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UFO Photo I personally took Minneapolis 2013
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Strange Famous Forum
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Joined: 18 Feb 2008
Posts: 2761
Location: " Bought a house next to Prince, now I can kick it "
UFO Photo I personally took Minneapolis 2013
Mon Feb 10, 2014 5:13 pm
A champion of Kurtis SP
Joined: 19 Jul 2002
Posts: 7949
Mon Feb 10, 2014 10:57 pm
A champion of Kurtis SP
Joined: 19 Jul 2002
Posts: 7949
please tell us the story
Tue Feb 11, 2014 12:05 pm
Joined: 25 Aug 2006
Posts: 8547
Location: Third Coast
I am somehow disheartened and encouraged by this.
Tue Feb 11, 2014 2:01 pm
p00ny tang
Joined: 30 Jun 2002
Posts: 6413
Location: Detroit, Michigan
Russian spy craft?!
Tue Feb 11, 2014 2:56 pm
p00ny tang
Joined: 30 Jun 2002
Posts: 6413
Location: Detroit, Michigan
U.S.A. Drone?!
Tue Feb 11, 2014 2:59 pm
Joined: 16 Apr 2007
Posts: 1424
Location: NYC/Rochester
seems pretty cut and dry to me.
Tue Feb 11, 2014 8:18 pm
Joined: 25 Aug 2006
Posts: 8547
Location: Third Coast
This may be the worst UFO photo of all time, by the way.
Wed Feb 12, 2014 7:55 am
Joined: 07 Aug 2002
Posts: 1613
Location: Melbourne, Australia
Thu Feb 13, 2014 8:54 pm
D&D addict
Joined: 05 Jun 2004
Posts: 3146
I need to go rewatch Fire in the Sky
Thu Feb 13, 2014 11:34 pm
Joined: 21 Jul 2004
Posts: 1377
Location: East Coast, Fuck You!
Don't panic...I saw this episode...it's just Greg, Peter and Bobby playing a prank on the girls. Nothing to worry about.
Fri Feb 14, 2014 7:55 am
Joined: 25 Aug 2006
Posts: 8547
Location: Third Coast
GrantherBirdly wrote:
I need to go rewatch Fire in the Sky
It's far more impressive as a child. I rewatched it a couple of years ago and it was just silly.
Fri Feb 14, 2014 8:28 pm
A champion of Kurtis SP
Joined: 19 Jul 2002
Posts: 7949
i remember back when i first saw it being kinda creeped out when he was floating around in the spaceship, those aliens were rad
Sat Feb 15, 2014 10:31 pm
Joined: 18 Feb 2008
Posts: 2761
Location: " Bought a house next to Prince, now I can kick it "
It's the worst air craft photo anyone has seen because it's not as if we were just hanging out with the best cameras on hand just waiting, looking for UFO's in the sky to take GREAT pictures of LOL.
Seriously, I had just showed up on the back smoking patio of this bar across the street from my house. My friend and I got an Angry Orchard two for one to split and went out back. Were standing there not even halfway through our ciders when we realise a guy we were with stopped talking and had just been staring up...
Everyone, about eight people start looking up. We all saw the same thing. From the right, South, these things were coming straight up from the ground. They werent coming up like air planes. They were coming straight up into the air. When they got to a a certain height, each one, one at a time, stopped and started moving left across the sky South East. Two airplanes flew what looked like possibly formations around them, because they were fast planes and the plumes they left behind framed the crafts. When the crafts moved SE, after a sudden point, each one just suddenly disappeared leaving no sign or trace.
The sky where they had been appearing, as they moved upward from the ground, seemed to have a pink light shining up, around them that also stayed with the crafts as they moved SE. The sky around it, when you examine it on a good computer in a good picture program, is pink.
As we all stared one of the us said " why isn't someone taping this ?!!! " So I reached in my pocket and grabbed this tiny NIKON cool PIX I have just because it was better than nothing. But it's like trying to take a picture of a distant star with a disposable camera, it's absurdly hard.
Anyhow, no one had any ideas about what it could be from a logical stand point. Not saying it is aliens, just saying it was something weird in the sky. That's the only picture I managed to get and I was lucky to have it.
Tue Feb 18, 2014 5:18 am
D&D addict
Joined: 05 Jun 2004
Posts: 3146
Lucky is how I felt when I beheld that picture.
Tue Feb 18, 2014 12:57 pm
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Three Bedroom P3308
Size50 m²
Floor No.5(with elevator)
- Family/child friendly
- Internet/WiFi
- Kitchen
- Washer/dryer
- Elevator in building
- Lockable room
- Towels
|Leinster Gardens, W2 3AN London, United Kingdom
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
This gorgeous apartment has modern facilities but retains its old features. The apartment is an two bedroom apartment with an open plan kitchen and living area and a seperate bathroom, two double bedrooms and a single bedroom.
Our apartments all contain modern amentities catered to your needs. The bedrooms each consists of a bed (double or single dependant on the room), bedside table, reading lamp and storage. The kitchen has an oven, hob, microwave and all the necessary appliances you need for your stay.
The bathroom has a shower witrh bath tub, a WC and a washbasin. A hairdryer will be provided for your convenience. We also provide a weekly cleaning service for all our guests and linens and towels will be provided and changed. A sofa bed is also provided in the living area which can be used for the 5th guest.
We also provide our guests with a 24 hour maintenance service and Wi-Fi Internet access free of charge.
This apartment is perfect for your stay in one of the busiest cities in the world and will ensure that your trip is both enjoyable and relaxing.
This apartment is on the 5th floor. Lift goes up only to 4th floor.
Key Collection: Foundation, 7, Spring Street, Paddington, London. W2 3RA. UK.
This is less than a 5 minute walk away from Paddington station/Lancaster Gate station & the Apartment. Please call us on 0044 207 706 1122 or 0044 75 0055 4444 and we will inform you the arrangements for the collection of keys.
Booking Deposit: A booking deposit of £200 will be charged from your credit card to guarantee the booking. This amount will be deducted from your total bill on arrival.
A full payment is required on or before the arrival except for stays longer than 6 weeks. All charges will be calculated by night basis. Any extensions will be accepted only on availability and will be charged on pro rata basis.
Confirmation: A Booking confirmation will be emailed or faxed upon receipt of the deposit. In most cases a final confirmation is sent after the balance payment is taken.
Security Deposit: On arrival your card will be authorized to cover against incidental breakages and damages.
Studio's and One Bedroom - £200.00
Two Bedrooms - £400.00
Cancellation Policy: Notice of cancellation is required 3 or more working days prior to arrival to avoid a cancellation charge equivalent to 100% of the accommodation costs. Cancellation charges are as follows;
1 to 2 Week Bookings
1 to 3 days prior - 100% of the accommodation cost
Over 3 days prior - £100.00 as admin fee
More than 2 Week Bookings
1 to 3 days prior - 100% of the accommodation cost
Over 3 days prior - 30% of the accommodation cost
Reducing the Number of Nights (after check-in)
Over 7 days prior - 50% of the accommodation cost
1 to 7 days prior - 100% of the accommodation cost
Check-out cleaning: A charge for every apartment will be up to £50 for the entire booking period. This will be a onetime charge and there will not be any other hidden charges for check-out cleaning.
Single Studio - £10.00
Double studio & Family Studio - £30.00
One bedroom - £40.00
Two Bedroom - £50.00
Identity Proff: Guests will need to provide a copy of a valid identification upon your booking.ie: copy of Passport
Opening Hours: Our office is open from 9:30 am to 06:00 pm throughout the week and from 10.00 am to 2.00 pm on Saturday. Please notify us immediately if you arrive before or after these times.
Payment Method: Payment will be made by cash, card, PayPal payment or bank transfer. We accept all major credit and debit cards. Amex Cards will not be accepted. Card payments can be made via our online payment gateway. Bank transfers should be made prior to the arrival date and the money should be cleared by the date of occupancy.
There is a 3.5% surcharge applicable on all credit cards and debit cards.
Please note that all credit card payments will be made in favour of Company Name.
London Short Letting Apartments. Com accepts and displays property listing in good faith. The content and accuracy of any Listings is the sole responsibility of the owner or agent of the property displayed. All Listingss should comply with relevant with laws. The owner agrees to indemnify londonshortlettingapartments.com against all claims costs arising out of any misleading information in the Listings. londonshortlettingapartments.com will make every effort to reproduce faithfully the content of the Listings as supplied by the owner or agent of the property. We will not, however, be held liable for any loss arising out of any error or omission on our part. londonshortlettingapartments.comreserves the right to determine the design and layout of Listingss and make changes to the supplied material including text, photographs and videos should we consider it necessary.
londonshortlettingapartments.com reserves the right to suspend or withdraw a property at any time if we consider the content either incomplete or unsuitable. If a complaint is received about a particular property this may result in the property being removed from the site if the complaint, in our opinion, is substantiated. If an owner no longer wishes to advertise their property on londonshortlettingapartments.com prior to the after one year period then we require a formal written email request using our 'Contact us' form together with the property id
|Weekly rate
|€ 1527
|Check-in After
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out Before
|Cancellation Policy
First of all - good location! But then, well, the apartment was too expensive for that size, very small. The kitchen/livingroom very tiny for 4 adults. AND the whole apartment was not especially clean. Would recommend the owner maybe to check upon the cleaning once in a while. I feel I must mention the lift as well, extremely small and not very reliable I think. We had to use the stairs, not too funny with suitcases and stuff. Bottom line: next time we will look for something else in London.
It is really a very small but nice apartment. Expect a small hotel room with a kitchenette and a lovely balkony. It is close to Paddington Station so in the middle of everything.
If you don't need too much space it is a good place to stay.
We wouldn't recommend this studio. Too small. In a basement. Shower mixer broken. Bathroom not really clean. Only the location was ok. 5 minutes from the tube.
Reasonable option. Very good location. Very small, but I guess that's normal in london city centre. Good balance price-quality
Good location and to visit London. No cleaning during our week-stay
Great location, it is perqueño with good conditions (bed, kitchen and utensils), but only 4th floor with stairs (no ansensor) is not easy upload them after a few drinks
Excelente Ubicación, es perqueño con buenas condiciones (cama, cocina y utensilios), pero 4º piso solo con escaleras (sin ansensor) no es fácil subirlos después de unas copas
Ideally located for visiting London apartment, located in a nice square near Paddington station, with very good communication by bus and metro. Just steps from Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens. The apartment is in good condition, although the room is small when the sofa is used as a bed for a third person. It is suitable for two people.
You have to walk up to the third floor with suitcases. The bathroom is narrow and may be difficult to use for large people. The kitchen is simple (no coffee), useful for limited use.
Overall, highly recommended an option to visit London.
Apartamento muy bien situado para visitar Londres, situado en una agradable plaza cerca de la estación de Paddington, con muy buena comunicación en metro y autobús. A un paso de Hyde Park y Kensignton Gardens. El apartamento está en buenas condiciones, aunque la sala se queda pequeña si el sofá se utiliza como cama para una tercera persona. Es recomendable para dos personas.
Hay que subir andando hasta el tercer piso con las maletas. El baño es estrecho y puede ser difícil de usar para personas de gran tamaño. La cocina es sencilla (no hay cafetera), útil para un uso limitado.
En conjunto, una opción muy recomendable para visitar Londres.
The apartment was clean but somewhat old and it was enough to spend five great days in London.
El apartamento aunque algo viejo estaba limpio y fue suficiente para pasar 5 dias estupendos en Londres.
Wonderful location very close to Lancaster Gate and even closer to Paddington Station.
The flat is underground but it did not matter to us as we were often away visiting the city.
The flat was very clean and towels were even changed during our 5 days stay.
Will highly recommend this address.
Good communication with the host (and the site Wimdu) agency but not easy to find even with the address, it must go to another agency and down stairs in the back of the shop for access. Easy delivery of practical key when you get outside of the host availability schedules, everything went very well. Apartment very small, the walls are not very well insulated and the average bed, but overall okay, and very well located. Satisfactory overall, we had a great stay in London!
Bonne communication avec l'hôte (et le site Wimdu) mais agence pas facile à trouver même avec l'adresse, il faut se rendre dans une autre agence et descendre des escaliers dans le fond de la boutique pour y accéder. Facilité de remise des clés pratique quand on arrive en dehors des horaires de disponibilité de l'hôte, tout s'est très bien passé. Appartement très petit, les murs ne sont pas très bien isolés et le lit moyen, mais dans l'ensemble correct, et surtout très bien situé. Satisfaisant dans l'ensemble, nous avons passé un très bon séjour à Londres!
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption

subset: commoncrawl


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NC lawmakers to consider wait to work for vendor
Published: Thursday, March 20, 2014 at 7:49 a.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, March 20, 2014 at 7:49 a.m.
RALEIGH, N.C. — A General Assembly committee is expected to consider whether to recommend that the North Carolina Legislature pass a law to make certain state employees who work closely with a contractor wait some time before going to work for the vendor.
Oversight panel co-chairwoman Rep. Julia Howard told colleagues Wednesday they'll discuss next month draft legislation creating a waiting period for such workers.
The idea gained attention after a senior program manager working on the state's new Medicaid billing system went to work right away last year for the outside company running the system.
State legislators and some state employees must wait six months after they leave office or jobs before they can lobby. State Auditor Beth Wood's office recommended a similar law for vendor work.
The Legislature reconvenes in May.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


text:
Accounts Receivable Office
3203 N. Downer Ave.
Mitchell Hall
Room 295
Milwaukee, WI 53211
Cashier's Office
3203 N. Downer Ave.
Mitchell Hall
Room 285
Milwaukee, WI 53211
Bursar Office - Home
Summer 2016 Tuition & Fees are Due the Friday Before Your Session Week Begins
Fall 2016 Tuition & Fees are Due September 6, 2016
Welcome to the Bursar Office Web Site
The Bursar Office consists of the Accounts Receivable and Cashier's Offices. It is a sub-department of the Controller's Office that serves the University community in collecting payments for student tuition and fees, processing tuition and fee refunds, billing preparation, and third party billing agreements for tuition. The office also receives cash and check deposits from departments and processes payments from accounts receivable collections. Account write-off and limited collection services are also provided. The Accounts Receivable Office monitors exit interviews for students with Perkins and Nursing loans and maintains campus-based promissory notes, processes loan deferments, cancellations and due diligence follow-up for campus-based loans.
Students may view their online billing statement from their PAWS Student Center page. For more information visit our Online Billing page.
You may pay tuition and fees and any charges that appear on your PAWS account on a computer that has access to the internet. View Payment Methods for additional information on webCheck and credit card payments accepted on PAWS.
Navigate through the bursar web site using the links on the left side or switch to another UWM site by clicking on a link on the right side of this page.
Failure to read this information does not excuse you from complying with the policies and procedures it contains. Information in these web pages supersedes similar information published in the Schedule of Classes and is subject to revision or correction.
|Office Hours
|Monday, Wednesday, Friday
8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Tuesday and Thursday
9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
|Mailing Address - Payments
|UWM Cashier's Office
P.O. Box 500
Milwaukee, WI 53201-0500
|Mailing Address - Other Correspondence
|UWM Accounts Receivable
P.O. Box 413
Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413


text:
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"Caught Cheating?!!" by TiariaKaiba1
Categories: Anime & Manga
Characters: None
Description: the contest is reader or character caught cheating or being the one cheated on goes from there..... This might get a tad confusing. ..maybe . Here s
what I m gonna do for yah:
First Place Prizes : 6 Requests , 10 Ficlets, and 3
Oneshots/ 3 Chapter Short Story
Second Place Prizes : 4 Requests , 5 Ficlets, 1
Third Place Prizes: 1 Request, 5 Ficlets, 1 Oneshot
Bonus: 1 Request
Extra Bonus : Set of 6 Drabbles
[Key: Request > Lemon , Oneshot, Baby Daddy, or
Set of 5 Drabbles ]
[ Key: Ficlet > Slightly longer than a Drabble]
If you re on Quizilla or anything else.... publish information for each
Request, Ficlet , and Oneshot and send me the link .
If you use Email , just send me your info that way .
As long as I get it im on LJ as Tiaria Kaiba aswell have trouble let me know :)!!
You can manipulate each Request however you
want . Give me prompts or not , use the same
characters twice or three times if you feel like it . Its completely personalized , so go wild! Either use
one OC for the Requests , or use a bunch of them .
Oh, and one more thing : only use the list of
animes from the Contest, cause those are all I
write for . ... And try to make it interesting for moi,
hmm ? XD Send me your info ~!!
** It s gonna take me a while to finish writing ALL
the Prizes, so please be patient and wait until I
message you to tell you I m finished. I m pretty
good about getting things done ~
Anime / Books:
*Durarara!!*(I love Izaya!)
*+ Anima *
* D . Gray- Man*
D .N . Angel
*Death Note *
* Fruits Basket *
Full Metal Alchemist
* Hetalia*
*Kyo Kara Maoh! *
Me and My Brothers
* Naruto*
Ouran High School Host Club
Vampire Knight.
*Will make writer abundantly happy if chosen just
saying . * grins *
For each winner to fill out and send in:
Request and Oneshot Info
Appearance :
Personality :
Likes/ Dislikes :
Friends /Enemies :
Type of Request :
Character you Want :
Any Added Info : ( If fighting anime is chosen , give
me fighting skills , weapon , race , etc . If Hetalia, give
me OC Country, etc. )
Prompt : Optional
Ficlet Info
Appearance :
Personality :
Ficlet Prompt : Optional
Ficlet Genre :
Character you want :
Fandom :
(don't worry Im a good writer made this page to write just for you :) haven't had time to post anything I wrote sorry but I will post winners request :3)
Posted: 08/11/11 | Deadline: None
This website is solely for non-profit entertainment purposes only. No profits are being made from this website whatsoever. All fan fiction represented in this archive are © their respective owners and/or authors. All original works are © their respective authors. No reproduction of the written works in this archive is permitted without prior consent of their respective authors. All Rights Reserved. Icons used on this site are from famfamfam.com. Protected by Spam Poison Bleach, Ichigo are © Studio Pierrot, TV Tokyo, Dentsu, and Tite Kubo.


