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The relationship between career competencies, career identity, motivation and quality of choice
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DOI: 10.1007/s10775-012-9237-4
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- Meijers, F., Kuijpers, M. & Gundy, C. Int J Educ Vocat Guidance (2013) 13: 47. doi:10.1007/s10775-012-9237-4
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In this article we focus on the effects of career education and guidance among students (ages 12–19) enrolled in prevocational and secondary vocational education in The Netherlands. Our study included 3,499 students and 166 teachers in 226 classes in 34 schools. The results showed that career competencies positively contributed to learning motivation, experienced quality of study choice, experienced fit of choice with learning tasks, and experienced fit of internship. Career identity positively contributed to career outcomes, and career dialogue contributed more than traditional interventions have with respect to career outcomes.
KeywordsCareer guidanceOutcome effectsVocational education
La relation entre les compétences professionnelles, l'identité professionnelle, la motivation et la qualité des choix. Dans cet article, nous nous concentrons sur les effets de l'éducation en orientation et du conseil en orientation professionnelle sur des étudiants (âgés de 12 à 19 ans) inscrits en formation préprofessionnelle et professionnelle aux Pays-Bas. Notre étude a porté sur 3499 élèves et 166 enseignants dans 226 classes et 34 écoles. Les résultats montrent que les compétences professionnelles contribuent positivement à la motivation à l'apprentissage, la qualité de l'expérience du choix d'études, la qualité vécue de l'ajustement du choix aux tâches d'apprentissage et l'ajustement vécu à la pratique. L'identité professionnelle contribue positivement aux résultats en lien avec la carrière, et le dialogue de carrière contribue plus aux résultats en lien avec la carrière que ne le font les interventions traditionnelles.
Die Beziehungzwischen Karriere Kompetenzen, beruflicher Identität, Motivation und Qualität der Wahl. In diesem Artikel konzentrieren wir uns auf die Auswirkungen der Berufsorientierung und Beratung unter Schülern (Alter 12-19) eingeschrieben in berufsvorbereitenden und berufsbildenden weiterführenden Schulen in den Niederlanden. Unsere Studie umfasste 166 Lehrer und 3499 Schüler in 226 Klassen in 34 Schulen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Karriere Kompetenzen einen positiven Beitrag leisteten zur Lernmotivation, der Qualität der Studienwahl, der empfundenen Passung der Wahl mit Lernaufgaben und der empfundenen Passung des Praktikums. Karriere Identität hatte positive Karriere-Effekte und Gespräche über Karriere trugen im Hinblick auf Effekte mehr bei als traditionelle Interventionen.
La relación entre las competencias profesionales, la identidad profesional, la motivación y la calidad de la elección. En este artículo nos centramos en los efectos de la educación y orientación profesional de los estudiantes (entre 12 y 19 años) matriculados en preorientación y educación profesional en secundaria en los Países Bajos. Nuestro estudio incluyó a 3499 estudiantes y 166 profesores en 226 clases de 34 escuelas. Los resultados mostraron que las competencias profesionales contribuyen positivamente a la motivación por aprender, la calidad de la experiencia del estudio elegido, experimentaron el ajuste de la elección con las tareas de aprendizaje y las prácticas. La identidad profesional contribuyó positivamente a los resultados de la trayectoria profesional, y el diálogo de esta trayectoria contribuyó más que las intervenciones tradicionales con respecto a los resultados de la carrera profesional.
Since the 1980s, the range of possible occupational and educational choices has increased dramatically in Western societies (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2004). As a result, individuals are faced with a growing pressure to make choices, while at the same time, and due to flexibilisation of employment relationships (Arthur, Inkson, & Pringle, 1999) and individualisation within society (Beck, 1994), less and less direction is provided (demonstrated, for example, by the unpredictability of careers; cf. Arthur, Khapova, & Wilderom, 2005). The individual is expected to demonstrate more self-directedness both on the labour market (Kuijpers & Scheerens, 2006; Savickas, 2000) and in society as a whole (Giddens, 1991). In addition, the personalities of employees in a service economy are becoming an increasingly important production factor (Hochschild, 1983; Sennett, 1998).
As a result of the shifting economy and changing notions of work (Krumboltz & Worthington, 1999; Savickas, 2000; Savickas, Van Esbroeck, & Herr, 2005) schools are increasingly acknowledging that they have a strong responsibility to guide students not only in their academic growth, but also in their career development (Gysbers & Henderson, 2005; Jarvis & Keeley, 2003; Mittendorff, 2010). Although in Western societies employers expect new employees to have more knowledge, more skills and—moreover—that they will be more intrinsically motivated than three decades ago (Bailey, Hughes, & Moore, 2004), Dutch vocational education does not fulfil these promises. There are serious doubts about the level of knowledge and skills students have. Several studies seem to indicate that a majority of students are not intrinsically motivated when they enter school (Holt, 1995; Light, 2001; Prawat, 1998; Tinto, 1993, 2000; Zijlstra & Meijers, 2006). Moreover, the majority of Dutch students is—at least in the first 2 years of their study—uncertain about their career choice, leading to a high drop-out rate (Dieleman & Meijers, 2005). Most students fail to develop a clear career wish during their time in school, leading to rather random educational choices and a subsequent 30 to 50 % drop-out rate (Eurostat, 2008; National Center for Education Statistics, 2001).
Policy makers as well as school managers believe that intensive career education and guidance will reduce dropout rates (Company, 2009). In 2001, a committee installed by the Dutch Minister of Education stated that intensive career education and guidance will result in more intrinsically motivated students because it will help students develop a career identity (Geurts & Meijers, 2009). A career identity is defined as the commitment a person has towards specific occupational activities or a specific career (Wijers & Meijers, 1996). A well-developed career identity will result, the committee argued, in less dropout, better or more stable educational choices and "qualification gains" (i.e. an increase in students who successfully complete secondary or tertiary vocational education). However, as yet, there is little evidence that these proposed investments in careers education and guidance will truly result in more commitment towards work and therefore in less dropout, better choices, and qualification gains.
