text:
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
Carbon is the element that defines organic compounds, i.e., those derived from plants and animals, and is therefore at the core of life processes. It has been the object of a great deal of research, but much is still unknown about its cycling from the soil into the atmosphere and back into the soil. This cycle includes both organic and inorganic, i.e., derived from minerals, compounds. The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, has heightened interest in carbon storage science because of the role of carbon dioxide and other carbon-containing compounds (methane and other hydrocarbons) in climate change. The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased in the Industrial Age from 270 parts per million (ppm) in the atmosphere in 1800 to the current 365 ppm. It is continuing to increase at a rate of approximately half a percent per year. The increase has been due partly to the burning of fossil fuels and partly to changes in land use and management, including deforestation, conversion of grasslands to croplands, and farming practices that accelerated oxidation, or breakdown, of soil organic matter.
Agricultural research has long focused attention on carbon cycling, primarily because of the fundamental role of carbon in plant development but also because of the importance of organic carbon compounds in maintaining soil tilth and productivity. Recently, in response to concerns about global climate change, a strong interest has developed in determining how agricultural activities and practices can be used to store carbon, particularly in soil. Scientific methodology to enhance soil carbon storage requires a holistic investigation of carbon cycle science. Soil carbon storage potential is the subject of both policy and scientific study. A federal multiagency research initiative on the carbon cycle, the U.S. Global Change Research Program Carbon Cycle Initiative, is under development to address carbon cycle science. ARS is participating in this initiative because agricultural activities have a major impact on the carbon cycle
Soil is the largest terrestrial global carbon pool, estimated to be about one-and-a-half trillion tons. This dynamic pool participates in an annual carbon dioxide exchange between the soil and the atmosphere 10 times as large as that emitted by fossil fuel use. In general, a balance is maintained between the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by plants and the carbon dioxide returned to the atmosphere from the decomposition of plant and animal material. However, changes in land use and land management can disrupt that balance. When native forests and grasslands were cleared and plowed to grow crops during the westward expansion of the U.S., plant and soil organic carbon was rapidly decomposed to carbon dioxide; thus, cultivated agricultural ecosystems contributed to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. On average, the carbon content of tilled soils in the U.S. has been reduced about 40% from pre-tillage levels. This historical loss now provides a pool that can be refilled by using management practices such as improved cropping systems, conservation tillage, grass buffers, and measures such as the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and wetlands. Soil carbon storage, then, could partially offset fossil fuel and other carbon emissions, at least until soil storage capacity is reached. Moreover, best management practices for both cropped and grazed lands improve soil resources while increasing carbon storage.
We need a better understanding of the dynamic path of carbon storage. The amount of carbon stored in the soil is determined by the balance of two processes--production of organic matter by terrestrial vegetation (photosynthesis) and decomposition (respiration) of organic matter by soil organisms. Each of these processes is controlled by physical and biological factors. For a given plant type, photosynthetic production depends largely on climate (solar radiation, temperature, rainfall), soil water status, nutrient availability, and carbon dioxide concentration, the latter providing a potential positive aspect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Land use options for enhanced carbon storage include identification, protection, and selective management of the most productive native and agricultural ecosystems. Genetic improvements in vegetative photosynthetic capacities offer greater potential ecosystem capture of carbon dioxide and ultimate soil carbon storage.
Increased soil carbon storage is a co-benefit of conservation policies and efforts to reduce soil erosion on agricultural lands, which include the retirement of marginal or degraded croplands under the CRP and Highly Erodible Land conservation subtitles of the Food Security Act of 1985. This act allowed the voluntary retirement of more than 36 million acres of erodible lands for reseeding to perennial grass and tree covers. In addition, a projected two million miles of buffers along stream banks will be established to protect water from potential nonpoint source pollution. Key issues facing resource managers and policymakers are how to manage these vast resources for optimal economic returns while maximizing carbon stored under site-specific soil conditions and how to preserve much of the carbon pool upon termination of these programs.
Estimates indicate that each year in the U.S. about one-and-a third billion tons of carbon are removed from the atmosphere as carbon dioxide by the photosynthetic activity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, indications are that the North American continent is potentially a large repository for carbon. A portion of the fixed carbon within plants ultimately enters the soil, but the capacity of soils to store carbon, the length of time the carbon can be stored in the soil, and the rate at which carbon storage could be accomplished are matters of great interest to both scientists and policymakers. Because of the historical loss, there is no doubt that soil can serve as a carbon repository. Scientific studies have shown that proper management practices such as conservation tillage can increase soil carbon levels. The debate centers on the capacity of soils to store carbon while remaining in productive use and on the policies that will maintain agricultural productivity and maximize carbon storage and climate change benefits. If 5 -15% of the U.S. production of nonfood plant components in croplands were stored in soil organic carbon, an annual carbon storage rate of 70 to 200 million tons could be achieved. These are highly significant quantities of carbon, enough to store all the carbon dioxide emitted from agricultural activities and some of the fossil fuel emissions from other sectors of the U.S. economy. U.S. agriculture would be a net repository of greenhouse gases, helping to mitigate potentially harmful global changes.
Reduced risk of global climate change and enhanced soil resources through soil carbon storage research
Conduct and transfer the results of research to identify the best practices for storing carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide in natural soil and plant systems to reduce greenhouse gases and enhance soil resources
Table 2. ARS locations contributing to the Carbon Cycle and Carbon Storage Component of the Global Change National Program
Global Change National Program
Carbon Cycle and Carbon Storage
Trace Gases
Agricultural Ecosystem Impacts
Changes in Weather & the Water Cycle at Farm, Ranch, and Regional Scales
Ft. Collins
West Lafayette
St. Paul
Miles City
Las Cruces
El Reno
University Park
Problem Statement
Rationale. Agriculture can both impact and be
impacted by global change. One of the major impacts is associated with
greenhouse gas emissions. Cultivated agricultural ecosystems are a carbon
dioxide emission source, with estimates suggesting that perhaps 40% of the
pre-settlement soil organic carbon has been lost to the atmosphere. Agricultural
soils are important in the global context not only because of the annual carbon
dioxide exchange with the atmosphere but also because carbon storage in these
soils is sensitive to management practices such as cropping systems and tillage.
With improved conservation management practices, crop production systems also
can become soil carbon repositories. However, the roles of tillage and soil
erosion in carbon loss are not clearly understood because the erosion mechanics
for transport of carbon and tillage-induced carbon loss have not been clearly
identified. Agricultural conservation systems accomplish carbon storage
relatively quickly and inexpensively and also buy time to develop new
technologies to solve larger, long-term greenhouse gas emission problems.
What is known. Carbon can be stored in agricultural
soils in organic or inorganic form, with the organic the most dynamic and
complex. Higher amounts of carbon in soil enhance soil productivity, fertility,
water-holding capacity, and other soil conditions that reduce erosion and
control nutrient and pesticide availability and the release of these chemicals
into the environment. Among practices that aid organic carbon storage are
increased cropping intensity, conservation tillage, cover crops, crop rotations,
and manure or other organic amendments. Estimates indicate that U.S. agriculture
removes about 200 million tons of carbon as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
each year. A portion of the carbon within plants ultimately enters the soil,
where a fraction of it may reside for hundreds of years, but the ability of the
soil to store carbon over long periods of time and the rate at which it can be
accomplished is a highly debated scientific question. Furthermore, recent
measurements indicate that soil carbon can be rapidly lost following certain
types of tillage.
Gaps. Key issues for the fate of global carbon
dioxide are how the management of agronomic inputs impacts soil carbon storage;
how the maximum potential carbon storage of a soil can be estimated; how long it
takes to attain the storage potential; how long it resides; what the regional
differences are; and how changes in the global environment, such as increased
atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and weather patterns, impact soil carbon
cycling. The role of plants with genetically modified physical and chemical
attributes in soil carbon storage is unknown. The role of the carbon-to-nitrogen
ratio of crop residue in greenhouse gas emissions and the dynamics associated
with the equilibrium carbon-to-nitrogen value in a specific soil are not clearly
Emphasis will be placed on measuring soil carbon storage and understanding carbon dynamics using an interdisciplinary, multidimensional approach that brings together physical, chemical, and biological processes and properties. As a baseline, existing experimental carbon data on crop production systems can be analyzed to determine the state of current knowledge on soil carbon storage in major U.S. agricultural lands. Methods must be developed to estimate upper limits of soil carbon storage by soil type, farming systems, eco-regions, and nationally to quantify potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions attributed to agriculture. Existing carbon flux methods and networks (systems to measure exchanges of carbon dioxide between soil and the atmosphere) should be expanded to regions not currently covered and to other ecosystems and management strategies. Resulting data will be used to develop and test models that predict effects of shifts in cropping and tillage systems and land use changes on soil carbon input and storage.
Improved cropping and tillage systems that supply high quality food and fiber while reducing agriculture's impact on the environment through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced soil carbon storage
Linkages to Other ARS National Programs
Rationale. Grazinglands (i.e., rangelands and
pastures) and conservation seedings comprise grasslands that make up about 40%
of the land area of the U.S. They contain large soil organic and inorganic
carbon stores and are important because of their contribution to animal forage
production and ecosystem health.
What is known. One of the concerns about the
increasing atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is the effect on plant
community-level responses in natural ecosystems. For example, in some instances,
livestock grazing has enhanced carbon storage, but in some cases this increase
has been at the expense of undesirable plant community shifts and reduced forage
production, a trend that would continue under elevated carbon dioxide. Also, the
recent invasion of traditional grasslands by shrubs, generally considered a
negative change in the plant community, has been attributed by some to increased
atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This major change in the plant community may
alter not only the amount of carbon allocated to below-ground processes, but
also the distribution of carbon in the soil profile.
Gaps. We lack information on the potential capacity
of grazinglands to store carbon and the rate of carbon accretion under various
geographic and climatic conditions across the U.S. Key challenges include
devising management schemes to maintain or enhance both grazingland production
and carbon storage among diverse soil conditions and types. Management schemes
should consider the effects of forage accumulation, grazing management, improved
species, and fertility management. Under rangeland conditions, we need to
consider the effects of stocking density and changing vegetation structure on
processes and interactions that limit carbon storage potential, particularly
during periods of stressed growing conditions.
Methodology and parameters in future data collection will be coordinated among locations to fill gaps in existing data on carbon storage in grazinglands, CRP, and buffers and to develop experiments. Existing carbon dioxide flux networks (systems to measure exchanges of carbon dioxide between soil and the atmosphere) should be expanded to regions not currently covered and to other ecosystems and management strategies. Tools must be developed and tested to estimate soil carbon storage in grazinglands, CRP, and buffers. These data then would be provided to develop and verify predictive methods describing the effects of ecosystem changes on soil carbon. Methods must be developed to predict changes in species composition, the range of altered ecosystems, and the resulting differences in potential carbon storage.
Enhanced quality of grazinglands, CRP, and buffer strips while attaining maximum potential carbon storage
Linkages to Other ARS National
Rationale. Under the normal range of environmental
conditions, water availability is the most limiting factor for production in
crop agriculture, range or grasslands, and forests. Hence, production, and
therefore short- and long-term storage of carbon in all managed plant
environments, is influenced by any management factor affecting water
availability and water use efficiency under both rainfed and irrigated
conditions. Water availability and use efficiency can be increased through most
cropping system components, including species and cultivar choice, tillage
systems, mulching, weed control, rotational strategies and irrigation. Past
focus has been primarily on yield or harvestable or forageable biomass
production. Research is needed because of the potentially large impact of
improved water availability and use efficiency on carbon storage and because
management for this outcome is likely to differ from current practices for yield
What is known. About 85% of the cropped land area in
the U.S. and a larger fraction of pasture, range, grasslands, and forests are
solely rainfed (nonirrigated). In rainfed agriculture, water management is
largely indirect, via choice and timing of various other cultural practices
affecting the soil/crop water budget. For cropped land, these choices include
selection of species and cultivar, planting dates, stand density, tillage
regimes, weed control, mulching, surfactant use, fallowing, multiple cropping,
root growth-enhancing practices, and various kinds of evapotranspiration
management. Important factors for range and grassland are animal choice,
vegetative species mix, stocking rates, grazing intensity or timing, and fire.
Rainfed cropping system optimization can significantly increase yield and
biomass production. It can either raise or lower soil carbon storage by specific
effects on soil respiration and soil organic carbon oxidation associated with
various facets of cropping system strategy. A substantial amount of the soil
organic matter originally present in most American farmlands has been oxidized
as a result of predominately conventional tillage-based farming, especially in
areas where alternate-year fallowing was once common for nutrient mining and
water accumulation. Original soil carbon equilibrium values can be attained or
even exceeded on many of these soils through enhanced water management or
combined with other cultural practices that conserve soil carbon.
Irrigated agricultural lands are an important U.S. economic and environmental ecosystem component, representing a potentially large dynamic and highly manageable repository for atmospheric carbon. Most irrigated agriculture in the U.S. is in arid or semiarid areas, where native biomass production is relatively low. Arid and semiarid soils also have relatively low native organic matter contents, typically 1-2%. The predominant environmental factor restricting native biomass production and soil organic matter accumulation on these lands is low amounts of useable annual precipitation. On typical arid or semiarid lands, biomass production increases 3- to 25-fold with irrigated agricultural husbandry, compared to native vegetation without irrigation. Depending on temperature regime, soil organic matter accumulation and hence, carbon storage, can be greatly enhanced by irrigation, especially where night and/or winter temperatures are low.
Gaps. Little is known about the effects of various
water-impacting cultural practices on above- and below-ground carbon
partitioning and/or long-term retention or loss of carbon stored in soil.
Rangeland, grassland, and forest management for these considerations is less
well researched than crop management. Irrigation of cool climate arid and
semiarid lands has high potential for carbon storage above the native
equilibrium values, but cropping strategies and management practices, especially
irrigation scheduling criteria that balance yield, profit, and carbon storage,
have not yet been undertaken. Many irrigation waters and soils are high in
carbonates. The effects of irrigation scheduling and other cultural practices on
both organic and inorganic sources of carbon are likely to be highly
interactive. They may result in different carbon storage budgets compared to
strategies developed solely on the basis of either organic or inorganic carbon
storage under irrigation. Also to be considered are salt and specific ion
accumulations possible with changes in irrigation strategies.
