distinction by singling out Java applets. The second—"Clipboard Format types" (18.104.22.168)—simply specifies suggested action taken by the application in certain circumstances and again does not limit the document's embedded graphic format types.
The enumeration list mentioned in the first instance (18.104.22.168) includes: Bitmaps, Enhanced Meta Files (EMF) and any other picture format. If all formats can be handled there is no need to include the Microsoft closed formats specifically, and they should not be in an "open" standard.
Although Java is not an ISO standard it is well documented and its main implementation is about to be released as free software. There are large differences between this and the closed Microsoft Meta-files.
The second instance should not be specified in an open document standard at all. The precise behaviour of a particular application for particular (closed) formats is unique to it and not really transferable. Document standards are for interoperability of the document itself, not a determination of how any particular application behaves. Should this be needed for Microsoft Office then it should be stored in a more generic, application defined, "config"-type field that does not infringe on other applications.
Rationale: application specific configuration tags
These are relatively few when compared to the large number of fully documented tags in OOXML. Also, it is not necessary for the implementer of the standard to cater for these. They are settings specific to those applications, so those applications can behave in a consistent manner between saving and loading.
It is worth noting that ODF and OpenOffice.org have a similar, though undocumented, case in ISO 26300, namely the use of the
config:config-item tag and the
config:name attribute value for what is set. Notable examples are when OpenOffice.org sets the attribute value to
AddParaTableSpacingAtStart or
UseFormerLineSpacing, or when KOffice sets this to
underlinelink or
No open office document standard can be perfect and cater for every application's quirk and scenario, but these applications need to store their own unique meta information and sometimes unspecified peculiarities for consistency between sessions.
To this end, OOXML seems to cover a more limited range of applications—namely the ones in Microsoft Office and some WordPerfect formatting which Microsoft supports—place the features in the main name-space specification and then ignore all other applications.
ODF, on the other hand, provides an extensible mechanism for any application to add its unique quirks without breaking the standard. It does this by placing the "quirk" in a "config" attribute value defined by the application, not a tag name, and placing the setting in the body of that tag. This is covered in detail in the section "Unique application configuration settings" above.
Rationale: percentages
Where the percentages are actual values they have been converted to integers to allow for efficient parsing. Fractions of a percentage are catered for by multiplying the actual percent by a number.
The overhead for converting a percentage value such as "27.32" into an equivalent internal integer value of, for example "27320" is trivial. So much so that compared to the processing resource used and time spent by the computer retrieving the document data from a disk, memory card or network the overhead of that calculation would be unnoticeable.
The fact that sometimes OOXML specifies the percentage should be multiplied by 500 in some circumstances, and 1000 in others simply enhances the contradiction.
An open editable document specification should represent percentage values as percentages, that is a number between zero and one hundred representing from none to all.
Standards exist for interoperability, and office document format standards should not be different. The goal is that someone in country A working for company B using product C can interchange documents with someone in country D working for company E using product D without any thought as to what precisely A, B, C, D, E or any other letter actually is. It simply works. There is no need to worry if any single vendor would continue in the office suite business or not, as any other vendor could be used.
ODF was created using existing standards with this interoperability in mind, using long public consultation and design periods to achieve this. The benefits of this are evident when examining the resulting formats themselves.
It has been implemented by a large number of office products and the list is growing.
OOXML was designed by a single vendor, Microsoft, with no extensive public consultation or design input. It was largely designed to co-exist with their legacy formats using their own products. The design of the specification is such that might happen if their own legacy closed binary formats were simply XML-ised—that is binary encodings simply converted to arbitrary XML tags.
Upon examining the formats it is difficult to ascertain any technical reason why Microsoft Office documents cannot be saved and interchanged using ODF with one hundred percent reliability. ODF has the features that will deal with all Microsoft Office's quirks, even ones like "footnoteLayoutLikeWW8". However, OOXML in its current state cannot handle any applications except Microsoft Office.
