text:
Is pure capitalism a religion we have taken too far? George W. Bush may wish to talk about God as much as he wants, his track record and the one of his family, up to his grandfather and great grandfather, speak for themselves. The Bush family has only one God and one religion, it has nothing to do with Christianity, but everything to do with making money. Pure capitalism and pure greed to the extreme is our only religion.
I feel it is difficult to speak of capitalism as a whole, without falling in numerous traps and being accused of not knowing what I am talking about. So first thing I did was to go on Wikipedia, then I stopped myself. Don't get me wrong, I will read it and say what I think of it, but first capitalism must be, before anything else, what the people inside really feel it is. Not the perfect book definition that we all wish it to be, because in practice we know capitalism has evolved into something else, that many consider a real monster and threat to humanity.
This point becomes clearer when we read Karl Marx and his ideas of a perfect socialism, which in real life has been the breeding ground of corruption and governments' hidden agendas, who drove us all to utter failure. I read a bit of Karl Marx a long time ago, I like to say I didn't, and yes, I was charmed by it. In reality, what I have observed of what we have done in his name, has alarmed me so much, the only solution I could see was to discredit the man, because no one ever again should use Karl Marx as any kind of authority to justify the worst atrocities and injustices this humanity has seen. I may talk more about this one day, right now I wish to define my own definition of capitalism.
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What is capitalism in your own mind? What is it in my mind? Well, it is our new religion, it is all that we believe in. We claim it is our way to freedom, the liberation of the masses, our chance to succeed beyond measure at becoming filthy rich and powerful, no matter our background, our education, our social class. Capitalism can be reduced to the American Dream.
In my total ignorance of what exactly is capitalism, I have to say, yes, capitalism is wonderful! I want that chance to freedom, I want to become filthy rich and powerful, I want to do what I want to do in this life, nothing else. At this point I realise that I need to dig further. What else do we believe it is?
Well, it is a system, an economic system upon which our existence, our corporations, our governments base everything they think and do. What it seems to be about is capital, making money, as much as one can, to the detrimental of just about everything else in life. If the one at the top prospers, we all prosper. A rich company will create jobs and should in theory pay its employees well. The private sector is where capitalism is applied, though even government agencies think in capitalist terms, and if there is a way to make a profit in anything, we should certainly go for it and make tons of money that could be re-invested somewhere else.
When I was child, my parents never had with me the big talk about capitalism and what it meant. They never told me what was expected of me in such a system. Haven't they? They certainly pushed my sister and I to the limits. We had to have a great education, we had to succeed at any cost and attend the best universities, we had to become rich and have a great status in this society, the best job one can hope for. Medical, law and engineering were the only obvious choices available to us. However, in retrospect, they were misguided. No one becomes rich being a doctor, a lawyer or an engineer. Poor shadows of what capitalism truly means.
Capitalism means starting your own business and building it until it becomes a huge corporation employing thousands of people worldwide in some sort of wonderful perfect globalised world. Lawyers in Canada can eventually do that, they can start their own law firm. Engineers can do the same, creating their own engineering consulting firm. Doctors in Canada cannot really go private, in the United States however they can, as it is all mostly private. This led to horrifying results, where doctors became nothing less than advertising agencies for the almighty pharmaceutical companies, pushing half baked drugs that they all know don't work, and in many cases, make the patients worse.
Perhaps capitalism should never have been applied in certain areas of our society. There is no need to become extreme, like in the United States, or we will eventually reach a point where everything will come crumbling down to dust, as we are witnessing right now in the stock exchange market and financial sector. Too much greed will be our downfall, just as it has always been throughout the ages.
At its most basic definition, I think it is fair to say that what comes to mind to anyone when we talk about capitalism, is this law of the offer and the demand. Let's forget here about advertising and marketing, forcing us to wish for things we would never have thought we needed in the first place. We live in a society of consumerism, highly materialistic in nature, where your only goal in life is to acquire as many possessions and assets as you can, as it is how you will be judged and respected in society. How much wealth you have will define how great a man or a woman you truly are, your worthiness to exist. This is what the meaning of life has been reduced to under capitalism, a game of Monopoly, and I dare you to deny it. It is such a shame, as I do love to play Monopoly on my Nintendo DS. I am a product of my generation, well, almost.
It's okay, I am still not criticising capitalism that badly, who knows, maybe it is the way to go. After all, what other system has brought us anything better? None. Might seem a bit superficial, plastic, meaningless, and so on, and on, and on. If one wishes to be the devil's advocate in this case, my God, that one could go on forever about how misplaced this whole philosophy of life can be, and how more important stuff are actually… well, much more important. Like, I don't know, emancipation, happiness, finding a meaning to our existence and figuring what is this place, the universe we live in. Finding some peace about who we are and what we are supposed to do here, if anything.
Freedom and happiness are still key to everything, we should never forget that. I believe they tried to convince us that it was embedded in the whole capitalism system. You are free to become a civil servant doing admin for the rest of your life, or create your own business and become as rich as your imagination and cleverness or shrewdness will lead you to.
Then, I suppose, capitalism only becomes a real problem to you if you are just a civil servant with no thirst to becoming rich and controlling the planet. Otherwise, wow, what a great life you can have, a real challenge that will answer all your prayers, assuming you have totally espoused the capitalist way of thinking. You might find later on in life that this was after all a bit meaningless, but who cares. Whilst you were in the thick of it, it seemed right, it was fulfilling, it was exciting, you can be proud of yourself and your achievements, you certainly cannot be faulted for it, you will be envied.
In order to get a better idea about how great capitalism is, we need to turn to our models and heroes of capitalism. I reckon, that should be anyone who has made over a billion dollars and who took the time later on in life to write his or her autobiography, or at least who have given us enough to understand how they truly felt about it. Then, we also need to assess if they have not simply continued to play the game and are not just telling us how great and successful they have been. I mean, a real turn around to assess exactly and honestly how they feel about it all.
I can think of two great examples, perhaps the greatest ever, Bill Gate and Warren Buffet. It does not matter who they are and how they made it. If you do not know who they are, forget it. All you need to know is that they made billions of dollars and build up the most successful corporations this world has ever seen. And later on in life, they both seemed to have suffered from some sort of existential crisis, and realised that perhaps life and our values were not all that they should have been.
So now they have decided to turn the table around and help the world with their fortune, by squandering their money away to every loser on the planet who has never heard of capitalism or cannot even dream to ever find out. The people who most probably suffered greatly at the hand of capitalism, since no system ever could sustain itself without exploitation of others and some sort of slavery in the form of cheap labour. Capitalism is not the exception here, I'm afraid.
So, what do we learn from Gate and Buffett? That capitalism is great indeed, but that it is not all there should be, and it should not become a religion. That a good balance about everything in life might actually bring more freedom and happiness. Greed is eternal, as the Ferengi Commerce Authority would say, but there comes a point when it simply becomes meaningless and cannot serve to justify one's entire existence or course of action, and certainly should not be the main principle upon witch the whole of humanity should be based. Greed is not eternal after all in the Divine Treasury after death. We should welcome entering the Vault of Eternal Destitution at any time, as a sign that we figured it all out, what life is actually really about, which cannot be a Blessed Exchequer. At least, I refuse to believe it.
There are other models that we need to study. The ones born and brainwashed into the capitalist system, driven to madness with this desire to succeed at any cost, and who simply cannot make it. Ruined existences, by an impossible desire responsible for a large percentage of the depression and suicides in our society. It is a fact that, though we have produced time and time again generations of people driven to succeed in such a system, it is clear that only a very small percentage can actually succeed.
Is the hope of succeeding and freeing oneself, enough to sustain such a system? Or is it time to wonder if our values are completely misplaced and that, how we define success and ourselves in society, has to change? Excellent question, you can ponder over that one to your heart's content, especially if you are a failure and worth absolutely nothing, which statistically speaking, I'm sure you are.
Capitalism is certainly better than the previous feudal system. Ironically, we could say that capitalism was sort of invented and made popular in England, where the feudal system never actually died out. I am still a servant to my Queen, working for Her Majesty's Courts Service. And as such, it is illegal for me to talk about politics, and to a certain extent, I would think, to talk about capitalism or anything related to any political agenda. Let my dear Queen sue me, I would love to see that show, because I don't care, I will still speak my mind, and so should you. Who has a backbone around here? You, the people, or the governments? And who can we trust? In God we trust? In Money we trust? Or in People we trust? Yeah, I am asking you, and please do answer truthfully, for once.
Capitalism has a better track record than socialism, and is clearly the winner over any kind of form of communism we have observed in this world. I am however Canadian, and Canada is not pure capitalism like its neighbour. Canada is a mix between capitalism and socialism. I think we reached the right balance, and still managed to become a force of nature in the world, a country which is more readily admired than the United States. There are many reasons for that, not all of them admirable, because we depend and count too much on our neighbour. As a result we can afford to forego an out of control military industry and other things. We never felt the need to develop our own nuclear armament for example, we never needed to, not yet anyway.
Some American States have become a bit more socialist in time. California is the example that comes to mind. I think it is a great example, and that they show very well to the rest of America that there is no need to be extreme in anything, especially not capitalism, because it could ultimately eventually become our downfall. And that, coming from the State that probably benefitted most from capitalism in the history of America. Perhaps they can only afford today to be a bit more socialist because pure capitalism made them so rich in the first place. Who knows, it does not matter anyway. What matters is that socialism means a bit of compassion and empathy for the rest of us. It says: if you are in trouble, no matter who you are and what you have accomplished in this great system of ours, we will help you, we will not let you die without food, a roof and medical assistance. Here is a greater message of hope than the American Dream could ever provide to most of us.
