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Spring 2010
Kristianstad University International Business and Economics Program
Human Resource Management
- Motivation among employees in multinational corporations
Kristina Trifunovska Robin Trifunovski
Agneta Moulettes
Timurs Umans
___________________________________________________________________________ Title: Human Resource Management; multinational corporations. Motivation among employees in
Authors: Tutor: Problem:
Kristina Trifunovska, Robin Trifunovski Agneta Moulettes Motivation is the number one problem facing businesses today. It is essential for employers to recognize what motivates employees in order to improve productivity and ensure the success of the company (Wiley, 1997). Even though employee motivation is a well researched topic, most studies have particularly focused on small domestic companies. Opportunities within MNCs and small companies are significantly different. Qualitative methods in the field of management is very limited, which the article by Cassell, Symon, Buehring and Johnson (2006) supports. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore what motivates employees to work. Focus will be on employees working in multinational corporations in Sweden. In order to do so, we aim to identify key factors which have an impact on motivation at work. This study will contribute with a framework of motivational factors in a organization. It will also give an insight in employees' attitudes towards motivation and what motivation means to them.
Methodology: This thesis will use a qualitative method. The study is based on an interpretivistic philosophy with an abductive research approach. In order to answer our research question, primary data is collected through interviews with a number of employees from multinational companies in Sweden. This research strategy enables us to make investigations about work motivation. Conclusions: After analyzing the motivational factors in our study, we can make the conclusion that motivation is highly personal and differs from individual to individual. Work motivation is also not consistent over time, meaning, the factor which motivates an individual today will most likely not be the same motivational factor a year from now. It is clear that personal circumstances will have an impact on employee motivation. Results reveal that employees who are in the same profession are similarly motivated and satisfied in their work. Keywords: Employee motivation, multinational corporations, motivational factors.
Three years have past since we first started at the University of Kristianstad and now the journey has come to an end. Our bachelor dissertation about motivation completes our studies at the University of Kristianstad; we have learned a lot during this journey and we are very pleased with the outcome of it. We would like to thank our tutor Agneta Moulettes, for her support and feedback on our thoughts and also thank Annika Fjellkner, for correcting and discussing the English language with us. We would also like to show our gratitude to all the interviewees at Alfa Laval Lund AB and SWECO Environment AB, who were kind enough to share their time and ideas with us during the interviews. Finally, thanks to our family and friends for all the support and understanding during these fifteen weeks writing our bachelor thesis.
Kristianstad, June 2010
__________________________ Kristina Trifunovska
__________________________ Robin Trifunovski
. 18 3................2..................................1 Background ........Table of contents 1...............5 Choice of Methodology.......... 11 2........................................................................................................ 7 1....... 27 3.......2 Research Philosophy .......1 Creative and challenging work.......................2 Extrinsic motivation ................ 12 2......................................................................... 29 4 ...............................2 High salary ............... 23 3......................4........ 17 3....................................................1 Abraham Harold Maslow ............................................................................................................................ 21 3..................................................... 25 3.............. 12 2................................................4 Research question ................................................................................6 Outline .............................. 10 1.1 Intrinsic Motivation ..........................................4......................... 10 1....................3 Paul Lawrence ..... 27 3............................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1................................................................ 13 2...........................................................................3.........................1 Introduction ........2 Problem .................... 18 3....................................................... 26 3......2 Motivational theories....................................................................................................................................... 7 1....................................................................................3 Research approach...................................................................................................................................................................... Literature review ......................................................................................................... 24 3....................................................................................2.. Introduction .............................. Methodology ..............................................................1 Work Motivation .............................. 14 2..........................................3 Purpose ........................................................................................................... 9 1.....3 Motivation concepts ............................................................................. 17 3..............3 Individual growth and development ....................................................................................................................4 Choice of Theory......4 Motivational factors ......5 Theoretical limitations...............................................2........................... 24 3.....2 Frederick Herzberg ....4............................................................ 15 3...................................... 15 2..............................3..........................................................................................................................
.........................1...................8 Generalisability ................3.............................1 Work motivation (Question no.... 38 4..... 55 5...... Empirical method .....6 Reliability .............................................................. 57 5...2 Analysis ...........................................................1 Empirical findings .................................................3 Data collection...........................5.......2 Results from the interviews ........................ 1) .......................4 Goals (Question no................................ 43 4..5................ 47 5.................................................... Empirical findings & Analysis...................... 41 4..........................................................................4............................................. 46 5................................................................................ 58 5 .5....................................................................................................................5.....................................4 Good relationship with supervisor and colleagues ...5 Characteristics of the companies and employees (Question no........................................................................................................... 44 4.................. 29 3....... 44 4................................................. 36 4............ 43 4........................................................... 43 4....5...... 54 5........................4 Sample selection ......................................2 Motivational factors (Question no................................. 33 3..................1 Sample .....................................3 Satisfaction (Question no.........................6 Summary and discussion of literature review ...... 45 4....................................................1 Interviews......5 Multinational Corporations ................................................ 35 4..... 3) ......................................2.......3 Analysis of motivation theories...........3.............................. 10)....................................................................... 47 5. 37 4.........1 Research design and strategy ............................................... 44 4..................2.............................................................1 Analysis of demographic variables..............................2 Analysis of motivational factors ..................................................................7 Validity ......................................... 36 4.............. 47 5............................................................................. 43 4.1..2....................................... 37 4............... 47 5................................................. 31 3.... 8) .........................................................................................................7 Propositions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6) .....................................................5 Operationalization ..................2 Time horizon .........................................................................................................................
.....................................................5 Future studies .................................................. 45 6 ............................................................................. 67 List of Tables Table 2.. 63 6........................... 43 Table 5.............. 42 Figure 4.........................1: The most and least important motivational factors (1946-1992). 22 Figure 3................................................................................................................. 26 Table 4..1: Two broad research traditions ....................................1: Population......................... 60 6..... 12 Figure 3...........................................................................................................................................2: Reliable and unreliable shooting .............................. 19 Figure 3..........1 Summary ............................................................1: Overview of interviewees ................. 60 6................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1: Maslow´s Hierarchy of needs ................................................... 61 6................................. 25 Figure 4......................................................6...................... 14 Table 3....................................................................4 Contribution ........................................................ 64 Appendices APPENDIX 1: Interview Questions: Work motivation .........................................1: Summary of motivational factors ................. sample and individual cases .....................................................................1: The research"onion" .......2 Conclusion... 62 6.......................................................................... 63 References .........................................................3 Critical review ..................................3: Extrinsic and Intrinsic needs ...............2: Maslow & Herzberg ......................................................................................................... Conclusion .............. 54 List of Figures Figure 2.........
then the company can make sure that other workers will behave in the same way (Dongho. This strategy will lead to marketplace advantage over competitors. research question and the theoretical limitations of the thesis. Pinder (1984) describes work motivation as "one of the most important topics in organizational science. If a company knows why its employees come to work and are productive. The leaders of this project. no other issue has more significance for our general economic well-being and no other topic commands more attention in journals and textbooks in the field" (p. Kim Dongho (2006). The reason for this project was the rapid changes of the business environment the last couple of years. followed by the purpose. Motivation is a topic that relates to all of us. ___________________________________________________________________________ 1.6). 7 . 2006).1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________________________ The initial chapter presents the background of the study and explains why the topic was chosen for this bachelor thesis.1 Background This dissertation is about people working in multinational companies and their experience and attitude towards motivation. The problem of the chosen subject will be described. the author of the article "Employee motivation: Just ask your employees". The Swiss Association for Organization and Management (SGO) has established a research project called "Motivation". Bruno S. The Swiss Association announced that a reevaluation of the factor of motivation is both necessary and appropriate. Frey and Margit Osterloh (2002) provide convincing proof that motivation is an important success factor for businesses. argues that employee motivation has been a big concern for organizations and managers because motivation is the deciding factor in work performance and determines the success or failure of an company. The final part consists of the disposition of the study.
Latham (2007) distinguishes motivation as a core competency of leadership and gives examples of companies where the term motivation plays an important role. These examples emphasize the importance of motivated workers. the article "Employee motivation" by Kim Dongho (2006). As the old proverb "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink" illustrates.VI). tells us that the American internet company eBay has grown significantly every year and the factor contributing to this success is the empowerment and delegation of power to the company's 2. 1999). 2007). along with developments in the Asia-Pacific region. The strategy at Manulife. They need to recognize that managing an multinational company is not the same as managing a domestic company. motivation is not something that can be commanded (Frey & Osterloh. Therefore. The shift toward a global economy means more firms go international. it is essential for multinational companies to have an effective Human Resource Management and a greater degree of involvement in their employees. leaders at Microsoft are considered to create an environment where the best employees can perform their very best work. 1996). Managers needs to have a good understanding of what motivates different people. More and more firms are moving outside their domestic borders. This means globalization of business has a significant impact on Human Resource Management. 2002. The integration of European markets and North American markets. Furthermore.400 employees. includes a focus on employee commitment (Latham. Welch & Schuler. Managers are forced to gain and sustain a competitive advantage.The world is rapidly moving toward a global economy system that is more favorable for international business. 2006). which factors influence their level of motivation and what steps can be taken to enhance motivation or keep it at a satisfying level (Molander. a global financial services company. This shift has a certain effect on managers. The highly motivated employees at eBay has attracted millions of customers and increased the profit with $129 million in recent year (Dongho. motivating people is easier said than done. 8 . p. heightens this impact tremendously (Dowling. However.
Qualitative methods in the field of management is very limited. (2006) state that qualitative research is important in the field of business and management. Buehring and Johnson (2006) supports. It is also a subject people talk about on a regular basis. but despite this. There have been several previous studies on human resource management in MNCs. This dissertation uses a qualitative method. which the article by Cassell. Morley and Collings (2004) points out that human resource management is important for multinational corporations and that MNCs play a significant role in the global economy. work fills the primary part of the day. little research or none about employee motivation within these organizations have been documented. Motivation is complex and individual. however. multinational corporations need to be aware of what motivates their employees in order to gain competitive advantage. Eracleous and Chamorro-Premuzic (2009) study revealed that personality and demographic variables can have a significant influence on work motivation. Opportunities within MNCs and small companies are significantly different and so is the motivation among employees. (2009) also explain that theorists have provided a number of sources that influence work 9 .2 Problem For most of us. we are more likely to wonder why people climb mountains than to question the motivational basis of their work. qualitative research help to examine how things look from different points and to better understand the issue. the question: What motivates people to work is hardly ever asked. which the study by Moy and Lee (2002) supports. People choose to work in a company depending on what the organization has to offer to the individual. Globalization has a significant impact on companies. the majority of the studies on motivation have employed a quantitative methodology. therefore. Furnham. People are motivated by different things. Furnham et al. Even though employee motivation is a well researched topic. According to the article "What motivates employees". Questionnaire based research on work motivation often involve ranking questions without any further discussion on the respondents´ answers. this study aims to identify various factors which influence motivation. however. Cassell et al. published in International Journal of Manpower (1997).1. Symon. most studies have particularly focused on small domestic companies.
however. type of work. 1997). Process theories are not relevant for this study since the purpose is to explore what motivates individuals. we aim to identify key factors which have an impact on motivation at work. "What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys". 10 . states that motivation is the number one problem facing businesses today. In order to do so. 1. Therefore. It will also give an insight in employees' attitudes towards motivation and what motivation means to them.4 Research question The following research question has been developed: -What motivates employees in MNCs to work? 1.3 Purpose The purpose of this dissertation is to explore what motivates individuals to work. This study will contribute with a framework of motivational factors in an organization. demographic changes in the workplace. express the need to carry on and determine what motivates employees to perform well (Wiley.g. Focus will be on employees working in multinational companies in Sweden. income) which the theories do not explain. 1. Finally. but individual differences have not been deliberated. For this study to provide a better understanding of the term motivation. they are somewhat restrictive and do not consider individual differences. experience. employees in multinational corporations were interviewed in order to get knowledge of the factors that motivates people to work.5 Theoretical limitations The motivational theories provide a good framework. The theories that we excluded in this dissertation are the process theories which explain how to motivate employees.motivation. It is essential for employers to recognize what motivates employees in order to improve productivity and ensure the success of the company. The author of the article. age. There are different variables that can influences motivation (e. technological development and globalization. this study will also examine motivation from individual differences.
