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TAHOE/TRUCKEE — After they ask me if I'm completely crazy ("Why in the world would you want to do that?!"), the next thing people ask when they find out I do Iron-distance races is, "Just how do you tackle something like that? How do you even approach it?"
Very fair question — 140.6 miles of swimming, biking and running is a long way any way you look at it. But simply put, it all comes down to the good old-fashioned, but incredibly accurate, cliche: One step (or pedal, or stroke) at a time!
Ultimately, Ironman is no different than any other big, daunting task in life that seems like almost too much to tackle at once. The thought is overwhelming. But like that looming task ahead, Ironman is not something anyone just stumbles into. You have to build your way up, through training and racing, starting small and gradually increasing your distance and intensity. There is no "jumping into" an Ironman. That is just crazy.
Once you've got lots of training under you belt, several Olympic-distance triathlon races and probably also a few 70.3s (half-Ironmans), then it's a good time to start thinking about stepping up to this next challenge. Once the decision is made, it takes months of specific preparation to be ready for the big day. So ideally, by the time you get there, you've put in the long workouts, the hard workouts and all the specific work needed to make it a positive experience. When you've hit each rung on the way up the ladder, the top step doesn't seem quite so high up there.
Nonetheless, even if you come in to the race totally prepped and raring to go, an Iron-distance race is a challenge. There's no getting around it. I'm heading into my fourth one Saturday, and I'm still a little nervous. But this is where you must remember to take it one step at a time. I break it down into manageable segments that I can try to focus on exclusively, and then cross each one off my list, commending myself on all I've accomplished, before moving on to the next one.
By the time I'm onto the run, it's literally 1 mile at a time. I tell myself, "Just tackle this mile as best as you can, and then we'll work on the next one." I focus on staying in the moment. Over the span of 140.6 miles, this can be incredibly hard to do, but I think it is tremendously important. Be in the moment, giving all you can at that time, focused on your task, and soaking in your experience. Don't get lost in the mileage and let your mind be further up the road, or lagging behind. Be present at the given time. Just as in life.
Inevitably, even if you're managing the race like a champ, there are going to be moments where you feel terrible, exhausted and even totally defeated. You may want to give up. This is where you have to dig deep, believe in yourself and have faith that things will turn around. They almost always do. Over such a long span, there are always moments of feeling awful. But they eventually pass and give way to moments of feeling spectacular. So you just have to keep plugging away, one foot in front of the other, one step at a time. Your body will come back around, you will get a second — or third or fourth — wind, and eventually, you'll find yourself at the finish line. So be prepared to hurt, but know that it's OK, and you will get through it.
While the Ironman is often viewed as the epitome of endurance racing, when you think about it this way — when you break it down — it's really no different from any other race. Just a little longer! And ultimately, it's no different from any other of life's "big tasks." Mile by mile, step by step, you focus on what you're doing, and what you need to do to reach the finish line.
Start small, and build your way up. Don't jump in before you're ready. Then break it down: turn that giant goal into several smaller ones. Pace yourself. But push yourself; test your limits. Ironman is a tough race. Just like life. So take it one step at a time. Never stop believing, even when it hurts. And when you've crossed that line, look back at all you have done, and smile. Savor the moment, the experience, and the reward of the incredible feat you've accomplished. And know that it was worth every little step.
— Kara LaPoint is an elite amateur triathlete competing for LUNA bar, and working up to the pro ranks. She has earned numerous overall amateur podium finishes and age-group wins across distances from Olympic to Ironman, and finished the 2011 season ranked as an All-American nationally among her age group (25-29). Read more about her racing and training at www.karalapoint.wordpress.com. She may be reached at email@example.com.


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You know that car game you used to play as a kid where you'd pretend there was a little man running alongside the car dodging obstacles? Turns out dogs have their own version of that game, except instead of imagining a little man dodging obstacles, they pretend they're chomping down on passing motorists.
Okay, so it's nothing like the game you used to play. Still darn cute, though.

subset: commoncrawl


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Posted: Wed Sep 25, 2013 11:15 am
Post subject: Never give up hope!
5 years ago I joined this site trying to conceive over those 5 years I went through every emotion possible and sometimes felt like I couldn't carry on with normal life when it seemed like everyone I knew was falling pregnant at the drop of a hat and I felt desperate, lonely and very miserable. I had two miscarriages one in July 2011 and another in August 2012 and both times I thought the pain and grief of what I had lost would finish me off. A few days before Christmas 2012 I found out I was pregnant and after the most nerve racking 9 months of my life my daughter Grace Mary was born one day before her due date! She arrived at 6.25am 31st August 2013 and she is beautiful and perfect and worth over 5 years of turmoil - she came along at a point when I had least stress in my life and I wasn't expecting to fall pregnant that month at all.
Just wanted to give you some hope that it really can just happen even after years of trying you just never know when that sperm meets that egg and decides to stick!! Good luck everyone xxxx
Baby girl Grace born 31st August 2013 after 5 long years trying to conceive Complete miracle x


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VAIL, Colorado - Somewhere around here on New Year's Eve we'll have fireworks, which is good.
But Vail original Bill Whiteford fired off Vail's first fireworks in 1962 without anyone's permission, which is better.
There wasn't much Whiteford wouldn't do for fun, and he had fun pretty much whenever he felt like it.
Think of Whiteford grinning when you ski through Mid-Vail on your way to a libation location.
Whiteford was one of Vail's original investors and one of its all-time great characters.
Take his Ice Bar, for example.
He decided he wanted a drink, possibly two, and he was a self-sufficient man. So, at Mid-Vail, he set up his Ice Bar and served drinks to skiers.
"Somehow he got away with it," Harley Higbie said.
The Ice Bar was hardly his last libation location.
In the '60s, he built the Gondola Boutique Building, where the Tap Room is now.
Then came the Casino nightclub, modeled after the Reisch Tanz Casino in Kitzbuhel, Austria. In 1965, it was billed as the largest discotheque in North America.
Whiteford came down from his top-of-the-mountain Ice Bar long enough to build Casino Vail, the "plushest, most way-out nightclub in the Rockies," gushed the Denver Post in 1965. It was the largest discotheque in the Rockies at the time.
Whiteford opened it in style with 250 invited guests, including some of the top executives from American corporations.
It doesn't say how much it cost Whiteford to build it, but he spent $400,000 to furnish it. The sound system was one of the most elaborate in the nation at that time and cost $20,000 and was the first of its kind in a ski resort.
It was set up like an Elizabethan theater and held 250 people for dining and dancing.
"Bettan Olwaeus, a beauty from Sweden, will preside over the discotheque dancing from a raised platform," the Denver Post said.
Whiteford's nickname was "William the Good."
"Maybe because he wasn't so good," Higbie said.
"He had a vivid imagination and was a very good writer and was very witty and loved to sort of get the better of people and entertain people," said his son, Erik Whiteford.
Speaking of writing, in his book, "Inventors of Vail," Dick Hauserman recalled satiric newspaper columns, penned under the name "Belle Forrest," that began to appear in the Rocky Mountain News detailing the social strata of Vail Village. The stories, which divided the population into "beautiful people," businessmen and "restless rabble," created quite a stir in Vail.
Whiteford denied any knowledge of Belle Forrest.
Whiteford was a larger-than-life personality whose storytelling at times blurred the lines between fact and fiction, as good stories sometimes do.
The Casino got credit for all sorts of things.
Whiteford would bring all sorts of bands and entertainers - including Dizzy Gillespie - the nascent village wouldn't have dreamed of having otherwise.
"Whiteford's part in the beginning of Vail was just tremendous," Hauserman said.
Then there was the huge Christmas tree hung upside-down in the middle of the dance floor. They'd have Christmas-tree-climbing competitions.
They had turtle races, where they would put a circle on the floor and put little tiny turtles with numbers on their backs in the circle, and you'd buy a turtle. The fastest to get out of the circle would win.
Whiteford's father was chairman of Gulf Oil Co., which is curious because when the fledgling Vail Associates asked Gulf Oil's Denver branch to build a service station, Gulf's Powers That Be told VA to call back in a couple of years.
Whiteford was one of the original 20 investors in the Vail Corp. He came to Vail in its first year, 1962.
He was born in Oklahoma on July 20, 1928. He attended Stanford University and graduated from the University of Michigan.
He lived in Vail from its opening until 1969, when he moved to Denver. He returned to the Vail Valley in 1987, living in Edwards until 2002. He passed away in 2008.
Staff Writer Randy Wyrick can be reached at 970-748-2935 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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January 17, 2006
Nearly every state was impacted when they took on thousands of New Orleans evacuees after Hurricane Katrina and now some cities are reporting an increase in crime after opening up their city. The Houston Police Department reports a 23 percent increase in murders over the last year with some of the 150,000 evacuees responsible. But law enforcement here says we haven't seen those problems.
Hurricane Katrina evacuees were forced out of flooded New Orleans. Hundreds of cities opened their own homes. And now some cities say along with the evacuees came crime. But Richmond County Sheriff's Major Ken Autry says that's not the case in Augusta.
"We absolutely have had some incidents involving people that were displaced by the hurricane," Autry said.
But Major Autry says the department hasn't seen a noticeable increase in crime because of some incidents involving evacuees.
"We haven't had to develop a task force of anything like that," Autry said.
But of course when the department files reports it gets their attention when crimes are committed by evacuees. In December 2005 at East Augusta Commons Townhomes, officers responded to a physical altercation that ended with 26-year-old Edward Burns shot in the arm, leg and chest. Paul Fowlkes and Wendell Washington were arrested for aggravated assault. Another man, Benjamin Lewis is awaiting extradition from Virginia. All of the suspects evacuated to Augusta after Hurricane Katrina.
"It was an aggravated assault and the victim died in the last week," Autry said.
Investigators say they are still investigating whose charges will be upgraded to murder. Again, it is important to mention that while other cities may have increased crime that is committed by hurricane evacuees, Augusta law enforcement says there is no cause for concern here.