In conclusion, I won't read the entry of capitalism on Wikipedia. I don't feel the need to bore myself to death. I think I said all that I felt the need to say on the topic. Capitalism and socialism are what we think they are, what we make them to be. Yes, I am charmed by Karl Marx and his ideal world. I am also charmed by capitalism. There are also many ideas coming from the anarchist front which I believe are worth integrating as well. However, history tells us that economic systems taken individually, do not work and lead to abuse and unhappiness. Driving a system to any sort of extreme is our only problem, as I believe we already have all the solutions on the table. Extremes have always been our downfall. A perfect mix of capitalism, socialism and anarchism is the answer, eliminating any kind of extreme in between. That might bring the sort of freedom and happiness I'm sure we are all looking for, the real meaning of this existence, no matter in which system we live in and the religion we believe in. In people we trust, and nothing else.
This article is an excerpt of the book Destructivism, The Path to Self-Destruction, written by Roland Michel Tremblay. It is available online for free on his website:
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Comments (5)
Wingnut said:
Capitalism - The Felony Pyramid Scheme of Servitude
Speaking of capitalism, lets talk a bit about it from a FBI investigation perspective. See, it all started with the Illuminati/Free Masons, and their "New World Order" pyramid scheme-o-servitude-infestation… with its symbol right there on the back of the USA dollar bill. New World Order/AmWay/American Way inventors are long-ago dead, so there's nobody to lynch over the con/sham called "the free marketeers" or "the church-o-competing". We Christian socialists have watched the capitalism buy-ins do "join-or-starve" (get a job) felony extortion and forced religion to their 18 yr old children. We see the parental policy reversal from share share share… to fight fight fight… when the kids turn 18. We see the parents throwing their 18 yr olds "out there" into "the great sharktank". We see the widespread Chicago mob-like "pay-up or lose your wellbeing" felony extortion going-on in the capitalism pyramid scheme. Hell, you can even do a Google IMAGE SEARCH for "pyramid of capitalist" and see beautiful pictures of the free marketeer's rat-racing pyramid of inequality. Its pretty easy to see-thru the con called capitalism/AmWay. Maybe its time for a cease and desist order on capitalism, and a complete FBI and Christian clean-out of the inequality and "ordering" going-on within? I'd say so. Time to get Christianity and communes happening again, as criminal pyramiding has done the nation and world NO GOOD WHATSOEVER. Competition is NOT healthy, and never was. Cooperation is healthy. Toybox tug-o-warring over greenstamps (money) and entitles of controlism/ownershipism (AmWay redemption catalog bling)… is killing us all, and the planet. Its time for the brutally-fighting "e me me me me my my my my"-junkied and enjoyments-addicted children… to learn to share. No animals, plants, or bugs… use pricetags, ownership, billings, invoicings, timecardings, money, or nation-borders, so why do humans? Stupidity and immorality, I suspect. Weigh it for yourself. Pyramid schemes are EASY to understand. They are JUST LIKE the farmyard pyramid-o-children we failed-at when we were kids. When using such servitude-infested pyramids, the upper 1/3 are "heads in the clouds" while the kids on the bottom ALWAYS GET HURT from the weight of the world's knees in their backs. Its a simple thing… and The Great Pyramids were built by COMMUNED people… all cooperating, and not by slavery systems. The pyramids are out there to remind us all… that we WILL have a "tendency" to stack ourselves into servitudal pyramids on THIS planet, and that is what we are here to learn NOT to do. Even the USA military supply/survival system uses a full-equality, discriminationless, moneyless, ownerless, pricetagless, luxury-repositoried (shared), commune/socialist operation!!! Why can't the civilians?? The USA public library system is a socialism, and it is maybe THE BEST-OPERATING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD! Wake up, folks. Time to escape the pyramid scheme… nobody to lynch or blame. Just escape. Cease and desist. AmWay should NEVER have been allowed to get "the exclusive" (legal tender) on the TYPE of survival coupons (money) accepted/allowed in supply depots (stores). ANY church… should be allowed to print their own(ed) money, and have it be accepted as legal tender… since AmWay did just that. And since churches are Christians and not capitalists, I suspect that "church money" would be handed-out like leafs falling from trees, and that would be THE END to capitalism's servitude infestation… caused by condoning/promoting inequality (pyramiding).
Larry "Wingnut" Wendlandt
MaStars - Mothers Against Stuff That Ain't Right
Bessemer MI USA
Lj said:
"Capitalism" has never been entirely "free", and has always had a dark side...
It is actually far simpler than "capitalism is a religion that we have taken to excess," because what we call "Free Market Capitalism" has NEVER been entirely "free," and has almost always had a sinister dark side.
English absentee landlords were celebrating "Free Market Capitalism"... as they EXPORTED GRAIN from Ireland... AT THE VERY HEIGHT OF THE GREAT IRISH FAMINE that staved over ONE MILLION Irish men, women, and children to death in the 1850s.
In 1774 irate American colonials threw East India Tea company tea into Boston Harbor, protesting the East India Tea company's... ROYAL MONOPOLY.
But while colonial Patriots protesting Royal taxes and government enforced MONOPOLIES were considered heroes in 1776 America, scarcely a decade later, President George Washington led an army to Western Pennsylvania to CRUSH a similar public revolt against tax collectors and the monopoly of authority by corrupt local sheriffs and Eastern establishment judges.
Former Republican author KEVIN PHILIPS remarks on how most great fortunes in America were built in CLOSE COOPERATION with the US government ("Wealth & Democracy in America"), but the amazing thing is that yesterday, as all those arrogant and self-centered oil company execs were testifying to the Senate yesterday, NOT ONE SENATOR asked the obvious question:
"Mr. Oil Exec, where would you and your company be today WITHOUT BILLIONS OF DOLLARS of federal and state government spending - TAXPAYER DOLLARS - on America's very PUBLIC ROADS and highway system?"
Of course the Righties' answer to that conomdrum is to PRIVATIZE public highways, but the fact remains, the great era of US automotive culture, from Henry Ford to George W. Bush's oil wars, WAS BUILT ON TAXPAYER FUNDED _PUBLIC_ roads and highways, the LARGEST SOCIALIZED government PROGRAM in the world.
Its too bad that no one in America with a microphone, TV camera, or widely syndicated op-ed column won't tell those greedy oil company execs to take their "PRIVATE PROFITS" and go Cheney themselves with them!
(Note: According to this Wiki entry on the TOYOTA RAV4 Ev FULLY ELECTRIC CAR, Chevron oil co. executives SUED Toyota and Panasonic to STOP PRODUCING the RAV4-Ev... despite the auto with identical external size and shape with the popular gas powered RAV4 getting THREE TIMES BETTER mileage-per-dollar, at 2006 gas prices!
Whether or not Toyota wanted to continue production, it was unlikely to be able to do so, because the EV-95 battery was no longer available. Chevron had inherited control of the worldwide patent rights for the NiMH EV-95 battery when it merged with Texaco, which had purchased them from General Motors. Chevron's unit won a $30,000,000 settlement from Toyota and Panasonic, and the production line for the large NiMH batteries was closed down and dismantled. Only smaller NiMH batteries, incapable of powering an electric vehicle or plugging in, are currently allowed by Chevron-Texaco."
Chevron execs should be sent to Gitmo and hung by their thumbs, until they confess that they place THEIR COMPANY'S PROFITS _ABOVE_ the energy self-sufficiency and national security of these United States!
The Last Prophetess said:
Good Article!
Makes splendid points that makes a person think! Good writing!
Liberty Lost said:
What is Capitalism.
Many Americans think as you do that capitalism is about getting rich. I don't remember reading about getting rich being the main focus of capitalist goals in economics. Real capitalism, the foundation is on trade. I am going to produce something of value and sell it to you in exchange for value. This is a good thing. Getting rich isn't part of the equation there. In fact, the getting rich part is the cancerous parasite of capitalism.
A great example is Goldman Sachs. They sold the entire world financial snake oil. They knew it was snake oil and hedged themselves against it both politically and monetarily. In terms of the capitalism that Americans believe in this is okay to steal, rob and cause destitution of ones neighbors. This is exactly what they did. And many Americans repugnantly say they would have done the same thing.
But where is liberty? If you are a thief and showing no respect to your neighbors and society are you respecting the foundation of liberty and justice? Not a chance.
What you should focus on is learning about what the founders of our society considered liberty to be. It was a philosophy and an idea that can also be a strong moral compass. Capitalism should be about trade and people making things in exchange for value. Capitalism should not be about parasitical organizations extracting wealth from society and providing nothing of real value. Capitalism shouldn't be about pump and dump business to make a quick buck but should instead be focused on producing the best quality product for the best trade value. Which do you think executives care about in the US? Their product or making a buck? Which one in terms of society is more important?
As for the comment about free market capitalism not existing. It won't ever exist. It is the nature of those with landed wealth and control of resources to always band together and create a government/monopoly. Free markets, as the libertarian utopians desire, can never exist. And they especially can never exist in a selfish get rich scheme society.
We need people that want to create and produce products. We don't need more parasitical speculators that sell snake oil and pump and dump their companies to manipulate stock prices. Shouldn't they be more focused on their product instead of their stock price? If they focused on their product instead we would have a far better society. But we know the real product now is the get rich manipulate the stock prices. Basically, theft. We are going to play games and pump up our corporate currency, speculate on it and rip everyone off. That's American capitalism.
Marcus said:
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- Feb 14:
- Single? Aware? Then be happy on SAD
- Feb 13:
- Anti-Valentine's Day events in the Bay Area
- On Wine: Sweet wines for Valentines
- Forgot Valentine's Day? Zero to dinner in two hours flat
- Feb 12:
- Anti-Valentine's Day playlist: The 25 best songs for bitterness, anger and hating love
- Valentine's Day Playlist: The 25 best love songs and not just the obvious ones
- Harrington: Katy Perry, Miguel, Frank Ocean top my Valentine's playlist
- Feb 11:
- Five things for Bay Area singles to do on Valentine's Day
These are not your warm and fuzzy romance flicks. If you're not a fan of Valentine's Day, for whatever reason, they might hit the spot better than a heart-shaped box of chocolates:
1. "The War of the Roses," (1989): Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner duke it out and practically destroy one another in the process.
