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Criminal Procedure: An Overview
Criminal procedure deals with the set of rules governing the series of proceedings through which the government enforces substantive criminal law. Municipalities, states, and the federal government each have their own criminal codes, defining types of conduct that constitute crimes. Title 18 of the U.S. Code outlines all federal crimes. Typically, federal crimes deal with activities that either extend beyond state boundaries or directly impact federal interests.
The U.S. Supreme Court, pursuant to its authority under the Rules Enabling Act, first promulgated the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, (F.R.Crim.Pro.) which Congress, in turn, passed. The Federal Rules outline the procedure for conducting federal criminal trials. Similarly, states have their own codes of criminal procedure of which many closely model the Federal Rules. The Federal Rules incorporate and expound upon all guarantees included within the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights. A few of the rights guaranteed to criminal defendants by the Constitution include the guarantees of due process and equal protection under the laws, the right to have legal counsel present, the right to confront witnesses, the right to a jury trial, and the right to not testify against oneself. While state constitutions and procedural rules may increase the protection afforded to criminal defendants, they may not offer less protection than that guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution.
Investigatory and Accusatory Police Procedure
The U.S. Constitution, the Federal Rules and the federal court system's interpretations of both provide guidance and procedural canons that law enforcement must follow. Failure to follow such procedure may result in the suppression of evidence or the release of an arrested suspect.
Substantive due process requires police to make criminal defendants aware of their rights prior to the defendant making any statements if the government intends to use those statements as evidence against the defendant. For example, law enforcement must ensure that the defendant understands the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present, as the Fifth and Sixth Amendments respectively provide. The defendant must knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive those rights in order for the government to use any statements as evidence against the defendant. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
Law enforcement also must abide by the confines of the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits the government from performing unreasonable searches and seizures. Courts ordinarily suppress evidence obtained during an unreasonable search or seizure and offered against the accused. See Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
In order to avoid illegally searching or seizing the property of a suspect, law enforcement personnel typically obtain search warrants. To obtain a search warrant, law enforcement must show probable cause, must support the showing by oath or affirmation, and must describe in particularity the place they will search and the items they will seize. A judge can find probable cause only be examining the totality of the circumstances. Exceptions to the warrant requirement exist, however. These exceptions include searches made at or near the border; a search following a lawful arrest; a stop-and-frisk arrest; where the seized items are in plain view; where the articles are in an automobile; where the private individual makes the search; and under exigent circumstances, where the officer has probable cause for a search to find a crime or evidence relating to a crime.
The Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution applies all substantive due process rights to state criminal defendants.
Pre-Trial Procedure
The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees criminal defendants the right to a speedy trial. Consequently, prosecutors cannot wait an inordinate amount of time before filing charges or proceeding with the prosecution after filing charges. To create more precise rules for ensuring a speedy trial, Congress passed the federal Speedy Trial Act, which requires that a trial begin within 70 days of the prosecutor filing the indictment.
The Sixth Amendment also guarantees the right to a public trial by an impartial jury of one's peers. The criminal justice system provides for an impartial jury by permitting both sides to utilize peremptory challenges during jury selection. If a party exercises a peremptory challenge against a prospective juror, then the court must excuse that particular juror from the panel. These challenges occur during jury voir dire to root out bias. Neither side must explain their reasons for a challenge; however, a party may not strike a jury purely because of the juror's race or gender. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986) (prohibiting race-based challenges); J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127 (1994) (prohibiting gender-based challenges).
Due Process requires that criminal defendants receive a fair trial. In high-publicity trials, trial judges have the responsibility to minimize effects of publicity, perhaps by implementing a gag-order on the parties and to eliminate outside influences during the trial. An interesting question of outside influence went to the U.S. Supreme Court in 2007 in Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70 (2006). After the victim's family wore pictures of the victim on buttons during the trial, the jury convicted Musladin of murder. The Supreme Court overturned the Ninth Circuit's grant of post-conviction habeas relief for a lack of due process because no clear federal rule existed regarding spectator conduct.
Due Process further commands that defendants have the right to call their own witnesses, mount their own evidence, and present their own theory of the facts. In order to properly mount a defense, the prosecution must turn over all evidence that will be presented against the defendant and have pre-trial access to depose all of the prosecution's witnesses.
Pre-trial would also be the point at which the defense might raise a defense of double jeopardy, if such a defense existed in the particular case. The Fifth Amendment, through the Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits states from charging the same defendant with substantially the same crime on the same facts.
Criminal Trial Procedure
Once a trial begins, the U.S. Constitution affords further rights to criminal defendants. Trying to avoid convicting an innocent defendant at all costs, the law only permits the prosecution to overcome the defendant's presumption of innocence if they can show the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. This very high burden differs drastically from a civil trial's much lower standard in which the plaintiff must only prove a claim by a preponderance of the evidence.
One such right includes the right to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses. Defendants derive this right from the Sixth Amendment's Right to Confront Clause. The U.S. Supreme Court took up the Right to Confront Clause in Giles v. California (07-6053) (2008). After domestic violence resulted in a woman's murder, the Supreme Court overturned a court's admission of a murder victim's statements under a theory of forfeiture by wrongdoing The Court reached this holding because the Framers did not recognize the forfeiture exception to the Confrontation Clause at the time of the Constitution's founding.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to assistance of counsel during trial. If a defendant cannot afford an attorney, the government is required to provide the defendant an attorney. Such defendants receive legal representation from the Public Defender's Office. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provide that an accused shall have access to counsel at every stage of the proceedings, beginning with the defendant's initial appearance. If a defendant demands the presence of counsel during police interrogation, police must stop the interrogation until the defendant's counsel is present.
However, if a defendant voluntarily and intelligently chooses to waive assistance of counsel and self-represent, the defendant may do so. This is called "pro se" representation.
The legal counseling received must also constitute "effective counseling." Ineffective assistance of counsel may serve as grounds for a new trial. Establishing ineffective assistance of counsel requires establishing that the prevailing professional norms at the time of trial render the actual assistance received inadequate and that the ineffective assistance caused a fundamentally unfair result.
At all times during the trial, the defendant enjoys a right of not having to provide self-incriminating testimony. Thus, the defendant can choose not to take the stand, or the defendant can choose to take the stand but not answer certain questions that would self-incriminate. The Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides this right.
Stages of the Criminal Trial
After law enforcement arrests a suspect, a judge will set the suspect's initial bail, which is a specified amount of cash that allows the defendant to get out of jail after the initial arrest. If the defendant shows up for the proper court dates, the court refunds the bail, but if the defendant skips the date, then the court keeps the bail and issues a warrant for the individual's arrest.
The arraignment comes next. During an arraignment, a judge calls the person charged and takes the following actions: reading the criminal charges against the accused, asking the accused whether the accused has access to an attorney or needs the assistance of a court-appointed attorney, asking the accused to plead, deciding whether to amend the initial bail amount, and setting the dates of future proceedings.
The preliminary hearing follows the arraignment. At the preliminary hearing, the judge determines whether enough evidence exists for the prosecution to meet its burden of persuasion. The burden of persuasion refers to whether the prosecution even has enough evidence to make the defendant stand trial. The defense has the right to cross examine the government witnesses during this proceeding. Under federal law, a grand jury, rather than a judge, makes this determination when the defendant faces "capital or infamous crimes" pursuant to the U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment. Unlike the other rights afforded to criminal defendants, the U.S. Supreme Court has not found the Fifth Amendment grand jury right incorporated into state law through the Fourteenth Amendment.
A pre-trial hearing is the next step in the process. The prosecution and the defense team use the pre-trial to file motions before a judge. These motion usually concern whether the court should suppress certain evidence, whether certain individuals can testify, or whether the judge should dismiss all charges for lack of evidence.
After all these preliminary stages, the defendant stands trial. Both sides offer opening statements first, although the defense can reserve their opening statement until the prosecution rests. The prosecution presents its witnesses and evidence first. Then, the defense presents its witnesses and evidence. After the defense rests, the defense offers a closing argument, and then the Prosecution offers the final closing argument. After closing arguments, the trier of fact deliberates and returns a verdict.
Sentencing usually occurs immediately for infractions and misdemeanors. For such minor infractions, penalties may include probation; fines; short-term incarceration; long-term incarceration; suspended sentence, which only takes effect if the convict fails to meet certain conditions; payment of restitution to the victim; community service; or drug and alcohol rehabilitation.
More serious crimes result in the trier of fact hearing evidence and arguments from both the prosecution and the defense regarding the appropriate sentence. Some jurisdictions allow the judge, alone, to determine the sentence; others will have a separate sentencing phase trial, complete with a new jury, to determine the sentence for certain crimes.
During a sentencing trial, the prosecution presents evidence of aggravating factors, and the defense presents evidence of mitigating factors. The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the U.S. Constitution to protect the right to a jury sentencing trial for all defendants facing the death penalty.
Before the judge announces the sentence, a defendant is entitled to allocution. Allocution is the right of the defendant to directly address the judge without the help of counsel. During this direct address, the defendant may offer a personal explanation of any unknown facts, may ask for mercy, or may offer an apology for the criminal behavior. This opportunity for defendants to show remorse or to offer the motivations behind their criminal acts may influence whether the judge grants some leniency.
For more information on sentencing, see the Sentencing page.
menu of sources
Federal Material
U.S. Constitution and Federal Statutes
- U.S. Constitution
- U.S. Code: 18 U.S.C. - Crimes and Criminal Procedure
- CRS Annotated Constitution
Federal Court Rules
Federal Judicial Decisions
- U.S. Supreme Court:
- U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals: Recent criminal procedure decisions
State Material
State Statutes
State Judicial Decisions
- N.Y. Court of Appeals:
- Appellate Decisions from Other States
International Material
Conventions and Treaties
- Dealing with Human Rights (Including in the Criminal Justice Context)
Other References
Key Internet Source
- Nolo: Proof and Defenses in Criminal Cases
- ABA Criminal Justice Section, Committee on Criminal Procedure, Evidence and Police Practices Committee
- Litigator's Internet Resource Guide: rules of court
- Federal Judicial Center Publications
- Senate Judiciary Committee
- House Judiciary Committee
- Vera Institute of Justice
Professor Blogs
Online Journal Abstracts
- Criminal Law & Procedure (abstracts of working papers & articles accepted for publication in the criminal law & procedure fields)
Useful Offnet (or Subscription - $) Sources
- Good Starting Point in Print: Wayne R. LaFave & Jerold H. Israel, Hornbook on Criminal Procedure, West Group (2003)


