text:
Iron prophylaxis in pregnancy—general or individual and in which dose?
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
DOI: 10.1007/s00277-006-0145-x
- Cite this article as:
- Milman, N. Ann Hematol (2006) 85: 821. doi:10.1007/s00277-006-0145-x
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Iron is mandatory for normal fetal development, including the brain. Iron deficiency may have deleterious effects for intelligence and behavioral development. It is important to prevent iron deficiency in the fetus by preventing iron deficiency in the pregnant woman. Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight. In the Western countries there is no consensus on iron prophylaxis to pregnant women. An adequate iron balance during pregnancy implies body iron reserves of ≥500 mg at conception. The physiologic iron requirements in the second half of gestation cannot be fulfilled solely through dietary iron. Iron supplements during gestation consistently increase serum ferritin and hemoglobin and reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia. Iron has a negative influence on absorption of other divalent metals and increases oxidative stress in pregnancy, for which reason minimum effective iron dose should be advised. From a physiologic point of view, individual iron prophylaxis according to serum ferritin concentration should be preferred to general prophylaxis. Suggested guidelines are (1) ferritin >70 μg/l: no iron supplements; (2) ferritin 30–70 μg/l: 40 mg ferrous iron daily; and (3) ferritin <30 μg/l: 80–100 mg ferrous iron daily. In controlled studies, there are no documented side effects of iron supplements below 100 mg/day. Iron supplements should be taken at bedtime or between meals to ensure optimum absorption.
KeywordsAnemiaIron deficiencyFerritinFetusHemoglobinsIronNewbornPregnancyProphylaxis
Iron is an essential element both to the pregnant woman and to the growing fetus. The majority of pregnant women who do not take iron supplements become iron depleted and a substantial fraction develops iron deficiency anemia. However, the debate concerning prophylactic iron supplementation to pregnant women is still controversial and there exists no consensus or common guidelines on this important issue. This review shall focus on iron prophylaxis in pregnancy and postpartum in the affluent Western countries and will give a critical reappraisal of the indications for iron supplementation.
Iron is essential to the fetus
In the growing fetus, iron is mandatory for normal development and function of the organs. Therefore, it appears important to prevent iron deficiency in the fetus, including the early phase of fetal life. The natural way to obtain this goal is by ensuring an adequate iron status in pregnant women.
In the fetus, the largest amount of iron is used in the synthesis of hemoglobin. However, the importance of iron for other organ systems should not be underestimated [1]. Iron plays a pivotal role in the development of the central nervous system because iron-containing enzymes are involved in many pathways of brain metabolism [2, 3]. The brain has a high growth rate and needs a regulated supply of iron across the blood-brain barrier to maintain brain iron homeostasis [4]. If the brain's demands for iron are not fulfilled due to iron deficiency in fetal life, the consequences may be permanent damage to the central nervous system, affecting intelligence and behavioral development in childhood.
Fetal iron supplies
In the pregnant woman iron is transferred from one body compartment to another in the plasma iron pool, bound to the iron transporting protein transferrin. Reaching placenta, iron is transported across the placental barrier by an active process involving the specific transporter of divalent metal ions (DMT1) [5]. The woman's transferrin-bound iron is then coupled to transferrin receptors in placenta. Subsequently, iron is transported through the maternal–fetal barrier into the fetal circulation [6–8]. By the high efficiency of this transport system, nature signals how essential iron is for normal fetal development. The transport system ensures that fetal supply of iron is widely independent of the woman's iron status. Consequently, clinically overt fetal iron deficiency occurs only by marked iron deficiency in the woman and is rarely recognized in uncomplicated pregnancies in Caucasians in the Western societies.
Iron status in the newborn
The newborn's iron status is, among other factors, dependent on the woman's iron status in pregnancy [9–11]. Children of mothers who have taken iron supplements during gestation have higher cord blood serum ferritin and therefore most likely have higher body iron than children of mothers who have taken placebo [10, 12, 13]. This implies that children of iron-supplemented mothers have a lower risk for getting iron deficiency during infancy and early childhood [10, 14, 15]. Another important factor influencing the newborn's iron reserves is the amount of blood being transferred from the placenta before the clamping of the umbilical cord [16]. From a hematinic point of view, the newborn should, immediately after birth, be placed below placental level and the umbilical cord should not be clamped before pulsation in the blood vessels could no longer be recognized. Following this procedure, the newborn's blood volume can be increased by ∼32% and an extra 30–50 mg of iron is transferred, thereby reducing the risk for iron deficiency in infancy.