Field, greenhouse, growth chamber, and modeling studies will be conducted to determine the effects of major cultural practice options on indirect water management and consequent carbon storage effects. Given the large body of data on the effects of cultural practices on water availability and use for yield, market value of crops, and above-ground biomass production, a key focus will be to increase data on below-ground carbon effects from root growth, carbon compounds exuded from roots, and measured soil carbon changes. Once enough data are collected to provide reasonable links between above- and below-ground carbon relationships, modeling can take better advantage of existing data. New evapotranspiration data and irrigation scheduling relationships emphasizing links to soil carbon storage should be developed and data accumulated. Studies should be conducted to determine and extrapolate interactions between management strategies for combined carbon management in irrigated systems where large amounts of carbonates exist in the soil and in the irrigation water but where source repository relationships have not yet been determined.
Increased carbon storage with optimized agricultural yield and profitability
Rationale. Agronomically managed tree farms are
important U.S. economic and environmental ecosystem components, representing a
potentially large dynamic and manageable repository for atmospheric
What is known. Land management for plantation-style production of pulp and lumber has intensified in the past two decades, particularly in the U.S. Southeast and Pacific Northwest, on industrial and nonindustrial private woodlands. Increasingly, plantation-style woodlot management blurs the conceptual boundaries between agricultural and forestry practices and objectives. Tree farming also is being adapted as an integrated farming technique with intensive animal feeding operations to manage waste nutrients. Woodlot plantation practices routinely involve intensive fertilization, tillage, chemical weed and disease control, and irrigation, with practices tailored to specific soil, site, and system needs. Intensive management of forest and other tree species has increased yields of lumber, pulp, and other wood products. In irrigated Pacific Northwest poplar plantations, the planting-harvest cycle is as short as five years. In Southeastern Loblolly pine, rotation age wood fiber yields are typically doubled. Maintaining tree farm productivity through cycles of planting genetically superior seedlings and managing for enhanced growth with tillage, fertilization, irrigation, herbicide use, clear-cutting, and replanting, gives sustainable high yields over many cycles. Importantly, tree farming also increases short- and long-term carbon storage. Irrigated Pacific Northwest poplar plantations produce 49 tons of trunk and branch wood and 2 tons of leaves per acre by the 4th year of production.
Maintaining tree farm productivity increases the total amount of carbon that can
be captured--in the short-term as paper and wood products and long-term as soil
carbon from roots, exudates, and decomposed litter. Intensively managed tree
farms have a high potential for storing carbon.
Gaps. Sound estimates of the total amount of carbon
stored in intensively managed tree plantations are lacking, particularly the
quantity and long-term fate or transformation of carbon in litter, below-ground
tissues or exudates, and soil. Time scales associated with the fate of carbon in
wood products need to be developed. This documentation will be critical for
policymakers considering establishment of carbon credits for tree
Research to increase the productivity of highly managed tree farms is crucial, both to the economics of tree-producing enterprises and to the issue of long-term carbon storage. Land forms and soils that require tillage need to be identified, to include determining proper tillage practices and conditions (especially soil water) and developing specifically suited tillage equipment. Agronomic research is needed to identify management practice interactions to achieve optimal growth, including refining of site-specific management; potential use of animal, municipal, and industrial wastes; soil property requirements and impacts; and overall system productivity and ecosystem response. Virtually no reliable information exists on tree plantation evapotranspiration responses or irrigation requirements for scheduling to optimize selected system outcomes. One of the most critical gaps in tree farm management is in the areas of root response and below-ground carbon storage.
Existing data will be compiled and studied to synthesize an understanding of the impacts of intensive tree farm management on carbon allocation and to identify knowledge gaps. Simulations and field experiments, conducted in cooperation with industrial and other land owners/producers who are already practicing intensive tree farming, can be used to prioritize research and fill knowledge gaps. These field studies should quantify water, fertilizer, and other resource needs and should consider water quality issues as well as carbon storage. The data and new knowledge from these efforts can be provided to policymakers to quantify and explain the benefits of intensive tree farming as a basis for policy decisions to exploit the potential positive impacts of carbon storage.
Rationale. Soil is the largest reservoir of carbon in
terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding the mechanisms and processes involved in
the accumulation and loss of stored soil carbon provides an opportunity to
develop management strategies that increase carbon storage and decrease carbon
What is known. Carbon is stored in the soil in both
organic and inorganic forms. Neither the organic nor inorganic pools is
homogeneous; both are composed of multiple compounds with a wide range of
activity within the carbon cycle. Storage of organic carbon in the soil begins
with the entrance of plant- and animal-derived material into the soil. Soil
microorganisms control organic carbon cycling and storage in the soil by
decomposing dead plant and animal matter and releasing carbon dioxide back to
the atmosphere. Important factors regulating this microbial activity include the
physical and chemical properties of the plant and animal materials entering the
soil, the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and climatic conditions
(e.g., temperature and precipitation).
Gaps. The above known factors need better definition
as they relate to soil carbon storage. To enhance soil storage of organic
carbon, we need to better understand the soil ecology (i.e., how the physical,
chemical, and biological factors of the soil interact and affect each other).
For example, soil aggregation processes contribute to the physical protection of
soil organic carbon, but the relationship between the biological and chemical
processes involved in soil aggregation is not well understood. Also needed is a
better understanding of physical processes (e.g., erosion, fire, or leaching) by
which organic carbon is lost from the soil.
We must use and assess new and emerging technologies to conduct basic and applied laboratory, greenhouse, and field research to fill identified knowledge gaps. Collaboration among research scientists is necessary to integrate research on the mechanisms and processes of carbon storage, model development, and the development of management practices to enhance soil carbon storage. Interdisciplinary approaches will be important in this research. Archived soil samples from previous studies can be reassessed to glean information on soil carbon changes related to specific long-term management practices. This effort also can benefit from literature searches of past studies on soil organic matter and soil carbon changes related to land use and management practices within land uses. Results of these searches can be used to assess the subsequent effects of these management practices on carbon storage potential. Adjacent sites with similar soil but known long-term differences in land use or management practices should be identified to allow comparison of differences in stored soil carbon.
Enhanced soil and plant productivity with maximum soil carbon storage
Linkages to Other ARS National Programs
Rationale. Inorganic carbon, as calcium carbonate and
dolomite, constitutes one of the largest carbon pools in the Earth's surface
environment, comparable in magnitude to the organic carbon pool. In arid and
semiarid irrigated regions, the soil inorganic carbon pool is usually several
times larger than the organic carbon pool. The importance of inorganic carbon to
the global carbon cycle is that it can serve as a long-term source or repository
for atmospheric carbon dioxide, thereby affecting the atmospheric carbon dioxide
What is known. The interaction of agricultural
practices and inorganic carbon is of major importance. Liming of soils
(application of calcium carbonate) potentially can release significant
quantities of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, but in some instances also may
serve as a repository. Irrigation practices, especially in arid and semiarid
environments, may result in either carbon dioxide release to the atmosphere or
storage of carbon, depending on various site- specific conditions, such as
hydrological setting, irrigation and leaching efficiency, source of water,
irrigation system, and nutrient management. Similarly, fertilizer and gypsum
application impact inorganic carbon storage and release of carbon dioxide.
Models exist to predict the carbon dioxide production and transport in the soil,
thus the carbon dioxide concentration can be predicted as well. Models also
exist to predict the soil solution composition and the amount of precipitation
or dissolution of carbonate minerals in the soil. The predicted change in
inorganic carbon and carbon dioxide release is related to the irrigation water
composition, plant water uptake, and soil carbon dioxide content. These models
have not been tested extensively to validate the predicted changes.
Gaps. We have no information on the changes in soil
inorganic carbon as a result of agriculture and only rough estimates of the
predicted impact of various practices on carbon release to the atmosphere. There
is only limited, preliminary information on the impact of irrigation on changes
in inorganic carbon and carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. We can
predict the long-term impact of liming on carbon release to the atmosphere but
have no information or data on the rate at which it is released. We can predict
the net effect of irrigation practices on carbon release, but such analyses have
not been undertaken for specific locations, and the conclusions cannot be
generalized to other irrigation basins or districts. Computer models are
available to estimate the amounts of carbon release or storage under different
management practices, but this information needs to be integrated into a
hydrologic model where the transport of the water to either surface or deep
aquifers is determined. Similarly, data on fertilizer applications are
available, but there is no information about the interaction of the fertilizer
and increased biological activity in the soil on the inorganic soil
Soil cores will be collected at intervals over time in major agricultural regions from both cropped and disturbed sites and analyzed for inorganic carbon. The data will be used to calculate the changes in carbon storage and to determine the net effect on carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Models then will be developed to predict carbon changes in present systems and to evaluate the impact of various management changes. Recommendations regarding carbon release will be evaluated in terms of other environmental consequences, such as efficient use of water and salt and nutrient loading to ground and surface waters. We also will measure residual inorganic carbon on limed fields and calculate carbon dioxide emission rates under different conditions.
New management practices on irrigated lands will reduce carbon dioxide emissions or facilitate storage of inorganic carbon in agricultural soils and hydrologic systems.
Rationale. Most agricultural soils in temperate
climates have lost significant amounts of original organic carbon because of
excessive tillage. Conservation tillage practices that include reduced and
no-tillage farming and increased cropping intensity, along with reseeding of
marginal croplands to permanent cover, can increase soil organic matter and
store a significant portion of the carbon released during the burning of fossil
fuels. However, carbon and nitrogen cycles are linked such that storing carbon
in soil requires inputs of nitrogen.
What is known. Several sources of nitrogen contribute
to the soil nitrogen pool and can be available for incorporation into soil
organic matter. Commercial fertilizer is a major source of nitrogen for
conventional farming. Production of commercial fertilizer requires large amounts
of energy and consumes fossil fuel. The effect of microbial activity on
atmospheric nitrogen, associated with legumes for example, is a low input source
of significant amounts of nitrogen. Animal wastes are an important source of
nitrogen to the soil, but concentrating animals some distance from the
production sites has created distribution problems. Rain and snow annually
contribute a small amount of nitrogen to all terrestrial systems. Nitrogen in
unharvested plant material is the largest single source of nitrogen returned to
the soil in most cropping systems. The availability of this nitrogen for plant
use depends on the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and the quality of carbon in the
plant residue. The wider the ratio and the more lignin tissue in the plant
material, the slower the release of nitrogen during decomposition. The soil is a
major repository for atmospheric methane, but ammonia-based fertilizer has been
shown to interfere with methane oxidation.
Gaps. Increasing soil organic matter as stored carbon
makes nitrogen less available for plant growth. There are economic and/or
environmental problems associated with all available sources of nitrogen, and
nitrogen transformations in the soil affect both the storage and release of soil
carbon. Both the production and application of commercial nitrogen fertilizer
require the use of fossil fuels, thus adding to atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Legumes will not economically fit into all crop rotations; methods of increasing
nitrogen fixation by free-living (neither parasitic nor symbiotic) microbes are
poorly understood; animal wastes are concentrated in locations away from
production areas; and deposition of nitrogen in precipitation is a small portion
of crop needs. It is known that microbial oxidation of ammonia-containing
compounds increases soil acidity, but the amount of acidification and the
resulting carbon dioxide emissions have not been quantified.
Existing experimental data on use of legumes in crop rotations in different geographic and climatic areas will be analyzed to determine where it is feasible to incorporate legumes into crop rotations. Economic models will be used to determine where and when legumes can be used economically. Laboratory and field experiments will be conducted to determine how to encourage nitrogen fixation by free-living microorganisms, and laboratory and field experiments will be used to quantify the acidification that occurs from oxidation of organic nitrogen sources. Long-term research plots and natural systems in various climates will be examined to determine the extent and duration of interference by ammonia-based fertilizers with methane oxidation.
Increased nitrogen availability to store carbon in the soil, improve soil productivity, and reduce fossil fuel use in food production
Rationale. To determine the soil's capacity to store
carbon, it is critical to know the amount and rate of carbon exchanges between
soil and the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide uptake by photosynthesis has been
extensively researched. In contrast, the major limitation to understanding
carbon exchanges, within the context of soil carbon storage, is the rate of
carbon return to the atmosphere. Long-term conventional tillage of soils is
known to deplete soil organic carbon below pre-cultivation levels. However, it
is difficult to quantify and chart the time courses involved and to measure
total carbon exchanges that result in soil carbon storage generated by land use
and management practices.
What is known. A variety of meteorological, gas
chamber, and carbon isotope techniques has been developed for measuring
atmospheric and soil carbon interchanges and fluxes. Daily carbon dioxide
exchanges can vary widely, with large uptakes of carbon by growing plants during
the summer, and large emissions of carbon to the atmosphere in the fall as
vegetation dies. Several models of carbon cycling in soil are available,
although validation of key components has been hampered by lack of data and
shortcomings in measurement technology.
Gaps. Most important to determining the amount of
carbon stored in soils is the ability to measure soil carbon content and
validate changes to that content over time. Adequate measurement of changes in
soil carbon must include evaluation of the physical, biological, and chemical
characteristics of soil organic matter and soil inorganic carbon. In addition,
stabilities of various physical and chemical components of soil organic matter
need to be evaluated. Measurement of changes in soil carbon storage must include
sampling schemes that address the spatial and temporal variability of soil
carbon; soil bulk density (weight per volume); and chemical, physical, and
biological soil properties. We also need rapid analytical and field surveillance
methods to extend our predictive capability of soil carbon storage and changes.
Thus far, concerns about changes in soil carbon have focused mainly on those resulting from biological processes; however, changes may result from soil inorganic carbon gains and losses caused by soil erosion, downward movement through the soil profile as dissolved organic or inorganic carbon, and burning. We need methods to estimate these abiotic losses.
Systematic methodologies to determine the impact of land use and management practices on soil carbon storage are needed to predict actual and potential soil carbon storage at local, regional, national, and global scales. Techniques and models are needed to estimate and predict soil carbon storage and storage potentials over similar land management areas from field to regional and national scales. Finally, models must be able to predict the concurrent impact of agricultural practices on both carbon dioxide exchange and the exchange of other greenhouse gases to assess the integrated effect on climate change.
Field techniques, including micrometeorological methods and destructive sampling, will be used to measure carbon dioxide balances (increase vs. decrease) over representative landscapes for the long term. Soil sampling and chamber techniques will be used to determine land use and management-induced soil carbon losses. Emphasis will be placed on the development of new techniques to measure the physical, chemical, and biological changes in soil organic matter over time. Subsurface soil water sampling will be used to estimate convective losses of soluble carbon. Models will be developed and used to estimate soil carbon storage and storage potentials over similar land use and management areas and for scaling up from field to regional and national level estimates. This effort will include the use of remote sensing and geographical information systems.