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HAYWARD -- A jury on Thursday found Cort Holbrook, a Livermore software engineer, guilty of voluntary manslaughter in the road-rage killing of Ricky Ziesmer of Fremont.
Holbrook, who maintained that he stabbed Ziesmer in self-defense during a 2011 parking lot fight in Livermore, was initially charged with second-degree murder. The verdict came after eight days of trial and two days of jury deliberations in Judge Kevin Murphy's courtroom at the Hayward Hall of Justice.
The families of Holbrook and Ziesmer were teary following the announcement of the verdict, a halfway point between the result sought by each side. Holbrook's wife, Tamara, lay her head on her son's shoulder as she sat closely with her children and mother-in-law. Her husband sat motionless as a court clerk read aloud the jury's decision.
A second-degree murder sentence, which the prosecution had sought, carries a mandatory sentence of 15 years to life in prison. A self-defense verdict, which the defense fought for, carries no criminal punishment.
Holbrook, 42, faces a minimum of four years and a maximum of 12 years in prison for his voluntary manslaughter conviction, with credit for the two years he has already served. He has been locked up at Santa Rita Jail on $3 million bail since he was charged with murdering Ziesmer's in March 2011.
"He got away with it," said Ziesmer's brother-in-law, Steve Hill, of Fremont. "I'm fearful for the safety of the public. (Holbrook) is a friend to everyone he knows, but when he doesn't know them he has another side. I fear someone running up against him again."
Holbrook's family declined a request for comment.
Holbrook was convicted almost two years to the day after the road-rage incident, where he yelled an expletive out his open window at an erratically driving Ziesmer. When Holbrook pulled into a parking lot to call 911, Ziesmer confronted him, punching him twice in the head, sending his glasses flying and knocking him cold to the ground. Holbrook then came back at his aggressor, stabbing him in the chest and puncturing both his lungs and heart. Ziesmer, 48, died while undergoing emergency surgery.
"If this trial doesn't teach us anything, it should teach us manners on the road," Holbrook's attorney Timothy Rien said in closing statements Tuesday. "This is what I characterize as the nightmare of unintended consequences. No one is going to look at a bad driver the same way again."
Contact Erin Ivie at email@example.com. Follow her at Twitter.com/erin_ivie.


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Definición de conjugation en inglés:
1The formation or existence of a link or connection between things, in particular.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- It has tied up with them to launch a special contest in conjugation with their forthcoming movie.
- This unlikely conjugation of sources, which allows him to balance big ideas with emotional flesh, is the only happy marriage in the play.
- That's an ugly little conjugation, so let's decouple the two.
1.1 Biology The temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- The new genes can quickly spread through an E. coli population through a process called conjugation, whereby bacteria exchange DNA directly.
- However, much antibiotic resistance seems to be acquired by the transfer of plasmids from other species of bacteria via conjugation, which of course does not explain the ultimate origin of the information.
- Paramecium usually exchanges genetic material by a process of conjugation, when two cells fuse together.
1.2 Biology The fusion of two gametes, especially when they are of a similar size.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- Failure of mating pairs to mix cytoplasms during conjugation is diagnostic of a complete block in cell fusion.
- Starvation induces expression of the ste 11 gene that encodes a key transcription factor, which, in turn, upregulates transcription of several genes involved in conjugation, meiosis, and sporulation.
- After conjugation, chromosomes in the transcriptionally active macronucleus develop by fragmentation, elimination, and amplification of germ line chromosomes.
1.3chiefly Biochemistry The combination of two substances: toxic compounds eliminated from the body by conjugation with glutathione
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- The conjugation of polysaccharides with immunogenic proteins allows to overcome this problem providing an efficient immunological response also in infants.
- They act in concert with other enzymes to detoxify xenobiotics through conjugation with glutathione to increase water solubility.
- In the liver, to which is transported in the plasma bound to albumin, bilirubin is solubilized by conjugation to glucuronate.
1.4 Chemistry The sharing of electron density between nearby multiple bonds in a molecule.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- When eight double bonds are in conjugation, the molecule absorbs visible light and is colored.
- But the other two carbon atoms are also double-bonded to each other, which results in conjugation of the electron density in the bonds.
- They are purified cellfree hemoglobins, where the globin portion of the molecule has been modified chemically by conjugation, cross-linking or polymerizing.
1.5 Mathematics The solution of a problem by transforming it into an equivalent problem of a different form, solving this, and then reversing the transformation.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- This latest mathematical conjugation comes from a pair of British researchers who interviewed 1000 people to draw up their formula.
2 Grammar The variation of the form of a verb in an inflected language such as Latin, by which are identified the voice, mood, tense, number, and person.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- To this day, if you ask me about me about verb conjugation or tenses, I can only tell you what it is in French.
- A convenient summary of Latin declension and conjugation is available on-line here.
- Luckily for us, there is also no verb conjugation.
2.1The class in which a verb is put according to the manner of this variation: a past participle of the first conjugation
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Noting this 'a' should help you to distinguish verbs of the first conjugation from those of the second, third, or fourth conjugations.
- Do not worry if you cannot tell a second from a third conjugation verb: the important differences for you are between the first conjugation, the fourth conjugation, and the second and third conjugations taken together as a unit.
- These are of the first Conjugation, and signify, that the Action which they express is done only in a small Degree.
- Oraciones de ejemplo
- I will address, for non-linguist readers, inflections, most familiar as the noisome declensional and conjugational suffixes that bedevil English-speaking learners of, seemingly, most foreign languages we encounter.
- Scavenger cells are included to consume traces of usable carbon sources contaminating the medium, but they can also act as conjugational recipients and acquire a plasmid by transfer from tester cells.
- Consequently, the conjugational activity can be low when most cells carry the plasmid but increase greatly in response to plasmid-free cells.
For editors and proofreaders
División en sílabas: con·ju·ga·tion
Definición de conjugation en:
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By Mike Beezhold
August 22, 2013
Over the course of my 20 years in watershed management and water conservation, I started to see in recent years the convergence of thinking and practice in the field of stormwater management. And as a longtime WEF member and current Stormwater Committee Chair, it has been interesting to talk with others about what WEF could bring to stormwater management. Following the success of WEF's 2012's well-attended Stormwater Summit the upcoming Stormwater Congress at WEFTEC 2013 will demonstrate what WEF credibility and technical excellence can bring to the table for professionals working in this rapidly expanding and challenging field.
This inaugural Stormwater Congress is co-located as a "conference-within-a-conference" at WEFTEC 2013 in Chicago, where it leverages cutting-edge education and unlimited networking opportunity for water professionals and others working within both the fields of stormwater and wastewater. Indicating stormwater's rising profile, the number of presentations seen in 2012 has more than doubled, and so has the number of submissions to the video competition, StormTV Project. This exciting event will showcase the most innovative programs, tools, and services through three full days of concurrent sessions that cut across disciplines ranging from landscape architecture, forestry which is my academic background, planning, engineering and operations and maintenance. There is something for everyone working in the stormwater profession--and you won't want to miss all the hot topics discussed in the exhibit hall at the Stormwater Pavilion.
Beyond all this, WEF has a finger on the pulse of stormwater rulemaking at EPA, meaning attendees will hear the latest information on where the agency is headed and how to prepare a response. Everyone's looking for tools that ensure compliance in a cost-effective way, and at this event they'll find pragmatic, implementable tools. Whether stormwater is managed by the Public Works and/or the Parks and Recreation Departments or the Wastewater Utility there is need of collaborative and innovative ways to manage stormwater quality and quantity with fresh approaches that reflect geographic and economic differences across the country and around the globe. The solutions are at Stormwater Congress—come join us in Chicago!
Don't forget to subscribe to the Stormwater Report for the latest in stormwater news with a readership of almost 30,000. You can also subscribe to the new quarterly WEF magazine World Water: Stormwater Management; the first edition will be available by WEFTEC 2013—you can pick up a copy at WEFTEC and we'll see you there!
inaugural Stormwater Congress is co-located as a "conference-within-a-conference"
at WEFTEC 2013 in Chicago, where it leverages cutting-edge education and
unlimited networking opportunity for water professionals and others working
within both the fields of stormwater and wastewater.
Comments (0)
Posted by Blaine Menelik at 08/22/2013 09:52:34 AM |
Posted by:Michael Beezhold, Senior Planner and Project Manager, Camp Dresser McKee, Inc. (CDM) Mr. Michael Beezhold is a Senior Planner and Project Manager at Camp Dresser McKee, Inc. (CDM). He received his masters of science degree in Forestry at Southern Illinois University specializing in natural resource management, valuation and planning. Mr. Beezhold has nearly 20 years experience in the water resources field supporting municipal, state and federal clients including the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as all branches of the military on water resource challenges throughout the country. Most recently he served eight years as the Department of Public Works Watershed Manager for the City of Lenexa, Kansas' award winning stormwater program, Rain to Recreation. Prior to working for the City of Lenexa, he served as an inaugural Urban Watershed Conservationist with the Missouri Department of Conservation promoting the appropriate conservation and application of green infrastructure in the management of stormwater.