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Sources confirm to the WDSU I-Team that the Louisiana State Police is conducting an investigation into the Kentwood Police Department and its police chief Greg Newton.
The investigation centers on how the department handled evidence. More specifically, sources say, how money was handled after being seized by the police department.
Witnesses Friday morning said state police executed a search warrant at the Kentwood Police Department.
Police Chief Greg Newton confirmed that an investigation is ongoing and that his office did turn over documents to state police Friday, but wouldn't elaborate further on the details of the investigation.
Newton is elected to the position and has eight officers on staff.


text:
A rare Tuesday night recording (you can download the episode here) with special guest the Running Laminator (@runninglam). Check out his blog (runninglam.com) for a lot of great advice and race reports. We also spoke at length about the risk of overhydration. Lam did also talk about his choice in footwear, the Saucony Kinvara. So the list of choice footwear is growing.
Twitter harassment of the week: @veganrunningdad
Until next time, leave feedback on iTunes, email questions and comments to geeksinrunningshoes[at] gmail [dot] com. We are also on twitter, you can follow Jason (@guttocutwl) and Ray (@adeyemiking).
As always, thanks for listening!


text:
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This pretty case is a perfect fit for the Samsung Galaxy S 4. With a sleek low profile and lightweight design, it's the perfect way to stay colorfully connected.
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text:
You walk into the room. It's cool and quiet. You see thirty new workstations giving great service. Your cost of hardware was CAD$350 for each workstation, CAD$10 to connect it to an existing 100Mbps LAN, and about CAD$60 for a share of a server in another room (CAD$1 = US$0.87). Your software costs were only some download and CD burn time and forty minutes for installation. Your operating costs are virtually nil. The server runs for months without a reboot. The workstations have nothing but network boot loaders. You back up only one machine, the server. The workstations use twenty watts each and have no fans. Magical? Yes. Magic? No. Arthur C. Clarke once made the comment that "technology sufficiently advanced is indistinguishable from magic". A stock server or a custom-built server made from off-the-shelf parts has taken the place of the mainframe in a client/server arrangement. Moore's Law makes the hardware cheap. GNU/Linux makes it free to use to its potential. This is old but capable technology made easy to install thanks to the GNU/Linux revolution.
This is old but capable technology made easy to install thanks to the GNU/Linux revolution
What you have are workstations of fanless, diskless clients connected to LCD monitors, mice and keyboards. The low-powered clients do little except relay inputs and graphics between the user and the server via the X Window System. The server is a reasonably powerful PC with extra memory and storage. You get away with having thirty users at once running on the server because recent CPUs have the power and the typical user typing and clicking uses up only a small percentage of such a CPU and uses the power in short bursts. By investing a little more on the server, everyone gets to share in the benefit and it is never wasted. The first time a user loads a program the server caches it in memory for any subsequent users. This is a much better system than paying per-user licence fees, installing and maintaining software on hard drives on each client and keeping all the disks and fans turning. You do not need to chase dust bunnies on these fanless units. You save hundreds of dollars in electrical energy over the lengthy lifetime of this equipment and you do not need to listen to all those pointless whirring sounds.
How can you get this all to work without resorting to magic or hiring a magician? LTSP, the Linux Terminal Server Project is a free software project intended to make the setup easy. The clients configure via DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and download a minimal GNU/Linux operating system from the server using TFTP (Tiny File Transfer Protocol). The GNU/Linux operating system for the client boots and uses a file system on the server and the memory of the client to do everything. The initial network boot can be done by a ROM (Read Only Memory) resident program on the client. Most PCs since 1998 have this capability built into the BIOS if there is a Network Interface Controller (NIC) built into the motherboard. The BIOS setup may mention PXE, Pre-Execution Environment or network in the booting section. Others can incorporate a boot loader in a socket on the NIC into the BIOS of the PC, or boot from a floppy, USB device, hard drive or CD.
The folks who made Edubuntu put in automatic installation of the simplest, and most common setup
The only software installation required is on the server. You can use a GNU/Linux distribution designed for use in schools and by teachers with modest expertise. Because the LTSP scripts can be a hassle for a novice, the folks who made Edubuntu (Ubuntu plus a few packages and configurations for schools) put in automatic installation of the simplest, and most common setup, the server running a private LAN with your clients. This works well for a classroom, a computer lab, an office or a small school. Except for multimedia intensive stations the LTSP concept works for about thirty clients from a single 32 bit CPU with 2GB RAM. Using a dual-core 64 bit CPU and 4GB RAM, one server can handle sixty clients. With multiple servers or multiple socket motherboards the system will scale to well over one hundred clients. You only have to eliminate bottlenecks on the LAN by using a gigabit per second connection between server and switch. 100Mbps works well from switch to client. 10Mbps works, too, but there are noticeable delays.
What an LTSP Server wants
The specs for an LTSP server are pretty simple:
- 512MB RAM for the idling system with all of its services
- 50MB per client to hold user data and the first copy of common applications
- 100MHz of 32 bit processing power or about 75MHz of 64 bit power per client. AMD or Intel work, but AMD gives more computing power per watt and has an on-chip memory controller in 64 bit. The competition between these two makes price/performance good for our use. It is important to select components that match motherboard/CPU/memory/NICs if you build from parts.
- A gigabit NIC for the private LAN (100 megabit is OK for small LANs with patient users, random boots or client always on)
- 10/100 baseT NIC for the ISP
The gigabit NIC is optional unless you want to save seconds on the boot over the network when everyone shows up to work in the same minute and transfers 4 MB of kernel. Many motherboards come with a gigabit NIC and they are cheap. The following examples don't include a monitor, keyboard, mouse, CDROM drive or video card which are only needed for installation. The BIOS can be set up to boot on restoration of power and to ignore lack of a keyboard. The X configuration can be set to use a dummy driver when the video card is absent. The server can be maintained remotely by SSH (Secure SHell) or LTSP. A backup hard drive with USB connection is also recommended.
An example of a server good for up to sixty clients:
- AMD Opteron 170 dual core 2 MB cache CAD$519
- ASUS A8N-E motherboard CAD$125
- ATX case and power supply w/400-500W capacity CAD$200+
- 10/100 baseT NIC CAD$15
- dual 200GB hard drives SATA CAD$210
- Total CAD$1570
A good server for up to thirty clients could use the same setup but with an AMD64 3200 processor and 2GB non-ECC RAM, costing about CAD$1000.
For up to 10 clients, and modest services, use a recent desktop PC with 1GB of RAM and an extra NIC.
For 120 clients, use a dual socket Opteron motherboard with suitable processors and 6GB ECC registered RAM costing about CAD$4300 or more:
- AMD Opteron 275 dual core 2MB cache 2 X CAD$1353 = CAD$2706
- ASUS K8N-DL motherboard CAD$287
- ATX case and 500W power supply CAD$250
- 10/100 baseT NIC CAD$15
- dual 200GB hard drives SATA CAD$210
- 6GB DDR400 ECC registered RAM 6 X CAD$150 = CAD$900
- Total CAD$4368
Another alternative is dual 60 client servers giving more flexibility, speed, and some redundancy for lower cost but more maintenance. This would require networking of the file system, which is a little more complex than an Edubuntu installation. The dual core processors need an SMP (Symmetric Multi Processor) kernel installed. If you install with that CPU it may be automatically configured. If you add a dual core processor, you'll need to install the right kernel manually. The command
sudo apt-get install linux-amd64-k8-smp will install the latest kernel for AMD64 on a VIA K8 chipset for multiple processors. Of course, if you have a different architecture, you can look it up on the Ubuntu web site.
What an LTSP client wants
If you can keep the fans turning, almost any PC will do. PCs with fans use more power than is necessary and act as vacuum cleaners, accumulating dust bunnies that jam fans, and interfere with flow of air over chips and heat sinks. 64MB and 100MHz is enough. Configure the BIOS to boot from the network. Most PCs made before 1998 will not automatically do a network boot, so you will need to install a bootloader on the hard drive, floppy or CD. You can use a Universal Boot Disc from ThinStation which comes with drivers for most common NICs or you can custom make a bootloader from Rom-O-Matic. Pick your NIC and choose your output format,
.zdsk for a bootable floppy image or
.liso for a bootable CD image. There are more advanced options available. You can create the floppy discs on your server with the command:
sudo dd if=image_file of=/dev/fd0. With a cdburner, you may use the cdrecord command from the commandline (terminal) or a graphical interface like nautilus-cd-burner which can be accessed from the "Go" menu item of the file browser. Click on "CD creator". You drag and drop or copy and paste the file icon for the CD image file to the window.
If there are not enough old machines to use as clients, or the space saving convenience of LCD monitors and ultra-low-power clients is desired, one can shop in a very competitive market. Chip maker VIA Technologies, Inc. makes a family of CPUs that serve very well as thin clients and use so little power they don't need fans. If you are adventurous, you may purchase a mini-motherboard with an Epia CPU installed. The low powered versions need no fans and the motherboard is 17cm X 17cm and can fit into a tiny case that bolts to the back of an LCD monitor. Such motherboards are available for about CAD$110 CAD. A power supply that converts 12V DC or 110V AC to ATX costs about CAD$50 for the fanless kind. You can put this in a cheap case for less than CAD$50 and add CAD$30 of RAM and you get a client costing CAD$240 plus a monitor, keyboard, mouse and fifteen minutes of your time. This will save you about CAD$150 from the price of a complete thin client. Still, an old used machine may be bought for less than CAD$100.
Installing Edubuntu on the server
To install Edubuntu, obtain a CD by download. Burn the file appropriate to your hardware to a 700MB CD.
Edubuntu installs all of the software with only a few questions relating to LTSP:
- Primary network interface:
eth1? Usually
eth1will be on the motherboard and
eth0in the expansion slots.
- What is the IP address? Use something in 192.168.0.x and you get good defaults with no editing required. Typically, choose 192.168.0.254 or 192.168.0.1, to leave lots of space for printers, clients and so on
- What is the netmask? Use 255.255.255.0
- What is the gateway? Leave blank or use IP address of gateway to the WWW
- Name server address? I usually install my own name server, but a novice should use the one for WWW connections or leave this blank
To set up the other NIC for WWW access, do so from the GUI once you log in. Since the clients run on the server, they will have internet access. One complication for this is that the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server, which you are setting up to serve your private LAN, needs to be told to ignore DHCP requests on the
eth1 interface. The default behaviour is to listen on all interfaces. To change this, edit as root
/etc/default/dhcp using the command:
sudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp. Add these lines:
# On what interfaces should the DHCP server (dhcpd) serve DHCP requests? # Separate multiple interfaces with spaces, e.g. "eth0 eth1" INTERFACES="eth0"
You will then need to restart the DHCP server with the command:
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp restart.
Your private LAN will likely need several connections to
eth0. Typically, this is done by connecting
eth0 to a network switch. I recommend that
eth0 be connected to a gigabit per second port, if your switch has one. That way, the server can send data for several clients to the switch and the switch gives the data to the clients at their rates. This is mostly important for booting or animation. If a group walks in and everyone boots, you may save many seconds by using this gigabit connection. For a NIC on the PCI bus, 1Gbps uses most of the capacity of the bus for short bursts, so avoid putting many other extensions on the PCI bus with your gigabit NIC. Many motherboards have a gigabit NIC (likely,
eth1) built-in and connected to a bus other than the PCI bus. Check your manual to be sure. A big advantage of the 64 bit motherboards is that the NIC on the motherboard, the IDE and SATA drives may all do transfers at once. On most 32 bit boards, someone will have to wait because the PCI bus has a much smaller bandwidth.
Managed switches with two gigabit ports and 24 10/100 automatic ports such as ASUS GIGAX1024P are quite inexpensive. For a classroom, an eight port switch will do.
Bandwidth problems are unlikely if the gigabit connection is used. The typical cable subscriber can stream pretty well and this is hundreds of times the bandwidth from the server and ten times the bandwidth from the switch. With this arrangement many users all feel they have complete control of the server. It is magical the first time you see it. The plain X protocol used to connect the screen of the user to the server does some unnecessary chattering. So setups with lots of activity may benefit from compression and redundancy removal with the NX protocol. Free software for NX has become available and it's still developing rapidly. The 64 bit version may be available in 2006.
Anyone can set up a Linux Terminal Server on a good machine in under an hour with Edubuntu and connect it to a private LAN with a bunch of clients. Given sufficient resources on the server, this is a very cost effective solution for a home, classroom, computer lab, and offices of small to medium size. A large organization will have to choose between a very expensive hot server or a cluster of lesser machines sharing the load. The latter is almost certainly less expensive to purchase, but may require somewhat more maintenance.
Images of the installation of Edubuntu default
These images were screenshot captures made during the installation simulated by the Bocks emulator.
Further information
- Skolelinux—A massive book for a Norwegian distro
- The Edubuntu Cookbook
- The Linux Terminal Server Project—Original LTSP material adapted by Edubuntu and K12LTSP
- The K-12Linux Project—All about LTSP in schools
- PXE documentation—All about PXE
- ROM-o-matic—A dynamic site for generating boot floppies/CDs/ROMs using EtherBoot
- The EtherBoot Project—A system for generating the boot loaders if needed.
Edubuntu, Linux Terminal Server and thin Clients
We are getting close to coming few circle. When the 386 came out we could run 512, yes five hundred and twelve, users on a single server.
BTW, it would be nice to have a one-shot printable version of the whole article.
Henry Keultjes
Database Scientifics Project http://www.ncolug.org/ppc.htm
Mansfield Ohio USA
great article
I was wondering how this would handle applications that were very graphics intensive? Applications that relied heavily on the performance of a graphics card.
You can run the graphics
You can run the graphics application on the terminal, but it takes some setup. Google for local applications or local apps on ltsp.org or ubuntu's site.
What is missing between steps 24 and 25? Where is the LTSP configuration stuff?
Ditto the missing
Those missing steps are keeping me from using this.
It is automatically done if
It is automatically done if you have two ethernet connections live, one to the internet and one to a switch to your thin clients. You need the internet side not to be 192.168.0.x as that is what is assumed for the LAN on which your thin clients reside. If you cannot have this arrangement, you need to see the LTSP documentation.
Great, except for when you want your employees/students/etc to be able to take their work away from the room. In this case you want a "thick client" via laptop, etc. Thin clients would be the answer to almost everything if it weren't for the mobility issue.
Actually, that's about to improve radically. Obviously if you have a central file server the student can go across the school, login and see their files.
However, more to the point, Edubuntu/LTSP are introducing support for using USB keys on thin clients in the upcoming October release. Details here.
In that case, you authenticate yourself to a file server via LDAP, the files are sent to you, and the files go back into the central server once the work is finished.
"Citrix". citrix allows
"Citrix". citrix allows users to connect to a location outside of the network using upto 128 bit encryption for the connection. citrix homepage: http://www.citrix.com/lang/English/home.asp
the article was overall pretty descent, and is a major advancement for the linux and business world. I like the overall low cost of ownership, and i would love to show my boss, and work on this sort of project in our company.
TFTP is Trivial, not Tiny.
like this comment ;)
Not really, any
