text:
Review: Just Cause 3: Bavarium Sea Heist
Man, I have never been so excited to uninstall a game in my life. If you bought this Season Pass, you truly have my condolences. read
Man, I have never been so excited to uninstall a game in my life. If you bought this Season Pass, you truly have my condolences. read
Avalanche Studios, I'm not sure you and I see eye-to-eye on what makes Just Cause 3 interesting. read
The first round of Just Cause 3's "Air, Land, and Sea" expansion, Sky Fortress, is out now and certainly fulfills the "air" qualification. Rico gets a fancy new upgrade to his wingsuit, which was easily the best part of the core game. That ... read
I'm not interested in the DLC for Just Cause 3 yet, even if it does come with a freakin' jetpack wingsuit, but more improvements to the core game? Bring 'em! The latest update is now live on PC (and, in a shocking twist, has already been av... read
When Just Cause's Rico is feeling destructive, he's not restricted to causing mayhem on land. Plenty of footage of him with his physics-defying grappling hook and parachute have taught us that. Explosions come just as naturally up in ... read
The first instalment of Just Cause 3's Air, Land and Sea Expansion Pass DLC - Sky Fortress - is almost complete. "Whilst one side of the studio is working on patches, fixes and optimisations for the game, which will continue to r... read
If you expected the modders responsible for giving Just Cause 2 multiplayer to do the same thing for Just Cause 3, well, you aren't going to be disappointed. A month after the game's release, they are already far enough into production that... read
I'm playing Just Cause 3 far less than I thought I would, and that can be single-handedly attributed to the lengthy loading times. The initial one takes quite a while, but it isn't a huge pain considering it's up front -- you can plan accor... read
Just Cause 3 launched this week, and blimey has it been a bit of a mess. Patrick's review of it was positive, saying it "provides some of the best open-world tools ever." It seems like it's a good game, but there have also... read
According to reports on reddit, some players are experiencing significant issues with newly launched Just Cause 3. As reported by VG247, some framerate and performance issues can be resolved on PC by way of a graphics and performa... read
While driving down the New Jersey parkway for Thanksgiving, I began to notice a lot of water and radio towers perched high above the trees. "Wow, I could easily blow them up or tether them to the ground and bring them down," I thought. ... read
It's common for media to share the "first __ minutes!" of a new game release, but I don't recall too many big-name developers partaking in that practice. Avalanche has put up the first hour of Just Cause 3. If you are concerned that this ga... read
With just little more than a week remaining before Just Cause 3's release, the required and recommended PC specs come parachuting in. Right on time too, as some players may find themselves needing to take advantage of some Black Friday deal... read
Just Cause is such a marketable game. Any footage, trailers, or screenshots inevitably capture what makes its mayhem so marvelous. Everything is just non-stop action and the viewer always comes away thinking "Yep, that's Just Cause&nb... read
After the whole usual pre-release kerfuffle and grumbling about Just Cause 3 running at 1080p on PS4 and 900p on Xbox One, here is some dedicated space for PC players to boast about how much extra P they're getting. PC players love guzzlin... read
Thanks to a new interview we now know what resolution Just Cause 3 will run at on PS4 and Xbox One. Surprising absolutely nobody, the PS4 version runs at a higher resolution. According to an interview with GamingBolt, the game runs at 1080p... read
Avalanche Studios, the developer of Just Cause 3 and Mad Max, cut roughly 24 staff across its Stockholm and New York studios, as its current round of projects came to a close. In a statement to Game Informer, Avalanche stated it had to let ... read
I'm a fan of the Just Cause series for its freedom of movement, particularly when it comes to aerial antics, but some people live for all-out destruction. Others, like Destructoid reader Coil_Whine, are into the story. That's the focus of t... read
It might just be that I'm still new to 360° videos and my sense of wonder hasn't worn off yet, but I got a kick out of this one for Just Cause 3. We get to follow protagonist Rico Rodriguez on a wingsuit ride as he blows up bases and sh... read
Just Cause revels in its penchant for doing everything over-the-top. It wants you to hang upside-down from a helicopter, plant C4, dive toward the earth as the whirlybird explodes above you, grapple onto another helicopter, hijack it and se... read
I'm looking forward to closing out the year with a month of Just Cause 3. I can see it now: staying inside, all warm and slightly drunk, playing a game about a man with a rocket launcher strapped to his back who glides around like an indest... read
Hitman: Agent 47 managed to review substantially worse than Pixels and the last, retconned Hitman movie. It also made over $63 million (and cost just $35 million to make) because the world is a cruel joke played on us all save for those luc... read
I grew up with Mad Max. It was one of the first R-rated film series I viewed as a child, and naturally, I saw Fury Road, and enjoyed it like everyone else on the planet. My infatuation with the films is mostly due to George Miller's vision,... read
We like to discourage pre-ordering video games. Sometimes games are broken. Sometimes games suck. No one needs to fork over money before they know the final verdict. However, sometimes video games use their pre-order siren song to lure you... read
Curious: does anyone pronounce Just Cause like Just 'Cuz? Just wondering. Why? Just 'cause. Hah. But seriously. I know some of you must've started with that pronunciation and it stuck, right? I mean, it works, too. That was the point. Anyw... read
Sometimes you just want to join a voice chat but its too late to join the voice chat and you just end up making a sound and then leaving (I am very sorry to all those affected)
Killing Floor 2 is still really Trying to get to 5 for all classes, then pick a main outside of Hit me up for FNF
You I think Hypno is following dont let me end up like I didnt mean to get mixed up in all of this! All I ever wanted was to play some videogames with *sobs uncontrollably*)
Im not much on wallpapers but this is the one Ive used for just about Dualie on 2 23 1080p
I was talking about No Mans Sky earlier while discussing my audiovisual findings for my visual novel and I must say: the folks at Hello Games did an immaculate job capturing the ethereal and tranquil beauty of nature, irrespective of planetary boundaries
So in order to try and take my mind off things, going to stream at various points this weekend and next Games like Valkyria Chronicles, Doom, SRW, REmake, maybe some GBA+PS2 Anyone interested?
I really, really miss Leo Wichtowskis
Welp, Shantae Half genie hero is getting delayed for a few
Wanted to try out Battlefield 1 I guess this is what betas are
They keep putting up more wind turbines in my Seriously, these things have been popping up like Why couldnt the government just give assistance for buying and installing solar panels for peoples homes?


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Preview scale: 21.0 x 18.0 inches. Show Rulers

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♥ Artist, illustrator & pattern maker ♥ Message via spoonflower for custom requests. Contact via website for licensing info. All designs © Sharon Turner.