Iron status in pregnancy and the newborn's birth weight
Accumulating evidence suggests that iron deficiency anemia in the pregnant women is a risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight [11, 17]. Experiences from undeveloped countries where iron deficiency anemia is prevalent in pregnancy show that anemia is associated with preterm delivery and low birth weight [10, 18]. A placebo-controlled study from Nepal with a high prevalence of iron deficiency demonstrated that a supplement of 60 mg of ferrous iron and 0.4 mg of folic acid daily from 11 weeks gestation significantly increased the birth weight [19]. In New Jersey, iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy doubled the risk for preterm delivery before 37 weeks of gestation and tripled the risk for having a child with a birth weight of <2,500 g [20]. Another study in the same area showed that women taking a supplement of 65 mg of ferrous iron daily had a significantly lower frequency of preterm delivery and low birth weight [21]. A placebo-controlled study from Cleveland demonstrated that 30 mg of ferrous iron daily in pregnancy, started before 20 weeks gestation, gave a significantly higher birth weight compared with the placebo group [22]. The results of these studies suggest that to obtain a maximum effect on birth weight, iron supplements should be started in early pregnancy [17, 19, 22]. However, the design of these studies was not quite optimal, so we need additional studies to address the association between iron deficiency and birth weight [17, 23, 24].
Iron prophylaxis—an ongoing debate
The attitude toward iron prophylaxis differs in many Western countries and within a single country there are often discrepancies between the recommendations from different health institutions.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concludes: "Iron requirements in the second and third trimesters cannot be satisfied by dietary iron alone, even if it is of high bioavailability and, unless stores of about 500 mg are believed to exist before pregnancy, administration of iron supplements may be indicated if impairment of the expected increase in haemoglobin mass in the mother is to be avoided" [25]. Department of Health in United Kingdom states: "Ideally all women of childbearing age should have sufficient stores to cope with the metabolic demands made by pregnancy which can be met without further increase because of cessation of menstrual losses and by mobilisation of maternal iron stores and increased intestinal absorption. However, when iron stores are inappropriately low at the start of pregnancy, supplementation with iron may be necessary" [26]. The European Union states: "The physiologic solution for covering the high iron requirements in pregnancy is to use iron from stores. The problem, however, is that very few women, if any, have iron stores of this magnitude. Therefore, daily iron supplements are recommended in the latter half of pregnancy" [27]. The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations states: "An adequate iron balance during pregnancy implies iron reserves of at least 500 mg. The physiologic iron requirements in the second half of gestation cannot be fulfilled solely through dietary iron" [28].
Prophylactic iron in pregnancy—which dose is appropriate?
Placebo-controlled studies of iron prophylaxis during pregnancy in Europe and Australia and two Danish dose–response studies
Women (n)
Ferrous iron (mg/day)
Study period
Results of lowest recorded values in study period
Fleming et al. 1974 [31]
20 weeks to term
48% Hb <100 g/l
12% Hb <100 g/l
Svanberg 1975 [29]
12 weeks to term
Hb mean 114 g/l
Hb mean 120 g/l
Puolakka et al. 1980 [32]
16 weeks to term
SF median 21 μg/l; Hb mean 109 g/l (38% <110 g/l)
SF median 63 μg/l; Hb mean 115 g/l (0% <110 g/l)
Foulkes and Goldie 1982 [33]
12 weeks to term
Low SF; 18% Hb <105 g/l
Higher SF; 5% Hb <105 g/l
Taylor et al. 1982 [34]
12 weeks to term
SF median 5 μg/l; Hb mean 111 g/l
SF median 15 μg/l; Hb mean 119 g/l
Romslo et al. 1983 [13]
12 weeks to term
SF mean 5 μg/l (83% <10 μg/l) 30% Hb <110 g/l
SF mean 15 μg/l (5% <10 μg/l) 9% Hb <110 g/l
Galan et al. 1990 [35]
12 weeks to term
SF median 10 μg/l (65% <13 μg/l) Hb mean 117 g/l 26% Hb <110 g/l
SF median 19 μg/l (30% <13 μg/l) Hb mean 121 g/l 4% Hb <110 g/l
Milman et al. 1991 [12]
9–14 weeks to term
SF median 12 μg/l (28% <10 μg/l) Hb mean 114 g/l (34% <110 g/l) 12% IDAa
SF median 21 μg/l (3% <10 μg/l)Hb mean 118 g/l (17% <110 g/l) 0% IDA
Thomsen et al. 1993 [36]
16 weeks to term
SF median 12 μg/l (72% <15 μg/l)
SF median 30 μg/l (5% <15 μg/l)
Eskeland et al. 1997 [37]
20 weeks to term
17% IDAb
0% IDAb
Makrides et al. 2003 [38]
20 weeks to term
58% IDc 11% IDAd
Milman et al. 2005 [43]
18 weeks to term
50% IDc 10.0% IDAd
Previously, there was a tradition to recommend high doses of iron supplements of 100–200 mg of ferrous iron daily in pregnancy [9, 13, 29, 32, 33, 40]. A daily dose of 100 mg of ferrous iron induces a maximum rise in the hemoglobin concentration [40] and a dose of 200 mg of ferrous iron increases serum ferritin and hemoglobin at term to the same or even higher level as in nonpregnant women [9, 40].