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LingQ is for all English learners, from absolute beginners to advanced speakers, from people learning on their own to students in classrooms. Are you starting from scratch? Are you determined to become fluent in English? Do you just want to brush up on your English before you travel? LingQ is for you. As your English grows, LingQ grows with you.


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Capucas vividly illustrates the ultimate goal of cooperatives which is to collectively strengthen a group of individual farmers so that they can eventually thrive independently.SHOP THIS ORGANIC COFFEE
We supply our customers with so much more than just the highest quality coffees. Whether it's a full-service cafe, a fine dining restaurant or a specialty food store, we work with each of our wholesale partners to build the best coffee program for their needs. We take the word partner seriously.LEARN MORE


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|Olivia Horton, Reuben Barsky, and Sarah Silk in Stop the Tempo
If anyone knows about the irreversible process of cultural colonialism it's the Irish. That's why Ireland's most iconoclastic young Irish theater director Matt Torney is a perfect fit to direct Stop the Tempo, a ferocious new work about displacement and drifting written by Romanian-born playwright Gianina Carbunariu.
After the fall of communism in 1989 Romania -- until that point a second tier communist state in the grip of the ruthless dictator Nicolae Ceausescu -- saw itself transformed overnight, becoming a sort of free market Petri dish suddenly brimming with corporations, easy cash, chain stores and chattering media personalities.
For Carbunariu, 36, and for her generation Romania became completely unrecognizable. Born and raised in a failed state, she suddenly had to find her way in a flashy new landscape of mindless consumerism and rampant consumer culture.
Generations of the Irish have seen Ireland mapped and remapped in endless colonial and cultural expansions that have often led to a similar kind of displacement and fury, and so the play and the author are an ideal fit for Origin Theatre Company, the innovative company with a mission to produce new European works and the producers of the annual 1st Irish Theatre Festival.
There are many kinds of theft, but to see your culture and your history purloined in exchange for a bag of shiny baubles (a colonial rite of passage from Romania to Ireland to Manhattan) is particularly searing and results in the most enraged piece of playwriting I have seen this year.
Carbunariu isn't claiming that life in the old communist Romania was better, but she's full of contempt for what has come to replace it – a society that apparently knows the price of everything and the value of nothing. A nation numbed by the endless cycle of aspiration and fantasy that's fed to it from its flickering TV screens. A soulless place, a massive supermarket.
Torney chose Arlene's Grocery in the trendy Lower East Side to stage the show (which has just closed, but will open again later in the year). It's an inspired choice for a production and three characters that flit from club to club in search of contact highs or self-escape.
Under Torney's meticulous direction, actors Olivia Horton, Reuben Barsky and Sarah Silk have formed a perfectly coiled unit to present Carbunariu's challenging play. In fact they function with more precision and mutual support than I have seen on a New York stage in years.
That awareness of and insistence on interdependency is a European theater commonplace, but it's unusual to see in a New York production where it becomes as political as it is artistic.
Carbunariu's work is, it must be said, quite self-consciously radical at times, trading a little too much on its desire to provoke or shock. There's something more than a little adolescent about its punk rock nihilism and its thoughtless joy in anarchy.
But God knows there's no doubting its anguish. Behind all its theatrics, its alienation and its last stands is something that disarms you -- its sincerity.
Romania once had citizens, and now it has consumers, the playwright informs us. To make his point about how the new capitalistic Romania over-stimulates and hoodwinks consumers with a non-stop barrage of products and services they're told they'll almost die without, Torney has crafted a shifting mercurial production that flouts complacency.
The three characters in the play, adrift in their personal lives until they find each other, protest their disillusionment with a series of public pranks that quickly escalate into out and out terrorism. But it's a measure of their inability to affect positive change that they become consumed by their protest whilst forgetting its message.
There's a special poignancy in being part of a transitional generation, as Carbunariu, who cannot return to the Romania she grew up in or find peace in the gaudy new nation she lives in now, well knows.


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Monroe police responded to a Friday morning crash that was at least partly weather-related.
Police said a car was turning from Ohio 63 onto Britton Lane when the driver lost control.
The car clipped a passing pickup, then ran through a front yard and smashed into the front of a home.
The driver and her passenger, Marylou and Ian Benjamin, refused treatment. No one inside the home was hurt.
Benny Day lives at the home and was in the room where the car crashed minutes before it happened.
"The house can be repaired. People are a little harder to repair than houses so we are fine. We will get by," Day said.
The driver, Marylou Benjamin, was cited for unsafe speed under the conditions and failure to control her vehicle.