Essential information is provided in order to get a general view of the dissertation. approach. motivation theories. generalisability. This chapter includes topics such as motivational factors. Also followed in this chapter is the operationalization. The initial chapter has introduced the reader to the background and the aim of this study.6 Outline Following section presents an overview of the study which is divided into six chapters. An interpretivistic philosophy and an abductive approach are adopted. validity. contribution and suggestions for further study. The second chapter presents the theoretical method of the dissertation as well as the choice of research philosophy. In this chapter the research design and strategy as well as the data collection and sample selection is introduced.1. Chapter four contains the empirical method. reliability and the time horizon. The sixth chapter will include a short summary of our entire dissertation followed by a conclusion of our study. concepts and propositions. theories and methodology. The first part of chapter five will present the empirical findings of the research and the second part of chapter five will include a discussion and an analysis of the results form the interviews. 11 . In the third chapter the literature review of the dissertation is presented.
a review will be given on the various philosophies. Lewis & Thornhill. Figure 1 demonstrates the different layers of the onion that need to be peeled away. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.1: The research"onion" (Source: Saunders. Further. First. The next layer is the research approach followed by research strategy. approaches.2. starting with the research philosophy.108) 12 . 2009. Methodology ___________________________________________________________________________ In this chapter we will present the methodological framework. theories and methodologies. The purpose of this chapter is to increase the understanding on how we approach our field of study. time horizon and finally the centre of the onion consists of data collection techniques and procedures. Lewis and Thornhill (2009) illustrate the research process as an"onion". research choices. Figure 2. we will explain which of these methods are relevant for our topic.1 Introduction Research methods for business students by Saunders. p.
2009). Realism has similar features to positivism. According to Saunders et al. 2009). The first philosophy. The emphasis will be on quantifiable observations that lend themselves to statistical analysis. This view confirms that it is possible to work with variations. suggests that it is important for the researcher to understand differences between humans in our role as social actors. The philosophy of realism implies that there is a reality independent of human thoughts and beliefs.. Saunders et al.2. the authors argue that the research philosophy you adopt should depend on the research question you seek to answer. Instead. pragmatism. Researchers of interpretivism argue that the world is far too complex to be able to make law-like generalizations. The results of our research cannot be generalized because the actors included in the study have different characteristics and each circumstance is unique.2 Research Philosophy Research philosophy relates to the development of knowledge and contains important assumptions about the way in which people view the world. This perspective is appropriate in the field of human resource management. The methods chosen must have some connection to the subject.. 13 . which means either quantitative or qualitative method. both philosophies assume a scientific approach to the development of knowledge (Saunders et al. The last research philosophy. positivism. realism and interpretivism. interpretivism. offers a mixed or multiple method design and the researcher can apply both quantitative and qualitative methods. pragmatism. This dissertation will adopt an Interpretivistic research philosophy. (2009) there are four different philosophies. We will take part in and conduct investigations by applying a qualitative research method. Characteristics of positivism are hypothesis testing by using data originally collected in indepth interviews. (2009) states that one research philosophy does not necessarily have to be better than another. If you adopt a positivistic philosophy you will work with an observable social reality and the end product of such research can be law-like generalizations (Saunders et al.
2004). (3) testing the hypothesis. p. The first step in the inductive approach is to collect data from participants and to analyze that data. (2009) presents the deductive process in five stages: "(1) deducting a hypothesis from theory.124). Table 2. Inductive approach has a more flexible structure than the deductive approach. Inductive approach begins rather opposite.. (5) modifying the theory if necessary"(p. or hypothesis. 27. Abduction is based on empirical facts just like the inductive approach but it does not reject theoretical ideas and is therefore.. Deductive approach Positivist Quantitative Follows a predetermined design Confirms theory The necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusions Inductive approach Interpretative Qualitative Follows a flexible research design. Table 2. There is also a third research approach called abduction which is a cross between deduction and induction (Alvesson & Sköldberg.2. is used in many case studies (Alvesson and Sköldberg. Saunders et al.1 shows a summary of deductive and inductive approaches. 2004.127) The third research approach. This approach is frequently connected to interpretism and qualitative studies. (2) expressing how the variables are to be measured. 2009. This allows the researcher to make changes as the research progresses (Saunders et al.3 Research approach There are two main research approaches: deduction and induction (Saunders et al. closer to the deductive approach. 1994). that may be continually adapted Develops theory Less concern with the need to generalize (Source: Gratton & Jones. from existing theory which can then be tested through the collection of data (Gratton & Jones. p. The next step is to develop a theory as a result of the analysis. 1996). The deductive research approach includes the development of an idea. 2009).1: Two broad research traditions. abduction.. Saunders et al. 1994). 2009). The abductive research approach becomes a combination of both induction and deduction. (4) examining the outcome. An important characteristic of deduction is that concepts need to be operationalized in a way that enables facts to be measured quantitatively. Abduction is a way to draw conclusions about what is the cause of an observation without manipulating the causal factors (Wallén. but it also adds new elements and includes 14 .
2000). 1998.4 Choice of Theory There are several theories describing motivation. This study is based on empirical facts from previous research about employee motivation and also includes theoretical explanations such as motivation theories and concepts. Another group of theories consists of process theories. All of them are "need" theories and are considered classics in organizational behavior (Pinnington & Edwards. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Content theories seek to explain what motivates employees.5 Choice of Methodology "Our assumptions. Each view of the participants is unique and valuable for our study. The abductive approach is best suited for our study since we will adopt a qualitative strategy where we collect data from two case studies. Maslow's hierarchy of needs has long had appeal because it is applicable to most situations. The theory also appeals to students and business practitioners from different backgrounds and cultures because it is open to a wide variety of interpretations (Pinnington & Edwards. interests.3).understandings. and Lawrence's Four Factor theory. Since the aim of this study is to explore what motivates employees. Interviews will be conducted with participants in the companies to collect data and to develop understandings from patterns in the data. 15 . we will interview employees in two multinational companies located in Sweden. p. The abductive approach is a combination of deduction and induction. Need theories go under the name content theories. and purposes shape which methodology we choose" (Taylor & Bogdan. In order to answer our research question. The data is based on personal experience of the participants and the aim is to get a closer understanding of the views of these individuals. We will focus on three content theories. Herzberg's motivators and hygiene factors. 2000). 2. we will utilize Need theories of motivation. This dissertation will adopt a interpretivistic research philosophy with an abductive approach. This group explains how to motivate employees and is in this manner not relevant for our study. Our choice of method is qualitative research since this type of research enables us to make investigations about motivation. 2.
it is most appropriate for the dissertation. that is people's own written or spoken words (Taylor & Bogdan. 1998). 16 .therefore. Qualitative methodology refers to research that produces descriptive data. Taylor and Bogdan (1998) state that the goal of qualitative research is to make sure that theory fits the data and to examine how things look from different points.
3). therefore. Both employees are motivated on a different scale. and concepts will also be illustrated. it can be everything from money to a flexible schedule. The verb motivate means to provide reasons for action" (p. Gudmundson and Andersson (2009) study of work motivation on seasonal workers supports the theory that motivation varies between employees. even if two individuals are exposed to the same situation they would still react in various ways and be motivated by totally different factors.1 Work Motivation Motivation is a complex concept and can. whereas the other person thinks that the difficulty is low compared to what is achievable and it is not enough 17 . Literature review ___________________________________________________________________________ This section will provide a review of the literature used to analyze the study. yet every individual does not experience this feeling. especially at the work place. the first person may think that the goal is unrealistic and wants to lower it. our life situation and external circumstances are the main decisive factors. This indicates that motivation is extremely personal. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3.4). Motivation is important in everything we do. one might think that the goal is too high. Let us picture a business situation where the goal is to increase the sales profit with five percent. Lundberg. be defined in several ways. Humans are motivated to work by different things. Here are two definitions presented: Latham (2007) writes that "The term motivation is a derivation of the Latin word for movement. If we do not feel driven to do our job then the work will not be successfully accomplished. A definition of the word "motivation" will be presented and theoretical models such as Need theories of Motivation. Björklund (2001) on the other hand points out that" Motivation can be described as the need or drive that incites a person to some action or behavior. another person might pass it as too low. Employees would react differently to this goal. We need to be able to wake up in the morning feeling happy about going to work. The goal is to give a substantial framework for understanding motivation and why it is vital in the working environment. even though they are both competent in delivering the goal.3. movere" (p.
rather they provide an understanding of the concept motivation. This thesis will focus on three classical need theories. According to Molander (1996) need theories describe that it is possible to identify human needs.2 Motivational theories There are several theories explaining motivation. Maslow was not the first person who tried to address the issue of motivation. The theories were already familiar in the beginning of our research and we are aware that they are quite old but still very popular in the field of work motivation. For an employee to experience motivation there have to be certain rewards. However. 3. After introducing his classical theory about the five different human needs he created his well known model 18 . According to Maslow there are five human needs: physiological. 2003). self-esteem. meaning that the employee must feel that his/or her work is meaningful and leads to reaching the goals of the company. 2003). All of the three theories are connected to each other in some way and can be applied in real life situations. The need theories do not describe techniques on how to motivate employees. and self actualization needs. which is not the purpose of this dissertation. The theories are best suitable to our empirical material and research question.1 Abraham Harold Maslow The hierarchy of needs is one of the first theories about work motivation by Abraham Maslow.2. belongingness and love. 3. Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. The combination of motivation and needs will influence action (Kessler. Herzberg's two-factor theory and Lawrence's Four-Factor theory. The following part will describe the chosen theories which have been tested by some of the earliest thinkers (Kessler. safety. and through this identification of needs we can find out what motivates individuals and also how their needs can be fulfilled. The beliefs and opinions of an individual change during time as well as the motivation.challenging (Kessler. 2003). other thinkers such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung also did a lot of research on the topic (Kessler. 2003). Although the theories are commonly used in theoretical examinations there are of course some limitations and exceptions within each theory.