It is my opinion that Microsoft peculiarities in OOXML, together with the fact the specification is over 6000 pages long, would greatly hinder the ability of other parties to develop products that would completely, or near completely, read and manipulate documents in that format and to the extent that it would render it practically difficult to work with as a universal standard.
Note 1: Form the OASIS document Open by Design—http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/21450/oasis_odf_advantages_10dec2006.pdf.
Note 2: OpenDocument Format version 1.0 can be found at http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/12572/OpenDocument-v1.0-os.pdf.
Note 3: An up to date list of ODF applications is at http://opendocumentfellowship.org/applications.
Note 4: OpenDocument Format version 1.1 can be found at http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.1/OS/OpenDocument-v1.1.pdf.
Note 5: A description of OpenDocument Format adoption can be seen at Wikipedia's OpenDocument adoption page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument_adoption.
Note 6: Form the OASIS document Open by Design referenced in note [1]:
The OpenDocument Format was designed to be vendor neutral and implementation agnostic. It was designed to be used by as many applications as possible. In order to simplify transformations and to maximize interoperability, the format reuses established standards such as XHTML, SVG, XSL, SMIL, XLink, XForms, MathML, and Dublin Core.
Note 7: Dissecting Microsoft's "Patent License" at http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050330133833843#A4.
Note 8: Precise history is documented at http://www.groklaw.net/staticpages/index.php?page=20051216153153504.
Note 9: Microsoft Non Assertive Contract can be viewed at http://www.microsoft.com/interop/osp/default.mspx.
Note 10: From ECMA's web site—http://www.ecma-international.org/:
Ecma is the inventor and main practitioner of the concept of "fast tracking" of specifications drafted in international standards format through the process in Global Standards Bodies like the ISO.
Note 11: In the ECMA's "Office Open XML Overview" found at http://www.ecma-international.org/news/TC45_current_work/OpenXML%20White%20Paper.pdf it states:
OpenXML was designed from the start to be capable of faithfully representing the pre-existing corpus of word-processing documents, presentations, and spreadsheets that are encoded in binary formats defined by Microsoft Corporation.
GrokDoc OOXML Objections: http://www.grokdoc.net/index.php/EOOXML_objections.
Open Malaysia: http://www.openmalaysiablog.com/.
The works that you publish here are very informative. I thank you very much that you choose to make them available to us. Thanks to your work, I am enlightened to the differences between ODF and OOXML and their suitability to function as a standard general purpose electronic document format. Judging from what you've presented, ODF is more suitable for this purpose and OOXML seems to be designed to be backwards compatible with older Microsoft Office formats rather than be suitable as a general purpose document format.
Stopped reading after the first page.
Already in the history part you seem to falsify the info you are giving.
You should be well aware if you did any specialisation on the subject that Micrsoft had their XML format out in the open already in 2001 when it appeared in an Office beta which suggest they also started with that format in 1999 or 2000 at a simular time as StarOffice.
Also you forget to mention that when OASIS started on the format and for the first two years their format was known as the Open Office XML format and only end of 2004 after being suggested by the EU they considered it for submission to ISO and changed the name to OpenDocument.
The whole first page of this "white paper" is so dripping with bias that it is truly not worth reading any more. I read some of your stuff before but I had not expected you to smei-falisfy the info just to put your por-ODF or what now looks like an anti-OOXML view forward !!!
Tongue in cheek
I think that the term "white paper" was being used tongue-in-cheek by the author to dig at the way there are so many Microsoft funded "white papers" out there which are completely biased and contain lies (whether it be by falsified or misrepresented statistics, omissions of important details, or just outright lies).
The details that you have complained about are at best picky and at worst pedantry. The point is Microsoft is out for number 1 = Microsoft. It serves their interests to keep everyone using their products and they will do anything to destroy the competition whether through marketing/misinformation (like their "white papers"), buy-outs, legal action, or changing the laws of the land by bribing politicians.
Tssss yourself!
