text:
"Do you pine for the nice days of Minix-1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers?" Linus Torvalds
In order to develop Linux device drivers, it is necessary to have an understanding of the following:
- C programming. Some in-depth knowledge of C programming is needed, like pointer usage, bit manipulating functions, etc.
- Microprocessor programming. It is necessary to know how microcomputers work internally: memory addressing, interrupts, etc. All of these concepts should be familiar to an assembler programmer.
There are several different devices in Linux. For simplicity, this brief tutorial will only cover type
char devices loaded as modules. Kernel 2.6.x will be used (in particular, kernel 2.6.8 under Debian Sarge, which is now Debian Stable).
User space and kernel space
When you write device drivers, it's important to make the distinction between "user space" and "kernel space".
- Kernel space. Linux (which is a kernel) manages the machine's hardware in a simple and efficient manner, offering the user a simple and uniform programming interface. In the same way, the kernel, and in particular its device drivers, form a bridge or interface between the end-user/programmer and the hardware. Any subroutines or functions forming part of the kernel (modules and device drivers, for example) are considered to be part of kernel space.
- User space. End-user programs, like the UNIX
shellor other GUI based applications (
kpresenterfor example), are part of the user space. Obviously, these applications need to interact with the system's hardware . However, they don't do so directly, but through the kernel supported functions.
All of this is shown in figure 1.
Interfacing functions between user space and kernel space
The kernel offers several subroutines or functions in user space, which allow the end-user application programmer to interact with the hardware. Usually, in UNIX or Linux systems, this dialogue is performed through functions or subroutines in order to read and write files. The reason for this is that in Unix devices are seen, from the point of view of the user, as files.
On the other hand, in kernel space Linux also offers several functions or subroutines to perform the low level interactions directly with the hardware, and allow the transfer of information from kernel to user space.
Usually, for each function in user space (allowing the use of devices or files), there exists an equivalent in kernel space (allowing the transfer of information from the kernel to the user and vice-versa). This is shown in Table 1, which is, at this point, empty. It will be filled when the different device drivers concepts are introduced.
|User functions
|Kernel functions
|Load module
|Open device
|Read device
|Write device
|Close device
|Remove module
Interfacing functions between kernel space and the hardware device
There are also functions in kernel space which control the device or exchange information between the kernel and the hardware. Table 2 illustrates these concepts. This table will also be filled as the concepts are introduced.
|Kernel functions
|Read data
|Write data
The first driver: loading and removing the driver in user space
I'll now show you how to develop your first Linux device driver, which will be introduced in the kernel as a module.
For this purpose I'll write the following program in a file named
<nothing.c> =
#include <linux/module.h> MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
Since the release of kernel version 2.6.x, compiling modules has become slightly more complicated. First, you need to have a complete, compiled kernel source-code-tree. If you have a Debian Sarge system, you can follow the steps in Appendix B (towards the end of this article). In the following, I'll assume that a kernel version 2.6.8 is being used.
Next, you need to generate a makefile. The makefile for this example, which should be named
Makefile, will be:
<Makefile1> =
obj-m := nothing.o
Unlike with previous versions of the kernel, it's now also necessary to compile the module using the same kernel that you're going to load and use the module with. To compile it, you can type:
$ make -C /usr/src/kernel-source-2.6.8 M=`pwd` modules
This extremely simple module belongs to kernel space and will form part of it once it's loaded.
In user space, you can load the module as root by typing the following into the command line:
# insmod nothing.ko
insmod command allows the installation of the module in the kernel. However, this particular module isn't of much use.
It is possible to check that the module has been installed correctly by looking at all installed modules:
# lsmod
Finally, the module can be removed from the kernel using the command:
# rmmod nothing
By issuing the
lsmod command again, you can verify that the module is no longer in the kernel.
The summary of all this is shown in Table 3.
|User functions
|Kernel functions
|Load module
|Open device
|Read device
|Write device
|Close device
|Remove module
The "Hello world" driver: loading and removing the driver in kernel space
When a module device driver is loaded into the kernel, some preliminary tasks are usually performed like resetting the device, reserving RAM, reserving interrupts, and reserving input/output ports, etc.
These tasks are performed, in kernel space, by two functions which need to be present (and explicitly declared):
module_init and
module_exit; they correspond to the user space commands
insmod and
rmmod , which are used when installing or removing a module. To sum up, the user commands
insmod and
rmmod use the kernel space functions
module_init and
Let's see a practical example with the classic program
Hello world:
<hello.c> =
#include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/kernel.h> MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); static int hello_init(void) { printk("<1> Hello world!\n"); return 0; } static void hello_exit(void) { printk("<1> Bye, cruel world\n"); } module_init(hello_init); module_exit(hello_exit);
The actual functions
hello_init and
hello_exit can be given any name desired. However, in order for them to be identified as the corresponding loading and removing functions, they have to be passed as parameters to the functions
module_init and
printk function has also been introduced. It is very similar to the well known
printf apart from the fact that it only works inside the kernel. The
<1> symbol shows the high priority of the message (low number). In this way, besides getting the message in the kernel system log files, you should also receive this message in the system console.
This module can be compiled using the same command as before, after adding its name into the Makefile.
<Makefile2> =
obj-m := nothing.o hello.o
In the rest of the article, I have left the Makefiles as an exercise for the reader. A complete Makefile that will compile all of the modules of this tutorial is shown in Appendix A.
When the module is loaded or removed, the messages that were written in the
printk statement will be displayed in the system console. If these messages do not appear in the console, you can view them by issuing the
dmesg command or by looking at the system log file with
cat /var/log/syslog.
Table 4 shows these two new functions.
|User functions
|Kernel functions
|Load module
|Open device
|Read device
|Write device
|Close device
|Remove module
The complete driver "memory": initial part of the driver
I'll now show how to build a complete device driver:
memory.c. This device will allow a character to be read from or written into it. This device, while normally not very useful, provides a very illustrative example since it is a complete driver; it's also easy to implement, since it doesn't interface to a real hardware device (besides the computer itself).
To develop this driver, several new
#include statements which appear frequently in device drivers need to be added:
<memory initial> =
/* Necessary includes for device drivers */ #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/config.h> #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/kernel.h> /* printk() */ #include <linux/slab.h> /* kmalloc() */ #include <linux/fs.h> /* everything... */ #include <linux/errno.h> /* error codes */ #include <linux/types.h> /* size_t */ #include <linux/proc_fs.h> #include <linux/fcntl.h> /* O_ACCMODE */ #include <asm/system.h> /* cli(), *_flags */ #include <asm/uaccess.h> /* copy_from/to_user */ MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); /* Declaration of memory.c functions */ int memory_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp); int memory_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp); ssize_t memory_read(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos); ssize_t memory_write(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos); void memory_exit(void); int memory_init(void); /* Structure that declares the usual file */ /* access functions */ struct file_operations memory_fops = { read: memory_read, write: memory_write, open: memory_open, release: memory_release }; /* Declaration of the init and exit functions */ module_init(memory_init); module_exit(memory_exit); /* Global variables of the driver */ /* Major number */ int memory_major = 60; /* Buffer to store data */ char *memory_buffer;
After the
#include files, the functions that will be defined later are declared. The common functions which are typically used to manipulate files are declared in the definition of the
file_operations structure. These will also be explained in detail later. Next, the initialization and exit functions—used when loading and removing the module—are declared to the kernel. Finally, the global variables of the driver are declared: one of them is the
major number of the driver, the other is a pointer to a region in memory,
memory_buffer, which will be used as storage for the driver data.
The "memory" driver: connection of the device with its files
In UNIX and Linux, devices are accessed from user space in exactly the same way as files are accessed. These device files are normally subdirectories of the
/dev directory.
To link normal files with a kernel module two numbers are used:
major number and
minor number. The
major number is the one the kernel uses to link a file with its driver. The
minor number is for internal use of the device and for simplicity it won't be covered in this article.
To achieve this, a file (which will be used to access the device driver) must be created, by typing the following command as root:
# mknod /dev/memory c 60 0
In the above,
c means that a
char device is to be created,
60 is the
major number and
0 is the
minor number.
Within the driver, in order to link it with its corresponding
/dev file in kernel space, the
register_chrdev function is used. It is called with three arguments:
major number, a string of characters showing the module name, and a
file_operations structure which links the call with the file functions it defines. It is invoked, when installing the module, in this way:
<memory init module> =
int memory_init(void) { int result; /* Registering device */ result = register_chrdev(memory_major, "memory", &memory_fops); if (result < 0) { printk( "<1>memory: cannot obtain major number %d\n", memory_major); return result; } /* Allocating memory for the buffer */ memory_buffer = kmalloc(1, GFP_KERNEL); if (!memory_buffer) { result = -ENOMEM; goto fail; } memset(memory_buffer, 0, 1); printk("<1>Inserting memory module\n"); return 0; fail: memory_exit(); return result; }
Also, note the use of the
kmalloc function. This function is used for memory allocation of the buffer in the device driver which resides in kernel space. Its use is very similar to the well known
malloc function. Finally, if registering the
major number or allocating the memory fails, the module acts accordingly.
The "memory" driver: removing the driver
In order to remove the module inside the
memory_exit function, the function
unregsiter_chrdev needs to be present. This will free the
major number for the kernel.
<memory exit module> =
void memory_exit(void) { /* Freeing the major number */ unregister_chrdev(memory_major, "memory"); /* Freeing buffer memory */ if (memory_buffer) { kfree(memory_buffer); } printk("<1>Removing memory module\n"); }
The buffer memory is also freed in this function, in order to leave a clean kernel when removing the device driver.
The "memory" driver: opening the device as a file
The kernel space function, which corresponds to opening a file in user space (
fopen), is the member
open: of the
file_operations structure in the call to
register_chrdev. In this case, it is the
memory_open function. It takes as arguments: an
inode structure, which sends information to the kernel regarding the
major number and
minor number; and a
file structure with information relative to the different operations that can be performed on a file. Neither of these functions will be covered in depth within this article.
When a file is opened, it's normally necessary to initialize driver variables or reset the device. In this simple example, though, these operations are not performed.
memory_open function can be seen below:
<memory open> =
int memory_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { /* Success */ return 0; }
This new function is now shown in Table 5.
|User functions
|Kernel functions
|Load module
|Open device
|file_operations: open
|Read device
|Write device
|Close device
|Remove module
The "memory" driver: closing the device as a file
The corresponding function for closing a file in user space (
fclose) is the
release: member of the
file_operations structure in the call to
register_chrdev. In this particular case, it is the function
memory_release, which has as arguments an
inode structure and a
file structure, just like before.
When a file is closed, it's usually necessary to free the used memory and any variables related to the opening of the device. But, once again, due to the simplicity of this example, none of these operations are performed.
memory_release function is shown below:
<memory release> =
int memory_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { /* Success */ return 0; }
This new function is shown in Table 6.
|User functions
|Kernel functions
|Load module
|Open device
|file_operations: open
|Read device
|Write device
|Close device
|file_operations: release
|Remove module
The "memory" driver: reading the device
To read a device with the user function
fread or similar, the member
read: of the
file_operations structure is used in the call to
register_chrdev. This time, it is the function
memory_read. Its arguments are: a type file structure; a buffer (
buf), from which the user space function (
fread) will read; a counter with the number of bytes to transfer (
count), which has the same value as the usual counter in the user space function (
fread); and finally, the position of where to start reading the file (
In this simple case, the
memory_read function transfers a single byte from the driver buffer (
memory_buffer) to user space with the function
<memory read> =
ssize_t memory_read(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) { /* Transfering data to user space */ copy_to_user(buf,memory_buffer,1); /* Changing reading position as best suits */ if (*f_pos == 0) { *f_pos+=1; return 1; } else { return 0; } }
The reading position in the file (
f_pos) is also changed. If the position is at the beginning of the file, it is increased by one and the number of bytes that have been properly read is given as a return value,
1. If not at the beginning of the file, an end of file (
0) is returned since the file only stores one byte.
In Table 7 this new function has been added.
|User functions
|Kernel functions
|Load module
|Open device
|file_operations: open
|Read device
|file_operations: read
|Write device
|Close device
|file_operations: release
|Remove modules
The "memory" driver: writing to a device
To write to a device with the user function
fwrite or similar, the member
write: of the
file_operations structure is used in the call to
register_chrdev. It is the function
memory_write, in this particular example, which has the following as arguments: a type file structure;
buf, a buffer in which the user space function (
fwrite) will write;
count, a counter with the number of bytes to transfer, which has the same values as the usual counter in the user space function (
fwrite); and finally,
f_pos, the position of where to start writing in the file.
<memory write> =
ssize_t memory_write( struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) { char *tmp; tmp=buf+count-1; copy_from_user(memory_buffer,tmp,1); return 1; }
In this case, the function
copy_from_user transfers the data from user space to kernel space.
In Table 8 this new function is shown.
|User functions
|Kernel functions
|Load module
|Open device
|file_operations: open
|Close device
|file_operations: read
|Write device
|file_operations: write
|Close device
|file_operations: release
|Remove module
The complete "memory" driver
By joining all of the previously shown code, the complete driver is achieved:
<memory.c> =
<memory initial> <memory init module> <memory exit module> <memory open> <memory release> <memory read> <memory write>
Before this module can be used, you will need to compile it in the same way as with previous modules. The module can then be loaded with:
# insmod memory.ko
It's also convenient to unprotect the device:
# chmod 666 /dev/memory
If everything went well, you will have a device
/dev/memory to which you can write a string of characters and it will store the last one of them. You can perform the operation like this:
$ echo -n abcdef >/dev/memory
To check the content of the device you can use a simple
$ cat /dev/memory
The stored character will not change until it is overwritten or the module is removed.
The real "parlelport" driver: description of the parallel port
I'll now proceed by modifying the driver that I just created to develop one that does a real task on a real device. I'll use the simple and ubiquitous computer parallel port and the driver will be called
The parallel port is effectively a device that allows the input and output of digital information. More specifically it has a female D-25 connector with twenty-five pins. Internally, from the point of view of the CPU, it uses three bytes of memory. In a PC, the base address (the one from the first byte of the device) is usually
0x378. In this basic example, I'll use just the first byte, which consists entirely of digital outputs.
The connection of the above-mentioned byte with the external connector pins is shown in figure 2.
The "parlelport" driver: initializing the module
The previous
memory_init function needs modification—changing the RAM memory allocation for the reservation of the memory address of the parallel port (
0x378). To achieve this, use the function for checking the availability of a memory region (
check_region), and the function to reserve the memory region for this device (
request_region). Both have as arguments the base address of the memory region and its length. The
request_region function also accepts a string which defines the module.
<parlelport modified init module> =
/* Registering port */ port = check_region(0x378, 1); if (port) { printk("<1>parlelport: cannot reserve 0x378\n"); result = port; goto fail; } request_region(0x378, 1, "parlelport");
The "parlelport" driver: removing the module
It will be very similar to the
memory module but substituting the freeing of memory with the removal of the reserved memory of the parallel port. This is done by the
release_region function, which has the same arguments as
<parlelport modified exit module> =
/* Make port free! */ if (!port) { release_region(0x378,1); }
The "parlelport" driver: reading the device
In this case, a real device reading action needs to be added to allow the transfer of this information to user space. The
inb function achieves this; its arguments are the address of the parallel port and it returns the content of the port.
<parlelport inport> =
/* Reading port */ parlelport_buffer = inb(0x378);
Table 9 (the equivalent of Table 2) shows this new function.
|Kernel functions
|Read data
|Write data
The "parlelport" driver: writing to the device
Again, you have to add the "writing to the device" function to be able to transfer later this data to user space. The function
outb accomplishes this; it takes as arguments the content to write in the port and its address.
<parlelport outport> =
/* Writing to the port */ outb(parlelport_buffer,0x378);
Table 10 summarizes this new function.
|Kernel functions
|Read data
|Write data
The complete "parlelport" driver
I'll proceed by looking at the whole code of the
parlelport module. You have to replace the word
memory for the word
parlelport throughout the code for the
memory module. The final result is shown below:
<parlelport.c> =
<parlelport initial> <parlelport init module> <parlelport exit module> <parlelport open> <parlelport release> <parlelport read> <parlelport write>
Initial section
In the initial section of the driver a different
major number is used (
61). Also, the global variable
memory_buffer is changed to
port and two more
#include lines are added:
ioport.h and
<parlelport initial> =
/* Necessary includes for drivers */ #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/config.h> #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/kernel.h> /* printk() */ #include <linux/slab.h> /* kmalloc() */ #include <linux/fs.h> /* everything... */ #include <linux/errno.h> /* error codes */ #include <linux/types.h> /* size_t */ #include <linux/proc_fs.h> #include <linux/fcntl.h> /* O_ACCMODE */ #include <linux/ioport.h> #include <asm/system.h> /* cli(), *_flags */ #include <asm/uaccess.h> /* copy_from/to_user */ #include <asm/io.h> /* inb, outb */ MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); /* Function declaration of parlelport.c */ int parlelport_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp); int parlelport_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp); ssize_t parlelport_read(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos); ssize_t parlelport_write(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos); void parlelport_exit(void); int parlelport_init(void); /* Structure that declares the common */ /* file access fcuntions */ struct file_operations parlelport_fops = { read: parlelport_read, write: parlelport_write, open: parlelport_open, release: parlelport_release }; /* Driver global variables */ /* Major number */ int parlelport_major = 61; /* Control variable for memory */ /* reservation of the parallel port*/ int port; module_init(parlelport_init); module_exit(parlelport_exit);
Module init
In this module-initializing-routine I'll introduce the memory reserve of the parallel port as was described before.
<parlelport init module> =
int parlelport_init(void) { int result; /* Registering device */ result = register_chrdev(parlelport_major, "parlelport", &parlelport_fops); if (result < 0) { printk( "<1>parlelport: cannot obtain major number %d\n", parlelport_major); return result; } <parlelport modified init module> printk("<1>Inserting parlelport module\n"); return 0; fail: parlelport_exit(); return result; }
Removing the module
This routine will include the modifications previously mentioned.
<parlelport exit module> =
void parlelport_exit(void) { /* Make major number free! */ unregister_chrdev(parlelport_major, "parlelport"); <parlelport modified exit module> printk("<1>Removing parlelport module\n"); }
Opening the device as a file
This routine is identical to the
memory driver.
<parlelport open> =
int parlelport_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { /* Success */ return 0; }
Closing the device as a file
Again, the match is perfect.
<parlelport release> =
int parlelport_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { /* Success */ return 0; }
Reading the device
The reading function is similar to the
memory one with the corresponding modifications to read from the port of a device.
<parlelport read> =
ssize_t parlelport_read(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) { /* Buffer to read the device */ char parlelport_buffer; <parlelport inport> /* We transfer data to user space */ copy_to_user(buf,&parlelport_buffer,1); /* We change the reading position as best suits */ if (*f_pos == 0) { *f_pos+=1; return 1; } else { return 0; } }
Writing to the device
It is analogous to the
memory one except for writing to a device.
<parlelport write> =
ssize_t parlelport_write( struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos) { char *tmp; /* Buffer writing to the device */ char parlelport_buffer; tmp=buf+count-1; copy_from_user(&parlelport_buffer,tmp,1); <parlelport outport> return 1; }
LEDs to test the use of the parallel port
In this section I'll detail the construction of a piece of hardware that can be used to visualize the state of the parallel port with some simple LEDs.
WARNING: Connecting devices to the parallel port can harm your computer. Make sure that you are properly earthed and your computer is turned off when connecting the device. Any problems that arise due to undertaking these experiments is your sole responsibility.
The circuit to build is shown in figure 3 You can also read "PC & Electronics: Connecting Your PC to the Outside World" by Zoller as reference.
In order to use it, you must first ensure that all hardware is correctly connected. Next, switch off the PC and connect the device to the parallel port. The PC can then be turned on and all device drivers related to the parallel port should be removed (for example,
parport_pc, etc.). The
hotplug module of the Debian Sarge distribution is particularly annoying and should be removed. If the file
/dev/parlelport does not exist, it must be created as root with the command:
# mknod /dev/parlelport c 61 0
Then it needs to be made readable and writable by anybody with:
# chmod 666 /dev/parlelport
The module can now be installed,
parlelport. You can check that it is effectively reserving the input/output port addresses
0x378 with the command:
$ cat /proc/ioports
To turn on the LEDs and check that the system is working, execute the command:
$ echo -n A >/dev/parlelport
This should turn on LED zero and six, leaving all of the others off.
You can check the state of the parallel port issuing the command:
$ cat /dev/parlelport
Final application: flashing lights
Finally, I'll develop a pretty application which will make the LEDs flash in succession. To achieve this, a program in user space needs to be written with which only one bit at a time will be written to the
/dev/parlelport device.
<lights.c> =
#include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h></p> int main() { unsigned char byte,dummy; FILE * PARLELPORT; /* Opening the device parlelport */ PARLELPORT=fopen("/dev/parlelport","w"); /* We remove the buffer from the file i/o */ setvbuf(PARLELPORT,&dummy,_IONBF,1); /* Initializing the variable to one */ byte=1; /* We make an infinite loop */ while (1) { /* Writing to the parallel port */ /* to turn on a LED */ printf("Byte value is %d\n",byte); fwrite(&byte,1,1,PARLELPORT); sleep(1); /* Updating the byte value */ byte<<=1; if (byte == 0) byte = 1; } fclose(PARLELPORT); }
It can be compiled in the usual way:
$ gcc -o lights lights.c
and can be executed with the command:
$ lights
The lights will flash successively one after the other! The flashing LEDs and the Linux computer running this program are shown in figure 4.
Having followed this brief tutorial you should now be capable of writing your own complete device driver for simple hardware like a relay board (see Appendix C), or a minimal device driver for complex hardware. Learning to understand some of these simple concepts behind the Linux kernel allows you, in a quick and easy way, to get up to speed with respect to writing device drivers. And, this will bring you another step closer to becoming a true Linux kernel developer.
A. Rubini, J. Corbert. 2001. Linux device drivers (second edition). Ed. O'Reilly. This book is available for free on the internet.
Jonathan Corbet. 2003/2004. Porting device drivers to the 2.6 kernel. This is a very valuable resource for porting drivers to the new 2.6 Linux kernel and also for learning about Linux device drivers.