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UPDATE: "The Flash" Hasn't Cast Savitar, Says Berlanti
TV, Comic Books
Showing results 169-208 of 803
Bane, the man who broke the Bat, has escaped Arkham Asylum during Villains Month! Courtesy of DC Comics, check out an exclusive preview of "Batman: Bane" #23.4 by Peter J. Tomasi & Graham Nolan.
Incoming "Batwoman" writer Marc Andreyko discusses taking on the character, how he plans to further integrate her into the Batman universe, evolving the book's themes, relationships and more.
In âBatwingâ and âAll-Star Western,â Jimmy Palmiotti & Justin Gray head to "Zero Year" to see Luke Foxâs early days, send Jonah Hex to the modern West while pulling in new villains.
Christos Gage takes over "The Flash" for a month with issue #26, pitting the Silver Age-originating DC Comics hero against a re-imagined Golden Age threat.
Courtesy of DC Comics, CBR presents an exclusive preview of "Swamp Thing: Arcane" #23.1 by Charles Soule & Jesus Saiz. Explore Anton Arcane's prison and the return of Abigail Sep. 18!
ROBOT 6's J. Caleb Mozzocco continues to surround himself with evil as he reviews each of DC Comics' "Villains Month" releases, including "The Riddler," "Black Manta" and more.
In a "Forever Evil" tie-in, Matt Kindt teams with Doug Mahnke & Christian Alamy for a "JLA" arc featuring Martian Manhunter and Stargirl on the run from the Secret Society with secrets to be revealed.
For their new DC Comics series "Superman/Wonder Woman," creators Charles Soule & Tony Daniel are looking to test the bonds of the super couple's relationship with some of the biggest villains possible.
Writer Scott Snyder spoke with CBR about his Golden Age inspiration for "Superman Unchained's" Wraith, the villains of "Zero Year" and what's next for his two-thirds of the DC Trinity.
Writer Sterling Gates tells CBR about his upcoming Villains Month issues with a focus on Killer Frost, Black Adam in "Justice League" and the mysterious Secret Society in "Justice League of America."
With "Batwoman" making wedded heroes a hot-button issue again, CBR examines the dissolution of superhero marriages at the hands of cosmic forces, magic, divorce and outright retcons.
Courtesy of DC Comics, CBR presents an exclusive preview of "Detective Comics: Harley Quinn" #23.2 by Matt Kindt & Neil Google. Witness Harleen Quinzel's first tango with the Joker on Sep. 11!
Courtesy of DC Comics, CBR presents an advance look at some of David Finch's pencils from "Forever Evil" #2, written by Geoff Johns. Can the Teen Titans stop the villains? Find out Oct. 2!
Courtesy of DC Comics, CBR presents an advance look at "Green Lantern" #24, the first chapter of the "Lights Out" Green Lantern event by Robert Venditti and Billy Tan. Things get dark October 2!
Gregg Hurwitz prepares to give the New 52 Clayface his definitive origin in "Batman: The Dark Knight," and the writer explains the draw of villains, black humor and his new thriller "Tell No Lies."
DC Comics hosted its New 52 panel at Fan Expo, revealing the upcoming "Justice League of Canada," promising twists and turns in "Forever Evil," teasing the identity of Reverse Flash and more.
Canadian cartoonist Jeff Lemire is taking over as writer of "Justice League of America," sharing exclusive details with CBR about the series' shift to "Justice League of Canada," the new Adam Strange and more.
With a nod to some fantasy heavyweights, writer Tom Taylor talks to CBR about his fresh take on the DC superheroes of "Earth 2" after deconstructing the world's finest in the digital-first "Injustice."
At the DC Comics Meet The Co-Publishers panel Jim Lee and Dan DiDio answered fan questions and discussed what's new in the New 52, "MAD Magazine" and Vertigo's "Sandman: Overture."
At the DC Comics - The New 52 panel at San Diego Comic-Con International Geoff Johns, Jeff Lemire, Gail Simone, Kyle Higgins and more spoke about "Trinity War" and whatâs next for their individual books.
"Trinity War" editor Brian Cunningham updates readers on the big picture behind the Geoff Johns-led DC Comics event from the surprising death to the mystery villains as the Justice League war continues.
Courtesy of DC Comics, CBR presents a preview of "Justice League of America" #6, chapter 2 of "Trinity War," by Geoff Johns, Jeff Lemire & Doug Mahnke. The war continues July 17!
With "The Sandman: Overture" on sale in October, J.H. Williams III tells CBR about the status of "Batwoman" and his plans for continuing Kate Kaneâs story as a new chapter of his life begins.
Writer Paul Levitz speaks to CBR News about wrapping up the cancelled "Legion of Super-Heroes" ongoing series at DC Comics and why he won't be returning to the characters anytime soon.
Writer Paul Levitz talks to CBR News about his plans for Desaad and DC Comics' Villains Month, including how the villain ties into âWorldsâ Finestâ and the Earth 2 corner of the New 52.
Writer Michael Alan Nelson talks with CBR News about tackling his DC Villains Month antagonist, Cyborg Superman, and how the character will soon come to be associated more with Supergirl!
Pandora has been the New 52's most enigmatic figure, but that all changes when she gets the spotlight in Ray Fawkes & Daniel Sampere's "Trinity of Sin: Pandora," and DC has revealed pages from #2.
Jeff Lemire shared his thoughts on introducing Count Vertigo to the New 52's "Green Arrow" during Villains Month and revealed that while nothing is imminent, he also has plans for Merlyn.
Targetâs new partnership with Warner Bros. Consumer Products and DC Entertainment debuted its first TV commercial, an animated spot featuring the Justice League in their New 52 costumes.
Writer Christy Marx talks to CBR News about her take on DC Comics' "Birds Of Prey," including butting heads with the Basilisk organization and the desertion of Starling from the team.
Writer Ann Nocenti discusses her DC Villains Month books "The Creeper" & "Joker's Daughter" with CBR News, the link between the Joker's Daughter and Kate Moss and how she defines true evil.
With his first issue of "Green Lantern" on sale, writer Robert Venditti talks to CBR News about the new Green Lantern Corps recruits, Relic and plans for his DC Villains Month one-shot.
DC Comics Editor Brian Cunningham gives CBR an inside look at "Trinity War," including which titles tie into the Justice League event, the shocking death that starts it all and looming battles with Secret Society & Shazam.
The teen hero at the heart of "Justice League of America's Vibe" is about to get hit by Amanda Waller's Suicide Squad, and Sterling Gates tells CBR why his search for the truth will impact the entire DC Universe.
DC's August solicitations herald the end of New 52 launch titles "Legion of Super Heroes" and "Demon Knights" along with second wave book "Dial H" and the recently-debuted "Threshold."
The new creative team for DC's "Suicide Squad" fired out the gate with a resurrected Deadshot, a manipulative Unknown Soldier and a surprising new member. Ales Kot explained it all to CBR News.
CBR News spoke to writer Greg Pak who shares images and gives new details about his and Jae Leeâs upcoming "Batman/Superman" ongoing series, as well as what readers should expect from the book.
Tim reflects on Brian Michael Bendis and Bryan Hitch's "Age of Ultron" and its time travel conceit, pitting the series's intricacies and plot against the empty history of DC Comics' New 52.
A comment from DC Comic Vice President of Marketing John Cunningham at this year's C2E2 lent weight to the rumor that the publisher has plans for a line-wide villains month in September.
DC Comics has released designs for the New 52 take on Cyborg Superman by "Superman" artist Kenneth Rocafort, teasing the return of the powerful Man of Steel robot.
Archives: All | Comic Books | TV/Film | Video Games | Web Comics

subset: commoncrawl


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SAN JOSE -- HP Pavilion became a time machine of sorts Friday night where tennis fans could drop back a decade or two to watch the likes of John McEnroe, Andre Agassi and Jim Courier show just how much game they've got left.
And McEnroe -- his sport's onetime bad boy now sporting a full head of gray hair -- knew what else the crowd would want from him.
"They probably expect a little yelling, a little bit of anger and hopefully some good tennis," he said. "In a lot of cases, if they expect me to say, 'You cannot be serious,' they say it before I even say it."
McEnroe, who did show occasional snippets of his familiar petulance, was prophetic. When a call went against him in his first-round match against Todd Martin, a voice in the crowd of about 4,200 shouted out McEnroe's catchphrase.
The event was the ninth of 12 stops on this year's Powershares Series, a tournament that enlists eight tennis stars past their prime -- McEnroe is 53 and the others in San Jose were all 42 -- for one-night stands around the country, four players at a time. Once the series ends Nov. 30 in Anaheim, the top three will divide $1 million with half that going to the winner.
Agassi improved his overall chances, beating McEnroe in the final 8-3, after eliminating Courier 6-3 in the opening round. McEnroe won his first-round match 6-3, only the third time in nine tries that he's beaten Martin, a late substitute for Ivan Lendl.
Agassi suggested that fans who had paid from $35 to $145 per ticket were there in part to resurrect memories.
"They're looking for nostalgia," he said. "They certainly want to see you do it well enough to remember what you did so well. And that I think we all can do."
The crowd was appreciative, "ahhhing" a drop shot, applauding for each ace. And if players weren't able to reach a shot at this point in their lives, nobody made a point to notice.
Some of the players were there for outside business reasons in addition to the competition itself. Courier's company, InsideOut Sports and Entertainment, produces the event. Agassi's fitness equipment company, BILT, is a title sponsor.
And McEnroe said continuing to play helps make him a better TV commentator, his primary tennis role today.
"It keeps my perspective in good shape," McEnroe said. "You lose sight of how tough it is if you're not doing it. I feel closer to the difficulties of the game."


