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Define R4
The Fractal Design Define R4 is the latest in the Define Series of computer cases offering minimalistic and stunning Scandinavian design fused with maximum sound reduction, configurability and functionality. The Define R4 side and front door panels are fitted with dense, sound-absorbing material making it a benchmark for noise reduction. Moreover, the Define R4 accommodates up to 8 HDDs, all modern graphics card sizes, and multiple ventilation options - including two standard Silent Series R2 hydraulic bearing fans - to keep internal components at optimal temperatures.
For ultimate functionality, the Define R4 features a front interface with USB 3.0 and an integrated threespeed fan controller behind the front panel door.
- High density noise-reducing material for an optimal silent case **To achieve a high level of noise reduction, material with mass should be incorporated which is what we strive to achieve with the dense bitumen used on the side panels
- Patent pending ModuVent™ design allowing the user to choose between optimal silence or maximum airflow
- Top HDD cage (5 trays total) can be rotated 90 degrees or removed for additional airflow or to accommodate long graphic cards up to 430mm in length
- Three-speed fan controller is strategically integrated in the front panel and supports up to 3 fans
- Two Silent Series R2 fans included, featuring hydraulic bearings contributing to a longer life expectancy - Silent Series R2 retail fans will now come standard in all cases
- Wider case body that allows for improved cable routing behind the motherboard - now 26mm wide
- New tool-less front fan holder makes switching front fans a breeze
- Two SSDs can be mounted on the back of the motherboard plate
General Specifications
- Motherboard compatibility: ATX, Micro ATX, Mini ITX
- Front interface: 2 - USB 3.0, 2 - USB 2.0, Audio in/out, Power button with LED (blue), Reset button, Fan controller (behind door)
- Drive bay capacity 2 - 5.25" bays / 8 - 3.5" HDD trays - all compatible with SSDs / 2 - 2.5" extra SSD positions
- Expansion slots: 7 + 1
- PSU compatibility: ATX PSUs up to 170 mm deep when using the bottom fan location; when not using this fan location longer PSUs (up to 270 mm deep) can be used
- Graphics card compatibility: Graphics cards up to 295mm in length with the top HDD cage installed
- With the top cage removed, graphics cards up to 430mm in length may be installed
- Cooling / Ventilation: 3 - ModuVent™ plates - two in the top and one in the side / 7 - Fan positions (2 fans included) / Filtered fan slots in front and bottom
- CPU cooler compatibility: CPU coolers up to 170 mm tall (when no fan is installed in the side panel)
- Additional information: 26 mm of space for cable routing behind the motherboard plate / Thick rubber grommets on all holes on the motherboard plate
- Case dimensions (WxHxD) (mm): 232 x 464 x 523
- Net weight (kg) - 12,3
Package contents
- Define R4 computer case
- User manual
- Accessory box
Cooling System
- Front: 1 - hydraulic bearing 140mm Silent Series R2 fan, 1000 RPM speed (included) / 1 - 120/140mm fan
- Rear: 1 - hydraulic bearing 140mm Silent Series R2 fan, 1000 RPM speed (included)
- Top: 2 - 120/140mm fans - positions also support 240/280mm radiators
- Bottom: 1 - 120/140mm fan
- Side: 1 - 140mm fan
- Fan controller: 1 - integrated fan controller for up to 3 fans (included)
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Customer reviews
Write a review for the Fractal Design Define R4 Black Pearl Mid-Tower Case here!
Fractal R4 - good, but snags on quality
Reviewed by Ian. Review Posted 25/11/2012
Impressed by strength and design of this case, built from heavy gauge steel, well fitted together, easy to work on, and looks good. One drive cage removes completely, which helped route cabling just where I wanted it, and all bays have separate removable trays, so putting drives in is very easy. Sound insulation is good, the only noticeable noise is from the fan at the back and that's not at all intrusive (I have a BeQuiet 530W power supply in the case, which is very quiet). Some difficulties with the build quality, though. Motherboard stand-offs very tight in their holes and alignment with holes in motherboard not spot on, which caused some difficulty. Also one of the side panels proved so difficult to remove I've decided not to seat it fully back in place, because I nearly pulled my fingernails out getting it off (other side panel was fine though). Overall a very good case, slightly let down by the quality issues.
- Overall
- Ease of use
- Value for money
Fractal R4 - looks good, HDD cage vibrates like crazy
Reviewed by ZED. Review Posted 23/10/2013
I love the plain and simple look of the case, the very reason i brought one! there's tons of space to work with, cable management is brilliant. build quality is very good.
The only thing that's annoying the living daylights out of me is the HDD cage/bay vibration which is buzzing like crazzzzzzyyyyyy when the HDDs are spinning!!! it's unbearable, I've tried to remedy the problem by tightening the bay/cage screws but its just not having it!!!!
To pay a premium for such a case is just not worth it!
- Overall
- Ease of use
- Value for money
The opinions expressed in this reviews section are those of our customers and not of BT Shop. Nothing contained herein amends BT Shop's terms and conditions.


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Author and researcher Sharan Newman will present "Mayans, Meteors and Bears, Oh My! End-Time Scenarios" in a talk from 2 to 3 p.m., Sunday, Dec. 16, at the Ashland library, 410 Siskiyou Blvd.
Newman will read from her book, "The Real History of the End of the World," and share some of the research she found while working on this topic. Newman is a medieval historian and author, who earned her master's degree in medieval literature at Michigan State University and then did her doctoral work at the University of California at Santa Barbara in medieval studies, specializing in 12th-century France.
She has written novels set in the Middle Ages, including three Arthurian fantasies and 10 mysteries set in 12th-century France. She also has published nonfiction titles, including "The Real History Behind the DaVinci Code" and "The Real History Behind the Templars," followed by her more recent book on end-of-the-world theories.
The program is sponsored by the Friends of the Ashland Public Library. For details, call 541-774-6996 or visit www.jcls.org.
Location, ST | website.com

subset: commoncrawl


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See who's on Catholic Mingle:
I've been told I'm caring, thoughtful, loyal, and fun to be around because of my positive attitude. I make a choice every day to make t...
DrumMajor1967 is a 63yr-old single woman in Plymouth, Massachusetts
Out going lady loaded with energy. Love to do most activities especially gym to start the day. Sking in the winter, movies or a play. B...
Babiedoll is a 57yr-old single woman in Plymouth, Massachusetts


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SANTA CLARA -- Gracing this week's Sports Illustrated cover is 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick, accented by the main headline "HOLY ... " and by a mug shot of coach Jim Harbaugh with his mouth agape.
"I found out (Monday night) about it, and it was pretty sick" Kaepernick said proudly at his locker Tuesday.
Underneath the "Holy" headline is this declaration: "Shout It From The Mountaintop, Jim -- You Were Dead On About Colin Kaepernick."
The 49ers earned such notoriety via Saturday night's 45-31 win that propelled them into this Sunday's NFC Championship Game against the host Atlanta Falcons.
The cover shows Kaepernick running with the football in his right arm and looking right past the camera, a scene familiar for the Green Bay Packers who saw him run for 181 yards and two touchdowns Saturday while also passing for two touchdowns.
Kaepernick admired Sports Illustrated's covers while growing up in Turlock, some 1 ½ hours from the 49ers facility. "I didn't have them on my walls, but I used to look at them," Kaepernick said.
For those who believe in jinxes, close your eyes or click elsewhere on the Internet: the 49ers also were Sports Illustrated's cover boys heading into last season's NFC Championship Game, which they lost in overtime to the New York Giants.
That Jan. 23, 2012 cover featured a quartet of the 49ers' backfield stacked up quite artistically: center Jonathan Goodwin, quarterback Alex Smith (remember him?), fullback Bruce Miller and running back Frank Gore. That headline: "SURPRISE! SURPRISE! It's Niners Vs. Giants For A Ticket To Indy"
Kaepernick will hold formal sessions with the media on Wednesday and Friday. Two weeks ago, Kaepernick went on Jim Rome's CBS Sports Radio show and picked up what Rome's followers call "jungle karma." Kaepernick, who said he wasn't aware of the term until his brother Kyle informed of it, sounded willing to make an encore appearance to gain more positive vibes for Sunday's game.


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First try to understand it on a basic physical level. Every time you shoot, the last link of direction that your wad of shot receives is from that thin cylinder of steel at the end of your gun.
"Today, most choke tubes on the market will be made with 17-4 stainless steel," says Roberts. "It is a must to try and find a tube that is also heat treated for maximum strength and reliability."
Roberts asserts that this specification will make for harder and more consistent steel, ultimately translating into better patterns.
Another major attribute to consider for choke tubes are the lengths of their parallel section. This is the part of the tube that extends out past the gun barrel. Roberts is a firm believer that the ideal length of a parallel section should be 1" to 1-1/8".
"I have researched and tested every possible parallel section length from a ½" to 2½" and have found that the best patterns are always present with the 1" to 1-1/8" lengths."
An additional feature of choke tubes that has both an aesthetic and functional impact is whether they're ported or non-ported.
"The whole idea behind a ported choke is the purpose of a wad stripper," says Roberts. "This means that the wad is separated more dramatically from the pellets at the exit point than a non-ported choke. Other than that basic feature, there are no other proven differences like a reduction in recoil or back pressure."
Roberts, who stands behind the performance of his non-ported choke tubes, says that the biggest factor is knowing what you want to get out of your gun's pattern, taking into consideration choke constriction and your gunning abilities.
Whether you are a waterfowler who desires to get a softball-sized pattern at 40 yards or one who needs a more open pattern for the in-your-face decoying shots, any pattern can be accomplished with the right combination of choke tube and load. Without having a basic understanding of how a choke tube functions or what to look for, it can become a guessing game with the potential for inconsistency and frustration.
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act into law.
First duck stamp, designed by Pulitzer-prize winning editorial cartoonist, Jay N. "Ding" Darling, issued.
Prairie drought peaks.