2. "Unfaithful," (2002): Richard Gere and Diane Lane play a couple whose marriage goes dangerously awry.
3. "Kill Bill: Vol. 1," (2003): A ticked-off and betrayed bride, played by Uma Thurman, hacks up everyone in sight.
4. "Kill Bill: Vol. 2," (2004): More betrayal, more hacking.
5. "Husbands and Wives," (1992): It's Woody Allen and Mia Farrow. Enough said.
Contact Angela Hill at email@example.com. Read her Give 'Em Hill column on Sundays. Follow her at Twitter.com/giveemhill.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Please feel free to comment on any aspect of this page, and add your own arguments for and against.
Should a job that is started manually be stopped automatically?
- Not having them stopped automatically makes some kind of logical sense; if you started the job by hand, it should be in "manual" mode therefore require being stopped by hand.
Code-wise this is simple, we just wouldn't copy config->stop_on into job->stop_on for the instance manually started, and could use this to detect manual vs. automatic for UI purposes.
- It would solve the problem where a job that is started manually may not have the full environment as a job started automatically, and that full environment is actually required to match the stop events.
On the other hand, if you start getty TTY=ttyUSB0 and the serial port goes away, wouldn't it be nice if the getty stopped too?
- There might even be situations where a job must be stopped on an event (e.g. filesystem going away) for something else to happen.
- That implies we'd still have to match for the instance anyway, since we'd need to fail events that would otherwise stop it.
- So that kinda tells us we should stop automatically; but I'm still not sure.
Should you be able to manually start a job that wouldn't be started automatically?
- Ie. should a job be considered disabled unless the start events and/or state is true.
- I'm generally inclined to say that a sysadmin should always be able to override Upstart.
- There's a certain argument for jobs that aren't started automatically, but can define when a sysadmin can start them without forcing though.
Restore Runlevel Control from the Kernel command line
Upstart should support allowing the user to select the default runlevel from the kernel command line. The following script, which is designed for Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron), allows upstart to set the runlevel based on kernel command line parameters. This script would replace /etc/event.d/rc-default:
# rc - runlevel compatibility # /etc/event.d/rc-default # # This task guesses what the "default runlevel" should be and starts the # appropriate script. # # From the kernel command line, specify a desired runlevel by # writing "init" followed by the runlevel number. For example, you would # do this for entering runlevel 3: # kernel /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 ro init 3 start on stopped rcS script runlevel --reboot || true RL="$(sed -ne 's/.*init \([2-5S]\).*/\1/p' /proc/cmdline || true)" if grep -q -w -- "-s\|single\|S" /proc/cmdline; then telinit S elif [ -n "$RL" ]; then telinit $RL elif [ -r /etc/inittab ]; then RL="$(sed -n -e "/^id:[0-9]*:initdefault:/{s/^id://;s/:.*//;p}" /etc/inittab || true)" if [ -n "$RL" ]; then telinit $RL else telinit 2 fi else telinit 2 fi end script # vim: sts=4


text:
Where to Wine & Dine: The New York Edition
Post by Chuck Hayward | October 27th, 2011
So you're in New York, it's 5pm and the convention just wrapped up. Or you just caught the Mets day game or matinee performance on Broadway and you have time to kill before the flight home tomorrow morning. What lies ahead is what every foodie and wine lover dreams of: one night to fully explore the food and wine culture of New York. What do you do? I addressed this 'dilemma' recently when I found myself with a co-worker on his first visit to New York. With a warning to "Hold on!" we embarked on a trip around lower Manhattan to prove what makes NYC such a mecca.
In a situation like this, one must employ a strategy. First, for a good cross-section of what the city can offer, avoid a big dinner and plan on multiple small bites or appetizers. This will allow you to visit more places and get a broader view of what's out there. Also try to stay in one section of town, cutting down on travel time.


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text:
Marketplace: MIT Business Plan Competition
This lesson printed from:
Posted April 3, 2009
Standard: 14
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Author: Council for Economic Education Technology Staff
Posted: April 3, 2009
The Sloan School of Business at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) hosts a yearly competition for the best business plan. It's not just your average science fair project. Many entrepreneurs have used the money they won in the MIT competition to turn a paper plan into reality. Marketplace host David Brancaccio talks with two students, Jeremy Bender and Obadiah Plante, who won the contest in May 2002 (www.marketplace.org/shows/2002/05/16_mpp.html - from 13:51 to 17:40).
Business, Entrepreneurship, Profit Motive
- Explain the risks and returns that entrepreneurs face in their efforts to provide goods and services.
- List and describe the types of preparation required for a entrepreneur to get funding for a business.
- Explain how entrepreneurs contribute to a market economy.
Entrepreneurs must take many steps to start up their own businesses. MIT sponsors a competition that takes two new entrepreneurs through these steps. In this lesson, students learn how entrepreneurs develop a business plan; they also learn about potential risks and profits involved in starting a business.
[Note to teacher: The following link requires RealPlayer www.real.com/dmm/realplayer/search .]
Marketplace audio file about 'MIT's Business Plan Competition'
marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2002/05/16_mpp.html www.marketplace.org/shows/2002/05/16_mpp.html Play from 13:51 through 17:40.
Interactive Activity: MIT Business Plan Competition Note-Taker
U.S. Small Business Administration's Teen Business Link www.sbaonline.sba.gov/teens/
For Further Information: U.S. Small Business Administration's Business Plan Basics www.sbaonline.sba.gov/smallbusinessplanner/index.html
Extension Activity: 'Business Ownership: How Sweet It Can Be!'
Extension Activity: 'The Entrepreneur in You'
Activity 1
Have the students listen to the Marketplace audio file (from 13:51 to 17:40) about 'MIT's Business Plan Competition.' As they listen they will complete an outline of important information contained in the story. Then they will use their outlines to answer both factual and evaluative questions about economic concepts addressed in the story.
Give the students the following instructions:
Listen to the Marketplace audio file about MIT's Business Plan Competition - marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2002/05/16_mpp.html . Play from 13:51 through 17:40.
While you are listening, use the Note-Taker to record supporting details about three main ideas.
These are the three main ideas you will focus on today:
- Competition Structure
- Ancora Pharmaceuticals' Structure and Business Plan
- Questions Asked by Judges and Venture Capitalists
As you listen to the segment, record any words you don't know or words that may be important economic terms.
Then listen to the Audio File (from 13:51 to 17:40) again to gather additional supporting details and possible definitions of the vocabulary words using context clues, and record the details and definitions in your note-taker.
Finally, you will be asked a series of questions related to the story.
1. Have the students turn in their note-takers. Student work should reflect an understanding of the risks and benefits that entrepreneurs must consider when starting up a business.
2. Have the students listen to the Audio File (from 13:51 to 17:40) again and discuss the following questions with classmates:
- What are the main components that a business plan must address in order to be successful?
- What was it about the Ancora Pharmaceuticals' business plan that made it attractive?
- What risks will the entrepreneurs face when starting Ancora Pharmaceuticals?
- How do entrepreneurs contribute to a market system?
- Why are entrepreneurs vital in keeping innovation going?
THINK ABOUT IT: What do you think motivates entrepreneurs?
Conclude the lesson with a brief exchange of ideas. By the conclusion of this lesson, the students should be able to identify at least three main elements in Ancora Pharmaceuticals' business plan that helped it win the competition. Use this discussion to identify the risks and rewards that entrepreneurs face.
Have the students further explore entrepreneurship in the following two lessons:
'Business Ownership: How Sweet It Can Be!'
'The Entrepreneur in You'
Have the students use the Internet to look for business information about Ancora Pharmaceuticals. The winners of the competition stated that they would open their business in the summer of 2002. Did they find investors? Have they continued the business successfully?


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Top movie weddings
POSTED: 06:59 AM MST Jan 28, 2014 UPDATED: 10:31 AM MST Jan 27, 2016
As Valentine's Day nears, take a look back at some memorable movie weddings.
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Monday, Nov. 14 • 7 p.m. CT
American Bank Center (8,100) • Corpus Christi, Texas
RADIO: NewsRadio 1360 AM KKTX (Steven King)
LIVE COVERAGE: Video | Stats
Full Release (PDF)
The Texas A&M - Corpus Christi men's basketball team returns to action as part of a Turkey Tuesday two-fer on Tuesday, Nov. 22, when it faces Utah State. The Islanders women's basketball team will face Iona at 5 p.m. with the men's game to follow at approximately 7:30.
The Islanders are 0-2 on the season, having fallen at Oklahoma State and at home against Denver. Texas A&M - Corpus Christi rallied against the Pioneers, trimming a 14-point second-half deficit to three in the closing minute, but DU was able to stave off the rally for the win.
Utah State comes into the game at 2-1, having won home games against BYU and Southern Utah, but falling at Weber State. The Aggies went 30-4 last season, including a 15-1 mark in the Western Athletic Conference, and were one of the top teams in then nation in RPI a year ago. Head Coach Stew Morrill is among the active leaders with 544 career wins.
The Texas A&M - Corpus Christi men's basketball team used a late rally to pull within three with 26 seconds to play, but Denver hit its free throws down the stretch to tally a 65-58 victory over the Islanders on Monday night. The Islanders were powered by four players in double figures, including a career-high 17 points and seven rebounds from Myron Dempsey.
Johnathan Jordan added 12 points and three steals and Terence Jones chipped in 11 points and three assists for the Islanders. Chris Hawkins-Mast had his third double-digit scoring night with 10 points and seven rebounds, while Nate Maxey had his second-straight game with four blocks in the loss. Brian Stafford (25 points) and Chris Udofia (12 points, six blocks) led the Pioneers.