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scrummy says:
on basic cotton, natural daylight
scrummy uploaded a fabric image for
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castle avenue day blue :
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scrummy says:
thanks Victoria! xxx
victorialasher says:
Oh yes, reminds me of Wedgewood also. Love this. I would love to wander the streets looking at all the lovely castles.
scrummy says:
aww thank you Melanie! xxx
wiccked says:
lovely! like wedgewood :)
scrummy says:
pillow mock up c/o soc6
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This property allows you to book online with a credit card. After submitting a reservation request, the owner or manager has 24 hours to accept, at which time your card will be charged and you will receive an email confirmation
Recent Bucks County reviews
"Our 2nd time staying at a VRBO and like the first, this one was magical. Amazing old stone home, plenty of room, very comfortable and welcoming. Brought our dog with us and she had a great fenced in yard to play. We loved our stay and will certainly return again, wonderful experience, thank you Sandra. Debby, Bill & Molly"Guest: A guest from Cromwell, CT Date of Stay: July 2016 Review Submitted: July 10, 2016View listing
"This river house is the perfect getaway for a family. Our children who range in age from 23 to 13 enjoyed kayaking and canoeing on the river! When we weren't swimming and kayaking on the river we enjoyed the nice deck right on the river as well as the house deck. We also took advantage of the bikes and rode on the tow path down to the little Homestead General Store for ice cream. We enjoyed cooking in the beautiful kitchen which was stocked with everything you need to prepare a delicious meal as well as a gas grill on the deck! It was nice to sit on the beautiful screened in porch at night. Our children thoroughly enjoyed the river house and we are all looking forward to going again soon!"Guest: Michael M. Date of Stay: July 2016 Review Submitted: August 2, 2016View listing
"The cottage was perfect for us in very way we could imagine. The location is very convienient to Yardley and the surrounding communities. It is beautifully furnished and decorated with appropriate period decor and conveniences for a stay. The backyard is very peaceful. We loved having our morning coffee outside and saw deer, squirrels, a baby red fox and heard many wonderful birds. We will definitely return for our next visit in New Jersey."Guest: Stephanie M. Date of Stay: June 2016 Review Submitted: July 5, 2016View listing
"The pictures do not do this house justice, the estate was gorgeous! Richard and Kim were both very easy to work with and made booking our stay very simple. The house and grounds were both very clean. We booked the estate for a long weekend getaway with 20 or so friends and we were all blown away. Beds were comfy and the pool was perfect since we were there during a heat wave! I would highly recommend this house for reunions, friends trips, etc! Thanks again :)"Guest: Jennakah Y. Date of Stay: July 2016 Review Submitted: August 4, 2016View listing
Featured Destinations: Orlando Vacation Rentals, Kailua-Kona, Poconos Rentals, Anna Maria Island Rentals


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Used MINI Cooper for Sale in Des Moines, IA
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2003 MINI Cooper S Review
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Performance: 0-60 in 7.0s and it sounds like a pretty song with the supercharger comes on around 3000 rpm. it is amazing. the looks of the car is one of the best out there and its handling it like a go-cart.
Featured Listings
2015 MINI Cooper S Used Cars in Clive, IA 50325
High Price
$2,168 ABOVEInstant Market Value of $23,823
Price: $25,991
Mileage: 8,857
Location: Clive, IA 50325
Average time on market: 45 days Certified Pre-Owned: No Transmission: 6-Speed Automatic Color: Thunder Gray Metallic Description: Used 2015 MINI Cooper S for sale - $25,991, 8,857 miles with Bluetooth, Alloy Wheels
Avg. Dealer Rating: (39 reviews) "Still waiting for for dealer to call on sale ."
2002 MINI Cooper Base Used Cars in Osceola, IA 50213
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$1,017 ABOVEInstant Market Value of $6,473
Price: $7,490
Mileage: 68,068
Location: Osceola, IA 50213
Average time on market: 29 days Certified Pre-Owned: No Transmission: Continuously Variable Transmission Color: Chili Red Description: Used 2002 MINI Cooper Base for sale - $7,490, 68,068 miles with Aluminum Wheels
Avg. Dealer Rating: (1 review) "Bought a vehicle here....was very easy"
2008 MINI Cooper S Used Cars in Altoona, IA 50009
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$1,329 ABOVEInstant Market Value of $9,571
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Average time on market: 25 days Certified Pre-Owned: No Transmission: Automatic Color: Silver Description: Used 2008 MINI Cooper S for sale - $10,900, 85,360 miles
2014 MINI Cooper Base Used Cars in Glidden, IA 51443
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$1,739 ABOVEInstant Market Value of $17,256
Price: $18,995
Mileage: 19,951
Location: Glidden, IA 51443
Average time on market: 40 days Certified Pre-Owned: No Transmission: Manual Color: Black Description: Used 2014 MINI Cooper Base for sale - $18,995, 19,951 miles with Bluetooth, Leather Seats, Sunroof/Moonroof, Alloy Wheels
Avg. Dealer Rating: (5 reviews) "Inquired about a vehicle on a Tuesday. Called and found out they sold it the Saturday before. Was still up on their personal website."
2004 MINI Cooper S Used Cars in Waterloo, IA 50702
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Mileage: 80,199
Location: Waterloo, IA 50702
Average time on market: 25 days Certified Pre-Owned: No Transmission: Manual Color: Chili Red Description: Used 2004 MINI Cooper S for sale - $11,995, 80,199 miles with Navigation System, Leather Seats, Alloy Wheels
Avg. Dealer Rating: (13 reviews) "I purchased a car from C & S Car Sales in Waterloo on the recommendation of a friend. They had me sign a waver on the "Lemon Law" when my mother was not present. Three days after purchasing the car the motor blew. I hate to give them even one star!!"
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Even though we ARE Nikon lovers,we are NOT affiliated with Nikon Corp. in any way.
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"RE: Nikon P7100 or Fuji X10"
This thing has a tiny little sensor, so it's pretty sensitive to noise and also doesn't tolerate sharpening as well as I'm accustomed. (In general I think that the smaller the pixels, the less the tolerance to sharpening. This is definitely one way to distinguish, say, FX from DX without even looking at the metadata.)Here's an ISO 3200 shot, captured raw, cropped to extract and exported out of CS5:
_____Brian... a bicoastal Nikonian and Team MemberMy gallery is online. Comments and critique welcomed any time!


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NHS facing 'catastrophe' as £30bn cuts to health services could lead to shortage of 16,000 GPs, warns top doctor
- GP surgeries currently face a shortage of 8,3000 doctors, says RCGP
- Report predicts a £30billion NHS budget shortfall by 2021
- RCGP says this will equate to further shortage of 7,500 GPs
Dr Clare Gerada, chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners, urges ministers to increase the NHS budget to GP services from nine to 10 per cent
The NHS could face a shortage of 16,000 GPs by 2021 unless the government ring-fences more funds for primary care, a leading doctor has warned.
Currently, there is a shortfall of more than 8,300 GPs across the UK, but that it set to almost double if the rate of spending and budget cuts continues.
Dr Clare Gerada, chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners, said the NHS is facing a 'catastrophe' unless more funding is directed into he struggling service.
Surgeries are already being stretched, she said, due to patients opting to visit their GP instead of attending accident and emergency departments.
The number of A&E services has been cut in recent years and waits for non-urgent treatment, particularly non-life threatening accidents for example, can be long.
NHS England last week said that unless things change, the NHS will face a black hole of £30 billion by 2021.
Dr Gerada says this will equate to a £2.7billion squeeze on GP doctors - meaning a further shortfall of 7,500 GPs.