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That showtime has passed. Please try next available showtime.
USA, 2013, 93 Minute Running Time
Genre/Subjects: Coming of Age, Documentary, Social Issues, Teen
Program: DocumentaryLanguage: English, Spanish, Urdu, Polish English Subtitles
DIRECTOR: Jean-Michel Dissard, Gitte Peng
Producer: Jean-Michel Dissard, Gitte PengEditor: Alison ShurmanCinematographer: Jean-Michel Dissard, Andrew FreibandPrincipal Cast: Sandra Staniszewska, Jennifer Vasquez, Sing Pau, Brandon Garcia, Itrat Batool
FREE SCREENING Tickets NOT available via SDFF box office. You must register for tickets: Click Here to Register at the Facing History and Ourselves website
This fascinating documentary follows five young immigrants attending New York City's International High School at Lafayette, a school dedicated to teaching newly arrived teenagers from over 50 countries. For one year, filmmakers Jean-Michel Dissard and Gitte Peng follow the teens and the challenges they face adapting to a new language and culture.
The subjects of the film are shown both in the classroom and at home, where they struggle with the universal woes of adolescence, but also with reuniting with families they haven't seen in years. Feeling isolated, uncertain about the future, and straddling two cultures, the teens are plunged into the complexities of life in America. The proverbial strangers in a strange land strive to adapt and create a future they can call their own. Part of the weft and weave of immigrant culture in America, these young newcomers will shape the 21st century with their experiences. The five students open their lives to us, sharing their stories and the challenges they face, coming to a new place while preserving ties to their native lands.
With a growing number of young people arriving from around the world knowing little English, being unfamiliar with American culture, and in some cases, having little formal education, I Learn America is a tale of the resilience of the human spirit and a fresh perspective on the immigration debate.
In cooperation with Allstate®, Facing History and Ourselves
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USA, 2013, 83 Minute Running Time
Genre/Subjects: Comedy, GLBTLanguage: English
Part of the Cinema Q Film Festival - Screens Friday, July 19 at 7:15pm and Saturday, July 20 at 4:45pm
Digital presentation - As another birthday rolls around, forty-year-old filmmaker Anna (played by the director) returns to her never-changing list of resolutions: lose twenty pounds, get a girlfriend, and direct a feature film. Imagine Liz Lemon, if she were a lesbian cinéaste with a dash of Cuban blood in her. This year, Anna plans to knock (at least) two of those resolutions out with one stone, as she begins writing a lesbian remake of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, devised to win the affections of her leading lady, Katia (Janina Gavankar of "The L-Word"). With Anna planning to act opposite her beautiful crush, her two best friends, Penelope (Go Fish's Guinevere Turner) and Chloe ("True Blood"'s Carrie Preston), round out the four-person cast. Unfortunately, things don't run smoothly, as egos begin to clash and crewmembers start sleeping with one another. Will Anna go yet-another year without accomplishing any of her resolutions? From the co-writer of Saved! (2004), WHO'S AFRAID OF VAGINA WOLF? is a hysterical behind-the-scenes comedy, with a sexy, funny cast (look for Drew "Chloe Sevigny" Droege in a cameo role).
DIRECTOR: Anna Margarita Albelo
Producer: CHRISTINE TREIBELEditor: ALESHKA FERREROScreenwriter: MICHAEL URBANCinematographer: ALISON KELLYPrincipal Cast: ANNA MARGARITA ALBELO, GUINEVERE TURNER, JANINA GAVANKAR, AGNES OLECH, CARRIE PRESTON, CELESTE PECHOUS, JOEL MICHAELY, DREW DROEGE
Official Film Website
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- Tea Pouches
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ML Detox Organic Herbal Tea Tin
ML Detox Organic herbal tea is a luscious, detoxifying herbal infusion, highlighted by clean notes of mint, basil and a hint of licorice. A spa retreat in a cup, both warming and delicately sweet.
2.5 oz loose tea in tin
Organic mint, organic burdock root, organic dandelion root, organic licorice root, organic red clover flowers, basil
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Is Big Bird the new Joe the Plumber?
The "Sesame Street" character, his bright yellow fluffiness suddenly evoked by Mitt Romney during Wednesday's debate, was certainly a star of the evening,
Random notes after the first presidential debate:
BIG BIRD: As Republican Mitt Romney pledged to cut funding to PBS -- adding, "I like PBS, I love Big Bird" -- commenters on Twitter leaped to the defense of their favorite "Sesame Street" characters. Big Bird was a major Twitter trend throughout the night, while Oscar the Grouch and Bert and Ernie also featured. Twitter said that shortly after Romney's remarks, users were posting 17,000 tweets per minute mentioning Big Bird. A spoof Twitter account, @firedbigbird, quickly won thousands of followers, while others shared a jokey, doctored photo showing the character posing with a cardboard sign pleading for work.
JIM LEHRER: Viewers commenting online quickly turned on the performance of moderator Jim Lehrer, lambasting him as too lenient on candidates who were eager to push the limits of their allotted speaking slots. Some compared Lehrer with the replacement officials called up during the strike by National Football League referees. 'Poor Jim' trended as a phrase worldwide, while one user of the website Reddit described him as having been "steamrollered" by the candidates.
ZINGERS: Usually a debate has a couple good laughs, or at least lines you'll remember a long time -- like Sen. Lloyd Bentsen's "Senator, you are no Jack Kennedy" to Dan Quayle in the 1988 vice presidential debate. This debate had hardly any, though Obama did get in a dig at Donald Trump when he said sarcastically that according to Romney, Trump would be a small businessman, adding that Trump wouldn't want to think of himself as a small anything.
Romney also had a fairly amusing reference to his five sons, saying that made him "used to people saying something that's not always true but just keep on repeating it and ultimately hoping I'll believe it."
Viewers were waiting for Romney's prepared "zingers," questioning whether the Republican's rehearsed lines would be punchy or well-delivered. As debate raged on whether Romney's "Big Bird" line qualified, the candidate took aim at President Barack Obama during an exchange on education: "Mr. President, you're entitled to your own airplane and your own house, but not to your own facts," Romney said. Users on Facebook, Twitter and Reddit gave a mixed verdict: Some thought the line was a home run, others said the jab fell flat.
If there were few funny lines, there were also no real gaffes, as in Al Gore's distracted sigh or George H.W. Bush's infamous glance at his watch. But Romney did unwittingly unleash countless laughs across cyberspace when he made his surprise reference to Big Bird,.
47 PERCENT: In the build-up to the debate, viewers online urged Obama to raise the hidden-camera video in which Romney was seen discussing the "47 percent" of Americans he said didn't pay taxes and saw themselves as victims. Afterwards, some took to social networks to criticize Obama for a missed opportunity, while others saw the move as a crafty tactic on the president's part—likely making many of Romney's prepared responses redundant.
LAPEL BADGE: In the opening stages of the debate, social media users pondered aloud about an apparent dark blemish on Romney's lapel pin, speculating that it was a Republican elephant or even a tribute to Americans killed in last month's attack on the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi, Libya. There was an online sigh of recognition as it was confirmed that the dark spot was in fact the Secret Service logo, a star.


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Allen & Co. just kicked off its 32nd annual paean to power in Idaho, where Silicon Valley executives get photographed like they're the Kardashian klan at Valentino's château. Let's skip the boring quotes about "consolidation on the content side" and pick apart the pics instead. I'll start: 1. Why is Mark Pincus holding a baby doll? 2. How low does Zynga stock have to drop before his invitation gets lost in the mail?
Your turn.
[Image via Getty]


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Don't make anyone a priority when you are only an option.
Think of the haters in your life as sandpaper; theyll scratch you up time and time again but in the end youre polished, smooth, and spotless..while they end up useless
We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give.
Going off to get me a taco now.
Go WH5!
And do people on the Watchlist get treats???
And the milk you're going to need.
This is it. The darkest day. The blackest hour. Chin up, shoulders back. Let's see what we're made of, you and I.
― The Doctor