B. Zoller. 1998. PC & Electronics: Connecting Your PC to the Outside World (Productivity Series). Nowadays it is probably easier to surf the web for hardware projects like this one.
M. Waite, S. Prata. 1990. C Programming. Any other good book on C programming would suffice.
Appendix A. Complete Makefile
<Makefile> =
obj-m := nothing.o hello.o memory.o parlelport.o
Appendix B. Compiling the kernel on a Debian Sarge system
To compile a 2.6.x kernel on a Debian Sarge system you need to perform the following steps, which should be run as root:
- Install the "kernel-image-2.6.x" package.
- Reboot the machine to make this the running kernel image. This is done semi-automatically by Debian. You may need to tweak the lilo configuration file
/etc/lilo.confand then run
liloto achieve this.
- Install the "kernel-source-2.6.x" package.
- Change to the source code directory,
cd /usr/srcand unzip and untar the source code with
bunzip2 kernel-source-2.6.x.tar.bz2and
tar xvf kernel-source-2.6.x.tar. Change to the kernel source directory with
cd /usr/src/kernel-source-2.6.x
- Copy the default Debian kernel configuration file to your local kernel source directory
cp /boot/config-2.6.x .config.
- Make the kernel and the modules with
makeand then
make modules.
Appendix C. Exercises
If you would like to take on some bigger challenges, here are a couple of exercises you can do:
- I once wrote two device drivers for two ISA Meilhaus boards, an analog to digital converter (ME26) and a relay control board (ME53). The software is available from the ADQ project. Get the newer PCI versions of these Meilhaus boards and update the software.
- Take any device that doesn't work on Linux, but has a very similar chipset to another device which does have a proven device driver for Linux. Try to modify the working device driver to make it work for the new device. If you achieve this, submit your code to the kernel and become a kernel developer yourself!
Comments and acknowledgements
Three years have elapsed since the first version of this document was written. It was originally written in Spanish and intended for version 2.2 of the kernel, but kernel 2.4 was already making its first steps at that time. The reason for this choice is that good documentation for writing device drivers, the Linux device drivers book (see bibliography), lagged the release of the kernel in some months. This new version is also coming out soon after the release of the new 2.6 kernel, but up to date documentation is now readily available in Linux Weekly News making it possible to have this document synchronized with the newest kernel.
Fortunately enough, PCs still come with a built-in parallel port, despite the actual trend of changing everything inside a PC to render it obsolete in no time. Let us hope that PCs still continue to have built-in parallel ports for some time in the future, or that at least, parallel port PCI cards are still being sold.
This tutorial has been originally typed using a text editor (i.e.
emacs) in
noweb format. This text is then processed with the
noweb tool to create a
LaTeX file (
.tex ) and the source code files (
.c ). All this can be done using the supplied
makefile.document with the command
make -f makefile.document.
I would like to thank the "Instituto Politécnico de Bragança", the "Núcleo Estudantil de Linux del Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (NUX)", the "Asociación de Software Libre de León (SLeón)" and the "Núcleo de Estudantes de Engenharia Informática da Universidade de Évora" for making this update possible.
Very nice well written, this nice step by step tutorial is exactly for me.
"... Nothing Runs Like A Python ..."
Excellent job
Thanks for the Excellent job of making LINUX drivers easy to understand in a very very short time.
Thank you
Great tutorial!
I am amazed!! How have you managed to get this thing so simple? A real good job.
Sundip Sharma
WOW !!!!!! simply fantastic work
a great article with ample scope of learning the skeleton of linux device drivers and the commonly used functions in them.........so simple and presented in quite an interesting way, so never lets u feel bored.
great work
Great simple tutorial
After kernel 2.4 the kernel compilation and adding up of modules has changed drastically. This tutorial helped me compile and insert my module. Thanks. Effort whole heartedly appreciated.
Kabeer Ahmed.
WOW!!!!!!!!!!!1 Great.....
A great article with ample scope of learning with
nice step by step procedure..
Its a good
Its a good information.
Regards, Rajesh
No word's to say
Great Work !!!
Linux is not an OS
"Linux's kernel" has no sense, because Linux is a kernel
Query on reading from the device
Hi All,
I actually tried memory.ko as below:
$echo -n abcdef > /dev/memory
$cat /dev/memory
But I've got only the last written character i.e., 'f'.
I changed the code so that the buffer can hold upto 10 bytes (by giving 10 as a parameter to kmalloc and read,write calls) but still I'm getting the last input character. Can any one post teh answer here...
Character driver...
Hi Vishwa,
On page 4 of the tutorial, where the author shows the mknod command, he states that the c identifies this driver as a character driver. My guess is that is the reason that you only see the last letter. I believe character drivers will only allow you to receive the most recent character that was written... ie the 'f'.
m getting the full string
Hi all,
I've got the full string and don't change the code.
$echo "chandan kumar bera" > /dev/memory
$cat /dev/memory
try it.
A really Helpful link
A really good and Helpful link for newbies!!!!
To start my career as programmer in device drivers
This one is good article.
I want to learn more on this, and can u help me get more info about device drivers.
Gud work by u.A gud guide for a layman in the fiels of device drivers
Heartly appreciated
problem with driver software
hello sir whhen i have compiled my sorce code then i face an error that "fops size is not known " pleee send me some information to remove this error
mu email id is [email protected]
Linux extra-versioning problem and another useful link
Thank you for your excellent tutorial!
That's true that the first step is always the more hard to achieve, and guides like this really simplify the achievement of the basic know-how necessary to get real job done.
When I first tried the tutorial I get this error when trying to insmod my module nothing.ko:
insmod: error inserting nothing.ko: -1 Invalid module format
while dmesg gave me:
nothing: version magic '184.108.40.206.061003.eramil SMP mod_unload PENTIUM4 REGPARM gcc-4.1' should be '22.214.171.124.061003.eramil SMP mod_unload PENTIUM4 REGPARM gcc-4.0'
It was that I like to add a customized extra version to my kernel compiling it, while the extra version in the source tree Makefile was still ".11".
To fix this I changed manually the Makefile, updating the extra version line with the current linux extra version, then I started to compile with make (but I control-C-ed quite soon, after the compilation of the version.h file, that you can eventually change by hand).
Then, since I compiled the kernel with gcc-4.0 and I had installed the gcc-4.1 version, I changed the gcc symlink with:
sudo ln -sf /usr/bin/gcc-4.0 /usr/bin/gcc
Now the gcc symlink (used to compile the module) points to the same version of gcc used to compile the kernel: trick done!
Another useful link:
Compiling with Kernel Version 2.4.20-8
This is Priya here. I have installed Redhat Linux verion 9 on my system. Kernel version 2.4.20-8. Could I Please know how to compile and insert the modules given in this tutorial, with the associated makefiles.Please help me. My mail id :[email protected]
Its better if you use kernel 2.6.x.x.2.Because the Linux systems now supports 2.6 kernel and the interface for 2.6 is simple and totally different than 2.4.Mention the topic on which you are working.
If I have a knowldge about that i will surely help you.Do post ur queries on prem38_kamble @rediffmail.com
This makefile worked for me.
This makefile worked for me. I got it off another site:
obj-m += memory.o
make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules
make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
So the only difference is you only compile memory.c, although you can just add more files after memory.o like hello.o, etc to compile hello.c
Hope this helps.
Works with CentOS 5...
Thanks for this sample. This worked great with CentOS 5.
very nice work !!!!!!!!!!
I appreciate for the effort took for explaining device driver writing in step by step manner...
really great work...
Thank you,
thanks alot .............
thanks man .. .. nice tutorial
Cannot unload module
Dear sir,
This is a very good tutorial you have here. It is very cool as it explains the fundamental really well.
I tried out the first 2 section of the tutorial but am stuck.
I have created the module nothing.ko and inserted it into the kernel.
I am able to see the module using lsmod
When I tried to rmmod, the system keeps giving me the following error:
ERROR: Removing 'nothing': Device or resource busy
My lsmod | grep nothing gives me
nothing 2688 0 [permanent]
Is there a way to unload this module
Very much appreciate your help
Not accurate article!
My comments:
To be complete tutorial it must be accurate. It is not so.
For example, memory driver part is completely hide extensions of files and creating makefile in case if you build module from multiply files.
I think it should be added directly in article or,as minimum, in comments.
d BEST
Thank you very much for posting such an astonish article for all..
God Bless all..
Thank u for giving an easy to learn tutorial about device drivers..
U can also add some more details about functions which will be more helpful...
Very Good
The Tutorial help me lot
good article
As the title says,....
Simple to understand and grasp the important things.
Thanks a lot m8
good job
good job
Its the Best that I have come accross
It motivates a non-driver-writer to jump into the arena that is always thought to be only for the real techies.
Very well done
Really good tutorial on drivers. I challenge us to do the exercises, specifically a device that doesn't work yet.
Thanks for this important contribution!
Help on Kernel Keyboard Driver
Hai everyone,
After you've done that
After you've done that you could write a driver that prevents your caps-lock key from getting stuck.
good job done
Only bit-1 lights up after module loads
First off, thanks for the great tutorial, Xavier.
I am trying to complete the LED section of the tutorial. I am running Ubuntu Server 6.10, kernel 2.6.17-10, and I removed lp, parport_pc, and parport. I have successfully compiled parlelport.ko and I can verify that the module has loaded with:
$ cat /proc/ioports
0378-0378 : parlelport
The circuit shows many lights blinking at boot time. After boot, bit-2 and bit-3 stay lit. They remain that way until the computer is rebooted -- or until the monitor goes to sleep. All lights go black while the monitor sleeps. The only response I can generate is that bit-1 lights after inserting parlelport.ko. It stays lit until the computer is rebooted.
The only thing that looks suspicious is this:
$:~/dev$ make -C /usr/src/linux-source-2.6.17 M=`pwd` modules
make: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-source-2.6.17'
CC [M] /home/sam/dev/parlelport.o
/home/sam/dev/parlelport.c:31: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
Line 31 corresponds to:
write: parlelport_write
But my parlelport_write() is the same as the tutorial's.
Any pointers?
I have more or less the same
I have more or less the same issue.
after booting the LED is OFF but when I remove all parport related modules, the LED gets ON and the parlelport driver does not work. If I manage to avoid parport module at boot and insmod parlelport after boot, things seems OK (I can set On or Off the LED).
I guess the parport driver when manualy unloaded (rmmod) let the chipset in a state that prevent from outputting data from the port (may in input mode in place of output mode)
I tried to force the output mode (0x37A control reg) with no success
how did you remove lp, parport_pc, and parport
How did you remove lp, parport_pc, and parport ? I think i need to do this becuase i will get a device or resource busy error.
Very Well Explained
Fantastic Job. You have described the driver structure in simple and best manner.
Damn useful !!! Well done
Damn useful !!! Well done buddy :-*
Good one.
Really nice tutorial...it helped me a lot..Practical Egs are good..
Keep the good work going..
Excellent, Quick & Handy..,
This is really nice & handy tutorial.
Can this guy give similar tutorials for GCC,Shell Scripting..? It would be really good to have such tutorials..
Very Helpful!
A really handy overview!
write a kernel for linux
how we write a kernel for linux? what is code of this problem?
The tutorial has been simple, I had no idea where to start with.
This has given me a good introduction to DD programming & kernel modules.
Compilation problem
I am using Fedora core 5. I could not compile the very first version of "nothing" with just licence line in it.
Here is what I got.
make -C /usr/src/linux/kernel M=`pwd` modules
make: Entering directory `/usr/src/redhat/BUILD/kernel-2.6.15/linux-2.6.15.i686/kernel'
make: *** No rule to make target `modules'. Stop.
make: Leaving directory `/usr/src/redhat/BUILD/kernel-2.6.15/linux-2.6.15.i686/kernel'
Is the procedure different for Fedora? Thanks in advance.
Its really simple and informative.....
Good work
A really interesting tutorial. A little short but the main explanations are present.
tutorial(device driver)
its really excellent....
His presentation is too good and simple....
Simply simple :)
Efficient work
Really good work.
Thank you so much!
You wrote so clearly and easily to understand.
great tutorial for newbies
This tutorial gives great confidence to develop device driver for someone who is neo in this field. Great job !!!!!!!!!!
Great job.
I really like it and it's written in a very nice way, thanks! :)
Great Work Sir. Its truly
Great Work Sir. Its truly helpful for begineers like us. We hope to have some more from you.
Pretty Good and Easy to Understand
Dear sir...
its really very useful.can u elaborate the drivers on keyboard also.
Very interesting. Have never
Very interesting. Have never really read much about driver development. Nice work.
Printable version?
Is there a printable version of this article? I don't find a link to one...
There is no such thing as
There is no such thing as "quick" and "easy" when it comes to writing drivers. Thank you :)
P.S: great tutorial
Debian etch, is now the
Debian etch, is now the stable release version.
Similar Tutorial for NT
I can write a similar tutorial using LEDs if anyone is interested for DOS.
I am interested in Windows NT, please give us similar simple tutotrial for Windows NT device drivers.
Great Work.
Great work.
I am really impressed the way author has presented this wonderful article..he has explained in such a simple and nice manner..
Great going..
so happy hacking..
Submitted by Anonymous
Submitted by Anonymous visitor (not verified) on Thu, 2007-05-10 12:33.
I can write a similar tutorial using LEDs if anyone is interested for DOS.
I am interested in Windows NT, please give us similar simple tutotrial for Windows NT device drivers.
Great Work.
This is FREE SOFTWARE Magazine
I'm afraid that if you are interested in Windows NT you'll have to find another magazine to make your requests to. You won't be seeing any Windows NT tutorials on this site unless they tell you how to wipe it from your computer and replace it with a nice GNU/Linux replacement.
It's amazing that you are smart enough to understand this article but yet you can't work out that no one here would want to write NT tutorials.
Gud tutorial ,keep the good work going!
Its a good tutorial, I must say. You have gracefully handled this linux device driver tutorial. It would be a great benefit to newbies ,if u can come up with futher advance topics of kernel programming in your own style of writing.
French tutorial
Amazing tutorial ! It made me want to develop my own driver!
For French speaking people, you can find another tutorial here: http://broux.developpez.com/articles/c/driver-c-linux/
Excellent article
I only wish there were more tutorials like that...
I quote above comment, an excellent article!
Congratulations and ... Thanks! :-)
Very nice tutorial that gets you up and running quickly
The tutorial provides a nice intro to really mastering your Linux machine!
Its fantastic...!!!!!!!!!!!!!
HELP needed about device driver writing
this ia a excellent tutorial, i am using rhel5 2.6.18-8.el5
i like to learn this device driver programming but i am gating
error: linux/module.h: No such file or directory
so how to get this file. if i download this file will it work?
plz inform me [email protected]
I'm having the same problem
I'm having the same problem with ubuntu
Good tutorial
Good job.
I have searched and read many,
Atlast I found this tutorial, its amazingly easy to get the picture of writing a driver.
outb is not working
I wrote a small application to test the parallel port and whatever data I am writting, it is getting displayed on LED array. However when I tried to use outb from driver, it is not working. I have removed lp, parport_pc, parport modules. I put some debug messages and it is showing outb is executing properly. Even /proc/ioports is showing ports are allocated for me. I am using Fedora v6. Do you have any clue on this?
help needed
help me for writng USB device driver. from where i start my work.
Good article!
Good starting point for beginners. Thank you!
Is the code available?
I'm interested both in the source code (C, Makefile) and in the article itself.
i was running away from
i was running away from device drivers from last 3 weeks but this tutorial made it so easy. withing 2 hrs i had the idea wat dey r nd hw to make dem work..excellent tutorial. great work.thanx a lot
How I got it working
I had some trouble getting the parlelport driver working on my slackware 12 2.6.21.
The problem was that ever time I boot my machine the pin 4 led would not shut off, and
all other leds could not be turned on or off by echo or lights.o. All of this was caused by modules lp,parport,and parport_pc. The solution was to comment out the lines that load the modules in /etc/rc.d/rc.modules-[kernel version here]. There pretty hard
to miss. Add the modules to /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist did not help though I did that t and it may be part of the solution.
P.S. I love this tutorial, you wrote that it was originally written in Spanish, If English is not your first language I can't tell.
The simplest, compact
The simplest, compact tutorial to anyone to jump start on the driver.
Best tutuorial
This is the best tutorial I've read on the web. And I'm not speaking only of linux device driver tutorials.
device driver
this article is very useful.
it helped me lot in understanding character driver.
but i have problem with assigning the more space to memory buffer.
even i icreased it to 10 from 1 i am able to get only last character,
why this is so?
well written
quite a precise and well written startup material for device drivers' developers
compile process
Thanks for the excellent tutorial. However I am stuck in the position where by I must use Kernel 2.4 for the module I am working on. The driver it self has been mostly developed and I am just debugging some glitches.
I have the problem that in order to compile the module to work on the target embedded device I must be in Kernel version 2.4.20-20. Despite my efforts my network card only works in 2.4.20-8SMP and when I compile the drive in this mode it will not run on the embedded target. The solution currently is to reboot after every build into the 2.4.20-8SMP, which is not great.
I will look into fixing the network card problem but I am quit interested in learning how to compile drivers for versions of the OS not currently running (and especially in 2.4). I cannot seem to find much on the net so if anyone knows where to look or can help it would be much appreciated.
Could someone give some
Could someone give some inside or where to find detailed info on supporting/writing drivers for dual core or multiprocessor HW with under 2.6? TIA
do u have a simple source code of usb or pci modules?
i'm a student of computer eng(hardware)and at the moment i'm working on a project which is about USB driver programming in linux.i use kernell 2.6.18(fedora core). i have run a simple module in it(i mean that famous hello module)but after that i tried to run some other modules such as pci modules but i faced with some problems...maybe the program it self has some problems...so...is there any persons here that has a source code of a simple usb or pci drivers?i would be really thankful for your attention.
Great Work!!!
Its really a wonderfull piece of documentation for beginners trying to deveplop Linux device drivers.
Very well written...
Excellent presentation. I look forward to actually building the examples.
I am using knoppix Live CD. And I don't know how to compile my modules in knoppix. If anyone can help I will be thankful.
Never seen an article describing device driver writing this simple.
Excellent article!
Excellent article!
Really nice article
I'm new to linux. I'm searching for easily understandable article. I found this. ThanQ verymuch to the author.
Problems in Ubuntu on memory and parlelport drivers
Hello, I am new to linux, so please forgive me.
I have been able to compile and run the first two drivers in the tutorial but once I try the multi file ones i have issues the memory drive and the parlelport driver will not compile.
The lines in brackets like this one: '<'parlelport modified init module'>' ...without the '' I just have them so the brackets will show up and not be filtered.
that refrence other files I have created like the tutorial said to do are generating the
following error:
In file included from /usr/src/parport/parlelport.c:2:
/usr/src/parport/parlelport init module: In function 'parlelport_init':
/usr/src/parport/parlelport init module:14: error: expected expression before '<' token
I have literally copied and pasted the example code... what am I missing?
I am using UBUNTU
I _urge_ you to ask the same question in the Ubuntu Forums ( http://ubuntuforums.org/ ). They are fantastic, and will definitely help you!
Compile these examples for ARM architecture
Hi, thank you for your article, it's great. I compiled them and work ok on Ubuntu:
obj-m += parlelport.o
make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules
make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean
However, I installed them on Iliad tablet, it said different architecture(it bases on ARM architecture). Could you show me how to these drivers for Iliad tablet?
Once again, thank you very much.
Hello to everybody,
I have read the script to Linux driver. I would like to know how one makes the circuit LEDs.
Many greetings
Nonexistant resource 00000000378
I tried the parallel port driver .. but ... I am having some problems...
1. I dont see 0378 memory allocated to my module with cat /proc/ioports command. (I dont see memory location 0378 in the list)
2. I cant see the state of the port with cat /dev/parlel_port
3. When I remove my module .. I get a message in the log "Trying to free nonexistant resource 0000000378-00000000378" ... (No error message is logged during insmod)
Athough I did remove parport and parport_pc module... (I was unable to load my module without unloading these modules)
If someone knows how to fix it.. please post a reply here..
Thanx in advance
Procedure to unload the current parallel port driver
Firstly, let me say...this is an awesome tutorial but the only thing missing out here is an elaborate procedure to unload the driver which is present by default on all systems having a parallel port. For some reason rmmod/modprobe did not work out here and the solution as someone has pointed out in one of the earlier comments is to modify the startup scipt to NOT load the parallel port driver at startup. In Ubuntu, I used the following steps to unload the driver during startup and now it works brilliantly:
Steps to unload paralel port driver:
1. Make the following changes in the /etc/rc1.d :
K80cups: modprobe -q lp || true
K80cups: modprobe -q ppdev || true
Uncomment the above 2 lines of the scripts
2. Make the following changes in the /etc/rc2.d :
S50cups: modprobe -q ppdev || true
S50cups: modprobe -q lp || true
Uncomment the above 2 lines of the scripts
3. Add the following lines to the file /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf:
blacklist ppdev
blacklist parport_pc
blacklist parport
blacklist lp
Restart PC at this point
4. Unload the remaining modules manually using rmmod (if any)
5. Follow remaining instructions given in the tutorial
6. Load custom module (sudo insmod parlelport.ko)
Hope this helps...
Courtesy: Redmond who has posted one of the earlier comment
in reply to above
Awesome tutorial, thanks Xavier
I think saurabhg84 means "comment" in points 1 & 2.
I think just blacklisting might also work, but in the right order.
Anyway, will try it out and get back.... \m/
I am grateful to you for this excellent tutorial.
Mounting the memory device
I don't understand the step between the command insmod memory.ko and the command chmod 666 /dev/memory. I don't find the device memory in the folder /dev/. What do I wrong?
try to create the device manually:
mknod --mode=0666 /dev/memory c 60 0
mknod - the command name to create device file
--mode=0666 - (optional) save the chmod command
/dev/memory - device file name (to use several devices add minor version to name; i.e: /dev/memory0)
c - stand for char device
60 - major version (u actually should check the register_chrdev return value for actual major number, if the 60 was in use u will get other major number)
0 - minor version (if u use several devices , increment this for each)
I don't know why it wasn't mentioned in the article, maybe in old versions of kernel the device file had been created by register_chrdev?
Great work
Nicely written.
Great tutorial exactly what i needed.
Thanks a million.
Great job.
Very good introduction.
Now to create a fantastic device driver everyone wants. ;)
memory256 (more than 1 char) Debian 2.6.26-2 on hppa
Im working on an rp2470 A500 hppa box. Loaded Debian 2.6.26-2.
Loved this article and had to get started.
I have and am now reading Linux Device Drivers 2nd ed (Linux 2.4) to
learn other driver concepts, and callable routines.
first make attempt failed.
I had to get kernel sources,
make oldconfig
make prepare
then edit Makefile removing -fno-strict-overflow
(my gcc version is 4.3.2-1.1)
then had to make the kernel: make
THEN the only error I had was something about
.../linux-source-2.6.26/pwd/ no Makefile found
The article on page 2 as I saw listed the make command as
$ make -C /usr/src/kernel-source-2.6.8 M=pwd modules
I changed to
$ make -C /usr/src/kernel-source-2.6.8 M=$(pwd) modules
and nothing.c built, loaded, and worked!
I worked memory.c into memory256.c to handle 256 char storage.
Too large to post here, but you can request it from me,
[email protected]
help need
sir, i want to develop a keyboard interface,which should be platform independent...that is,it should take calls from linux/windows and map the corresponding keys and display...please help to do this....
functions are,
int Key_Init()
int Key_Register(KEYCALLBACK fnCB)
int Key_Poll(sKey_t *pKey)
void Key_Capture_Event(DWORD charType, DWORDr charValue)
Congratulations, clear and concrete. In any way the evolution of the new kernels (3.8.0-19-generic) has removed two includes / linux / config.h / asm / system.h of memory module
thanks again !
Syntax mistake in MAKE worth fixing
Just to save anyone else the pain i've had, could you please update the following line in the First Driver section of your excellent post to read:
$ make -C /usr/src/kernel-source-2.6.8 M=`pwd` modules
Sorry it took a while... fixed!
Best and short Article
Thanks for sharing this article
It Short and best article for Device Driver Learners..
Effective tutorial
Special thanks to Xavier Calbet. It's a great tutorial for the beginers.