The effects of education-based career development
In Western nations, career guidance in education is still primarily based on the trait-and-factor approach (Irving & Malik, 2005; Watts & Sultana, 2004). In this approach, focus is placed on achieving the best possible match between the skills of an individual and the "right" education, training or job opportunities. Many scholars, however, have argued that there is little research supporting the trait-and-factor approach as a viable way of fostering career development; especially its usefulness in fluid labour market conditions has been questioned, since matching assumes a degree of stability (Krumboltz & Worthington, 1999). Career paths have become unpredictable; therefore, it is no longer possible to make career choices in a purely rational and information-based way (Guindon & Hanna, 2002; Krieshok, Black, & McKay, 2009; Mitchell, Levin, & Krumboltz, 1999). However, despite these shortcomings, the model is dominant in effect studies. Indeed, the trait-and-factor model offers clear constructs that are relatively easy to measure. It is assumed that students can match their skills with education, training or job opportunities efficiently, if they have enough information about (a) their own skills, preferences and personality and (b) the educational, training or job requirements. Almost all effect studies concentrate on this relationship; only a few researchers concentrate on the process of guidance (Bimrose, Barnes, Hughes, & Orton, 2004).
When it comes to career guidance, research shows that the focus is mainly on helping students with their academic achievement and not on helping students plan and prepare for their work roles afterwards (Meijers, 2008; Parsad, Alexander, Farris, & Hudson, 2003). There is evidence, however scattered, that career guidance and education affects a number of outcome measures, especially with regard to decision-making skills and knowledge of work and occupations. Meta-analyses by Oliver and Spokane (1988), and Whiston, Sexton and Lasoff (1998) showed that career interventions that try to help students plan and prepare for their work roles, have the most impact on the development of career decision-making skills, as compared to other possible skills, such as career-related knowledge or career-related self-concept development. These results showed that students who took a career-decision making course demonstrated less career-related indecision at the end of the course than did a comparison group (McWhirter, Rasheed, & Crothers, 2000). For example Killeen, Edwards, Barnes, and Watts (1999) showed that participation in The Real Game—a game that forces participants to make career decisions—results in an increase in knowledge of work and occupations. Knowing how the world of work is organized eases the process of vocational decision making and job transition. Especially important is the acquisition of a "compact view of the world of work at a more manageable level of abstraction" (Dawis, 1996, p. 239). Career interventions that help individuals to gain self-knowledge about where they can be satisfactory and satisfied workers, also ease occupational choice making and enhance work adjustment (Savickas 2002). Effective guidance has "immediate outcomes," especially enhanced knowledge and skills, including the ability to create effective transitions, change attitudes including building self-confidence and esteem, which increases motivation and the willingness to consider new employment or learning options (Hughes, Bosley, Bowes, & Bysshe, 2002; Killeen, 1996; Killeen, White, & Watts, 1992).
Research question
Most literature about vocational guidance effectiveness is focused on change in students' knowledge, attitudes and decision-making skills, while students' behaviors usually are not examined. Hughes and Karp (2004) claimed that research should focus on exploring the relationships between guidance interventions and positive students' behavioral outcomes. This study did not analyze the influence of school-based career interventions on decision-making skills, attitudes or knowledge but on actual career behavior, i.e. career competencies of students. Career competencies, according to Kuijpers and Scheerens (2006), include: making concrete the thinking about one's own motivation and aptitudes (career reflection), giving shape to one's own career path by exploring the options in study and work (career exploration), truly steering one's own learning process (career action), and building and maintaining a network (networking). Moreover, a learning environment that stimulates real-life experiences with work and a dialogue about these experiences does contribute to the use of career competencies (Kuijpers, Meijers & Gundy, 2011). In particular, the career dialogue with teachers and the conversation students have in the workplace with professionals has proven to be crucial. An explanation for the important role of dialogue in the development of career competencies is offered by constructivist learning theory, which states that meaning is constructed when individuals engage in a dialogue with oneself and others (Bruner, 1990). The theory of career construction (Savickas, 2002, 2005) is the most developed constructivist approach with respect to career learning. Savickas stated that career construction, at any given stage, can be fostered by conversations. In his theory, three areas are emphasized: vocational personality, career adaptability, and life themes. Savickas advanced the idea of life themes at the level of personal narrative and subjective career; he positioned life stories in a way that show they are the crucial threads of continuity that make meaningful the elements of vocational personality and career adaptability. Career-related stories express the uniqueness of an individual and explain why he or she makes choices and explicates the meanings that guide those choices. Career stories "tell how the self of yesterday became the self of today and will become the self of tomorrow" (Savickas, 2005, p. 58).
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between career competencies and career identity, learning motivation, and the quality of career choices. Firstly, we wanted to examine the relationship between career competencies and career identity and the role of the career learning environment with respect to this relationship. A positive correlation was expected between career competencies and career identity (Kuijpers et al., 2011). Secondly, we examined the relationship between career competencies and career identity on the one hand and four criterion variables on the other: (1) learning motivation, and (2) experienced quality of choice for a study, (3) for learning tasks, and (4) for work placements. We investigated whether career competencies and career identity were mediating variables, but we also examined whether there was a direct relationship between career competencies and career identity and the criterion variables. We expected a positive correlation because career competencies and a career identity provide the student with a feeling of direction (Wijers & Meijers, 1996), not only in a cognitive but also in an emotional sense (Krieshok et al., 2009). Because emotions drive attention (Frijda, 1989), which in turn drives learning (Van Woerkom, 2008), career competencies and especially a career identity probably have a positive effect on learning motivation and the experienced quality of choice. We did not examine, however, the role of emotions.
The sample was drawn via a multi-stage process. In the first stage, all 342 pre-vocational educational (PVE) and all 18 secondary vocational educational (SVE) schools in The Netherlands were invited to a conference concerning career guidance and counseling in Fall 2006. As in the US, in The Netherlands vocational education is synonymous with "technical education" and usually refers to trade schools that teach manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic.1 The organization of the conference was subsidized by the Department of Education. Representatives of the attending schools were approached by the researchers and asked whether they would like to participate in the present study. Of those attending, 18 of the PVEs (23 %), and 17 of the SVE's (94 %) responded positively. Each school that responded affirmatively then selected teachers and their students, and they were asked to participate. School managers made the decision as to which classes would participate in this study. No information is available concerning how the managers made these selections.
Participating schools were spread throughout The Netherlands, and included inner-city schools as well as those in rural regions. There were no significant differences between participating schools and non-participating schools with respect to size, school population (especially with respect to gender and ethnicity), and environment (urban vs. rural). A total of 3,499 students from 198 classes in the 35 schools participated in the study.
Slightly more than half of the responding students were male, and approximately 10 % considered themselves to be members of a minority group. Their average age was 18 years, though this variable is skewed as a number of the students were older than 40 years. Almost one-third of the students specialized in health care, and almost two-thirds attended secondary vocational education (SVE). Approximately 50 % of the students stated that they had an assigned counsellor in their schools; the others did not know (all schools do have counselors, but in many schools this becomes visible for students only when they have problems).