Utah State has a 2-1 record on the year, with wins over BYU and Southern Utah and a loss at Weber State. Brockeith Pane leads the team with 15.3 points per game and 11 assists on the year, while Morgan Grim (11.7) and Preston Medlin (11.0) both average double figures as well. Brady Jardine has been the top player on the boards with 7.7 rebounds per game this year. USU is similar in size to Denver, with no starter over 6-foot-7.
This will be the first meeting between the Islanders and Aggies. In fact, it is the first game for the Islanders against any current member of the Western Athletic Conference. Tthe only games the Islanders have ever played against WAC opponents were two road contests at UTEP, going 1-1, played in 2001 and 2003, before the Miners departed for Conference USA in 2005.
Of course, next year, the Islanders will be on the speed dial of WAC coaches for game film. In addition to playing Utah State, the Islanders also play seven games against teams joining the conference next year – Denver, who will move from the Sun Belt, and the trio of Southland foes that are joining the league – UTSA, Texas State and UT-Arlington.
Texas A&M - Corpus Christi has historically been very strong playing its home games at the American Bank Center. Entering their seventh season in the facility, the Islanders have a 65-27 record playing at the ABC, including four seasons with at least nine wins there.
Unfortunately, recent history has been less kind to Texas A&M - Corpus Christi in the arena. The Islanders have lost six of the last seven games downtown heading into tonight's affair.
After being a role player in his first season for the Islanders, senior Chris Hawkins-Mast has emerged as the team's go-to guy on the offensive end. Hawkins-Mast led the Islanders with 23 points in the exhibition against UIW, then led all scorers in the game at Oklahoma State, netting 14. He followed that with seven boards and 10 points against Denver, including two on a thunderous dunk early in the game.
Hawkins-Mast has been arguably the hardest worker on the team, spending a tremendous amount of time on his jump shot outside of practice. The result has been a significant improvement in that area while still possessing his ability to get to the rim.
The native of Washington, D.C., attended a pair of junior colleges before landing at the Island University prior to the 2010-11 season. He went by the name "Chris Mast" a year ago, but chose to use his full legal name to honor his mother, whose maiden name is Hawkins.
Freshman Nate Maxey has been identified as the player with possibly the highest ceiling on the Islanders team, and he showed why at Oklahoma State. In his regular-season debut, the San Diego native had four blocks and seven rebounds in the first half.
He followed that up with another four blocks – three in the first half – against Denver. All four attempts that he swatted away were on attempted layups. He is already 38 percent of the way to setting a new freshman record for blocks in a season – Carl Nelson swatted 21 attempts in 2005-06 – and leads the conference with 4.0 blocks per game.
The athletic 6-foot-11 big man has a massive 7-foot-9 wingspan. He added four points on 2-of-3 shooting against the Cowboys and had another four points in the game against the Pioneers.


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David Irving, Hitler and Holocaust Denial: Electronic Edition, by Richard J. EvansTable of Contents
|< (i) The document in quest...
|(iii) Conclusion >
(ii)Nazi policy towards 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages'
1. In September 1935, the Nazis proclaimed the so-called Nuremberg laws, which outlawed sexual relations between Germans and Jews (apart from those already married) and made German Jews officially into second-class citizens.15 These laws meant that the Nazis had to legally define who they regarded to be a 'Jew'. This issue was settled in the First Supplementary Decree to the Reich Citizenship Law of 14 November 1935. Falling back on religious definitions of Jews (and thus openly acknowledging the absurdity of Nazi racial ideology), a Jew was defined as 'anyone who is descended from at least three grandparents who are racially full Jews'. This last point was defined as follows: 'A grandparent shall be considered as full-blooded if he or she belonged to the Jewish religious community'.
2. However, German citizens with two grandparents who had belonged to the Jewish religion were classified in a crucially different way. Only if they, too, were members of the Jewish religion or married to a 'full Jew', were they classified by the Nazis as 'Jews'. In all other cases (barring some other special circumstances), they were classified as 'half-Jews' (Mischlinge) 'of the first degree'.16
3. 'Half-Jews' faced various forms of discriminations, from being dismissed as civil servants to having to pay higher school fees than 'Aryans' did. But while their treatment continuously deteriorated during the 'Third Reich', the 'half-Jews' were still in a comparatively better position than those Germans who had been classified by the Nazis as 'full-Jews'. The privileged status of the 'half-Jews' (of whom there were an estimated 69,000 in Germany and Austria in 1939) compared to 'full Jews' was not accepted by some agencies in the Nazi dictatorship. The Nazi party and other officials (for instance in the Sicherheitsdienst) pushed for a change in policy and demanded that 'half-Jews' be treated in the same way as 'full Jews'. These demands were opposed by officials in the Ministry of the Interior and other government departments. Hitler was apparently ambivalent about the status of 'part-Jews' and did not decisively intervene in these debates.17
4. Already before the beginning of the deportation of German Jews to the East in autumn 1941, the question of what should happen to the 'half-Jews' apparently took on greater urgency for various Nazi officials. This became obvious above all at the notorious Wannsee conference of 20 January 1942. The general topic of the conference was the 'final solution of the European Jewish question'. In the first part of the conference, Heydrich informed the high-ranking party and government officials present, that Hitler had approved of the 'evacuation of the Jews to the east' as a solution to the 'Jewish question'. Heydrich left no doubt about the murderous fate which awaited the Jews:
Large labour gangs will be formed from those fit for work...and undoubtedly a large number of them will drop out through natural wastage. The remainder who survive - and they will certainly be those who have the greatest powers of endurance - will have to be dealt with accordingly.18
5. Adolf Eichmann, who took these minutes at the meeting, after the war admitted that the minutes were put in euphemistic language, and that at the meeting itself the talk had been openly about 'killing and elimination and annihilation'.19 The meeting voiced no opposition to the plans outlined by Heydrich. Soon after the Wannsee conference, Heydrich expressed his satisfaction that the 'basic line in respect of the final solution of the Jewish question has been set and complete agreement exists on the part of the agencies which are participating in it.'20
6. The same could not be said, however, for the special case of 'half-Jews' and Jews in 'mixed marriages' with people whom the regime defined as non-Jews or 'Aryans'. Even though their fate was discussed at great length in the second part of the Wannsee conference, no consensus was reached. As Heydrich pointed out at the meeting, an important precondition for the 'Final Solution' was 'the precise definition of the group of persons involved'. Heydrich thus suggested that 'Mischlinge 1st degree are to be treated as Jews for the purpose of the final solution' [i.e. deported to the East], apart from certain exceptions such as 'half-Jews' married to partners classified by the Nazis as German. Those few 'half- Jews' allowed to stay in the Reich, Heydrich proposed, were all to be sterilised 'to resolve finally the Mischling problem'. Regarding 'mixed marriages', Heydrich argued that the 'decision on whether the Jewish partner should be evacuated or sent to an old people's ghetto must be decided from case to case depending on the effects of such a measure on the German relatives of this mixed marriage.'21
7. Heydrich's plans regarding the 'half-Jews', which repeated demands made in summer 1941 by Nazi Party and SS radicals,22 were not universally accepted. State Secretary Stuckart from the Ministry of the Interior criticised them as leading to 'endless administrative work'. He proposed that the 'half-Jews' be sterilised (rather than 'evacuated') and that in the case of 'mixed marriages', as he said, 'one ought also to contemplate ways by which the legislator might say, for example: "these marriages are dissolved"'.23 In order to iron out these differences regarding the treatment of 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages', Heydrich called a 'detailed discussion' (Detailbesprechung) of lower-ranking state and party officials on 6 March 1942 in the Reich Security Head Office.24
8. It is absolutely vital to note that this conference, and the written exchanges by the participants in the aftermath of the conference, were only concerned with the issue of 'mixed marriages' and 'half-Jews'. The fate of the 'full Jews' was not raised, as it had already been agreed upon in principle, even if, as historians like Peter Longerich have argued, Nazi leaders had not yet abandoned their view that the total extermination of all European Jews would only be completed after the war was won.25 Nevertheless, the conference on 6 March 1942 and the subsequent exchanges were still conducted under the general heading 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question'.26 The reason for this is clear: the officials were still occupied with determining 'the precise definition of the group of persons involved' in the 'final solution', as Heydrich had put it at the Wannsee conference. Were 'half-Jews' also to be 'evacuated', or 'only' sterilised? And what would be the fate of Jews in 'mixed marriages'? All of these seemingly minor questions of detail were vital to the implementation of the 'Final Solution' and had already taken up a great deal of time at the Wannsee Conference itself. This was unfinished business from the Conference, in other words, and it is not surprising that it continued to be carried on under the general heading of the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question'.
9. These matters of detail were thus debated at the meeting of 15 lower ranking state and party officials on 6 March 1942 under this very general heading - 'Endlösung der Judenfrage'. The content of this meeting is detailed in several contemporary sources.27 Regarding the 'half -Jews', Stuckart's proposal that they all be compulsory sterilised and then allowed to remain in the Reich was widely criticised. Most officials agreed that such mass sterilisations were impossible during the war, as hospital beds and doctors were needed for the war-wounded. It was also remarked that Stuckart's proposal would not lead to a complete 'solution of the half-Jew problem', for:
According to a communication from the representative of the Party Chancellery, the view had been expressed, in the highest quarter, in connection with the discussion of half-Jew questions in the Army, that it was necessary to divide the half-Jews into Jews and Germans, and that it was in no way tenable to keep the half-Jews permanently alive as a small race. No account would be taken of this demand if all half-Jews were to be sterilised and allowed to stay on Reich territory.(German translation Nach Mitteilung des Vertreters der Parteikanzlei werde von hochster Stelle anlasslich der Erorterung von Mischlingspragen in der Wehrmacht zum Ausdruck gebracht, daß es notwendig sei, die mischlinge auf Juden und Deutschen afzuteilen, und daß es keinesfalls tragbor sei, die Mischlinge als dritte kleine Rasse auf die Dauer am Leben zu halten Dieses Forderung wurde bei einer Sterlisierung aller Mischlinge und ihrer Belassung im Reichsgebiet nicht Rechnung getragen: See BA Berlin, 99 US 58013:
10.'In the highest quarter' was the traditional bureaucratic designation for the head of state, or in this context, for Hitler. In view of the fact that Hitler had expressed himself on this issue, the meeting decided that Hitler should be presented both with Stuckart's proposal for the general compulsory sterilisation of all 'half-Jews', and with an alternative plan, which mirrored Heydrich's suggestions at the Wannsee conference. Under this proposal, 'half-Jews' would generally be equated with Jews, and 'evacuated' (possibly to special 'settlements' to be set up for 'half-Jews'). However, there was to be a one-off screening process of 'half-Jews', after which a relatively small group would be allowed to remain in the Reich. In their case, the officials envisaged their 'voluntary' sterilisation 'as quid-pro-quo for the clemency accorded to them in being allowed to stay in the Reich.' But in case Hitler still opted for the Stuckart proposal, rather than this alternative plan, it was suggested that the sterilised 'half-Jews' should not be allowed to remain in the Reich, as they represented a political and administrative 'burden'. Rather, they should be deported to a special 'settlement' for 'half-Jews'.