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House GOP Cools to Schumer Immigration Proposal
Sen. Charles Schumer tried to break the impasse over immigration Sunday, suggesting that Congress pass a law that wouldn't take effect until after President Barack Obama leaves office. There was no indication, however, that House Republicans would accept the proposal.
The New York Democrat's suggestion was in response to House Speaker John Boehner (R., Ohio), who said last week that it would be difficult to pass an immigration overhaul because House Republicans don't trust Mr. Obama to enforce the law.
"There's a simple solution: Let's enact the law this year, but simply not let it actually start 'til 2017, after President Obama's term is over," Mr. Schumer said on NBC. A spokesman for Mr. Schumer said afterward that he had not floated this idea to House Republicans, his Democratic colleagues, or to the White House before offering it publicly.
Michael Steel, a spokesman for Mr. Boehner, shot the idea down. "The suggestion is entirely impractical, since it would totally eliminate the president's incentive to enforce immigration law for the remainder of his term," he said Sunday.
A White House official declined to comment on Mr. Schumer's idea, other than to say, "We've laid out our principles and we are now stepping back to see what, if anything, the House puts forward."
More In Immigration
- Donald Trump's Telling Two Words on Immigration
- Mike Pence Defends Donald Trump's Immigration Stance as 'Consistent' on Principles
- No Big Deal? Some Donald Trump Fans Unfazed by Immigration Shifts
- Donald Trump's Real Immigration Shift? Repeating What He Called Mitt Romney's Mistake.
- Trump Campaign Appears to Soften Immigration Stance
- Melania Trump Says She Always Complied With Immigration Laws
Last month, Mr. Boehner and other House leaders presented a set of general principles for immigration legislation that drew little opposition on its substance from the bulk of the conference. But many Republicans complained that they don't trust Mr. Obama to fairly implement any enforcement provisions they approve.
Moreover, they argued that this was the wrong time politically to take on the issue with midterm elections this year.
The Schumer proposal was an effort to address the first concern and, as such, appeared as an effort to call Republicans' bluff on whether they were serious about acting this year.
Evidence suggests that the Obama administration has implemented aggressive border security, and deportations have hit a record high during his presidency. But Republicans cite Mr. Obama's decision to unilaterally delay parts of the health care law, and his vow in his State of the Union address to work around Congress where necessary to advance other priorities.
"Now I think that the rap against him (Mr. Obama)—that he won't enforce the law—is false," Mr. Schumer said Sunday. "He's deported more people than any other president, but you could actually have the law start in 2017 without doing much violence to it."
Mr. Schumer was one of the authors of the Senate immigration bill that passed on a bipartisan vote last summer. Since then, he has held quiet conversations with House Republicans and interest groups who support the measure to try and keep the issue moving forward.
His proposal wouldn't help with the concern among many House Republicans that it is a bad idea to take up an issue that divides them during an election year when they are united on issues such as health care. Many of them contend that this issue isn't a priority for their constituents and it makes more sense to take it on another time. Some argue that they may have more leverage in 2015 if Republicans take control of the Senate.
"John Boehner just felt with everything else going on this year, especially with the emphasis on Obamacare, it wasn't worth having an internal fight going into the election" Rep. Peter King (R., N.Y.) said Sunday on CBS. "Right now, things seem to be going the Republican way."
Mr. Boehner, who personally favors advancing immigration legislation this year, has told his colleagues that there will never be a good time to tackle the issue, so they should act on it now.
Many Republicans believe it is essential for the party to get the immigration issue off the table before the 2016 presidential election, when they say the GOP candidate must attract Latino voters if the party has any chance of winning back the White House.
Follow @wsjwashington on Twitter


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Former "Eight Is Enough" star Susan Richardson is reportedly broke and suffering from a long list of serious health problems.
Richardson, 60, told the National Enquirer she suffers from diabetes, has had a series of strokes, has a digestive problem that has caused her to lose all of her teeth, and is down to 60 pounds.
"I had a series of mini-strokes. Then I discovered I had a rare disorder that made my esophagus go spastic," she told the magazine (via Hollywood.com). Richardson said she lives in a "rotting trailer" in Wagontown, Pa., that she can't afford to heat.
"There's always something wrong with it. I desperately need a new trailer but I can't afford it," she said.
Richardson played Susan Bradford, the fourth oldest child, on "Eight Is Enough" for four seasons, beginning in 1977. She didn't get much work after the series, though she reprised her role in the 1998 TV movie "An Eight Is Enough Wedding."
Contact Tony Hicks at email@example.com or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/BayAreaNewsGroup.TonyHicks.


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The lovers—none so subtly named Adam (Jim Sturgess) and Eden (Kirsten Dunst)—first meet as children who manage to forge a spiritual connection even if they're literally upside down from each other. Unfortunately, contact between the inhabitants of the two worlds is strictly forbidden by the dominant one, Up Top, which exploits the resources of its neighbor planet, Down Below. Connecting the two worlds is a massive tower owned by an exploitative megacorporation named—what else? -- TransWorld.
Ten years after their initial encounter, which ended with Eden apparently falling to her death, Adam is a lowly scientist working at TransWorld who has managed to invent an anti-aging cream made from the pollen of pink bees (really). He suddenly comes across the now grown-up Eden, who has no recollection of him thanks to a case of amnesia from her fall.
So he sets out to woo her all over again, a task made more complicated by the fact that the only way he can enter her world is to don gravity-defying anti-matter that inconveniently bursts into flame after a short time.
If you've managed to follow all of this so far, then you indeed might enjoy the undeniably clever otherworldly setup for what otherwise is a fairly pedestrian love story. The writer-director produces many impressively striking images, many of them without the benefit of CGI effects, to render his fantastical setting. Particularly impressive is a virtuoso set piece involving a flaming Adam desperately propelling himself into an upside down body of water.
But despite their dual-worlds environment, the central characters ultimately are too one-dimensional to sustain our interest. Sturgess overplays the puppy-dog charm, while Dunst wears her natural radiance like a comfortable overcoat.
The film does manage to spring to life with every appearance by Timothy Spall as Adam's friendly but ill-fated co-worker. The veteran British actor delivers a wonderfully ebullient and moving turn that lends a genuine humanity to the otherwise overly contrived and mechanistic proceedings.
"Upside Down," a Millennium Entertainment release, is rated PG-13 for some violence. 100 minutes.
Motion Picture Association of America rating definition for PG-13: Parents strongly cautioned. Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13.


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Japan, 2012, 133 Minute Running Time
Genre/Subject: DramaLanguage: Japanese English Sub-Titles
DUE TO CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND OUR CONTROL this screening has been cancelled but will be rescheduled for another evening this week.
In the prefecture of Nagashima, the Ono family is torn apart when an earthquake causes a nuclear meltdown. The government draws danger zones across the prefecture, going right down between the houses of two next-door neighbors: the Onos and the Suzukis. The elder Ono Yasuhiko makes the decision to stay in the "safe" zone where their home lies, while the Suzuki family evacuates. Sono captures the oft-surreal ways the government exhibits denial through their policy, discriminates across its citizenry, and causes mass nuclear fear, all while telling a touching story of two families and their struggles to stay united.
DIRECTOR: Sion Sono
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text:
Definition of suggestive in English:
1Tending to suggest an idea: there were various suggestive pieces of evidence
More example sentences
- Another suggestive piece of evidence is comparison with dogs that remain on the other side of the long vanished Asia-North America land connection.
- The regulations adopted in Shanghai will provide suggestive ideas for national AIDS legislation.
- Both nonspecialists and specialists in Tillich's theology will find here ideas suggestive for contemporary teaching and preaching.
1.1Indicative or evocative: flavours suggestive of coffee and blackberry
More example sentences
- These indications were suggestive of six previous hybridization events between the two native carnivores.
- Diagnostic genetic testing refers to the use of a gene test in a patient who has symptoms suggestive of Huntington's disease, with or without a family history.
- Electrolyte levels should be monitored, and patients should report any signs or symptoms suggestive of electrolyte imbalance.
redolent, evocative, reminiscent;
characteristic, indicative, symptomatic, typical;
1.2Making someone think of sexual matters: a suggestive remark
More example sentences
- A driver who left a woman passenger terror stricken when he drove her past her home also lost his licence, as did a driver who made sexually suggestive remarks to a passenger.
- She describes these rages as often provoked by strangers on the street who whistle at her or make some sexually suggestive remark.
- Explicitly sexual lyrics and suggestive dancing have sparked scathing newspaper columns and local judges have banned minors from attending the dances.
indecent, indelicate, improper, unseemly, titillating, provocative, sexual, sexy, off colour, smutty, dirty, ribald, bawdy, racy, blue, risqué, juicy, lewd, vulgar, coarse, salacious, prurient
informal naughty, near the knuckle, spicy
- Example sentences
- His boss can take even a hackneyed phrase and let it dangle suggestively in the air until a dozen meanings reveal themselves.
- Ghuroub, a suggestively Buddhist-like land, is where Fattouma meets a holy man who tries to prepare him for the journey to Gebel.
- Apparently nothing says mobile business data services like two hot chicks suggestively gazing into a cellphone.
- Example sentences
- Many of the pictures here failed to be included in the calendars simply because they crossed a subtle line - one that went beyond suggestiveness into the realm of erotica.
- Indeed, the lines of his drawings are often minimal and suggestive, forcing the viewer to focus on the object to imagine the undrawn lines; their very suggestiveness creates essence.
- Clifton thinks it is because burlesque offers 'the kind of suggestiveness that women appreciate.'
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: sug¦gest|ive
Definition of suggestive in:
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= trending


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Browse and Search Friends' Acquisitions
This page provides access to lists of works in the Museum's collections database acquired, or contributed to, by the Friends of The Fitzwilliam Museum.
Please note these lists show only objects that are recorded in the online collections database. There is an ongoing programme of adding records and images to the database but many objects acquired with support from the Friends do not yet have a record available here. These lists, therefore, should not be regarded as complete.
A selection of objects, grouped by type, acquired with support from the Friends. These lists are limited to records that include images.
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Lucille Parker, 97, of Tecumseh, passed away Thursday, Nov. 14, 2012, in Tecumseh.
Visitation will begin at noon, Thursday, Nov. 15, and continue through time of service.
Graveside service will be 10 a.m., Friday, Nov. 16, at Tecumseh Cemetery with Eric Henson, Tecumseh Highland Church of Christ, officiating under the direction of Cooper Funeral Home of Tecumseh.
To share memories, or to sign the guestbook online, go to www.cooperfuneral.com.
Location, ST | website.com