Not really, any disinformation is bad information.
Other LTSP products
Great article about LTSP and thin clients!
I know Symbio Technologies (www.symbio-technologies.com) has sold lots of LTSP-based products into Canada, along with thin clients for much less than CA $350. Removable media, 16-bit stereo sound, and video all work quite nicely (due in no small part to the wonders of X.org). LTSP is great, and if you want something supported and canned, Symbio's a good place to look.
Fanless clients / limited by the monitor cost
These are getting really nice.
I saw a manufacturer site recently selling a unit that's about the size of a conventional half-height disk drive (who remember full-height anymore).
For something like US$120 each (they're cheaper in quantity), you get a tiny box with a 166MHz+ CPU, 128 MB RAM, a Compact Flash slot (to replace a hard drive), USB, keyboard, serial I/O slots, 2D/Multimedia accelerated graphics, and audio (I don't think it has 3D acceleration). Since they run Puppy Linux on it, it must have Linux drivers for the hardware. Also, it's supposed to run from about 0 to 60 C (32 to 140 F) with no fan and will bolt onto the back of a standard VESA LCD monitor.
(Note this partially answers the 'graphics intensive' question above -- multimedia applications are supported, but not really 3D).
In my experience, you can usually find used CRT monitors for US$40 to US$60, but they're a false economy, because they lose definition over time ("fuzz out", I call it) and become unusable in much less than the lifetime of an LCD monitor (provided you don't poke the LCD panel with something -- they really need lexan or glass covers for these things!). I just found a used 17" LCD for US$130 from an online shop, which is probably a better deal. $200 is not an uncommon new price if you go to the right suppliers.
So, yeah, the client is going to cost US$300—but US$200 of that is probably the LCD monitor! Monitors aren't very price-flexible, but fortunately, they last longer and obsolesce slower than most other computer equipment, so they tend to be good investments. I probably upgrade CPUs every 2-3 years, but I hardly ever get rid of monitors. Keyboards and mice may eventually be a problem, but they're in the US$10 range, so it'll be awhile before they start to impact the flexibility of client prices.
So the next step, if any, is to bring down the cost and increase the durability of LCD monitors. Of course, the One Laptop Per Child project (and therefore Quanta) is doing that. I wonder if we'll see spin-off LCD monitors based on the same LCD panel (or same technology).
The Open Graphics Project is also really close to manufacturing their first open hardware FPGA prototyping cards. In a year or so, they may be talking about doing the ASIC (consumer-targeted) cards, and selling the chipset to embedded developers, which might well mean inexpensive clients like this with basic 3D acceleration, so you could actually run CAD software (or Blender) over these kind of clients.
is there anyway I can get this tutorial as a .PDF? Thanks..
Yes there is...
This article comes from issue 13. If you become a subscriber (which is free) then you can download the issue in PDF format here by clicking on the download link.
Dual-Head thin client
The only "stressful" thing my workstations currently do is provide dual-head video - the main reason why the $250 thin-client has not been an option for me.
Now I see SUN has dual-head thin clients - http://www.sun.com/sunray/sunray2fs/ - about $500, I think, plus 2 17'' LCDs.
Does anybody have experiences with such a setup?
- bunk
Sun Ray on Linux
Yes, Sun Ray clients are a great way to go, and you can get them working off a linux server.
Go to http://www.sun.com/software/sunray to download the server software.
It is trivially easy to install on Solaris 10, RHEL, or CentOS 3.3. If you want to install on something other than that then there is a little bit of work involved.
The other one is K12LTSP; it inspired Edubuntu
Hello folks,
There is another turnkey LTSP distribution called K12LTSP, maintained by Eric Harrison (he also contributes to Edubuntu). K12LTSP came out in, I believe, 2001 and currently has two versions:
1.) Fedora Core-based
2.) CentOS-based
I happen to use the CentOS-based one at home, and I have a couple of schools using the Fedora-based ones. Here are some reasons why you might want to consider trying K12LTSP:
A.) It supports both EtherBoot *and* PXE-boot simultaneously. That means all those old Pentium-133's, too, can be used as thin clients, totally seamlessly, right alongside the new PXE-booting thin clients.
B.) It also supports not just x86 thin clients, but also Power Mac thin clients, *simultaneously*, on the same network segment (I and several others have verified this!).
C.) It's even easier to install a K12LTSP server than it is to install Windows XP, let alone something like Windows Server 2003. It's all integrated seamlessly into the Red Hat installation process. Good default settings were chosen, so yes, you can click through all the defaults, and boom, you're done.
Now, I'm not knocking Edubuntu; I use and demo it myself, and I'm sure glad it's here. However, K12LTSP has simply been around a few more years and therefore is more mature at this point (e. g. simultaneous EtherBoot and PXE and x86/PMac client support). Now, Edubuntu can easily be made to do these things, too; it's basically just a tweak to /etc/dhcpd.conf and copying over /opt/ltsp/ppc. I have tried this, and it does work.
With either distro (Edubuntu or K12LTSP), the cost savings are the same, and the benefits are the same. You'll do well with either, and above all, YOU WILL BE FREE OF THE BSA, MICROSOFT, AND APPLE. I know; we got hit with an audit, and it wasn't fun.
Graphics-intensive may not be an issue anymore, soon
Remember that Intel recently open-sourced their integraded 3-D graphics drivers for use in X.org. That means that your graphics-intensive applications should now work just fine if you have an integrated Intel chipset. Finally, Intel's learning to play nice!
I recommend that everyone who's looking at buying new thin clients ask the manufacturer if they use an integrated Intel chipset. Another good option, for those who are using older PC's as thin clients, is the ATI Radeon 7500/8500 (yes, they're still very much around), and the Matrox Millennium G400/G450 (yes, they're around, too). Both video cards provide quite fast 2-D and 3-D video support.
STAY AWAY FROM NVIDIA *ANYTHING*, AS WELL AS ANY RECENT ATI CHIPSET (9200 and greater). You are limited to the S-L-O-W VESA driver with these chipsets. The reason is that both ATI and nVidious decided to no longer play nice with the Free/Open Source community and refuse to allow us to write drivers for their chips. We'll see how long that lasts now that Intel has seen the light; Intel's too big for them to ignore.
tweaks for ppc on ltsp
could you tell me where to find the info to do the tweak to add ppc on ltsp?
PPC on LTSP
Mandrake (now Mandriva) had this a long time ago. I have not used their system lately.
Debian has a neat setup. Their distro covers ppc, i386 and AMD64 as well as others and they have provided packages to setup up thin client environments for any architecture running on a server of any architecture (boggling...). Search for LTSP in descriptions of packages for testing at packages.debian.org . ltsp-client-builder is the key. You run it and it creates the LTSP environment on the server for whatever client you want. You have to set up your DHCP server to point the ppc client at the right environment and kernel, I suppose. I have not tried it.
So, you can run your LTSP server on AMD64 and serve clients of Pentium I's, ppc, i386, whatever. This is sweet for schools that have working inventory, but the new fanless thin clients and LCD monitors are the way to go sooner or later.
What? I thought Nvidia played best with Linux. Mine sure does. I CAN NOT go along with your Nvidia "ANYTHING" statement. I've had more trouble with ATI.
Very nice article! I would like to make it available as a tutorial on our website. The easiest way for that is to have it available in html format. Woud that be possible?
Should be a little more detailed!
Nice article, and i can see that it has been intentionally explained in such a way that newbies can follow it.
So my question is, if you went so far as to use ultra-simple language to explain to newbies, why don't you explain:
1)What is a NIC? and how to configure/use one?
2)What is the procedure on any one thin-client (entire setup process with screenshots would be ultra helpful).
3)And finally any problems/ special-case scenarios (most common ones), that would occur in a thin-client setup and how to deal with it.
I am having a Computer institute, and am planning to shift atleast one of my labs (30-PCs) to a thin-client based environment, using Edubuntu.
If you can help, with my above questions, please email me at kenthomson799(at)yahoo(dot)com. I would be highly obliged if i can setup a lab of 30PCs, running on a central server with the process you described.
The point is setting up stand-alone PCs, with Windows XP has been so familiar to me, that i cannot think of any other options, and your article certainly has helped me. If you can spare some time, please answer my above questions in detail.
Thank you,
and yeah, Nice Article!
"1)What is a NIC? and how to configure/use one?
2)What is the procedure on any one thin-client (entire setup process with screenshots would be ultra helpful).
3)And finally any problems/ special-case scenarios (most common ones), that would occur in a thin-client setup and how to deal with it."
NIC is Network Interface Controller. It is best to have two or more for the LTSP setup. If you have two, one will be the "primary" connecting to the ISP, and one will be for the LAN. The EdUbuntu setup should do this automatically after you declare one to be the primary.
On the thin client you can
1)Set the BIOS to boot PXE
2)Set the BIOS to display a menu in which PXE is one choice
3)Set up a floppy/CD/hard drive/flash boot loader from http://rom-o-matic.net
It can happen that the driver for the video/NIC on the thin client is not working. In /opt/ltsp/.../etc/lts.conf on the server you can edit in a choice for driver. vesa usually works but may not have the best resolution. Most thin clients have fairly common NICs so I have not seen a problem, but you can often install a driver in the chroot of the client or compile a kernel with a driver if it is open source. That is a lot of work unless you have a ton of clients with this problem.
THIN CLIENTS terminals where to get those machines?
Somebody knows where to buy those thin clients, which I put on the back of LCD??
I found http://www.bosanova.net/thinclient/rbt366-iseries.html but it costs 395 USD!
It's really a lot!
Anybody knows alternatives?
Think Clients - where?
Try http://www.norhtec.com/products/index.html - I have not got one but they seem to be good.
low cost client
try http://www.ewayco.com
they have every kind of thin client you could want including a $150 tablet version as well as the $120 norhtec client for $99 (as low as $75 in bulk orders) 200 Mhz @128Mb RAM, plus fanless via systems and p4 ... awesome prices but shipping is from overseas, so bulk orders are a better deal.
please send me how to config the client server in lab
hi friend please send me please send me how to config the client server in lab.
i am 6 th ec student,and u give me your ideas on [email protected]
please reply fastly,because i must need.ok
thanxs in advance.
(afterthought) that's called support dude
...and you don't substitute thousand thanks for thousand dollars for that kind of consulting. if you "must need fastly" then be prepared to either search/read/learn "fastly", or pay upfront.
free software isn't about all-free consulting, as free time is sparse.
PS: of course this comment is only for similar fastly students :) providing them with what they urgently request might just defile them into consumers, not creators.
PPS: just in case, we run LTSP virtualized in OpenVZ containers (described on ltsp.org wiki CaseStudies and on freesource.info wiki in Russian+details).
Michael Shigorin
Dead link
Can't get to the http://www.norhtec.com/products/index.html.
Anyone knows other places to buy?
Managing users in Kubuntu
is this possible in Kubuntu also? My friend installed it on his laptop. Any kind of help is great. If anyone has nay kind of pdf or manual I wolud appreciate if you post a link. I googled but found nothing.
Luka Manser
Brilliant idea Robert. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It's interesting to read ideas, and observations from someone else's point of view… makes you think more. Keep up the good work. Greetings
application questions
I have a call center that I am converting to Linux. I want thin clients and all of this sounds good on both the client and server side.
What I am worried about is the actual running of the apps. We have to have more than just the boxes networked; they have some crappy windoze call center apps running on it as well.
So I don't know enough about how to get it to work on the server with say 50 people potentially hitting it. I have heard of crossover and wine; can anyone comment on how a multi-user environment will work in terms of actually running executables? If it was just a single user, I would try to get it to work with crossover and/or wine and at least see how that stuff works. Need to tap into the mult-user capabilities here while at the same time allowing for multiple users to hit it without crashing it or their workstations...
My recommendation is probably going to be them finding another application to run everywhere in the call center on Linux, NOT a windoze app. Can anyone recommend any good applications that are suited to call centers? Need something that allows the user to take a call and log it.
Any info is appreciated. THANKS!
edubuntu or ubuntu
Hi very great article and thank you for making this...
I would like to know which is the best one to use the edubuntu or ubuntu server. I am confused which to use for a set up of 30 thin clients.
via epia
in using via epia where do you put the power switch or the dc power jack
LTSP + wine?
We have two applications the require windows or mac emulation.
1. Accelerated Reader. This program works through a web interface, but requries both current versions of QuickTime and Adobe Reader. The latter is not a problem. The former may be. I'm trying to convince them to remove the QT requirement.
2. The Learning Equation. This runs on every version of winsnooze since '95, so I expect it to run under wine. Does anyone have experience with running windows software under wine in an LTSP environment? Presumably this will up the ante on memory and CPU per client.
Accelerated Reader via Firefox
If you have the new web based version of accelerated reader, then you can access it from linux with the firefox browser. Instructions for this are on Suse's web page. However, if you have the 6.x version of the application, which installs to a workstation, then you are in the same boat I am, and I am trying to find a way to make that work in a thin client environment as well, but I have heard it has been done on linux also.
no benchmark but a success story
we did run windows apps (particularly a bookkeeping one known as 1C in exUSSR) with [email protected] on ALT Linux based LTSP5 implementation, although I don't remember RAM consumption (we use dualcore server with 4 gigs so it was easy not to spot even considerable chunk of it being eaten up immediately...); based on previous experience with hooking a few terminals onto a linux workstation where one or more users would need to run office/mail/browser apps and one user would need a legacy windows app running under wine, up to three users would live ok in 512M (with icewm-based lightweight desktop).
Michael Shigorin
Thin -Clients and server.
I am trying to set up a language learning lab I can potentially set up a maximum of 30 thin clients and 15 thick or fat earthnet clients. My Idea is to have the fats run windows vista Ultima with local licensed software and then use Guadalinux from a dual boot or somekind of virtual machine. I need both so I can teach them at the school running windows 2007 professional software. The rest of the Thin clients would need to run video, sound, recording etc windows apps. This may be asking too much for a swap file. I invision a motherboard with a quad e6600 4 gigs of ddr2 800 ram two 500 gig sataII drives with two gigabyte nics. two lan switches with 24 gigabyte ports. I have installed cat6 gigabyte cable. I was thinking about aquiring miserable used pentium IV and then getting the cheapest lcds I can find for them. I would like to repacage them though so they all look the same maybe that isn´t such a good Idea maybe in the end a small fanless system would be best. I don`t have a clue how to go about setting this all up which is why I am trying to find out if is do able in the first place. Any insight would be appreciated thanks
There is a great supplier we use in the UK, they are the cheapest I've come across as yet and they have good customer service (www.thinstore.net)
The school I work at have bought over 30 thin clients from them.
Its also well worth checking what deals HP have on, the first deal we took advantage of was a £10 17" monitor deal when purchasing a £200 thin client, then a 3 for 2 offer on all thin clients.
We are having great success so far integrating a thin client network into our primary school. LTSP is excellent, we also use Windows Terminal Server for the apps that don't run on Linux.
It may be worth checking my blog if you plan to setup a thin client network in your school or want to switch to Linux.
Can anybody reading this see any benefits (in a classroom environment) in setting up a reasonably sized ramdisk on the server for holding a large file such as a video file? I did this to prevent thrashing the HDD for a demo setting where I had the Codebreakers divx playing back on each thin-client, but wondered if the practice had any use in a classroom setting! Unmounting the ramdisk releases the memory, but you can remount it again when needed, giving control over viewing and censoring.