Dr Gerada said: 'The fact that, in just eight years, we could see a shortfall of almost 16,000 GPs is truly shocking.
'General practice is at the heart of the NHS and if it is left to wither, as is the case now, it could sow the seeds of an unprecedented disintegration of the NHS, both in primary care and secondary care.
'Such is the key role that general practice plays, that if it starts to fall apart the impact will be felt across the rest of the health service – leading to longer waits in A&E and ever more last minute cancellations of elective surgery.'
She urged ministers to do more to protect healthcare budgets, and as such protect patient care, by 'immediately' increasing the funding for general practice by 10 per cent, 'as a first step'.
She called for the government to work with GPs to help 'boost' the number of medical graduates going into general practice.
'Only by supporting general practice and
allowing it to treat more patients in the community, can the Government
protect the NHS from catastrophe – and ensure that the health service
can meet the projected health needs of the population.'
'Only by supporting it and allowing it to treat more patients in the community can they government protect the NHS from catastrophe,' she said.
Currently, GP surgeries are allocated nine per cent of NHS cash but they are responsible for 90 per cent of patients' contact with the health service, the RCGP said.
GPs have previously come under criticism for the high salaries they receive and the lack of services offered on the weekends.
Dr Gerada called on the health secretary Jeremy Hunt to work with GPs to help boost the number of graduates choosing a career as a GP, as opposed to hospital positions
However, a recent poll, carried out by the RCGP, found that the community doctors work long days and are overstretched.
The poll found that 55 per cent of GPs conduct 40 to 60 patient consultations each day; 46 per cent say they work at least 11 hours in surgery each day; and 84 per cent say their workload has increased substantially in the past five years.
The poll found that 85 per cent of
GPs think general practice is 'in crisis', while half believe 'GPs can
no longer guarantee safe care to their patients'.
The survey, conducted by Research Now in June, also revealed that 22 per cent of family doctors have had to seek support, guidance or advice for work-related stress, and that four in five GPs are more likely to want to quit the profession than they were five years ago.
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I remember waiting for the Dick Tracy feature on the Apple Watch. I didn't watch the announcement, just refreshed one of those Apple news sites with the auto-reloading feed you don't have to refresh. 111 more words
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Would you believe salads weren't always a thing? Once people tossing salad with two wooden spoons transitioned from film to television, that point is still a little early for getting salads onto the dining room tables across the United States. 71 more words
I used to be a big believer in the mid-day nap. When I lived in the dorm in undergrad, there was nothing better than napping before a late afternoon class. 125 more words
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text: DJ LEE WRIGHT Lee Wright Leeds Leeds based DJ Lee Wright AKA Wrighty, Started his DJ career 15 years ago at the age of 18. He started off as a bedroom DJ playing old school UK garage and Speed Garage. As the scene up North started to move over to organ house and bassline so did Lee Wright. A few promo mixes later he found himself playing many clubs that were big at the time. He made a name for himself quickly around Leeds getting bookings on a regular basis. After a few years out from the scene he decided to pick the headphones once again. Now very much into the Electro House, Jackin, Bass, Deep House and all things with a great beat, he is once again looking for regular bookings. Feel free to listen to his mixes which will be updated on a regular basis, Also feel free to add him on Facebook. Comments on his mixes are always welcome so click play and turn it up. FOR BOOKINGS CONTACT........ EMAIL email@example.com FACEBOOK http://facebook.com/Wrighty1983 Also feel free to join my group and share your tracks and mixes. http://soundcloud.com/groups/house-jackin-house-electro-dirty-bass Comments by DJ LEE WRIGHT Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT dutty 2016/08/20 05:53:09 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT big this lads 2016/08/20 05:50:43 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT big 2016/08/20 05:46:35 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT heavy 2016/08/20 05:45:59 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT fully supporting 2016/08/20 05:44:40 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT decent this 2016/08/20 05:41:16 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT big 2016/08/05 20:25:56 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT love this 2016/08/05 20:22:06 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT sounds well mate 2016/08/03 16:20:33 +0000 Comment by DJ LEE WRIGHT nice 2016/08/03 16:16:50 +0000


text:
|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|August 26, 2014 07:06 AM EDT
DETROIT, Aug. 26, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Quicken Loans, the nation's largest Veterans Affairs (VA) mortgage lender and the country's second largest retail mortgage provider, today announced a partnership with the Obama Administration to make sure active-duty military members receive the benefits their service entitles them. The company, along with a number of other top mortgage lenders, has agreed to enhance the financial protections that active military members are granted under the Service Members Civil Relief Act (SCRA). The SCRA is a federal law that assures protection for military members as they enter active duty. In addition to other financial protections, the law allows flexibility for active military members related to their mortgage interest rates, mortgage late fees and mortgage foreclosure protection.
Quicken Loans will immediately begin:
- Reviewing its entire servicing portfolio, monthly, and compare it to the Department of Defense's current database to proactively identify borrowers that are also active duty members of the military.
- Quicken Loans will then immediately reach out to the active-duty homeowner or their closest available relative and inform them that Quicken Loans will be applying any of the special benefits they are entitled to receive under the SCRA.
"It's clearly the right thing to proactively reach out to active-duty military members and make sure they – and their families – are financially protected," said Quicken Loans Chief Executive Officer Bill Emerson. "Our military members have enough on their plate without burdening them with the added stress of having to contact their lenders to activate benefits the law entitles them to receive."
Quicken Loans is committed to military and veteran causes. The company has supported several service member related organizations through contributions as well as deploying numerous employee volunteers. The United Service Organizations (USO), Operation Homefront and the Pat Tillman Foundation are among the groups that Quicken Loans lends its support. The company also created a special veteran hiring program, called 'Tour of Duty', to aid veterans in transitioning from their military service to working in the civilian world.
About Quicken Loans
Detroit-based Quicken Loans Inc. is the nation's largest Veteran Affairs (VA) mortgage lender and the country's second largest retail mortgage provider. The company closed a record $80 billion of volume across all 50 states in 2013. Quicken Loans generates loan production from web centers located in Detroit, Cleveland and Scottsdale, Arizona. The company also operates a centralized loan processing and servicing facility in Detroit, as well as its San Diego-based One Reverse Mortgage unit. Quicken Loans ranked "Highest in Customer Satisfaction among with Primary Mortgage Origination" in the United States by J.D. Power for the past four consecutive years (2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010), and also ranked highest in customer satisfaction among all mortgage servicers in 2014.
Quicken Loans was ranked among the top-30 companies on FORTUNE magazine's annual "100 Best Companies to Work For" list for the last 11 consecutive years, ranking #5 in 2014. The company has been recognized as one of Computerworld magazine's '100 Best Places to Work in IT' the past ten years, ranking No. 1 in 2014, 2013, 2007, 2006 and 2005. The company moved its headquarters to downtown Detroit in 2010, and now more than 8,500 of its 10,000-plus full-time team members work in the city's urban core. For more information about Quicken Loans, please visit QuickenLoans.com, on Twitter at @QLnews, and on Facebook at Facebook.com/quickenloans.