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News 12 First at Five / Tuesday, Dec. 18, 2012
AUGUSTA, Ga. -- Two Augusta firefighters are struggling to support their families after they say they were wrongfully terminated by the city. After months of taking their concerns to the city, they took them to the public on Tuesday.
Nick Prokosa says he knew from a young age that he wanted to be a firefighter.
"In grade school, I got to shoot the fire hose and it was the first station I worked at when I came on this department," he said.
He worked for the Augusta-Richmond County Fire Department for five years until, "I was hurt on March 2, 2011, by carrying an EMS patient from the house."
A year and a half later, he still can't go back to work.
"I would go back today if I could," he said with tears in his eyes. "But because of my injuries, I can't."
Now, the city has let him go. It's a decision Prokosa says he doesn't understand.
"I did everything I ever possibly could because I enjoyed doing what I did, and now I'm just a piece of trash and nobody's out there to help us either," he said.
Another firefighter is going through a similar situation.
"As we progressed into the room, the floor gave way, and I fell through the floor," said Nick Lynn, who was injured in October 2011.
On Dec. 7, 2012, he was let go as well.
"We've helped people and saved lives and protected people's property," Lynn said. "At least for me, and I get injured, and now I'm being thrown out."
After months of trying to talk to the city and save their jobs, they're making their fight public. On Tuesday they sat in front of the municipal building asking for your help.
"Even since day one, there's been no response, no correspondence from their end," Lynn said.
Michael Blanchard, interim director of Human Resources, responded.
"Admittedly, and this is in an email, we perhaps have not responded as quickly as we should have, but that doesn't change the fact that the policy is being followed," he said.
Blanchard said the policy states that after a year, they look at the injured employee and the possibility of returning to work within three months.
"Since in both of these cases it is indefinite or uncertain when the employee would be able to respond," Blanchard said, "unfortunately, that kinda forced the city's hand to make a decision."
At the end of the day these are two positions they can't wait any longer to fill.
"[We need a firefighter] who's gonna be there, who can save the life of somebody's wife or somebody's child or somebody's husband and we can't fill positions for firefighters if they're taken up with the guys who are not working," Blanchard said.
Prokosa applied for an appeal Tuesday but was denied.
Blanchard says the law department is handling everything related to appeals.


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Is your religious establishment hosting an event? Would you like to educate the public about your religion's holidays?
The Tribune is looking for submissions for its religion page. Column submissions from pastors, rabbis, Reverends or other leaders are welcome. Submissions or information about events held at churches, temples, chapels or other religious establishments can be sent to editor Trisha Leonard at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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A man was found dead in a Summit Cove residence Tuesday evening, according to a statement from the Summit County Coroner's Office.
The 28-year-old man's name has not yet been released, but authorities say the manner of death was consistent with natural causes.
The coroner was called to the residence at 7:41 p.m. Monday.
The man will not be identified until authorities contact his family.
This story will be updated.


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SAN DIEGO -- Cam Johnson may have won himself a second season on the 49ers roster Thursday night, producing two sacks and blocking a punt that he recovered in the end zone for a touchdown.
Will that be enough for Johnson, seemingly the 49ers' fifth outside linebacker, to make Saturday's final cut and the 53-man roster?
Actually, the question is: Can the 49ers carry five outside linebackers when they've typically only employed three under coach Jim Harbaugh and defensive coordinator Vic Fangio?
"After tonight, the way Cam Johnson played, heck yeah we can," Harbaugh replied enthusiastically. "We're the San Francisco 49ers. We can do whatever we want!"
Johnson almost did whatever he wanted in the 41-6 win over the Chargers, closing out his and the 49ers' impressive exhibition season.
"I know I don't have a solid spot on the roster," Johnson said. "I've been working all offseason to get one. I'm just happy to finally see positive things, and I hope for more."
A seventh-round draft pick last year, Johnson missed the final cut but was promptly signed to the practice squad. He got promoted to the active roster in Week 16 but played just 11 snaps thereafter.
Two days after trading away Parys Haralson, the 49ers turned to Dan Skuta, Corey Lemonier and Johnson to fight it out for backup roles behind Aldon Smith and Ahmad Brooks. Both Skuta and Lemonier had a sack Thursday.
Johnson's second sack really impressed Harbaugh, who said: "I really want to look at that again. From my eye on the field, that was a special play, the way he submarined and had a clean hit."
Johnson's encore came in the third quarter when he blocked a Mike Scifres punt. "I looked around for it, saw it in the end zone and just jumped on it," Johnson said.
Johnson kept the ball, and once Harbaugh gave him another ball after the game, Johnson didn't know which was which.
"I got after it. I tried to get after it every play," Johnson said. "Everything seemed to just be happening the right way."
Johnson will soon find out if he's earned a return trip to the 53-man roster.
"No idea. I'm just waiting to see like everyone else in here. I'm looking forward to it."


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Netflix Sets Table For Kids to Binge-Watch
After enabling countless hours of binge TV viewing for adults, Netflix is setting the buffet for kids.
The first Netflix original series for children is on its way from DreamWorks Animation, the two companies announced today. The animated series, "Turbo: F.A.S.T.", is a spinoff from a DreamWorks movie called "Turbo," about a snail that aspires to speed, which arrives in theaters this summer. In the old days, the studio might have licensed the cartoon to a TV network for the lineup of Saturday morning cartoons. Netflix declined to discuss its release strategy for the new show, but if it follows the model of previous originals, all 26 episodes will premiere at once and be available for streaming on-demand in 40 countries.
On Feb. 1, Netflix released all 13 episodes of its original series "House of Cards," a drama about political machinations starring Kevin Spacey. Since then, viewers have swapped stories about chewing through the whole season in long sittings or, occasionally, all in one go. Discussions about the pace of viewing are intertwined with the conversation about the drama itself.
Of course, families with Netflix accounts are already familiar with the pros and cons of on-demand viewing. Parents don't have to fumble with that scratched Thomas the Tank Engine DVD, and kids are spared the onslaught of TV commercials their moms and dads grew up on. On the other hand, with dozens of episodes of "Yo Gabba Gabba" and "Dinosaur Train" lined up in the queue for instant streaming, it's all too easy for a distracted parent (or remote-savvy youngster) to hit play on episode after episode.
Netflix says its 33 million members streamed more than 2 billion hours of kids content in 2012. The "Turbo" movie premieres in theaters in July, and "Turbo: F.A.S.T." follows on Netflix in December. As an expansion of an existing deal with DreamWorks, Netflix members in the U.S. will also get additional feature titles from the studio, starting with its 2013 film releases.


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Epilepsy Treatment Center - Mission, TX
- WebMD Physician Directory of Mission Neurologist Doctors
- Related Epilepsy Treatment Articles
- Mission Emergency Contacts
- Nearby Mission Hospitals
- Find a Local Pharmacy on RxList - Mission
Mission Neurologist Doctors for Epilepsy Treatment
Type of Physician: Neurologist
What is a Neurologist? A certification by the Board of Psychiatry & Neurology; practitioners focus on the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease or impaired function of the brain, spinal cord, muscles and nervous system, as well as the blood vessels that relate to these structures. The neurologist is often the primary physician but also serves as a consultant to other physicians and may render all levels of care, including the continuing care of outpatients and/or inpatients. The neurologist will often perform and interpret tests that relate to the nervous system or muscles.
Specialty: Neurology
Common Name:
Neurologist Doctors in Mission * results
- 2
Gabriel Diaz-Martinez
Gabriel Diaz MD
316 Lindberg Ave
McAllen, TX 78501
(956) 664-0002
- 36 years experience
- 1 office location(s)
- 3
Priscilla Ortega
Leonardo Garcia Mendez MD
110 E Savannah Ave Bldg C201
McAllen, TX 78503
(956) 687-3318
- 2 office location(s)
- 4
Marisela B. Hernandez
Leonardo Garcia Mendez MD
110 E Savannah Ave Bldg C201
McAllen, TX 78503
(956) 687-3318
- 2 office location(s)
- 5
Ruy Mireles Quintanilla
South Texas Neurological Center
1910 S 1st St Ste 200
McAllen, TX 78503
(956) 687-7885
- 1 office location(s)
- 6
Tommy Yee
Tommy Yee MD
1913 S 1st St Ste 200
McAllen, TX 78503
(956) 686-2393
- 1 office location(s)
- 7
Wilson C. Sy
Neurology Center of South Texas
110 E Savannah Ave Bldg C202
McAllen, TX 78503
(956) 631-2529
- 1 office location(s)
- 8
Miguel A. Gutierrez
Miguel A Gutierrez MD
2108 S M St Ste 4
McAllen, TX 78503
(956) 686-8100
- 1 office location(s)
- 9
Zuka Khabbazeh
Gloria Mireles MD
2821 Michael Angelo Ste 306
Edinburg, TX 78539
(956) 362-2440
- 2 office location(s)
- 10
Gloria Mireles
Gloria Mireles MD
2821 Michael Angelo Ste 306
Edinburg, TX 78539
(956) 362-2440
- 1 office location(s)
- 11
Priti M. Manohar
Neurology Rehabilitation & Pain Institute
3125 Center Point Dr
Edinburg, TX 78539
(956) 683-9300
- 1 office location(s)
Don't see your city? Use the WebMD Physician Directory to expand your search.
Epilepsy Treatment
What Are the Treatments for Epilepsy?
The majority of epileptic seizures are controlled through drug therapy, particularly anticonvulsant drugs. The type of treatment prescribed will depend on several factors including the frequency and ...
Other Related Epilepsy Treatment Articles
Emergency Contact for Mission
- In case of Emergency, call 911
Nearby Mission Hospitals results
- 1Mission Regional Medical Center
900 S Bryan Rd
Mission, Texas 78572
(956) 580-900
- 2Mcallen Medical Center
301 W Expressway 83
Mission, Texas 78503
(956) 632-400
- 3Solara Hospitals Of Mcallen
301 W Expressway 83
Mission, Texas 78503
(956) 632-488
- 4Rio Grande Regional Hospital
101 E Ridge Rd
Mission, Texas 78503
(956) 632-600
- 5Mc Allen Heart Hospital
1900 S D St
Mission, Texas 78503
(956) 994-200
- 6Lifecare Hospitals South Campus
2001 S M St
Mission, Texas 78503
(956) 688-430
- 7Lifecare Hospital South Texas
5101 N Jackson Rd
Mission, Texas 78504
(956) 926-700
- 8Cornerstone Regional Hospital
2302 Cornerstone Blvd
Mission, Texas 78539
(956) 618-444
- 9Doctors Hospital At Renaissance
5501 S McColl Rd
Mission, Texas 78539
(956) 362-867
- 10Solara Hospital Of Edinburg
2655 Cornerstone Blvd
Mission, Texas 78539
(956) 683-101
- 11Edinburg Regional Medical Ctr
1102 W Trenton Rd
Mission, Texas 78539
(956) 388-600
- 12Edinburg Regional Rehab Center
1102 W Trenton Rd
Mission, Texas 78539
(956) 388-620
- 13South Texas Behavioral Health
2102 W Trenton Rd
Mission, Texas 78539
(956) 388-130
- 14Knapp Medical Center
1401 E 8th St
Mission, Texas 78596
(956) 968-856
- 15Starr County Memorial Hospital
128 N Farm To Market Rd 3167
Mission, Texas 78582
(956) 487-556
* Provider Directory Terms of Use:
The WebMD 'Provider Directory' is provided by WebMD for use by the general public as a quick reference of information about Providers. The Provider Directory is not intended as a tool for verifying the credentials, qualifications, or abilities of any Provider contained therein. Inclusion in the Provider Directory does not imply recommendation or endorsement nor does omission in the Provider Directory imply WebMD disapproval.
You are prohibited from using, downloading, republishing, selling, duplicating, or "scraping" for commercial or any other purpose whatsoever, the Provider Directory or any of the data listings or other information contained therein, in whole or in part, in any medium whatsoever.
The Provider Directory is provided on an "AS-IS" basis. WebMD disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for particular purpose. Without limiting the foregoing, WebMD does not warrant or represent that the Provider Directory or any part thereof is accurate or complete. You assume full responsibility for the communications with any Provider you contact through the Provider Directory. WebMD shall in no event be liable to you or to anyone for any decision made or action taken by you in the reliance on information provided in the Provider Directory.
The use of WebMD Provider Directory by any entity or individual to verify the credentials of Providers is prohibited. The database of Provider information which drives WebMD Provider Directory does not contain sufficient information with which to verify Provider credentials under the standards of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) of the Utilization Review Accreditation Committee (URAC).
By using the WebMD Provider Directory, you agree to these Terms and Conditions.