The new needs further up the pyramid are self-esteem and self. The following part describes an example. 1989).which he called the hierarchy of needs. At the bottom of the pyramid Maslow placed the physiological needs and at the very top of the pyramid he placed the self actualization needs (Molander. the person will then try to satisfy other needs (Maslow. After satisfying the "lower needs" the human will then work his way up the "ladder" to face new needs that have emerged and that have to be fulfilled. 1970). When the basic needs are fulfilled. Figure 3. The five human needs will be shortly explained below.1 illustrates the hierarchy of needs. other needs will not be important. 1989). if a person is hungry and does not have enough food or water.1: Maslow's Hierarchy of needs (Source: tutor2u. The physiological needs represent the most important needs for human survival.actualization where Maslow argues that there is no end once you reach this level (Molander. 2010) 19 . and the starting point in the hierarchy is the basic needs. Once the "lower needs" have been satisfied they do not longer motivate and the human does no longer strive to satisfy these needs. before other needs can emerge and be satisfied. 1970). In order for a human to reach the summit of the pyramid all of the five needs have to be fulfilled starting with the physiological needs at the bottom. Figure 3. also called physiological needs. What should be kept in mind is that these needs have to be fulfilled first. he will only want to eat and drink. and that is food and water (Maslow.
However. for example an artist paints pictures and becomes selffulfilled since he does what he knows best (Maslow. Once the safety needs have been gratified there is no longer something to fulfill and just like with the physiological needs. As in the previous example with the physiological needs. salary and retirement plan rather than an urge for food and water (Adair. The new motivation that will dominate the once hungry person will be love and affection from others (Maslow. dominance and to be more important to other people (Maslow. 46). 1970). Finally. These new needs are called safety needs which refer to security. A person that once was hungry and looking for safety will no longer be motivated to fulfill those needs since they have already been accomplished. 1970). humans start to feel lonely and our greatest desire will be to seek for love and affection from others. namely. In the first group we find factors such as desire for strength. A person might now have the desire to have a good job with good working conditions. new needs have now taken over since the former needs have already been fulfilled (Maslow.After the basic needs have been satisfied new needs will emerge. 1970). The third type of need is the belongingness and love needs. 2006). new needs are being developed after the fulfillment of the safety needs and the process repeats itself (Maslow. instead Maslow means that a 20 . confidence and independence. According to Maslow the self-esteem needs can be divided into two groups. 1970 p. 1970). This could for example be that we want to be part of a group of friends.actualization need "refers to a man's desire for self-fulfillment. or self-esteem (Maslow. 1970). 1970). When you have satisfied your physiological. stability and protection (Maslow. In the second group of esteem needs we find desire for reputation. Maslow named the top of the pyramid self-actualization need. 1970). After fulfilling the basic needs and safety needs. colleagues and family (Maslow. this is not the case. safety and belongingness and love needs a fourth need arises. esteem need. The self. respect. 1970). One of the problems with Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that the theory is often misunderstood. By this Maslow meant that humans perform things they are capable of doing. This situation can be misinterpreted as if the previous needs will disappear and new needs will take its place. Maslow called this fourth need. The theory specifies that once a human need has been satisfied other needs will emerge. achievement. to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially (Maslow.
Herzberg decided to test his theory through interviews with engineers and accountants in different organizations (Pinder. supervision. For example. achievement. The characteristics of hygiene needs are. meaning when employees were able to successfully complete a task. 1984). Maslow also points out that every individual is different and can experience needs in other order than the pyramid suggests. 1984). hence. many other similar models have been created. but once that need has been satisfied it will not disappear (Pinder. 1984).factor theory. 1984). interpersonal relations. and once the sample was collected Herzberg analyzed the data. yet if individuals are not conscious about their needs it is difficult to take action and try to motivate. hygiene factors. Finally. Trough interviews. was 21 . and they were also asked to describe the surrounding when the situation occurred and finally the consequences of this incident. these satisfiers were important to the respondents because they were related to individual growth and development. Another concern about the theory is that not every individual is aware of his or her needs. The employees were asked to think about a situation where they felt extra good or extra bad about their work. Finally. 3. when a human experience hunger or thirst this need will dominate over other needs. The total sample was 203 employees. Herzberg discovered that achievement was a great satisfier among the employees. The other category.human can have several needs but some needs will dominate and be more important. Herzberg called the motivators satisfiers. Herzberg could observe specific patterns and the analysis resulted in a classification of two groups of human factors. one of those models is Herzberg's Two. Another factor which proved to be important for the respondents was to have an interesting and varied work (Pinder. still the theory do not have much scientific evidence (Pinder.2 Frederick Herzberg After Maslow introduced his Five-factor model of human needs. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not as simple and uncomplicated as we may think. 1959). recognition and selfactualization (Herzberg et al.2. the theory was not meant to be universal. Maslow says that if the needs are identified then there are ways to take action and motivate people. physical working conditions and salary and among the motivational needs we find factors such as responsibility. This model is more related to the motivation to work. the theory has been very popular in understanding organizational behavior. the motivators and the hygiene factors (Pinder. 1984). With this said.
The people whom Herzberg referred to as hygiene seekers. 1997). humans have two sets of needs.identified as dissatisfiers.2 shows how Maslow's five human needs and Herzberg's satisfiers and dissatisfiers are connected to each other. The Motivator-Hygiene theory has similarities to Maslow's hierarchy. Figure 3. Herzberg's motivators are connected to selfactualization and hygiene needs are linked to the job surrounding. Here. To briefly summarize Herzberg's theory. 2004). where Maslow also identified recognition and self-actualization needs along with safety needs such as working conditions and salary. Herzberg found that poor working conditions and a miserable relationship with the supervisor were the main dissatisfiers among the employees. Herzberg differentiated between two types of individuals which he called hygiene seekers and motivator seekers (Pugh. 1997).2: Maslow & Herzberg 22 . When the motivational needs (responsibility. Herzberg said that satisfying the hygiene needs will not result in higher job performance it will only help to prevent job dissatisfaction (Herzberg et al. Herzberg concluded that the motivators were mainly related to the work itself. compared to Maslow who introduced us to five levels of human needs. were the ones who only stayed satisfied and motivated if they were rewarded with something such as salary for performed work (Pugh. recognition and self. 1984). and hygiene factors were associated with the working environment (Pinder.actualization) are well satisfied this will result in higher work performance and job satisfaction (Landy et al. 1959). achievement. Figure 3. The motivator seekers are people that actually find satisfaction and motivation in the performance of their work.
Critics argued that the interviewees in Herzberg's study did not want to look bad so they linked satisfaction to their own successful actions. Supporters claim that the theory was not tested in the right way with appropriate instruments and that the critics did not bring adequate evidence of the theory's validity (Pinder. 2009). Moreover. In the working place employees may compete about different positions within the company which will lead to higher status and salary.. the drive to learn as: "Humans have an innate drive to satisfy their curiosity. These arguments questioned the validity of the theory. Behavior research is problematic to evaluate since. Employees who are working together in groups have the advantage of better managing environmental threats in the organization. An example of this is that humans compete with each other in various ways. 1984). to comprehend. According to Lawrence there are four factors that influence human choices also known as drives. the drive to learn and the drive to defend. and is completed when the bond is mutual and shared.2. and blamed negative feelings. Gustavsson. hygiene factors. & Johnsson.After Herzberg introduced his two factor theory. the drive to bond. to know. the drive to acquire. The results appeared to be very mixed. Employees will also try to acquire rewards for their accomplished work in order to gain recognition (Berggren et al.3 Paul Lawrence Our third choice of theory is Lawrence's four factor theory of human nature which is a following theory to Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two factor theory. specifies that humans drive to improve status by acquiring experiences. Lawrence explains the third factor. 1984). the interviewees can describe situations to make them look better. to 23 . the drive to acquire. The basic question in this theory is: "what drives an individual?" (Berggren. the drive to bond is the desire to create relationship with others. Next. p. as stated above. The four human drives will be further explained below. 2009. The first factor. on situations which did not lie within their control such as working conditions. Lawrence also points out that every human have several drives but that all drives cannot be satisfied every time. several researchers attempted to test and understand the theory. where some studies criticized the theory and other supported it (Pinder. This is a very common feature of human nature.24). 3.
the fourth factor is the drive to defend which means that humans try to protect themselves against any harm that relates to their own beliefs and experiences. 1984). A sense of 24 . p.3. 2009. 3. sense of competence and sense of progress. Christina Björklund (2001) writes in her book Work Motivation.interest. employees can also be motivated extrinsically based on self. why are they motivated by certain factors? An employee can be motivated by personal factors such as a sense of progress and the feeling of having a meaningful work. the four factor theory is universal and independent and each factor is connected with each other. Intrinsic motivation is also about creative thinking.3 Motivation concepts In order to understand the results from our research question. such as caution and rationalization. 2009).28).1 Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation occurs when the human performs for his or her own sake. to tackle any threat that may appear. This means that humans have a willingness to learn and to understand our environment so that they know how things work. Kenneth W. Conflicts and other rivalry among co-workers can occur as threats in an organization and employees will then drive to defend themselves (Berggren et al. not only increase the performance but also the job satisfaction.. which means that they perform mainly because they receive a salary for the work.studies of its Determinants and Outcomes that intrinsic motivation is about "engaging in a task for its enjoyment value" (p. Finally. Employees who have a job where there is an opportunity to develop knowledge within their field experiences it as a satisfying work. to appreciate. 3. The purpose of this part is to interpret the behavior of employees. two concepts will be presented. Thomas (2002) talks about four different types of intrinsic rewards: sense of meaningfulness..believe. Unlike Maslow's hierarchy of needs. intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. sense of choice. Lawrence argues that humans have prepared skills. On the other hand. to develop understandings or representations of their environment and of themselves through a reflective process: the drive to learn" (Berggren et al. "What motivates individuals to work". and increased performance meaning that if a person is intrinsically motivated he or she can. 25). instead for social rewards (Pinder.
Moreover. involves the excitement and feeling that you are on the right track. 3.3: Extrinsic and Intrinsic needs 25 ..meaningfulness is when you put all of your emotions and feelings into a certain task that makes you excited and gives you the feeling that the task is worth your time and energy (Thomas. People that are extrinsically motivated do not actually get motivated from the work itself. 2002). Figure 3. A sense of choice is about having the opportunity to make your own decisions and to choose task activities that you find useful to perform.2 Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation is based on external factors such as self. When you feel that the work with the chosen task is moving forward and you accomplish something on your way. 2002). The fourth intrinsic reward. 2002). 2006). Figure 3.3. 2005). a sense of competence involves the feeling that you are performing your chosen task in a way that it is making progress and that the work with the chosen task is going well (Thomas. you get the feeling that it was worth all your time and energy (Thomas. They expect to receive some rewards after having performed a certain task or else they will not feel pleased (Gagne et al. a sense of progress. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is one and another opposite which means that extrinsic motivation is a behavior that is performed just for the money and not for the pleasure of doing it.interest and the pleasure of making profits (Nelson et al.3 illustrates how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is connected to Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
you must have in mind that the employees came from different environments and circumstances. At the top of the list in 1980 was the factor "interesting work" and at the bottom was "discipline". The surveys included different motivational factors such as appreciation. Table 3. states that it is also valuable to analyze the responses by subgroups (e... 1997. Therefore.. The most present study highlights the importance of good wages (Wiley. The article... The survey was divided into four different years. At the top was once again "interesting work" and at the bottom "personal problems". Employees were asked to rank ten job reward factors. The Labour Relations Institute of New York conducted the first surveys in 1946 and the surveys focused on motivational factors. 1997). Table 3.3. high salary.. gender. Employees at different 26 .g. 1997).1: The most and least important motivational factors (1946-1992) FACTORS Years Most important 1946 Appreciation 1980 Interesting work 1986 Interesting work 1992 Good wages . a similar study was conducted..1 illustrates the most and least important factors of the surveys in 1946-1992. it is noticeable that the motivational factors vary during the years.. "What motivates employees" (Wiley. 267) Least important Discipline Discipline Personal problems Personal problems Future studies When comparing these surveys. having an interesting work. 1997). By comparing the employees´ factor rankings. (Source: Wiley. age. a fact which has significantly impacted the result. In 1946 the employees ranked "appreciation" as most important factor and "discipline" as least important. p..4 Motivational factors Wiley (1997) describes the first surveys about motivation. The workers´ values changed over these years due to changes in industries and economies. it is of interest to conduct future studies about the factors which motivates employees. In 1986. A survey conducted today would most probably show a different result in motivational factors among employees (Wiley.. and it is evident that these factors changes from time to time depending on the circumstances. Future studies ... The following part will give more information about the results from the motivation surveys. employment status) to find out if there are any variations.