11. The representative of the Propaganda Ministry at the conference on 6 March 1942 also criticised the proposal Stuckart had made at the Wanssee conference regarding the issue of 'mixed marriages'. He rejected the promulgation of a law which would forcibly dissolve all marriages between German Jews and non-Jewish Germans on political grounds, especially as the Vatican would probably criticise such a law. The representative of the Ministry of Justice also opposed the proposed law out of general legal considerations. In the end, the officials at the meeting put forward a compromise solution, which, however, was still close to the original proposal for forcible divorces. The German partners in 'mixed marriages' were to be given the option to approach the courts for a divorce, which would then be granted automatically. However, if the German partners failed to do so within a specified time-frame, then
The state prosecutors will be instructed to institute divorce proceedings. The divorce decree will then depend solely on the ruling that one marriage partner is fully or half-Jewish. The Head of the Security Police and the SD (Heydrich) will make this ruling. The state prosecutors and the courts will be bound by the ruling of the Head of the Security Police and the SD.28 Werden die Staatsanwaltschaften angewiesen, Scheidungsantrage zu stellen. Der Scheidungsanspruch hängt dann nur von der Festellung ab, daß ein Eheteil volljudisch bezw. Mischlung I. Grades ist. Diese Festellung trifft der chef des Sicherheitspolizei und des SD Die Staatsanwaltschaften und Gerichte sind an die Feststellung des Chefts der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD gebinden.
12. When the lower-ranking officials reported to their superiors about the outcome of the conference on 6 March 1942, several senior officials immediately raised concerns. On 16 March 1942, State Secretary Stuckart from the Ministry of the Interior sent a letter to seven of the state and party offices which had been represented at the 6 March 1942 meeting. In this letter under the heading 'Re: Final Solution of the Jewish Question' Stuckart reiterated his vehement opposition to the plan 'to equate the half-Jews with the Jews and to incorporate them into the expulsion action already in progress for Jews'. He reiterated his proposals for the 'natural dying-out of the half-Jews within the Reich territory' after their sterilisation.29
13. The discussions at the conference on 6 March 1942 also rang alarm-bells in the Ministry of Justice. When the acting Minister of Justice, Franz Schlegelberger, was informed by the ministries' representative at the meeting, Massfelder, of the discussions, he immediately wrote to Hans Heinrich Lammers, the head of the Reich Chancellery. It is at this point that we return to the three documents collected in the file in the German Federal Archives (R 22/52). In his letter to Lammers on 12 March 1942, Schlegelberger noted that the meeting of 6 March 1942 had prepared the ground for decisions, 'which I must hold to be in large part completely impossible': 'Since the result of the discussions, in which indeed an adviser from your Department took part, is to form the basis for the Führer's decision, I urgently wish to discuss this matter with you personally in good time.'30
14. In a letter sent some three weeks later to seven of the state and party offices which had been represented at the 6 March 1942 meeting, Schlegelberger set out exactly which proposals he objected to. Again, this letter is written under the heading 'Re: Final Solution of the Jewish Question'. At the beginning of his letter Schlegelberger reiterated Heydrich's demand at the Wannsee conference for a clear definition: 'The final solution of the Jewish question demands a clear and permanently determining prior delimitation of the group of people to which the measures envisaged are to be applied.'
15. Schlegelberger then moved on to discuss in detail the different proposals for the treatment of 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages'. Regarding the former, Schlegelberger supported Stuckart's proposal thatThose 'half-Jews' with children who were not classified as 'half-Jews', Schlegelberger suggested, could possibly even be exempted both from sterilisation and 'expulsion'.
Preference is to be given to the prevention of the reproduction of these half-Jews over their equal treatment to that of the full Jews and the expulsion connected with it. The fertile half-Jews should be given the choice of submitting to sterilisation or to being expelled in the same way as full Jews. *
16. Regarding 'mixed marriages', Schlegelberger raised no objections to the proposals that procedures for divorce applications by non-Jewish Germans married to German Jews or 'half-Jews' be simplified. However, Schlegelberger strongly opposed the proposals for forcible divorces which had been made at the conference on 6 March 1942:
Substantial reservations exist in respect of compulsory divorce, perhaps on the application of the state prosecutor. Such compulsion is unnecessary because the marriage partners are separated from one another in any case by the expulsion of the Jewish partner. Compulsory divorce is, however, also pointless, because even if it removes the ties of marriage, it does not remove any inner ties between the marriage partners.
17. No doubt, Schlegelberger also opposed the proposals for forcible divorces made at the conference on 6 March 1942, as they would have left the entire decision-making process in divorce issues regarding Jews to Heydrich's officials. Courts and judges were to be given no option but to grant divorce petitions approved by the Reich Security Head Office. for most of the Nazi years, the Ministry of Justice was consistently concerned to maintain at least the formal appearance of judicial independence, and here was a proposal which threatened to undermine it. In practical terms it would also have removed a significant area of decision-making from the Ministry's purview.
18. It was these issues, the treatment of the 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages', which Schlegelberger wanted to raise with Lammers. Schlegelberger was clearly not concernced about the fate of 'full Jews'. As we have already seen, their fate had already been agreed upon in principle by the different state and party officials at the Wannsee conference. On 18 March 1942, Lammers, writing from Hitler's headquarters, replied to Schlegelberger's request for a meeting. Under the heading: 'Re: Complete Solution of the Jewish Question', Lammers agreed to meet Schlegelberger. A date for the meeting would be fixed upon Lammers's return to Berlin, which he expected to be at the end of March 1942.31
19. If it is accepted that it dates from Srping of 1942 then it tis possible that the document in question ('Schlegelberger memorandum') is Schlegelberger's record of this meeting with Lammers, which according to the historian Eberhard Jäckel took place on 10 April 1942.32 Lammers at the meeting apparently informed Schlegelberger that Hitler had repeatedly told him in the past, that the issue of 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages' would be solved after the war. This is the only reasonable interpretation of the phrase 'solution of the Jewish question' (Lösung der Judenfrage) used in the note if the note is dated to the Spring of 1942. As has been clearly demonstrated, Schlegelberger did not seek a meeting with Lammers to discuss the 'evacuation' of Jews to the East in general. This had already been decided upon. He only wanted to raise the issue of 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages'. It has also been shown that the debates about this very specific issue in March and April 1942 were conducted under the general heading 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question' (Endlösung der Judenfrage) or complete colution of the Jewish question (Gesamtlosung der Judenfrage).
20. This interpretation of the document is supported by other sources as well. In preparation for the Nuremberg trials, Allied prosecutors interrogated several officials who had been involved in the discussions regarding 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages' in spring 1942. Some officials, like Franz Rademacher from the Foreign Office, simply claimed that they did not remember a thing about the conference on 6 March 1942, even though Rademacher had himself passed on a summary of the meeting to his superiors.33 Edinger Ancker, who had represented the Party Chancellery at the meeting on 6 March 1942, suffered from a similar loss of memory.34 However, two officials from the Reich Chancellery (headed by Lammers), Hans Ficker and Gottfried Boley, did give testimonies about the discussions in spring 1942. These testimonies were certainly self-serving (for instance, Ficker claimed ignorance about the extermination of the Jews) and have to be treated with some scepticism. As Ficker admitted, he had talked about the meeting on 6 March 1942 'more than a dozen times' with Boley in an internment camp.35 Nevertheless, these interrogations broadly confirm the context of the document in question ('Schlegelberger memorandum').