Career competencies
Career competences were assessed using an adapted questionnaire developed for the needs of this study. This instrument was inspired by the questionnaire developed by Kuijpers and Scheerens (2006) and Kuijpers, Schyns, and Scheerens (2006) for measuring competences among employees. In the adapted questionnaire three competences are set out: career-reflection (characterized by reflective behavior), career-forming (characterized by pro-active behavior), and networking (characterized by interactive behavior). The response categories of the items vary (1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree). The scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha .82 to .84). Career reflection was measured by eleven items, for example: "In order to find out what I really consider important in life, I talk to my parents or caregivers." Career forming was measured by fourteen items, for example: "I do extra things in my training, so that I have more chance at getting interesting/enjoyable work." Networking contained seven items, for example: "I talk to skilled people about my future plans."
Career learning environment
Methods and instruments for career guidance and the degree to which the curriculum was student-centered en practice-based were taken into account as variables in this study. To identify career methods and instruments, a literature study and interviews with school leaders were conducted. Career-choice tests are frequently used in vocational education as are curriculum methods in the form of written material geared, career talks (one-on-one with each student, only with students who threaten to dropout, or with the whole class) and the engagement of a career counselor. In addition, two innovative instruments in the area of career counseling are presently in use: the Personal Development Plan (PDP) and the Portfolio (PF; Mittendorff, 2010; Mittendorff, Jochems, Meijers, & Den Brock, 2008). Teachers were asked to complete a questionnaire about which of these methods and instruments are being used. Teachers evaluated the degree to which the curriculum (the program organization) was student-centered and practice-based. By student-centered and practice-based we mean the degree to which students' questions and experiences or concrete occupational experiences determine the actual learning process. Participants responded to the six items used on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = barely career-orientated, in which course offerings and in-school learning takes a central place, 5 = a more career-orientated curriculum, in which students have the opportunity to make choices and get practical experience). In addition, students were asked how many internships or work placements they had done. Regarding career-oriented guidance, students were asked questions concerning the degree to which a career dialogue took place at school and in the work place. Six items were used for each of the two scales. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used (1 = "Teachers never ask me what I want to learn," 5 = "Teachers ask me very often what I want to learn").
Career identity
Career identity was defined as the commitment a person has towards specific occupational activities or a specific career. In this study, career identity was operationalized in terms of experienced security with regards to self-knowledge, the current course of study and future work, and the self-confidence derived from this. Career identity was measured with an instrument, consisting of eight items (Cronbach's α = .81), that was based on studies by Meijers (1995) and Meijers and Wardekker (2002). The response categories of the items vary on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree). An example item is: "My heart is in the work I'm learning to do."
Learning motivation
Learning motivation was measured with eight items (Cronbach's α = .79), based on the contribution of the students in their course of study. This instrument was developed by De Bruijn et al. (2005). Example items are: "I work hard at this course of study" and "When I have something to do for this course of study, I start on it right away."
Choice quality
Choice quality is the evaluation by the student of fit between his or her aptitudes and occupational wishes and the learnings tasks (s)he has to perform in school, the work placements (s)he has had and the study (s)he has chosen. Choice quality was operationalized using three questions about the degree to which the learning tasks, work placements, and choice of study (e.g. technical, healthcare, economy, or agriculture) correspond with the aptitudes and wishes of the student.
Personal- and situation-bound factors
These factors consist of two sets of variables: school-type (PVE, SVE-P and SVE-T) and the type of program in which the students were enrolled. The programs were divided into the following groups: technical studies, economics, agriculture, healthcare, PVE-theoretical, and "other." Personal variables were gender, age, internal locus-of-control and study achievements. Internal locus of control was measured with 3 items (Den Hertog, 1992). Achievements were used as indicators of cognitive abilities based on the assumption that the degree to which individuals develop competencies might be partly dependent upon their cognitive abilities (Van Merriënboer & De Croock, 2002). Students were asked to respond to the statement: "In the past 3 months, I received only passing grades."
Statistical analyses
To investigate the extent to which learning and career outcomes are explained by career competencies and a career-oriented learning environment for students in PVE and SVE, we carried out regression analyses. The career identity, learning motivation and fit of choice for learning tasks, internship and type of study were used as dependent variables and the variables describing career competencies and the learning environment were used as independent variables. Individual- and situational-characteristics (i.e., gender, age, locus of control, study results, and school-type and program-type) were included as potential confounders.
Due to the hierarchical nature of the data (students within classes within schools), we conducted multi-level regression using the MLWIN v.2.0 program (Rasbash, Charlton, Browne, Healy, & Cameron, 2005). Explained variance, as not uniquely defined in a multi-level regression model. This is caused by the fact that variance is explained on several levels in the data. Explained variance in a multi-level regression model is not uniquely defined. Indeed, explained variance of one level is confounded with explained variance on another level (Hox, 2002; Snijder & Bosker, 1999). Therefore, because we had to use a multi-level method due to the nature of our data, we calculated the significance of improvement of different models per output variable; we first added career competencies to the basic model and, we secondly added the learning environment variables to career competencies as well as the potential confounders.
The original instrument assessing career competences among employees distinguished six factors relevant for career development. One of these factors is the ability for career development. The other five factors concern behaviour and motivation regarding career development: reflection on capacities, reflection on motives, work exploration, career control and networking (Kuijpers & Scheerens, 2006, pp. 316–317). We decided to focus on behaviour and motivation, because it is the more overt and distinguishable characteristic. A subsequent questionnaire-based study with students from Dutch (pre)vocational education was done which included the five behavioural and motivational factors. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that a five-factor model failed to obtain admissible results. This model was therefore eliminated from further consideration. A three-factor model of career competencies fit adequately the data, (χ2(428) = 7869.28, p < .01; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .83; TLI = .81). The analysis showed that no significant distinction could be made between reflection on capacities and reflection on motives, nor between work exploration and career control. As a result, the following three career competencies for students were identified: (1) career reflection, reflective behaviour based on experiences and choices to reveal qualities and motives that are important for the future; (2) career shaping, proactive behaviour that influences the course of one's career by researching jobs, making deliberate decisions and taking action to make sure jobs and study choices match one's personal qualities and motives; and (3) networking, interactive behaviour to build and maintain contacts on the internal and external job market, aimed at career development.