It is known that 2–4% of apparently healthy fertile nonpregnant Scandinavian women have iron deficiency anemia [41, 42]. Therefore, we consider that iron supplements should be adequate to prevent iron deficiency anemia in at least 95% of pregnant women. In a placebo-controlled study started between 14 and 18 weeks of gestation, 50% of women taking placebo developed iron deficiency and 21% iron deficiency anemia in the third trimester [12, 30]. Among women taking 66 mg of ferrous iron daily, 10% developed iron deficiency and none had anemia (Table 1).
English and Danish studies have both shown that a supplement of 66 mg of ferrous iron daily from 18 weeks gestation can prevent iron deficiency in 80–90% and iron deficiency anemia in all pregnant women [12, 34]. A French study found that 40 mg of ferrous iron daily was adequate to prevent iron deficiency [35]. Even a daily dose of 27 mg of ferrous iron has a favorable influence on iron status in pregnant Norwegian women [37]. In Australia a placebo-controlled study demonstrated that a daily dose of 20 mg of ferrous iron from 20 weeks of gestation reduced the frequency of iron deficiency at delivery from 58% in the placebo group to 35% in the iron group and the frequency of iron deficiency anemia from 11 to 3%, respectively [38]. Therefore, a low dose of iron supplement is better than no supplement at all. However, a daily dose of 18 mg of ferrous iron contained in a multivitamin-mineral tablet taken from 16 weeks of gestation is inadequate to prevent iron deficiency in 72% of the women [36].
Serum ferritin during pregnancy and postpartum (pp) in relation to various doses of prophylactic iron from 18 weeks gestation to 8 weeks postpartum (based on [43])
Gestation week
Ferrous iron (mg/day)
P value
Serum ferritin (μg/l)a
29 (15–85)
29 (14–73)
32 (15–74)
34 (12–83)
13 (8–28)
17 (10–36)
18 (10–28)
21 (12–42)
16 (9–28)
21 (13–38)
23 (13–45)
24 (15–56)
8 pp
32 (17–83)
55 (25–142)
50 (24–102)
50 (29–93)
Iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anemia
Gestation week
8 pp
8 pp
427 (%)
310 (%)
269 (%)
173 (%)
427 (%)
310 (%)
269 (%)
173 (%)
Ferrous iron (mg/day)
P value*
Drawbacks of iron supplements
Iron absorption is mediated via the divalent metal ion transporter DMT1 [4]. Different divalent metal ions may therefore compete about the absorption capacity. In iron deficiency, the DMT1 absorption capacity is upregulated. Through this mechanism, iron deficiency may cause an increased, but also undesirable absorption of toxic metal ions, e.g., lead and cadmium [46, 47].
Furthermore, the common absorption mechanism implies that iron has a potential inhibitory influence on the absorption of other essential divalent metal ions, e.g., zinc, copper, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, and magnesium [44, 48–51]. In pregnant women a daily supplement of 60 mg of ferrous iron induces a significant fall in the absorption of zinc and in serum zinc levels [49]. On the other hand, a supplement of 15 mg of zinc does not affect the absorption of a supplement of 60 mg of ferrous iron [52].
During pregnancy, there is a gradual increase in the body's oxidative stress, which reaches maximum in the second trimester [53]. Iron supplements tend to augment the oxidative stress. Also, iron tablets induce a high concentration of free radicals in the intestinal milieu, which may damage the intestinal epithelium [54]. Knowing these drawbacks, it is essential that a prophylactic iron dose should be as low as possible in consideration of the prevention of iron deficiency.
Side effects of iron supplements—myth or reality?