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VAIL - Fifty years after the first buildings were constructed in Vail, town officials are thinking about the next 50 years and whether they should impose regulations to protect the character of Vail Village.
The town is working with consultant Tom Braun, of Braun Associates, to answer this question: "As buildings in the village continue to redevelop or other changes occur in the village, are the town's current regulations, design standards and guidelines sufficient to ensure that the special character of Vail Village is not just maintained but also enhanced?"
Throughout the process, Braun said the goals and objectives of the initiative include identifying buildings, landmarks and other features that define or contribute to the village's character, specifically its Swiss alpine character. Braun and town staff, including Community Development director George Ruther, will look at current regulations in town and whether they accomplish the goal of sustaining the village's sense of place.
Ruther said Braun was chosen because of his work history and knowledge of Vail.
Braun presented to the town council Tuesday afternoon and showed images of four different buildings in four different ski resort villages. He challenged the council to identify which building went with which village. Nobody came up with the right answers.
"There are things unique about Vail Village ... places that create an environment that you know where you are," Braun said.
Floral murals on buildings, for example, set Vail Village apart from other Western ski resort villages. Braun said he used to take offense when he heard people criticize Vail for not being a real town or for being a "fake Bavarian village." He's gotten over it, though.
"We're 50 years old - we've earned the right to be a place," Braun said. "We can keep it the way we want it to be."
Council members reacted mostly positively, although some cautioned not to impose unnecessary or more restrictive regulations.
Councilwoman Margaret Rogers said she thinks the town should figure out a way to somehow compensate property owners for restrictions the town might impose, while Councilman Greg Moffet said the rules on the south side of Gore Creek - the core of the village - "have been pretty stringent forever."
"I don't anticipate making things more restrictive," Moffet said. " ... We've always been very consistent that once you get on the south side of Gore Creek, the rules are different. My first reaction, Tom (Braun), is that (the process) ain't broke."
Councilwoman Kerry Donovan also questioned the rules, but she asked whether town rules and regulations are truly the source of the village's character or if it has been the work of the individual owners, designers and developers. Was it luck, or was it the town's regulations, Donovan asked.
The council directed Ruther and Braun to continue to work on the initiative, and they'll take some of the council's feedback with them as they move forward. Ruther said they'll also report back to the council periodically and will be able to make adjustments based on council feedback throughout the process.
"I would caution ourselves to not be so locked into what we have at the moment that we can't look at new and exciting and interesting things," Mayor Pro Tem Ludwig Kurz said.