Career competencies, learning environment, personal and situational characteristics, and outcome variables (n = 3499)
Learning environment characteristics
% missing
Cronbach's alpha
Number items
Methods useda
Career method
Class discussion
Problem discussion
Individual discussion
Student counselor
Program organizationa
Career dialogue at School
Career dialogue on the job
Student characteristics
Gender Male
Ethnicity Non-Dutch
Internal locus of control
Learning achievement
Situational characteristics
School type
Career competencies
Career reflection
Career forming
Career networking
Outcome measures
Career identity
Learning motivation
Fit of choice for learning tasks
Fit of choice for internship
Fit of choice for School direction
Correlations between input, throughput and output variables
1. Program organization
2. Career dialogue at School
3. Career dialogue on the job
4. Career reflection
5. Career forming
6. Career networking
7. Career identity
8. Learning motivation
9. Fit of choice for learning tasks
10. Fit of choice for internship
11. Fit of choice for school direction
Results of multilevel regression analyses with career identity, learning motivation and fit of choice as dependent variables
Career identity
Learning motivation
Fit of choice for learning tasks
Fit of choice for internship
Fit of choice for school direction
Career identity
.33 (.02)*
.15 (.02)*
.19 (.02)*
.56 (.02)*
Career competencies
Career reflection
.10 (.02)*
−.01 (.02)
.02 (.03)
.03 (.03)
−.02 (.02)
Career forming
.24 (.03)*
.15 (.03)*
.13 (.03)*
.05 (.03)
.03 (.03)
.10 (.03)*
−.10 (.02)*
.00 (.03)
.02 (.03)
−.02 (.02)
Method (w.r.t. none)a,b
−.26 (.11)*
.16 (.13)
.10 (.13)
−.03 (14)
−.01 (.08)
Career method
.08 (.12)
−.31 (.14)*
.16 (.14)
.17 (.16)
−.06 (.08)
Class discussion
.05 (.18)
−.23 (.14)
.18 (.13)
.11 (.15)
−.09 (.08)
Problem discussion
.12 (.10)
−.25 (.12)*
.23 (.12)
.08 (.14)
−.13 (.07)
Individual discussion
.04 (.10)
−.24 (.12)*
.14 (.12)
−.02 (.14)
−.15 (.07)*
Student counselor (w.r.t. none)b
−.03 (.04)
.06 (.04)
.04 (.04)
.00 (.04)
−.01 (.03)
Project (w.r.t. none)a,b
−.02 (.15)
−.17 (.17)
−.33 (.18)
−.05 (.21)
−.17 (.11)
Instruments (w.r.t. none)a,b
.03 (.06)
−.01 (.01)
−.12 (.07)
−.09 (.08)
.02 (.05)
−.02 (.09)
−.08 (.10)
.14 (.10)
−.01 (.12)
.05 (.06)
Program organizationa
.01 (.03)
.05 (.04)
.08 (.04)*
.07 (.04)
.05 (.02)*
.02 (.02)
.01 (.02)
−.00 (02)
.08 (.02)*
.02 (.02)
Career dialogue
.07 (.02)*
.10 (.02)*
.13 (.02)*
−.01 (.02)
.04 (.02)*
.13 (.02)*
.03 (.02)
.02 (.02)
.15 (.02)*
.06 (.02)*
Gender (boy w.r.t. girl)b
.06 (.05)
−.40 (.05)*
−.05 (.05)
−.11 (.05)*
−.11 (.04)*
.07 (.03)*
.04 (.03)
−.04 (.03)
−.10 (.03)*
−.03 (.02)
Ethnicity (non-Dutch w.r.t. Dutchb
.10 (.06)
.26 (.06)*
−.10 (.07)
−.24 (.06)*
−.11 (.06)
Internal locus of control
.14 (.02)*
.08 (.02)*
.04 (.02)
.01 (.02)
.00 (.02)
Learning achievement
.12 (.02)*
.06 (.02)*
.05 (.02)*
.01 (.02)
.04 (.02)*
SVE-P (w.r.t. PVE)b
−.03 (.11)
−.40 (.12)*
−.07 (.13)
.27 (.14)
−.03 (.09)
SVE-T (w.r.t. PVE)b
−.24 (.08)*
−.34 (.09)*
.01 (.09)
.28 (.11)*.
.01 (.06)
Technical (w.r.t. "rest")b
−.04 (.09)
.32 (.10)*
−.26 (.10)*
−.19 (.12)
−.09 (.06)
Health care (w.r.t. "rest")b
.12 (.08)
−.02 (.09)
−.25 (.09)*
−.41 (.11)*
−.12 (.06)*
Economics (w.r.t. "rest")b
−.28 (.08)*
.07 (.10)
−.20 (10)
−.13 (.12)
−.24 (.01)*
Agriculture (w.r.t. "rest")b
.05 (.12)
.04 (.15)
−.05 (.15)
.19 (.17)
−.04 (.11)
School variance
.00 (.00)
.01 (.01)
.01 (.01)
.01 (.01)
.01 (.00)
Class variance
.04 (.01)*
.07 (.02)*
.06 (.02)*
.10 (.02)*
.00 (.00)
Student variance
.70 (.02)*
.65 (.02)*
.76 (.02)*
.72 (.02)*
.59 (.02)*
Total explained variance (%)
Model improvement through addition career competencies
540* (df 3)
293* (df 3)
299* (df 3)
249* (df 3)
269* (df 3)
Model improvement through addition learning environment to personal, situational and career competencies variables
1122* (df 13)
962* (df 13)
1638* (df 13)
1675* (df 13)
1652* (df 13)
The results showed that career competencies explain the variance on the scores of career identity, learning motivation and fit of choice of learning tasks. Career forming is significantly related to these three outcomes, with moderate effect sizes. Students who judge their career behavior as pro-active (career forming) appear to have—based on knowledge about themselves and work—confidence in their future career (career identity). They are committed to their current study (learning motivation) and chose learning tasks that match their capacities and motivation (fit of choice of learning tasks). Networking proves to contribute to scores on career identity, however, networking is negatively related to learning motivation. Career identity proves to explain a substantial portion of the variance of scores relating to learning motivation and the fit of choices that students make. Students who have a career identity (i.e. are self-confident with respect to their future career), feel more committed to their studies and say that they make choices of learning tasks, internship and of type of study that match their capacities and motivation.