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BRENTWOOD -- The Brentwood Union School District board placed Superintendent Merrill Grant on leave and took disciplinary action against three other employees after a lengthy special meeting Friday.
Though board members did not explain the reason for their action, it came in the wake of an ongoing furor over the district's handling of a case in which it continued to employ a teacher convicted of kicking an autistic child.
"This board has decided to take appropriate disciplinary action against three employees," board President Carlos Sanabria told the audience after emerging from a closed session that ran close to four hours. "This board is placing the superintendent on administrative leave, effective immediately."
Grant was not available for comment. School board members did not disclose the names of the other three employees, citing confidentiality rules related to a personnel matter.
The announcements came a day after state education authorities revoked the credential of a Brentwood district teacher Dina Holder, who was convicted of kicking an autistic student three years ago.
The California Commission of Teacher Credentialing revoked Holder's three credentials Thursday, citing education code section 44423.6. It wasn't stated what specific part of the code was violated, but one portion of that section states: "The commission shall revoke the credential of a holder when it receives notice that the ability of the holder of the credential to associate with minors has been limited as a term or condition of probation or sentencing resulting from a criminal conviction in this state ... The limitation shall include, but is not limited to, a prohibition of associating or contact with minors, or a prohibition of associating with minors unless under supervision or in the presence of another adult."
Holder's 2011 plea deal -- in which she pleaded no contest to one count of misdemeanor child abuse -- lists as one "employer condition" that another adult must be present upon her return to the classroom.
The district has been criticized by parents and youth advocates over its handling of Holder. The district sent her to another school after she was convicted. At least 11 employees also failed to perform their legally mandated duties to report any suspicion of child abuse to authorities after either witnessing or learning of the 2010 kicking episode.
The 5-year-old autistic boy's parents sued the district, settling earlier this year for $950,000 and the removal of Holder, 52, from the classroom and her retirement at the end of the school year. As of Thursday, she had been working a desk job with the district.
A spokeswoman with the credentialing commission declined to comment further on the revocation. An email to Holder's attorney was not immediately returned.
As of Friday afternoon, 229 people had signed a Change.org petition started by Brentwood parents and asking for Grant to be fired.
A dozen people waited outside the meeting to hear the outcome of Grant's evaluation Friday afternoon.
After the board's announcement, trustees publicly thanked members of the Community Advisory Committee for their work to help the district improve its mandated reporting procedures.
"We couldn't do it without you," Trustee Jim Cushing told the audience.
The next regularly scheduled board meeting is Wednesday, with closed session starting at 6 p.m. and open session at 8 p.m.
All board meetings are at district headquarters, 255 Guthrie Lane, Brentwood.
Contact Matthias Gafni at 925-952-5026. Follow him at Twitter.com/mgafni. Paula King contributed to this report. Reach her at 925-779-7174.


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STAR (Standards Training Authorized Responsive) Certified Service & Parts, a nationwide program which provides best-in-class service and parts, is validated annually with performance audits designed to drive continuous improvements within our service network. We are committed to your satisfaction by supplying reliable, responsive, and superior service excellence and parts availability. The STAR Program's cornerstones are:
You bought the best, keep it that way! It's your assurance you will receive the ultimate standard of service from trained technicians who understand your equipment to fix it right the first time. Our network utilizes a parts distribution model employing qualified professionals to distribute original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts in your marketplace efficiently and affordably. OEM parts are critical to return you to profitable operations efficiently while maintaining your original equipment specifications, retaining agency approvals, ensuring employee safety, and preserving the warranty and lifespan of the equipment. Your 90 day service and parts guarantee is supported by our service agencies each providing liability insurance over $1 million. These standards are verified with annual audits focusing on 50 key indicators and are enforced contractually to provide you superior service.
Trained and equipped - ready and able! Nothing can replace factory certified, hands-on training. Annually we conduct over 600 training classes at 300 local training and testing facilities. Technician standards mandate training every 3 years which is validated with rigorous testing while their product knowledge is constantly updated with supplemental factory notifications and service bulletins. Training involves more than equipment repair. Our training programs include:
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This soft peanut butter carrot cake is decorated with a hard yogurt coating.
4.5"W x 2.25"H
Due to this needing to be made when ordered, it is not available for same day shipping, it will ship in 2-3 business days.
This cake should be frozen until needed.
Ingredients: organic carrots, organic oat flour, natural wildflower honey, all natural peanut butter, organic cage-free eggs, peanut oil, baking powder, cinnamon, pure vanilla extract, baking soda, carob and/or yogurt coating.
Guaranteed analysis: crude protein (min.) 6%, crude fat (min.) 11%, crude fiber (max.) 4%, moisture (max.) 10%
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Documents Show Years of Problems in NSA Programs
The National Security Agency repeatedly mishandled a program to collect data on American Internet communications, such as email, according to newly released documents that provide a glimpse into possible reasons that program was shut down in 2011.
The documents underscore a continuing theme of many of the secret court opinions declassified in recent months: systems that are complex and difficult to operate, even for the NSA. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Judge John Bates cites "serious compliance problems" and "frequent failures" to comply with court orders.
The documents were among approximately 2,000 some pages of court orders, opinions, and internal NSA documents released by the Director of National Intelligence Monday evening pursuant to a lawsuit by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an online rights group.
Director of National Intelligence James Clapper said in a statement that the document release reflected the government's "continued commitment to making information about this intelligence collection program publicly available when appropriate and consistent with the national security of the United States."
Legal and privacy experts continued poring over them Tuesday to hunt for new details about NSA's surveillance programs and how they have been executed.
"These documents paint a distressing picture of the failure to properly oversee the NSA's sweeping surveillance of Americans," said ACLU attorney Patrick Toomey. "The FISA court's opinions reveal an oversight process that appears to be all bark and no bite. The government repeatedly violated the court's authorizations, only to have the court approve more and more far-reaching collection."
In yet another case of NSA unwittingly violating American privacy, the agency for years —the specific length of time was blacked out of a released document—violated the order of a secret national security court by collecting more data than it was authorized to obtain.
The heavily redacted documents described the initial and subsequent authorizations of the Internet program and paint a picture of an aggressive NSA that was seeking to obtain as much data as possible. The dates of the authorizations are blacked out, but previously leaked documents have pegged the authorization of the program to 2004.
One court document notes that the "sweeping and non-targeted scope" of the NSA's Internet data collection program was "consistent" with the government's then-secret interpretation of the requirement in surveillance law that data it collects must be "relevant" to a terrorism investigation.
The U.S. government secretly has argued that all records are relevant because they are required to build a database in which NSA could track possible terrorism leads, even if it included records of millions of people not under suspicion.
The documents released Monday cast more light on that interpretation. They noted that the government's argument that such so-called bulk collection could be relevant because it is necessary for NSA to employ "analytic tools [that] are likely to generate investigative leads." To do that, a large volume of data is required to identify a much smaller number of leads, such as people affiliated with suspected terrorists.
As with other key NSA surveillance programs, the agency offered repeated assurances that it had its operations under control, when it did not. NSA for example, had assured Pentagon leaders that it was only collecting approved categories of Internet data, and it turned out it was collecting additional types of data, as well.
This summer, when documents released by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden provided details of the Internet metadata program, NSA Director Gen. Keith Alexander announced that the program was shuttered in 2011. Other documents have showed NSA arguing as recently as early 2011 that the Internet metadata program was valuable.
The Wall Street Journal reported the existence of a sweeping domestic Internet data program in 2008.
Intelligence leaders defended the NSA on Tuesday, saying it has improved its processes for managing American data and compliance problems, at an event hosted by Georgetown University Law Center.
"NSA has made substantial procedural improvements," said Robert Litt, the DNI's general counsel. "They are doing better. Are they perfect? No." He said that any system run by humans would make errors, especially with a technically complex system.
Matthew Olsen, director of the National Counterterrorism Center and former general counsel at NSA, said agency employees are increasingly contending with the post-9/11 challenge of that communications they are interested in may have a domestic component. "You'd be hard-pressed to find a more contentious and rule-bound workforce than you would find at NSA," he said.
Mr. Olsen said he is worried that the outcry over NSA operations will prompt in intelligence officers to avoid taking on intelligence efforts that are legal, but potentially controversial.
"What I'm concerned about right now is we're in an unstable place," he said. "I'm concerned some of the operators may be reluctant to go up to the line, and take full advantage of the legal authorities we have bedside of the controversies now swirling."
Separately Tuesday, Sens. Ron Wyden (D., Ore.), Mark Udall (D., Colo.) and Martin Heinrich (D.,N.M.) weighed in on a court challenge to the NSA program that collects nearly all Americans' phone records.
As members of the Senate Intelligence Committee, they have a unique window into still-classified aspects of the program, and in an amicus brief, they argued that the program is has not produced any intelligence that could not have been collected through less-intrusive means.
"It was important for us to file an amicus brief in this case to ensure that the court is aware of our understanding of the facts as it considers the important constitutional questions raised by this case," Sen. Wyden said in a statement.