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· Saturday, September 27, 2014
o Hayden Park, 9:00am – 5:00pm
This camp is open to any and all boys entering grades 10-12 as of the fall of 2014 (Grad Years '15, '16, '17). The fee for campers is $145 and includes a t-shirt.
Medical Form
In order to participate, all campers must complete the Miami Sports Camps medical form. The form is available under the "Documents" tab.
Refund Policy
If a camper cancels at least 10 days prior to the beginning of camp they will receive a full refund of the camp cost. Once the 10 day deadline has passed, a camper is eligible for a refund equal to half of the camp fee if notification of cancellation is received at least 3 days prior to camp. No refund will be given to those campers that cancel within 3 days of camp or do not attend camp. In no situation is the online registration fee refundable. Special consideration will be given to cancellations due to medical or family emergencies and school related commitments. If you are requesting a refund because of one of the reasons previously listed, documentation of the situation must be provided. All refund request forms are due within 2 weeks after the first day of camp. Any refund requests received after this deadline will not be accepted.
Head Coach
Danny Hayden


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Ken Kercheval, 61
Published: Monday, April 22, 2013 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, April 21, 2013 at 6:00 p.m.
SALUDA Ken Kercheval, 61, passed away Thursday, April 18, 201,3 at his residence in Saluda, NC.
Ken is survived by his loving wife, Carol, and his loving dogs, Stripe and Pretty Girl.
A covered dish memorial service will be held at a later date in Saluda.
More info: www.asheville areaalternative.com.
David Redman, 51
HENDERSONVILLE David Redman, 51, of Hendersonville, N.C., passed away on April 18, 2013, in Mount Vernon, Ky. He is survived by his daughter, Joi Baxter; son, Heath Redman; grandchildren, Blake and Haili; his mother, Catherine Redman; sisters, Tina Hudson and Cynthia Casoria; and numerous nieces and nephews. A memorial service will be held for family members on Monday, April 22.
Deaths/services Victor Louie Vaughn, 69
HENDERSONVILLE Victor Louie Vaughn, 69, of Hendersonville died Sunday, April 21, 2013, at the Elizabeth House. Thos. Shepherd & Son Funeral Directors and Cremation Memorial Center will announce arrangements.
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Many shared shock and grief online after word came Monday afternoon that the beloved comedian and actor passed away at his Marin County, California home.
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(AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta)
Chris Brown taken into custody after alleged gun incident at his home
After a bizarre, hourslong standoff, L.A. police officers took Chris Brown into custody late Tuesday afternoon and said the singer would be arrested on suspicion of assault with a deadly weapon.