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Journey into the picturesque countryside of Maryland and Pennsylvania on a day trip from Washington D.C. devoted to the historic battlefield of Gettysburg. You'll gain rich insights into an important part of America's heritage and learn the story of the largest battle ever fought on US soil. As you travel to Pennsylvania, relax and listen to as your guide identifies local points of interest. See the Gettysburg Diorama, one of the largest miniature military dioramas in the country, for a narrated history of the Battle of Gettysburg.
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Once, MRIs were just theoretical
I'm going to try something that may not work, but could be quite informative, if it does. More and more people are having MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) these days, and it can be a scary procedure, because the equipment seems so mysterious and intimidating. What most people do not know is that my Ph.D. research in the early 1960s at Harvard involved developing the technique. But, so you don't get the wrong idea about what I did, if you pretend MRI as it is today is like a modern refrigerator with all the bells and whistles, what I did was to take a box with a couple of gizmos in it, plug it in, and it got cold. I got it to work. That was it.
The technique actually is called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and when I started my graduate studies in 1960, NMR devices were just becoming commercially available to study liquids. There were no NMR instruments to study solid materials. In fact, it was not known at the time if they would even work, because the information obtained from the NMR study of solids is very different from the information obtained from the NMR study of liquids. Even the instrumentation is very different.
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Radio Woodstock Presents
Are you a true foodie? Would you feel like you won the lottery if in one evening you could eat the creations of eleven of our area's top chefs? Onteora Schools will host the third annual "Meet, Greet and Eat," a food lover's fantasy. This fundraiser, which attracted hundreds of people in previous years, has helped support and improve the Onteora Schools food program. In addition to stellar chefs, the event will feature a number of food-related exhibitors. Many students help stage the evening's activities, raising their awareness of healthier food choices.
Marybeth and Devin Mills of Peekamoose Restaurant in Big Indian are co-chairing the event, in collaboration with District parent Maxanne Resnick.
Hors d'oeuvres will be available for purchase by attendees. Participating chefs include:
Bread Alone – Sharon Burns Leader
Cucina – Gianni Scappin
Fleisher's Grass-Fed and Organic Meats – Josh and Jessica Applestone
Hickory BBQ – Steve Slutzky
Jane's Ice Cream – Jane and Amy Keller and Bob Guidubaldi
Joshua's Café – Stefanie Schachter
Oriole 9 – Luc Moeys
Peekamoose Restaurant – Devin Mills
Phoenicia Diner – Mike Cioffi and Mel Rosas
Pika's Farm to Table – Pika and Luc Roels
Red Onion - Kevin Katz
Yum Yum Noodle Bar – Erica Mahlkuch
Other food demonstrations and activities will include:
Fruition Chocolate, Bryan Graham. The Onteora graduate crafts chocolate from organic and fair-trade cocoa beans.
First Steps Day Care, Linda Stoothoff. Stoothoff will host a food craft project for little ones.
Lysa Ingalsbe, Body and Soul Nutrition, nutritional and wellness counseling
Frost Valley's Farm Camp, Andy Szymczak
Woodstock Farm Festival
Amazing foodie silent auction (list of items on our website)
Nutritional snacks provided by High School/Middle School Family and Consumer Science Students.
Onteora Food Services – menu samplings
This is a community-wide event, not limited to the school district's families. Attendees will also enjoy fabulous music by Onteora musicians.


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SAN JOSE -- Sharks general manager Doug Wilson would not directly address trade rumors involving Marty Havlat on Tuesday, but he made it clear the veteran forward faces competition if he wants to again dress for games on a regular basis.
A Monday report in the Ottawa Sun said the Senators and New York Rangers -- two teams with records one game under .500 -- have talked to Wilson about acquiring Havlat, who has just two points in eight games since he made his return from offseason pelvic surgery late last month.
After San Jose's game against Vancouver on Thursday in which he had no points, hits, shots, giveaways or takeaways, Havlat, 32, was a healthy scratch for the Sharks' game in Edmonton on Friday. Havlat returned to the Sharks lineup for Sunday's game in Chicago and was held pointless with one takeaway in the 5-1 loss to the Blackhawks.
"Now he's back at 100 percent and playing, and there's competition," said Wilson, who mentioned Brent Burns, Tomas Hertl and Matt Nieto as players who have given the Sharks depth at forward. "That's what good teams want. He's going to have to compete and that's really what it is."
Havlat has one more year on his contract, which includes a full no-movement clause, according to his agent, Allan Walsh, at a cap hit of $5 million. The report suggested Havlat would waive that no-trade clause to return to Ottawa, where he was drafted in 1999 and had 235 points in 298 regular-season games from 2000-2006.
"No one has ever suggested to him anything about a trade," Walsh tweeted Tuesday. "He is happy in San Jose and solely focused on playing hockey."
Wilson said the Sharks have been careful not to rush Burns back from his injury, hoping to avoid any setbacks if he returned to the lineup too quickly. Burns has not played since Oct. 19 when the Sharks played Calgary at home. San Jose plays Tampa Bay on Thursday and New Jersey on Saturday.
"He's a big, strong guy. He can help us, but we're not doing anybody any favors if he's in and out," Wilson said. "I think he's really close, but you're better off asking him. We're a better team when he's in the lineup, but we're not going to do anything stupid that prevents him from being here long term. He's too important."
Burns has skated with the team in recent days but has not yet participated in a full practice. Burns had four goals and four assists in eight games this season before the injury, and the Sharks were 7-0-1 with him in the lineup. San Jose is 6-3-4 in his absence.
A San Jose fire department spokesman said the two-vehicle crash was reported at 11:42 a.m. at Taylor and Stockton streets in San Jose and involved a sedan and an SUV. Both air bags deployed and one person in the sedan was taken to the hospital as a matter of protocol because of the severity of the crash. An update on the person taken to the hospital was not available.
Staff writer Robert Salonga contributed to this notebook. Follow Curtis Pashelka on Twitter at twitter.com/CurtisPashelka.
Thursday's game
Tampa Bay (14-6-0) at Sharks (13-3-5), 7:30 p.m. CSNCA


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The residency program of the Department of Dermatology of Wake Forest/Baptist is one of the premier programs in the country. The strength of the program is testimony to the quality of our faculty and their commitment to graduate education and to serving the tradition of excellence established by our residents.
The overarching goal of our residency program is to train physicians who will be well-equipped to assume positions of leadership in both clinical and academic dermatology. Residents at Wake Forest/Baptist receive a solid grounding in general dermatology, along with specialized training in phototherapy, cutaneous surgery, cosmetic dermatology, contact and occupational dermatology, pediatric dermatology and dermatopathology.
Residents are also exposed to the scientific underpinnings of dermatology through an innovative basic science curriculum. In addition, residents assume increasing responsibilities during the course of their training through both clinical dermatology and the teaching of medical students. This dynamic program offers residents the singular opportunity to take part in its growth and evolution. We offer a superior level of training, in part, by keeping the faculty to resident ratio at about 1:1. Each resident receives considerable individual attention from the faculty.
Residents receive the standard benefits offered by Wake Forest/Baptist. Resident offices are provided in the department, as are textbooks, limited travel reimbursement and course tuition, and attendance at certain regional and/or national dermatologic meetings.
The main clinics are located at 4618 Country Club Road in Winston Salem, NC. This new, 30,000 square foot clinic opened in May 2010.Our outreach clinics are located in Advance (Mohs clinic), Mt. Airy, and King, NC (both general medical dermatology clinics). The Department of Dermatology also serves the Winston Salem Veterans Administration clinic once a week and the Downtown Health Plaza once a week. Our clinics are extremely active, and in a typical year there will be approximately 36,000 visits in the general dermatology clinics and about 6,000 in the Mohs clinics.
Phone 336-716-2768Fax 336-716-7732
Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