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AirTreesWaterAnimals wrote: mean-
Maybe this will help.
Jared Paul wrote: I love this thread. Taking specific aim at the "Promise Keepers" in a clear, easy to understand way. If we can draw the parallels between their bold face lying in terms of sex/marriage values and make that common knowledge, then we can do the same for their war mongering. Really get it out there to their "base" that it's a crock of shit; all the values they take on are just a means the ends of getting votes and power. The Republican party is in serious danger of fracturing and dissolving. If we can make that happen, the Democratic Party might be next!
the mean wrote: I'd prefer a coffee table book.
the mean wrote: For Coffee Black:
NAME: Eliot Spitzer
OFFICE: Governor, New York
PARTY: Democrat
OOPS: Cheated on his wife with a prostitute. Regularly.
RESIGNED?: Yes
SPOUSE AT PODIUM?: Yes
INTERESTING TWISTS: He used campaign funds to book the room to get with the hooker. He used a fake name to book the hotel rooms.
Also, he is a former attorney general, meaning it was his job to enforce laws. Last I checked, prostitution was still illegal in NY.
The investigation started when his band reported suspicious money transfers. He had tried to get his name taken off the transfers, but was denied by the bank. As a former attorney general, he should know that stuff like this raises red flags.
The financial industry was stoked. "We all have our own private hells, I hope his is hotter than anybody else's," said former NYSE board member, and Home Depot co-founder Ken Langone.
Favorite rumor: He liked the sex workers to lick his ass.
Quote: He wrote that Mr. Edwards once calmed an anxious Ms. Hunter by promising her that after his wife died, he would marry her in a rooftop ceremony in New York with an appearance by the Dave Matthews Band.


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With a snug fit and smooth inner lining, this cover helps protect your iPad from scratches, scuffs, and other types of wear.
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To use the keyboard with your iPad, simply switch it on, pair it with your iPad, and it will connect via Bluetooth. The keyboard will stay charged for up to 60 hours active battery life and up to 2,000 hours standby battery life. It can be recharged with the included USB cable.
Designed for iPad 2 / 3rd / 4th Generations
Not only does the cover feature AutoWake magnets that turn the iPad on when the cover is opened, but it also has iPad-specific shortcut keys that allow you to adjust volume, control your music, and copy and paste text.
Package Includes:
- Belkin FastFit Keyboard Cover for iPad
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iPad 4th gen
iPad 3rd gen
iPad 2
- Product Description
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- Device Type
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Input Device
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- TruType keys, 2 stage tilt angle stand
- Colour
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- Included Accessories
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- Cables Included
- 1 x USB charge cable
Compatibility Information
- Designed For
- Apple iPad (3rd generation) , Apple iPad 2 , Apple iPad with Retina display (4th generation)


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This coat is absolutely darling and will look beautiful on your girl in the spring time. Featuring a light and shimmering aqua green, you and her will be transcended to a warm beach with clear, green waters. The Floral Applique Dog coat has a classic quilted design that is timeless, along with the sparkling embellishments.
Lori Emery - This coat is beautiful, the picture doesn't do it justice.
It fits my long coat Chi perfectly. I'm very happy with this purchase.
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Does anyone have any specific core and ab workouts/exercises?
The Plank
This builds endurance in both the abs and back, as well as stabilizer muscles.
1. Lie face down on mat resting on the forearms, palms flat on the floor.
2. Push off the floor, raising up onto toes and resting on the elbows.
3. Keep your back flat, in a straight line from head to heels.
4. Tilt your pelvis and contract your abdominals to prevent your rear end from sticking up in the air.
5. Hold for 20 to 60 seconds, lower and repeat for 3-5 reps.
I use this move while watching tv sometimes. I copied the text from this site: http://exercise.about.com/od/abs/ss/abexercises_10.htm
Ah yes, the plank. Highly overlooked exercise. Staple of my exercise regiment and foundation of developing a quality pushup. Kick it up a notch by placing forarms on a stability ball.
Core is such a buzz word in fitness, and it is important to always keep in mind that the muscles of the back (erector spinae, quadratus lumbardum, rhomboids, etc.) are antagonist muscles to the abs. Working the abdominals, the lower back, and muscles of in the plevic region all combine to strength the core.
How about the good old fashioned ab roller. Have you ever tried the 10-minute abs videos?
I actually used to love the ab roller, unfortunately I have no idea where it is now. I have not tried the 10-minute abs videos. Are they any good?
Just found this Vic Costa Ab Workout video online and I thought it was pretty good for abs.
My favorite are decline weighted or medicine ball sit-ups followed by hanging knee raises. And of course, like Toby mentioned, the plank. But trying lifting a hand or foot off the ground occasionally. Definitely makes it harder.
I have the 10 min abs video and I love it! It works my core hard and I find that I get a great leg work out too. Best feature is that you can choose from 6 different 10 min workouts and create your own workout plan!!! I highly recommend it. I bought mine at Target for $20.
I'm a Pilates instructor and there is nothing better for your core than a good pilates workout. I have a lot of top athletes come to my class on all levels to stabilize their core and strengthen in between workouts and sports. It's a great workout with minimal body strain. Find a good trainer or even any Gaiam dvd would help. Best of luck!
I got my abs back by 3 months after baby with Tupler technique. There's a lot of isometric exercise to it, but you can break the exercises up throughout the day to get it done if you're busy. The plank is great also of course! I've alway done a combination of pilates and yoga (pilates for abs, yoga seems to target my legs and arms more) and I still feel that the lengthening from pilates and yoga help me avoid injury, but Tupler technique works on the transverse abs and back and will help cinch everything in. I'm still 5 pounds from pre-baby weight (marathon training makes me hungry) but have cinched my waist right back to pre-baby size and wore a bikini proudly to the beach when my son was 6 months old.
Throwdowns are hard and they require a partner, but if your desperate a heavy table works although it just isnt as good a workout because the partner is supposed to throw your legs down
theres also the classics:
V sit ups
crunches w/ feet in the air
side crunches and side crunches w/ feet in the air
side planks
the pole vaulters at my high school do three sets with thirty reps each but it's a good idea to start light if you are justbeginning to work your ab muscles
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Danno wrote:Wait a second Matt, did you just say hole 7 is going to be allot easier?
They must have cut down my favorite tree?
I know that will never happen, I know a few guys that enjoy seeing me hit that tree every time I tee off.
BUT, we are going to wait for at least 2 weeks, they have planted fast growing grass and they will start watering it this Monday. We just dont want the ground to be muddy then people walking on it would not be a good thing, so sorry people but it will be a little bit longer.
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July 8th is Iowa Parks and Rec. Assoc. "Parktastic" Day.
In celebration of "Parktastic" Bettendorf Parks and Recreation will be hosting a FREE disc golf clinic from 5-7pm out at Devils Glen Park. Learn to play this great summer activity! All ages welcome, and show up anytime between 5-7. Bring your own disc, some loaner discs will be available.
For club members and friends of disc golf (and Tra-Lo):
A few QCDGC members have said they will help out. I would like to have 3-4 stations set up so participants can just move around the stations. So I could use a few more volunteers to help instruct. Let me know if you can help out. I've got the shelter reserved. RonRazz--plastic?


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JUL 05, 2013 - Yahoo! News
A Must Read - Share
By Miyoung Kim SEOUL (Reuters) - Samsung Electronics Co Ltd missed already modest expectations for its quarterly earnings guidance on Friday, deepening worries that its smartphone business may have peaked, as growth in sales of its blockbuster Galaxy phones begins to wane and new rivals emerge to eat away at its market share. The Galaxy S, powered by Google's free Android platform, propelled the South Korean firm into the top rank of smartphone makers in 2012, overtaking Apple Inc whose iPhone had set an industry standard five years earlier. ...
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© 2011 Comunitee, Inc.