The following part will introduce the reader to a couple of factors which have different importance to employees and which have been studied by former researchers. even if it means to struggle with a demanding task. Rynes et al. Respondents in a survey may select 27 . Instead.443). The focus is mainly on money as a motivator since there has been numerous studies about this complex issue. which reported that payment was the least important motivational factor among fifty factors at work (Kaye and Evans. Gerhart and Minette (2004) criticize former studies where researchers imply that compensation is not an effective motivator. The factor is often seen as a symbol of success (Tang and Kim. It is commonly known that managers use money as a strategy to attract and retain employees.4. meaning. money does not necessarily have to be equal important to all people. but also to be able to contribute with something meaningful to the company as well as to the society. 2006). 2002). Woodruffe (2006) writes in his article that employees enjoy the feeling of being challenged.2 High salary Money as a motivator has been a well studied topic by a large number of researchers. Employees' attitudes towards money can be affected by one's income and employment status. (2004) lay out that there is a gap between what people say and do regarding payment because of social norms. A later study by Engelberg and Sjöberg (2006) imply that non money-oriented employees are more able to deal with failure and demanding tasks. 3. 2003). 3. Rynes. The Hay Group conducted a study with half a million employees from hundreds of companies. Tang and Kim (2002) describe the importance of money as: "in the eye of the beholder" (p. and also associated with comfort and security (Engelberg and Sjöberg. whereas money-oriented employees are less concerned with social network and integration.4. since it is evident that money can have a great impact on employees´ performance.organizational levels may have diverse motivational values. Having a creative and challenging work is connected in the way that the employee has some influence on tasks and schedules within the organization.1 Creative and challenging work A two year study by Kaye and Evans (2003) reveals that today's employees are motivated by challenging work where they have the opportunity to be creative.
there is substantial evidence that pay is important and can be a powerful tool for managers when motivating employees. the importance of money seems to be underreported by employees. 2007). 2004). Here. Money can satisfy a lot of needs in the pyramid. In recent years the country has experienced rapid changes in agriculture and tourism. (2004). hence. also known as: incentive compensation (Liu. However. as explained in the article by Rynes et al. 2004). To summarize the discussion about money as a motivator. Ketchen and Ireland. One reason for this. 2006). Despite the self-evident result. The results showed that the business owners valued money highly and that money was a sign of success (Tang et al. 2007). Especially in the service sector. the reality is actually the opposite. the authors mean that people tend to say that money is less important. from basic 28 .. factors such as contribution and acknowledgement seem to be more important. however. another study by Tang. The results showed that pay was ranked rather low.. A theoretical explanation why salary is important can be illustrated by Maslow's hierarchy of needs. However. Combs. as the study by Cheng and Robertson (2006) reveal. when the respondents once again were asked to rank the same factors but for someone else with the same age and education. Tillery. 2004). Researchers have tried to deal with this "gap" by examining how employees' behavior and performance changes due to changes in their salary (Rynes et al. Most companies offer some kind of performance bonus. a study on 43 employees from hospitals in Singapore shows that the majority of interviewees (60%) emphasize non-monetary rewards. Furthermore. One technique which was used over a 30-year period by researchers was to ask 50 000 job applicants to choose which factor is most important. Lazarevski and Arocas (2004) examines the love of money among small business owners in the Republic of Macedonia.. might be due to social norms where there is an unwritten rule or belief that other things are more important than having a high salary. This type of performance related compensation is a well studied practice within human resource management where over 30 studies have revealed a positive motivational connection between performance and compensation (Liu et al. pay was placed at first place for both men and women (Rynes et al.. intrinsic motivation (Cheng and Robertson.challenging work as the best motivator because they see it as a contribution to the society.
2004).4. and telecommunication (Islam and Ismail. The respondents were selected from 96 various organizations and a total number of 505 employees participated in the study. The organizations included in the research were national companies such as: airlines. there are other important factors as well. It is essential for companies to provide training and coaching for their employees in order to help them to develop within their field. The authors of the article. banks. but it is of value to recognize that pay do qualify among the top factors. Islam and Ismail (2008) emphasize that their research will serve as a guideline in developing management programs. Previous survey based research about factors of motivation has also been made in different Malaysian organizations in the year of 2004.needs such as food and water. The authors state that Chinas economic growth has increased 29 . concludes that it is valuable to identify what motivates people.4. Job rotation may be a tool to provide new interesting assignments. another article by Jackson and Bak (1998) addresses the issue of motivating Chinese employees. where participants were asked to rank ten factors (Islam and Ismail.3 Individual growth and development According to Kaye and Evans (2003). 3. learning and development are among the top reasons why employees remain in their current working place.. "Employee motivation: a Malaysian perspective". 2003). 3.4 Good relationship with supervisor and colleagues Job satisfaction also involves establishing healthy relationships with colleagues where everyone is part of a group or team. to even improve one's social status. 2008). The survey showed that high wages was the most important motivator at work. The survey by the Labour Relations Institute of New York in 1992 illustrated the same result. manufacturing companies. successful work teams can help to fulfill this need (Kaye and Evans. Humans have the need to feel connected. provide for good education and the possibility to retire early (Rynes et al. growth. Furthermore. 2008). money as the top ranked factor. In addition.
significantly since 1979. The younger participants 30 . The study contained three research questions: "(1) To what extent public organizations provide their employees with extrinsic and intrinsic incentives to work in their interests?. and offers. China still has some problems with productivity and failures of foreign joint ventures. Moreover. Data is collected through questionnaires with 1200 Russian workers from manufacturing industries and schools. The article. The participants raked 11 motivators in terms of importance. 2008). One of the purposes with the study was to identify extrinsic and intrinsic incentives in public organizations. which will lead to a contribution for managers to better understand the expectations of reward and to improve the productivity. (3) Which are employees´ perceptions concerning the motivators that public managers should use in order to advance performance?" (Manolopoulos. p. 2008. however. the results also indicate that intrinsic motivation becomes more and more important (Manolopoulos. Jackson and Bak (1998) argue that many of these issues have to do with unmotivated employees. reviews that Western techniques and theories of motivation may not be applicable in China. it is important to understand why Western theories do not work in China. and a total of 454 questionnaires were analyzed. The research was a questionnaire based survey which included three state-owned organizations. According to Jackson and Bak (1998). The purpose of the study by Linz (2004) was to examine whether motivation varies by age and gender. Manolopoulos (2008) stress the importance for managers to realize how motivation influences performance. The article by Linz (2004). "Foreign companies and Chinese workers: employee motivation in the People's Republic of China". discusses employee motivation with consideration of gender and generational differences. and the results showed that employees working in public sector corporations in Greece are extrinsically motivated through wages and job security. by looking into Chinese culture and values. (2) Which type of motivation has a positive impact on organization's performance?.64). Finally. therefore. practical implications for motivating Chinese workers. and the author also emphasizes that there has been limited research on employee motivation in the public sector. Manolopoulos (2008) writes in his article about the relationship between motivation and performance in public sector organizations in Greece.
(2008) also argue that the importance of task variety decreases over time and is replaced by job security. the majority of respondents were females. and that age did not show any significant difference. another qualitative study by White and Mackenzie-Davey (2003) reveal that pay is considered to be a demotivator at work. The motivational factors which were most important in this study were pay and good relationship with co-workers. Hill (2009) gives the following definition: "A multinational corporation (MNC) is any business 31 . However. Another aspect of the results shows that younger workers do not care if they make a contribution to the company. On average. 2004). One difference noted between men and women. Though.accounted for 43%. A qualitative study by Bent and Freathy (1997). 1997). the study did not reveal any remarkable differences between male and female views (Bent and Freathy. was that the women had only few years of education and had worked longer in the current company. Moreover. and the majority of respondents participating in the study were women (62%). The factors which motivated staff in the retail sector were connected to the work of dealing with people. Instead. 3.5 Multinational Corporations This part aims to describe the differences between multinational corporations and small domestic companies. The results from the research imply that women are less concerned about pay. responsibility is an important motivator for employees in this sector (Bent and Freathy. Kooij et al. The women also earned less than their male co-workers (Linz. 1997). another study by Kooij. Lange and Jansen (2008) state that older workers are intrinsically motivated compared to younger employees. Retail businesses lack opportunity for advancement and promotion because of the small size of the industry. and how employee motivation may vary in these organizations. but more satisfied with the knowledge that they contribute with something meaningful to the organization. the results from the survey by Linz (2004) revealed that both men and women ranked motivational factors rather similar. examined motivation among employees in the retail sector. instead the respondents emphasized that feeling valued is more important than compensation. Respondents from small retail businesses were asked to rank five factors in order of importance.
Morley and Collings (2004). Graduates believe that SMEs do not offer the same expertise as a large company (Moy and Lee. number of employees. There are more human resource functions and objectives that need to work when operating in an international context. because they view MNC as a better candidate for career development. Starting salary. but also on the reliance of former work experience. and also do not take part in any further learning such as training programs (Walker. is difficult for small business employees to accomplish. and small companies have informal (Walker et al. individual growth and career development. Small domestic firms often employ younger people who are lacking sufficient qualifications (Reid and Adams. revealed that there was a wish among managers to develop skills on how to successfully motivate employees. According to Walker et al.. the reason for small businesses not having sufficient training is due to time and resources. This dissertation will carry out empirical research within two MNCs based in Sweden. challenges which a domestic company does not face in the same extent. One major difference between large and small companies is that large companies have formal management strategies. which was carried out in small business and enterprises. rewards and security are 32 . Small business managers often have lower educational level than managers in larger companies. and the opportunity for employment rotation within the company. Webster and Clus. (2007). This means that MNCs have greater degree of knowledge within human resource management and the techniques involved in motivating the staff. Multinational corporations can differ from national companies in terms of size. 2002). Morley and Collings (2004) also state that international managers should be active in the lives of the employees. because MNCs many times offer higher salary and incentive rewards.that has productive activities in two or more countries (p. Therefore. Redmond. 2007). The study by Walker et al.20). Studies have showed that multinational corporations are the first choice of working place for business graduates. (2007). It is evident that skilled labor force contributes to the success of a company. points out that human resource management is important for multinational corporations and that MNCs play a significant role in the global economy. Another difference is that small companies often have problems in retaining employees. 2007). 2001).