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Family members filled the courtroom as the Hillsdale County prosecutor called his first witnesses against James Campbell. The very first was the state trooper who responded to the call the night Beautiful Skyla Villanueva was killed.
"I went up and checked on...... what was Beautiful," mumbled Michigan State Police Officer James A. Weldy as his lip quivered. "Seeing the round circular bite marks on her arms was about all I needed to see to know that there was other issues other then what I was being told of her falling down the stairs."
Paramedics tried to revive the child, then rushed her to the hospital where she was pronounced dead. Trooper Weldy claims Campbell became aggressive when Weldy tried take his girlfriend Ashley Ferguson in a separate car to the hospital.
"He came over and started yelling again," said Weldy. "He turned away, then turned back towards me and spit."
Cambell spit right in his face, according to Weldy's testimony. The second witness was the expert in forensic pathology who conducted the autopsy on 3-year-old Skyla.
"Skyla had many injuries to her head, abrasions, bruises...and in her hair was matted gum," described expert Diane Scala-Barnett, as she pointed to where the injuries took place. "This is not accidental injury, this is abusive head trauma," said Dr. Scala-Barnett, a physician, deputy coroner, and forensic pathologist who has conducted about 8,700 autopsies.
Dr. Scala-Barnett says the head injuries caused her death, though Skyla experienced more than 85 injuries all over her body including a fractured arm, human bite marks, and potentially deadly scalding from a hot liquid.
"It seemed to be a pour injury because it was coming down the chest, coming down the shoulder, and coming down the back. Then there was one pop on her left arm, like a splash," said Dr. Scala-Barnett. "The scalding injuries alone would have been horrendously painful."
The expert says the injuries were all intentional. But the defense is concerned about timline of abuse.
"The defense's view was that there was no strong testimony, nothing that I could hear, that that was caused by James Campbell," said defense attorney Barry Poulson.
Campbell's mother drove up from Ohio to court. She says she has never seen her son harm a child and blames Ferguson for the abuse. Both Campbell and Ferguson's family say they want justice for Skyla.