Considering that OOXML is very far from the XML used in Office 2003, frankly, I'd say that this early format was a dud. Moreover, at that time this 'XML' format wasn't XML-conformant - as in, it probably worked with MS's XML v3 parser, which isn't even XML compliant.
Second: of course, since the base format for ODF was OpenOffice.org's document format, which WAS (in 1999) XML-based - so it was Open Office XML, as in OpenOffice's XML. Said format was already parsed by several applications, and OASIS' goal was to extend it so as to cater to as many people as possible. Note that Microsoft was part of OASIS at the time. Strangely, they never mentioned anything during ODF's design that hinted at incompatibilities with their suites. Now they have the gall to say that ODF can't reproduce their documents faithfully, and that they weren't asked for advice when drafting ODF.
Had you read the whole article, you'd see that said bias has a source: OOXML is awkward, designed for Microsoft products to the exclusion of all others, and would be, as such, unworthy of being called a standard. This has been described in details with practical examples. As such, I'd respectfully recommend you get your head out of that place where the sun doesn't shine and read the whole of it - you might learn something that isn't mentioned in a MS Office advertisement for once.
A computer is like air conditioning: it becomes useless when you open windows.
I have to wonder if the very selection of the name OOXML wasn't a deliberate attempt by Microsoft to try to create confusion in the public mind about the OOo of the Open Office.org. Imagine the reaction if Open Office had tried to call their word processor M$ Terd, or something similar.
A few mistakes...
Looks like a reasonable article, but I've already seen a few minor issues that bother me (typos mostly).
page 4: table:default-cell-style-name="Defaul" <- should be Default?
page 4/page 5: "Dates are UK representations (DD/MM/YYYY)"
If so, why are the dates "3/5/2007" ? for a date of
office:date-value="2007-03-05", that would be 05/03/2007 in the UK system.
Expect a response...
If I were you, I would expect a fuming response from George Ou, Paul Thurrot, Paul Murphy, Rob Master-of-the-IT-Universe Enderle or any other MS shill that will tell you how perfect OOXML is and how there's no need for another standard (specially a Free standard life ODF). :-)
evden eve nakliyat
yes all right... thanks...
This 'white paper' is just for critisising OOXML
This white paper is written very poorly.
Firstly this document is indeed serieusly misrepresenting history history on OOXML suggesting ODF has a muc longer pedigree where both XML office formats started about 1999-2000.
Secondly it is putting examples up from OOo and MS Office which allthough using each format are not per se good implementations of each spec and also with OOo at least two years longer to implement an implementation of ODF.
Thirdly allthough ODF is supposed to support SVG the example show that pasted SVG in ODF (which is supposed to support SVG) is embedded as a seperate file which is probably also allowed in ODF but makes the whole reusing of SVG in the spec sort of redundant where the pasted SVG is actually converted to VML in MS Office 2007 and becomes a native part of the document. So even allthough ODF has native SVG support the ODF implementation forgets that whilst the OOXML implementation of MS Office is the one to recognise the SVG correctly and convert it to native VML. This example only shows why it is sucky to use a comparison in ready made implementations in stead of comparing the actual spec.
Fourthly this document supports reuse of standards like SVG and MathML which is basicly a good thing but does not notice that these are not document standards but webstandards that for instance do not support the rest of the ODF specs tags for revisions, bookmarks, footnote or anthing else that might combine into the markup. when revising a single digit of a math formula in an ODF doucment that would therefore require the entire math to be marked as a revision or (if possible) the math to be split up in multiple parts.
Fifthly this document suggests that using shorter tags in OOXML requires more tags ? However this is not substantiated. Also it seems the OOXML spec mainly uses short tags for those item that are uses most like the main namespaces w=wordprocessingml and command tags for line, rows, colums and cells and uses longer descriptive tags for less frequent items. Also OOXML tagging use shows the relation between certain parent and child elements actually making implementation easier rather than harder as this document suggests.