Even though. MNCs are preferred among graduates. qualitative research help to examine how things look from different points.also factors which graduates perceive as higher in large organizations. Motivation is complex and individual. and Lawrence's four factor theory. the opportunities within MNCs and small companies are significantly different and so is the motivation among employees. To conclude the study by Moy and Lee (2002). Employees in SMEs can have greater involvement in decisions as well as higher responsibility due to informal structures (Moy and Lee. therefore. which the article by Cassell. Career development and extrinsic rewards seem to overweigh intrinsic incentives for business graduates who. there appears to be slightly different results from quantitative and qualitative research. Most of them have been dominated by questionnaire based surveys. Symon. Cassell et al.6 Summary and discussion of literature review This chapter have reviewed three main theories of motivation. prefer to work in a multinational corporation. Moy and Lee (2002) argue that small companies have some strength as well. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. which the study by Moy and Lee (2002) supports. training is offered in a larger extension in MNCs compared to SMEs. The previous section has also discussed several empirical studies about employee motivation. 2002). Although. With this said. employees who are stimulated by responsibility and participation in the decision making process are more likely to apply for work in smaller companies. 3. all of the theories can be applied in real life situations. People choose to work in a company depending on what that organization has to offer to the individual. hence. qualitative methods in the field of management is very limited. Respondents from the quantitative studies seem to value money and other extrinsic rewards 33 . For younger employees it is also important to learn and grow within the organization. The results from quantitative research show the importance of money as a motivator at work. After reviewing the previous empirical studies about employee motivation. Herzberg's two factor theory. Buehring and Johnson (2006) supports. (2006) state that qualitative research is important in the field of business and management. there are of course some limitations and exceptions within each theory.
which can affect the possibility for higher salary. and the method is based on interviews with employees. and that age did not show any significant difference. It is rather difficult to analyze the reason for the difference between the results. The reviewed qualitative studies have been carried out in the retail sector and service industries in Singapore (Cheng and Robertson. Lange and Jansen (2008). Another aspect is that the motivation through salary might depend on the industry as well. 2003). Here. This could be a disadvantage when conducting qualitative research. Multinational corporations are often larger and the opportunities within these organizations are very different from domestic companies. On the other hand. however. However. the results from the survey by Linz (2004) showed that both men and women ranked motivational factors rather similar. Eracleous and Chamorro-Premuzic (2009) study revealed that personality and demographic variables can have a significant influence on work motivation. state that older workers are intrinsically motivated compared to younger employees. which the article by Rynes et al. interviewees from qualitative research stated that factors such as responsibility and feeling valued are more important than compensation (White and Mackenzie-Davey. (2004) explains. Another study on the other hand by Kooij. However. chance for advancement and promotion within the company in larger extent than small companies. which 34 . 2006). MNCs offer training.higher than factors related to intrinsic motivation. This brings up the question: Is work motivation in MNCs any different from national organizations? Our study focuses on motivation in multinational corporations. hence. Even though there have been various studies about motivation in national and public sector companies. It is clear that the results on motivation regarding demographic variables are different for each study. research within multinational companies have not been carried out. employees who are stimulated by responsibility and participation in the decision making process are more likely to apply for work in smaller companies. Advancement opportunities within the retail industry are limited. such as: responsibility and the work itself. Furnham. there do not seem to be a consistent pattern. employees might value other factors higher. one aspect might be that the interviewees from qualitative research underreport the importance of money due to social norms.
3. 2009). hence. The surveys. The first proposition of this thesis aims to test if personal circumstances also have an impact on motivation. proved that the motivational factors changed due to changes in industries and economics. 35 . research about employee motivation within MNCs is very limited. Previous studies have shown that the environment can have a certain impact on individuals' attitudes towards motivation. conducted by the Labour Relations Institute of New York during 1946-1992. Proposition 2: Employees are mostly intrinsically motivated. The following two propositions have been created: Proposition 1: What motivates employees depends on personal circumstances. Proposition number two aims to test the relationship between employees and intrinsic motivation.the study by Bent and Freathy (1997) supports. information about what individuals in MNCs find motivating at work provides an important basis for managerial actions within these industries (Bent and Freathy. The author also stress that intrinsic motivation becomes more and more important.. where experience and family situation plays a significant role. rather than extrinsically. Research by Manolopoulos (2008) showed that employees working in the public sector in Greece are extrinsically motivated.7 Propositions The purpose of this part is to develop propositions which will be empirically tested to discover whether there is a pattern or relationship between the variables (Saunders et al. The second proposition explains the behavior of employees. As stated previously. 1997). not just environmental factors.
validity and generalisability of the study will also be discussed. The second research design is the descriptive study. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4..1 Research design and strategy Saunders et al. but also on the existing knowledge and the amount of time you have available for the study. the exploratory research design is employed.. action research. An exploratory study is used when the purpose of the research is to seek new insights and to understand the nature of a problem (Saunders et al.140). Saunders et al. exploratory. This research design is used when the aim is to study a situation or a problem in order to explain the relationships between variables (Saunders et al. This type of study is flexible and often changes direction as new data appears. Empirical method ___________________________________________________________________________ The following chapter will describe how the empirical data has been gathered. grounded theory. The sample selection. 2009). One example of a descriptive study is the Domesday Book. The choice of research design depends on the purpose of your research and there are three different types of designs. it is also important to have a clear research strategy. which described the population of England in 1085. Therefore. survey. Your research design will serve as a plan of how you will proceed to answer your research question.. the research topic will have a considerable impact on the data collection strategy. (2009) explains the study as follows: "The object of descriptive research is to portray an accurate profile of persons. Here. Here.4. Our aim is to get a deeper understanding of the problem. reliability. 36 . According to Saunders et al (2009). The purpose of our dissertation is to explore what motivates individuals to work. descriptive and explanatory research designs. events or situations" (p. case study. (2009) points out the importance of having a well thought out research design. operationalisation. There are seven adoptable strategies. experiment. the research question will have an influence on your choice of research design and strategy. 2009). The choice of strategy depends once again on the research question and objectives. The final research design is the explanatory study..
and archival research. This method is commonly used for research projects that have a time limit. Survey-based secondary data include government surveys. Primary data is when you collect new data through observations or interviews.ethnography. Secondary sources are data that has already been collected. 37 . This dissertation will use a case study strategy. mainly because of the restricted time limit we have of fifteen weeks. not relevant to this research since our investigations are made on a shorter period of time. 2009. 2009). (2009) distinguish three types of secondary data used in research..156). journals. Ethnography also deals with the social world just like the case study strategy.2 Time horizon When planning a research project there are two types of time horizons to choose between. and multiple sources. the motivation of employees will not be studied over a period of time. survey. the study is a "snapshot". industry statistics and reports (Saunders et al. Multiple sources are mainly collected through government publications. diaries. administrative and public records. 4. The two time horizons are cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies. therefore. The time horizon applied in this research will be the cross-sectional horizon. p. Saunders et al. academic surveys. Hence.3 Data collection The research topic will determine what type of data is necessary for the study. newspapers. The first horizon is often referred as a "snapshot" because the research is made at a particular point of time. A basic question in longitudinal studies is "Has there been any change over a period of time?" (Saunders et al. and organization surveys. There are two sources of data. The research is conducted within a real life context and the goal is to increase the understanding of the context by constructing interviews in several cases. and is therefore. however the ethnography strategy includes investigations over a long period of time. 4. secondary and primary data.. documentary. It is very common that researchers collect data from a variety of sources. The longitudinal time horizon is also known as the "diary" perspective which observes people or events over time. Examples of documentary sources are: organization websites.
Taylor and Bogdan (1998) describe the role of the interviewer as a data collector.1 Interviews Conversation is important if you want to gain profound knowledge of a specific field. Through conversations you have the opportunity to get to know the respondents and their point of view. documentary secondary data such as articles and research papers will also provide a useful source. Information about the companies. an efficient technique when writing dissertations. in which interviews will be held. Inspiration has been gained from previous research concerning the issue of motivation. the researcher will have the ability to be part of the data collection process and have control over the responses in order to collect information for the study. The aim of this research is to explore what motivates employees in MNCs to work. Interviews are most frequent used data collection strategy in social science and management research studies (Harris. "What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys" has served as a valuable guideline for this dissertation and has enabled us to collect data for this study. Taylor and Bogdan (1998) express that interviewing can be accomplished in a short period of time.In order to answer our research question. 2000). This type of follow-up is called probing (Keats. where the goal is to get respondents to answer the predefined questions. with employees from multinational companies. The article. 2008). which were audio-recorded. and is therefore. is collected from the organization's website. The interviewer trusts verbal information of the participants´ experience and perspectives. new data will be collected for this purpose. primary data were collected through interviews. Here. 4. However. former survey based research by Islam and Ismail (2008) have given inspiration to our ranking question (see appendix 1. Also. therefore. question 8). Carrying through interviews has the advantage that unclear questions can be rephrased and explained to the respondent. This type of data collection technique is appropriate if you already have clear research interests and questions you want to prosecute. A researcher can choose between different 38 .3.
. Inspiration was gained from surveys conducted over 40 years. The goal was to create a structure and a flow of questions which would make it easy for the 39 . First. and along with this. the unstructured interview has similarity to a conversation and there are no predetermined questions. Here. Questions were formulated simple and short and related to areas which we wanted to cover. we began by asking ourselves what we want to get out of the study and what we need to find out in order to answer our research question. semistructured and unstructured interviews (Saunders et al.. 2009). The following section will describe the design and structure of our interviews with employees from international companies. information about the construction of the questions will be given and then a description of how the interviews were carried out. Finally.types of interviews depending on the research question and objectives: structured. This type of interview is also called "quantitative research interview" (Saunders et al. The question format is partly based on previous research about motivation by Wiley (1997). where respondents were asked to rank ten motivational factors. We have formulated predetermined questions to the respondents and we have clear ideas of what answers to collect for the study. Our interview format is the semi-structured interview. the interview is open to additional questions depending on the responses. The second interview form is the semi-structured interview where the researcher has a list of questions to be covered (Bryman & Bell. The various interview formats will be explained below along with the choice of interview for this study. These ten factors were then developed to match our present study of employee motivation. The questions are asked in similar order to each interviewee. the researcher also has the opportunity to ask additional questions during the interview. the researcher still needs to have a clear idea of what he wants to explore. 2009). however. Moreover. 2009). The goal is to get the interviewees to explain their answers more detailed. 2007). Each interview is audio recorded. the structured interview is based on standardized questions where the interviewer reads out the exact question to the respondent and then records the answer.. This form allows the interviewee to speak freely and it is also the respondent who will lead the interview (Saunders et al. First.
silence. specifying questions. Our interview questions were constructed with a combination of open-ended questions and rank ordering. starting with the most important factor. Bryman & Bell (2007) states that it is important to record "face sheet". follow-up. Before visiting the two companies. indirect questions. a limitation with this form is that the list of answers may not be representative with the respondent's opinion. direct questions. This information is useful when analyzing the answers. we send an email to the contact person at the companies with information about our subject and the 40 . Direct questions about motivation were also asked. Openended questions allow the respondent to answer freely in his own words. which the researcher can combine when formulating interview questions. and continuing to number ten as the least important factor. we wanted to make sure that the participants would be sufficiently prepared for our questions. education and work experience. age and gender. and interpreting questions (see Bryman & Bell. information about the respondents. we asked the respondents to rank ten motivational factors. ranking. where the interviews were held. 1-10. multiple-choice and rank ordering. The opposite of this form is the multiple-choice format. The purpose was to ensure that the respondents answer in their own words and point of view. where the respondent has to choose between different answers that have already been provided. The goal here was to get a discussion started over these factors and to understand the results of their ranking order.respondents to follow. The follow-up questions were aimed to get the respondents to explain their answers and give examples. The third form. Questions were formulated in English.486). p. The interviews also included introducing. the interviews were carried out in Swedish which was preferred by the participants. follow-up questions. In the rank ordering question. a section was created for this purpose where the respondent was to fill in employment status. However. Keats (2000) distinguishes between three types of question formats: open-ended. and direct questions. however. structuring questions. Therefore. Therefore. A multiple-choice format would have limited the results we were seeking to collect. 2007. Bryman and Bell (2007) introduces us to nine types of question: introducing questions. permits respondents to rank alternatives in order of importance. In the introducing questions the interviewees were asked to tell us about their background. probing questions.