21. Asked about the exchange of letters between Lammers and Schlegelberger in March 1942, Ficker recalled that in early 1942 the Reich Chancellery had received an invitation from the Reich Security Head Office for a discussion regarding the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question' (Endlösung der Judenfrage). It is clear that this was the conference on 6 March 1942, which was to discuss the treatment of 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages'. Ficker at that time was Kabinettsrat in the Reich Chancellery, which he had joined at the beginning of the Second World War. Previously, he had been a senior official (Ministerialrat) in the Ministry of Justice. According to his testimony, Ficker totally rejected the proposals to be discussed at the 6 March 1942 meeting and refused to represent the Reich Chancellery. Instead, a junior official in the Reich Chancellery, Boley, was sent to the conference. Boley was indeed present at the conference on 6 March 1942.36 State Secretary Kritzinger, as Ficker testified on 20 December 1946, strictly instructed BoleyFurther testimony by Ficker makes it clear that all that was discussed between Lammers and Hitler, and subsequently Lammers and Schlegelberger, was the issue of 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages'.
in no way to express a position on the issue, but just to report the result of this meeting. This Boley did; on the basis of his written report of the meeting, it was suggested to the Minister (Lammers) that he should now already, that is, before the responsible department heads or State Secretaries had expressed their views, report on the matter to the Führer and suggest a postponement for the time being of the whole problem (.i.e. what to do with 'half-Jews' and mixed marriages). This report followed, and Hitler decided that this so-called 'final solution' should now be postponed until the end of the war. This was in my opinion communicated to the Reich Security Head Office. Before this decision had been obtained, State Secretary Schlegelberger, who at that time was entrusted with carrying out the business of the Reich Justice Ministry, had written a letter which, I believe, was sent to various recipients, also including Reich Minister Lammers, [this is incorrect; the letter was not sent directly to Lammers]...Since the decision of Hitler had gone out in the meantime, it was necessary to inform State Secretary Schlegelberger of it.37
22. Once Boley reported back to the Reich Chancellery with the results of the conference on 6 March 1942, Ficker stated on 19 February 1947, 'Lammers went straightaway to Hitler and said, this proposal has been put forward, that won't do, we must postpone this matter. And thereupon he came with an instruction from Hitler to postpone the whole matter to the end of the war.'38 Ficker supplied more detail about the context in his testimony on 11 June 1947. After the conference on 6 March 1942, Boley returned to the Reich Chancellery and
Tabled a note about the session...Lammers was not in Berlin. At that time we tabled the matter with a note from Boley and Kritzinger was agreed that the matter should be postponed to the end of the war. After the report to the Führer the Minister (Lammers) came back with the same note too.39
22. [sic] Boley also testified about the aftermath of the conference on 6 March 1942:
The minutes were sent to the individual departments and these were to give their opinion on the matter. Weeks later, the Reich Chancellery received a demand (from the Reich Security Head Office) in pretty impolite manner...to take a position. Thereupon we replied saying we refused to take a view. For us, and also for myself, the matter was thus closed. Lammers also claimed in a conversation we had after the end of the war that he had stopped it being carried out by reporting to Hitler.40
22. [sic] What these testimonies show, despite their various internal inconsistencies and the various self-serving statements put out by these witnesses, is that if one accepts the view that it dates from the Spring of 1942, then it is very likely that the document in question ('Schlegelberger memorandum') is Schlegelberger's record of a meeting with Lammers, which took place in the wake of the conference on 6 March 1942, and dealt with Schlegelberger's opposition to certain proposals regarding 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages'. However Ficker's claim that Hitler made a direct decision of the issue is implausible in the light of the document's failure to record such a decision.
23. [sic] How can we explain Hitler's uncertainty and ambivalence regarding 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages'? There can be no doubt that Hitler was very hostile towards 'half-Jews'. Already in Mein Kampf, he had made tasteless remarks about 'cross-breeding' and 'bastards', and in spring and summer 1942 his attitude towards the Mischlinge clearly became more radical. In June and July 1942 he repeatedly complained that various agencies used excessively 'mild criteria' in assessing 'half-Jews'. On 10 May 1942, he told General Jodl that
He regretted the many exceptions which the Army was making in the recruitment of fifty-per cent half-Jews. For experience proved that from these Jewish descendants four, five, six generations long, pure Jews bred out again and again. These pure-bred Jews posed a great danger! In principle he would now only permit exceptions in quite special cases.41
24. [sic] At the same time, Hitler was apparently not prepared simply to brush aside the criticisms uttered by the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Justice and follow the demands by the party radicals to include most 'half-Jews' and Jews in 'mixed marriages' in the extermination ('expulsion') programme. There are numerous possible reasons for this. Hitler repeatedly chose not to interfere with internal conflicts between different agencies of the Nazi dictatorship, in an attempt to avoid association 'with possible unpopular policy options'.42 This may have been an instance of such a refusal. He also probably wanted to avoid causing unrest among the non-Jewish relatives or partners of the Jews involved. Unlike those Germans classified as 'full Jews', the 'half-Jews' and Jews in 'mixed marriages' were not yet totally cut off from the rest of the German population, as they still often had one parent classified as German, or were married to a German partner. That these 'Aryan' Germans would not necessarily allow deportations to go ahead without resistance was powerfully confirmed in the famous Rosenstrasse incident in February 1943, when a large crowd of 'Aryan' German women successfully staged a public demonstration to force the release of some two thousand of their arrested Jewish husbands and even the return of a handful who had already been sent to Auschwitz.43
25. [sic] In fact, Hitler failed to issue an authoritative order that discussion of the issue should be postponed. After all, Lammers in his discussions with Schlegelberger did not claim to have actually spoken to Hitler about the different proposals made regarding 'half-Jews' and Jews in 'mixed marriages'. All Lammers stated was that Hitler in the past had repeatedly said that a decision in the matter should be postponed until after the war. As Hitler did apparently not make any clear decision in Spring 1942, the discussions continued throughout Summer and Autumn 1942. On 16 July 1942, Alfred Meyer, an official in Rosenberg's Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, sent a letter regarding the status of 'half-Jews' to various state and party agencies, which had been involved in the discussions that same spring. At a conference in the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, several state and party officials had already proposed on 29 January 1942 that in Czechoslovakia, Romania, Croatia, the General Government and in the occupied Eastern territories all 'half-Jews' and non-Jewish wives married to Jews were to be classified as Jews.44 In the letter of 16 July 1942, the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories informed the other officials that it proposed that a 'decision of the Führer' be requested regarding the different proposals made for the treatment of 'half-Jews' at the conference on 6 March 1942. In this context, Himmler wrote ten days later to the Head of the SS Main Office, Gottlob Berger. While Jews were all to be exterminated, no binding decision should be made about the definitions (and thus the status of the 'half-Jews'):
I. I urgently request that no decrees should be issued concerning the concept of a Jew. We only tie our hands with all these stupid definitions.
II. The occupied Eastern territories are going to be freed from the Jews. The Führer has placed the responsibility for implementing this very difficult order on my shoulders. I forbid any discussion...45
27. [sic] However, this did not put an end to the issue. On 27 October 1942, yet another conference took place in the Reich Security Head Office, under the heading 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question' (Endlösung der Judenfrage). Like the meeting on 6 March 1942, it was entirely devoted to the issue of 'half-Jews' and 'mixed marriages', and included no less than eight of the participants of this earlier conference, including Boley and Massfelder. Regarding 'half-Jews', the participants were informed that
findings and new experiences in the area of sterilization [possibly a reference to experiments which had just started in Auschwitz]46 will probably make it possible to carry out sterilization in simplified form and in a shortened operation already during the war. Having regard to this, it was agreed that the proposal to sterilize all half-Jews of the first degree should be approved.47
28. [sic] Yet, this programme was never implemented and the issues were never resolved. As a consequence, most Mischlinge, as well as many Jews in mixed marriages, survived the war.
15. Law for the Protection German Blood and German Honour, and Reich Citizenship Law, 15.9.1935; reprinted in J. Noakes, G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism, vol. 2 (Exeter, 1984), pp.535-537.
16. First Supplementary Decree to the Reich Citizenship Law, 14 November 1935; reprinted in J. Noakes, G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism, Vol. 2 (Exeter, 1984), pp. 538-9. In this Report, the term 'half-Jews' will be used to refer to 'half-Jews of the first degree' only.
17. J. Noakes, 'Nazi Policy towards German-Jewish "Mischlinge"', Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 343 (1989), pp. 291-354, here pp. 293, 310, 324-328, 337-341.
18. Minutes of the Wannsee conference of 20 January 1942; in J. Noakes, G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism, Vol. 3 (Exeter, 1988), pp. 1127-1134, here p. 1131.
19. Interrogation of Adolf Eichmann, 24.7.1961; in P. Longerich (ed.), Die Ermordnung der europäischen Juden (Munich, Zurich, 1989), pp. 92-94, here p. 93.
20. Heydrich to Luther, 21.1.1942 (?); Third Supplemental Discovery List by Irving, folder 51 (b): 'Grundlinie hinsichtlich der Endlösung der Judenfrage festgelegt ist und seitens der hieran beteiligten Stellen völlige Übereinstimmung herrscht...'
21. Minutes of the Wannsee xonference of 20 January 1942; in J. Noakes, G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism, Vol. 3 (Exeter, 1988), pp. 1127-1134, here pp. 1131-1133.
22. J. Noakes, 'Nazi Policy towards German-Jewish "Mischlinge:;, Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 34 (1989), pp. 291-354, here p. 342.
23. Minutes of the Wannsee xonference of 20 January 1942; in J. Noakes, G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism, Vol. 3 (Exeter, 1988), pp. 1127-1134, here p. 1133.
24. Heydrich to Luther, 21.1.1942 (?); Third Supplemental Discovery List by Irving, folder 51 (b).
25. See for instance, P. Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung (Munich, 1998), pp. 466-472.
26. The minutes of the conference on 6 March 1942 define the subject of the conference as a 'Besprechung über die Endlösung der Judenfrage'; BA Berlin, 99 US 58013, Besprechungsniederschrift, ND: NG-2586.
27. The official minutes are: BA Berlin, 99 US 58013: 'Besprechungsniederschrift der Besprechung über die Endlösung der Judenfrage' 6.3.1942, ND: NG-2586; See also the notes of the Foreign Office representative Rademacher at the meeting, ibid., Aufzeichnung der Sitzung über weitere Behandllung der Judenfrage am 6.3.1942, ND: NG2586.
28. BA Berlin, 99 US58013: Besprechungsniederschrift der Besprung über die endlösung der Judenfrage, 6.3.1942, ND: NG-2586; Ibid., Rademacher, Aufzeichnung der Sitzung über die weitere Behandlung der Judenfrage am 6.3.1942, ND: NG-2586
29. BA Berlin, 99 US 58013: Stuckart an Klopfer et al, 16.3.1942, ND: NG-2586:'Betrifft: Endlösung der Judenfrage... die Halbjuden den Juden gleichzustellen und sie in die für Juden gegenwärtig bereits in Gang befindliche Abschiebungsaktion einsubeziehen... natürliche Aussterben der Halbjuden innerhalb des Reichsgebiets''
30. 'die ich zum großen Teil für völlig unmöglich halten muß. Da das Ergebnis der Besprechungen, an denen ja auch ein Referent Ihres Hauses teilgenommt hat, die Unterlage für die Entschließung des Führers bilden soll, wäre es mir dringend erwünscht, mich noch rechtzeitig mit Ihnen persönlich über die Angelegenheit zu unterhalten'; BA Berlin R 22/52, Bl. 155: Schlegelberger an Lammers, 12.3.1942.