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About the Book
"Written in words so intimate, calm, kind, and immediate, this extraordinary book feels like a message from our very own heart….Thich Nhat Hanh is one of the most important voices of our time, and we have never needed to listen to him more than now."
—Sogyal Rinpoche
Fear is destructive, a pervasive problem we all face. Vietnamese Buddhist Zen Master, poet, scholar, peace activist, and one of the foremost spiritual leaders in the world—a gifted teacher who was once nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by Martin Luther King Jr.—Thich Nhat Hanh has written a powerful and practical strategic guide to overcoming our debilitating uncertainties and personal terrors. The New York Times said Hanh, "ranks second only to the Dalai Lama" as the Buddhist leader with the most influence in the West. In Fear: Essential Wisdom for Getting through the Storm, Hanh explores the origins of our fears, illuminating a path to finding peace and freedom from anxiety and offering powerful tools to help us eradicate it from our lives
Fear has countless faces: from the fear of failure to worries about everyday life, from financial or environmental uncertainties to the universal despair we all experience when faced by the loss of a friend or loved one. Even when surrounded by all the conditions for happiness, life can feel incomplete when fear keeps us focused on the past and worried about the future. While we all experience fear, it is possible to learn how to avoid having our lives shaped and driven by it. In these pages, Thich Nhat Hanh offers us a timeless path for living fearlessly.
Educator and Librarian Resources
Critical Praise
"Thich Nhat Hanh shows us that by looking deeply and embracing our whole experience with acceptance, love and understanding, we can go beyond fear and anxiety to find fearlessness and inner peace." — Sogyal Rinpoche
Product Details
- Imprint: HarperOne
- On Sale: 03/04/2014
- Trimsize: 5.313 in (w) x 8 in (h) x 0.396 in (d)
- Pages: 176
- List Price: 15.99 USD
- BISAC1: RELIGION / Buddhism / Rituals & Practice
- BISAC2: SELF-HELP / Meditations
- BISAC3: SELF-HELP / Personal Growth / Self-Esteem


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In this video, I go over Linux Gamers Live CD Big version. I discuss how I like it and my opinions on the distro. Please comment, rate, and subscribe! Thanks for watching!
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Monday, September 22, 2008
The Thorons: "Don't Eliminate Marriage for Anyone"
23 comments:
Thanks for speaking out on behalf of our loved ones. We are New Mexico parents of gay daughter who married her wonderful partner this year in Massachusetts. We want equal rights for all of our children everywhere!
- September 23, 2008 at 3:16 PM
Very well done!
Jeannie - PFLAG Atlanta
- September 23, 2008 at 3:23 PM
Thank you for reminding people that this is about fairness and family. I am happy to be in Massachusetts were my mother and her wife are given the same rights as my father and his wife.
It makes me sad that only two states recognize equal rights in the field of marriage. Thanks for reminding people to support them.
- September 23, 2008 at 3:27 PM
Thank you for doing this. My son and his partner are celebrating the 14th anniversary of their commitment ceremony with a trip to Orage County California to obtain a legal Marriage. Thank you for working to maintain this possibility.
John Larson, long time PFLAG Dad
- September 23, 2008 at 3:42 PM
Thank you guys for putting faces for people to relate to. And thank you for standing for what is right, and denouncing what is wrong, for our country--gay and straight alike.
Much love,
- September 23, 2008 at 4:02 PM
We are prod to know you and to stand with you for equality for ALL of our loved ones !
Denny & Karyl Spargo
- September 23, 2008 at 4:06 PM
- Publisher of Truth said...
As a gay man, I have been struggling for all gay rights, but the right to marry, with its concomitant family rights and recognition of health-care decisions, etc. is critical to our coming of age. Enough of discrimination of any sort! It is time the US moved into the 21st Century
- September 23, 2008 at 4:08 PM
- The Other Katherine Harris said...
Bravo, You! That's a great spot, which should appeal to every reasonable person. It truly baffles me that anyone could feel his or her marriage is somehow threatened by anybody else's.
As the proud mom of a wonderful gay son and close friend of many other fine gay people, I look forward to the day when no couple in America can be denied the right to marry.
Warm regards from New Mexico.
- September 23, 2008 at 4:18 PM
Hello Thorons! Great video! Thanks for speaking out!
Babs & Jerry - PFLAG Atlanta
- September 23, 2008 at 4:53 PM
I commend you both for your courage and conviction to stand up. As a gay man who is not supported by his family it always brings a tear to my eye when I see parents like yourselves show so much love and support to your daughter and to the gay community. Thank You.
- September 23, 2008 at 4:58 PM
Awesome video. Your testimony will make some impact on those that might be sitting on the fence with this decision. Congrats on a great ad!!
- September 23, 2008 at 6:07 PM
- Annette said...
Thank you! We are all watching what happens in California! I hope that one day my son, along with thousands of other GLBT people, can marry! Thank you from Indiana!
- September 23, 2008 at 6:13 PM
- Mary Jo said...
Thank you for speaking out. I am proud of my gay son and want equal rights for all our children.
Warmest regards,
Mary Jo
- September 23, 2008 at 7:51 PM
- Judie said...
As the proud mother of 3 grown children, one of which happens to be gay, I believe that every person DESERVES the same rights. The right to marry, to have the same medical rights and privileges, the right to adopt, etc., etc., etc!!!
My gay son, who is 23, and his boyfriend are celebrating their
5th anniversary this week. HAPPY ANNIVERSARY ROB AND MATT!! WE LOVE YOU!!!
Judie - Proud NY PFLAG Mom
- September 23, 2008 at 8:36 PM
Thank you Thoron's for speaking out!
I hope that here in Arizona we can defeat an amendment AGAIN this November.
Much love and respect,
- September 23, 2008 at 11:03 PM
It takes special people to take a public stand. We have to stand up for our LGBTQ friends and family, for if we don't take a stand who will? I am a mother of an 18 year old out and proud lesbian Daughter and a 22 year old straigt Son.I will be 50 next month and my prayer is to see my daughter obtain the same rights in this country that I have as a heterosexual. Because it is WRONG that I have these rights and my daughter and all other members of the LGBTQ community do not. Thank you both for standing up and being strong and speaking true. We are all with you in spirit.
- September 24, 2008 at 3:27 AM
Thank you so much for this ad that puts the 'normal' face on families with gay members. We had the privilege of meeting you at S.F. Pride in March when we were visiting our son and his partner - soon to be married officially there. You are an inspiration ~
Jo Ellen and Harry,
PFLAG Richmond, Va.
- September 24, 2008 at 8:56 AM
- kensf94114 said...
We are SO GRATEFUL for Julia and Sam Thoron's leadership, guidance, dedication, and perseverance to have marriage equality for everyone! Their caring, compassion, and love are such an inspiration to us!
Ken Prag and Steve Collins in San Francisco
- September 24, 2008 at 1:24 PM
- Arnold said...
We are so proud of both of you. This is super.
We can't wait to become Californians; we bought a home in Santa Rosa. We will move as soon as we sell our home in Memphis!!
Mieneke and Arnold Drake
- September 26, 2008 at 7:12 AM
We admire your courage to stand up for what is right. Our two children are gay, a son and a daughter. We hope for all our children to have equal rights everywhere.
Linda & Michael, PFLAG Florida
- September 26, 2008 at 3:16 PM
thanks so much for taking a stand. i truley admire your love for your daughter. she truley has understanding parents.
- October 1, 2008 at 8:53 PM
thanks so much for taking a stand. i truley admire your love for your daughter. she truley has understanding parents.
- October 1, 2008 at 8:54 PM
Thank you, Mr. & Mrs. Thoron.
I became more active politically when I started having nightmares that my government might annul my marriage. My spouse and I have been married close to 40 years now, and 25 of them were "straight" and the rest have been wonderfully GLBT. My spouse transgendered and we instantly became one of those "other" marriages. (Yes, it was challenging!)
How in the world could my marriage negatively affect other persons' marriages? In fact, our triumphant struggle actually saved a few hetero marriages - "WOW, if you can get through this so well, we can make it through our problems, too."
Again, thank you.
Dorothee Baker, Cedar Crest, NM
- October 17, 2008 at 6:26 PM