Sixtly the document does mention the redundancy of data in the spreadsheet cell as an advantage because the formatted version of the data is easily retrieved. That is correct but also it requires any implementation to make certain that the data and it's formatted version are always synchronised. The ODF spec does not state how to deal with inconsistensies in the cells value and representation or whether a document should verify on opening that these are correct. An application not verifying this could potentially be at risk from hidden data in spreadsheet value item. Especially at risk when this that value for instance could contains (references to) script or embedded executable elements.
Sevendly the document suggests that OOXML cannot handle ODF Office settings whilst ODF could handle OOXML compatiblity settings. However the author seems to be unaware that OOXML actually contains a feature that is called custom settings. By creating a namespace and XML with your implemtations seetings you can add custom application settings to OOXML as well and even make them validate using a schema. Particularly bad in this white paer is that it suggest its wrongly perceived lack of compatibilty with ODf settings as a reason not to choose for OOXML. Very poor thinking as OOXML actually has built in extensibility even beyond it's custom setting that could also manage any compatibility issue with ODF.
Eigthly this document suggest an inconsistency with ISO 216 (paper sizes). OOXML actually support non ISO paper formats which is as it should be because those iso formats are not covering all common office paper formats in use. ODF uses a flexible paper format allowing for even more variation of paperssize but also possibly requiring more implementation for validating whether a given paper size size is actually available and or how to handle near exact sizes. With ISO 216 not being the only papers in use in for Office documents inconsistensies seem normal.
Nigntly The documents objects to OOXML referencing windows meta files and clipboard objects as they are propriety windows related formats. However these are only mentioned as optional enumeration values for embedded items. So these values can even be used on a linux platform to easily identify that the document contains embedded objects it cannot handle without having to open the embedded file. If an ODF file contains these windows related items (which it also can) it might have to verify the embedded filetype purely on it's extention or even open the embedded file. On the other hand the dismisses the references to java in ODF's java applets because the java standard is supposedly well documented. However it fails to mention that any implementation of native embedding of java applets actually requires a java virtual machine which for instance Microsoft isn't allowed to make themselves after it's legal issues with Sun (who were in part responsible for the addition of java appplets to the spec) making full implementations dependant on 3rd party Java VM licensing.
This document presents itself as an independant white paper and suggests to look at technical merits as well as flaws but actually is a document looking for technical flaws in OOXML comparing those unfavorably to ODF whilst ingnoring flaws in ODF (for instance the lack of spreadsheet formula's !!). Also on the merit side it is generally only ODF merits that are mentioned.
I have seen so many MS
I have seen so many MS evanaglists going around tom tomming about the spreadsheet formulae... but what use are they if they cannot map into the legacy binaries. Secondly what ODF compatibility is being referred to. Anyone making such statements is nothing but a copyprinter of MS's baseless claims and not worthy of being called a technologist. Where is the demonstrable evidence of OOXML supporting ODF formats.. and please do not refer to MS sponsored Novell's ODF converter project....
OOXML deserves the criticism
Dear hAl
Thank you very much for the commenting on this article. All feedback is greatly welcome, and you have obviously taken a lot of time and effort in your comment. I appreciate this greatly. However, you have raised some interesting points that I feel I must address forethwith.
"Firstly this document is indeed serieusly misrepresenting history history on OOXML suggesting ODF has a much longer pedigree where both XML office formats started about 1999-2000."
The XML that Office 2003 uses is greatly different to the MS-OOXML submitted to ECMA. It was neither the default format used, nor was it adopted to any great degree, and nor could it be used to save and restore documents reliably. It was also developed behind closed doors with little community interaction. This greatly differed from the StarOffice then OpenOffice formats where they developed their XML standard from the ground up to be interoperable, and refined it with close co-operation with the community.
"Secondly it is putting examples up from OOo and MS Office which although using each format are not per se good implementations of each spec and also with OOo at least two years longer to implement an implementation of ODF."
The examples given are not contrived. It is the ODF and MS-OOXML XML representations of the meat of the said documents. I am afraid I neither understand the point not relevance of your OOo reference. What two years? Longer than what? At time of writing of the article NO application supported MS-OOXML, However, the white paper compares the formats, not applications, so this is digressing anyway.