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Ирвинг против Липштадт
Holocaust Denial on Trial, Claimant's Skeleton Argument: Electronic Edition, by Adrian Davies
Claimant's Skeleton Argument
1. In September 1996 the Claimant issued a writ against the Defendants for libel.
2. On 11th April 2000 Gray J found in favour of the Defendants on their defence of justification, and refused to give permission to appeal (Vol. A, tab 2).
3. On 5th May 2000 Gray J ordered (Vol. A, tab 3) the Claimant to make an interim payment of £150,000 to the First Defendants on account of their costs.
4. The Claimant applied to the Court of Appeal for permission to appeal (Vol. A, tab 4) against Gray J's judgment, and against his order for an interim payment of £150,000 to the First Defendants (Vol. A, tab 5).
5. On 18th December 2000, Sedley LJ, while declining (Vol. C, tab 14) to give permission to appeal on the papers, imposed a short stay of execution, and directed that the Claimant should apply to the full Court for a further stay, if he requested an oral hearing of his application for permission to appeal by the full Court.
6. The Claimant did request an oral hearing, and on 17th January 2001, Sedley and Pill LJJ heard the Claimant's application to continue the stay, which they granted on terms with which the Claimant has complied.
7. The Court further ordered that the Claimant's application for permission to appeal was to be listed with the appeal itself to follow, if permission was granted. 3 days were to be allocated for the hearing and the court would make an assessment of the time needed for pre-reading.
8. The Claimant indicated his intention to adduce limited further evidence. The Court directed that the Claimant was to give notice to the Defendants and to the Court of any application by him to introduce new evidence on or before 14th February 2001. Any such notice was to be accompanied by all supporting documents and a skeleton argument in support of the application. Upon receipt of any such application, the Court would give written directions for the disposal of that application. The Defendants were to have permission to make submissions (in the first instance, in writing) about that application within 28 days of its receipt or by 14th March 2001.
9. On 21st February Pill LJ extended the Claimant's time for applying to introduce new evidence until 28th February 2001. The Claimant has filed a separate skeleton argument in support of that application, and a request for a further extension of time until 1st March 2001 to file the supporting documents.
10. On 27th February the Court gave notice to the Claimant that the permission application had been listed for 19th March 2001. The Claimant then made written representations by letter dated 16th February why the permission application should be stood out of the list.
11. That request was refused, whereupon the Claimant requested an oral hearing by letter dated 21st February, and made additional representations by letter dated 26th February 2001.
12. The practical difficulties in which the Claimant finds himself by the unexpectedly early listing of the permission application are set out with particularity in the letters of 16th February and 26th February mentioned in paragraphs 10 and 11 above.
13. It is submitted that the relevant principles of law are to be found in CPR 1.1 (2):--
"dealing with a case justly includes, so far as is practicable--
- (a) ensuring that the parties are on an equal footing:
- (c) dealing with the case in ways which are proportionate --
- ...
- (ii) to the importance of the case;
- (iii) to the complexity of the issues; and
- (iv) to the financial position of each party..."
14. CPR 1.1 (2) and the right to a fair trial under Article 6 (1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (involving the principle of equality of arms) are to very similar effect.
15. In Bulut v. Austria (1996) 24 E.H.R.R. para. 47, the ECHR observed:--
"The Court recalls that under the principle of equality of arms, as one of the features of the wider concept of a fair trial, each party must be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present his case under conditions that do not place him at a disadvantage vis-à-vis his opponent. In this context, importance is attached to appearances as well as to the increased sensitivity to the fair administration of justice."
16. It would be almost impossible to overstate the disparity in resources between the Claimants and the Defendants. The Defendants have effectively unlimited resources at their disposal, while the Claimant is entirely dependent upon the generosity of a few well-wishers to find any funds at all. He could not pay for any representation at first instance.
17. The Defendants' advisers acted at first instance, and so know the documents in the case (amounting some 200 lever arch files) thoroughly, which is plainly an immense advantage in preparing for the permission application. In view of the weight of documents and the complexity of the historical and scientific issues involved, it would be wholly unrealistic to suggest that the Claimant's case could be prepared between now and 19th March to anything approaching an adequate standard.
18. The Claimant would moreover prefer to be represented by leading counsel on the permission hearing. He has gone to the USA on a trip arranged well before he had notice of the date of 19th March 2001 in an endeavour to raise the funds needed to that end. At present he has not the means to fund representation on the permission hearing by junior counsel alone, let alone by leading counsel.
19. It is submitted that to refuse the Claimant an adjournment to a fixture allowing him reasonable time to raise the funds necessary to ensure adequate representation and the proper presentation of his case would be utterly unjust, and equivalent in practice to refusing permission without hearing argument.ADRIAN DAVIES
Chambers of Mr Martin Burr
Temple Chambers
3/7 Temple Avenue
DX 146 London (Chancery Lane)
Tel. 0207 353 2929
Fax 0207 353 2946
1st March 2001


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AUGUSTA, Ga. -- Last year, the mere sight of the Augusta National left Sergio Garcia disconsolate. On Thursday, he was tied for the Masters lead with Marc Leishman.
Another year, another Sergio, who at 33 years old remains golf's dark prince, a mercurial talent haunted by self-doubt.
"Obviously, it's not my most favorite place," Garcia said after he shot a 6-under 66 and was asked about his complaints last year about Augusta National. "But you know, sometimes it comes out better than others. And let's enjoy it while it lasts."
The Spaniard had also declared last year at Augusta that he did not have the capacity to win a major.
"Those were my words," he said Thursday. "It was a frustrating few hours."
It's said no one wins the Masters on the first day but some lose their chance to win. The first round played to that maxim and then some, as players positioned themselves for the weekend and only a few notable players slipped from contention.
Twenty-one of the top 30 players in the world rankings, including Tiger Woods and Rory McIlory, were within six shots of Garcia and Leishman.
"The goal is to stay alive until the back nine on Sunday," said Dustin Johnson, who was a shot behind the leaders. "We all know that."
Among those at 4 under was 53-year-old Fred Couples.
"I know where to miss here, and I know where not to miss," said Couples, the 1992 Masters champion.
He was tied with five others at 68 -- local favorite Matt Kuchar, former Masters champion Trevor Immelman, Rickie Fowler, David Lynn and Gonzalo Fernandez-Castano.
Woods, meanwhile, played his first competitive round in the company of his girlfriend, Olympic gold medal skier Lindsey Vonn. He played cautiously but finished at 2 under. "It was a good, solid day," said Woods, one of 10 players to shoot a 70. "I'm pleased. You keep the ball in play on the first day and get yourself ready for the rest of the tournament. I'm right there."
It's the fifth time Woods has shot 70 in the first round of the Masters. Three of the four previous times he shot 70, he won the tournament.
Phil Mickelson rebounded from a slow start to shoot 71.
Rory McIlroy notched five birdies but canceled them out with five bogeys and shot a 72.
"I felt like I played well. Just silly mistakes and a couple of 3-putts on the back nine," said McIlroy, who got a kiss and hug from girlfriend Caroline Wozniacki after signing his scorecard.
Rickie Fowler started out each nine with a double bogey, but an eagle and six birdies had him signing for a 68.
The youngest player in the history of the Masters, 14-year-old Tianlang Guan, charged back from a 2-over 38 in his first nine holes to shoot 1 under on the back side for a 73. Guan curled in a 20-foot birdie putt on No. 18 and was in 46th place in the 93-player field.
"I feel great to play the first round here," Guan said. "I was just a little bit nervous on the first tee, but I hit a great tee shot on it and after that I just felt comfortable."
Defending champion Bubba Watson three-putted three times, and a fourth time from the fringe en route to a 75.
"It's golf," Watson said. "There's going to be bad days and good days."
Cal's Michael Weaver opened with a 78, tied for 82nd place and fifth among the six amateurs.
"It was fun," he said. "It was a little frustrating at times, but that's the way it goes."
But in the end, it was Garcia's brilliant play when expectations for him at Augusta National could not have been lower that caused the biggest stir.
"I hope for the best and if I manage to do that, I will have a chance at winning," Garcia said. "If my best is not that good, then, you know, I'll struggle a little bit. Today my best was pretty good, and I'm looking forward to doing the same thing the next three days. But we'll see."
The Associated Press and MCT Information Services
Name To par Total
M. Leishman -6 66
S. Garcia -6 66
D. Johnson -5 67
D. Lynn -4 68
R. Fowler -4 68
G. Fer.-Castano -4 68
T. Immelman -4 68
F. Couples -4 68
M. Kuchar -4 68
For complete score listings, see scoreboard on
Page 7.
For more on the Masters Tournament, go to www.mercurynews.com/golf.