text:
The 1923 Hyperinflation In Germany
Posted 17 September 2005 - 02:08 PM
P.S This isn't coursework, just an out of curiosity question.
Thanks, Kate
Posted 17 September 2005 - 03:07 PM
Basically the money became completely worthless - you needed a wheelbarrow full to pay for a loaf of bread.
Posted 17 September 2005 - 07:09 PM
Edited to add some pictures and links:
Picture of a woman burning money in her stove.
This image is on a very detailed page about the hyperinflation of 1923. More suitable for A Level really but good if you are seriously interested.
Image of children using wads of bank notes as building blocks.
another picture (better than the one above) of a woman feeding her tiled stove with banknotes.
There are some useful anecdotes** on this page about hyperinflation in 1923 where there is also what I think is a picture of a man papering a wall with bank notes.
The price increases began to be dizzying. Menus in cafes could not be revised quickly enough. A student at Freiburg University ordered a cup of coffee at a cafe. The price on the menu was 5,000 Marks. He had two cups. When the bill came, it was for 14,000 Marks. "If you want to save money," he was told, "and you want two cups of coffee, you should order them both at the same time."
A factory worker described payday, which was every day at 11:00 a.m.: "At 11:00 in the morning a siren sounded, and everybody gathered in the factory forecourt, where a five-ton lorry was drawn up loaded brimful with paper money. The chief cashier and his assistants climbed up on top. They read out names and just threw out bundles of notes. As soon as you had caught one you made a dash for the nearest shop and bought just anything that was going." Teachers, paid at 10:00 a.m., brought their money to the playground, where relatives took the bundles and hurried off with them.
That should all provide you with something to impress your teacher!
Edited by Mrs Faithorn, 17 September 2005 - 08:10 PM.
Posted 17 September 2005 - 09:41 PM
'One afternoon I rang my Aunt Louise's door. She is a pensioner. The door was opened a mere crack. From the dark came an odd broken voice: "I've used 60 billion marks worth of gas. My milk bill is 1 million. But all I have left is 2000 marks. I don't understand anymore." 'E Dobrt writing about the effects of inflation
'As soon as I got my dad's pay I went shopping. I had just enough for a loaf of bread and a small piece of cheese. A friend of mine went to buy his baby a pair of shoes. He took a month's pay. By the time he reached Berlin all he could afford was a cup of coffee.'A German woman writing about the effects of inflation
Daily Express (24th February, 1923)
A Berlin couple who were about to celebrate their golden wedding anniversary received an official letter advising them that the mayor, in accordance with Prussian custom, would call and present them with a donation of money. Next morning the mayor, accompanied by several officials in robes, arrived at the old couple's house, and carefully gave them 1,000,000,000,000 marks which was worth one halfpenny in British money.
Posted 22 September 2005 - 04:11 PM
Posted 22 September 2005 - 08:08 PM
Posted 23 September 2005 - 04:17 PM
Thanks again, Kate.
Posted 23 September 2005 - 05:38 PM
An astute observation, Kate.
. This topic has really made me see money is just bits of paper which if they didn't have any significance to us, would be useless
I have sometimes started work on Hyperinflation in 1923 off by screwing up (real) banknotes and silently chucking them in the wastebin. You should see the pupils' faces! It does tend then to bring home the point you made quite graphically.
Posted 24 September 2005 - 09:27 AM
Using the exchange rate as an index we looked at the devaluation of the reichsmark in a 5 day period (I think it was the immediate aftermath of the French occupation of the Ruhr, but could be wrong). There's one period in that block of time where the currency goes from 10,000RM to the US$ to 500,000RM to the US$ in something daft like 48 hours.
A helpful maths teacher showed them how to work out how rapidly the currency devalued. We then gave them some 'reichsmarks' and told them how much lunch cost. The task, a mission impossible, was to get to the canteen in time to spend it. When they got there we recalculated the value of the currency and found that in the time they'd moved from my room to the canteen (other side of school) the value of the reichsmark had changed so much that they couldn't afford to buy anything... even between the lot of them!
Quite scary really.
Posted 25 September 2005 - 12:56 PM
Posted 07 December 2005 - 03:41 PM
Posted 10 December 2005 - 01:10 PM
Sorry about all the questions, I hope I dont appear rude but i'm rather interested!!
Posted 10 December 2005 - 07:10 PM
Indeed you do! And carry on doing so for the rest of your life - as long as you remain inquisitive and open-minded. Learning is a life long thing,
Wow, I never knew about this (you learn something new everyday! ).
Did it just happen in 1923,
If you are referring to Germany, yes it just lasted during 1923. Other countries have experienced massive rates of inflation too (eg. in Zimbabwe in recent years), but none as bad as the hyperinflation in Germany in 1923 as far as I know.
It lasted for about 9/10 months; from January until September/October. Germany was already suffering from inflation in the years after the end of the First World War, but the whole problem escalated in 1923 when the French and Belgian armies marched into Germany in January that year in order to sieze products like coal and other industrial goods. They did this because the German government was saying they were unable to pay the money they had promised to pay those two countries each year as compensation for all the damage Germany armies had caused during WWI.
how long did it last?
The German government then told workers to refuse to mine coal etc but had to pay their wokers' wages. In order to do that they just printed more and more paper money and over the next 9 or 10 months the value of that money just fell and fell until eventually (as seen in the stories and pictures earlier in the thread) it became totally worthless. Just as an example of this, the money that would have bought a nice house at the beginning of 1923 would just about buy a box of matches 9 months later!
It was sorted out by the new German Prime Minister, called Gustav Stresemann. He made everyone hand in the 'old' money which was all destroyed and then issued a new currency called the Rentenmark. He managed to convince people that this new currency did have a real value by linking it to the value of land.
How was it sorted out?
Not everyone destroyed all their valueless notes though and someone I used to teach with (whose grandparents were German) still had several of those 'old' German notes. It was really interesting to see these since they were just overstamped with higher and higher values (which the government did as the hyperinflation got worse instead of printing yet more new notes)
It must have been REALLY strange to live at that time. What happened afterwards?
After that, things got a lot better in Germany. The new German government made a 'deal' with the Americans (the Dawes Plan) and were lent a great deal of money over the next 5 years in order to help German industry get back on its feet and so that the Germans could actually pay the compensation owed to France and Belgium (and then their armies left Germany). Germany actually became quite prosperous for the next 5 years, but there were still people whose lives had been ruined by the hyperinflation of 1923 (especially those whose life savings had been made worthless) and many of these were the sort of people who eventually supported Hitler and the Nazi Party in the early 1930s.
Sorry about all the questions, I hope I dont appear rude but i'm rather interested!!
You're not rude at all. Just naturally inquisitive. That's fine!
I've answered at some length just because you are interested - and because you are clearly not learning about this topic at school yourself (yet?)
I hope the explanation is clear enough? As you can imagine it's really rather a complicated topic and I have only provided a 'summary'.
Edited by Mrs Faithorn, 11 December 2005 - 02:20 PM.
Posted 11 December 2005 - 05:53 PM
... Natzi party had supporters...the people who had no money and needed some to survive in the world. So they joined the party to get the money. Mmm, and because the economy had just collapsed the Natzi's were seen as people who were 'sorting in out' and stoping it from happening again.
Posted 11 December 2005 - 06:40 PM
Sorry, i accidentally pressed enter
... Natzi party had supporters...the people who had no money and needed some to survive in the world. So they joined the party to get the money. Mmm, and because the economy had just collapsed the Natzi's were seen as people who were 'sorting in out' and stoping it from happening again.
Well .... what you say here is not wrong, but it's a gross over simplification of what happened and of the reasons for the increasing support the Nazis gained in the years from 1930 - 1933 (when they came to power). In the 5/6 years following the hyperinflation of 1923 the Nazis actually gained very little support.
The collapse of the economy you refer to was primarily following the American Wall Street Crash of 1929 - when the Americans were no longer willing or able to lend the Germans large sums of money any more.
A great many students get muddled up between the impact of hyperinflation of 1923 and the impact of the Wall Street Crash on Germany in the early 1930s.
Can I suggest that if you want to pursue all this further that you either ask your teacher to lend you a GCSE textbook covering the Rise of the Nazi Party or that you do a little research yourself.
These links would help you with that:
NB. It's NAZI, not Natzi.
Edited by Mrs Faithorn, 11 December 2005 - 06:42 PM.
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Habitat for Humanity of South Central, Minn. celebrates the completion of its one hundred and third home in a dedication ceremony, Thursday March 21, at 507 Tenth Ave. N.
Habitat for Humanity of SCMN is extending an invitation to the Greater St. James community to join in celebrating this exciting occasion.
The Aguilar Family Open House takes place from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m., with the dedication ceremony beginning at 5:30 p.m. Light refreshments provided at the 507 Tenth Ave. N home as Habitat for Humanity of SCMN staff, volunteers, friends and family gather to present the keys to Renee Aguilar.
Renee Aguilar, the new homeowner wants to thank everyone who rallied around her with compassion and commitment helping her achieve the dream of homeownership for her family.
Aguilar completed more than the minimum requirement of 200 "sweat equity" hours in the construction of her home and the homes of others.
"I felt a great sense of accomplishment and pride during the entire Habitat process. I'd like to thank the Care-A-Vanners, Amy Shupe for being there for me and my kids, to Mary Shupe and Gene Kovacs for their help and support and to those at Armour Eckrich that were able to find time to help and their continuous support.
"I'd also like to thank all of the volunteers who worked regularly and endlessly on my home, like Lloyd Carlson. I'd like to thank all Watonwan County Partnering Community Members who helped make this dream a reality for me.
"And thank you all staff, volunteers and anyone else I may have forgotten to mention who made this house a home. You've made us so happy. A thank you does not give your generosity true justice," said Aguilar.
Donations, in-kind building materials and volunteer labor are the driving force behind Habitat for Humanity of South Central Minnesota's ability to build homes at an affordable price. The Aguilar family will purchase the home through a zero percent interest mortgage, in which monthly mortgage payments are used to build more Habitat homes.
"We are very excited to provide another Habitat Home for a well-deserving family," said Executive Director of HFHSCMN Julie Schmillen. "We look forward to building many more to come and are currently looking for more folks to apply for a permanent place to call home in the St. James area."
If you are interested in applying for a Habitat Home, volunteering or serving as a committee member please call the HFHSCMN office at (507 388-2081
Location, ST | website.com