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HOME CBS Louisville Cardinals Gear Louisville Cardinals Ladies Louisville Cardinals Ladies Home Office & School $20 to $40 (1 items) Product ID: 729436
Main Content
Let your Cardinals spirit light up the whole neighborhood with this solar-powered projection rock. Made of hard resin that resembles stone, this weather-resistant garden rock will discreetly hide in your driveway during the daytime, storing solar energy, and project a Cardinals logo and wordmark on the surface of your choosing at night. Now you can let all your fellow fanatics know when it's game time! Like a signal for superheroes, this projection will have your buddies throwing on their game day gear and heading to your man cave for some Louisville action.
- Great gift idea
- Imported
- Includes rechargable batteries
- Instruction manual
- Made of resin
- Measures approximately 6.7" x 6.7" x 5.7"
- Officially licensed collegiate product
- Pre-packaged case
- Projection size is approximately 24 inches in diameter when rock is placed 10 feet from target
- Solar-powered projection rock
- Imported
- Brand: Team Sports America
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Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Gov. Jay Nixon today signed into law several bills relating to local governments, health education, motor vehicle insurance, pediatric cancer research and other issues.
The Governor signed:
Senate Bill 58, which clarifies land annexation guidelines for communities and authorizes certain nuisance abatement practices
Senate Bill 357, which simplifies the process for perfection of a mechanics lien for rented machinery and equipment and increases the period of time the lien claimant has to file the notice of lien from 5 to 15 days after commencement of use of the rented machinery and equipment.
Senate Bill 35, which authorizes a check-off box on the Missouri tax forms for contributions to the newly created Pediatric Cancer Research Trust Fund.
Senate Bill 216, which contains similar language to legislation already signed by the Governor to protect law enforcement officers' and first responders' First Amendment rights by allowing them to engage in political activity when they are off duty and not in official uniform.
House Bill 478, which revises statutory language related to credit union to more closely follow similar statutory language related to banks.
Location, ST | website.com