It is generally believed that iron supplements inevitably cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Kerr and Davidson's [55] statement from 1958: "It will take a long time to dispel the popular belief that iron pills inevitably cause unpleasant side-effects," is still relevant. However, gastrointestinal side-effects are dose-related and first of all prevalent at high iron doses above 180 mg [56]. In placebo-controlled studies, the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms is not significantly different among women taking placebo compared with women taking 20 or 105 mg of ferrous iron daily [38, 55, 57]. The Danish dose–response study could not demonstrate any significant difference in gastrointestinal symptoms in women taking 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg of ferrous iron daily in pregnancy [58]. The study concludes that a supplement of 80 mg of ferrous iron or less does not have documented side effects. Therefore, postulated side effects cannot be used as an argument against iron prophylaxis to pregnant women [58].
Pro et con iron prophylaxis
The discussion of iron supplements to pregnant women contains both teleological views and pragmatic attitudes. One of the major points in the debate has addressed the issue whether routine iron supplements might have a negative influence on the outcome of gestation.
As a consequence of the inverse relationship between the pregnant woman's hemoglobin concentration and the newborn's birth weight [59], many obstetricians hold the opinion that iron depletion and anemia are normal physiologic adaptations in pregnancy and consider iron prophylaxis to be unnecessary or even harmful [60–63]. If this argument were true, one would expect that iron supplements would increase the prevalence of birth complications and the number of newborns with low birth weight. However, no evidence points in this direction [23, 24]. Placebo-controlled studies in Western countries where pregnant women have a high iron status compared with women in developing countries have not shown any harmful effect of iron supplements [12, 13, 29, 32–35, 38]. On the other hand, a placebo-controlled study from Niger where nearly all pregnant women have iron deficiency demonstrated that iron supplements caused a marked decrease in the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy and postpartum [10]. Newborns to mothers who took iron supplements had higher birth length and higher Apgar score than children to mothers taking placebo [10].
In a study from Finland with the initial purpose of proving harmful effects of iron supplements, pregnant women were randomized in two groups. One took a routine supplement of 100 mg of ferrous iron daily; the other had selective supplementation with the same iron dose if their hematocrit dropped below 0.31 corresponding to a hemoglobin below 100 g/l [64]. There was a beneficial effect of routine iron supplement, i.e., a lower frequency of cesarean section and of blood transfusions and a longer length of gestation in routinely supplemented compared with selectively supplemented women. Postpartum hemoglobin was higher in routinely supplemented compared with selectively supplemented women [64].
If one agrees that iron supplementation has no deleterious effect, the next question to ask is whether iron has any beneficial influence on the course of pregnancies in women in the Western countries. If the effect parameters consist of "hard" endpoints such as: (1) complications during gestation, (2) complications at delivery, (3) newborns' birth weight, and (4) Apgar score, there appears to be none or only a marginal effect of routine iron prophylaxis in the affluent Western societies where malnutrition seldom occurs.
On the other hand, there appears to be positive effects of iron supplements if the effect parameters are composed of "soft" endpoints such as: (1) in the pregnant women: no iron deficiency anemia, i.e., higher hemoglobin concentration, thereby increasing physical and cognitive performance and well-being; (2) in the early postpartum period: higher hemoglobin and larger body iron reserves to cope with blood losses at delivery; (3) in the lactation period: lower frequency of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia improving physical performance and well-being; (4) in the fetus: the importance of iron for the development of the brain; and (5) in the newborn: the possible influence of iron on birth weight and larger iron reserves, thereby reducing the prevalence of iron deficiency in early childhood.
General or individual iron prophylaxis?
General iron prophylaxis implies that all pregnant women are advised to take iron supplements regardless of their iron status. Individual prophylaxis implies that iron supplements are adjusted to the women's iron status, i.e., only women at risk for iron deficiency should be advised to take iron supplements.
From a physiologic and nutritional point of view, individual iron prophylaxis should be preferred. As mentioned above, iron has a negative influence on the absorption of other essential divalent metals [49–51] and causes an increase in the oxidative stress [53, 54].
In the planning of individual iron prophylaxis, serum ferritin should be analyzed either before conception or in early pregnancy, before 15 weeks gestation. By analyzing serum ferritin we can identify women with marginal iron status being at risk for iron deficiency. Likewise, it is possible to avoid unnecessary iron loading of women with adequate iron status, i.e., iron reserves of ≥500 mg. It is especially important to avoid treating women with genetic predisposition to iron overload disorders (hereditary hemochromatosis) due to an inappropriately high absorption of dietary iron [65]. In Scandinavia the most prevalent type of disorder, comprising more than 95% of the hemochromatosis cases, is due to mutations of the HFE gene (C282Y, H63D). This type of hemochromatosis is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is most prevalent in the populations in Northwestern Europe where 0.4–0.7% are C282Y homozygous and 10–15% are heterozygous [66, 67]. In Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, mutations in other hemochromatosis genes are more prevalent [65].