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Summer can't be over yet.
by Guest Blogger Keith Kaplan I ALBION COLLEGE: Brains (double-major honors student, Mortar Board, College Fellow) and brawn (swim team captain and an avid outdoorsman who most days can be seen paddling on the river that runs through his campus). Regular blogger. Co-founder of the eponymous DK Cookies (on Facebook!).
I still have a week or two before I start graduate school, but I felt like doing some reminiscing before I begin my adventures in New York City. One of my favorite parts of summer back home has been eating some seriously mouthwatering food. With more free time, I got to kick back and watch the Food Network, which always makes me super hungry and inspires me to make something delicious. I actually get to make a full dinner most nights. And let me say, when you cook your own meal and it tastes good, it's very rewarding.
Here are some recipes and resources that I used for my cooking endeavors this summer. Bookmark this post for next year or tackle them in your last month of vacation!
Food Network: I'm a big fan. I made a lot of recipes from their Grilling Central page. A few weeks ago, I made one of Bobby Flay's recipes for grilled pizza. I was somewhat skeptical at first because I'd never made a grilled pizza before, but after smelling the tasty goodness, I wound up eating the whole pie! Now if you prefer more meat in your meal (unlike the dinosaurs), check out the tasty marinades for chicken, steak, and even fish.
Whole Foods Market: I'm not ashamed to say that this is one of my favorite stores, if not my number one favorite. While super expensive for a college student's budget, the food both tastes great and is good for you. What's also incredibly delicious is their recipe section. Many of them are fresh, healthy, and easy to make. Download the Whole Foods mobile app if you're in the search for a great recipe while you're shopping at their store!
Food Pair: A genius website for when you are short on ingredients, it allows you to search for recipes by entering the ingredients you have on hand. This came in handy a few times this summer when I was too busy to actually plan a trip to the grocery store. This weekend, I might try to make their Triple Berry Popsicle recipe. It will definitely be a refreshing escape.
Cooking Light: Another great site for health-conscious eaters, their recipes make eating nutritious meals easy. My mom is always trying to find new recipes to make, and she always comes to this site when she cooks for me (thanks for all the dinners, Mom!). One recipe collection that jumps out to me is the College Care Package. I'm definitely going to be making some of these snacks for school this semester. Spice maple-cashew popcorn? Yum!
Paleo Diet Recipes: This site has even more great options for a different type of health-conscious individual. It takes a twist on different recipes and cookbooks on nutrition. You thought high fat diets were unhealthy? Think again. I've only tried a few of the recipes, one including the bacon and broccoli curried soup with almonds, and I thought it was phenomenal.
Now you're probably thinking, "What I am going to eat when I go back to school?" Don't worry! These sites also have some great quick and easy recipes to fit into your college lifestyle. Trust me, I used them all last year and made some awesome dinners. My friends were dying to have me cook dinner for them. If you happen to make a recipe that you want to share, feel free to send me a tweet at @KrazyKaplan14.
I wish you good cooking in the kitchen!
We value the diverse voices and fresh ideas that our guest bloggers bring to BookRenter.com. However, the ideas and opinions expressed in guest posts are strictly those of the post's author and don't necessarily reflect the ideas or opinions of BookRenter.Com. The information in guest posts is often drawn from a variety of sources, and we count on our guest authors to verify and fact-check the content they post. BookRenter.Com makes no claims, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of guest post content or the suitability of the content for a specific purpose.