text:
Wednesday, 10/03/1990
Thunderbird's, Portland, ME
Set 1: Dinner and a Movie, Uncle Pen, Stash, DividedDivided Sky > Bouncin'Bouncing Around the Room > LandladyThe Landlady, CoilThe Squirming Coil, Paul and Silas, Asse FestivalThe Asse Festival, Mike'sMike's Song > HydrogenI Am Hydrogen[1] > WeekapaugWeekapaug Groove
Set 2: Buried Alive, Goin' Down Slow, MSOMy Sweet One, Gumbo, GTBTGood Times Bad Times, Magilla, Tube, YEMYou Enjoy Myself, Minute by Minute, Possum
Encore: GolgiGolgi Apparatus
[1] "I walk awakening on the misty fields of forever" lyrics.
Average Song Gap: 3.22
Performers: Trey Anastasio, Page McConnell, Jon Fishman, Mike Gordon
Notes: The beginning of Hydrogen included the lyrics "I walk awakening on the misty fields of forever." There are no recordings of this show in circulation.
Song Distribution:
4 Stash
4 Junta
3 A Picture of Nectar
3 Lawn Boy
2 The White Tape
1 The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday
Songs by Debut Year:
This show was part of the "1990 Tour."


text:
Morning Links: Tiffany Tarnishes the High-End
Wither the high end? Tiffany shares plunge after earnings slide 30%, weak outlook - WSJ
Eddy Cue: Apple Inc.'s Rising Mr. Fix-It – WSJ
Cracker Barrel needs to sell more peg-board games – Ahead of the Tape
Euro zone business confidence ticks up for first time since the spring – WSJ
The Santa Claus rally has officially begun, gamers get in line – Big Picture
Goldman's five strategies for 2013 – MarketWatch
Lenovo taking on Apple, Samsung in smartphone market – WSJ
Is bad news still good for gold? – Up and Down Wall Street
Stock picking, just another upper-middle-class hobby – Felix Salmon
For more MarketBeat and other streaming markets coverage from The Wall Street Journal, point your mobile browser to wsj.com/marketspulse.


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A claimant for unemployment insurance who has been denied benefits, may file
an appeal of that denial to the Appeals Division. An employer may appeal a determination granting benefits to
a former employee. You may appeal and request a hearing on the facts. The appeal must be filed in writing and
must be filed within 15 calendar days from the date the determination was mailed. All appeals must be in
writing and submitted by mail or fax. The address to file your appeal is:
Appeals Division
1100 N. Eutaw Street, Room 505
Baltimore, MD 21201
Telephone # 410-767-2421
Fax # 410-225-9781.
The last date to file an appeal as well as the address to which the
appeal should be filed is printed on both monetary and non-monetary determinations. Your signature must be
included on the request for appeal. Appeals cannot be filed by E-mail. DO NOT FILE AN APPEAL FROM AN INITIAL
If an appeal is filed, a hearing will be held by a Hearing Examiner, who will then issue a written decision.
That decision is appealable by a claimant, an employer or the Department to the Board of Appeals.
Return to the Unemployment Insurance Appeals home page
Return to the Division of Unemployment Insurance home page
Questions or comments regarding the Division of Unemployment Insurance may be directed to
Questions or comments regarding the DLLR website may be directed to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Updated December 2, 2014


text:
Grohe 28459EN0 Brushed Nickel Movario Wall Supply Elbow With 1/2" Connection
Offer Ends
Technical Specs
|Specification Sheet
|Manufacturer Warranty
|Connection Size
|Grohe Technology
|Installation Type
|Wall Mounted
|Product Weight
Many of our faucet lines have their own range of bath accessories with matching design details and finishes. GROHE Bath Accessories afford you the ability to create an aesthetically coordinated bathing space.
- Inlet: 1/2" NPT female thread
Additional Grohe Links
Our SKU: 28 459
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Aluminum
- Brushed Nickel
- Oil Rubbed Bronze
- Polished Brass
- Polished Nickel
- Satin Nickel
- Starlight Chrome
- Velour Chrome
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
7 Questions from the Community
The Grohe 28 459 is 1 1/2" away from the wall.
How far does this elbow extend from the wall?
A. The Grohe 28 459 is 1 1/2" away from the wall.
The Rohl E824 is solid brass and should suffice.
Do you sell another brand of Wall Supply Elbow that would work with the Grohe 28 574 Movario Five Function Hand Shower? Perhaps one that's not plastic?
A. The Rohl E824 is solid brass and should suffice.
That Rohl elbow should work just fine, and it is available in a satin nickel finish.
Does the Rohl E824 wall supply elbow work with the Grohe 28 917 Relexa Ultra Five function Hand Shower? If yes does it come in a brushed nickel finish?
A. That Rohl elbow should work just fine, and it is available in a satin nickel finish.
The Grohe 28 459 will work with the Rohl U.5546.
Will Rohl U.5546 Wall Outlet for Handshower work instead of this (28 459) with the Grohe 28 444 hand shower?
A. The Grohe 28 459 will work with the Rohl U.5546.
Yes, The Grohe 28 459 will work with the 28 917.
will this work with the 28 917 as I am trying to find a wall supply elbow in oil rubbed bronze?
A. Yes, The Grohe 28 459 will work with the 28 917.
The Grohe 28 459 is just 1 wall union.
Is this 1 pair of wall unions or 1 wall union?
A. The Grohe 28 459 is just 1 wall union.
The Grohe 28 459 does work with the Grohe 28 436.
Is this compatible with the Grohe 28 436?
The Grohe 28 459 does work with the Grohe 28 436.
Product Reviews
Grohe Movario Collection
Other Products In The Grohe Movario Collection
Grohe 28 574
Movario Multi-Function Hand Shower Package with Sp...$370.99-$529.85(6)
Grohe 28 444
Movario Multi-Function Hand Shower with SpeedClean...$128.64-$211.01(16)
Grohe 28 448
Movario 2.5 GPM Multi-Function Shower Head with Sp...$154.99-$225.78(10)
Grohe 28 484
Movario Wall Supply Elbow With 1/2" Connection$60.54-$88.00(1)
Grohe 28 528
Movario Body Spray Dual Function$105.35-$196.00
Warranty Info
Residential Products
GROHE provides the following warranties on its products to the original purchaser, installed in a residential application. This warranty is effective for all faucets sold after January 1, 1997. Grohe will send customers back to original place of purchase if parts wont fix the issue but they want to trouble shoot it with a customer first
Mechanical Warranty
A Limited Lifetime Warranty is provided on all mechanical parts to be free from manufacturing defects in materials and workmanship under normal use for as long as the original purchaser owns their home.
General Finish WarrantyTM
A Limited Lifetime Warranty is provided on all GROHE product finishes to the original purchaser against manufacturing defects in materials and workmanship. At its option, GROHE will repair or replace any part or finish that proves to be defective in material and/or workmanship under normal installation, use and service.
To obtain warranty repair or replacement the faulty part or product is to be sent along with proof-of-purchase (original sales receipt) from the original consumer purchaser to:
- GROHE America, Inc.
241 Covington Drive
Bloomingdale, IL 60108
This warranty is extended to the original consumer owner, but does not cover installation or any other labor charges and shall not apply to any products or parts of products which have been:
- Repaired by unqualified persons or not using original GROHE spare parts or altered in any manner unless previously authorized in writing by GROHE; or
- Damaged as a result of misuse, negligence, accident or faulty installation or maintenance; or
- Installed or used in a manner contrary to GROHE's printed instructions; or
- Damaged by the effects of dirt, limescale or aggressive cleaners.
This warranty excludes all industrial, commercial, and business usage whose purchasers are extended a one (1) year limited warranty from the date of purchase, with all other terms of this warranty. (See following for commercial products.)
Commercial Products
GROHE warrants its products installed in a commercial application to be free from manufacturing defects for a period of one (1) year from the date of acquisition by original owner. Replaced products or parts are warranted only for the period remaining under the initial warranty.
This warranty is limited solely to the above and this warranty and any warranties implied by state law will apply only for the applicable warranty period specified herein. Also, GROHE will not be liable for any loss, damage, expense or incidental or consequential damages of any kind, whether based on warranty, contract or negligence and arising in connection with the sale, use or repair of the product. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of consequential damage or limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so the above limitations or exclusions may not apply. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. Unless otherwise contrary to state law governing the purchase, GROHE's liability will not exceed the contract price for the product claimed to be defective or unsuitable.