SOURCE Quicken Loans
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 1, 2003
|Filing date
|Nov 13, 2001
|Priority date
|Nov 8, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dennis J. O'Rear, March R. Buetzow
|Original Assignee
|Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (19), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/708,068, filed Nov. 8, 2000, entitled "Method for Transporting Fischer-Tropsch Products," filed Nov. 8, 2000, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This invention generally relates to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and more specifically, to a safe method for both transporting Fischer-Tropsch syncrude from a remote production site to a developed site and supplying salable products from the developed site to the remote site.
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons when it comes out of the ground. Typically, the mixture is separated into at least three fractions, a gas fraction, an intermediate fraction, and a crude oil fraction, which tend to have some degree of overlap. The gas fraction includes mostly C1-3 hydrocarbons, the intermediate fraction includes mostly C3-5 hydrocarbons, and the crude oil fraction includes C4+ hydrocarbons.
Crude oil is often obtained at locations far from where it is ultimately converted into distillate fuel compositions and other products. Crude oil is transported to commercial refineries after the gas and intermediate fractions, and optionally naphtha fractions, have been removed. Crude oil fractions must have a relatively low vapor pressure when they are transported because of safety regulations as well as practical limits on the pumping and storage of volatile crude oil. However, it is common practice to ship crude oil that includes volatile components in concentrations that do not cause the crude oil to exceed the vapor pressure specification or increase the API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity excessively. Petroleum-based crude oil, therefore, typically includes C5+ hydrocarbons, with an amount of butane that will not cause the crude oil to exceed the vapor pressure specification. Propane and lighter hydrocarbons are avoided because of their volatility.
The volatility of crude oil in commercial tankers is typically limited to about 9 psia (pounds per square inch absolute) when measured at the shipping temperature. International maritime regulations limit the maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of crude oil carried aboard conventional tankers to "below atmospheric pressure" (i.e., less than 14.7 psia). These same regulations limit the closed cup flash point "not to exceed 60� C." (Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), Chapter 22, Regulation 55.1). A practical operational limit is a True Vapor Pressure, not Reid Vapor Pressure, of about 9-10 psia for conventional tankers. A True Vapor Pressure higher than approximately 10 or 11 psia during pumping will make it difficult, if not impossible, to fully discharge the tanker's cargo tanks, although the actual pumping performance will depend on the particular ship. Receiving shoreside terminals commonly have a maximum True Vapor Pressure limit of 11 psia, based on the maximum capability of floating roof storage tanks.
Waxy crude oils typically do not contain significant quantities of volatile components and can be shipped at temperatures up to around 160� F. without exceeding the maximum vapor pressure. Slack waxes from petroleum deoiling and dewaxing operations can also be shipped by tanker in a molten state. These waxes include mostly high molecular weight hydrocarbons and do not typically include significant amounts of volatile light components that would cause problems with excessive vapor pressure when the waxes are molten. Accordingly, a preferred method for transporting such waxes is in the molten state.
Like crude oil, natural gas is often obtained at locations far from where it is ultimately converted. It is often more commercially feasible to convert the natural gas into higher molecular weight hydrocarbons at remote locations than to transport the natural gas to another location for conversion. Many processes, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, can be used to convert methane into higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis involves the initial conversion of methane into synthesis gas or "syngas," and the subsequent conversion of syngas into higher molecular weight products. Because it is desirable to limit the amount of processing equipment at remote locations, the Fischer-Tropsch products may be hydroprocessed at commercial refineries far from where the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is performed.
The products of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are mostly linear hydrocarbons that often include high melting point wax. A C5+ product stream, commonly referred to as "syncrude," can be isolated. At the Mossgas facility in South Africa and the Shell facility in Malaysia, both developed sites with low to moderate capital costs, methane is converted into syncrude, which is refined at the site into finished salable products. When capital costs at remote sites are high, the syncrude could also be transported to commercial refineries for hydroprocessing, for example by hydrocracking, hydroisomerization and hydrotreatment, to produce products with desired properties. This minimizes the construction of expensive facilities at remote sites.
Methods for transporting Fischer-Tropsch derived syncrude from a remote site to a commercial refinery are known in the art. One approach has been to isolate a C20-36 syncrude and ship this composition as a solid. A limitation of this approach is that it is difficult and expensive to transport solids, because such transportation requires expensive forming, loading and unloading facilities.
Another approach involves transporting the syncrude as a molten wax. This transportation method does not require the forming, loading and unloading facilities needed to transport solids or the dewaxing facilities needed to convert the syncrude into a product that is liquid at room temperature. However, Fischer-Tropsch products include a sufficient quantity of volatile hydrocarbons that would cause the products to exceed the vapor pressure specifications if the syncrude were shipped at a temperature at which the syncrude is molten.
Other approaches have focused on transporting syncrude, or syncrude that has been partially refined to convert some of the linear hydrocarbons into isoparaffins and thus generate syncrude that is liquid, at near ambient temperature. One approach to transporting syncrude in the liquid state involves partially dewaxing the syncrude to form a pumpable liquid (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,989). However, this dewaxing may require the construction of facilities that are expensive and difficult to operate in remote locations.
There exists demand for salable products, such as gasoline, distillate fuels, solvents, lubricants, etc., both at the remote sites where natural gas is converted into syncrude and in their surrounding communities. Fischer-Tropsch syncrude will be waxy and will also contain volatile components, complicating the shipping of both Fischer-Tropsch products from remote production sites to developed sites and salable products from developed sites to remote sites.
It would be advantageous to provide a safe and efficient method for manufacturing and transporting Fischer-Tropsch syncrude in the liquid state without requiring dexwaxing conditions and without exceeding the vapor pressure specifications in the transportation method from remote production sites to developed sites and supplying salable products from developed sites to remote sites. The present invention provides such a process.
A novel transportable Fischer-Tropsch liquid syncrude and a safe and efficient method to manufacture and transport the product from a remote production site to a developed site and to supply salable products from the developed site to the remote site are disclosed.
The novel Fischer-Tropsch liquid syncrude, which may be produced at a remote site, differs from conventional Fischer-Tropsch liquid syncrude that contains both volatile and waxy components wherein the mixture has a true vapor pressure in excess of about 15 psia when measured at the transportation temperature.
The method of the invention involves converting a light hydrocarbon feedstock into syngas, converting the syngas into syncrude via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and separating the Fischer-Tropsch liquid syncrude into at least one waxy fraction, with a pour point in excess of 20� C., and at least one non-waxy fraction. The fractions have true vapor pressures of less than about 15 psia, preferably less than 11 psia, when measured at their transportation temperature and contain greater than 60%, preferably greater than 75%, linear hydrocarbons by weight. At least two of the fractions, including at least one non-waxy fraction, are supplied to a vessel in substantially liquid form, wherein they are separately transported to a developed site where they are unloaded.
A C1-2 fraction can also be isolated from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and recycled upstream of syngas generation, flared, used to produce hydrogen, and/or used for fuel. A C3-enriched fraction, including more than 5% by weight C3, preferably more than 20% by weight C3, and most preferably more than 40% by weight C3, can also be obtained. This fraction can be recycled upstream of syngas generation, flared, used for fuel, transported in pressurized tankers, and/or transported in refrigerated tankers.