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WILLIAMSTOWN, W.Va-There is very little that Tomlinson Park-goers would change about their idyllic oasis in the middle of Williamstown.
"I've lived here a long time and I'm really proud of our park," said Williamstown resident Susan Huggins, 57, who was at the park Friday morning with her 20-month-old granddaughter Jocelyn Stead.
Located along Highland Avenue, amenities in the 6.7 acre park include multiple picnic shelters, a sprawling playground, horseshoe pits, a pool, a walking track, a gazebo and two restrooms.
Article Photos
JASMINE ROGERS The Marietta Times
Devola resident Megan Gourley, 32, pushes her laughing 13-month-old daughter Berkley on the swings at Tomlinson Park in Williamstown Friday.
In the summer, the park holds a weekly Music in the Park series, which sometimes draw hundreds of area residents, said Williamstown Mayor Jean Ford.
"We're so community oriented. It's great to have a place where we can all gather together," said Ford.
The park is the largest of three in Williamstown. The city also maintains Fenton Park on West Virginia 14 and Armstrong Garden, at the corner of Highland Avenue and West Fifth Street.
Article Map
One of the Tomlinson Park's biggest draws is the variety of playground equipment, said Huggins.
"She's not even 2 yet," she said of her granddaughter. "But there's a lot for her to do."
Devola resident Megan Gourley, 32, agreed.
Fact Box
Tomlinson Park at a glance
Maintained by the City of Williamstown.
The park takes up 6.7 acres with the main entrance running along Highland Avenue in Williamstown.
Features a wide variety of playground equipment suitable for all ages, multiple picnic shelters, horseshoe pits, a walking track and two restrooms.
This year the city replaced some foam padding underneath a piece of playground equipment.
Is the largest of three parks maintained by the city.
Williamstown appropriates $105,435 to parks every year, which includes the cost of supplies, utilities, mowing and park maintenance crew salaries.
Source: City of Williamstown.
"There's something here for every age group," said Gourley, who was pushing her 13-month-old daughter Berkley in a swing.
Gourley was waiting on friends from her church who typically meet at the park on Friday mornings. The children in attendance usually represent a wide range of ages and different sections of the playground appeal to them all-smaller slides and plastic toys for young children and more adventurous jungle gyms and swings for the older ones.
The park is also shady and normally very quiet, added Gourley.
A handful of Fenton Art Glass dealers were set up inside the park Friday for a Fenton Art Glass Convention happening around the city.
Alice Lynn, a dealer from Mount Vernon, had nothing but good things to say about her first brush with Tomlinson Park.
"It's wonderful. The restrooms are the cleanest I've seen. This is one of the nicest parks I've ever been to," said Lynn, 76, who has visited every state in the country except Hawaii.
The park is also a popular wedding location.
"My grandson got married in the gazebo about a month ago," said city councilwoman Barbara Lewis.
One of the reasons Tomlinson Park maintains its appeal is because it undergoes constant maintenance, said Ford.
"Every single day our maintenance people are in the park," she said.
City employees take care of the regular maintenance of the park and the city outsources the weekly mowing duties, said Ford.
A parks committee headed by city councilman Martin Seufer is also constantly monitoring the park and taking notes of any needed improvements, she said.
This year, the city installed new foam underneath one of the pieces of playground equipment, she said.
There are no immediate plans for future upgrades or changes to the park, said Ford.
"You know it's so full, I don't know what we could add to it," she mused.
Williamstown resident Vicki McIntosh could think of one thing to add.
"I'd like to see some speed bumps put in," said McIntosh, 45.
A road that runs through the park has a posted speed limit of 5 miles per hour, but people generally drive much faster, said McIntosh, who was at the park with her 7-year-old daughter and a young girl they were babysitting.
The park is close and it gives her daughter the opportunity bump into friends, she added.
The park is also the location of the city's annual Relay for Life walk, said Ford, and several school athletic groups use the park space for practices.
This year's parks budget in Williamstown is $105,435 and covers supplies, utilities, and maintenance employees' salaries for all three city parks.


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A set of 4 hand-painted square sauce dishes from the Aqua Fish Design collection by Le Souk Ceramique.
This set of four square dishes is great as oil & vinegar dippers, or for cocktail sauce or nuts and candies very versatile. From the Aqua Fish designs collection of dishwasher and microwave safe ceramics from Le Souk Ceramique. Hand-crafted and freehand painted in Nabeul, Tunisia. Due to the hand-made nature, each piece is unique and may vary slightly in pattern, color, texture, and weight.
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On behalf of our youngest children and their families, the Crookston Early Childhood Initiative would like to thank the following community businesses, organizations, and individuals for their donation on our mission to support children as they love, learn, and thrive.
D&D Thomforde's
Laurie and Dan Wilson
Bernard Lieder
Francine & Rodd Olson
Dan's Flying Service, Dan and Sara Geist
Crookston Fuel Company/Ampride
Christian Brothers Ford
Anne Rassmusson
Brad and Kari Miller
Order of Eastern Star, Chapter #134
Crookston Rotary Club
Odland, Fitzgerald, Reynolds, & Harbott Law
Crookston Eagles Auxiliary
UMC Early Childhood Club
Proulx Refridgeration, Heating & Appliance
Crookston Firefighters Association
Tim and Marlene Dufault
Crookston Knights of Columbus 1216
Bremer Bank, Crookston
Leah and Chris Winjum
Tri-Valley Opportunity Council, Inc.
Crookston Welding & Machine
Altru Clinic, Crookston
Opticare-Crookston Vision Associates
KROX Radio
Richard Maves
Crookston Noon Day Lions
Annette Abrams
Crookston Kiwanis Pioneer 100s
Crookston Building & Rent It Center
Crookston Women of Today
Gayle and Bob Nelson
Crookston National Bank
Villa St. Vincent
Crookston Eye Clinic
Happy Joe's Pizza of Crookston
Crookston Masonic Lodge #141
Reese Electric
Jim Bredman
Widman's Candy Shop
Scott and Denice Oliver
John and Jon Vallager
American Crystal Sugar Company
Tom Lenertz
Ray and Terry Dusek
Titan Machinery
Mid-Valley Grain
Halstad Telephone Company
Gina and Grant Gunderson
RiverView Health
Colleen and Ian MacRae
HN Quality Plumbing
SunOpta Grain & Foods, Inc.
LeBlanc Realty
Kari and Dale Trudeau in honor of Evin and Avery Trudeau
Their generous donations helped to support and fund the MOYC events, TACSEI Training for 25 providers/educators, craft supplies for UMC's In The Spirit of Cinco de Mayo, RiverView Health's Reach Out and Read Program, Crookston Early Childhood Summit meetings, and the Early Childhood Resource Directory.
Our sincere thanks.
Gina Gunderson
Local Coordinator
Crookston Early
Childhood Initiative
Location, ST | website.com


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Don and Archella Sharkey will observe their 50th wedding anniversary with an open house on Saturday, Aug. 24, 2013, from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. at Fiddlestiks.
Friends and family are invited to join the couple in celebrating this special occasion. Your presence will be your gift to them.
Location, ST | website.com