"Thirdly although ODF is supposed to support SVG the example show that pasted SVG in ODF (which is supposed to support SVG) is embedded as a separate file which is probably also allowed in ODF but makes the whole reusing of SVG in the spec sort of redundant where the pasted SVG is actually converted to VML in MS Office 2007 and becomes a native part of the document. So even although ODF has native SVG support the ODF implementation forgets that whilst the OOXML implementation of MS Office is the one to recognise the SVG correctly and convert it to native VML. This example only shows why it is sucky to use a comparison in ready made implementations in stead of comparing the actual spec."
The example I guess you are referring to is the "Dalek" picture embedded in the "Word Processing File". This is a "Jpeg" picture embedded in the document. Both formats permit this, but the manner ODF does this, using a "draw:frame" tag and a "draw:image" tag is considerably more elegant and interoperable than MS-OOXML's "v:shapetype", "v:stroke", "v formulas", eleven "v:f" (with the cryptic "eqn" attributes), "v:path", "o:lock" and "v:shape" tags in MS-OOXML.
You also say that: "... So even although ODF has native SVG support the ODF implementation forgets that whilst the OOXML implementation of MS Office is the one to recognise the SVG correctly and convert it to native VML". This sentence is somewhat nonsense. What do you mean the "ODF" implementation? ODF is a format. Also I am very happy for MS-Office in that it can convert SVG formats to VML, though the functionality of the applications are not relevant to the formats themselves. I feel I need to say though that I would be a lot happier if MS-Office actually saved files in the more interoperable SVG, that has been accepted as a standard by W3C, whereas VML has not.
"Fourthly this document supports reuse of standards like SVG and MathML which is basicly a good thing but does not notice that these are not document standards but webstandards that for instance do not support the rest of the ODF specs tags for revisions, bookmarks, footnote or anthing else that might combine into the markup. when revising a single digit of a math formula in an ODF doucment that would therefore require the entire math to be marked as a revision or (if possible) the math to be split up in multiple parts."
When you say " ...not document standards but web standards" I assume you mean the standard is more suited to web pages than editable documents. I admit, I have done limited research, but what research I have done would suggest you may well be correct. However, as you point out in your comments there are working solutions applications using ODF can implement to get around this limitation, and I would suggest the way forward is in the next version of the standard to enhance the SVG and MathML specifications, or create a subset of them, to facilitate the required functionality easier rather than using a proprietary single-vendor method of storing the information.
"Fifthly this document suggests that using shorter tags in OOXML requires more tags ? However this is not substantiated. Also it seems the OOXML spec mainly uses short tags for those item that are uses most like the main namespaces w=wordprocessingml and command tags for line, rows, colums and cells and uses longer descriptive tags for less frequent items. Also OOXML tagging use shows the relation between certain parent and child elements actually making implementation easier rather than harder as this document suggests."
I do not suggest shorter tags requires more tags. I simply point out the the OOXML uses more tags than ODF. This is substantiated in both the examples I gave, and seems largely due to the fact OOXML does not support the "SPAN" functionality of XML. I have not managed to figure out what "parent" and "child" relationship you are referring to that MS-OOXML shows that ODF does not.
"Sixthly the document does mention the redundancy of data in the spreadsheet cell as an advantage because the formatted version of the data is easily retrieved. That is correct but also it requires any implementation to make certain that the data and it's formatted version are always synchronised. The ODF spec does not state how to deal with inconsistencies in the cells value and representation or whether a document should verify on opening that these are correct. An application not verifying this could potentially be at risk from hidden data in spreadsheet value item. Especially at risk when this that value for instance could contains (references to) script or embedded executable elements."