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For the last year or so I've developed a bump on my achilles tendon. It is directly behind the mallelous (i.e. about 3.5 inches from the bottom of my heel.) I've done a lot of research and it seems to be tendonitis or tendonosis. It isn't overly painful and I don't notice it much when running. In the morning or after sitting for an hour or so, my heel tightens up and for a minute or two I hobble around until it warms up again. I sometimes notice that it aches in the middle of the night,but never more than a 1 or 2 on a 10 scale of discomfort. I've tried running with it, and taking time off from running(up to one month) and it doesn't change much. I'm concerned it's leading to a potential rupture of my achilles (ie. that it may be a weak spot.) I've tried exercising (heel or calf lifts), I've used a pad under my heel to increase it's height. I've been running for almost 30 years...around 20-25 miles per week most of my life. Is this going to be permanent and go against my mantra that all running injuries eventually heal? Anyone else experience this? Thanks, Mike
Mike, I think you're wise to be concerned and conservative. In some cases the thickening of the tendon is indeed indicative of tendinopathy (usually tendinosis). The form of exercise that seems (at least according to research) to be most helpful in stimulating collagen reformation is eccentric-type exercises. In other words the lowering phase of your calf raises. Use of a heel lift usually helps to relieve some of the chronic load on the tendon, but it can lead to a shortening of the muscle/tendon unit so you don't want to use the lift for long. Have you had a gait analysis done to see if there is something biomechanical that's contributing to this?
Hope this helps, Janet
Treat the cause, not just the symptoms... http://www.runningstrong.com
I have something similar, the from of my ankles start to hurt extremely bad while walking. I was told one it was tendonitis years ago. Usually after a mile or so it stops hurting as bad, but the pain is terrible. I have noticed there is a bump on the out side of my ankle about 3 inches up from ankle bone. It almost feels like the muscle/tendon is tightening up.
Hi Mike,
I have been fighting a bad Achilles heal for a while. Seeing a DR and getting an MRI is a good first step but you seem to have a classic case. Ibuprofen (after runs), icing after runs, heating pads at night/or when ankle is NOT already inflammed from running, vibration (use the same as heat), heal lifts, taping your ankles (very useful for shorter runs...say less than 5 miles but loose support on longer runs), and Achilles tendon braces (more cumbersome and less comfortable than taping but with velcro adjustable straps so that over a long run you can stop and adjust the tension relief on the tendon) can help you run through minor pain. I use a combination of all of these. If you DO use a lift...be sure to use it in both shoes so you don't throw off your bio-mechanics and make things worse.
If you had caught this BEFORE you developed a bump (which is most likely a calcium deposit) giving your ankle a rest could have made the difference. However, once the calcium has built up it is difficult for it to be broken down. Surgery or ultrasonic treatment may eventually but your only long term option. Surgery can take a year or more to recover from a runners perspective. Only your Dr. can really say how far advanced your calcium deposit is. Very likely, you might have had a tendon tear early on that started all this and ran through it...the pain is not really that high on a typical run because the tendon "warms up" even though the pain can be quite high in the morning or decending a flight of stairs after sitting around the house.
One more piece of advice...try to avoid running on your toes or barefoot running with an achilles problem...this really strains the tendons.
Please post anything useful you find..you are certainly not the only runner with this problem.
Todd Barber
Chairman, Reef Ball Foundation
Bump, schump. In November I decided to renew my running by running every other day. The rest days in between my run days seem to have worked wonders. My heel has been almost asymptomatic the entire time ( on the rare occassion I notice it, it's a few hours after running and is a 1 or 2 out of 10.) I really think the forced day of rest between runs is the trick.
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


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Ted and Cheri Wheeler welcome you to the website of Stonehaven, situated on the Indian Arm of North Vancouver, BC. Cheri, a landscape designer by trade, is originally from Ontario, Canada, and moved out to Vancouver in 1978. Ted runs his own tool and die shop in Vancouver was born and raised in North Vancouver, where we met, married in 1983 and raised 4 beautiful children.
Being extremely active people, enjoying the mountains, (hiking, snowshoeing or skiing) or the water (kayaking, stand-up paddle boarding and waterskiing), we can offer our customers great feed back on activities and tours.
We hope you like what we have created…


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After having gone 35 years without riding, Terry Reilly didn't just get back on the horse. The Rose Garden resident got back in the saddle with mallet in hand to play with South Bay Polo.
'I learned how to play polo 2½ years ago at the age of 49," Reilly says. "After a couple lessons, I got hooked. Within 90 days, I scored my first goal in a match.
"Controlling a 1,500-pound horse at 25 mph, battling other players to hit a 3-inch ball through the goal posts, is pretty exhilarating,' he adds.
Reilly will do battle on the club's polo fields in Gilroy on Aug. 23-24 when he plays in South Bay Polo's second annual Garlic Cup finals.
"We have three tournaments a season," he says. "The biggest and most coveted to win is the Garlic Cup."
Reilly says South Bay Polo was formed to bring polo to everyone, not just experienced players, but new players and spectators as well.
"Polo has the reputation of being the 'Sport of Kings,' as well as an elitist sport," he adds. "While this may be true in some areas, South Bay Polo has worked very hard to dispel this myth."
Reilly himself started out leasing horses to play the game. He now owns Bobbie and Jill and also leases Stout from Stanford University.
"Each have their own talents and personalities," he says. "I decide which one to use based upon my opponents that day. You need at least two horses per match."
Polo matches consist of four 7½-minute periods called chukkas. "While 7½ minutes does not seem like a lot, it is grueling to the rider and horse," Reilly says, adding that polo horses "should be agile, strong, not mind mallets swinging by their heads. Most importantly, they should enjoy making contact with other horses, called bumping or ride-offs."
Players should also enjoy making contact with each other. "Polo is often described as hockey on horseback," Reilly says. "There is a lot of contact between players--allowed if done safely."
Those who want to try "hockey on horseback can avail themselves of South Bay Polo's 2-for-1 "introduction to polo" special. For $125, two people can learn the sport; the club provides horses and equipment.
Regular matches at South Bay Polo are Thursdays, Saturdays and Sundays each week.
"On any given play day, we will have 12 to 20 players," Reilly says. "Stanford's polo team often plays with us."
The club's teams are coed. "The fastest-growing demographic in polo are women players," Reilly says.
The second annual Garlic Cup Polo Tournament is Aug. 23-24 at the polo fields located at 1290 Masten Ave. in Gilroy Admission is $5 a carload. For more information about the tournament or about polo lessons, visit southbaypolo.com or email email@example.com.


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Fire chief: Change smoke detector batteries when resetting clocks
Published: Thursday, March 6, 2014 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, March 5, 2014 at 6:45 p.m.
Valley Hill Fire & Rescue Chief Tim Garren is reminding residents to change batteries in their smoke detectors when they change the time on their clocks this weekend.
"A properly installed and maintained smoke alarm is the only thing in your home that can alert you and your family to a fire 24 hours a day, seven days a week," Garren said. "Whether you're awake or asleep, a working smoke alarm is constantly on alert, scanning the air for fire and smoke ensuring the safety of your family."
Anyone who lives in the Valley Hill fire district who needs assistance changing the battery in their smoke detector, or who does not have a smoke detector, should contact Valley Hill Fire & Life Safety Officer Alan Shaver at 828-692-2581 ext. 102 to schedule a free install. Those who live outside the Valley Hill fire district can contact their local fire department for assistance.
For more information on the life-saving benefits of smoke detectors, visit Valley Hill Fire & Rescue's website at www.vhfd.com.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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oh goodie, the electric is back on. anyways, a lot of things are unnataural, this mode of communication is one of them, but harmless so, selah, or whatever, but that was not my point at all. i think i just might not do certain things that would be dangerous, anything i might lose my balance doing and fall on by stomach. then again, i'm the descendant of cromagnum man and his wife, so who am i so say what i would or wouldn't do in a pregnant womans shoes.
I'm not sure of the actual statistic but I'd be willing to bet the risk to the woman and her fetus are greater when driving her car to the grocery store than doing a tri when pregnant. Obviously, certain precautions are necessary while pregnant just like wearing a seatbelt and following traffic rules reduce the risks when driving. It's appropriate to gather information and then make decisions according to your own situation. A healthy person, pregnant or not has to weigh the risks and benefits of all their decisions. Hopefully, we don't make decisions based only out of fear or we'd miss out on so many life-changing experiences. I hope this is helpful. To the original poster, good luck no matter what you decide.
well put. just definitely no smoking illicit substances. its not natural.
In contrast, the first trimester is the most risky. The 30% or so likelihood of miscarriage is always present, whether you exercise or not. So I'd say do it, but keep your heart rate low, and as someone else said, do it for fun. I ran up to 7 months with my daughter.
Helen82, you are good! I like the last sentence especially.
The position paper by the American College of Obs and Gynoes disclaims the caution to keep your heart rate down. Typically, athletic woman are told not to exceed 140bpm, for no known reason; it was just an arbitrary number based on nothing.
Now, after studying pregnant endurance athletes, the recommendation is that 140 bpm is the max rate for women who don't exercise, and conditioned athletes set the ceiling higher.
Hi Jenhi - I enjoyed reading what you wrote.
I knew you'd appreciate that one, yo. I love to find the little absurdities in everyday life. It gives me great amusement. We live in a mobile home park now, and sometimes we just sit on the front porch and marvel at the ridiculous things people do.
Is this why our great-great-great-great, etc. grandmothers endured the extreme pain and danger of childbirth, so that their descendants could stuff their faces with Kripsy Kreme donuts while bemoaning the fate of Paris Hilton? They must be spinning in their graves.
Atletic women shouldn't exceed 140 bpm? How boring....I got up to 172 yesterday, and I'm still standing. But then maybe I'm assuming I'm athletic....
Wow, I haven't checked this post in a few days and now I feel like I need to defend myself here.
First of all, thank you to those of you who provided some actual information for me to look up! jenhirr, I cannot agree with you more about the driving issue - its probably one of the most dangerous things that we do each day yet nobody ever questions that!
Also, maybe I should have provided more background. I did say that my doctor has already ok'd this and that I will only be 10 weeks pregnant so there is very little chance of trauma to the abdomen in the case of a fall. Maybe some of you don't realize that cycling is generally considered safe up until the fourth month of pregnancy.
In my defense, I have already researched this extensively - this is my third pregnancy and I exercised (taught kickboxing,karate and spinning) through the other two as well. I am also a certified personal trainer.
What I was really looking for was Been There, Done That information- thanks to those of you who did provide that!
One more thing, it goes without saying that I will be doing this race just for fun.
Obviously, I am not looking for a personal best here.
dojojenn, I really must apologize that everybody jumped on you. I don't understand why we're so scared of preganancy in this society. When I was first pregnant, I was always warned "don't over do it." The doctors scared me so much that I didn't exercise at all. I developed preeclampsia and was put on bed rest for the last month of my pregnancy. My daughter was delivered a month early, and I must say she has never really been what I would call healthy.
In my second pregnancy I ignored all the medical advice and continued exercising, sometimes twice a day. My son was only 10 days early. He is healthy as a little horse. He is unusually coordinated for the age of 4. He walked at 9 months (my daughter walked at 17 months), started swimming at 18 months and learned to ride a two-wheeler just after he turned 4. I really have to think that the increased circulation he received from my daily exercise has something to do with his robust state of health.
Anyway, you didn't come here to learn about my experience. You know (probably better than I do!) how important and beneficial it is to exercise during pregnancy.
Best of luck to you, have fun in the race and ignore all the naysayers.
I also want to add that I was a much better mother to my son when he was a newborn than I was to my daughter. I was so exhausted when my little girl was born that I really couldn't function. This continued until she was about 1 year old, when I finally lost the 65 pounds I had gained and started back to regular exercise. When my son was little I was waking up 3-4 times a night, but because I was much healthier I could handle it. I didn't have to sleep during the day (maybe once), and I was able to care for him the way I should have been able to care for my daughter.
I haven't raced pregnant (no one was doing tris when I had my kids), but I did run, swim, and bike to stay in shape all through my pregnancies. In addition, I learned to cross country ski and downhill ski while pregnant!! Doctors then just said to not go all out, but encouraged me to stay in shape; makes the pregnancy easier, delivery easier, and the recovery faster. Both of my kids (now adults) are expert skiers, bikers, and love to be active!
Dodojenn - you da' bomb!!!!
I would bet my paycheck that your doctor didn't say a crash at 20mph was OK. My guess is the doctor OK'd a race at a moderate pace and didn't even consider the possibility of a crash. Does your doctor know anything about triathlons? I would bet very little. I stand by my statement that you are taking a selfish, un-necessary risk, but I do agree that the likelihood of getting hit by a car on the way to the doctor/grocery store/etc. is probably greater and don't expect you to be a recluse for 9 months. Triathlons are dangerous. I had an IM training partner who just had to drop out of our next race from a crash; he was in the hospital for a week and lucky he wasn't dead. If it's just for fun, then go run a 10K or be a part of a relay team instead, and go back to full tri's after the baby is born.
here's another article on the subject:
FWIW the original poster doesnt' sound like a do or die triathlete to me. I think she can do this tri if the doc and baby agree and she uses some common sense. think bohner has a point a bike crash could be dangerous but if the original poster rides a trainer I think the risk of a crash are drastically reduced. just my .02
goals for 2011:
break 19minutes for 5k
break 2:42 for olympic triathlon probably Anthracite olympic
break 3:16 for marathon ( a long shot but it's fun putting yourself out there)
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