text:
Cyrus is an awesome male tabby available for adoption at the Fort Leavenworth Veterinary Treatment Facility.
He has already been neutered, microchipped and vaccinated. Call (913) 684-6510 for more information.
The VTF is at 831 McClellan Ave. and is open 8 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday and 1-3:30 p.m. Wednesday. Pets available for adoption are listed on www.petfinder.com.
Photo by Prudence Siebert/Fort Leavenworth Lamp


text:
It may be a hard fact to swallow when your team realizes that it is time to retreat, but in certain scenarios it is an unavoidable tactic. If you find your team in a situation where withdrawal is the best possible option, there are numerous ways to execute a successful retreat.
Strategize a plan:
The whole team must be ready to go to a common safe area if it is necessary to retreat. Determine a place, or multiple places, that provides enough cover to protect the entire team. It's a good idea to move closer to the assisted team members in order to more readily obtain help. Your assist units should be concealed prior to the start of the game so the opposing team will not have any idea where the players are heading.
Move with a plan:
to repeat, strategize! Retreating does not necessarily mean rushing to safety. While retreating is certainly a defensive move, it is essential to stay alert. While retreating makes certain that the opposing paintball players have much more restricted access to your players, it's up to the whole squad to take turns in returning fire for cover.
While there is still room for control, end the retreat:
not when the whole team can no longer be shot but when there's still a chance to fight the opponent. It'll be harder when the enemies cannot be seen because the damage they could inflict is much worse.
The catch:
There are special occasions when a team retreats just to lure the enemies into a trap. By keeping the paintball team together and drawing back, it might give the opponent the feeling they are already winning, resulting in false confidence and ultimately more vulnerable to attack. Once the assisting unit is behind you, utilize speed and shoot the enemies.
NOTE: Being fired at during a paintball game is not to be used as a reason to retreat. It could be a good chance to change stations and use the advantage for better cover. It might be good to retreat in order to mess up the enemy's strategies.


text:
- A Favorite
- Currently Unavailable
Completely updated with a criss-cross pattern raised grip graphic. There are grip elements at the top and bottom of the shaft where you would typically tape your shaft. X pattern has a raised grip feel to it that gives you the ultimate control on the stick.
Lightweight, strong and sick. Made of high grade C-405 aluminum alloy.


text:
You don't need a basement full of awkward barbells and dumbbells to take advantage of the many benefits of traditional weightlifting exercises. With Body Solid Tools Exercise Bars, fitness is always within easy reach, because they can quickly and easily be stored away in a closet. Body Solid gives exercise bars a fresh modern look and user-friendly features:
Weight training has been around for centuries, offering benefits that range from core conditioning to building muscle strength to defining and toning a healthy overall physique.
Today, modern exerscience and industry-current manufacturing processes make it possible for you to achieve results in the comfort and convenience of your own home that were once only possible at a professionally outfitted gym.
Body Solid Tools Fitness Bars are a great way to incorporate fitness into your everyday lifestyle. They can be used on their own for a variety of lifting, curling, pressing and stretching exercises, and they are ideal for a variety of group applications like physical therapy, aerobics, yoga and Pilates.
Whether you prefer group exercise or working out on your own, Body Solid Tools Fitness Bars are the ideal companions for a lifetime of strength and fitness.


text:
Definición de dim en inglés:
adjetivo (dimmer, dimmest)
1(Of a light, color, or illuminated object) not shining brightly or clearly: her face was softened by the dim light
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Her big dark emerald green eyes shone brightly in the dim light.
- The dim rays of light were shining through, just like before.
- The lighting that is currently in place is extremely poor, with only six lights providing dim illumination inside the subway.
faint, weak, feeble, soft, pale, dull, subdued, muted
1.1(Of an object or shape) made difficult to see by darkness, shade, or distance: a dim figure in the dark kitchen
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Then she began to make out dim shapes that in a few moments revealed themselves to be crates, tackle, ropes, barrels, and hooks.
- Then, turning back towards the dim shapes across the stream, 'It's like that joke about looking into a nudist camp,' he said.
- Eventually the ship's throbbing cut out, and they could see the dim shapes of launches being lowered over the sides.
indistinct, ill-defined, unclear, vague, shadowy, nebulous, obscured, blurred, blurry, fuzzy
1.2(Of a room or space) made difficult to see in by darkness: long dim corridors
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Frescoes of demons and spirits writhe across the walls of its prayer halls, and the drone of absorbed monks fills dim rooms and corridors.
- About half of the 20 young women are otherwise engaged in the Champagne Room, a dim, closet-size space that holds half a dozen couples.
- I was pleasantly surprised to discover a clamorous, dim room filled with networked computers available dirt-cheap.
dark, badly lit, ill-lit, underlit, dingy, dismal, gloomy, murky
literary tenebrous
1.3(Of the eyes) not able to see clearly: his eyes became dim
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- 'My eyes are dim, I cannot see, I have not brought my specs with me, I have not brought my specs with me'.
- Her chestnut eyes were dim with sleepiness as they came in contact with his live blue ones.
- When she stood back up, the blood rushed around her brain and made her eyes go dim for a moment.
1.4(Of a sound) indistinct or muffled: the dim drone of their voices
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- My thinking was interrupted by dim sounds off in the distance.
- It was a dim sound, and was clearly growing steadier by the second.
- He pushed his focus toward the dim echoes of the water.
1.5(Of prospects) not giving cause for hope or optimism: their prospects for the future looked pretty dim
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Once they leave, future prospects are extremely dim.
- The Minister painted a human figure in black surrounded by red with a dash of yellow on the top giving it a cheerful outlook in otherwise dim circumstances.
- But our chronically weak dollar is a clear sign that the global investment community thinks our economic prospects are dim.
gloomy, unpromising, unfavorable, discouraging, disheartening, depressing, dispiriting, hopeless
2Not clearly recalled or formulated in the mind: she had dim memories of that time the matter was in the dim and distant past
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- I have in mind a dim memory of the Commissioner trying to grapple with this kind or problem.
- I can also vaguely recall occasionally going to a club called Catacombs, but since I was off my face on snakebite and black, my memories are dim and distant.
- Those days, however, must seem a dim and distant memory.
vague, imprecise, imperfect, unclear, indistinct, sketchy, hazy, blurred, shadowy
2.1 informal Stupid or slow to understand: you're just incredibly dim
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- No less worrisome, therefore, is the fact that the networks that own so many of these stations are too dim to understand this fact.
- It was generally accepted that he either wanted a nuclear war or was too dim to understand the consequences.
- I try convincing a couple of girls driving in to back out and go back in again, but they are too dim to understand.
verbo (dims, dimming, dimmed)
1Make or become less bright or distinct: [with object]: a smoky inferno that dimmed the sun [no object]: the lights dimmed and the curtains parted
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- The bright lights dimmed, the piano's final note died down, and it was over.
- As the star got larger and larger and almost unbearably bright, the light started to dim, fading away behind them.
- When you come through the front door the lights have dimmed, the curtains closed and music is playing to welcome you home.
1.1 [with object] Lower (a vehicle's headlights) from high to low beam: (as adjective dimmed) the car moved slowly, its headlights dimmed
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- This year, it plans to introduce automatic dimming headlights.
- They didn't dim their lights; hardly any driver that passed by dimmed his lights.
- Its headlights dimmed down, shutting off, and the driver guided the vehicle ahead.
turn down, lower, soften, subdue, mute
literary bedim
1.2Make or become less intense or favorable: [with object]: the difficulty in sleeping couldn't dim her happiness [no object]: the company's prospects have dimmed
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Conversely, after the Chinese intervention, support declined, based on dimming prospects for gains beyond the status quo.
- You've allowed the passage of time to dim the intensity of the moment and your rational faculty to devalue what is no longer integral to your life.
- The impact of a year of low-intensity warfare on public opinion on both sides of the divide has further dimmed the prospects for peace.
fade, become vague, dwindle, blur
1.3Make or become less able to see clearly: [with object]: your sight is dimmed [no object]: his eyes dimmed
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- His sight was dimming and his hearing had nearly disappeared.
- Jonathon's sight was dimming; it was swimming in blood and useless tears.
- If one continues to look at it, one's sight becomes dazzled and dimmed, so it is preferable to look at its image in water and avoid a direct look at it, because the intensity of its rays is thereby reduced.
take a dim view of
- Regard with disapproval.Oraciones de ejemplo
- If information is received and no action is taken the force would take a dim view of that.
- Residents view street cleaning as a fundamental job of their council, and will take a dim view of any further deterioration of the service.
- As a former chairman I would take a dim view of not being allowed into a dressing room.
dimmish adjetivo
- Oraciones de ejemplo
- From the dimmish light of the hallway, I opened my room's door to a small entryway and admired the hardwood floors.
- Notably, you'd not want to use it dimmish light, when people are moving quickly, without flash.
- Oraciones de ejemplo
- See an eye care professional if you have any loss or dimness of vision, pain, fluid coming from the eye, double vision, redness, or swelling.
- What the dimness suggests here is the fading of one age and the approach of a new one, a cultural agon crystallized in these two men.
- We hurried a few steps down the hall, then stopped, our eyes adjusting to the dimness.
Old English dim, dimm, of Germanic origin; related to German dialect timmer.
Palabras que riman con dimbedim, brim, crim, glim, grim, Grimm, gym, him, hymn, Jim, Kim, limb, limn, nim, prim, scrim, shim, Sim, skim, slim, swim, Tim, trim, vim, whim
For editors and proofreaders
División en sílabas: dim
Definición de dim en:
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Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda


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From Kingston, Jamaica
By Rajeshr-Oracle on Jul 13, 2009
And thus I landed in the Norman Manley Intl Airport at Kingston, located so close to the sea that while landing, for a moment at least, I thought the flight was landing in water!!!
I was charged USD 25 for transportation from the airport to the Hilton Kingston and that I felt was reasonable considering the distance covered. It was water on either side of the road for a good distance from airport to the Hotel and I really enjoyed that sight. Like me, if you also carry a misconception that it's beaches and beaches all over this Island, please be clear that no one comes to Kingston to see beaches. There aren't many beaches in this part of the world. For beaches, there are other exotic destinations within the Island.
I love the beaches. Since Kingston offered no famous ones and because I had a weekend at my disposal I followed a friend's advice to book myself on to the Knutsford Express that carried me from Kingston to Montego Bay, an exotic tourist location in Jamaica, on a Saturday, dated 11 July 2009. I came back to Kingston the same day evening in the same bus.
And here I'm resting on a Sunday in my hotel at Kingston. Oh yeah, before I forget, I'm here for a very serious reason, not to enjoy a vacation. A two weeks Boot camp around Sun's Software and Hardware Products at Fujitsu is what really brought me here to this Island. How well I managed to take care of the business purpose of this visit is for the folks in the photograph to comment. May be, their happy faces would well be a positive indication of a good Phase I of the Boot Camp.
Tomorrow I'm starting the Phase II of the program and I am looking forward for a wonderful experience full of learning and fun!


text:
Bertha M. Perdue 94 of Sandyville, WV, formerly of Decota, WV, a beloved Mother, Grandmother and Christian went to be with the Lord on Friday, March 1, 2013 while surrounded by her family at her home.
She was born October 25, 1918 a daughter of the late Tony and Leona Simms Sanford. Her joys in life was being a mother, grandmother, going to church and being a devoted Christian. In addition to her parents she was preceded in death by her husband Robert Perdue Sr.
She is survived by sons Robert (Rita) Perdue Jr., William (Tammie) Perdue; daughters Wanda (Patrick) Jarrell, Clara Duffield, Mary Perdue, Patty (Danny) Pauley and Thelma (Mark) Lancaster; brothers Dallas (Bonnie) Sanford and Rush (Sandy) Merritt; sister Linda Sanford; Thirteen grandchildren, 25 great grandchildren and a host of friends.
Funeral Services were Monday, March 4, 2013 at Waybright Funeral Home.
Pastor Al Mendez officiated. Burial will be in Montgomery Memorial Gardens, Glasgow.
Friends called until the time of service Monday at the funeral home.
Location, ST | website.com


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Shrimp SpaghettiBecause this dish takes shortcuts by using canned pasta sauce and tomatoes, here in the Deep South it is often referred to as Shrimp Boat Spaghetti, a dish that can easily be made with a scoop out of the day's catch with ingredients that are easily transported on a shrimp boat.
It's a speedy dish that comes together in no time but tastes like it simmered all day, perfect for those long work days. Use whatever sauce you like here, what you can catch on sale, or what is available at a lower cost. I prefer the Del Monte traditional version of their canned sauce, because it tastes great and is inexpensive.
As always, I recommend using Wild American shrimp, never foreign imports and if you are near us, preferably Gulf shrimp, when purchasing shrimp.
Here's how to make it.
Recipe: Shrimp Spaghetti©From the Kitchen of Deep South Dish
Prep time: 10 min |Cook time: 30 min | Yield: About 4 to 6 servings
- 1 pound of medium shrimp, shelled and deveined
- 1/2 teaspoon of Creole or Cajun seasoning (like Slap Ya Mama), to taste
- 1 tablespoon of olive oil
- 1 cup of chopped Vidalia or yellow onion
- 1/2 cup of chopped medium sweet bell pepper (red or green)
- 2 toes of garlic, chopped
- 1 (14.5 ounce) can of Italian style stewed tomatoes
- 1 (26.5 ounce) can of your favorite pasta sauce
- 2 medium bay leaves
- 1/2 teaspoon of dried basil
- 1 (1 pound) package of spaghetti noodles
- Kosher salt and freshly cracked black pepper, to taste
- 1/4 teaspoon of dried parsley flakes
Peel and devein shrimp, rinse and drain well and pat dry with paper towels. Spread shrimp out on a large baking pan in a single layer and sprinkle lightly with Cajun seasoning to taste depending on how hot you like it. Set aside.
Add olive oil to a deep skillet and heat to medium. Add chopped onion and bell pepper and sauté until tender. Add garlic and cook a bit longer but do not allow garlic to brown or it will have a bitter taste. Add stewed tomatoes and use a potato masher to break them up. Simmer for 10 to 15 minutes. Add spaghetti sauce, bay leaves and a couple shakes of basil; let simmer for another 15 minutes.
In the meantime, bring a large pot of water to a boil and add to it 2 to 3 very generous pinches of kosher salt. Add pasta and cook to al dente. Reserve about 1 cup of the pasta water before draining and set aside. Drain pasta well and set aside. Add shrimp to sauce, stir well and cook just until pink and cooked through. Add only enough pasta water to sauce as needed, and only if sauce has become too thick. Combine the pasta with several spoons of the sauce and toss well. Plate individual servings of pasta, top with sauce, crack a bit of fresh black pepper over top and sprinkle very lightly with parsley.
Source: http://www.deepsouthdish.com/
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©Deep South Dish
☛ Are you on Facebook? If you haven't already, come and join the party! We have a lot of fun & there's always room for one more at the table.
Easy "Homemade" Spaghetti and Meatballs or Meat Sauce
Grandma Mac's Homemade Chicken Spaghetti
Baked Spaghetti


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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Catherine Lu, Public Information Officer (702) 486-6982 / 334-7953 firstname.lastname@example.com (Carson City, NV; March 6, 2014) — Secretary of State Ross Miller released the updated appointment schedule of individuals who plan to file Declarations of Candidacy for non-judicial offices in the 2014 election. To date, seven individuals have scheduled appointments with Secretary of State Elections Division filing officers between March 7 and March 14. Date and Time Candidate Office Filing Location 3/7 at 8 a.m. Brian Sandoval Governor Carson City 3/7 at 10 a.m. Robin Titus Assembly District 38 Carson City 3/7 at 3:30 a.m. John "Jed" Block Assembly District 40 Carson City 3/7 at 4:30 p.m. Jared Townsend Assembly District 40 Carson City 3/10 at 8:45 a.m. Steven Horsford U.S. Congressional District 4 Las Vegas 3/14 at 2 p.m. Chris Hyepock Governor Las Vegas 3/14 at 3 p.m. Todd Bailey Governor/Controller Carson City Candidate filing for non-judicial offices on the 2014 ballot closes at 5 p.m. on Friday, March 14. Candidates can still schedule appointments with the Elections Division at 775-684-5705 during regular business hours (8 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Appointments are not mandatory and scheduled on a first call-first served basis. Elections Division staff do their best to accommodate individuals' schedules. Candidates who drop in to file without an appointment may have to wait until a filing officer is available. If you would like to be notified of candidate filings through March 14, please subscribe to the Secretary of State's "eNotification" system to receive "Candidate Filings." The "eNotification" button is located on the lower left of the homepage, www.nvsos.gov or by clicking here. You will be notified via e-mail as soon as a candidate completes the filing process.
# # #
101 N Carson Street Suite 3 Carson City, NV 89701 | (775) 684-5708 © 2010 - 2015 All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy and Disclaimer | About This Site


text:
Welcome to triOS College - the first step towards your career success. We are committed to your future and have been training graduates for over 22 years. We provide you with a hands-on approach to learning. Half day classes mean you can work and study. Programs start monthly, not just once a year.
What does that all add up to? triOS College.
supply chain
Video Game
With programs starting monthly, you don't have to wait – get in touch with us today to book your appointment.
Canadian owned and operated, triOS College has trained over 22,000 students in the most essential industries.
Our Career Services department lives for the job. We help you with everything from preparedness to field placements and job hunting.
For the fifth consecutive year, triOS has been awarded the Deloitte Best Managed Company Award and is proud to be a Best Managed Gold Standard Winner.
"My experience at triOS was amazing. The staff and students were extremely friendly. I am currently working in my field and couldn't be happier…" Desiree Seiersen, triOS Grad
Your student experience is as important as your education. At triOS, there are many services available to current students as well as triOS grads!
Copyright triOS College Business Technology Healthcare Inc.| ID#