Sampling means that you collect data from a smaller group rather than from a large population which figure 4. we paid attention and listened to the respondents as well as showed interest.. With non-probability samples. Nonprobability sampling has no rules concerning sample size. 2009). The interview setting and atmosphere were comfortable. unlike probability sampling (Saunders et al. After transcribing the interviews to written text. In our study. We also made sure to point out that anonymity was guaranteed. We closed the interviews by allowing the respondents to comment on the topic and asked if they had any further questions. probability and non-probability sampling. we will provide the reader with information about sampling and then move on to our choice of organizations and interviewees. the population consists of multinational companies situated in Sweden. it is impossible to generalize on statistical grounds. According to Saunders et al. Finally. 2009). The techniques to select non-probability samples are based on your subjective judgment. The first step in the sample selection is to define the population which we want sampled (Burns. 4.. therefore. 41 . With probability sampling any case can be included in the sample and are chosen statistically. Information was given to the participants about the use of audio recording and transcription. The opening of the interview began by introducing ourselves to the respondents and explaining the structure of the interview. (2009) there are different sampling techniques which can be divided into two groups.4 Sample selection First. Sampling also makes the data collection process more controllable as less people are included.purpose of the interviews. This information was then distributed to the participants. Another difference between the groups is the sample size. Time and budget limitations make it difficult to collect data from a total population. we thanked them for their participation and offered them a copy of the final dissertation. 2000). audio recordings were then erased.1 illustrates (Saunders et al. the researcher needs to select a sample. no names would be published.
therefore. 2009). p. A total number of nine employees decided to take part in our research about work motivation. With purposive technique. From start. However. In the first company we chose interviewees working at the financial department.1: Population. Fewer cases from which to collect data can contribute to more detailed results (Saunders et al.. Since we are studying international business and economics we decided to focus on multinational companies. the purpose is not to compare the companies but rather to get a range of perspectives. our aim was also to get different perspectives and. we had a clear idea of what type of company and how to contact them. Hill (2009) defines an international business as any firm that is involved in international trade or investment. sample and individual cases (Source: Saunders. Lewis & Thornhill. 42 . therefore.1 presents the two selected companies and the various professions in our sampling. cases are selected which best enables us to answer our research question and objectives. A list of appropriate companies was made and information about these companies was also collected in order to get the desirable sample. we chose interviewees from another industry with other employment status. 2009. national companies were excluded. however. Table 4. Self-selection sampling allowed employees from these companies to inform their interest in participating in our study.Figure 4. The sample size was then narrowed to two companies with regard to available time and resources as well as for the purpose to collect more detailed and deep information.211) The non-probability sampling techniques used for this dissertation are purposive and selfselection sampling. The interviewees were selected from two different industries.
career development. individual growth.5.2 Motivational factors (Question no. therefore. 8) The answers to our research question will result in different motivational factors.Table 4.5 Operationalization The purpose of this part is to define variables and concepts in our research. What do we mean by certain statements and how are they measured? The operationalized variables below are based on our interview questions which can be found in appendix 1. promotion.3 Satisfaction (Question no. 4. Motivation is measured by asking employees what motivates them in their daily work.5.1 Overview of interviewees Profession/ Company Engineer Controller Project leader Accounting manager Alfa Laval Lund AB SWECO Environment AB 2 3 2 2 4. Satisfaction can in turn influence the employee's behavior at work. Needs are defined as the individual's interest and ambition (Pinder. Every individual is motivated by various things such as money. 3) In this research motivation means the drive to work. if employees are satisfied with their tasks they will feel motivated to perform. To measure the factors we asked the employees to rank the importance of ten motivational factors. 1984). The respondents in our research were asked to give examples of jobs and tasks that they find satisfying. "what motivates employees in MNCs to work". 4.5. responsibility. 6) Job satisfaction is connected to the feeling of having a meaningful work which leads to the fulfillment of one's needs. 43 .1 Work motivation (Question no. 4. Our research question is.
or accomplish for the sake of fulfilling the needs" (p.5 Characteristics of the companies and employees (Question no. The employees involved in our study are accountants and engineers working in MNCs in Sweden. If we take a look at the other crossbow we can see that the dots are not as closely centered as the new one which in terms of a research study would mean that the study is not consistent (Burns. The companies included in our research are multinational which means that they have operations abroad. work experience.. Reliability refers to the consistency of findings. 4.4 Goals (Question no.5. Here. Through our interviews we asked the employees about their education.2 pictures a reliable and an unreliable shooting. If the study is reliable the "little dots" should be closer to the middle which the new crossbow illustrates. we do not know what the outcome will be the next time we repeat the study. 1) This dissertation is about people working in multinational companies and their experience and attitude towards motivation. employment status and age. Hill (2009) defines an international business as any firm that is involved in international trade or investment. 44 . 4. we asked the interviewees to tell us about their work-related goals they have set for themselves in the future.5. Figure 4. By collecting "face sheet" information about the employees we can see how motivation differs from person to person. 2009)? Unreliable results mean that they are variable and. 2000). achieve. meaning would you get the same results if the study was repeated (Saunders et al.6 Reliability Reliability is often used in quantitative studies which are connected to positivism. 10) Pinder (1984) describes goals as "something that a person tries to attain.4. changes from time to time.160).
it will most likely not be the same motivator a year from now. The first. Instead the researcher has to ask people about their attitudes towards motivation 45 . The third form.Figure 4. 2007). Limited time makes it impossible for us to repeat the interviews at a different occasion to see if the motivational factors remain the same as in the first interview. 2000). There are five types of validity: content. is similar to predictive validity in terms of checking a measuring instrument. 4. construct and face validity (Burns. content validity has to do with achievement testing where the test is valid if it follows the instructions or plan. The interviewees´ answers will not be consistent over time.7 Validity Validity refers to whether or not the research instrument measures what the researcher intends to measure (Keats. concurrent. Motivation is a concept that changes depending on what type of job you have and which situation you are in.338) Reliability is not relevant in qualitative study since data was collected trough interviews. predictive. If career development is a motivator for an individual at this time. 2000. Construct validity means that the researcher derives hypotheses from theories. Predictive validity includes comparing a performance with the new test scores. Motivation among employees is not something that can be measured with instruments. 2000). concurrent validity. The last form is face validity which refers to the reflection of content and concept (Bryman and Bell.2: Reliable and unreliable shooting (Source: Burns. p.
4. therefore. hence.through interviews. generalizations cannot be made.8 Generalisability Generalisability is also known as external validity and it refers to whether or not the study's sample is representative (Saunders et al. Generalisability is often connected to quantitative studies with a large number of responses and since our study is of qualitative nature where data is collected through a small number of interviews with employees from a specific organization. very low. therefore. Our samples and empirical findings are unique and are. 46 . the results are not meant to be applicable to other individuals. Our dissertation does not include measurements and the validity of the study is. 2007). not representative to the whole population.
all together eleven questions.5. 5. ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. The interview questions were open-ended and ranking order. Empirical findings & Analysis ___________________________________________________________________________ The first part of this chapter will present the empirical findings of the research.1. participated in our study. Alfa Laval Lund AB and Sweco Environment AB. brief information about the companies will be given.1 Sample The first sample included eight MNCs in Sweden. national companies were for this reason excluded in the study. Both companies differ from each other in industry. and then the results of the interview questions (see appendix 1) will be separately presented for each company. Moreover.1. The sample consists of a total of nine employees with different employment status. 47 .2 Results from the interviews First. Five employees working at the financial department at Alfa Laval Lund AB. and this will contribute to answer our research question. The goal was to get a fairly equal gender distribution as possible. therefore. and number of employees. The major purpose of this study was to explore what motivates employees in MNCs to work. and was then narrowed down to two companies. other data is available in appendix 2 (Swedish version). the next section will include an analysis drawn from the results of the interviews with employees. which were obtained through interviews within two international companies.1 Empirical findings 5. five males aged between 3152 and four females aged between 33-53. and four employees at Sweco. only relevant information to the areas we want to cover will be discussed. in the environmental sector in Kristianstad. size. The focus in this thesis was MNCs.
Alfa Laval's number of employees is 11. Denmark. Background and work experience (Question 1) The question was asked to collect background information about the participants. the company launches 35-40 new products every year (Alfa Laval.2. in 1883.500 worldwide.5. six in Asia and two in the USA). 2010). which all have great significance for industrial companies. separation and fluid handling. Smaller or new established companies face new changes. 48 . which has to do with the size of the company and the opportunity for work rotation within Alfa Laval. Alfa Laval's products are sold in hundreds of countries around the world and the company has twenty large production units (twelve in Europe.1 Alfa Laval Lund AB Alfa Laval is a leading global company within the fields of technical expertise and was established by Gustav de Laval and Oscar Lamm Jr. controller. segment. it is already here". a large international company can be more stable with functioning processes than a small one. Three of the interviewees started to work at Alfa Laval directly after graduation and have worked there since then. where most of the staff is based in Sweden. None of the respondents have international work experience. This is one of the major reasons why employees chose to work at Alfa Laval. sales. food and water supplies and pharmaceuticals. Alfa Laval operates in areas of vital importance for humans such as: energy. As a result of constant development. It is also noticeable that a couple of the employees have had various tasks during their employment. environment conservation. Many of the employees at Alfa Laval Lund AB have higher educational background within the field of economics. There are several employment posts at the company such as: accounting. and posts at their internal bank. The company's operations are based on three key technologies: heat transfer. the USA and France. Alfa Laval was first known as AB Separator. India.1. One interviewee describes the reason for working there as: "the wheel does not have to be invented.
boxing. When they start a project they make sure to finish it. At Alfa Laval they have a sports centre where the employees can have physical activities such as gymnastics. here it is essential for the company to step in and help. there are different ways to motivate employees. Another employee says that he is responsible for the staff which he finds extremely motivating. badminton or whatever they feel. is a great motivator. Moreover. Employees at Alfa Laval Lund AB agree that the work has to be challenging and varying so that it does not become too routine-like. The results showed that several employees prefer to work with projects where they can participate and put up goals.What motivates you in your work? (Question 3) This part is related to the research question. Further. which a large company can have. Some respondents claim that a whole organization does not have to be motivated. and that there is always someone who goes through a personal problem. One employee mentions that it is important that the organization cares about its staff. The employee continues by saying that this type of extra benefits. Even though we are not focusing on motivational techniques in this dissertation. the interviewees agreed that the majority of the staff needs to be motivated in order to drive the company forward. An employee can also be motivated individually through conversations with managers. A common thought is that there should be a possibility for development within the organization. An employee explains that they need to get "pushed" and receive challenges in order to develop. the employee explains that there are a lot of people working at Alfa Laval in Lund. Another respondent illustrates the satisfaction of meeting other 49 . the interviewees believe motivation is important in the daily work. but overall. When discussing the importance for an organization to have motivated staff. it would still be interesting to see how an international company like Alfa Laval motivates its workers. and once they have reached their prominent goals and the project is completed. but there has to be a certain balance as well. the employees feel satisfied. but it is also highly personal what they perceive as a motivating work. During the interviews we asked the respondents to tell us about practical assignments which they find satisfying. and here we will get most of the answers to our study. There are common denominators among the interviewees about motivation.