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This beautiful felt horse is ready to romp on your nature table or play with your child. These horses are made in Hungary of all natural fiber materials.
We now have two sizes of horses. The Large Size is 4" long and 5" tall; the Small Size is 4" long and 4" tall. We have two colors, Rust Brown and Dark Brown. You will receive one horse. Please choose color and size using Option Bar.


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Choose the price, location and car-type and we'll find a quality rental car for you! We guarantee you'll book a big deal or we'll give you $25.Start Your Rental Cars Bid Now »
Save up to 40% on your next rental car when you Name Your Own Price. See recent winning bids from real customers in any city to help you negotiate.See Winning Bids Now


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All committees working on Strategic Directions initiatives follow this project path:
- Define Success: Before the committee formulates any plans or requests any funds, members will spent sufficient time defining their "end product" – the characteristics it will have, and how it will fit into USD's organizational structure.
- Discovery: Committee members will evaluate and summarize USD's current status in the area, noting the strengths and weaknesses of current operations. The evaluation will include an understanding of how current activities are funded as well as an investigation of how other universities have developed and supported this function.
- Develop Plans: Based on their findings from the first two phases of the project cycle, the committee will formulate alternative plans for achieving success. Alternatives may vary in terms of speed, cost, complexity, and/or scope of implementation. Plans should be comprehensive, including an implementation timeline and a description of the financial, personnel, space, and technical resources required. Plans must include an explanation of how existing funds can be redistributed as well as requests for any additional funds. If the current organizational structure must be modified to implement the plan, describe the necessary modifications.
- Implement Plan: The committee phases out and is replaced by a permanent entity within USD's organizational structure. Committees may develop the implementation plans, but the actual implementation procedure must be led by a person or persons who can be held accountable for the results. The Executive Council will choose an alternative plan, decide how it can be funded over what period of time, and select the person or persons who will be responsible for implementation. In some cases, this means responsibilities will be assigned to existing units or programs, but in other cases a new structure may be needed. As the plan is implemented, it will be important to assess progress toward success by using a variety of quantitative and qualitative performance indicators. If progress does not occur as expected, or if institutional conditions change, the plan may need to be modified.
- Success: Success occurs when the initiative is functioning well and has been fully integrated into the organizational structure.


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Wine labels that aren't just pretty
Category: Design / Branding/Identity, Design / Packaging, Designers/Studios,
Posted by: Renee
Posted: Apr 13th 2011
No. of comments: 0
Posted: Apr 13th 2011
No. of comments: 0
We're thinking packaging design at college this week, and while flicking through our local street press in Brisbane, MAP magazine, I came across Rob Schellenberg's beautiful wine labels. Intrigued, I read on... Each label has been inspired by the topography of the land in which the grapes have grown. So not only does it look fantastic, there is a reason. I love a brand with a story. And a wine with a great label!


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When Seth Weinstein and his three friends, known as the Groom Posse, head to Florida for his destination wedding to debutant socialite Tina Clark, he survives the prank they set up for him at baggage claim with a major case of embarrassment but relatively unscathed. Truly believing the wedding will go off as planned, hapless Seth steps off the plane in Miami and into "Insane City," Dave Barry's latest novel, where our bridegroom hero will have to deal with not only his parents and his future-in-laws, but also Russian mobsters, angry strippers, Haitian refugees and a Burmese python named Blossom.
While most of us would classify accounts of violent crime as fodder for the tabloids, the fact of the matter is that stories about true crime sell — in books, magazines, TV and the movies. Bill James looks at the long, checkered history of violent crime in this country — how it is investigated and how it is reported — and comments on what that says about our justice system and ourselves in "Popular Crime: Reflections on the Celebration of Violence" (364.109).
"Indiscretion" marks the promising fiction debut of Charles Dubow. The story of the Winslows, Harry and Maddy, is an old tale but one well-told. Harry is a National Book award winner on the edge of fame while his wife Maddy is an heiress. A golden and charismatic couple, they truly love each other. Then young, beautiful Claire comes into their sphere and sets in motion a chain of events that will change all their lives.
Despite the rise of mega stores like Barnes & Noble and the advent of digital books, small, independent bookstores are still around and doing a robust business. In "My Bookstore" (381.450), 84 of our most talented writers talk about the bookstores that have played a central part in their careers and in their lives as they "celebrate their favorite places to browse, read, and shop."
Open any magazine or newspaper and you will probably see a list of foods that help cure and/or prevent just about every malady and condition. David Gotto, a registered dietician and bestselling author, goes one step further in his new book, "The Best Thing to Eat" (613.200). Here he actually ranks food. Need some vitamin D? Milk is good, but trout is better. Have an upset stomach? Jello will work, but an apple or applesauce will help you more.
"Fatherless" is Dr. James Dobson's first foray into fiction and the beginning of a planned trilogy. It is set in America in 2041 — a time when money is valued more greatly than life. The majority of the population is now elderly or disabled. Viewed as "debits" since their existence is creating a financial crisis in the country, they have the opportunity to become "heroes" by choosing to "transition" — agreeing to assisted suicide. Reporter Julia Davidson hopes to revive her career with an article in favor of transitioning — but her beliefs begin to waiver when her investigation forces her to take a closer, harder look at the issue.
Page 2 of 2 - Other new titles:
Fiction — "Unusual Uses for Olive Oil," by Alexander McCall Smith;
"Deadly Stakes" (M), by J. A. Jance;
"Until the End of Time," by Danielle Steel;
"Private Berlin," by James Patterson and Mark Sullivan.
Non-fiction — "Stephen King's The Dark Tower — The Gunslinger: The Man in Black" (741.500), by Peter David, artwork by Alex Maleev;
"On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines — and Future" (953.800), by Karen Elliott House.
Location, ST | website.com