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David Irving, Hitler and Holocaust Denial: Electronic Edition, by Richard J. EvansTable of Contents
|3.2 Holocaust denial >
|3.6 Conclusion >>
3.1 Definition of 'The Holocaust'
3.1.1 Most historians, indeed most people who know anything at all about the Second World War, accept that an important part of it was the attempt by Nazi Germany, led by its 'Führer' or 'Leader', Adolf Hitler, to exterminate the Jewish population of Europe. Since the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Hitler's government had passed numerous laws restricting Jewish rights in the professions, the economy, education and other walks of life. The notorious 'Nuremberg Laws' passed in 1935 banned intermarriage and sexual relations between Jewish and non-Jewish Germans. In November 1938, the Nazis instigated and carried out widespread acts of destruction of Jewish property all over Germany, arrested over twenty thousand Jewish men, and imprisoned them under brutally harsh conditions for several weeks in concentration camps. Over ninety Jews were killed on the night of 9-10 November 1938 in the course of this action, which the Nazis cynically termed the 'Night of Broken Glass' (Reichskristallnacht), and there were many further deaths of Jews imprisoned in the concentration camps in the weeks following. After these events, Jews were fined an enormous sum of money by the Nazi government, effectively deprived of their citizenship, and almost completely removed from employment and other gainful economic activities. About half of Germany's Jewish community had emigrated by 1939 as a result of these policies.
3.1.2 In September 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, the invading forces encountered a society in which the Jewish minority was far larger than it was in Germany. Numbering nearly two million, the Jews of Nazi-occupied Poland were subjected to widespread violence, including mass shootings by special task forces (Einsatzgruppen), and large-scale deportations. The idea was already mooted in leading Nazi circles of deporting all German as well as Polish Jews to a reservation in the General Government, a large part of Nazi-occupied Poland which had not been incorporated directly intothe Reich.
3.1.3 The nature of the proposed transportations was made clear by Hans Frank, the Governor of the General Government, on 25 November 1939: 'It's great to get to grips with the Jewish race at last', he said: 'The more that die the better...Get the Jews out of the Reich, Vienna, everywhere. We have no use for Jews in the Reich.'1 This plan was not immediately put into effect, however. The Jews of Nazi-occupied Poland were set to work in brutally run labour camps, and crowded into specially created ghettos in major towns such as Lodz and Warsaw. After the defeat of France in June 1940, Hitler and leading German officials for some time considered deporting all European Jews under German control to the French colony of Madagascar, which could in no way have supported millions of totally unprepared and unsupported European immigrants. Meanwhile, deportations of Jews to the General Government continued intermittently, while British control over the seas rendered the Madagascar Plan impractical and eventually forced its abandonment.
3.1.4 The German army was followed into Soviet territory by four Security Police and Security Service task forces (Einsatzgruppen), with orders to carry out mass executions of Communist officials, 'extremists', 'partisans' and Jews. 'The cleansing operation of the Security Police', wrote the Commander of Task Force A on 15 October 1941, 'had the goal of the most comprehensive elimination possible of the Jews'. Local antisemites were also encouraged to carry out massacres of Jews. Other German units, from the military and the police (the Ordnungspolizei, the Gendarmerie and the Schutzmannschaften), also took part in the killings. Numerous reports from the task forces indicate that shootings took place on a considerable scale, and by April 1942, about 750,000 Jews had been murdered. By late 1943 the numbers shot by the task forces had reached over 2 million.
3.1.5 By this time, the shooting had been extended to German, Austrian and Czech Jews deported to Nazi-occupied territory in Eastern Europe, and mobile gassing vans were also being used; they had already been employed on the inmates of Polish mental asylums before the invasion of the Soviet Union. In the October 1941 Jews were finally banned from emigrating independently from Germany, and began to be deported to the East once more, both to the ghettos and also to specially built camps. In both these places of confinement they were kept on starvation rations and deliberately forced by the Nazis to live in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions which bred disease and led to very high death rates.
3.1.6 The complex legal and logistical issues raised by these actions were discussed at a conference in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942 to discuss 'the final solution of the European Jewish question'. The minutes indicated that 11 million Jews in 32 different countries, many not yet under German control, were being considered. The minutes, as Adolf Eichmann, who wrote them, reported under interrogation in 1960, had to use 'circumlocution', but at the meeting itself 'the talk was of killing, elimination, and annihilation'.
3.1.7 In November 1941, construction work began on a camp at Belzec, in the General Government, built specifically in order to kill Jews. Specially constructed gas chambers began operating in March 1942 and by December 1942, when Belzec ceased operations, between 500,000 and 600,000 Jews had been killed there, including people transported from France, Holland, Germany and Greece for that purpose. A camp established at Chelmno, near Lodz, towards the end of 1941 also began killing large numbers of Jews in mobile gassing vans. By May, another extermination camp had been opened, at Sobibor, where between 150,000 and 250,000 Jews from a variety of European countries were killed, and in July 1942 a third camp in the General Government began killing Jews, at Treblinka, where 268,000 Jews, mostly from the Warsaw ghetto, which like the other ghettos was regarded by the Nazis as a stopping-place for Jews on their way to the camps, were gassed or shot between 23 July and 28 August. By 19 August 1943 the total killed in Treblinka numbered at least 750,000 and probably exceeded one million, including many from Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Greece and Germany. Another camp, at Majdanek, in the Lublin district, although primarily a labour camp, also used gas chambers, where about 50,000 people were killed; another 150,000 were shot, or died from illness, malnutrition and overwork; 60,000 of this total were Jews.2
3.1.8 The most notorious of the camps in Nazi-occupied Poland was situated at Auschwitz. This was a vast complex, established by the SS early in 1940, and covering nearly eighteen square miles. It included a large synthetic rubber factory run by IG Farben, the German chemical company, with slave labourers drawn from a variety of European countries under German control. In the autumn of 1941, gassing facilities were built in the camp, and used on Soviet prisoners of war. Shortly afterwards, gassing operations were transferred to a second camp, Auschwitz-Birkenau, built in October 1941, some three kilometres from the main camp: both camps are customarily referred to by historians under the general heading of 'Auschwitz'. Transports of Jews began to arrive there early in 1942. From the Summer of 1942, those deemed fit to work were taken to the main camp and enrolled as slave labourers, while the rest were gassed in Auschwit-Birkenau immediately on arrival without being registered. Periodic 'selections' in the main camp would weed out those whom the SS considered poor workers and consign them also to the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau. The bodies were disposed of in crematoria and burnt in open pits when the crematoria were unable to cope with the numbers.
3.1.9 Unlike the pure extermination camps at Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka, therefore, where virtually no inmates survived the war, there were many survivors of Auschwitz, including the Birkenau camp (where there were also numerous accomodation barracks, including living quarters for Gypsies, another racial group subjected to extermination by the Nazis), the main camp (where most of the slave-labourer inmates were not Jewish) and some forty subsidiary camps, mostly associated with factories working for the German war effort. Altogether, the camp records list 400,000 prisoners who were registered in the Auschwitz system, of whom perhaps around half were Jews; half of these died in the camp; the others were mostly transferred to other camps, where many of them died, but some at least managed to survive. Some 8,000 inmates were also liberated by the Rad Army. More than twice as many Jews, however - some 865,000 - were not registered in the camp, but were killed immediately on arrival. These included many thousands of Jews transported by the Nazis from countries as far away as France, Holland, Italy, Belgium, Norway and Greece.3
3.1.10 It is the fact that Auschwitz formed the killing centre for Jews from many countries, added to the fact that many more survived than in the other extermination centres, that accounts for the subsequent notoriety gained by Auschwitz in contrast to Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka or indeed the shooting campaigns carried out by the task forces and military and police units. Many more Jews and other prisoners died on the brutal 'death marches' carried out after the evacuation of the camps in the face of the advancing Allied armies in 1944-45. Altogether between five and six million Jews had been killed, by gassing, shooting, or deliberate starvation and neglect, by the Nazis, by the time the war came to an end in the Spring of 1945.4
3.1.11 A large volume of scholarly writings by historians in America, Britain, Israel, Switzerland, Germany and other countries has documented this massive act of genocide.5 Amongst those who have studied the history of these events, there is widespread disagreement about the motivation of the Nazis, the reasons why the genocide took place, the precise dating and timing of its inception, and many other issues; but on the central fact of the systematic killing of millions of Jews from a variety of European countries, by shooting and gassing, organized and supervised by Nazi Germany, there is no dispute.