In question eight (see appendix 1) we asked the respondents to rank ten motivational factors. Good working conditions are important if you want to stay healthy. some shared a common opinion that wages are not the most important motivator. One of the respondents described "good working conditions" as the most important factor. Another respondent illustrates the importance of having a challenging work. When discussing the previous study with the respondents. The respondents at Alfa Laval ranked the following factors as the most important motivators: good working conditions. job security and high salary. where it is important to be able to work at home or leave earlier from work to pick up the children at school. This question is based on previous research by Wiley (1997) and was intended to identify key factors which influence motivation at work. It is essential to point out that these factors are not consistent over time. According to another employee. younger employees might not look at working conditions in the same way. where you have the opportunity to think and create something new.people. however. which has to do with the family situation. age and family situation can have an effect on the results. If we take a look at a previous study in Wiley's (1997) article. the top ranked motivational factor in the year of 1992 was good wages. if we would repeat the question at another occasion. Occurrences in present time. The respondent emphasized that it has to do with age. having a flexible work schedule. opportunity to do creative and challenging work. 50 . and individual growth and career development. The factors which appeared to be least important are: chance for promotion. this is motivating. having a flexible work schedule is accentuated. As a controller you have lot of contact with clients and help them to find a solution. healthy relationship with supervisor and colleagues. such as. they believe wages qualify among the top ranked factors. The results were highly individual and differentiated from each interviewee. the results would show a different ranking order.
The results showed that most of the respondents would like to continue their employment at Alfa Laval. Estonia. Czech Republic. Sweco offers a wide range of services within architecture. To summarize the answers to this question. the interviewees agreed on that as long as they are satisfied and motivated within their current job. One employee mentions that there is a possibility to work abroad within the company.2 SWECO Environment AB Sweco is a provider of international consulting engineering services and is one of the largest consulting engineering companies in Europe. architects and environmental experts at Sweco are working together to build a safer.100 employees (Sweco. Sweco has approximately 5. Denmark. infrastructure. two of the respondents have worked at a Danish company in Sweden. 2010). The company's vision is to become Europe's most respected knowledge company in the fields of consulting engineering. The company is established in Sweden. Most of the respondents have worked at Sweco for several years and possess great knowledge of the company. Finland.Future work-related goals (Question 10) At the end of the interview we asked the respondents to tell us about goals they have set for themselves in the future. The engineers. there is no reason for changing it. construction. geographic IT and industry. 5. and have this way gained experience from a foreign employer. One of the respondents would prefer to work exclusively with projects. Norway. Background and work experience (Question 1) The respondents at Sweco Environment AB are consultants and have a degree in engineering within water and environment.2. energy system. and Poland and has projects in 90 countries worldwide. Bulgaria. Russia. water and environment. more environmentally sound and growing society. environmental technology and architecture. installation. Lithuania. but with the possibility of changing position. Even though they do not have any international work experience.1. Sweco is a large well known international company which offers good resources and opportunities for 51 . Slovakia.
there is always something new to learn at Sweco. Furthermore. where you get to be the inventor. According to another respondent it is extremely motivating to receive technical challenges in complicated projects as well as to discover solutions to previously unsolved problems. where they try to find solutions to a problem. One respondent mentions the freedom to make decisions. One employee states that:"It is motivating when you have a clear picture of a project. In my case I am out on the field planning and measuring. this is the main reason the interviewees chose to work at Sweco Environment AB. there is a pleasant working climate and a great communication among the employees at the company. It was interesting to work with an international project". one day they might be out working in the field and the next day they are construction leaders for a million. at Sweco they work individually and create contacts with customers. When we asked the question of how the organization can increase the motivation. and you are involved in it from start. It is important to be able to participate in a group and to get along with everyone. and they see themselves as a small family. It is important to avoid getting stuck in front of the computer.development. We did a sewagetreatment plant in Kaliningrad. and they agreed that motivation is important for the organization in the sense of performing a good job and being committed to the tasks. 52 . and towards the end you can see how the result grows". The respondent continues by saying:"It is exciting to work with projects where there are a lot of people involved. The general impression is that the employees at Sweco are very motivated and try to help one another. Russia. we got the response that there are only few people working at the department. The respondents at Sweco Environment found it satisfying to work with various projects. we asked the employees about their general view on motivation at work. They also have a variety of assignments. and often do things together even outside the working place. where we worked together with Russians. It will lead to personal development. Others claim that it is crucial to develop continuously. What motivates you in your work? (Question 3) This question gave rise to a variety of answers among the employees.dollar project.
1 illustrates a summary of the most and least important motivational factors for the respondents at Alfa Laval Lund AB and Sweco Environment AB. Table 5. If we take a look at the results from the ranking order we can see that all the respondents at Sweco selected" Opportunity to do creative and challenging work" as the most important motivator at work. Some interviewees also consider the thought of working abroad. whereas the results from Alfa Laval demonstrated a variety of factors. and individual growth and career development. The least important factors at Sweco were: chance for promotion. The aim is not to compare Alfa Laval and Sweco but rather to get a range of perspectives. One respondent begins by saying:"You should be open to everything. job security. the results showed a variety of important factors. and not close any doors". the respondents shared their thoughts about the future.Towards the end of the interview we approached the rank order question. At Alfa Laval. 53 . Overall they are pleased with their work and would like to work in a similar environment like Sweco. "Opportunity to do creative and challenging work". in contrast to Sweco. Future work-related goals (Question 10) Finally. as being the most important motivator at work. where the respondents agreed on one factor.
Table 5.1 Summary of motivational factors Company/Motivational Factors Alfa Laval Lund AB
Most important factors
Least important factors Chance for promotion/advancement in the organization
Good working conditions Opportunity to do creative & challenging work
Job security Healthy relationship with supervisor and colleagues High salary Having a flexible work schedule Individual growth & career development Opportunity to do creative & challenging work
Sweco Environment AB
Chance for promotion/advancement in the organization Job security Individual growth & career development
5.2 Analysis Work motivation has been studied in two multinational companies where we have collected a variety of perspectives from employees. The analysis is divided into three parts: analysis of demographic variables, analysis of motivational factors and analysis of motivation theories. The propositions in chapter three supports the empirical findings. To summarize the empirical results, we can make the statement that motivation is highly personal and differs from individual to individual. Second, when comparing previous research about motivation, "What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys", it is noticeable that motivation is not consistent over time. The survey conducted by the Labour Relations Institute of New York in 1992 resulted in good wages as the top ranked motivator at work. Islam and Ismail (2008) did a study which also resulted in high wages being the most important factor. Both these studies were based on questionnaire surveys with a large number of participants. The findings of our study indicate that motivation can vary depending on personal situation. The difference between our study and previous studies about employee motivation is that this study used a qualitative methodology which has been limited in former management research. Many quantitative studies have come to the
conclusion that money is a great motivator at work and is often put on first place among motivational factors, however, the results from our study showed a different outcome. Even though the respondents agreed that pay is important, the majority of interviewees placed salary rather low on the motivational scale. This can be explained by Rynes et al. (2004), who lay out that there is a gap between what people say and do regarding payment because of social norms. A second aspect for why salary was placed rather low in our study can be explained from the type of work or industry. Factors such as contribution and acknowledgement seem to be more important in the service sector, as the study by Cheng and Robertson (2006) reveal. All respondents from our study had a work which involved daily contact with people and customers; this is the reason why the interviewees placed factors such as challenging and creative work high on the scale rather than good salary. It is also clear that the motivation in MNCs differ from small domestic companies with consideration to previous studies in SMEs. Some respondents stated that they had worked in smaller companies before which included more responsibility, however, later transferred to a multinational corporation because of the opportunity for individual growth and career development. People choose to work in a company depending on what that organization has to offer to the individual, which the study by Moy and Lee (2002) supports.
Through the interviews we discovered new insights within the field and also increased the understanding of the subject. Results showed that motivation is personal and that the characteristics of the interviewees such as: age, experience, and family can have an impact. For example, respondents with small children will most likely consider having a flexible schedule as important. It is also worth mentioning that all respondents from both companies were highly motivated and satisfied with their job.
5.2.1 Analysis of demographic variables This part aims to analyze demographic variables of the respondents, which includes: gender, age, education and employment status. Five males and four females participated in the study. Recent studies on employee motivation have emphasized the importance of analyzing demographic variables, however, previous research have not found any significant
differences between male and female motivation and satisfaction at work. The findings of this study also did not indicate any pattern or differences between male and female views. The majority of respondents, three males and two females, underlined the importance of opportunity to do creative and challenging work. The average age of the respondents was approximately 42 years, where the oldest was 53 and the youngest 31. Results from the survey by Linz (2004) revealed that age did not show any significant difference in work motivation. However, other studies have showed that multinational corporations are the first choice of working place for business graduates, because they view MNC as a better candidate for career development (Moy and Lee, 2002). Our study supports the theory that motivation is different depending on the age of the employee. Although, there were no recent graduates among the interviewees in our study, two of the employees who were in their early thirties expressed the need for development, opportunity to try new posts within the organization and the possibility to work abroad. The career choice of the slightly older workers was different due to several years in profession. Most of the older respondents have had various employments within the organization or other companies, therefore, the motivation to work do not involve career development, instead personal life commitments are highly valued. According to Kooij et al. (2008), the importance of task variety decreases over time and is replaced by job security. The results from our study did not support Kooij et al. (2008) theory. Findings from our research reveal that opportunity to do creative and challenging work qualifies among the top five motivational factors for both young and old workers, this includes task variety.