*. R22/58, Bl. 157: Schlegelberger to Klopfer et al., 5 April 1942. German original reads: 'Betrifft: Endlösung der Judenfrage...Die Endlösung der Judenfrage setzt eine klare und für immer maßgebende Abgrenzung des Personenkreises voraus, für den die in Aussicht genommenen Maßnahmen getroffen weden sollen...die Verhinderung der Fortpflanzung dieser Mischlinge ihrer Gleichbehandlung mit den Volljuden und der hiermit verbundenen Abschiebung vorzuziehen ist...Den fortpflanzungsfähigen Halbjuden sollte die Wahl gelassen werden, sich der Unfruchtbarmachung zu unterziehen oder in gleicher Weise wie Juden abgeschoben zu werden...Gegen eine zwangsweise Scheidung, etwa auf Antrag des Staatsanwalts, bestehen erhebliche Bedenken. Ein solcher Zwang ist unnötig, weil die Ehegatten durch die Abschiebung des jüdischen Teils ohnehin von einander getrennt werden. Eine Zwangsscheidung ist aber zwecklos, weil sie, wenn auch das Band der Ehe, so doch nicht die etwaige innere Verbundenheit der Ehegatten aufhebt...'
31. Ibid., Bl. 156: Lammers an Schlegelberer, 18.3.1942: 'Betrifft: Endlösung der Judenfrage.....Die Endlösung der Judenfrage setzt eine klare und für immer masßgebende Abgrenzung des Personenkreises voraus, für den die in aussicht genommenen Maßnahmen getroffen werden sollen...die Verhinderung der Fortpflanzung dieser Mischlinge ihrer Gleichbehandlung mit den Volljuden und der hiermit verbundenen Abschiebung vorzuziehen ist...Den fortpflanzungsfähigen Halbjuden sollte die Wahl gelassen werden, sich der Unfruchtbarmachung zu unterziehen oder in gleicher Weise wie Juden abgeschoben zu werden...Gegen eine zwangsweise Scheidung, etwa auf Antrag des Staatsanwalts, bestehen erhebliche Bedenken. Ein solcher Zwang ist unnötig, weil die Ehegatten durch die Abschiebung des jüdischen Teils ohnehin von einander getrennt werden. Eine Zwangsscheidung ist aber zwecklos, weil sie, wenn auch das Band der Ehe, so doch nicht die etwaige innere Verbundenheit der Ehegatten aufhebt....Betrifft: Gesamtlösung der Judenfrage.
32. E. Jäckel, 'Noch einmal: Irving, Hitler und der Judenmord', Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 22.6.1978; reprinted in P. Märthesheimer, I. Frenzel (eds.), Im Kreuzfeuer (Frankfurt a.M., 1979), pp.163-166, here p. 165.
33. BA Berlin, Film 44565: Vernehmung von Franz Rademacher, 2.10.1947.
34. BA Berlin, Film 44996: Vernehmung von Edinger Ancker, 11.6.1947.
35. BA Berlin, Film 44312: Vernehmung von Hans Ficker, 11.6.1947.
36. BA Berlin, Film 44312, Vernehmung von Hans Ficker, 19.12.1946; ibid., Vernehmung von Hans Ficker 20.12.1946; ibid., Vernehmung von Hans Ficker, 19.2.1947.
37. Ibid., Vernehmung von Hans Ficker, 20.12.1946: 'in keiner Weise sachlich Stellung zu nehmen, sondern nur vom Ergebnis dieser Sitzung zu berichten. Dies tat Boley; auf Grund seines schriftlichen Sitzungsberichts wurde dem Minister [Lammers] vorgeschlagen, bereits jetzt, also bevor die zustaendigen Abteilungsleiter oder Staatssekretaere sich geaeussert hatten, dem Fuehrer Vortrag zu halten und diesem vorzuschlagen, das gesamte Problem bis auf weiteres zurueckzustellen. Dieser Vortrag ist erfolgt und Hitler entschied, dass diese sogennante "Endlösung" zunaechst bis Kriegsende zurueckgestellt werden solle. Dies wurde nach meiner Meinung dem Reichssicherheitshauptamt mitgeteilt. Bevor diese Entscheidung eingeholt worden war, hatte der Staatsekretaer Schlegelberer, der damals mit der Fuehrung der Geschaefte des Reichsjustizministeriums beauftragt war, einen Breif geschreiben der, glaube ich, an verschiedene Empfaenger, darunter auch an den Reichsminister Lammers gerichtet war...Da inzwische die Entscheidung des Hitler ergangen war, war es erforderlich, den Staatssektretaer Schlegelberger hiervon zu unterrichten.'
38. Ibid., Vernehmung von Hans Ficker, 19.2.1947: 'ging Lammers sofort zu Hitler und sagte, dieser Vorschlag ist gemacht worden, das geht nicht, wir muessen diese Angelegenheit zurzueckstellen. Und daraufhin kam er mit einem Bescheid von Hitler wieder, die ganz Angelegenheit wird bis Kriegsende zurückgestellt.'
39. Ibid., Vernehmung von Hans Ficker, 11.6.1947: 'hat einen Vermerk ueber die Sitzung vorgelegt...Lammers war nicht in Berlin. Wir haben damals die Sache mit einem Vermerk von Boley vorgelegt und Kritzinger war damit einverstanden, dass die Sache bis nach Kriegsende zurueckgestellt werden solle. Nach dem Vortrag beim Fuehrer kam auch der Minister [Lammers] mit demselben Vermerk zurueck
40. BA Berlin, Film 55001: Vernehmung von Gottfried Boley, 10.6.1947: 'Das Protokoll wurde an die einzelnen Ressorts gesandt und diese sollten sich dazu aeussern. die Reichskanzlei hat in ziemlich unhoeflicher Form nach Wochen eine Aufforderung [of the Reich Security Head Office] bekommen...Stellung zu nehmen. Daraufhin wurde zurueckgeschrieben, dass wir eine Stellungnahme ablehnen. Damit war die Sache fuer uns und auch fuer mich erledigt. Wie mir Lammers in einem Gespraech nach dem Kriege noch erzaehlte, will er durch einen Vortrag bei Hitler verhindert haben, das durchzufeuhren.'
41. J. Noakes, 'Nazi Policy towards German-Jewish "Mischlinge"', Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 34 (1989), pp. 291-354, here pp. 310, 333-4; H. Picker (ed.), Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier (Berlin, 1997), p. 394: 'bedauere die vielen Ausnahmen, die die Wehrmacht bei der Einstellung fünfzig-prozentiger Juden-Mischlinge mache. Denn die Erfahrung beweise, daß aus diesen Judennachkommen doch vier, fünf, sechs Generationen lang immer wieder reine Juden ausmeldeln. Diese ausgemendelten Juden bedeuten eine große Gefahr! Er werde jetzt grundsätzlich nur noch in ganz besonderen Fällen Ausnahmen zulassen.' 'Ausmendeln' refers to Hitler's (wholly spurious) application to human genetics Mendelian theory of heredity; for example, the union of a black cat and a white cat will give rise not necessarity to a litter of black-and-white cats; a few of the kittens may be pure black or pure white.
42. I. Kershaw, The Nazi dictatorship (London, 1989), p.71.
43. Stoltzfus, Resistance of the heart; J. Noakes, 'Nazi Polixy' p. 354.
44. ND:NG-5035; see R.M.W. Kempner, Eichmann und Komplizen(Zurich, Stuttgart, Vienna, 1961), p. 166.
45. Cited in Noakes, 'Nazi Policy' p. 346; italics in original. German original below p. 425, n. 72.
46. See E. Klee, Auschwitz, die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer (Frankfurt a.M., 1997), ppp.436-439.
47. Institut für Zeitgeschichte, G 01/106: Besprechungsniederschrift der Besprechung über die Endlösung der Judenfrage am 27.10.1942; underlined in original:'neue Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiete der Unfruchtbarmachungnew es warscheinlich ermöglichen werden, die Sterilisation in vereinfachter Form und in einem verkürzten Verfahren schon während des Krieges durchzuführen. Mit Rücksicht hierauf wurde dem Vorschlag, sämtliche fortpflanzungsfähigen Mischlinge ersten Grades unfructbar zu machen, zugestimmt.'
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Physics: The most fundamental of the sciences
Physics courses are offered supporting students pursuing degrees or instruction in professional programs in biology, biotechnology, biophysics, chemistry, biochemistry, informatics, medicine, engineering, dentistry, optometry, pharmacy and veterinary science. In Fall of 2009, the School of Natural Science and Mathematics at IU East will begin offering a Minor in Biophysics. The Minor in Biophysics will be offered as a cross-disciplinary degree program jointly in Physics and Biology. Interested students should contact their advisors, or the Biology Coordinator or Physics Coordinator, for additional information. Interested students can also take courses in preparation for other degree programs in science or mathematics as well as in preparation for employment in natural resources management, public health, quality control, environmental assessment, urban planning, and municipal water and waste treatment.
The new Physics machine shop at IU East, with mini lathe and mini mill. It is currently being used to fabricate parts for a solar energy research project.