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$40.00$2.67 / ml
Protein Booster Eye Rescue harnesses the power of clinically tested peptides to aggressively target aging where people see it first, the thin skin around the eyes.
It successfully combats fine lines, wrinkles, and helps minimize puffiness and dark circles.
Peptides are chains of amino acids (the building blocks of protein) that are essential to human life. They function as messengers in the skin, allowing the epidermis and dermis to communicate more efficiently. As we age, communication diminishes within the skin resulting in fine lines, wrinkles and loss of elasticity. Peptides improve cell communication by sending specific signals that affect skin's response.
For external use only. Avoid direct eye contact. If product enters eyes, rinse with water.
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SAN JOSE -- He had stood in rooms like this one in front of Democratic Party donors five times in the space of 24 hours. So when President Barack Obama concluded his California fundraising blitzkrieg at the San Jose Fairmont Hotel Thursday night, he looked squarely ahead to the coming midterm elections and declared, "The future is there for us to seize."
At that point, someone in the crowd began shouting something unintelligible about freedom, adding: "We love you!"
"You kind of screwed up my ending," said the president, who clearly had been about to close with a rousing, wallet-cleansing pitch for the assembled fat cats to spend terabytes of cash in the name of party unity. (The man later handed out copies of a letter he'd written to the president about freedom in Ethiopia, identifying himself as an "exiled journalist and freedom activist trying to raise the voices of the oppressed people of Ethiopia.")
The Fairmont event, hosted by Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer and Y Combinator president Sam Altman, took place in a surprisingly small ballroom for a presidential fundraiser, with no chairs for the 250 or so guests. There were hors d'oeuvres and a bar featuring wine, beer and cognac. For that, the tab ranged from $1,000 to $32,400 a head.
After calling Democratic apathy during nonpresidential years a "disease" earlier in the day, Obama said members of his party have a "congenital defect" that causes them to stay home for midterms.
"But in this midterm, with the stakes as high as they are," he said, "we're going to have to make sure that we are coming out with the same urgency and the same enthusiasm that we typically show during presidential years."
Obama acknowledged that in the past he had frequently "started singin' the Dionne Warwick song'' when he found his way to San Jose, but before a single donor could put his Mont Blanc back in his pocket, he reassured the crowd, "No, I'm not going to sing it tonight."
In the street outside the hotel, a loose confederation of discontented Obama supporters from organized labor, environmental groups and Code Pink kept their money in their pockets, which in various cases consisted of the overalls of a faux oil worker protesting the XL pipeline -- and another pair who came wearing polar bear masks.
The Code Pink folks showed up with their own drone.
"I definitely hope he listens," said Jean Stables, when she wasn't chanting at the president to stop the pipeline. "We voted for him and we'd like to get our voices heard just like the people inside the hotel paying the big bucks,"
The division between Silicon Valley's moneyed classes and the less well off who merely voted for Obama twice was evident from the moment Air Force One touched down at Moffett Field in Mountain View at 4:11 p.m. About half the people waiting to greet the president were in uniform, the other half in their Sunday best.
First POTUS notice went to 5-year-old Chésaweh Darch-Sharp, of Pinole, who was standing on his tiptoes at the front of the crowd, his striped shirt and blazer covered with dust from the cement barricade he was on the verge of knocking down to get the inaugural handshake.
Mission accomplished.
"It was really cool," Chésaweh said, as his father beamed with pride.
"I was surprised that he was up there," Cameron Sharp said. "He pushed all the adults out of the way."
The president then worked his way down a rope line of well-wishers that included NASA Ames Research Center Director Pete Worden and Col. Steven Butow, commander of the 129th Rescue Wing, which recently executed a daring rescue at sea of a sick child.
Air Force One looked right at home, parked not far from the airfield's legendary -- and currently naked -- Hangar One, the building's mammoth metal skeleton looming in the background like one of the ominous bots in a "Transformers" movie. The hangar's renovation is to be paid for by Google, which for several years has kept a fleet of planes at Moffett.
It's a measure of the search giant's power that after landing at Google's corporate airport, the president was immediately whisked by motorcade to the Los Altos estate that was once the home of Google co-founder Sergey Brin and wife Anne Wojcicki. The couple split up last summer, and Wojcicki -- who is CEO of her own company, 23andMe -- continues to live in the home.
While Wojcicki hosted an exclusive tech round table for 20 -- at $32,400 per head, a total haul of $648,000 for the Democratic National Committee -- reporters got a glimpse of how some of those 20 live. Even the occupant of the White House may have been dazzled by the beautiful groves of lemon and lime trees, surrounded by fantastical rolling grounds decorated with life-size florescent models of animals fashioned from wire -- elephants, zebras, bulls, kangaroos and a big pig.
The White House declined to even identify the high-rollers who sat around Wojcicki's table with the president. But with issues like net neutrality, immigration and NSA data mining very much on the minds of the tech elite, it's likely Obama had his hands full addressing the concerns of Silicon Valley's one percenters.
The president probably had more fun getting his hands full of 10-month old Camila Kaaekuahiwi, whom he swept up into his arms after landing at Moffett Field. Obama appeared so overjoyed to be pressing the flesh of someone he didn't have to ask for money, he asked the little girl's aunt, Johanna Kane, if he could keep her.
"All I could think," Kane said later, "was 'Don't cry.'"
Patricia Cowings, who has worked for NASA for 42 years training astronauts how to adapt to extreme environments, said if Obama got close enough, she would ask him for a kiss. Her face quickly turned serious as she looked at her colleague, Janette Rocha. "Then I'd ask how is NASA going to survive with its budget?" she said. "NASA is treated like a federal hobby."
She wasn't the only one eager to tell Obama what she thought. Republican National Committee spokesman Michael Short sneered at the president's elbow-rubbing with wealthy donors. "President Obama is once again treating California as his personal piggy bank as he tries to stave off the worst midterm environment for Democrats in 20 years," Short said. "But you can hardly blame a bunch of wealthy liberals for spending $32,400 to be in the same room as President Obama since they're the ones who benefit the most from his policies."
Obama was scheduled to spend Thursday night at the Fairmont and then visit a Walmart store in Mountain View on Friday morning to speak about the importance of energy efficiency -- particularly public-private partnerships to reduce carbon emissions -- before leaving the Bay Area.
Josh Richman covers politics. Contact him at 510-208-6428. Follow him at Twitter.com/josh_richman. Read the Political Blotter at IBAbuzz.com/politics.