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NSU baseball bounces back against Houston Baptist
Published: Saturday, February 16, 2013 at 6:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Saturday, February 16, 2013 at 11:45 p.m.
HOUSTON — After being held scoreless in the opener, the Nicholls State University baseball team got its offense going in a big way on Saturday scoring nine runs on seven hits in a 9-2 win over Houston Baptist.
After struggling at the plate at-length on Friday, the Colonels (1-1) were the ones finding their stride at the plate, scoring two runs in the second inning and four more in the fifth to take a comfortable 6-0 lead. Houston Baptist never threatened as Nicholls got three more insurance runs over the final two innings to win.
Redshirt junior Tyler Duplantis (2-for-4, two RBIs) and senior Matt Richard (2-for-5, RBI, two runs scored) had four of Nicholls' seven hits on the day.
Pitcher Taylor Byrd earned his first win as a Colonel after lasting 4 1/3 innings, allowing just two runs on two hits with two strikeouts.
At Baton Rouge, the Nicholls State University softball team extended its winning streak to three games with a 2-1 win against North Dakota State on Saturday morning in the LSU Purple & Gold Challenge, but came up short in the second game, falling 3-2 to Memphis.
Nicholls (4-3) got just enough offense against North Dakota State. Paige Miller drove in both runs, putting Nicholls up 1-0 in the second before hitting her first career home run in the fourth.
Against Memphis, errors in the first two innings put Nicholls in a 2-0 hole.
The Colonels had five hits, led by Andrus' two, and drew nine walks. Hannah Haydel was tagged with the loss in seven innings of work, finishing with six strikeouts.
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Under Armour Camden Storm Backpack
The Under Armour Camden Storm Backpack borrows from laptop bags, travel bags, and school bags to give you something that works every day. Whether you're headed to the office or the great outdoors, this Camden Storm backpack gives you the style and performance you demand. A tricot-lined headphone pocket, 2 side water bottle pockets, top grip handle, and front, water-resistant valuables pockets are only a few of the killer performance features. Adjustable, padded should straps with HeatGear combined with an ergonomic foam back panel deliver total comfort no matter where you're headed.
- FABRIC: 600D polyester with abrasion-resistant bottom
- FIT: One size fits all


text: Building the base layers to your every day wardrobe has never been easier. Start with a selection of fail-safe denim, regular, slim or skinny fit, add fine knit jumpers, crew neck tees and classic cotton polo shirts. Finishing your classics off with an array of smart button-down shirts and tailored chinos for those more refined occasions.


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- Flat Rate Shipping. Any Size Order! -
- A Portion of Proceeds Benefit Miami Athletics -
HOME Miami Hurricanes Gear Miami Hurricanes Kids Miami Hurricanes Kids Kids Miami Hurricanes Kids Kids Youth (96 items) Product ID: 1392974
Main Content
Order as many items as you like with our $7.99 flat rate shipping.
This item ships within one business day.
Order as many items as you like with our $7.99 flat rate shipping.
Need it faster?
Your young fanatic is a huge Hurricanes fan and she wants a bold way to show off her pride. Get her this Burst long sleeve tee and everyone in the stadium will see her Miami pride. It features a bold Miami logo on the front and a team name down the left sleeve. With this shirt, her attire will match her big team spirit!
- Tagless
- 65% Polyester/35% Rayon
- Glitter accents
- Imported
- Officially licensed
- Rib-knit collar
- Screen print graphics
- Long sleeve
- Screen print graphics
- Imported
- Brand: Colosseum
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Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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l-JB Download Manager Download Link File
LJBDOWNLOAD stands for l-JB Download Manager Download Link File
Get answers from your peers on your most technical challenges
I recommend you to utilize Lotus Notes to Outlook Migration Tool. This tool migrate your Lotus Notes .nsf file into Outlook .pst file format. Not only in PST file format but also ...
What made you want to look up LJBDOWNLOAD l-JB Download Manager Download Link File? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
A/B testing is a statistical method used to assess proposed changes to a product or service.
A network node is an endpoint or redistribution connection point for data transmissions on a communications network that can process or forward transmissions to other nodes.
Frequency hopping is one of two basic modulation techniques used in spread spectrum signal transmission.
A neural network is a hardware and software system based on the operation of neurons in the human brain that can learn from and adapt to training and pattern recognition.
Ansible is IT automation software that makes it simpler to deploy IT applications and environments and automate routine activities such as network configuration, cloud deployments, and creation of development environments.
Dependency hell occurs when a software application cannot access the additional programming it depends upon to function.
A blue/green deployment relies on identical sets of IT resources that trade off between an active production environment and inactive upgrade and testing environment.
Wi-Fi Protected Access, or WPA, is a security standard for Wi-Fi wireless internet connections that gave way to WPA2 in 2004. WPA2 uses the Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol and is based on the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm.
A tablet is a wireless, portable personal computer with a touchscreen interface. The tablet form factor is typically smaller than a notebook computer, but larger than a smartphone.
Push notifications are customized messages or alerts delivered by a centralized notification server to an endpoint -- desktop or mobile -- device. ,
Edge computing is an IT architecture in which raw data is processed as near to the data source as possible instead of being sent over the Internet to a remote data center for processing.
A computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) is software that helps operations and maintenance staff identify and track the status of maintenance tasks and availability of replacement parts.
Leaf-spine is a two-layer network topology composed of leaf switches (to which servers and storage connect) and spine switches (to which leaf switches connect). Leaf switches mesh into the spine, forming the access layer that delivers network connection points for servers.
Business continuance (sometimes referred to as business continuity) describes the processes and procedures an organization puts in place to ensure that essential functions can continue during and after a disaster.
The SATA storage protocol transmits data in serial fashion between hard drives and computer systems. The nonprofit SATA-IO industry consortium authors the design specification.
Tiered data storage moves data to various types of storage media -- based on performance requirements, protection level and frequency of use -- to reduce storage costs.
Zadara Storage provides block, file or object storage with varying levels of compute and capacity through its ZIOS and VPSA platforms.
Cloud DR uses an off-site cloud repository to store copies of data that can be restored on-site to keep the business running in case of an emergency.
Datera created Elastic Data Fabric, a block storage platform aimed at cloud service providers and enterprises that want to build a private cloud on premises.
Configuration drift occurs naturally in data center environments when changes to software and hardware are not recorded or tracked in a comprehensive and systematic fashion.
AutoRun is a feature of the Windows operating system that causes predetermined actions when certain media is inserted. Common media types that trigger AutoRun actions include CDs, DVDs and USB storage devices.
Microsoft Windows Subsystem for Linux is a series of Microsoft components that allow native Linux 64-bit Executable and Linkable Format (ELF64) binaries to run on the Windows kernel in the Windows 10 operating system.
Outsourcing describes when an individual or company performs tasks or provides services for another company -- executing tasks that could have been or are normally done in-house. In this outsourcing definition, learn about the reasons for the practice, how it differs from insourcing, the different kinds of outsourcing and more.
E-procurement is the business-to-business purchase and sale of supplies and services over the Internet.
Strategic planning is the process executives undertake in order to make thoughtful decisions about their organization's mission, values and goals, and properly allocate resources to fulfill those directives.


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Their names are all over these! Say hello to a unique kind of flip-flops for kids! Available in a variety of fun colorful designs, each sturdy rubber pair features the name you specify, up to nine characters, making them extra special for kids! And don't worry about sacrificing quality for style — you'll be impressed with the durability of the straps and great slip-resistant grip on the bottoms.
Choose Size:
Specify name up to 9 characters.
Submit a review


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THORNTON — Workers discovered a human skull Tuesday morning in Thornton, the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Office said.
The workers were cleaning out an irrigation ditch with a bulldozer when the skull was found about 10:53 a.m. near North Staten Island and West Walnut Grove roads, authorities said. Deputies responded to the scene and recovered the skull, which is being submitted to the Department of Justice for further testing, officials said.
Location, ST | website.com


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Welcome to the Tennessee Softball Community at ACTIVE.com. Feel free to ask for tips & advice, post recruiting wanted ads, general discussions and more. Visit our softball activities section for softball leagues, clinics and tournaments near you. Looking to improve your game? Checkout our selection of softball training tips
For Softball Teams & League software, check out our Sports League Management Software.
|Two Pickup Players needed for Oct.20th 14U 3 years ago in Tennessee Softball
|by toye2
|'95 TRYOUTS TODAY!! 4 years ago in Tennessee Softball
|by Billy73
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


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- Currently Unavailable
Dri-FIT training top is made to wick sweat away from the skin to the outside of the tee where it can quickly evaporate. Translation? You stay cooler, dryer longer for the duration of training.
Graphic silhouette salutes your favorite school for a proud look wherever you go.
Ultra-lightweight polyester.