In a preferred process and business method embodiment, petroleum products such as crude oil can be blended with one or more of the transportable Fischer-Tropsch products, so long as the resulting blended composition has a true vapor pressure of less than about 15 psia, preferably less than 11 psia, when measured at its transportation. The resulting composition preferably has a pour point in excess of 20� C. The blending of fractions can occur at any site: the remote Fischer-Tropsch site, a lube manufacturing site, a distillate refinery site, or another location.
The products can be transported using any commonly used means of transportation, including marine tankers, rail cars, pipelines, trucks, barges and combinations thereof. A preferred means of transportation is a marine tanker. Whether transported by marine tanker, rail, truck, and/or barge, each transportable product is transported either in a separate marine tanker, rail, truck, or barge, or in a separate zone, isolated by internal partitions, for each transportable product within the same marine tanker, rail, truck, or barge.
After unloading the separate fractions at the developed site, at least one vessel or portion of a vessel that contained a non-waxy component is filled with at least one salable product. The vessel is then returned to the remote site, and the salable product is unloaded.
The present invention resolves the complications involved in shipping both Fischer-Tropsch products from remote production sites to developed sites and salable products from developed sites to remote sites posed by the fact that Fischer-Tropsch syncrude will be waxy and will also contain volatile components.
The following definitions will be helpful in understanding the compositions and methods described herein.
Ambient temperature: 20� C.
Boiling Range: This term refers to the 0.5 and 99.5 weight percent points as measured by ASTM (American Standard For Testing and Materials) D-2887.
Diesel fuel: A material suitable for use in diesel engines and conforming to the current version of at least one of the following specifications:
ASTM D-975, "Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils"
European Grade CEN 90
Japanese Fuel Standards JIS K 2204
The United States National Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM) 1997 guidelines for premium diesel fuel
The United States Engine Manufacturers Association recommended guideline for premium diesel fuel (FQP-1A)
Distillate fuel: A material containing hydrocarbons with boiling points between about 60 and 1100� F. The term "distillate" means that typical fuels of this type can be generated from vapor overhead streams of petroleum crude distillation. In contrast, residual fuels cannot be generated from vapor overhead streams of petroleum crude distillation, and are a non-vaporizable remaining portion. Within the broad category of distillate fuels are specific fuels that include: naphtha, jet fuel, diesel fuel, kerosene, aviation gasoline, fuel oil, and blends thereof.
Fully refined wax: Fully refined wax meets FDA (Food and Drug Administration) food grade requirements as defined in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Sections 178.3710 and 172.886. Fully refined waxes have very low odor (ASTM D-1833), oil content less than 0.5% (ASTM D-721), and a Saybolt color of +25 to +30 (ASTM D-156).
Gasoline: A material suitable for use in spark-ignition internal-combustion engines for automobiles and light trucks (motor gasoline) and piston engine aircrafts (aviation gasoline) meeting the current version of at least one of the following specifications:
ASTM D-4814 for motor gasoline
European Standard EN 228 for motor gasoline
Japanese Standard JIS K2202 for motor gasoline
ASTM D-910 for aviation gasoline
ASTM D-6227, "Standard Specification for Grade 82 Unleaded Aviation Gasoline"
UK Ministry of Defence Standard 91-90/Issue 1 (DERD 2485), GASOLINE, AVIATION: GRADES 80/87, 100/130 and 100/130 LOW LEAD
Hydrocarbonaceous product: Any product containing hydrogen and carbon atoms, and may also contain heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and the like.
Hydroprocessing: A process wherein a hydrocarbonaceous product is contacted with hydrogen over a catalyst at pressures greater than atmospheric. Examples include hydrotreating, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, and hydrodewaxing.
Hydrotreating: A process for removing impurities, such as elemental sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen or compounds containing, sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen, from a hydrocarbonaceous product mixture. Typical hydrotreating conditions vary over a wide range. In general, the overall LHSV (liquid hourly space velocity) is about 0.25 to 2.0, preferably about 0.5 to 1.0. The hydrogen partial pressure is greater than 200 psia, preferably ranging from about 500 psia to about 2000 psia. Hydrogen recirculation rates are typically greater than 50 SCF/Bbl, and are preferably between 1000 and 5000 SCF/Bbl. Temperatures range from about 300� F. to about 750� F., preferably ranging from 450� F. to 600� F.
Jet fuel: A material suitable for use in turbine engines for aircrafts or other uses meeting the current version of at least one of the following specifications:
International Air Transportation Association (IATA) "Guidance Material for Aviation Turbine Fuels Specifications," 4th edition, March 2000
United States Military Jet fuel specifications MIL-DTL-5624 (for JP-4 and JP-5) and MIL DTL-83133 (for JP-8)
Light hydrocarbon feedstock: These feedstocks can include methane, ethane, propane, butane and mixtures thereof. In addition, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ethylene, propylene and butene may be present.
Linear hydrocarbon: The class of compounds including linear paraffins, linear olefins (internal and alpha), linear alcohols and linear acids. Members of this class of compounds above C20, either singly or in mixtures, are typically solid or waxy at ambient temperature. Liquid linear hydrocarbons can be analyzed by gas chromatography. The concentration of linear hydrocarbons that are solids at room temperature can be determined by a solvent dewaxing method. An acceptable method involves the following: a 300-g portion of sample is dissolved in 1200 ml of 1:1 toluene-MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) solvent. Heating may be necessary to achieve complete dissolution. The solution is then cooled overnight at −15 to −20� F. to crystallize the wax. The wax crystals formed are filtered and recovered. The filtrate is vacuum distilled to separate the toluene-MEK solvent from the dewaxed oil. Occluded solvent in the wax is removed by heating the wax on a hot plate with nitrogen blowing on the surface. The weights of the recovered oil and wax are divided by the original sample weight to obtain the percent oil and percent wax.
Liquid form: This term means that at least a portion of the product is liquid, while the remainder can be solid. The portion that is liquid is at least 10%, preferably more than 25%, and most preferably more than 50%. Substantially liquid form means that at least 50%, preferably more than 75%, and most preferably more than 90%, of the product is liquid, while the remainder can be solid. It is within the scope of the methods described herein that waxy products will be completely liquid or at least a pumpable slurry upon initial loading in a transportation vessel and upon unloading the vessel. However, at least a portion may become solid during transportation as the product cools. This solid can easily be melted at the receiving end using, for example, steam heaters. However, it is most preferable that the compositions are pumpable when loaded and unloaded, and that the product does not become completely solid during transportation.
Lube base oil and lube base stock: Materials meeting the current version of the definition in API 1509.
Marine Tanker: A ship used for transporting hydrocarbons, typically, but not limited to, crude oil and refined products.
Naphtha: A light hydrocarbon fraction used in the production of gasoline, solvents and as a feedstock for ethylene production that meets at least one of the following descriptions:
ASTM D-3735, especially section on regular naphtha
Description of Naphtha in U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,834
Non-waxy: Defined by a pour point of below about 20� C. At ambient temperature or higher, will contain substantially no solid.
Paraffin: A hydrocarbon with the formula CnH2n+2.