The results showed that different aspects of the learning environment explain the variance between career outcome scores. Especially the career dialogue at school and in the workplace (the work placement) contributed to most of the criterion variables. Therefore, conversations with the students held at school about their aptitudes, motives and future career, explain the variance of career identity, learning motivation, and suitable choices of learning tasks and type of study. Talking with the students at the work place relates to the development of a career identity and to experienced better choices of work placement and study. Also a curriculum that is practice and inquiry based (program organization) explains the experienced fit of choice of learning tasks and study. Students who have more experience with work placements are students who experience a better fit between their aptitudes and the work placements.
Contrary to what one would expect, the results show a negative relationship between tests and career identity, and between career methods and learning motivation. There is no evidence that career tests and methods contributed to suitable choices. Also instruments, such as the portfolio (PF) and personal development plan (PDP) seem to have no impact on career outcomes. Moreover, the form of conversation (i.e. whether it is a discussion in the classroom, a discussion about school problems or an individual discussion), did not seem to contribute to the criterion variables. Conversations about problems and individual conversations are even negatively related to learning motivation. Individual conversations are also negatively related to school direction choice. Considering the results, it seems that the form of the conversation, as well as the role of the person who leads it, and the presence of a student counselor, did not significantly contribute positively to learning and career outcomes. However, the content of the conversation, namely the career, did contribute to the scores on the outcomes. Career dialogues—either in school or on the job—are significantly beneficial for most of the variables, with small-moderate effect sizes.
Looking at the results per criterion variable, we see that career identity was positively related to career competencies and career dialogue. Learning motivation was mainly related to career identity, career forming, and the career dialogue at school. The fit or choice of learning tasks was explained by career identity development, networking, a practice and inquiry-based curriculum and the career dialogue at school. The fit of choice for work placement was explained by experience in previous placements and talking on the job about the career. The fit of study choice could be explained by the degree to which the curriculum was practice and inquiry based and again by the career dialogue, at school as well as in the internship.
Students in the SVE schools have significantly smaller means with respect to those in PVE on learning motivation. Moreover, students from the theoretical track of SVE schools have lower means on career identity, but experience a better choice fit on internship than PVE students. We see that students with a technical specialization score lower on choice fit with respect to learning tasks but higher on learning motivation than the "other" students. Students in health care experienced less choice fit with respect to learning tasks, internship and study direction. Students studying economics showed a weaker career identity and find their internship and study less suitable for themselves. Students in agriculture find the fit of choice of internship better than students in the "rest category."
With regard to personal factors, higher scores on learning achievement were positively related to all outcome measures, except for the fit of choice of work placement. Higher scores on internal locus of control was positively related to career identity and learning motivation. Non-Dutch students appeared to experience more learning motivation but less fit of choice of work placement than Dutch students. Older students had a stronger career identity but experience less fit of choice of internship than younger students, and girls were more motivated for learning and experience a better fit of choice of work placement and study than boys.
To examine the specific contribution of input and throughput career variables as a set to the output variables, we added career competencies to the basic-model. Secondly, we added the learning environment variables to career competencies as well as the personal and situational variables. The χ2 values and degrees of freedom are displayed in Table 3. For all output variables, the model was significantly improved by adding the career competencies to the basic-model (p < .001). In adding the career competencies as well as personal and situational variables, the learning environment variables proved to contribute significantly to all output variables. The change in the model adding the learning environment variables was significant (p < .001). So we see that the learning environment makes a difference in students' commitment towards specific occupational activities or a specific career, in learning motivation and in fit of career choices they make.
Policy makers as well as school managers believe that intensive career education and guidance, that enables students to develop career competencies, will result in more intrinsically motivated students because it will help students develop a career identity. They expect that a well-developed career identity, in turn, will result in educational choices and choices for work placements that fit better with personal aptitudes and wishes. In this article, we have investigated if these relationships indeed exist.
The question as to whether career competencies are related to career identity was answered affirmatively in this study. Career forming and networking were positively related and career reflection was negatively related. The negative relationship between career reflection and career identity could be explained by the argument that students, who have not developed a career identity yet, are more likely to reflect on their aptitudes and motives. Moreover, career forming explained the scores on the variables learning motivation and the quality or fit in learning tasks in relation to personal aptitudes and wishes. Also career identity related to these variables and to the experienced quality or fit in study choice and work placement. Career interventions in schools aiming at the development and actual use of career competencies had positive effects that go beyond well-known effects like the development of career decision-making skills and career knowledge.
Our findings suggested that to compensate for the results of personal factors on career outcomes, aspects of the career learning environment with similar effect sizes, might be implemented. For example, older students had a stronger career identity. To compensate for this gap among younger students, the latter may need to have more career dialogues at school and in practice. Also, boys, younger students, and non-Dutch students chose work placements that did not match as well as the other groups. Offering them more placements and/or career conversations in their internships might compensate for this. Students with a lower internal locus of control and lower learning achievements might need more career dialogues at school to compensate for their personal attributes in career identity and learning motivation.
The results suggested that a traditional career approach that is characterized by an absence of dialogue (Kuijpers et al., 2011) did not prove to contribute to career identity, learning motivation, or experienced fit between aptitudes and choices for work placements and study. A career dialogue at school and in the workplace (i.e., the work placement), however, contributed to career identity development, learning motivation, and experienced quality of choices. The form of the conversation, the role of the person who leads it, and the presence of a student counselor did not contribute positively to learning and career outcomes. The content of the conversation, however, did contribute to positive outcomes. These results were in line with Masdonati, Massoudi, and Rossier's (2009) research results, in which face-to-face career counselling can be considered to be a very effective intervention method. More specifically, they found that the quality of the working alliance between counsellor and client plays an important role in the effectiveness of career counselling. They suggested that face-to-face counselling should not be considered only a cognitively-oriented intervention. Our results supported this suggestion: a dialogue about the personal meaning of real-life experiences with work—in which emotions are not neglected—contributes positively to the quality of the working alliance, whereby a working alliance is understood as the result of a combination of an agreement between counsellor and student about the goals of the counselling, an agreement about how to reach these goals, and the development of a personal bond between them.
The research results were also in line with Savickas's (2002, 2005) career construction theory. Savickas purported that individuals generate their own career life themes in career conversations. According to McIlveen and Patton (2007), however, in its current form his theory does not offer a psychological explanation for how individuals enact a process of self-construction via "storying." Our results suggested that this process is facilitated by real life experiences in work placements; the more experiences with "real work" students have, the more fruitful a career dialogue proves to be. Several researchers, however, showed that teachers find it very difficult to start a dialogue with their students about concrete experiences in work placements (Winters, Meijers, Kuijpers, & Baert, 2009; Winters, Meijers, Lengelle, & Baert, 2012; Winters et al., in press). The culture of schools and thus of conversations between teachers and students is still very monological; this is largely due to the fact that the transmission of undisputed knowledge is the pivot around which everything turns (Gatto, 2009). The realization of a strong career learning environment, therefore, depends, to a large extent, on the possibilities teachers get to develop a new career identity (Meijers & Lengelle, 2012).