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Supporters of ousted Egypt's Islamist President Mohammed Morsi chant slogans during a rally, in Nasser City, Cairo, Egypt, Thursday, July 4, 2013. The chief justice of Egypt's Supreme Constitutional Court was sworn in Thursday as the nation's interim president, taking over hours after the military ousted the Islamist President Mohammed Morsi. Adly Mansour took the oath of office at the Nile-side Constitutional Court in a ceremony broadcast live on state television. According to military decree,


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Monday, 31 January 2011
Petrol price vs. cycling rate for a range of countries
However, I don't believe this to be the case. If you remove the USA, and Australia to a lesser extent, many other countries have very similar petrol prices, but markedly different rates of cycling.
The graph shows the rate of cycling as a percentage of journeys in several countries in the world, plotted along with the January 2011 prices for petrol.
There are three areas of this graph which show a story.
On the left you can consider the USA, Australia and Great Britain. All three of these countries have a cycling rate of around 1%, but the petrol prices are spread widely - between 60 cents and €1.47 per litre.
You can then consider the largest part of the graph, Great Britain through to Finland. In all of these countries except Austria and Switzerland, the petrol price is very similar: between €1.40 and €1.48 per litre. However, the cycling rates vary across nearly the whole spectrum, 1% of journeys at the low end and 11% of journeys at the high end. The two end positions are taken by Great Britain with petrol at €1.47 per litre and Finland where petrol costs €1.48 per litre.
Lastly, take a look at the top three: Finland, Denmark and the Netherlands. If you look hard enough here, then you can see an upward trend in both petrol price and cycling rate. However, petrol in the Netherlands is actually only 11% more expensive than Finland (€1.62 vs. €1.48) while the cycling rate is 2.5 times as high (27% vs. 11% of journeys).
But what about diesel ?
But actually, this doesn't tell the whole story. Because we've considered only petrol and not diesel, we've simplified the issue. When I last covered this, I noted that while petrol was more expensive in the Netherlands than in the UK, diesel was 14% cheaper in the Netherlands than in the UK. Considering both petrol and diesel together, the price of fuel is actually more equal between nations than it appears on my graph. For the driver of a diesel engined car (roughly half of new cars sold in Europe run on diesel), the fuel to run it is actually cheaper in the Netherlands than in Britain - yet these two countries span the widest range possible of cycling rates.
I think it's fair to say that there's no real relationship shown here between the price of fuel for cars and the cycling rate. Even when fuel for cars is expensive and congestion results in journeys being slow and inconvenient, people will continue to want to drive if driving remains the least bad option.
The cost of taxation and insurance are also not factors which make driving more expensive in the Netherlands. Insurance for new drivers in particular is much cheaper in the Netherlands than in the UK.
Many myths and excuses exist for why the cycling rate in other countries is lower. The only thing which really explains why the Netherlands stands out so far above other countries is that the experience of cycling is so different. In the Netherlands, cycling takes place away from the threat of motor vehicles on good quality cycle paths and roads which prioritize cyclists. Never is it necessary to take on busy motorized traffic by bike, or even to ride up the side of rows of stationery vehicles. This leads to an outstanding level of subjective safety, and as a result all types of people cycle.
To see the policies, infrastructure and campaigning which have lead to the Netherlands having both the world's highest cycling rate and also the world's safest cyclists, click on what works.
Cycling rates for the graph are taken from here and here. Prices for petrol (current in January 2011) come from here, here and here.
I covered the same excuse previously. However, it keeps coming up again, so I think it's worth repeating.
35 comments:
- Taliesin said...
Excellent post. In my opinion, the potential for cost savings is over rated as a reason to put to people to cycle more, since it assumes that people are simply rational profit maximizing machines who will make transport choices if we can only give them the information. After all, cycling has been cheaper for the entire history of private motoring, not just in the recent spikes in fuel prices, and this hasn't stopped the decline in the last 60 years. Of course, people aren't rational and will make decisions based on a lot of non-economic grounds, including perceive safety and a desire to fit in and keep up with the neighbours.
On the graph, this data could also be displayed as an XY-Scatter, where you would expect the countries' cycling rate vs. petrol price to create a roughly straight line rising from the origin if the two data sets are correlated. Might make the lack of correlation a bit easier to see.
- 31 January 2011 at 00:47
- johnybravo said...
Its not the case at all, the petro prices in portugal are exactly the same if not more expensive, and people dont cycle much, even in flat towns.
- 31 January 2011 at 01:38
- examinedspoke said...
I agree that low auto fuel prices don't entirely explain the lack of cycling in the States (and other places where fuel is cheap). However, I'm not certain that one can necessarily say that quality infrastructure alone will lead to Netherlands-level cycling rates. I think you need both infrastructure and high driving costs.
Actually, I'm not sure that we have, anywhere in the developed world, a "virtuous" city, where driving and cycling are on equal footing in cost and convenience, and where the citizens have chosen cycling at, say, twenty-percent or more. In the States, Portland, Oregon, and a few college towns are ongoing experiments. So far they've achieved around ten-percent. It will be interesting to see whether higher numbers will result from better paths and lanes.
The great example of the Netherlands, of course, is that it has made cycling safe, fast, and cheap, and then made driving slow and expensive, especially in urban environments. From what I understand, buying a car is roughly double the price compared to the States, fuel is three times more, and parking in Amsterdam is up to six times more costly compared to Los Angeles.
Is it true that some eighty-percent of automobiles in the Netherlands are corporate-leased, such that the usual experience of car availability is tied closely with employment?
- 31 January 2011 at 02:02
- Kevin Love said...
Two more facts that also indicate that its not about petrol prices:
1. Canada's petrol prices are about the same as Australia, but the Canadian cycling rate is approximately three times higher.
2. A major toll highway around Toronto, the 407, has toll rates that are the equivalent of about 4 euros per litre petrol prices. Its packed with cars.
- 31 January 2011 at 05:57
- David Hembrow said...
Examinedspoke: You may be right to say that high costs are also required, though we have no information here to support this or not. I'm not so sure, though. I think it comes down to nothing more than the relative attractiveness of the different options. Where cycling is an unattractive option, few will cycle. I don't believe there is anything inherently more attractive about motoring - however it's the least bad option for many people much of the time, as Kevin illustrates with his anecdote about the expensive toll highway.
As for other costs of driving in the Netherlands: yes a new car is more expensive to buy due to taxation, however not everyone buys a new car. A look at the most popular second hand goods website in the Netherlands reveals that there are currently 35 cars for sale within 5km of here priced between 500 and 1000 euros. That's surely cheap enough.
Car parking costs here are much exaggerated. Of course it depends where you go, but a lot of car parking in the Netherlands is free of charge, even in places where you'd pay in the UK. Since we got our car working again, I've paid for parking just once, and it cost 50 cents.
Some people do have lease cars, but most people own their own cars. I'm pretty sure I don't know anyone who has a lease car. I think 80% is an exaggeration. Perhaps it could be true that 80% of new cars are bought for leasing and that later they are sold as second hand to private owners. However, I don't have any figures for this either.
- 31 January 2011 at 07:32
- Green Idea Factory said...
Pricing needs to be combined with Enticing.
The effects on cycling from fuel cost, insurance, purchase tax, congestion charges, distance charges, etc are more clear when compared internally (within countries, regions and cities) and to themselves and adding relevant non-mobility data: If the Netherlands had a higher car purchase tax similiar to Denmark would it change the cycling rate? If car parking was more expensive? What if it was almost impossible?
In about the first half of the 20th century, or at least the first few decades, there was none-to-little separated infrastrcture for bikes inside cities in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Copenhagen (see also here) or Dublin, but the bike vs. car modal split seems equal to or leaning way towards cycling. I would guess that at this time driving and owning a car was still relatively very expensive.
These days one cannot drive a car through the center of Groningen... this is not pricing, per se, but an indication of how much the city and its people value this aspect. So are value and pricing two sides of the same coin?...
- 31 January 2011 at 09:02
- r s thompson said...
This leads to an outstanding level of subjective safety, and as a result all types of people cycle."
what does that mean??
is it safer or isnt it??
- 31 January 2011 at 09:24
- Jim said...
For a more comprehensive (albeit somewhat out of date) assessment of car taxation, including taxes on purchase, ownership and use, see this 2002 study from the EU:
I think Fig 23 (total taxes as % of GDP) is probably the best summary. It shows that total car taxation is slightly higher in the Netherlands than in the UK, significantly higher than in Italy or Germany, slightly lower than in Denmark, and significantly lower than in Finland, Greece or Ireland.
On that basis, if you're looking for a real 'high car tax tax, high driving rate' country, I'd suggest Ireland is it.
- 31 January 2011 at 09:31
- David Hembrow said...
r s thompson: Please read this link. Cyclists in the Netherlands are the safest in the world. However, to get people to want to cycle it is most important that they also feel like they are safe. That's what actually makes people cycle, as very few members of the general public ever read statistics, and all of us are very strongly influenced by what things feel like.
- 31 January 2011 at 09:39