Since the majority of respondents have a degree in economics or engineering there is no possibility to compare work motivation between an educated and an uneducated employee at the two case companies. However, an interesting variable to examine is the employment status of the interviewees. Employees' views on satisfying work or tasks are connected to their employment status. As an accounting manager it is motivating to accomplish something good and satisfying for the staff. Controllers are working mainly with numbers and contacts with customers, and are therefore, motivated through the process of establishing sales reports to the headquarter. Employees with a degree in engineering were highly motivated through projects where they have greater responsibility and are able to cooperate with colleagues. By
individual growth.2. The four interviewees at Sweco all ranked "Opportunity to do creative and challenging work" as the number one motivator. An interpretation of the findings supports the propositions in the literature. This is one explanation why the respondents at Sweco prefer to have a creative and challenging work. an employee with low salary will consider other things more important for example: working climate or having a good relationship with colleagues. and our ranking question (see question 8. but rather to get different perspectives. In the opposite situation. Extrinsic motivation is connected to the work itself. however. The ranking question at Sweco Environment AB gave a different outcome. since they spend time out on the field working with various projects. size and number of employees. the aim is not to compare the two companies included in our study.2 Analysis of motivational factors Motivational factors are dependent on which situation the individual is in. 5. hence. If an employee has a high salary. The first interviews were carried out with employees at Alfa Laval Lund AB. Intrinsic motivation refers to the performance of the individual for his or her enjoyment. A common denominator is that both companies have international operations around the world. Results reveal that employees who are in the same profession are similarly motivated and satisfied in their work. the majority of the interviewees were intrinsically motivated. The results also reveal that the employees are both extrinsically and intrinsically motivated at work. appendix 1) resulted in various factors. Our conclusion is that the employees at Sweco are more project oriented. As stated in previous chapters. and includes good working conditions and flexible schedule. Results in 57 . The first proposition suggests that employee motivation depends on personal circumstances. the conclusion is that motivation is individual. and healthy relationships. he or she will focus mostly on the job itself. which includes the following factors: opportunity to do creative and challenging work. The companies differed from each other in terms of industry.analyzing the employment status of the interviewees it is clear that there is a pattern between employees with the same status.
However. question 8) in our study resulted in top ranked factors. In the opposite situation. experience and family situation. their answers were mostly related to their tasks and performance. creative work will be more important. When the top ranked factor is satisfied. Maslow's theory will be analyzed and also explanations on how certain needs are fulfilled in the pyramid. there is certain support for the theory. The ranking question (see appendix 1. 5. The second proposition stated that employees are mostly intrinsically motivated. another motivational factor will emerge which will dominate. First of all it allows individuals to purchase things which will satisfy their physiological needs. the previous factor will not disappear. hence. When asking the interviewees about what motivates them. also known as satisfiers and dissatisfiers. Herzberg's motivators refer to 58 . other factors will not be important. motivational factors vary for each individual. According to Wiley (1997). With consideration to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. The majority of respondents were intrinsically motivated. and two respondents were extrinsically motivated through good working conditions and flexible schedule. however. Findings reveal that the proposition is partly correct. but it can also satisfy selfesteem needs. Here. Next. he will only want to eat. money can satisfy a lot of needs in the hierarchy. Herzberg's Two-factor theory identifies motivators and hygiene factors. Maslow claims that a human can have several needs but some needs will dominate and be more important.2. According to Maslow. if a person is hungry. An interpretation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs reveals that the theory is not applicable in this case. employees are motivated differently depending on age. other needs will not be important. other things such as. recent study on motivational factors showed that wages were most important at work. First.3 Analysis of motivation theories The next part contains an analysis of the motivational theories included in this study and how they are applicable to the empirical findings. This does not mean that the individuals only have one factor which motivates them. The results in our study indicate that a person with a high salary will only concentrate on the work. if a person has a low salary.our study imply that the proposition is correct.
which mean that they find satisfaction and motivation in the performance of their work. the respondents emphasized that it is important to develop within the organization which is connected to the drive to learn. The respondents can. The drive to bond is the desire to create relationship with others. Results from the interviews also reveal that most of the respondents preferred to work with projects. which one of the respondents in the study chose as the most important factor at work. According to Lawrence there are four factors that drive humans: the drive to acquire. Moreover. where they have the ability to set goals and develop in the process. and salary and job security are identified as hygiene factors. An individual with small children will give priority to a flexible schedule in order to spend more time with the family. Herzberg's theory. therefore. 59 . Creative and challenging work is motivators. Interviewees in our study were of different age and had different backgrounds. Two of these factors are applicable to the empirical findings of the thesis. whereas a younger employee might give priority to career development and a variety of tasks. Having Lawrence's four factor theory in mind. which argues that employees are motivated by challenging tasks. humans make priorities. be called motivator seekers. the drive to bond. The results of our interviews indicate that the factors which motivate individuals to work are rather motivators than hygiene factors. The basic question in Lawrence's theory is: "What drives an individual"? and is similar to the research question in this study: "What motivates an individual to work". humans are motivated by several things but all needs cannot be satisfied every time. the drive to learn and the drive to defend. supports the findings. Therefore.the work itself and hygiene factors are associated with the working environment.
In order to do so. we identified key factors which have an impact on motivation at work. A conclusion of our study will be given. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Buehring and Johnson (2006) supports. Even though. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore what motivates employees in MNCs to work. research within multinational companies have not been carried out.6. it is essential for MNCs to have an effective Human Resource Management and a greater degree of involvement in their employees. This brings up the question: Is work motivation in MNCs any different from national organizations? MNCs offer training. most of them questionnaire based surveys. Studies have showed that multinational 60 . there have been various studies about motivation in national and public sector companies. A survey conducted today would most probably show a different result in motivational factors among employees (Wiley. chance for advancement and promotion within the company in larger extent than small companies. Kim Dongho (2006). Symon. argues that employee motivation has been a big concern for organizations and managers because motivation is the deciding factor in work performance and determines the success or failure of an company. a number of surveys have studied the challenge of employee motivation. Finally we will present practical implications and offer suggestions for further study.1 Summary This dissertation is about people working in multinational corporations and their experience and attitude towards motivation. More and more firms are moving outside their domestic borders. Therefore. the author of the article "Employee motivation: Just ask your employees". Conclusion ___________________________________________________________________________ The final chapter contains a short summary of the entire thesis. Qualitative methods in the field of management is very limited. In the past 40 years. There have been a number of studies about the subject. This means globalization of business has a significant impact on Human Resource Management. 1997). This study will contribute with a framework of motivational factors in an organization. which the article by Cassell.
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.corporations are the first choice of working place for business graduates. 6. In order to do so. All of the three theories are connected to each other in some way and can be applied in real life situations. which the study by Moy and Lee (2002) supports. international contacts and the opportunity for advancement/ career development. many quantitative studies have come to the conclusion that money is a great motivator at work and is often put on first place among motivational factors. however. the factor which motivates an individual today will most likely not be the same motivational factor a year from now.2 Conclusion The purpose of this thesis was to explore what motivates employees in MNCs to work. younger and older workers do not have the same career choice. the results from our study showed a different outcome. 2002). It is clear that personal circumstances will have an impact on employee motivation. After analyzing the motivational factors in our study. Qualitative method based on an interpretivistic philosophy with an abductive research approach was used in this study. There are several theories explaining motivation. Herzberg's two-factor theory and Lawrence's Four-Factor theory. Work motivation is also not consistent over time. Our study supports the theory that motivation is different depending on the age of the employee. Employee motivation differs from MNCs and SMEs. because they view MNC as a better candidate for career development (Moy and Lee. This thesis focuses on three classical need theories. 61 . The theories were best suitable to our empirical material and research question. we can draw the conclusion that motivation is highly personal and differs from individual to individual. interviews were carried out with nine employees working at Alfa Laval Lund AB and Sweco Environment AB. we aimed to identify motivational factors in an organization. The majority of the interviewees decided to work in an MNC because of the size. meaning. Moreover. The findings of this study did not indicate any pattern or differences between male and female views. To address the issue of motivated workers. People choose to work in a company depending on what that organization has to offer to the individual. Results reveal that employees who are in the same profession are similarly motivated and satisfied in their work.
6. the findings of our study uncover that employees from the two case companies are more intrinsically motivated. and since a qualitative methodology was applied. where experience and family situation plays a significant role. the drive to bond and the drive to learn. First of all. the findings of this study can only be connected to two of the four factors.Furthermore. the presence of the researchers might have affected the ranking choices of the respondents.3 Critical review The sample included two multinational corporations. rather than extrinsically. Motivation is not consistent over time. the theories are somewhat applicable to the empirical findings. Second. motivation is a very complex subject to investigate because it is a temporary state of the individual. A common denominator between the companies is that the respondents prefer to work with projects where they are able to contribute and develop a solution to a problem. the results from the ranking question in this study can be rather misleading since some factors can be equal important to the individual. To conclude the analysis of the theoretical framework. It is easy to jump to the conclusion that once a need has been satisfied it will disappear and new needs will take its place. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is complicated and difficult to interpret. The theory does not have a lot of scientific evidence. Another aspect is that the theories do not consider individual differences such as: type of work. with consideration to the interviews. and experience. Third. 62 . the purpose was not to generalize the results. A recapture of the previous studies on employee motivation suggest that it is important to continue to explore what motivates individuals to work. rather than extrinsically. and (2) Employees are mostly intrinsically motivated. although there are restrictions. which makes the reliability of the study very low. The propositions in this study were the following: (1) What motivates employees depends on personal circumstances. age. The results showed that the propositions appeared to be correct. With consideration to Lawrence's four factor theory.
since there already exist a large amount of empirical studies within these organizations.6. which can then help managers to effectively motivate their staff. Managers can gain insight on employee motivation by reading various surveys about the topic and evaluate the results. As we described in chapter four the interviews were performed using few employees due to company resources and our limited time. First of all it would be interesting to see if our result will differ if we repeat the interviews at the two companies in one year. Through this understanding companies have the ability of adopting motivational techniques which can lead to competitive advantage and ensuring the success of the company. This thesis contributes to realizing what motivates individuals to work. we do not see a need to conduct a further study on motivation in small companies. Finally. give some recommendations on further studies that we wished to have carried out ourselves.4 Contribution It is essential for companies to understand what motivates individuals. It would have been more interesting to increase the number of interviewees. 63 . 6.5 Future studies During the last fifteen weeks of work with our dissertation we have gathered a lot of information and knowledge about what motivates employees in MNCs. Since we had a limited time with this dissertation we feel that a further study on this topic would be of interest and we will therefore.
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67 . What made you decide to work in an international/multinational company? Have you always worked in an international company? (If NO do you feel more motivated to work in an international company). Do you believe employee motivation is important for the organization? In what way? 5. Can you give examples of jobs/tasks which you find satisfying? 7. 3. Can you tell us a little about your background . How can the organization increase the motivation among employees? Suggestions for improvement? 6. What motivates you in your work? 4.APPENDIX 1: Interview Questions: Work motivation Company:___________________________________________________________________Date:_______________ Employment status:_______________________________________________________ Age:_________ Gender: Female Male 1.education and work experiences? Do you have any international work experience (work abroad)? 2. Describe a work project/situation you were involved in which highly motivated you.
. Where do you see yourself working in the future? (Continue to work in an international company?) What work-related goals have you set for yourself? 11.............. ... ..... ....8........ ............ 10.............. . . ....... Is there anything more you would like to add concerning this subject? Thank you for your participation! 68 .. .......... Other alternatives (feel free to add):___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9.... ............... Which factor do you find to be most important at a workplace? Please rank the following alternatives 1-10. Job security High salary Opportunity to do creative and challenging work Good working conditions Individual growth & career development Appreciation of my work Responsibility/ freedom to make decisions Chance for promotion/advancement in the organization Healthy relationship with supervisor and colleagues Having a flexible work schedule .... start with 1 as the most important work motivation factor and continue to 10 for the least important factor. You stated XX as the most important motivator at work (see question 8) Explain your decision.
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