This study had at least two limitations. First, although we wanted to measure actual career behavior in contrast to decision-making skills, attitudes or knowledge, using a self-report method made it virtually impossible to separate actual career behavior from attitudes, because participants have to appraise their behavior in order to rate the items. The career competencies used in this study included career reflection and exploration, which are closely related to decision-making skills. Although the way we measured career competencies is a step away from a completely cognitive approach, we must admit that there are boundaries between skills, attitudes, and knowledge and actual career behavior. To measure actual career behavior, a behavioral approach utilizing outside observers would be necessary.
A second limitation of this study is that no strong evidence for effectiveness can be presented due to the cross sectional design with no control group. Moreover, the lack of well-validated instruments limited the value of the results. However, the explained variance of the criterion variables did indicate that there were relationships between career competencies and career learning environment on the one hand, and career identity, learning motivation and the experienced quality of choices on the other. To be more certain of the nature and extent of these relationships, more research using well-validated measurement instruments should be conducted concerning the impact of vocational training in large representative samples. Additionally, more complex conceptual models must be developed.
The Dutch educational system has two main tracks after primary education. Almost 60 % of all students enter the vocational track, starting with pre-vocational education (ages 12–16), followed by secondary vocational education (ages 16–20). In secondary vocational education, students can choose 2-, 3- or 4-year programs in four separate sectors (i.e., technical, economic-administrative, services and health, and agricultural), and they may choose between a full-time school-based education and a practice-based apprenticeship system. The best students can move on to higher vocational education and even finish with a university degree. The other 40 % of students enter general secondary education after primary school and choose between a track leading to higher vocational and/or pre-university education. The vocational track has less status than the general track and especially in pre-vocational education; children from disadvantaged groups (i.e., traditional working class and minority groups) are over-represented in this group. Although these students have a formal opportunity to enter higher vocational education and even university, only 15 % do so (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2009). For most children who enter pre-vocational education, formal education ends at age 17 (when compulsory education ends) or 18 (after finishing secondary vocational education).


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Check with Miller Funeral Service Inc about which type of funeral services and products the funeral home, mortuary or memorial chapel provide at their Selma, Alabama location.
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CARSTARPHEN, ELIZA Ms. Eliza E. Carstarphen, Resident of Montgomery, AL. died on April 13, 2015. Services will be held on Saturday, April 18, 2015 at 11:00am at Miller Funeral Services, Selma, AL with burial following in Lynch Field Cemetery in Coy ... (legacy.com)
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The U.S. International Trade Commission has released a new web-based interface that allows the public to more easily monitor changes in U.S. imports.
Worldwide Flight Services appoints new CEO, while CSafe names director of strategic life science sales.
Allan Dow, president of Logility, said the acquisition extends Logility's ability to deploy innovative supply chain and retail optimization solutions faster and at a lower total cost of ownership.
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The Panama Canal Authority said it is confident in the process it uses to move ships through the new locks at the canal, following an accident last week that damaged the Xin Fei Zhou after it made contact with one of the walls at the Agua Clara Locks.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection has created a dedicated team to monitor violations of coastwise shipping rules as supporters tout the Jones Act's homeland security benefits.
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Release Date:
May 21, 2013
Rating: r - Not For Children, Violence, Sci-Fi Violence, Profanity
In a futuristic, high-tech world run by huge corporations, Parker Barnes (Denzel Washington) is an L.A. policeman serving time for killing the psychotic who murdered his wife and child. Lindenmeyer (Stephen Spinella), a Dr. Frankenstein of the computer era, has created a monster, Sid 6.7 (Russell Crowe), a virtual reality entity which is programmed with the character traits of scores of mass murderers. Sid 6.7 has escaped the control of its creator and is now running amok. The privatized police force in charge of keeping the peace in the city is run by Elizabeth Deane (Louise Fletcher). Barnes has volunteered to test a new criminal tracking system based on a virtual reality device. His job is to find Sid 6.7, with the help of psychologist Madison Carter (Kelly Lynch). Barnes gets out of prison and reinstated to the police force to pursue his dangerous prey. ~ Michael Betzold, Rovi
- Genre: Suspense & Thriller
- Category Sci-Fi Action, Chase Movie, Police Detective Film
- Theme: Obsessive Quests, Crime Sprees, Virtual Reality, Criminal's Revenge, Down on Their Luck, Technology Run Amok, Serial Killers
- Studio: Warner Home Video
- Run Time: 01 hr 45 min
- Language: French , English
- Subtitle Language: English
- Picture Format: widescreen
- Format: DVD
- Release Date: May 21, 2013
- Lead Actor: Stephen Spinella , William Forsythe , Denzel Washington , Kelly Lynch , Russell Crowe
- Supporting Actor: William Fichtner , Louise Fletcher , Margot Hope , Cheryl Lawson , Virginia Watson , Alanna Ubach , Anthony C. Hall , Rolando Molina , Juan A. Riojas , Michael Buffer , Laura Leigh Hughes , John Meier , Miguel Najera , Kevin J. O'Connor , Michael Tamburro , John Walcutt , James M. Halty , Tony Brown , Dustin Nguyen
- Director: Brett Leonard
other Info.
- Online Item #: 14535571
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 246-09-4965
- Made in the USA or Imported


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Payment services provider Merchant Warehouse has integrated Isis SmartTap into its Genius Customer Engagement Platform, enabling small and medium sized businesses to process NFC payments and deploy customized offers to new and prospective customers via the Isis Mobile Wallet. The service is available initially to merchants located in the Boston area.
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Resources for "Single Sign-On and the Corporate Directory, Part II"
Configuration Files for This Article: ftp.ssc.com/pub/lj/listings/issue141/8375.tgz
"Centralized Authentication with Kerberos 5, Part I" by Alf Wachs mann, LJ, February 2005: /article/7336
"OpenLDAP Everywhere" by Craig Swanson and Matt Lung, LJ, December 2002: /article/6266
Mac OS X Hacking Tools: www.kernelthread.com/mac/osx/tools.html
"Introduction to Performing Privileged Operations With Authorization Services": developer.apple.com/documentation/Security/Conceptual/authorization_concepts/index.html
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Born in Florence in 1980. Graduated in Philosophy at the University of Florence started to take pictures in the first months of 2008. At the end of that year, following the student protests against the educational reform, began an external collaboration with photojournalistic agency "Fotogramma", based in Milan. Nowadays follows multiple editorial and personal projects about conteporary social issues.