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All Library locations will be closed on Monday, September 5, for Labor Day.
Almodovar's Women film series
Saturday, March 16, 2013
2:00pm @ Plaza Branch
Despite some outrageous humor, this is a sincere and ultimately heart-wrenching drama from Pedro Almodova that won an Oscar for best foreign language film.
A Madrid nurse (Cecilia Roth), devastated by the death of her teenage son, becomes surrogate mother to an extended family of misfit women: a pregnant nun (Penelope Cruz), a transsexual prostitute (Antonia San Juan), and a lesbian actress (Marisa Paredes).
Almodovar's valentine to the feminine capacity for compassion is presented through a tapestry of densely woven characters and plots. Within its frankly melodramatic framework the film evokes genuine feelings of love


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CORPUS CHRISTI – The Texas A&M-Corpus Christi men's basketball team has signed Joe Kilgore (Houston, Texas) to a National Letter of Intent, head coach Willis Wilson announced today. Kilgore is a 6-foot-5, athletic combo guard from Dekaney High School.
"Joe is a really dynamic player with good size, and his length makes him play a little taller than he is," Wilson said. "He is a bit of a late bloomer that had an outstanding summer and really came on to the scene. We think he's a guy who will be a scorer for us from the day he sets foot on campus."
Kilgore was named to the RCS Sports All-Greater Houston Summer Ball Team for his performance with 3T Basketball Academy. He was the 20th-ranked player in the city by RCS sports. He was the top scoring option for a 3T team that finished as runner up at the Pearland Great American Shootout.
Early on in his senior season, he has carried over the momentum from his strong summer. Kilgore is averaging 19 points and seven rebounds through Dekaney's first two contests, in which the team has gone 1-1.
The Islanders are back in action on Wednesday night, when they play host to Rice at 7 p.m. at the American Bank Center. For tickets, please call 825-BALL (2255) or visit GoIslanders.com.
For all the latest on Islanders Basketball, be sure to follow the team on Twitter and Instagram (@IslandersMBB) and like the squad's official Facebook page (Islanders Mens Basketball).


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St. Pete man dies in Sunshine Skyway jump
Published: Tuesday, April 9, 2013 at 8:47 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, April 9, 2013 at 8:47 a.m.
TAMPA - A St. Petersburg man died after jumping from the center span of the Skyway Bridge.
The Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office says 52-year-old Philip A. Elbs drove to the center of the bridge that spans Tampa Bay on Monday night.
A witness told authorities Elbs parked his vehicle in a southbound lane, walked over to the center span of the bridge and jumped.
Elbs' body was recovered by officers from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
No further details were immediately available.
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Emerging Leaders
Emerging Leaders programs aim to help first and second year students enhance their leadership skills, make connections with other Xavier leaders, and engage in discussion about their involvement experiences. Find out more...
Sophomore Leadership Challenge
Can you survive it? The Sophomore Leadership Challenge is a program for sophomore students to develop exemplary leadership practices. Find out more...
Leadership Over Lunch
Join us for lunch! Leadership Over Lunch is a monthly luncheon where members of the Xavier community discuss their leadership and involvement outside of the Xavier community. Find out more...
Leadership Week
Everyone is a leader. Packed with leadership programming and experiences, Leadership Week exposes all students to their leadership potential.
Ready for the Real World?
Join us for an evening of dinner and discussion with successful Xavier Alumni about how to apply your Xavier experiences and leadership skills to life after college. Find out more...
Connect With Us
Click here to see the award recipients from the 2012 Student Leadership Assembly.
Laura, Sophie, Maddy, Sarah, Shelby, and Ronald are this years' Office of Student Involvement Interns! They work behind the scenes to bring you great programming and events.
Meet Molly Dugan, Assistant Director of Student Involvement for Leadership and Orientation.
Email Molly for more leadership opportunities.


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Michael Fitzgerald">
A big bronze pocket watch is embedded in the sidewalk on the 300 block of E. Main St., set at seven minutes to six o'clock. Scores of people tromp over it every day.
But it's older than living memory, so few know its story. It's just there.
Its provenance goes back to one Arnold Friedberger of Laupheim, Germany. In 1860, Friedberger immigrated to the Stockton area, drawn by the Gold Rush. He fathered five sons.
One, Maurice, opened a ritzy Main Street jewelry store called The Diamond Palace about 1895. In 1915, Maurice moved his shop a couple blocks east to 337 E. Main. He sank the pocket watch into the sidewalk as a way of hanging out his shingle.
Maurice left the business to his son, Leo. The Diamond Palace stayed in business until about 1966. The reason it closed is unknown, though that's about the time the northside mall drained downtown retail.
Over the years, the building behind the pocket watch was remodeled. For a while, an ATM stood there. Now a blank wall does.
Though the exact date the pocket watch was laid is unknown, it could be approaching its 100th birthday.
Time passes.
Contact columnist Michael Fitzgerald at (209) 546-8270 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Visit his blog at recordnet.com/fitzgeraldblog.
Location, ST | website.com


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Points of Pride
The UIS Communication Department is proud of the following:
- Special Recognition of Students:
- Erica Cullens (planned M.A. 2014) was recently recognized for her success in her second-year of the national Whitney M. Young Scholar program.
- Carley Reynolds (planned M.A. 2014) presented a paper at the University of Illinois Communications Collaboration Conference, Fall 2013, in Urbana.
- Ashley Henry (planned B.A. 2014) is The Journal (UIS campus newspaper) Editor-in Chief.
- Zach Bright (B.A. 2013) is a master's student and Teaching Assistant in Communications at San Diego State University.
- Christina Martinez (M.A. 2006) is the founder and CEO of Adelante Public Affairs and Communications. Martinez returned to campus and spoke at UIS recently to the Organization of Latin American Students.
- Melanie Reinhardt (2005) is working as a Communications Specialist in the marketing department at Southwestern Illinois College.
- Kathryn L. Blum is an Associate Director of Planning & Policy Analysis at the University of Illinois Foundation.Note: Send your college career achievements to Brian Arterbridge, COM GA, at email@example.com.
- Broad curriculum offerings in both interpersonal communication and journalism/media studies
- Faculty members with diverse backgrounds in teaching and
professional experience
- Internship opportunities for undergraduate students in newsrooms, public relations offices, non-profit organizations, multi-media production companies and other locations throughout Central Illinois
- Close relations between the department and professional organizations such as the Illinois Broadcasters' Association, the Association for Women in Communication and the Association for Women Journalists (Springfield Chapter)
- Excellent multi-media resources on campus, including:
- Fully equipped television studio
- Photography studio
- Campus radio station (STAR 96-The Prairie Star)
- Several multi-media labs
- UIS Office of Electronic Media
- The Journal student newspaper
- UIS Theatre Minor , which provides opportunities to speak, act,
direct and produce
- Affiliation with Lambda Pi Eta, a communication honor society
- Excellent multi-media resources on campus, including:


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Maine attorney general warns of phone scam
New phone scam claims consumers are threatened with legal action
Published 11:24 AM EST Dec 29, 2012
Maine Attorney General William Schneider says there's a new telephone scam claiming consumers are being threatened with legal action.
Schneider says the calls are threatening, telling the consumer to dial another number to resolve the matter or face a lawsuit.
His advice: Hang up.
Schneider says to make note of the incoming phone number if it shows up on a phone but don't engage the caller. He says that while it's tempting to try to figure out who's calling, he says it's not worth the risk of becoming a target of fraud.
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Mal Moore remembered for dedication, charm
Published: Sunday, March 31, 2013 at 3:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, March 31, 2013 at 10:06 a.m.
TUSCALOOSA | Less than a month ago, Tommy Brooker walked past Mal Moore in Buddy's Rib & Steak in Northport and didn't spot his old teammate until he got close enough to recognize that familiar face.
"He had his hat pulled down low and he was dressed down," Brooker said. "I stopped and said, 'You trying to go incognito?' He chuckled and said, 'Yeah.'
"I ate breakfast with my wife there this morning. It's hard to believe I won't see him there anymore."
There are many more stories just like that told by former teammates, players and employees of Moore, who died Saturday at the age of 73. They are stories that reveal a gentleness and charm. Those close with Moore knew he was always quick with a joke, too.
After Moore retired from coaching, then-Alabama Athletics Director Hootie Ingram brought him aboard as an associate athletic director.
"Mal had a great sense of humor," Ingram said. "He was one of the best at telling Coach (Paul) Bryant stories I've ever heard.
"He always told one about preparing all week to run a reverse. They'd worked on it all week. During the game Coach Bryant walks by Mal and says, 'What about the reverse, Mal?' He came back a little while later and said 'What about the reverse?' Finally Coach Bryant said 'I want you to run the reverse.' They ran the reverse and lost nine yards, and Coach Bryant said, 'You ran it the wrong way.'
"Mal was really good at telling that story."
The stories vary but the constant is the way Moore treated others. Friends called him kind-hearted.
"A great man. A great Alabama man," former UA coach Ray Perkins said. "I don't know if I have enough words to adequately describe how I feel about him. He was loyal. He loved the school, and he loved the people. I think his essence will be felt for a long time.
"He's always treated me with dignity and respect that was unparalleled. We had a strong bond. People like Mal don't come down the pike every day. He's done so much for that university. He's a true legend in my book. I loved him. I miss him, and we'll all miss him."
Moore had a reputation for being a gentleman. Those closest to him say it was genuine.
"Mal was an even-tempered guy," Ingram said. "He was a true Southern gentleman. He was raised that way. There was nothing fake about it. He was truly sincere. That's what made him such a special guy. He didn't have a big ego and didn't put on any kind of show. He was just Mal."
Clemson head coach Dabo Swinney played at Alabama as a receiver under Moore and got his coaching start as a graduate assistant while Moore was coaching UA's offense.
"It took the wind out of my sails," Swinney said of the news. "He was a great man and it's a great loss for Alabama and a great loss for all of us."
Woody McCorvey coached alongside Moore at Alabama on Gene Stallings' staff, and later became UA's offensive coordinator after Moore retired from coaching to take care of his wife, Charlotte, who was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
"It's sad for me because not only a colleague, but Mal was a friend," McCorvey said. "When I came to Alabama, Mal was the guy who picked me up at the airport in Birmingham and he and I stopped at the Bright Star in Bessemer. That was one of his favorite spots. That tells you how far we go back at Alabama. He was Alabama through and through until the day he left us.
"We were close with him being the offensive coordinator and coaching the quarterbacks and me coaching the wide receivers and tight ends, so we worked together a lot in the passing game. Even after he got out (of coaching), we stayed close. He was my sounding board when I took the (offensive coordinator) position, and he was really supportive of me."
McCorvey also had high praise for Moore as a man.
"I never heard Mal say a bad word about anybody," McCorvey said. "It showed when Charlotte was sick, how he stuck by her and took care of her. He didn't want somebody else to do it, he wanted to do it himself. When you think about people getting married and taking their wedding vows, you can think about Mal Moore."
Robert Higginbotham played at Alabama from 1969-71 before embarking on a career as one of the most successful high school coaches in state history. Moore was his position coach for a season.
"He was all about attention to detail," Higginbotham said. "He really expected a lot out of his players. He was a guy that really pushed you hard and taught you how to play the position.
"The thing I liked the most about Mal is I could go back down there and even with all the players that he coached over the years you'd think he'd forget your name. It wasn't like that with Coach Moore. I'd see him and he'd say, 'Hey Robert' and just made me feel at home. I always really appreciated that. Even when he got to be athletic director he made me feel at home."
Friends of Moore are quick to point out everything he did for the university, things well documented in his 13 years as athletic director. They also tell of things he did away from the spotlight.
"There are so many things he helped with that went unnoticed," Brooker said. "He did things people will never know about.
"Today is a sad day."
Executive Sports Editor Tommy Deas contributed to this report.
Reach Aaron Suttles at email@example.com or 205-722-0229.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Debt-Ceiling Showdowns: Routine, Unprecedented or Neither?
The debt ceiling has been the bane of presidents dating back to Dwight Eisenhower. This time around, among the many arguments that have raged between the White House and Congressional Republicans is one about the history of the debt ceiling.
The White House, justifying its "no negotiations" stance, says never before has a Congress threatened a default to score wins on other policy items. Republicans say such negotiations are routine.
Turns out both teams make pretty bad historians. Today's brinkmanship is rare, but not unprecedented. In 1995, then-House Speaker Newt Gingrich threatened default in an effort to push the Clinton White House toward negotiations on the budget. It's a tactic he stands by today.
"It's not common but it's a real possibility," Mr. Gingrich, now a host of CNN's "Crossfire," said in an interview. "Under the constitution, two instruments are unavoidable: appropriations and debt ceilings, which is why presidents hate them."
More In Budget Battle
- Five Things That Are Wrong With the Congressional Budget Process
- Obama Says House GOP Budget Falls Short
- Why the GOP Could Take Obama's Corporate Tax Proposal Seriously
- Obama's Budget: Mostly a Political Document, and That's Just Fine
- GOP's Top Priority: Passing a Budget Resolution
- Rep. Van Hollen, in Opening Budget Salvo, Calls for Paycheck Tax Break
At the same time, it's hardly the case that debt ceilings are typically surrounded by such drama. It's rare to try to force a major policy change on the White House, as Republicans tried to do with the Affordable Care Act. More common is the opposite—tucking an increase into a bigger budget bill or other broad legislation.
Since 1978, the Congress has raised the debt ceiling 53 times. Almost half—26—have been "clean" increases, meaning not attached to other policy provisions, according to the Congressional Research Service. And in some cases, the non-clean increases looked different from today's experience. At least some used the debt ceiling as a "Christmas tree," Washington-speak for a bill inevitably heading toward passage to which lawmakers could hook other provisions.
Of the five increases since President Barack Obama took office, one has been clean, one was tucked into major legislation addressing the fallout from the financial crisis, and three included spending provisions.
Default Threats
In the fall of 1995, the government was heading toward a shutdown and the debt ceiling clock was ticking, though there were still months before a drop-dead date. House Republicans were locked in a battle with the White House over an array of policies encapsulated in their Contract with America, the GOP platform to reshape government.
Talks were going nowhere. Mr. Gingrich escalated. "I don't care what the price is. I don't care if we have no executive offices, no bonds for 60 days," Mr. Gingrich said in a speech at the time.
The comments drew a sharp rebuke from Clinton administration officials, who called the comments unwarranted and unwise.
The bond market wobbled. The threat communicated a level of intensity and a seriousness that moved negotiations forward, Mr. Gingrich said.
Later, Republicans tried to attach their Contract to debt-ceiling legislation. Mr. Clinton vetoed one effort. Ultimately, following a pair of government shutdowns and a bruising political battle that hit Republicans in opinion polls, two planks of the contract made it into the law that raised the debt limit. One, the line-item veto, was favored by the Clinton administration and one was fairly minor. Later, the sides struck a deal that led to a balanced budget.
Christmas Trees
Washington likes nothing better than what it calls "must pass" legislation, because such bills represent great opportunities to force through other items. In one notable instance in 1980, Congress successfully used debt-ceiling legislation to force a change to an unpopular oil-import. President Jimmy Carter vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode him.
That's almost the exact opposite of today's situation, in which both sides held up debt-ceiling legislation pending an argument about the health-care law.
In other cases, attempts to use debt-ceiling legislation as a Christmas tree failed miserably.
In 1982, Majority Leader Howard Baker allowed senators to use the debt-limit bill as a vehicle for pet projects. The result was over 1,400 proposed amendments, five weeks of debate and finally a realization that the process had become too bogged down.
Lawmakers ultimately passed a clean bill, according to a 1993 debt-limit study.
"You need to understand that the debt limit is considered one of the few bills that must be passed," said Mr. Baker, Senate majority leader from 1981 to 1985 and later Ronald Reagan's chief of staff. "So they have always been targets of opportunity for amendments on a whole range of issues…especially budget issues."
It's been worse.
The U.S. Treasury missed payments on T-bills in April and May of 1979.
Officials in part blamed a last-minute increase in the debt ceiling and a breakdown of computer equipment. "The default apparently warned investors that Treasury issues were not completely riskless, which translates into a $12 billion annual increase in federal interest payments as a result of the 60 basis point permanent increase in interest rates," professors Terry Zivney and Richard Marcus wrote in a 1989 paper.
In another instance in 1957, "an unrealistic debt ceiling forced the executive to defer payment on its bills," said Douglas Dillon, Treasury secretary at the time. "No expenditures were cut back; they were simply postponed and government contractors had to wait for their money." Mr. Dillon surmised that fallout from the crisis contributed to the 1957-58 recession.
It's as much about where you sit as where you stand.
Executives—Democratic and Republican—tend to believe Congress should simply raise the debt ceiling when asked. Congresses don't.
"The full consequence of a default—or even the serious prospect of default—by the United States are impossible to predict and awesome to contemplate," Ronald Reagan told Mr. Baker in 1983. "The risks, the costs, the disruptions, and the incalculable damage lead me to but one conclusion: the Senate must pass this legislation before the Congress adjourns."
Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew on Thursday told lawmakers: "Leaders have a responsibility to make our economy stronger, not to create manufactured crises and inflict damage."
Mr. Obama thinks the same now, although when he was a senator, that wasn't the case. Then-Sen. Obama voted against raising the debt ceiling in 2006.
"I think it is healthier than having a kingship," Mr. Gingrich said of the back-and-forth between the two branches of government. And what happens this time around?
"We will get a deal. This is what negotiating is all about," he said.
Final Options: Wall Street Broaches Crazy Maneuvers to Avert Default
Longshot Debt-Ceiling Ideas Explained
Five Factors Behind GOP's New Direction in Shutdown Drama
Budget Showdown Glossary: From Box Canyon to Wacko Birds
Which Government Workers Are Affected by Shutdown?