ODF and MS-OOXML are formats. It is up to the applications to ensure consistency in both of these. It has no place in the format specification itself. Implementing security checks while loading data in the application is plain common sense, and one which Microsoft has a very poor track record in. Also, I would have thought that the MS-OOXML method of storing spreadsheet data is at far more at risk to security problems than ODF due to the inconsistent manner which formatting can be included, the cross referencing of strings to an index in a separate part of the spec and the peculiar way dates are stored as numbers, and that number being inconsistent depending on a global setting.
"Seventhly the document suggests that OOXML cannot handle ODF Office settings whilst ODF could handle OOXML compatibility settings. However the author seems to be unaware that OOXML actually contains a feature that is called custom settings. By creating a namespace and XML with your implementations settings you can add custom application settings to OOXML as well and even make them validate using a schema. Particularly bad in this white paper is that it suggest its wrongly perceived lack of compatibility with ODF settings as a reason not to choose for OOXML. Very poor thinking as OOXML actually has built in extensibility even beyond it's custom setting that could also manage any compatibility issue with ODF."
This is news to me, I obviously missed it buried in the 6000 or so pages of documentation. Thanks for pointing this out. You however epitomized the philosophy of the difference between MS-OOXML and ODF. MS-OOXML handles Microsoft's own applications natively, while everyone else needs to use the "custom" settings their, while ODF places everyone on an even footing.
"Eigthly this document suggest an inconsistency with ISO 216 (paper sizes). OOXML actually support non ISO paper formats which is as it should be because those ISO formats are not covering all common office paper formats in use. ODF uses a flexible paper format allowing for even more variation of paperssize but also possibly requiring more implementation for validating whether a given paper size size is actually available and or how to handle near exact sizes. With ISO 216 not being the only papers in use in for Office documents inconsistensies seem normal."
If an ISO standard exists then it makes sense to use it. There is no justification for using "1", "9", and "30" instead of "Letter", "A4" and "C4". Your point of not covering all paper sizes is valid, but simply unilaterally making more numbers up is not a valid solution. Storing precise paper dimensions is valid in this case, though, I agree, not perfect. If more codes are required for paper sizes it makes sense to extend ISO 216 properly rather than take a "go-it-alone" attitude.
"Nigntly The documents objects to OOXML referencing windows meta files and clipboard objects as they are propriety windows related formats. However these are only mentioned as optional enumeration values for embedded items. So these values can even be used on a linux platform to easily identify that the document contains embedded objects it cannot handle without having to open the embedded file. If an ODF file contains these windows related items (which it also can) it might have to verify the embedded filetype purely on it's extention or even open the embedded file. On the other hand the dismisses the references to java in ODF's java applets because the java standard is supposedly well documented. However it fails to mention that any implementation of native embedding of java applets actually requires a java virtual machine which for instance Microsoft isn't allowed to make themselves after it's legal issues with Sun (who were in part responsible for the addition of java appplets to the spec) making full implementations dependant on 3rd party Java VM licensing."
The point I was making about the META files is that MS-OOXML was obviously not designed for interoperability (which is backed up by statements by ECMA and Microsoft – see Note 11 at the foot of the article itself). Why are Microsoft's Windows META files singled out? Why cannot they be treated as any other format? It implies that the only applications that can support MS-OOXML have to support Microsoft's proprietary META files too.
Your point about JAVA I in essence agree with you, though I am not sure about the "Microsoft is not allowed to make a Java Virtual Machine" bit. If I remember correctly all what the legal ruling stated was that Microsoft were not allowed to employ their "Embrace, Extend and Extinguish" strategy with the JVM and still call it "Java". It did not limit them as to what functionality their programmers could and could not include in programs.
To re-iterate the point of the article, Java is now (on the verge of being) open source completely license un-encumbered. Windows META files are not. I believe it is far more of a sin to specify the MS-Meta files than it is the Java ones.
In conclusion, your accusation that I may be "biased" for ODF and against MS-OOXML. This bias is based on the research I did into both formats. The examples I gave were not contrived, and epitomize the differences between them. ODF is not perfect. You pointed the lack of spreadsheet formula definitions. Although not totally missing from ODF they are grossly lacking. This, I believe, was an oversight by OASIS and one they are correcting with the "OpenFormula" specification. However, it is an understandable oversight. Neither specification specify "Macro" syntax, and nor should they as that is very much in the realm of the application itself, and the application's functionality should not be limited by the interoperable document specification.