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Is this restaurant romantic?
Is this restaurant wheelchair accessible?
Does this restaurant serve Bar / Pub food?
Is this the correct address 60 N Main St, Pittsford, NY 14534-4433?
Is this restaurant good for special occasions?
Can a gluten free person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Is the correct ZIP code 14534-4433?
Is this restaurant good for business meetings?
Is the official website www.restaurantjojo.com/jojo-rochester?
Is this a pizza restaurant?
Thanks for helping!
We had a simple burger dinner, but really liked this place. The food was wonderful and a great value, fun atmosphere, really nice staff. Starter of squash soup with maple - yum!
My wife and I celebrated our wedding anniversary with a meal here last week. We had been to Jojo before, and enjoyed ourselves immensely each time, but this visit was incredible. Our waiter was very attentive, and he even brought us a bottle of prosecco on the house to celebrate! The beet salad and lettuce wedge salads were delicious, followed...
They offer good quality freshly made pizzas. I especially enjoy sitting at the bar and watching the staff members bake the pizzas in their unique oven.
There are two eateries in the same building here in Pittsford. We planned on going to one of them, but walked in the wrong door and ended up staying in Jojo. Food choices are imaginative and very nicely prepared, atmosphere is quite pleasant (towards the darker end of the spectrum), staff is professional, and prices are at most appropriate for...
Lovely and Lively bistro with flat pizza , small plates and full dinners. Ate at the bar and had well made drinks and good service. Not inexpensive but the food was good and some items were very creative. Can accommodate large groups or couples easily,
but it does get busy because it is very popular with locals and is across...
Our party tried the mussels with sweet potato fries, Spicy blackened fish with sweet potatoes, Mushroom flatbread, and the Bolognaise pasta dish. Mussels were advertised that we would be getting 2 dozen, but we received more than that. Sweet potato fries were warm, not piping hot. Food was tasty, but drinks are expensive and pricey. It was really loud in...
This place is pretty consistent. My husband and I like to go here quite often. He loves the garlic/onion/bacon butter that come of the steak he gets. They have great wine flights too.
We always make a reservation ahead of time on open table, and request a half circle booth in the description. They always make sure they get us...
A dinner for 10 people with drinks was pretty reasonably priced. There's a good variety of dishes and also wood fired pizza. The atmosphere was nice for a casual business dinner where you don't want to be in a place that's too quiet.
Food quality is variable - the beef shortribs were great, the pork chop was dry and overcooked.
The owner of this place has at least one better restaurant, Trata, but this one has overpriced food that does not taste good, limited options and meh ambience. Staff is pretty subpar as well. The act like they have better things to do than wait on the customers. When introducing new upper end flavors to appear in the know on...
My boyfriend and I went to Jojo last night and received impeccable service. We made reservations for 7:15, seated shortly after arriving. The place was packed. We each ordered an appetizer of mussels and sweet potato fries. Sooo delicious! And a really really far price for the amount you get. They say 2 dozen on the menu, but we both...
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Die & Mould center of Sri Lanka reports a revenue of 6.3 million rupees
Mon, Sep 3, 2012, 09:26 pm SL Time, ColomboPage News Desk, Sri Lanka.
Sept 03, Colombo: A not-for-profit industrial research and development center in Die & Mould technology in Sri Lanka has reported a Rs 6.3 million revenue in its short period of operations due to growing demand from the target manufacturers.
The Die & Mould Facilitation and Development Centre (DMFDC) facilitated by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce has earned US$ 47,637 since its establishment in November 2010 as the demand by Lankan manufacturers for the industry surged, the Minister of Industry and Commerce Rishad Bathiyutheen has revealed.
"Die and mould industry is the mother industry of our manufacturing and the DMFDC's strong performance is also a sign of our good industrial health," the Minister has said in a statement.
The DFMDC, a successful Private Public Partnership (PPP) physically located in the University of Moratuwa, is not profit oriented but focused on research and development.
Along with the Ministry, University of Moratuwa and Die & Mould Makers Association have formed the US$ 1.5 million PPP to serve local manufacturers.
The DMFDC has also trained over 100 Lankan industry personnel in industrial high-tech such as robotics, which if not provided by the DMFDC, should again be sourced from overseas.
The local manufacturers have immensely benefited from the Center, supported by the "Mahinda Chintana" vision, since they do not have to seek overseas service which cost heavily.
"This model is more than a mere PPP success since it is implemented not only with the 35 private sector members of Mould & Die Makers Association, but even the University academia and their research and development" Minister Bathiyutheen has said.
The Center aims to minimize the import of Die & Mould Products and improve the quality of local products while providing facilities to uplift the local industries. It also provides training facilities to both workers and university students on Die & Mould Sectors.
ColomboPage - Recent 10 Stories
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Minister advises to seek expertise and knowledge of professionals in solving issues of Port Authority
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Sweden keen in peace in Karabakh
06 March 2014 [15:30] -
Swedish parliament calls for creating peace in the Nagorno-Karabakh region, the U.S. co-chair of the OSCE Minsk Group, James Warlick said on March 6 on his official Twitter account.
"Members of the Swedish parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee are interested in creating peace in the Nagorno-Karabakh region," Warlick wrote.
On March 4, Warlick said that the OSCE Minsk Group is conducting consultations with the Swedish government.
The conflict between the two South Caucasus countries began in 1988 when Armenia made territorial claims against Azerbaijan. Armenian armed forces have occupied 20 per cent of Azerbaijan since 1992, including the Nagorno-Karabakh region and seven surrounding districts.
Azerbaijan and Armenia signed a ceasefire agreement in 1994. The co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group, Russia, France and the U.S. are currently holding peace negotiations.
Armenia has not yet implemented the U.N. Security Council's four resolutions on the liberation of the Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding regions.
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10-year-old gets Her Adult lungs
PHILADELPHIA A 10-year-old girl whose efforts to qualify for an organ donation spurred public debate over how organs are allocated underwent a successful double-lung transplant on Wednesday, the girl's family said.
Sarah Murnaghan, who suffers from severe cystic fibrosis, received new lungs from an adult donor at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, spokeswoman Tracy Simon said.