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Rica Siesta Bath Salts
- Overview
A soothing soak. Relax and rejuvenate with the Rica Siesta Bath Salts, made of a combination of Caribbean-harvested sea salt, mineral-rich Dead Sea salt and therapeutic Epsom salt. A hint of aloe, glycerin and vitamin E helps to moisturize skin.
- Moisturizing and purifying bath salts.
- Handcrafted in small batches.
- All-natural ingredients.
- 14 oz.
- See Dimensions + Care for fragrances and ingredients.
- Made in the USA.
- Details + Dimensions
- Overall product dimensions: 3.5"diam x 3.8"h.
- Weight: 14 oz.
- Fragrances: Lavender Rose and Basil Mint.
Add to bath.
- Lavender Rose: Sodium chloride, dead sea salt, magnesium sulfite, lavandula officinalis (lavender) buds, rosa damascene (rose) buds, glycerin, aloe barbadensis leaf extract and canola oil, fragrance, ultramarine.
- Basil Mint: Coarse sea salt, dead sea salt, epsom salt, dendritic salt, glycerin, vitamin E oil, aloe extract, fragrance, natural pigment for color (not coconut sugar or black currant cassis).
- Shipping + Return Info
Most purchases are shipped from our Distribution Center by UPS, to arrive in your home within 5-7 business days of order receipt.
Shipping Rates
The shipping rate varies depending on your order total and shipping options. View Shipping Rates and Options
Next Day Delivery
For an extra charge of $17.50 per address, we can arrange for rush delivery to most destinations.
Return Policy
We take great pride in the quality of our merchandise. If for any reason you are not happy with your purchase, you may return the item(s) within 30 days of receiving the order for a full refund of the merchandise cost. After 30 days, we will replace or refund your purchase against manufacturer's defects ONLY. Please note that we cannot accept returns on mattresses, monogrammed/personalized items, special order upholstery items and special order rugs, one-of-a-kind rugs, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items, which are identified by a price ending in .99 or .97.
For further assistance please call our customer service department at 1.888.922.4119 or send an email to email@example.com


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Less than $50>
On Sale>
Lacrosse Shafts - Less than $50
The attack is made up of three players who are only offensive players. Attackmen can only stay on the offensive end of the field and play with short sticks (30" shaft). An attackman can be a short but fast player but also a big player who can fire fast shots. Attackmen prefer more padding because of all the checks they take. Most attackmen use long arm guards to protect their arms from checks from opposing defenseman. The attackmen's job is to try and score goals or create opportunities to score. Attackmen use different dodges to create space from their defender in order to score goals. Usually attackmen start their dodge from behind the goal.
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Purchasing Avios
If your current Avios balance doesn't quite stretch to the reward flight or upgrade you've got your eye on, then purchasing Avios will give your balance a boost. You can even purchase Avios as a gift for another Executive Club Member. With a healthy balance you're free to get away on a reward flight or enjoy a cabin upgrade sooner.
Purchasing Avios for yourself
- Purchase up to a maximum of 35,000 Avios in any calendar year.
- Avios can only be purchased online and in multiples of 1,000.
- Purchased Avios are non-refundable.
- In most cases your Avios will appear in your account immediately, for you to spend straightaway. However, there are some instances where this could take up to five working days. Your Avios cannot be used until they have been added to your account.
Purchasing Avios for someone else
- Purchase up to a maximum of 35,000 Avios for any other Executive Club Member, in any calendar year, as a gift.
- Avios can only be purchased online and in multiples of 1,000.
- You will need to know the recipient's full name, email address and Executive Club membership number.
- Purchased Avios are non-refundable.
- Purchasing Avios as a gift for another Member does not come out of your personal allowance. So you are still free to purchase up to 35,000 Avios per calendar year for yourself.
*Reward flights are subject to availability. Taxes, fees and carrier charges apply in addition to any charges related to the purchase of Avios.


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Trade-in Value is what consumers can expect to receive from a dealer for a trade-in snowmobile assuming an accurate appraisal of condition. This value will likely be less than what you would receive from a private party sale because the reselling dealer incurs the cost of safety inspections, reconditioning and other costs of doing business. Trade-in values are based on clean units in good condition. Hours/condition and additional equipment may have a substantial impact on the value shown above.
'Buy Like a Pro' on your next new motorcycle, ATV, side-by-side, PWC or snowmobile.


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Boys' Toddler Lacoste Marcel COR Casual Shoes
Buy Online & Pick Up In-Store
Nothing beats a classic. From apple pie to baseball games in the summer, classic Americana lives on today. Give your kids a slice of iconic pie with the timeless and comfy Lacoste Marcel COR Casual Shoes. Low-key and easygoing, these sneakers have understated style that will last for years.
Featuring a breathable canvas lining, cushioned textile footbed and durable rubber outsole, these versatile kids' shoes are easily dressed up or down, and they're always perfect for a day on the playground.
Embrace iconic, tradtional American style with these casual sneakers from Lacoste.
- UPPER: Canvas
- MIDSOLE: Cushioned footbed
- OUTSOLE: RUbber


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ASPS is an international organization and has members all around the world. International members have completed the necessary training and certification requirements in their respective country. ASPS international members must have at least three years of experience and must be in good standing with their national plastic surgery organization in their country. International members who are US or Canadian board-certified are denoted with a badge in the online search. As always, ASPS recommends that you do your homework to find the perfect plastic surgeon for you.
Medical Staff Building Lantai 4, Jl. Diponegoro 71 Cleft & Craniofacial Center RSCM-Universitas Indonesia, Divisi Bedah Plastik, Departemen Bedah,
Jakarta Pusat, 10430
(62) 2170643788
RSCM KENCANA Hospital, Jl. Diponegoro 71
Jakarta, 10320
(62) 8159300997
Disclaimer: The ASPS provides this service to assist you in finding a plastic surgeon who can address your particular surgical needs. ASPS cannot warrant or guarantee that you will be completely satisfied with the quality of care or the suitability for your needs of the particular surgeon that you decide to select.
Copyright © 2016 American Society of Plastic Surgeons | Privacy Policy | Sitemap | Terms and Conditions


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Leaders and citizens need objective and data-driven information to make good decisions.
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Simple Definition of Wednesday
: the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday
Examples of wednesday in a sentence
I had lunch with her last Wednesday.
I'll be seeing her again next Wednesday.
My birthday falls on a Wednesday this year.
Next week I'll arrive on Wednesday and leave on Friday.
I will arrive on Wednesday morning.
Origin and Etymology of wednesday
Middle English, from Old English wōdnesdæg (akin to Old Norse ōthinsdagr Wednesday); akin to Old English Wōden Odin and dæg day
First Known Use: before 12th century
Other Calendar Terms
Rhymes with wednesday
abbé, affray, agley, airplay, airway, aisleway, all-day, allay, allée, Angers, Anhui, archway, array, ashtray, assay, astray, Augier, away, aweigh, backstay, ballet, base pay, bat ray, beignet, belay, beltway, benday, beret, betray, bewray, bidet, bikeway, birthday, Biscay, Bizet, blasé, bobstay, Bombay, Bossuet, bouchée, bouclé, boule, bouquet, Bourget, bourrée, breezeway, Bouvet, Broadway, buffet, byplay, byway, cachet, café, cahier, Cambay, Cathay, causeway, chaîné, chalet, chambray, chassé, child's play, ciré, cliché, congé, convey, co-pay, Corday, corvée, coudé, coupé, crawlway, crochet, croquet, crossway, cube, curé, cy pres, DA, daresay, D-day, death ray, decay, deejay, defray, delay, dengue, dismay, display, distrait, DJ, donnée, doomsday, doorway, dossier, downplay, dragée, driveway, duvet, Earl Grey, embay, épée, essay, estray, Ewe, fair play, fairway, Feuillet, field day, filé, filet, fillet, fireclay, fishway, flambé, flight pay, floodway, flyway, folkway, footway, foray, force play, forebay, foreplay, forestay, formée, forte, fouetté, foul play, Fouquet, four-way, fourchée, foyer, franglais, frappé, freeway, Friday, frieze, fumet, gainsay, Galway, gamay, gangway, gateway, gelée, give way, glacé, godet, gourmet, Green Bay, greenway, guideway, gunplay, hair spray, halfway, hallway, Hannay, harm's way, hatchway, headway, hearsay, Hebei, Hefei, heyday, highway, hold sway, homestay, hooray, horseplay, Hubei, in play, in re, inlay, inveigh, Islay, issei, jackstay, James Bay, jennet, jeté, Jetway, Jolliet, keyway, Kobe, koine, kouprey, lamé, laneway, lay day, leeway, lifeway, Lomé, Lord's day, lwei, lycée, M-day, maguey, mainstay, make hay, Malay, malgré, man-day, Mande, Manet, manqué, margay, massé, match play, maté, May Day, Medway, melee, meze, midday, midway, Midway, Millay, Millet, mislay, misplay, moiré, Monday, Monet, Mornay, name day, Niamey, nisei, noonday, Norway, nosegay, obey, OK, olé, ombré, one-way, osprey, Otway, outlay, outré, outstay, outweigh, oyez, PA, parfait, parkway, parlay, parquet, partway, passé, pâté, pathway, pavé, payday, pearl gray, per se, pince-nez, pipe clay, piqué, piquet, pith ray, PK, plié, plissé, pommée, Pompeii, portray, prepay, projet, pulque, puree, purvey, quale, Quesnay, raceway, Rahway, railway, rappee, red bay, relay, repay, replay, risqué, roadway, Roget, role-play, ropeway, rosé, rosebay, Roubaix, roué, routeway, runway, sachet, saint's day, Salé, sansei, sashay, sauté, screenplay, scrub jay, seaway, Shark Bay, shar-pei, shipway, short-day, sick bay, sick day, sick pay, sideway, skyway, slideway, slipway, sluiceway, soigné, soiree, someday, someway, soothsay, soufflé, speedway, spillway, squeeze play, stairway, sternway, stingray, straightway, strathspey, stroke play, subway, Sunday, survey, sweet bay, swordplay, tea tray, tempeh, thoughtway, thruway, Thursday, tideway, today, Tokay, tollway, Torbay, touché, toupee, trackway, tramway, Tuesday, Twelfth Day, two-way, unlay, unsay, valet, V-day, veejay, vide, visé, Vouvray, walkway, waylay, weekday, white way, windway, wood ray, wordplay, workday
Learn More about wednesday
Spanish Central: Translation of Wednesday Nglish: Translation of Wednesday for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of Wednesday for Arabic speakers
Seen and Heard
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