3.1.12 This central fact has been known variously as the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe' (Endlösung, the Nazis' own term), the 'Holocaust' or 'Shoah' (the term preferred by many Jewish writers and historians), the 'Judeocide' (a term coined by the Princeton historian Arno Mayer but not widely used by others)6, the Nazi genocide of the Jews, or, most simply and neutrally, the Nazi extermination of the Jews. The term 'Holocaust' derives from an Ancient Greek version of the old Testament and originally meant 'a burnt sacrificed offering dedicated exclusively to God.' This meaning has given rise to a number of reservations about its application to the Nazi extermination of the Jews, who were not being sacrificed or offered to God, but were brutally murdered in the name of ethnic purity. Used in German, some have argued, the word also has a distancing and almost euphemistic effect. Others have expressed doubts on the grounds that it distracts attention from Nazism's many other victims, such as the disabled, the mentally ill, tuberculosis sufferers, Soviet prisoners of war, homosexuals, gypsies, 'asocial' prison inmates and 'habitual criminals', all of whom were also deliberately murdered by the Nazis in large numbers. However, despite these reservations, the word has gained currency over the past twenty years or so and its use is now widespread among non-Jewish as well as Jewish historians, not just in English but also in German.7
3.1.13 The meaning of the term 'Holocaust' is thus metaphorical rather than literal; common usage has made what it refers to, however, abundantly clear. Thus for example the standard work by the distinguished Canadian historian Michael Marrus, The Holocaust in History (London, 1987) focuses on, to use his own words, 'the Holocaust, the systematic mass murder of European Jewry by the Nazis'.8 Similarly, Sir Martin Gilbert, in his documentary compilation The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy (London, 1986), notes:Another author, Ronnie S. Landau, put forward a similar definition on page 3 of his book The Nazi Holocaust (London, 1982): 'The Holocaust involved the deliberate, systematic murder of approximately 6 million Jews in Nazi-dominated Europe between 1941 and 1945.'
The systematic attempt to destroy all European Jewry - an attempt now known as the Holocaust - began in the last week of June 1941, within hours of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. This onslaught upon Jewish life in Europe continued without respite for nearly four years. At its most intense moments, during the autumn of 1941, and again during the summer and autumn of 1942, many thousands of Jews were killed every day. By the time Nazi Germany had been defeated, as many as six million of Europe's eight million Jews had been slaughtered; if the killing had run its course, the horrific figure would have been even higher. Jews perished in extermination camps, execution sites, ghettos, slave labour camps, and on the death marches.9
3.1.14 The use of the term 'Holocaust' is ultimately a secondary issue. The essential point is that there is wide agreement that there was a systematic attempt undertaken by the Nazi regime in Germany between 1941 and 1945 to kill all the Jews of Europe, and that it succeeded to the extent of murdering between five and six million of them in a variety of ways, including mass gassings in camps specially constructed for the purpose. These events are known about from a variety of sources. There is a massive quantity of testimony from Jewish survivors of the camps (principally, Auschwitz) and the ghettos. The Nazi authorities also left an enormous quantity of documentation providing details of the policy of extermination and its implementation; this is now preserved in a variety of archives, particularly in the German Federal Archives in Koblenz and in Berlin. Many further documents were captured by the Red Army in the final stages of the war and taken to Moscow, where they have become available to historians after the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s, giving a new impulse to research.
3.1.15 After the war, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg presented a mass of testimony and documentation in a series of trials both of leading Nazis and of lesser but still important figures; this evidence was subsequently published in a large, multi-volume compilation of documents. The trial, in Jerusalem, of Adolf Eichmann, one of the principal organizers of the extermination, in 1961 furnished yet more evidence, including Eichmann's own confessions. In 1964 there was a major trial, in Frankfurt, of former officials and guards at the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp, which brought before the public a large quantity of further evidence. Many important institutions have devoted their efforts to gathering and analysing material on the Nazi extermination of the Jews, including the Munich-based Institut für Zeitgeschichte (Institute for Contemporary History), the Israeli Yad Vashem Institute, the Zentralstell der Landesjustiz and the research branch of the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.. The quantity of research by individual scholars on aspects of the topic has been enormous. A bibliography published in 1985 listed nearly two thousand books on the subject and over ten thousand publications on Auschwitz alone.10 Since then the pace of research has if anything quickened rather than slackening off. There are specialized journals on Holocaust research, such as Holocaust and Genocide Studies; conferences, seminars and scholarly meetings, studies of particular aspects or countries, documentary editions, general surveys, museums and exhibitions and much more. This is, in short, one of the most extensively documented and intensively studied episodes in human history
1. T. Berenstein et al. (eds.), Faschismus-Cetto-Massenmord. Dokumentation uber Ausrottung und Widerstand der Juden in Polen während des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Frankfurt am Main, 1960), p. 46, translated and quoted in Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham (eds.), Nazism 1919-1945, Vol. 3: Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination (Exeter, 1988), p. 1,055.
2. G. Schwarz, Die nationalsozialistischen Lager (Frankfurt am Main, 1996), pp. 250-251; E. Kogon et al. (eds.), Nationalsozialistische Massentötungen durch Giftgas (Frankfurt am Main, 1986), pp. 151-4, 165.
3. See the Expert Witness Report by Professor Robert Jan Van Pelt.
4. This brief summary follows the account in Noakes and Pridham, Nazism, Ch. 38-39, based on a variety of documents including those printed in A. Rückerl (ed.), NS Vernichtungslager im Spiegel der deutschen Strafprozesse. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno (Munich, 1977), E. Kogon et al., Nationalsozialistische Massentötungen durch Giftgas (Frankfurt am Main, 1986), and L. Poliakov and J. Wulf (eds.), Das Dritte Reich und die Juden (Frankfurt am Main, 1983).
5. A small sample of the leading works would include, besides those mentioned below: Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (revised edn., 3 vols., NewYork, 1985); Nora Levin, The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1939-1945 (New York, 1973); John Mendelsohn (ed.), The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes (New York, 1982); Gerald Reitlinger, The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945 (New York, 1961), and Lucy Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945 (New York, 1975); and, on individual countries: Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary (2 vols., New York, 1981); Frederick Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944 (Pittsburgh, 1972); Michael R. Marrus and Robert 0. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews (New York, 1981); Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945 (Oxford, 1978); and Susan Zuccotti, The Italians and the Holocaust: Persecution, Rescue, and Survival (New York, 1987). The most recent, outstanding survey of Nazi policy towards the Jews up to 1945 is Peter Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung. Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung(Munich, 1998).This is only a small sample of a very considerable scholarly literature.
6. Arno J. Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The "Final Solution" in History (New York, 1986).
7. See Walter Laqueur, The Terrible Secret: Suppression of the Truth about Hitler's "Final Solution" (London, 1980), p. 7; Geoff Eley, 'Holocaust History', London Review of Books, 3-17 March, 1982, pp. 6-9; Richard J. Evans, In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past (New York, 1989), p. 142; and Preface by Eberhard Jäckel to Eberhard Jäckel, Peter Longerich, Julius H. Schoeps (eds.), Enzyklopädie des Holocaust. Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der Europäischen Juden (3 vols., Berlin, 1993), p. xviii. The conference papers collected in David Cesarani (ed.), The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation (London, 1994) offer a compendium of relatively recent research.
8. Michael R. Marrus, The Holocaust in History (London, 1989), p. 1.
9. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust. The Jewish Tragedy (London, 1986), p. 18.
10. Vera Laska, Nazism, Resistance and Holocaust in World War II: A Bibliography (Meuchen, New Jersey, 1985), p. xvii.
|3.2 Holocaust denial >
|3.6 Conclusion >>


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This article discusses the health problems that might occur when someone accidentally or intentionally swallows watercolor paints.
This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number (such as 911) or the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222.
Paint - watercolors
Note: Watercolor paints sold for home use are generally considered nonpoisonous.
Several tubes of the artist's watercolors need to be eaten before symptoms occur.
Do NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by poison control or a health care professional.
If the chemical was swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a health care provider. Do NOT give water or milk if the patient is having symptoms (such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness) that make it hard to swallow.
Use soap and water to wash any paint off skin and clothes.
Determine the following information:
The National Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) can be called from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions.
This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
See: Poison control center - emergency number
A trip to the emergency room is normally not necessary.
However, if the poisoning requires medical help, the health care provider will measure and monitor your vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated as appropriate. You may receive:
How well you do depends on the amount of poison swallowed and how quickly treatment is received. The faster you get medical help, the better the chance for recovery.
Recovery is likely because watercolor paints are generally considered nonpoisonous.
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