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City boards and commissions have been established by the City Council to study various issues that affect Roseville residents. Appointees must reside in Roseville and be at least 18 years of age. Most members are appointed to four-year terms by the City Council. Board and Commission members receive no compensation for their time, although they may attend training workshops or seminars at City expense. Board and Commission meetings are held in the City Council Chambers located at 311 Vernon Street, unless another location has been designated. Meetings dates and times may be confirmed by calling the Board or Commission Secretary.
Applications are accepted throughout the year, during bi-annual recruitments, and during unscheduled vacancies. To apply for a board or commission complete the application below and submit it to the following address:
City of Roseville
City Clerk Department
311 Vernon Street
Roseville, CA 95678
Board/Commission/Committee Application
Youth Board Member/Commissioner Application
NOTE: Per the State of California Fair Political Practices Commission, you must file a Statement of Economic Interests (Form 700) if you are applying for the City Council, Design Committee, Planning Commission, Public Utilities Commission, Roseville Grants Advisory Commission, or the Transportation Commission. The Statement of Economic Interest (Form 700) can be accessed directly by visiting the Fair Political Practices Commission website here. Applications will be considered incomplete without a completed Statement of Economic Interests (Form 700).


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CORPUS CHRISTI – Ivy Baresh has been named the GoIslanders.com Student-Athlete of the Week, presented by Pepsi. Baresh earned the award for her performance over the weekend in the Rice Invitational in Houston, Texas.
Baresh had an outstanding weekend as she was named to the Rice Invitational All-Tournament team. The sophomore recorded 10 kills and 10 digs against Rice and followed it with a career-high 16 kills and a team-high 16 digs vs. LSU.
The Arlington, Texas, native hit a team-high .344 and picked up her fourth double-double of the season. In the final match of the Invitational, Baresh tallied 12 kills to help the Islanders to a five-set victory over UALR. She registered 3.45 kills per set over the weekend to go along with 32 digs.
After dropping a tough match to UTSA on Monday night, the Islanders will head to another tournament, traveling to Arlington, Texas, to compete in the Hilton Maverick Classic on Sept. 13-14.
Keep up-to-date with GoIslanders.com each week to see who is named the GoIslanders.com Student-Athlete of the week, presented by Pepsi. Also, for the latest information, follow Islanders Athletics on Twitter and Instagram (@Go_Islanders) and Facebook (Islanders Athletics).


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In this photo taken Friday, Nov. 30, 2012, in Chicago, Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart, left, and sheriff's detective Jason Moran are photographed with three recently discovered vials of mass murderer John Wayne Gacy's blood. The sheriff's office is creating DNA profiles from the blood of Gacy and other executed killers and putting them in a national DNA database of profiles created from blood, semen, or strands of hair found at crime scenes and on the bodies of victims. What they hope to find is evidence that links the long-dead killers to the coldest of cold cases and prompt authorities in other states to submit the DNA of their own executed inmates and maybe evidence from decades-old crime scenes to help them solve their own cases. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green)


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Because you've been dying to know ... Kim Kardashian and Kanye West have agreed to keep their assets separate and will sign a prenup before they get married, according to TMZ.
Multiple sources connected with the couple told the website both West and Kardashian are committed to the marriage (aren't they all?) and are not worried the relationship might fall apart. But being business people, they just believe a prenup the smart thing to do.
Well, I suppose that would depend on who has more money.
TMZ said Kim is influenced by the advice of her late father, attorney Robert Kardashian, who reportedly frequently about the necessity of having clear contracts when it came to money.
And because you were also, no doubt, wondering about their banking arrangements, know that even though the couple will keep their assets separate, they will have a joint account for living expenses. I'm sure bounced checks won't be much of an issue.
TMZ says some reports place Kardashian's wealth at $40 million and West's at $90 million. But other reports apparently say those figures are off and that Kardashian is worth well more than West.
Contact Tony Hicks at Facebook.com/BayAreaNewsGroup.TonyHicks or Twitter.com/insertfoot.


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Firepower Dual Competition Mesh Trap Target
$ 19.99
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- Finally!I have been all over the place trying to find a good target for me and my wife. Shorty USA has provided one. This target has an easy set up, with paper targets and a mesh backing to catch all the BBS. I no longer have BBS across my floor. The paper targets are easy to change, and with the two targets on one paper, my wife and I can shoot simultaneously. I love this target and would recommend it.


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News posts
First Look: Hall of North American Mammals
by AMNH on
Over the last few months, an expert team of conservators and Museum artists has led the restoration of the dioramas of the Hall of North American Mammals, which first opened in 1942 and has offered generations of Museum visitors spectacular views of North America's natural heritage. This is the first in a series of inside looks at the comprehensive restoration and conservation process, which will be completed by fall of 2012.
Cleared and Stained: Picturing a Ponyfish
by AMNH on
While advances in imaging technologies have opened new pathways for scientists to study natural phenomena, researchers continue to make remarkable discoveries using techniques that have been around for decades. John Sparks, associate curator in the Museum's Department of Ichthyology, uses enzymes and dyes to reveal key anatomical structures in different species of fishes for study of their function and evolution.
Among his study subjects are ponyfishes (family Leiognathidae), a group of bioluminescent fishes common in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific that have a light organ. This internal structure, which varies among ponyfish species, surrounds the esophagus and contains luminescent bacteria, the source of the fish's light. The light organ is larger in males, which have a second species-specific anatomical feature: translucent skin patches, which allow them to use the light organ in displays to attract mates in turbid waters. (Bioluminescent organisms will be explored in the exciting new exhibition Creatures of Light: Nature's Bioluminescence, which opens at the Museum on March 31, 2012.)
Q and A with Author Richard Panek
by AMNH on
In recent years, a radically new vision of the universe has emerged: only 4 percent of it consists of the matter that makes up humans, the Museum, and every planet, star, and galaxy. The remaining 96 remains a mystery.
Museum Collections Help Identify Four New Species of Bees in New York City
by AMNH on
Researchers have uncovered four new species of bees in New York City, one of which has an especially fitting name: Lasioglossum gotham. The newly described city dwellers are among 11 East Coast bees recently identified by Cornell University postdoctoral researcher Jason Gibbs in the journal Zootaxa with the help of vast digital and physical bee collections at the American Museum of Natural History.


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Easy to use Gettext translations editor
Poedit is cross-platform gettext catalogs (PO files) editor which runs on Unix, Windows and Mac OS X. Unlike other editors, Poedit provides compact view of data and very effective UI.
Required OS: not specified
Tags: poedit , po , files , gettext , i18n , l10n
3 Opinions
Another tool which works with gettext files is http://poeditor.com/. It runs online, so it is suitable for both Mac and Windows and it has a really practical interface for translators to work in.
@damino to compile .po to .mo you could use command line:
django-admin.py compilemessages
(that requires a local django 1.2 installation).
SIMPLE editor? You gotta be kidding me. No one who's not a developer can figure how to use this (and yes, I am a developer). Not to mention it's terribly buggy on mac (eg. error messages where you can't see half the text on screen).