- Inconvenient Truth said...
For a number of years between 1996 and 2006 I drove a diesel van full of organic wine between Bremen and the UK via Ijmuiden/Amsterdam. Every trip I arrived from the UK with an empty fuel tank and filled up at the petrol station in Ijmuiden because it was so much cheaper than the UK, and indeed for most of the time it was cheaper than Germany as well.
- 31 January 2011 at 11:36
- Paul Martin said...
Excellent post, David.
Trying to rebut these excuses here is like a game of 'whack a mole'... it is never-ending and 'avid' cyclists just don't understand that it is the non-cyclist (ie. 98% of the population who needs convincing) - they're as unhelpful as 'motorists'.
Subjective safety (feeling safe) is important. Cycling in Australia, if you look at the figures, is still safer than driving (per hour) but it doesn't feel like it when you have to 'share' the road with large metal vehicles. I don't care who has the right of way - I know who will be worse off in a collision and the usual SMIDSY & slap on the wrist punishment.
It is no surprise that the separated cycleways are the busiest cycle routes in Australia - but they are too few in number, are poorly connected most don't go anywhere useful for the majority. As a result they are largely used for 'recreation' on weekends and little more.
Meanwhile we (not me though!) complain about our unfairly high petrol prices. It's shameful. It's about time we started paying a fair price for the energy. I read recently that the energy contained in a car's fuel tank is the equivalent of having 5000 humans toiling for 24 hours non-stop... that should be expensive.
- 31 January 2011 at 12:01
- Ryan said...
Most will always find an excuse as to why they won't cycle in Canada.
I've read and heard on the radio the following:
1. Weather. Too cold and snowy in the winter. Too hot and humid in the summer. Other areas it's too rainy.
2. Unsafe. Which isn't a completely bogus excuse. Some Canadian cities are downright dangerous to walk in, let alone cycle in.
3. Some areas; helmet laws.
4. Perceived notion that you need special clothing.
5. Lack of showers. I personally don't understand why this is needed, but it's an excuse used.
6. Only the athletic types ride.
7. Only the poor who can't afford a car ride a bike.
Those are just some of the excuses that people use daily in Canada.
If we jack the price of petrol up, add new taxes etc. people will still drive here. Many actually believe it's their right to do so.
Although in 2008 when petrol prices were at their highest, the increase in cycling in my city was significant.
It is far too cheap to own and drive a car in Canada, despite what motorists say.
- 31 January 2011 at 13:02
- sheffield cycle chic said...
Petrol/Diesel prices are irrelevant unless you are on a very low income. The increasing numbers of students owning cars shows that costs are not high enough to put most people off. Most people in the UK make the decision to own a car (or a second or third) on the pragmatic basis that public transport costs are so high or routes so inconvenient that a car is the only sensible way to get from a to b. Once the car is there ready and waiting it is so much easier to use it rather than considering other options when they actually are viable. Petrol/diesel costs have risen quite a lot over the past few years, but an increasing number of journeys under 1 mile long are being made! The only reason for this I can suggest is that as fewer people walk then subjective safety reduces making even fewer people willing to walk. And with all those extra short journeys being made by car, bus journey times go up and vehicular cycling is an even less attractive option.
- 31 January 2011 at 13:17
- David Hembrow said...
Ryan: I know that individuals make excuses, but that's not what I'm getting at. Those go away if the conditions are such that cycling becomes a pleasant thing that people actually want to do.
When I talk about excuses, I really mean the things which even cyclists from other countries use as a reason why "it can't happen here".
That means things like "our streets are too narrow", "it's too expensive", "our population is too spread out", "we have hills", "our distance are too great", "it's because of the price of gas", and "it's too cold in the winter" (something which to be fair, is perhaps more true in Canada than most places where the excuse is made).
- 31 January 2011 at 14:44
- Sirius7dk said...
@ Jim
I read a blog post somewhere a few weeks ago that the car tax system has changed in Ireland recently but I cannot remember where (got the link from a cycle blog).
A further comment to the debate about cost of a new car is this table comparing the same new Saab 9-5 in different markets worldwide which makes it clear that Singapore is the most expensive country for a new car.
While I do not know anything about cycling in Singapore, a quick look in Street view shows a lack of dedicated cycling infrastructure and more cars and pedestrians than cars.
Rasmus Jensen
- 31 January 2011 at 16:48
- Meredith said...
I'd like to see a similar graph showing investments in bicycle infrastructure and/or transportation infrastructure in general.
Obama claimed in his State of the Union address that European countries invest much more heavily in transportation infrastructure and I *know* they that invest a greater percentage of that in bicycle infrastructure. I bet that there is a correlation to # of trips by bike and amount of $$ invested in bike programs/facilities.
- 31 January 2011 at 21:03
- David Hembrow said...
Meredith: You're quite right that there's a correlation.
You can find a graph showing expenditure on bicycle infrastructure vs. modal share for bikes for four different cities (and one country) here.
- 31 January 2011 at 22:13
- Yokota Fritz said...
You're probably correct that gas prices aren't the only factor in 'bike friendliness,' but that's a simplistic argument anyway. There are so many other differences than just petrol prices between the nations that a meaningful comparison is impossible. Sorry to say but I don't believe your graph conveys anything meaningful.
To really test the hypothesis that petrol prices affect modal share, other factors must be held constant. The United States had a 'cycling boom' after gas prices skyrocketed in 1972. More recently, we saw modal share go up 200% or more in several American cities after gasoline prices hit record levels in 2008. When gasoline prices moderated in 2009 and 2010, we fewer bikes on the road as well.
The facilities argument in the Netherlands doesn't completely hold water -- they invest in facilities because the people prioritize cycling for a variety of cultural and historical reasons. IOW, the facilities (and the high fuel taxes) exist because the Dutch people support cycling. The policy decisions to encourage cycling come about because that's what the people already do.
- 1 February 2011 at 00:48
- l' homme au velo said...
The price of Car's have always been dear in Ireland going back a long way.The actual price is very cheap but by the time all the Tax is totted up it work's out to be one of the dearest Countries for Car's.Also the Insurance costs have to be the Dearest than most Countries.
The 2009 period was the worst year for Car Dealers with half the amount of Cars sold because of the recession.Some Dealers closed down through lack of sales, but last year they recovered back to the way they were with even more Cars sold than ever.
Petrol and Diesel has suddenly shot up in price going from €1.22 a litre for Petrol about 4 months ago to €142 a litre in most Filling Stations and €138 for Diesel but it is still cheaper than the UK. Prices vary from place to place and it is dearer in the Country area's.
The good new's is an awful lot more People are Cycling but still there is a huge amount of Cars on the Road with a lot of People with two or more Cars. Most of these journey's are under a mile or 1 1/2 km.
The Schools near me are very local and Working class and yet loads of Cars and 4+4's suv's picking up their Children. It is not posh enough to send your Child from miles away,so they are all from the one little area of a radius of around 1 or 2 km.
Some Walk with their Children and a small group of Children Cycle to School. You can Replicate this all over Dublin and around the Country,the Roads are jammed with School Runners in their Cars on Weekdays.
The high costs of Motoring does not seem to put them off Driving.
- 1 February 2011 at 03:05
- David Hembrow said...
Yokota: The price of fuel is far from the only myth that people hang on to to explain why there's more cycling in the Netherlands than their own country. Several other of those myths have already been discussed on this blog. You can find a list over on the right hand side.
One of the biggest of them is perhaps that "it's what they already do". The history of cycling in the Netherlands is rather chequered. For three quarters of the twentieth century the country became progressively more motor dominated. Post second world war, the car boomed here and cycling dropped sharply. Car ownership reached a high level. In the 1950s and 1960s those cycle paths that existed were being removed in several areas to make room for more cars.
However, starting with a campaign about child safety, this was turned around. It's easy to see now how in many places transformations were made to accommodate cars, and then to exclude them again (examples: 1, 2, 3, 4).
Oh, and that high fuel taxes and public support for investment in cycling go together is easily shown to be false by this.
- 1 February 2011 at 07:43
- Neil said...
@examinedspoke, most of those increased costs you mention about Netherlands, probably also apply to the UK compared with USA. i.e. it's the USA that has incredibly cheap motoring, not that NL is particularly expensive.
- 1 February 2011 at 09:08
- Jim said...
Cycling did drop sharply in the Netherlands, to about 40% of its 1952 level by the late 1970s. But even then Dutch people were on average cycling around 2km a day, which was more than the average Briton cycled even in 1952 (when our records began). See chart here. Cycling rates never fell as far in either relative or absolute terms in the Netherlands as they did in the UK.
- 1 February 2011 at 09:10
- David Hembrow said...
Jim: Cycling levels in the UK in the early 1950s were actually very similar to Germany now.
- 1 February 2011 at 09:38
- Frits B said...
Adding to David's arguments: there's a five minute compilation "cyclists in Amsterdam (1900-1930)" here: http://www.youtube.com/user/markenlei
which shows that cars on the road were mostly trucks and vans, i.e purely utilitarian, and that there were noticeably fewer cyclists about than there are now. And over on Copenhagenize.com there is a post on "Subversive bicycle photos from Queensland" which shows that at least parts of Australia once had a bike scenery not unlike present day Amsterdam.