The Murnaghan family said it was "thrilled" to share the news that Sarah was out of surgery.
"Her doctors are very pleased with both her progress during the procedure and her prognosis for recovery," the family said in a statement.
Sarah went into surgery around 11 a.m. Wednesday, and the procedure lasted about six hours, her family said.
"The surgeons had no challenges resizing and transplanting the donor lungs – the surgery went smoothly, and Sarah did extremely well," it said. "She is in the process of getting settled in the ICU and now her recovery begins.
Sarah's family and the family of another cystic fibrosis patient at the same hospital challenged transplant policy that made children under 12 wait for pediatric lungs to become available or be offered lungs donated by adults only after adolescents and adults on the waiting list had been considered. They said pediatric lungs are rarely donated.
Sarah's aunt, Sharon Ruddock, said the donor lungs came in through normal channels as a result of being on the adult donor list.
"It was a direct result of the ruling that allowed her to be put on the adult list," Ruddock said. "It was not pediatric lungs, she would have never gotten these lungs otherwise." Before the ruling, Ruddock said, Sarah was "very close to the end. Maybe a week. Maybe two."
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This informative tarot book will teach you everything you need to know about tarot reading, for amateurs to professional tarot readers and clairvoyants. The easy-to-follow illustrated instructions will guide you through all the stages of tarot divination.
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Volume 3 Supplement 3
Egypt's Biotechnology Research and Development in Academia: providing the foundation for the biotechnology spectrum of colors
Meeting abstracts
2009 American University in Cairo Research Conference. Go to conference site.
Cairo, Egypt
5 April 2009
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Over at NLM we find a photo taken during the Lenten exercises for the Holy Father and curia.
The altar in the Redemptoris Mater sure seems awfully close to that wall, doesn't it?
Over at NLM we find a photo taken during the Lenten exercises for the Holy Father and curia.
The altar in the Redemptoris Mater sure seems awfully close to that wall, doesn't it?
And there is a crucifix on the other side of the altar, necessitating ad orientem.
I like it when the Holy Father preaches
by example.
The article that accompanies this photograph also says that the step before the Altar is too narrow for Mass to be celebrated Ad Orientem and that most of the Masses celebrated there are large concelebrations.
Though this is not the Holy Father's private chapel. We know for a fact that he celebrates his own private Masses in Latin and Ad Orientem, which a few months ago led to some speculation that he was using the 1962 Missal.
I am curious about something though. Is it not true that at one time the Pope's daily Masses were celebrated for the Pontifical household in the Sistine Chapel? I would think that would be a much more suitable venue then the more modern-looking chapels in the Apostolic Palace that came out of the reigns of Paul VI and John Paul II.
NLM has a nice piece on this, it is a few days old and about 1/3 the way down the page. They show a slow progression in the setup of this chapel over the last few years.
Has anyone heard when His Holiness will be offering the Tridentine mass in public?
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Joseph Ratzinger - The Feast of Faith"In those situations where homosexual unions have been legally recognized or have been given the legal status and rights belonging to marriage, clear and emphatic opposition is a duty. ... If all Catholics are obliged to oppose the legal recognition of homosexual unions, Catholic politicians are obliged to do so in a particular way, in keeping with their responsibility as politicians." CDF 2003
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Buy it. Get one for your parish priests. UK HERE
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Charles Pierre Péguy Notre Patrie, 1905"If I ought to write the truth, I am of the mind that I ought to flee all meetings of bishops, because I have never seen any happy or satisfactory outcome to any council, nor one that has deterred evils more than it has occasioned their acceptance and growth."
St. Gregory Nazianzus ep. 131 - AD 382"We will conquer your Rome, break your crosses, and enslave your women. If we do not reach that time, then our children and grandchildren will reach it, and they will sell your sons as slaves at the slave market."
Sheikh Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, Chief Spokesman the Islamic State, 2014 Quoted in James Wesley Rawles, Land of Promise (Counter-Caliphate Chronicles Series Book 1) See also HERE
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Focus on the Goal Camp
Over 100 kids spent three incredible days on our church campus for Focus on the Goal Camp, July 18-20, 2016. The kids spent three days learning skills in basketball, golf, art, and video production, but more importantly, focusing on the bigger goal in life – a life devoted to following Christ. What an amazing adventure and life-changing experience for the campers and volunteers alike!
Focus on the Goal Camp is a summer experience for students entering grades 3-9 designed to provide an opportunity to develop a skill or interest in an exciting camp-like environment. This year's camp offered art, basketball, golf, or video production, and a Junior Camp designed just for the younger campers, age 4 through 2nd grade. As students focus on the goal of sharpening their skills, we also challenge them to focus on the bigger goal of life. We believe that each student has been created in the image of God and has been created with a purpose and mission to make a difference in our world.
The 2017 Focus on the Goal Camp will be July 24-26, 2017.


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Reuters Market Eye - Shares in DLF, India's biggest real estate developer, fell 2.99 percent, sharply under-performing a 0.4 percent gain in the Nifty and posting their sixth decline in the past seven sessions.
Traders say DLF is being hit by perceptions of its ties with the ruling Congress party, which is trailing badly in polls ahead of elections concluding next month.
"I would say DLF has been falling on some perceptions of political connections to Congress and the company's lingering debt burden," said G. Chokkalingam, founder of research and fund advisory company Equinomics.
A DLF spokesman declined to comment. "As per our company policy, we do not comment on market speculation."
DLF has lost around 13.7 percent so far in April, far underperforming rivals. For graphic, click link.reuters.com/reb78v
(Reporting by Abhishek Vishnoi and Aditi Shah; Editing by Kim Coghill)
Next In Money News
Oil prices dip on stronger dollar; rise in U.S. crude stocks data
SINGAPORE Crude oil futures fell in early trade on Wednesday as the U.S. dollar held around three-week highs and industry stocks data indicated a build in U.S. crude inventories.
India may auction diamond mine abandoned by Rio Tinto
NEW DELHI India will auction a diamond project that global miner Rio Tinto is abandoning, or allocate it to a state firm, the mines secretary said on Tuesday, adding that the government would move fast to tap the resource.
Pru's UK staff take industrial action over Mumbai job plan
LONDON Staff at British insurer Prudential are taking industrial action over plans to move 76 jobs to Mumbai from the southern English town of Reading, the Unite union said.


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Discover a selection of top forums east bikes on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums east bikes and meet other fans of east bikes. Then, why don't you create your own forum of east bikes ?
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