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Time Machine
Time Machine is the breakthrough automatic backup thatâs built right into Mac OS X Leopard. It keeps an up-to-date copy of everything on your Mac â" digital photos, music, movies, TV shows, and documents. Now, if you ever have the need, you can easily go back in time to recover anything.
Required OS: 10.6
Tags: apple , backup , organize
8 Opinions
Totally saved me when my hard drive died a few weeks ago. The restore was perfect; everything exactly as it was as of the last backup, no glitches.
I don't use Time Machine for the whole system, just user files, but it has proven to be absolutely awesome. Plug in an external drive, do what it tells you, and have brain-free backups and restore. Bonus: the last backup is deliberately stored on the drive unmodified and uncompressed, so that you get at your files even in the most bizarre situation.
i love time machine and i've been using it since i got my mac, but it's not freeware, you have to buy leopard to get it. you should change that info in the entry, i got excited and was gonna pass it on to my friend who uses tiger.. not very nice. quite deceiving.
It would be perfect if it could switch automatically between disks (I have a Time Capsule at home and an external HD at work and I hate having to changed the disks manually when I move every day).
Kinda love it. Macbook stopped booting due to some serious file system errors. Diskwarrior wouldn't bring it back to life. Luckily, I had just got my TimeMachine harddrive working again (an OWC Mercury mirrored RAID external drive that might actually be failing itself) and had a recent TM backup. Just in case, I made an image of the current failing volume. After numerous attempts. The only thing that worked was wiping the drive, re-installing an InstaDMG-created image, and using migration assistant w/ the TM harddrive. This restored what I had space to save (Applications, home dir, preferences, etc..) and from the other image (which had everything but was unbootable) I was able to recover my games, music, and other things I kept in /Users/Shared.
My hard drive failed a week ago and I just got my notebook back from a technician. I installed Leopard and when it asked me if I wanted to transfer files I selected "Time Machine backup," plugged in my external hard drive, and 30 minutes later it was like I never left my computer.
Time Machine restored the files, apps, preferences, system preferences, everything. It was seamless.
LOVE IT. Thoughtless backup at it's best. Go out and by a HUGE external drive and don't let this priceless app go to waste.
And the interface is NOT over the top as some say. I ask "who DOESN'T love the idea of time travel"?!?


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SANTA CLARA -- Wide receiver Brandon Carswell has a torn anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee, an injury he suffered Wednesday not long after beginning his first practice with the 49ers.
Carswell, a Milpitas High and USC product, was signed to a two-year deal Wednesday after the 49ers released tight end Cameron Morrah.
"It was a real kick in the gut," 49ers coach Jim Harbaugh said of the injury.
The 49ers responded by bringing in former Indianapolis Colts receiver Austin Collie for a workout Thursday. He missed most of last season with a knee injury and also has a history of concussions.
"He was good," Harbaugh said of Collie's workout. "He had a patellar tear 7 ½ months ago and he's very far along. Pretty impressive." Collie caught more than 50 passes in each of his first three seasons, including a 2010 campaign cut short by concussion. He had 58 catches for 649 yards and eight touchdowns despite playing in only nine games that season.
Harbaugh, who indicated the 49ers would want to sign a receiver before training camp begins, said the team is still evaluating Collie.
"It's still ongoing," he said. "There's still a few more things we want to have checked out."
Follow Jimmy Durkin at Twitter.com/Jimmy_Durkin.


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Interstate school district planning begins in North Country
This ten-town consensus allows the two superintendents to notify their state departments of education in Montpelier and Concord of the region's intention to formalize interstate school consolidation planning.
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- Color
- Warm Tan
bareMinerals is revolutionizing the makeup world again with Matte Foundation Broad Spectrum SPF 15 infused with RareMinerals ActiveSoil Complex™.
Our groundbreaking formula absorbs excess oil and eliminates shine without drying skin for a flawless, natural matte finish all day. Clinically proven, it delivers extraordinary skincare benefits to dramatically improve the appearance of your skin over time. The foundation is enriched with our unique, proprietary 100% pure RareMinerals ActiveSoil Complex, which minimizes pores and promotes cell turnover for fresher, smoother skin while protecting skin from environmental damage.
Packaged in our new, innovative Click, Lock, Go™ sifter, you can take Matte Foundation Broad Spectrum SPF 15 anywhere you go - no spills, no leaks, no worries.
Choose Warm Deep for deepest skin with intense yellow-olive undertones.
Size: Large
Matte Foundation Broad Spectrum SPF 15 uses only the purest, highest quality ingredients and none of the chemicals or preservatives that can irritate skin. What you get is bare skin beauty with big skin benefits.
Plus, it improves your skin with the clinically proven power of RareMinerals ActiveSoil Complex, which:
Don't just take our word for it - look at what women are saying:
*Based on an independent consumer study.
|Active Ingredients: Titanium Dioxide, Zinc Oxide
Inactive Ingredients: Lauroyl Lysine, Silica, Calcium Silicate, Soil Minerals, May Contain (+/-):, Mica, Iron Oxides
1. Swirl a small amount of bareMinerals into the lid with the Flawless Application Brush (for lighter coverage) or the Full Coverage Kabuki Brush (for more coverage) until the bareMinerals are tucked into the bristles.
2. Tap off excess. bareMinerals should not be visible on the outside of the brush.
3. Buff bareMinerals onto the skin in a swirling, circular motion, starting on the outside of your face near your cheekbones. Then, buff around your face, working your way to the cheeks, forehead, and nose. Buff until you're satisfied with the coverage. Less is more when applying bareMinerals.


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Osteoarthritis Health Center
Exercise Can Help Knee Pain if You Stick With It
Nov. 5, 2012 -- Certain exercises appear to be better than others for improving knee pain from osteoarthritis, but consistency is the key to getting relief, a review of close to 200 studies shows.
There was evidence that low-impact aerobic exercise and water exercises improved disability, and that aerobic exercise, strength training, and therapeutic ultrasound reduced pain and improved the ease of getting around.
But people who stuck with their exercise programs got the most benefits in terms of pain relief and mobility, regardless of the activity they chose.
Researcher Tatyana A. Shamliyan, MD, of the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, says many people with arthritis-related knee pain don't exercise because it hurts, or they start an exercise program but quickly give it up.
"For people with osteoarthritis, exercise can increase knee pain, at least short-term, and that can be a big deterrent," she says. "That is why it is so important to start under the supervision of a physical therapist."
Knee Arthritis: Common Cause of Disability
Knee osteoarthritis is a top cause of disability in the United States, affecting mostly older people.
According to the CDC, half of adults who reach the age of 85 will develop osteoarthritis-related knee pain. Two-thirds of obese adults will do the same in their lifetimes.
In the new review, published in the Nov. 6 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine, Shamliyan and colleagues looked at 193 studies conducted between 1970 and 2012 that examined nonsurgical and non-drug treatments for osteoarthritis-related knee pain.
The studies measured the impact of the treatments on pain, disability, and quality of life.
While the studies showed a benefit for some activities, including low-impact aerobic exercise, water aerobics, and strength training, they were unable to show a benefit for others.
This does not mean that these therapies have no value in the treatment of arthritis-related knee pain, the authors conclude.
A major limitation of the study was that the researchers were only able to assess the impact of individual treatments, says University of Delaware assistant professor of physical therapy Joseph Zeni Jr., PhD.
He points out that physical therapy programs typically include a variety of different therapies, and the impact of any one on specific result such as pain, range of movement, and overall ability is difficult to determine.