You have not addressed my biggest criticism of MS-OOXML, and the crux of the reason why I think it should not be an ISO standard. Standards exist for interoperability. An office file format is no exception. It is good that that one person should send me a document created in onje application, and me to be able to open and manipulate it in OpenOffice, AbiWord, Koffice, Lotus Notes or azny compliant application I choose. ODF sets out to achieve this. After examining MS-OOXML it is obvious that that does not. It simply sets out to store in an XML format data that is currently stored in the Microsoft binary "doc", "xls" files. Recently Microsoft claimed that ODF was simply an XML "dump" of the4 OpenOffice internals. This is both wrong and hypocritical. Wrong in the sense that ODF is most certainly NOT that, but was created in conjunction with the community, and hypocritical is obvious that MS-OOXML IS an XML "dump" of MS-Office's legacy formats.
They also claim that MS-OOXML is neccessary for rendering MS-Office legacy documents precisely. Again, this is just silly as it is the application that does the rendering, not the format. The fact the Microsoft claim that only MS-Office can do this shows the closed nature of them, and their lack of respect for interoperability. Also, we are talking about writeable office formats here. The standard for precisely rendered portable document formats is, you guessed it, PDF.
Please forgive me. This comment has grown much longer than I anticipated. And thank you once again, hAL, for contributing to the discussion.
Eddy macnaghten
"Also, we are talking about writeable office formats here. The standard for precisely rendered portable document formats is, you guessed it, PDF."
This might be the case for now, but I have to say that the goal of having a format that is so well
defined so as to be able to render the data accuratly must be present also for .odf
it might be a long way away....but still, nothing to stop it.
Since paper size is not analog in nature(printers rule), i would agree that the way forward should be to lift out the "dimension stating" and rely on a standard. odf need to change in this area, but the current solution is guess is the most open.....
Though i do dis like the container approach since it really nullify a standard in a lot of ways. The only external objects that should be allowed should be other standardised objects.
pureXML vs Mixed XML
If we classify XML, we can do it as the PureXML by W3C and the MixedXML.
When the XML announced as the next generation of standard internet document in 1998, we had been expecting that XML would be widely distributed instead of HTML. Currently, a lot of enterprises are researching and developing XML technology and the soultions and applications based on XML are being adopted as a standard in various industry areas like trade, steal, laws, e-commerce, health care, automobile, etc and e-business industry like B2B, B2C, G2G, G4C and G2B and so forth.
But, in effect, the standard XML technologies (e.g. XML, CSS, XSL, DTD, Schema, XLink, Xpointer, Xpath, etc) by W3C are not being used in wide spread for making various kind of contents and applying various kind of soultions because of lack of researchs of core technology of XML, XML experts and wrong perception of XML. After all, lots of IT solution providers are trying to solve these problems by application technology and the legacy document technology. The various kind of technologies and applications like Web Service, XHTML, RSS, InfoPath, ODF, OOXML, etc are evolving with the PureXML by W3C to make up for the weak points of current XML.
The design goals of XML by W3C are being diluted with MixedXML.
A lot of IT solution providers are trying to develop and advance XML technology combine with current IT technologies (e.g. COM technology, legacy document technology, Print technology, etc).
OOXML vs. ODF spreadsheet representation
OK, ODF is simpler (although somebody could say it "simplicistic"). But I dont' agree with you when you say it is so "obscure": understandig it is easy and Microsoft specific documentation is very clear.