Olefin: A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Oxygenate: A hydrocarbonaceous compound that includes at least one oxygen atom.
Remote site: A location away from a refinery or market that may have a higher cost of construction than the cost of construction at the refinery or market. In quantitative terms, the distance of transportation between the remote site and the refinery or market is at least 100 miles, preferably more than 500 miles, and most preferably more than 1000 miles.
Separately transported: This term means that at least two components are transported in separate vessels or in the same vessel with internal partitions. The vessels can include marine tankers, rail cars, pipelines, trucks, barges and the like. Thus, this may involve shipping at least two components in separate marine tankers, separate rail cars, separate pipelines, separate trucks, or separate barges. It might also involve shipping the two components by different vessels or shipping in the same marine tankers, rail cars, pipelines, trucks, or barges, but with partitions to keep the components physically separate.
Syncrude: A mixture derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process that does not meet all specifications for a finished salable product such as jet fuel, diesel fuel, lube base stock, fully refined wax, gasoline and the like, without further processing.
Transportation method: The transportation method can vary, but preferably involves using a closed vessel with no significant exposure to air during transportation. At the temperature at which the compositions are transported, the pressure inside the vessel should not exceed about 15 psia.
Transportation temperature: For materials that are fluid at ambient temperature or below, the transportation temperature is 20� C. For materials that are solid at ambient temperature, the transportation temperature is 5� C. above the pour point, preferably 10� C. above the pour point, and most preferably 20� C. above the pour point as measured by ASTM D-97.
True Vapor Pressure: A pressure expressed in psia at a defined temperature, e.g., the transportation temperature. This pressure can be measured by a number of techniques, the choice of which depends on the properties of the fraction, such as its boiling range. The suitable methods include ASTM D-2889; ASTM D-5482; ASTM D-323; ASTM D-6377-99; ASTM E-1194-87; Engineering Data Book, Vol. I, Sections 1-16 by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association, 1994; Jentoft, R. E., Carlstrom, A. A., and Gouw, T. H., Analytical Chemistry, "Rapid Determination of the Vapor Pressure of Lubricating Oils and Hydraulic Fluids," 40, 1014 (1968); and the like. The true vapor pressure can also be calculated from an ASTM D-2887 distillation by converting the weight distribution into mole percent assuming a uniform UOPK (UOP characterization factor) for all fractions, estimating Antoine constants, and using Raoult's Law. The calculated pressures should be calibrated with measured values that are in excess of 1 psia. The preferred method for measuring the true vapor pressure for samples that have pour points in excess of 20� C. is the method of Jentoft et al.
Waxy: Defined by a pour point above or in excess of about 20� C. At ambient temperature, at least a portion may be solid.
The method of the invention involves converting a light hydrocarbon feedstock such as natural gas into syngas, converting the syngas into syncrude via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and separating the novel Fischer-Tropsch liquid syncrude into at least one waxy fraction and at least one non-waxy fraction. The fractions have true vapor pressures of less than about 15 psia, preferably less than 11 psia, when measured at their transportation temperature and contain greater than 60%, preferably greater than 75%, linear hydrocarbons by weight. The waxy fraction has a pour point in excess of 20� C., more preferably in excess of 40� C., and most preferably in excess of 60� C. It is this waxy fraction component that has created unsafe transportation conditions unless the aspect of the invention separating the syncrude into waxy and non-waxy fractions is used. At least two of the fractions, including at least one non-waxy fraction, are supplied to a vessel in substantially liquid form, wherein they are separately transported to a developed site where they are unloaded.
Natural gas is an example of a light hydrocarbon feedstock. In addition to methane, natural gas includes some heavier hydrocarbons, mostly C2-5 paraffins, and other impurities, e.g., mercaptans and other sulfur-containing compounds, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, water and non-hydrocarbon acid gases. Natural gas fields also typically contain a significant amount of C5+ material that is liquid at ambient conditions.
The methane, and optionally ethane and/or other hydrocarbons, can be isolated and used to generate syngas. The methane in the natural gas can be isolated, for example in a demethanizer, and then de-sulfurized and sent to a syngas generator. The C2+ products can then be separated, for example in a deethanizer, to provide ethane and a C3+ product stream. Propane, n-butane and iso-butane can be isolated, for example in a turbo-expander, with the propane and butanes separated using a depropanizer. Various other impurities can also be readily separated. Inert impurities such as nitrogen and helium can be tolerated.
Methane, and/or ethane and heavier hydrocarbons, can be sent through a conventional syngas generator to produce syngas. Typically, syngas contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and may include minor amounts of carbon dioxide, water, unconverted light hydrocarbon feedstock and various other impurities. The presence of sulfur, nitrogen, halogen, selenium, phosphorus and arsenic contaminants in the syngas is undesirable. For this reason, it is preferable to remove sulfur and other contaminants from the feed before performing the Fischer-Tropsch chemistry or other hydrocarbon synthesis. Means for removing these contaminants are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, ZnO guardbeds are preferred for removing sulfur impurities. Means for removing other contaminants are well known to those of skill in the art.
The Fischer-Tropsch reaction may be effected in a fixed bed, in a slurry bed, or in a fluidized bed reactor. The Fischer-Tropsch reaction conditions include using a reaction temperature between 190� C. and 340� C., with the actual reaction temperature being largely determined by the reactor configuration. Thus, when a fluidized bed reactor is used, the reaction temperature is preferably between 300� C. and 340� C.; when a fixed bed reactor is used, the reaction temperature is preferably between 200� C. and 250� C.; and when a slurry bed reactor is used, the reaction temperature is preferably between 190� C. and 270� C.
An inlet syngas pressure to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor of between 1 and 50 bar, preferably between 15 and 50 bar, may be used. The syngas may have a H2:CO molar ratio in the fresh feed of 1.5:1 to 2.5:1, preferably 1.8:1 to 2.2:1. The syngas typically includes 0.1 wppm (parts per million by weight) of sulfur or less. A gas recycle may optionally be employed to the reaction stage, and the ratio of the gas recycle rate to the fresh syngas feed rate, on a molar basis, may then be between 1:1 and 3:1, preferably between 1.5:1 and 2.5:1. A space velocity in m3(kg catalyst)−1hour−1 of 1 to 20, preferably 8 to 12, may be used in the reaction stage.
In principle, an iron-based, cobalt-based, or iron/cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst can be used in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction stage. The iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst may include iron and/or iron oxides that have been precipitated or fused. However, iron and/or iron oxides that have been sintered, cemented, or impregnated onto a suitable support can also be used. The iron should be reduced to metallic Fe before the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The iron-based catalyst may contain various levels of promoters, the role of which may be to alter one or more of the activity, stability and selectivity of the final catalyst.
Preferred promoters that influence the surface area of the reduced iron, "structural promoters," include oxides or metals of Mn, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ca, Si, Al, Cu, or combinations thereof.