On a personal note: my father had a sister, born 1905, who as a girl had a job as housemaid in Delft. She lived in Rotterdam, a three hours' walk away, and went home Saturday afternoon, to return to Delft on Sunday afternoon, on foot. A bicycle was apparently too expensive, as was the train. It did her no harm, she died at 95, but bicycles were not as common as they are nowadays, at least in The Netherlands.
- 1 February 2011 at 11:57
- Green Idea Factory said...
@Frits B: I already mentioned that link about early 20th Century Amsterdam. I think the modal share is more relevant than the real number.
Also regarding my earlier comment, can anyone steer me towards some data etc. so that I can figure how expensive it would be to drive now if the cost of car was proportionately similar to the cost 100 years ago?
- 1 February 2011 at 12:38
- Frits B said...
GIF: "In about the first half of the 20th century, or at least the first few decades, there was none-to-little separated infrastructure for bikes inside cities in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Copenhagen (see also here) or Dublin, but the bike vs. car modal split seems equal to or leaning way towards cycling."
There was no separate infrastructure for bikes in cities as it was not necessary. And modal share for both cars and bikes was low. People walked or used public transport.
"I would guess that at this time driving and owning a car was still relatively very expensive."
The same was true for bicycles. Don't forget that bicycles started out as toys for the rich in the late 1800s. And when the Germans confiscated Dutch bicycles in WW2, they not only deprived them from the only viable mass transport system but also did a lot of harm financially. There were enough bikes available in shops but far too expensive; food came first at that time.
- 1 February 2011 at 14:29
- Kevin Love said...
As someone living in Canada, I don't accept winter weather as an excuse for not cycling. I've cycled every day so far this winter to work, shops, church, etc.
The weather forecasters are currently saying that tonight we are about to get the worst winter storm for the last three years. High winds, cold temperatures and up to 30 cm of snow.
If that happens, I'll take the subway to work tomorrow morning. I expect that the next day the roads will have been cleared so I'll be back on my bicycle again.
Losing one day in three years is not bad. As far as driving a car goes - forget about that during a storm like this one. The police close many of the roads to cars.
- 1 February 2011 at 18:16
- examinedspoke said...
"most of those increased costs you mention about Netherlands, probably also apply to the UK compared with USA. i.e. it's the USA that has incredibly cheap motoring, not that NL is particularly expensive."
I agree, which I think is part of my point, or maybe I didn't actually make my point. The way I see it, a city needs three factors to achieve high cycling levels:
1) Separated, safe infrastructure;
2) Infrastructure that goes to useful places (i.e., not just a beach bike path, like we have in L.A.);
3) Relatively expensive alternatives to cycling.
With these three factors, I think there's a better chance of a substantial mode share.
Many U.K. cities, for instance, have high driving costs, but don't have safe infrastructure, and have a low mode share. Some German cities have similar driving costs paired with moderate infrastructure and have moderate usage. The Netherlands has all three, and is a world leader.
Most cities in the U.S. have none of the three, and have a mode share level of about one percent. The few American examples that do have good infrastructure have a mode share around ten percent. It's an ongoing question whether usage will increase with infrastructure alone, but I have my doubts.
I never saw people in Los Angeles get so green so quickly as they did during the 2008 fuel crisis. Bikes were flying out of the stores, and you couldn't sell an SUV at any price. By 2010, however, when fuel prices fell again, all that was mostly forgotten.
- 2 February 2011 at 05:06
A couple of observations. First I think this discussion is failing to acknowledge the role of culture. In places like the Netherlands with excellent cycling infrastructure, there are still fairly large difference in cycling rates between the native born and immigrant populations. The reason Muslim populations in the Netherlands aren't ride there cycles around isn't because the infrastructure is poor, they are failing to use their cycles as much because they were not brought up in a culture that emphasized cycling the same way that the native population was inculcated with cycling. If you are going to try to get people in Los Angeles at rates that people in the Netherlands do, it going to take a lot more outreach than this discussion has so far acknowledged.
The other issue is trip length. In the US, the median trip length people are willing to cycle is about 3 miles, for distances longer than 5 miles the rate of cycling really drops off. For trips longer than 5 miles, most people in the US drive.
What matters here is accessibility. How many of your life activities can you take care of within that preferably 3 to 5 mile radius?
In Los Angeles land uses are quite segregated. Where people work, where they shop, and where they live is pretty spread out. Even assuming Southern California built Dutch type cycling facilities, if you are living in Burbank and working in Downtown LA, only the most committed cycling enthusiasts are going to cycle the 12.5 miles each way between work and residence.
Where land uses are pretty well mixed and accessibility is high like say San Francisco, Boston, Philly or Manhattan, I think there is a huge potential for the growth of cycling. But in the neighborhoods and communities built out post WW2, I think the upper bound for cycling is much lower. The trip lengths are are too long.
- 2 February 2011 at 23:24
- David Hembrow said...
Thor: I'm with you on culture. It certainly can be difficult to convince people to cycle if they're not used to doing so. The Netherlands has programmes to encourage new Dutch citizens to cycle.
You're also right that only the committed will cycle 12 miles in each direction to get to and from work, and that many trips will have to be shorter in order to encourage people to cycle for them.
The reason why Dutch women cycle for more journeys than Dutch men do (55% of all cycle trips are made by women) is exactly this. Working age men are more likely to have longer commutes which are not so attractive for cycling.
However, not all journeys are commutes, and journey lengths are over-stated as a cause of problems. 40% of urban journeys in the US are under 2 miles - yet the car is used for 90% of those journeys.
Because journey lengths are constricted more by available time to make the journey than by distance per-se, I suspect that while mean journey lengths for all reasons in the US will be much longer than they are in the Netherlands due to a minority who regularly make very long journeys, median journey lengths are probably not very different at all.
- 3 February 2011 at 06:25
- examinedspoke said...
Several points you bring up seem to have been addressed recently in a German study, which concluded that governments needed to foster bicycle culture along with infrastructure. I guess one could call this the 'peer pressure' factor.
I agree with many of your Los Angeles assessments, including the longer distances that many of us face in conducting daily life. That said, I believe many shorter trips are well within bicycle range for many (most?) people. In recent months, I've taken to riding my bicycle for most errands, requiring only that I alter a few habits (choosing closer grocery stores, bunching trips). These small changes have allowed me to reduce my car usage to one or two trips weekly. Any peer pressure factor I might have, however, gets lost among the many structural deficiencies of L.A. streets. When I encourage others to ride, they usually can trump me with a simple, "Well, you were hit by a car." At that point my momentum is lost.
- 3 February 2011 at 07:33
I live in Holland. Personally I think the government was following a (growing) tendency to cycle; a tradition. 25 years ago, when I was at highschool, everybody of my class cycled to school. Rain, distance, cold, it didnt matter, we all cycled. Often together. Some had to cycle over 15 kilometers to school, so 30 a day. If you let you parents bring you with the car, you where called a whimp. Everyone owned a bike. Cheap shitty ones:), but still they rolled and did the job. Since most people cycled during their lives they, once in a car, have respect for cylists and know how to treat cyclists. Most people in our government used to go to school on bikes. So I think it starts with parents giving their child a bike and tell them to cycle to school, I believe its a parenting tradition, which the government is facilitating. friendly greetings Mo
- 3 February 2011 at 19:21
""Well, you were hit by a car." At that point my momentum is lost."
And people in cars never get hurt, or . . .something.
You need to put a little more mass in your arguments.
- 3 February 2011 at 19:32
I live in Toronto, Canada. I cycled to work and back today. It was about -5C and very slushy. Even with a fender, the slush sprayed all up the back of my coat. My pant legs were soaked and dirty within a few minutes. My face was uncomfortably cold despite wrapping a scarf around it.
I can live with this degree of discomfort and inconvenience because I really like to ride my bike. But I can understand that it's not for everyone. If I had needed to look more presentable at work, I would not have ridden a bike today. Some days, like when it's -25C, it really is too cold.
But most days aren't like that. I would say that even a somewhat fussy rider could manage at least 280 or so days of cycling each year.
- 8 February 2011 at 04:44
- Gareth Dent said...
I am reasonably convinced that the graph in the post supports the point you are making -ie high petrol prices do not in themselves explain the variation in cycling rates across countries.
What some of the commentators seem to have take from this however is that changes in petrol prices have no impact on the level of driving and the level of cycling. This flies in the face of decades of studies of consumer behaviour.
One of the reasons this area is complex is that people's behaviour is influenced by not just the price today but also their expectation of prices in the future. A doubling of the price of petrol will have a bigger effect in driving down car use if people believe the change is permanent than if they expect it to be short-lived. Another factor is that not all of the impact is felt at once. Sheffield Cycle Chic is right that in the short term once the costs of buying a car are sunk, it will be used. However in the long term cars have to be replaced and people can make different choices about where they live in relation to where work.
So - increases in petrol prices are a good thing for cyclists - they lead to fewer motorists on the road and more potential supporters of the alternatives to driving.
We need carrots sure, but let's use the sticks that Government's have at their disposal too.
- 10 February 2011 at 22:32


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