Courses are offered in introductory physics and general physics, as well as in Astronomy and Physical Science. In addition, the following courses in Modern Physics are also offered each Fall:
- General Physics III [jpg] (P 300/P 301)
- Modern Physics Laboratory [jpg] (P 309)
The P 300 (3 cr) and P 301 courses are currently offered on an independent study basis, or as an online (hybrid) course. (P 301 is the calculus-based equivalent of P 300.) Physics P 309 (2 cr) Modern Physics Laboratory may be taken concurrently (recommended) with P 300 or P 301, or separately with either P 300 or P 301, or the equivalent, as prerequisite.
Concepts In Physical Science [pdf] (P 104), is an introductory laboratory science course for non-science majors interested in gaining some experience in fundamental physics and chemistry with laboratory methods. Physics P 104 (3 cr) also cross-lists with Physics Q 202 (3 cr), Physical Science for Elementary School Teachers, but is open to all interested students.
In and Out of the classroom
Computer-based, sensor-supported laboratory equipment acquired in 2004 has revolutionized physics instruction at all levels at Indiana University East. Students now receive instruction and perform laboratories using the latest instructional innovations and technologies available for introductory undergraduate physics education. The physics smart-classroom, located in Whitewater 201, is a combined lecture-laboratory room where both discussion and experimentation in physics are actively encouraged.
Lecture-discussion sessions are supplemented with frequent demonstrations, both live and virtual, and laboratories are performed as a coherent sequence of guided activities paralleling weekly lecture-discussion topics. During lecture-discussion sessions homework problems are solved in detail and students are encouraged to ask questions and share knowledge of "real world" physics applications. General Physics courses are also supported online through Oncourse CL. Courses in Astronomy are also offered.
Students are also encouraged to apply their increased knowledge of physics in areas outside the classroom. Opportunities are available for Honors Program students to independently and collaboratively explore topics beyond the introductory general physics "college classroom" experience in laser optics (holography and photonics), spectroscopy, engineering (robotics and materials), atomic spin resonance (NMR and ESR), biological application (biophysics and biotechnology) and modern laboratory methods (CAL applications and informatics).
Degrees Offered
The Physics Department at Indiana University East offers courses supporting and supplementing baccalaureate (4 year) degrees in Biology (BS) and Biotechnology (BS) and in Natural Science and Mathematics (BA), with several possible majors. New for Fall of 2009 the School of Natural Science and Mathematics will also offer a Minor in Biophysics. The Physics Department also supports the School of Natural Science and Mathematics Certificate in Laboratory Science which may be completed alone or in conjunction with any degree program.


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FAF in the News
13 Sept 2013
The International Franchise Association today announced Ron Feldman, CFE, CEO of Franchise America Finance as the Sid Feltenstein FranPAC MVP Award winner for his outstanding leadership and dedication in supporting FranPAC, IFA's political action committee
Read more
"In addition to offering special incentives for conversion and co-brand centers, FASTSIGNS is also involved with a franchise lending program created by The Bancorp Bank and Franchise America Finance for new center development."
7 March 2013
Paul Segreto interivews Ron Feldman, CEO and Co-founder of Franchise America Finance.
Massage Envy Carves Out $15 Million in Franchise Funding for 2013
22 Jan 2013
East Coast Wings & Grill used recession to sizzle.
14 Jan 2013
Franchisors offer their own financing programs.
31 Dec 2012
Papa Murphy's cooks up financing for franchises.
16 Oct 2012
How to determine if your Franchisor/Brand is serious about growth.
10 Apr 2012
100% of Franchise America Finance's francisor clients are VetFran members.
01 Apr 2012
Ron Feldman discusses keys to franchisee and franchisor success.
22 Mar 2012
Ron Feldman special guest on Franchise Today podcast.
12 Mar 2012
Togo's Announces Creation of $15 Million fund to fuel franchise growth through Franchise America Finance
Ron Feldman participates with WSJ small business reporter, Emily Maltby on the Financial Summit panel at the IFA annual meeting in FL.
© 2012 Franchise America Finance. All Rights Reserved.


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Dual-wheel Separator Tool
Use your air or impact wrench with this innovative Ken-Tool® one-piece pusherto separate seized dual steel wheels quickly. Heat-treated for durability, pusher is ball-bearing driven for near-zero turning resistance and won't fall apart during use. Sturdy storage case (9-1/2"L x 6-1/2"W x 2-1/2"H, 5.3 lbs.) holds rust-resistant components: two pullers to cover nearly any size dual-wheel truck or trailer, plus a forcing screw and pusher. USA made.


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Music from a local Norwegian immigrant composer from the late 1800s to early 1900s will be brought back to life during the Elvidal Sons of Norway annual Fall Membership Banquet and Program on Saturday, Nov. 10 at Bootlegger's Supper Club in Granite Falls.
At the event Gustavus Adolphus College Music Professor Michael Jorgensen and his wife, pianist Bonnie Jorgensen, will reanimate the music of Theodora Cormontan while recounting her life story and the story of discovering the music she composed while living in Norway, studying across Europe and finally immigrating to central and southwest Minnesota.
The event will mark the first time Cormontan's music has been heard in Granite Falls since she herself gave a concert here on Oct. 21 1887.
At that time, Cormontan had just immigrated with family to Sacred Heart and was beginning to teach music in the area. A pair of stories published by the Advocate Tribune (Then the Granite Falls Journal) preview and recount the concert and were dug up by Kathy Hendrickson. The first reads:
"Miss Theodora Cormontan, of Sacred Heart, will give a concert at Winter's Hall Friday evening, Oct. 21st, consisting of vocal and instrumental music. Miss Cormontan has studied music for seven years in Germany and other countries in Europe; has given concerts at Copenhagen, Denmark and Arendahl and other cities of Norway. She will sing English, Norwegian, Swedish, German and Italian, some of the pieces being of her own compositions. The concert promises to be a rich treat and let all remember the day and place."
As a first-generation Norwegian-American composer, Cormontan spent the next 30 years of her life living in the area before moving with her sister to the Aase Haugen 'Sunset Home for Old People' near Decorah, Iowa where she died in 1922.
In 2011 Michael and Bonnie Jorgensen rediscovered over 150 of Cormontan's original compositions in St. Peter Minnesota. Cormontan had found publishers in the United States for a few of her works, but most remained unpublished despite their overall quality. Challenges related to women getting their music published, her immigrant status, not living in a metropolitan area, and dealing with a significant physical disability (that was caused when she fell from a train at the Granite Falls depot) likely mitigated her success at disseminating her music despite her best efforts.
Now over 90 years later, the Jorgensens are "dedicated to sharing Cormontan's life and music; believing that she deserves to be heard, appreciated and remembered".
During the Nov. 10 performance, Bonnie Jorgensen, an accomplished pianist herself, will portray Theodora while Michael recounts Theodora's story and provides his voice to songs that will be sung in both Norwegian and English.
"In this presentation you will learn a little about Theodora's life in Norway and the many challenges she faced in the United States. You will also hear the wonderful music of this gifted musician. She wrote in a romantic style with a frequently nationalistic flavor to celebrate her native Norway, clearly influenced by Edvard Grieg as well as other Norwegian composers of her day... Theodora's music features charming melody, intriguing harmonies, rhythmic energy and a sparking sense of creativity we trust you will enjoy. Come share with us the forgotten, yet unforgettable Norwegian-American composer Theodora Cormontan," say the Jorgensens.
Page 2 of 2 - The event is open to the public and begins with a meal at 6:30 p.m. Tickets purchased by Nov. 5 will cost $15. After Nov. 5, the ticket price will be $17.
To make reservations you can contact Elvidal Sons of Norway members Don Korstad at (320) 765-2691, or Larry Stensrud at (320) 669-7134.
Location, ST | website.com


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Ready for any occasion, this box holds an abundance of good eating. It's packed with our best natural cheeses. Combine the cheese and sausage—and a party awaits!
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What I'm up to, where I am and things I'm working on.
You can also find my digital notebook on Tumblr.
What I'm up to, where I am and things I'm working on.
You can also find my digital notebook on Tumblr.
I recently attended this super informative panel at Rich Mix presented by Ideastap. The panel shared some invaluable insights on promoting theatre and live events. Here are my notes from the event.
Last week, I had the pleasure of meeting a number of creative businesses that were part of the Creative Exchange collective in north London at an introductory presentation I did on social media for creative businesses.
At the recent Raindance London Web Fest, I moderated the Creating The Social TV Experience panel discussing the best ways that creators can market their web series online and create the ultimate social experience for their series and their audience
At the recent Raindance London Web Fest 2014 I was on the How To Pitch A Brand panel discussing how to navigate the A-Z of brand funded content on the web and how to get your foot in the door of the elusive financial gatekeepers.
In another example of my worlds colliding, I took part in the YouTube Marketing for Creators & Filmmakers panel over Social Media Week London 2014… in the run-up to this year's Raindance London Web Fest!
Catch me at three events over Social Media Week London & Raindance London Web Fest 2014
Since Emmy award winning Crystal Chappell was announced as a panellist at this year's Raindance London Web Fest, I've received 30+ emails and counting from fans at all levels. My shows share a fan base with Crystal's shows and, as a result, we're on a lot of the same lists. To save me emailing you all back, and for future reference, I thought I'd answer all your questions in one place.
I was invited to participate in Real Stories, an event hosted by Getty Images and Opposite Days as part of The Drum Live.
I documented one of my weekdays in an attempt to explain the most challenging of questions, "What do you do?"
I recently panelled at TOWebFest 2014 – listen to the livestream recordings from the Courting Brands and Audience Development Panels.
TOWebFest: Reloaded
A social media campaign for a highlighting a very offline experience.


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The Saints football team has another shot at gaining their first win since 2010 when they hit the road to play the Spectrum Sting.
The Spectrum Sting? Where's that you may ask.
Spectrum in s new school founded in 2006 in Elk River, MN northwest of the Cities.
The Sting are 0-2 for the year, the roster lists 30 players with just seven seniors.
So maybe this week is the week the Saints will win a game.
Location, ST | website.com