The products from Fischer-Tropsch reactions performed in slurry bed reactors generally include a gaseous reaction product and a liquid reaction product. The gaseous reaction product includes hydrocarbons boiling below about 650� F. (e.g., tail gases through middle distillates). The liquid reaction product includes hydrocarbons boiling above about 650� F. (e.g., vacuum gas oil through heavy paraffins). The products from Fischer-Tropsch reactions performed in high temperature Fischer-Tropsch reactors are generally gaseous products that can form a liquid product when a portion of the gaseous product condenses. In one embodiment, the non-waxy fraction used in the process of the invention is derived by condensing the vapor effluent from a slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch reactor and has a boiling range from about 50 to 600� F. as measured by ASTM D-2887. In a further embodiment, the above described non-waxy fraction is blended with a slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch reactor product boiling in the range between 200 to 1100� F. as measured by ASTM D-2887 in an amount sufficient such that the mixture is liquid at 20� C.
The hydrocarbonaceous reaction product boiling below about 650� F. can be separated into a tail gas fraction and a condensate fraction, i.e., about C5 to C20 normal paraffins and higher boiling hydrocarbons, using, for example, a high pressure and/or lower temperature vapor-liquid separator, low pressure separators, or a combination of separators. The hydrocarbonaceous reaction product boiling above about 650� F. primarily contains C20 to C50 linear paraffins with relatively small amounts of higher boiling branched paraffins.
If a C5+ fraction is isolated from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis performed under conditions that favor formation of wax and heavy products, rather than methane and light (C3-8) products, the fraction is likely to be solid at room temperature. In the methods described herein, the C5+ fraction is transported in molten form. However, at the temperature at which the fraction is molten, lighter hydrocarbons (roughly between about C5 and C14-20) are volatile. If the light and heavy hydrocarbons are transported together in a sealed container in the molten state, the resulting pressure would exceed the specifications for most methods of transportation. This problem is overcome by removing volatile hydrocarbons that would raise the pressure above about 15 psia, more preferably above 11 psia, at the transportation temperature. As a result, in one embodiment the waxy fraction of the invention has a true vapor pressure that is greater than that of molten wax but less than about 15 psia when measured at its transportation temperature and a pour point in excess of 40� C. In a further embodiment, the above described waxy fraction contains greater than 75% linear hydrocarbons by weight and has a true vapor pressure between 0.03 and 4 psia when measured at its transportation temperature.
A C1-2 fraction can also be isolated from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and recycled upstream of syngas generation, flared, used to produce hydrogen and/or used for fuel. A C3-enriched fraction, including more than 5% by weight C3, preferably more than 20% by weight C3, and most preferably more than 40% by weight C3, can also be obtained. This fraction can be recycled upstream of syngas generation, flared, used for fuel, transported in pressurized tankers, and/or transported in refrigerated tankers.
An LPG (liquified petroleum gas) fraction can also be isolated. The LPG fractions preferably include mostly C3-5 hydrocarbons, and preferably include mostly propane, n-butane and iso-butane. They may also contain small amounts of pentanes and less preferably, C3-5 olefins. In a preferred embodiment, the LPG fraction is primarily a propane-rich and/or butane-rich product stream, as such streams are known in the art, and is suitable for all possible end uses, for example, as an alternative fuel source for automobiles. Most preferably, the composition falls within the stringent specifications for LPG product streams in conventional LPG fuel use and alternative fuel use. The LPG fraction may include an appreciable amount of olefins and/or oxygenates, which may be hydrotreated to form paraffins. In a preferred LPG product, the amount of ethane is less than about five percent by volume of the mixture, propylene less than about one percent by volume of propane, and butylene less than about one percent by volume of butane. C5+ hydrocarbons are preferably less than about twenty five percent by volume of the mixture. The sulfur content is preferably less than about 150 ppm (parts per million).
The LPG fraction can be transported at a temperature at which the volatility does not exceed commercial specifications (i.e., less than about 15 psia, preferably less than 11 psia). LPG generally has a pressure of about 120 psia at ambient temperatures, so it must be cooled when shipped to meet such specifications unless it is shipped under pressure in commercial transportation means that do not have such specifications.
In one embodiment, individual propane and butane streams are isolated rather than LPG. This can be accomplished, for example, by passing a mixture including C1-4 hydrocarbons through a demethanizer, deethanizer and depropanizer. The first fractions collected from the cooling of the gaseous reaction product from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis tend to have higher average molecular weights than subsequent fractions. A C14-20 fraction can be isolated and combined with the liquid reaction products to form a C14+ syncrude. A C14-20 fraction can also be obtained by removing the C5-13 hydrocarbons from the C14+ products by distillation after the middle distillate fraction is collected.
The vapor pressure of the composition can be measured at the transportation temperature using techniques well known to those in the art. If the vapor pressure of the composition exceeds specifications at the transportation temperature, lower boiling hydrocarbons can be removed from the composition, for example via vacuum distillation or other suitable means known to those of skill in the art.
A C5 to C14-20 fraction can also be obtained and shipped at a temperature at which the volatility does not exceed commercial specifications. The C5 to C14-20 fraction can be transported at temperatures around and above ambient, although generally, temperatures in excess of 200� C., and more preferably 100� C., should be avoided. If the material is liquid or at least a pumpable slurry at or around ambient temperature, temperatures around ambient temperature are preferred.
The fractions described above can optionally be combined with hydrocarbons from other streams, although such hydrocarbons should not elevate the pressure of the composition above about 15 psia at the transportation temperature. For example, an LPG can be mixed with an LPG obtained from a natural gas field. A C5 to C14-20 fraction can be combined with a similar fraction obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil. Syncrude can be combined with waxy crude oils, crude oils and/or slack waxes from petroleum deoiling and dewaxing operations.
By way of example, the vapor pressure of two commercial low molecular weight waxy foots oils derived from petroleum processing were determined by use of the procedures described by Jentoft et al. These oils are typically stored and shippped at 180� F. The first foots oil (142 Foots Oil) was a product from the manufacture of a 140� F. melting point wax. The second (Cut 1A) was a distilled product, lighter than the lowest melting point wax produced, a 126� F. melting point wax. Thus, 142 Foots Oil represents a typical mid-range waxy product and Cut 1A represents the lightest and most volatile product expected in current commercial transportation of waxy petroleum oils and waxes. The true vapor pressure results (in psia) for these samples are shown below:
Temperature of
Measurement, � F.
142 Foots Oil
Cut 1A
Since commercial shipping temperatures for wax never exceed 300� F., and rarely exceed 200� F., the maximum true vapor pressure for transportation of molten wax products of this type is at most 0.03 psia (corresponding to Cut 1A). It is not necessary to prepare and ship syncrude blends with this very low true vapor pressure because higher pressures are within acceptable limits and can be used to effectively transport more product, e.g., the more volatile components, in a common compartment. As a result, blends with pressures between 0.03 and 4 psia will maximize the amount of blended product while maintaining acceptable pressures.
In particularly preferred embodiments, syncrude blends having pour points of about 80� C. which are shipped at temperatures greater than 20� C., e.g., shipped at 100� C., will have true vapor pressures of less than 3.8 psia to minimize cargo loss and enhance safety. Petroleum products such as crude oil can be blended with one or more of the transportable Fischer-Tropsch products, so long as the resulting blended composition meets the required specifications. Of course, selecting blends with even lower vapor pressures further enhances safety and minimizes cargo loss. Selecting the lowest possible shipping temperatures and pressures less than 1 psia for blends with pour points in excess of 20� C. is most desirable.