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A northwest Canton man is accused of striking a distant relative with a baseball bat after she reportedly refused his sexual advances, according to Stark County Jail records.
Kenneth J. Fitzwater, 21, of 527 Arlington Ave. NW, was arrested at 7:08 p.m. Thursday at his home on charges of felonious assault and sexual imposition.
The jail records said he groped the woman and, when she "refused his advances," he hit her with the bat.
The extent of her injuries wasn't listed in the records.
Fitzwater remained in the jail early Friday, held in lieu of $51,000 bond pending a hearing in Canton Municipal Court.
Reach Lori at 330-580-8309 or on Twitter: @lmonsewiczREP
Location, ST | website.com


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Filed Under (Toyota) by admin on 05-08-2010
1. Install cylinder head. A. Place cylinder head on cylinder block. (a) Place a new cylinder head gasket on the cylinder block. CAUTION: Be careful of the installation direction. (b) Place the cylinder head on the cylinder head gasket. B. Install cylinder head bolts. NOTE: The cylinder head bolts are tightened in 2 progressive steps (steps (b) and (d)). If any cylinder head bolt is broken or deformed, replace it. (a) Apply a light coat of engine oil on the threads and under the heads of the cylinder head bolts. Cylinder Head Installation Install and uniformly tighten the 10 cylinder head bolts and plate washers in several passes, in the sequence shown. Torque: 49 Nm (36 ft. lbs.) If any one of the cylinder head bolts does not meet the torque specification, replace the cylinder head bolt. (c) Mark the front of the cylinder head bolt head with paint. (d) Retighten the cylinder head bolts 90° in the numerical order shown. (e) Check that the painted mark is now at a 90° angle to the front. Install the 2 bolts holding the water bypass pipe to the cylinder head. Torque to 19 Nm (14 ft. lbs.) (g) Connect the camshaft position sensor connector. 2. Install spark plug tubes. (a) Clean the cylinder head tube holes of any residual adhesive, oil or foreign particles. Remove any oil with kerosene or gasoline. (b) Screw the threads of the spark plug tube coated with adhesive into the cylinder head.


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The first Miss Eagle Valley Pageant showcased 18 beautiful young women from all over Eagle County and raised money for the Eagle Valley High School Cheerleaders.
The master of ceremonies was Eagle Valley High School Assistant Principal and Athletic Director Tammy Payne.
Judges were Eagle County Commissioner Sarah Fisher, Sheri Rollins, owner Signature Signs, and Sherry Cussion, owner Eagle Embroidery.
The stage director and mentor was Anika Sandberg, Miss Colorado High School, Miss District of Columbia and Eagle Valley High School alumna.
The Winners are:
Tiny Miss (kindergarten-second grade)
• Winner: Princess: Aaliyah Vasquez, second grade, from Eagle Valley Elementary
• First Runner-Up: Zakia Shreeve, kindergarten, from Brush Creek Elementary
• Second Runner-Up: Cadence Moore, kindergarten, from Eagle Valley Elementary
Little Miss (third-fifth grade)
• Winner: Princess: Kendell Sanders, fifth grade, Eagle Valley Elementary
• First Runner-Up: Lilly Dougherty, third grade, Eagle Valley Elementary
• Second Runner-Up: Lisbeth Jimenez, fifth grade, Gypsum Elementary
Junior Miss (sixth-eighth grade)
• Winner: Princess Alexis Valdez, sixth grade, Gypsum Creek Middle
• First Runner-Up: Alessie Acosta, Gypsum Creek Middle
• Second Runner-Up: Alexandra Morales
Miss Eagle Valley 9th grade - 12th grade
• Winner: Queen, Kearstan Sanders, 11th grade, Eagle Valley High School
• First Runner-Up: Paige Boone, 10th grade, Eagle Valley High School
• Second Runner-Up: Valeria Acosta, 11th grade, Eagle Valley High School
The winners were featured at the EVHS Homecoming Parade on Wednesday.
The Miss Eagle Valley Queen and her court will have more than seven community engagements during their reign. From community service projects, to parades and ribbon-cuttings, their year will be filled with community support and character-building opportunities.
If you have questions or would like to be involved in future Miss Eagle Valley Pageants, please contact Wendi Ortiz, Eagle Valley High School Cheer Coach, or Marie Sanders, a parent volunteer, at 970-524-1740.