And you do not point out the avantages OOXML syntax offers, not only in terms of compactness. In particular (to do only a few exampoles):
- the r attribute in tags give an useful, immediate information to developers; on the contrary, ODF compels them to deduce it from the row/cells structure (with extra code and some delay at run-time);
- sharedStrings is a powerful tool when somebody want modify all of part of textual information (in corporate template e.g.); in ODF you have to reconstruct them navigating on the content file;
- by the way, the fact that ODF collects ALL spresheets in a UNIQUE (!!!) content xlm file vs. OOXML rational separation in different sheet1.xml, sheet2.xml etc. under a general spreadsheets.xml and with a separated workbook.xml tag etc. is a matter of serious criticism; non only in my opinion but with respect to basic STRUCTURED principles of XML recommedations (dont' you agree?)
- idem for the separation of styles from data; isnt' it a canon of XML?
Finally, please note that ODF was born OLD, because in fact it is mapped on StarOffice, an MS Office clone VERSION 2000. As a result, for instance it do not support ListObjects, very usefull things Excel 2007 upgrades well. So, please, look at some table1.xlm file in OOXML: you will find how clear and substancially self-documented it is.
Thank for paying attention


text:
Getting the name right isn't always possible in genealogy. I've learned to be open to alternate spellings, but the names of one matriarch really tested the limits of "also known as." She was our grandmother, great-grandmother and great-great-grandmother, but all three generations called her Babka, which is one of several Polish words for "grandmother."
Years ago, my sister Susan and I made an impromptu trip to locate Babka's former home near Pottsville. We'd been there only once, when I was about 8 years old, and we weren't even sure where to find the little town of Cumbola.
The two-hour drive gave us time to reminisce about our childhood memories of her home. She'd had a small, formal parlor, dimly lit and off limits to rambunctious kids. The spacious kitchen was more inviting — warmed by a wood and coal stove that filled the air with the aroma of her oven-baked goods. The feature we enjoyed most was the backyard with its stone steps leading up the hill to a small garden and orchard. Would they still be there?
We located the street — the little town only had one main drag — but neither of us remembered what the front of the house looked like.
We visited the local post office and the friendly clerk was eager to help.
"What was her last name?" His question stymied us.
Babka had a last name? Of course she did. We knew her name from her first marriage from which all of us were descended, but what was her second husband's name?
The clerk named several local families but nothing seem to fit. I excitedly suggested "Volmar," when it surfaced from some unknown memory, but it didn't ring any bells with him.
Susan and I decided to investigate the common alley that ran behind the houses along the main street. It was there that we spotted the trellis, and our forgotten memories came flooding back. It was bare then, but 17 years before, that trellis had been covered with vines and flowers and we imagined it was a magical gateway that transported us inner-city, row-homed kids into a wondrous, verdant garden. The house, the trellis and the steps remained, but the garden and orchard were only fond memories now.
When we returned home, I combed through my family history files, searching for the elusive name in the various official records that I had gathered over the years.
Babka was born in Schuylkill County in 1889. Her maiden name was written as Melonitz, Meloditz, Mollodye, Molodec and Molodecz — at least they all shared some common syllables.
After she got married in 1905, her new name appeared in documents as Demsky, Laszuncuka, Rozecucinski and Zeczusinsky. Incredible, but it was all the same person and the records proved it.
Her second husband's name was less confusing as Volak, Wolak and Wallick.
The fact that four languages were involved — Polish, Ukrainian, Greek and English — could explain some of the creative spellings, but even Babka's first name didn't remain intact, appearing as Irena, Mary, Ovena, Tiena and Veronica.
So where did I get Volmar? Sometime later I finally recalled the official document on which it appeared — the pedigree papers of my aunt's Weimaraner dog.
Right topic, wrong species.
Email Valerie Perry at: email@example.com.
Keyword: gwyllian
Location, ST | website.com


text:
Hi All,
Wondering how one can get mirrored text? I don't seem to be able to mirror any text object resulting in a nice mirror of my PCB layout with all the text pointing the wrong way.
Any ideas?
Hi All,
To mirror text (it appears you cannot mirror a text block which is how it is placed when first inserted)
select the complete text you wish to mirror
explode the text block into individual letters
select all letters
select mirror
place mirror line wherever you need to
Voila, mirrored text