Streams that may be shipped using the present process include an emulsion comprising a Fischer-Tropsch product and a second phase. The second phase is preferably selected from the group consisting of water and methanol. Water that may be included in the emulsion may be derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process. By way of example, the water may be derived from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction as a by-product or from the cooing water. The emulsion may further include additional materials, which may, for example, maintain the integrity of the emulsion. By way of example, one or more surfactant materials, which are known in the art, are a suitable example of such an additional material.
The products can be transported using any commonly used means of transportation, including marine tankers, rail cars, pipelines, trucks, barges and combinations thereof. A preferred means of transportation is a marine tanker. Whether transported by marine tanker, rail, truck, and/or barge, each transportable product is transported either in a separate marine tanker, rail, truck, or barge, or in a separate zone, isolated by internal partitions, for each transportable product within the same marine tanker, rail, truck, or barge. Each zone within a means of transportation or each separate means of transportation should have the ability to control the temperature such that each product can meet the desired pressure specifications. Accordingly, the means of transportation should be able to either cool any LPG fractions that are transported, or alternatively, be able to safely handle elevated pressures, maintain any C5 to C14-20 fractions at or around room temperature and maintain the syncrude at a temperature at which it is molten, at least while the product is being pumped into or out of the transportation means. This temperature is generally at least 5� C. above the pour point, preferably 10� C. above the pour point, but in any event, no more than 250� C., more preferably less than 200� C., and most preferably less than 150� C.
After unloading the separate fractions at the developed site, at least one vessel or portion of a vessel that contained a non-waxy component is filled with at least one salable product. Salable products will become unacceptable if they are allowed to come in contact with waxy syncrudes, such as those from a Fischer-Tropsch process. To produce a Fischer-Tropsch syncrude at a remote site, ship it safely, and supply salable products to a remote site requires a special procedure. The shipping of the salable product in the portion of the vessel that carried the non-waxy components on the inbound route avoids the contamination that would otherwise occur. The vessel is then returned to the remote site, and the salable product is unloaded.
While Fischer-Tropsch syncrude contains fewer heteroatom contaminants, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals, than does crude oil, the non-waxy fraction of the Fischer-Tropsch syncrude will contain traces of oxygenates (alcohols and small amounts of acids) along with olefins. The non-waxy components may also contain material that is excessively volatile in comparison to the acceptable product flash point specifications. Care can be taken to minimize the contamination of the salable product by the non-waxy component by designing and using transportation vessels that can be emptied substantially completely, flushing the transportation vessel(s) or portion(s) thereof which contained the non-waxy fraction(s) with a solvent that can be a sacrificial portion of the salable product, and/or cleaning the transportation vessel(s) or portion(s) thereof which contained the non-waxy fraction(s) with steam.
However, if the salable product does become contaminated, it can be de-contaminated by adsorbing the oxygenates and olefins using an adsorbent such as alumina, hydrotreating the product to remove oxygenates and olefins, extracting the product with a solvent to remove oxygenates and olefins, or stripping volatile contaminants in a distillation column, optionally with added steam.
It should also be recognized that at least one more site may be used in this approach. For example, the Fischer-Tropsch syncrude could be produced at one remote site and shipped to a developed site where the syncrude is unloaded and then the vessel loaded with salable product. The vessel could then go to at least one other remote site to supply at least a portion of the salable product, and then continue back to the first remote site.
Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
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|Method for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons
|Apr 21, 2000
|Sep 25, 2001
|Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company
|Fischer-Tropsch wax and hydrocarbon mixtures for transport (law938)
|Jentoft, R.E., et al., Rapid Determination of the Vapor Pressure of Lubricating Oils and Hydraulic Fluids, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 40, No. 6, 1968, pp. 1014-1015, American Chemical Society.
|U.S. Patent application No. 09/708,068, Dennis J. O'Rear, et al., Method for Transporting Fischer-Tropsch Products, filed on Nov. 8, 2001, attorney docket No. 005950-631.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 19, 2003
|Aug 8, 2006
|Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|Use of waste nitrogen from air separation units for blanketing cargo and ballast tanks
|Apr 11, 2006
|Nov 23, 2010
|Shell Oil Company
|Process to blend a mineral and a Fischer-Tropsch derived product onboard a marine vessel
|Dec 29, 2008
|May 31, 2011
|Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|Fischer-Tropsch wax composition and method of transport
|Dec 21, 2010
|Jun 17, 2014
|Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|Process and system for blending synthetic and natural crude oils derived from offshore produced fluids
|Apr 9, 2009
|Oct 21, 2014
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Monetizing remote gas using high energy materials
|Jun 19, 2003
|Dec 23, 2004
|O'rear Dennis J.
|Use of waste nitrogen from air separation units for blanketing cargo and ballast tanks
|Aug 6, 2004
|Feb 24, 2005
|Syntroleum Corporation
|Gas-to-liquid process
|Nov 22, 2004
|May 19, 2005
|Tomlinson H. L.
|Movable gas-to-liquid system and process
|Feb 14, 2006
|Aug 24, 2006
|Tomlinson H L
|Movable gas-to-liquid system and process
|Jun 30, 2006
|Nov 2, 2006
|Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|Use of waste nitrogen from air separation units for blanketing cargo and ballast tanks
|Jun 30, 2006
|Nov 2, 2006
|Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|Use of waste nitrogen from air separation units for blanketing cargo and ballast tanks
|Sep 21, 2006
|Jun 14, 2007
|Claire Ansell
|Process to blend a mineral derived hydrocarbon product and a fischer-tropsch derived hydrocarbon product
|Apr 27, 2007
|Nov 1, 2007
|Syntroleum Corporation
|Method of delivery, replacement, and removal of fischer-tropsch catalyst
|Apr 11, 2006
|Apr 9, 2009
|Claire Ansell
|Process to Blend a Mineral and a Fischer-Tropsch Derived Product Onboard a Marine Vessel
|Dec 29, 2008
|Jul 9, 2009
|Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|Fischer-Tropsch Wax Composition and Method of Transport
|Apr 9, 2009
|Mar 10, 2011
|Kelley Bruce T
|Monetizing Remote Gas Using High Energy Materials
|Jun 16, 2004
|Jun 17, 2009
|Use of waste nitrogen from air separation units for blanketing cargo and ballast tanks
|Jun 16, 2004
|Dec 29, 2004
|Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
|Use of waste nitrogen form air separation units for blanketing cargo and ballast tanks
|Jun 16, 2004
|Nov 10, 2005
|Chevron Usa Inc
|Use of waste nitrogen form air separation units for blanketing cargo and ballast tanks
|U.S. Classification
|518/700, 208/133, 585/1, 518/702, 585/899
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 18, 2002
Owner name: CHEVRON U.S.A. INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:O REAR, DENNIS J.;BUETZOW, MARK R.;REEL/FRAME:012716/0705
Effective date: 20020311
|Sep 26, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 22, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 24, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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