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It is the policy of the Commission to publish settlements which it provisionally accepts under the Consumer Product Safety Act in the Federal Register in accordance with the terms of 16 CFR 1118.20(e). Published below is a provisionally-accepted Settlement Agreement with Williams- Sonoma, Inc., containing a civil penalty of $987,500, within twenty (20) days of service of the Commission's final Order accepting the Settlement Agreement.
Any interested person may ask the Commission not to accept this agreement or otherwise comment on its contents by filing a written request with the Office of the Secretary by May 24, 2013.
Persons wishing to comment on this Settlement Agreement should send written comments to the Comment 13-C0005, Office of the Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Room 820, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4408.
Kelly M. Moore, Trial Attorney, Division of Compliance, Office of the General Counsel, Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4408; telephone (301) 504-7447.
The text of the Agreement and Order appears below.
Dated: May 6, 2013.
Todd A. Stevenson,
1. In accordance with the Consumer Product Safety Act, 15 U.S.C. 2051-2089 (CPSA) and 16 CFR 1118.20, Williams-Sonoma, Inc. (WS), and the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (Commission), through its staff (Staff), hereby enter into this Settlement Agreement (Agreement). The Agreement, and the incorporated attached Order, resolve Staff's charges set forth below.
2. The Commission is an independent federal regulatory agency, established pursuant to, and responsible for, the enforcement of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2051-2089. By executing the Agreement, the Staff is acting on behalf of the Commission, pursuant to 16 CFR 1118.20(b). The Commission issues the Order under the provisions of the CPSA.
3. WS is a corporation, organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, with its principal corporate office located at 3250 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94109.
4. At all times relevant to this Agreement, Pottery Barn, Inc. was a wholly-owned subsidiary of WS.
5. Between 2003 and 2008, WS imported into the United States approximately 30,000 wooden hammock stands (the Products) and distributed them exclusively through Pottery Barn and PBteen catalogs and Web sites, and Pottery Barn Outlet stores. The Products were sold nationwide for approximately $300.
6. The Products are wooden hammock stands for outdoor use that are held together by metal brackets. Cloth hammocks designed for one or multiple users can be hooked to the steel eye bolts located on the Product's vertical support beams. The Products are "consumer products" "distributed in commerce," as those terms are defined or used in sections 3(a)(5), (8), and (11) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2052(a)(5), (8), and (11), and at all relevant times, WS was a "manufacturer" and "retailer" of those items, as such terms are defined or used in sections 3(a) (11) and (13) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2052(a)(11) and (13).
7. The Products are defective because water and moisture can become trapped in the metal brackets, which can cause the wooden beams to rot inside the bracket. The Products were marketed for outdoor use, where they would routinely be exposed to rain and other inclement weather. Because the rotting was occurring inside the metal bracket, where it was hidden from view, there sometimes was no outward indication to consumers that the wood was rotting, until a consumer sat in the hammock and the beams broke. This posed fall and laceration hazards to consumers.
8. WS received notice of a Product failure as early as November 2004, when a consumer reported to WS that the vertical support beam of the Product's wooden frame had snapped, causing her guest to fall to the ground and sustain injury.
9. On or before October 28, 2006, the date by which WS received its eighth incident report involving the Products, [1] WS had obtained sufficient information that reasonably supported the conclusion that the Products contained a defect or possible defect that could create a substantial product hazard or created an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death. WS was required to inform the Commission immediately of such defect or risk, as required by sections 15(b)(3) and (4) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2064(b)(3) and (4).
10. Despite having information regarding the Products' defect, WS failed to inform the Commission immediately of such defect or risk, as required by sections 15(b)(3) and (4) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2064(b)(3) and (4).
11. WS did not file its Full Report with the Commission until September 11, 2008. WS recalled the Products on October 1, 2008. By that time, WS was aware of 45 incidents involving the Products.
12. In failing to inform the Commission about the Products immediately, WS knowingly violated section 19(a)(4) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2068(a)(4), as the term "knowingly" is defined in section 20(d) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2069(d).
13. Pursuant to section 20 of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2069, WS is subject to civil penalties for its knowing failure to report, as required under section 15(b) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2064(b).
14. WS neither admits nor denies the charges set forth in paragraphs 5 through 13 above, including but not limited to, the charge that the Products contained a defect that could create a substantial product hazard or create an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death, and the contention that WS failed to notify the Commission in a timely manner, in accordance with section 15(b) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2064(b).
15. Under the CPSA, the Commission has jurisdiction over the matter involving the Products described herein and over WS.
16. In settlement of Staff's charges, and to avoid the cost, distraction, delay, uncertainty, and inconvenience of protracted litigation or other proceedings, WS shall pay a civil penalty in the amount of nine hundred eighty-seven thousand five hundred dollars ($987,500) within twenty (20) calendar days after receiving service of the Commission's final Order accepting the Agreement. The payment shall be made by electronic wire transfer to the Commission via: http://www.pay.gov.
17. The parties enter into the Agreement for settlement purposes only. The Agreement does not constitute an admission by WS or a determination by the Commission that WS violated the CPSA's reporting requirements.
18. Following Staff's receipt of this Agreement executed on behalf of WS, Staff shall promptly submit the Agreement to the Commission for provisional acceptance. Promptly following provisional acceptance of the Agreement by the Commission, the Agreement shall be placed on the public record and published in the Federal Register, in accordance with the procedures set forth in 16 CFR 1118.20(e). If the Commission does not receive any written request not to accept the Agreement within fifteen (15) calendar days, the Agreement shall be deemed finally accepted on the 16th calendar day after the date the Agreement is published in the Federal Register, in accordance with 16 CFR 1118.20(f).
19. This Agreement is conditioned upon, and subject to, the Commission's final acceptance, as set forth above, and it is subject to the provisions of 16 CFR 1118.20(h). Upon the later of: (i) Commission's final acceptance of this Agreement and service of the accepted Agreement upon WS; and (ii) the date of issuance of the final Order, this Agreement shall be in full force and effect and shall be binding upon the parties.
20. Effective upon the later of: (i) The Commission's final acceptance of the Agreement and service of the accepted Agreement upon WS; and (ii) and the date of issuance of the final Order, for good and valuable consideration, WS hereby expressly and irrevocably waives and agrees not to assert any past, present, or future rights to the following, in connection with the matter described in this Agreement: (i) An administrative or judicial hearing; (ii) judicial review or other challenge or contest of the Commission's actions; (iii) a determination by the Commission of whether WS failed to comply with the CPSA and the underlying regulations; (iv) a statement of findings of fact and conclusions of law; and (v) any claims under the Equal Access to Justice Act.
21. WS shall implement and maintain a compliance program designed to ensure compliance with the safety statutes and regulations enforced by the Commission that, at a minimum, contains the following elements: (i) Written standards and policies; (ii) a mechanism for confidential employee reporting of compliance-related questions or concerns to either a compliance officer or to another senior manager with authority to act as necessary; (iii) effective communication of company compliance-related policies and procedures to all employees through training programs or otherwise; (iv) senior manager responsibility for compliance; (v) board oversight of compliance (if applicable); and (vi) retention of all compliance-related records for at least five (5) years and availability of such records to Staff upon request.
22. WS shall maintain and enforce a system of internal controls and procedures designed to ensure that: (i) Information required to be disclosed by WS to the Commission is recorded, processed and reported in accordance with applicable law; (ii) all reporting made to the Commission is timely, truthful, complete and accurate; and (iii) prompt disclosure is made to WS's management of any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the design or operation of such internal controls that are reasonably likely to adversely affect in any material respect WS's ability to record, process and report to the Commission in accordance with applicable law.
23. Upon request of Staff, WS shall provide written documentation of such improvements, processes, and controls, including, but not limited to, the effective dates of such improvements, processes, and controls. WS shall cooperate fully and truthfully with Staff and shall make available all information, materials, and personnel deemed necessary by Staff to evaluate WS's compliance with the terms of the Agreement.
24. The parties acknowledge and agree that the Commission may make public disclosure of the terms of the Agreement and the Order.
25. WS represents that the Agreement: (i) Is freely and voluntarily entered into, without any degree of duress or compulsion whatsoever; (ii) has been duly authorized; and (iii) constitutes the valid and binding obligation of WS, enforceable against WS in accordance with its terms. The individuals signing the Agreement on behalf of WS represent and warrant that they are duly authorized by WS to execute the Agreement.
26. The Commission signatories represent that they are signing the Agreement in their official capacities and that they are authorized to execute this Agreement.
27. The Agreement is governed by the laws of the United States.
28. The Agreement and the Order shall apply to, and be binding upon, WS and each of its successors, transferees, and assigns, and a violation of the Agreement or Order may subject WS, and each of its successors, transferees and assigns, to appropriate legal action.
29. The Agreement and the Order constitute the complete agreement between the parties on the subject matter contained therein.
30. The Agreement may be used in interpreting the Order. Understandings, agreements, representations, or interpretations apart from those contained in the Agreement and the Order may not be used to vary or contradict their terms. For purposes of construction, the Agreement shall be deemed to have been drafted by both of the parties and shall not, therefore, be construed against any party for that reason in any subsequent dispute.
31. The Agreement may not be waived, amended, modified, or otherwise altered, except as in accordance with the provisions of 16 CFR 1118.20(h). The Agreement may be executed in counterparts.
32. If any provision of the Agreement or the Order is held to be illegal, invalid, or unenforceable under present or future laws effective during the terms of the Agreement and the Order, such provision shall be fully severable. The balance of the Agreement and the Order shall remain in full force and effect, unless the Commission and WS agree in writing that severing the provision materially affects the purpose of the Agreement and the Order.
Julie P. Whalen,
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Williams-Sonoma, Inc.
3250 Van Ness Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94109
Dated: 4/25/13
Eric A. Rubel,
Counsel to Williams Sonoma, Inc.
Arnold & Porter LLP
555 Twelfth Street NW.
Washington, DC 20004-1206
Stephanie Tsacoumis,
General Counsel
Mary B. Murphy,
Assistant General Counsel
Kelly M. Moore,
Trial Attorney, Division of Compliance, Office of the General Counsel
Upon consideration of the Settlement Agreement entered into between Williams-Sonoma, Inc. (WS), and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (Commission), and the Commission having jurisdiction over the subject matter and over WS, and it appearing that the Settlement Agreement and the Order are in the public interest, it is:
Ordered that the Settlement Agreement be, and is, hereby, accepted; and it is
further ordered that WS shall comply with the terms of the Settlement Agreement and shall pay a civil penalty in the amount of nine hundred eighty-seven thousand five hundred dollars ($987,500) within twenty (20) days of service of the Commission's final Order accepting the Settlement Agreement. The payment shall be made by electronic wire transfer to the Commission via: http://www.pay.gov. Upon the failure of WS to make the foregoing payment when due, interest on the unpaid amount shall accrue and be paid by WS at the federal legal rate of interest set forth at 28 U.S.C. 1961(a) and (b). If WS fails to make such payment or to comply in full with any other provision as set forth in the Settlement Agreement, such conduct will be considered a violation of the Settlement Agreement and Order.
Provisionally accepted and provisional Order issued on the 3rd day of May, 2013.
Secretary, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
[FR Doc. 2013-11029 Filed 5-8-13; 8:45 am]
1. At least one consumer was injured in each of the eight incidents reported to WS through October 28, 2006; in one such incident, two consumers reported injury. The incident report WS received on October 28, 2006 included an account of the ninth Product-related injury then known to WS.
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Maine man makes point with assault rifle in Portland
PORTLAND, Maine — A man who strolled through Maine's largest city with an assault weapon similar to the one used in the Connecticut elementary school killings is drawing fire from both gun-control and gun-rights advocates.
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CRYSTAL BAY, Nev. - Anders Osborne's full beard is a disguise.
Karl Denson, who performed with Osborne in Lake Tahoe twice this year, spilled his little secret.
"He's Neil Young," Denson said.
A couple of songs on the new album, "Black Eye Galaxy," support Denson's claim. "Dancing in the Wind" clearly emulates Young's harmonica delivery and the opening of "When Will I See You Again" is instantly recognizable Crazy Horse grudge guitar.
Further investigation, however, proves the assertion false. That is according to Robert Walter, the co-headliner on Wednesday's showbill at the Crystal Bay Casino.
"I've seen him without the beard," Walter said. "He's not Neil Young."
While Osborne's style sounds a lot like Young's, so does his intensity, which also is comparable to that of Lindsey Buckingham, Bruce Springsteen or a young Mick Jagger.
"He rocks like that - like it's an animal - and there's something slightly scary about it," Denson said.
"Anders Osborne blows my mind," North Mississippi Allstars Luther Dickinson said in a press statement. "His guitar playing is so intense. He's my favorite guy out there these days."
Osborne's intensity includes a voracious touring schedule and he's been prolific in the studio ever since his 2010 album "American Patchwork," which opens with the molten "On the Road with Charlie Parker."
Osborne is Charlie Parker if the jazzman had lived to write about it.
Osborne is like Andy Dufresne in a flowing river after he crawled a quarter-mile through a Shawshank Prison sewage pipe: clean and on the other side.
Since "American Patchwork," Osborne has played in the Crown Room with his band, with Dickinson, Denson and pals at the Snowlive festival, with Tab Benoit's Voice of the Wetlands All-Stars and with Denson in a re-creation of the Rolling Stones album "Sticky Fingers." When interviewed by Lake Tahoe Action before those shows, Osborne politely refrained from answering questions about his addiction. However, he is candid in songs from "Black Eye Galaxy," an autobiographic rock and jam CD which comes closer to his live show than previous records.
From the title song: "I have counted all your stars, now there's nothing left."
"Mind of a Junkie" - "I've been living in the mind of a junkie, thinking my junkie thoughts. ... I need somebody to save me from my crazy mind."
"Black Tar" - "Black tar leave me along, can't you see I'm moving on."
Similar to the experience of one of his heroes, John Coltrane, Osborne agonizes about the time he squandered in his life and he is trying to make up for it by not wasting another minute.
Like Denson said, it's slightly scary.
And calling him Neil Young is an understatement.


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Dean Kiss Welcomes New Students to
the College of Arts and Sciences.
The College of Arts and Sciences promotes discovery and learning by students and faculty in the sciences, the humanities, and the arts. The College empowers students to succeed by embracing the challenges of a complex, changing world. To learn more about the arts and sciences and about the value of a liberal arts education, watch the video and read more here.
Ed Kitchen of the Joseph M. Bryan Foundation discusses his experience with liberal arts education.