Suggested guidelines for iron prophylaxis
General prophylaxis
The lowest dose of ferrous iron supplement protecting against iron deficiency anemia is 40 mg daily [43]. Therefore, the recommended daily dose in general iron prophylaxis dose is 40 mg of ferrous iron.
Individual prophylaxis
- (1)
Serum ferritin >70 μg/l: iron supplements are not indicated [68]. If ferritin is >100–150 μg/l one should consider screening for hemochromatosis and recommend multivitamin-mineral tablets without iron.
- (2)
Serum ferritin 30–70 μg/l: supplement of 40 mg of ferrous iron daily [69].
- (3)
Serum ferritin <30 μg/l: supplement of 80–100 mg of ferrous iron daily [69].
When should iron prophylaxis begin?
Most official guidelines recommend that iron supplements should be started at the latest at 20 weeks gestation. This point was chosen because there is a marked increase in iron absorption, which, however, in part is caused by iron depletion [59]. Considering that iron is essential for the development of the central nervous system [2, 3, 70] and has implications for the birth weight [19–21], iron prophylaxis should probably be started around the time of conception or in early pregnancy.
Should iron supplements be advised postpartum?
So far no placebo-controlled studies have examined whether it would be an advantage to give iron supplements to mothers in the lactation period. If blood losses at delivery are greater than "normal" it appears logical to recommend iron supplements for 2–3 months. In general, mothers should be advised to continue taking a daily multivitamin-mineral tablet with iron during lactation.


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Kfar Saba
August 23, 2012
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Get an overview of this hotelArt Deco Hangzhou hotel in West Lake with restaurant
Located in West Lake, this hotel is within 2 mi (3 km) of Yellow Dragon Sports Center, Zhejiang University, and Baopu Taoist Temple. Precious Stone Hill and Yui Fei Temple are also within 3 mi (5 km).
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All 145 rooms boast fireplaces and offer free wired Internet and pillowtop beds. Minibars and room service are standard, as are LCD TVs with satellite channels.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Narada Boutique Hotel Hangzhou YilianNo. 29 Xueyuan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310012
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. This 4-star property offers access to a business center and meeting rooms.
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Member since 28 July 2013 | Blog
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On the 18th of December it chanced that a good, honest yeoman of Uri, by name Wilhelm Tell, who was a member of the Rütli-league, passed several times by the hat on the pole in Altorf without obeying the governor's Order to bare his head and bow. He was therefore brought before Gessler for punishment. Now Tell was a fine marksman with the crossbow, and had handsome children whom he loved.
These the governor sent for, and picking out a boy of six years, commanded Tell to hit with his arrow an apple placed on the boy's head, threatening him with loss of his life in case of refusal. On Tell's declaring that he would rather die than shoot, Gessler told him that he must shoot or both the boy and himself die. Under this cruel compulsion Tell, praying to God for protection, shot' and succeeded. The governor was amazed at Tell's boldness and skill, but wondered also why Tell had placed a second arrow in readiness. To Gessler's inquiry about this Tell gave only evasive answer, until the governor assured him of his life in any event. On his then declaring that if he had hit his child with the first arrow, he would with the second have taken the governor's life, Gessler had him seized, bound, and placed in the boat with himself to be taken across the lake for lifelong imprisonment in the dungeon of Küssnacht. Tell's weapons Gessler also caused to be brought into the boat, that he might keep them for himself. When now they were out on the lake a fearfull storm arose and was near destroying the boat and all it carried. But one of the men told Gessler that Tell was a skillful oarsman and sailor and familiar. with the lake. To Gessler's inquiry whether Tell believed he could help them out of this danger, Tell answered that with God's help he could, whereupon Gessler ordered him to be unbound and to save them. But Tell, watching his opportunity, soon seized his weapons and leaped ashore upon a projecting ledge of rock, thrusting the boat behind him out upon the tossing waves. Gessler and his men barely escaped with their lives, and landing set out on their way towards Küssnacht. Meanwhile Tell had hastened to place himself in ambush by a narrow defile of the way near Küssnacht, and here he shot Gessler through with an arrow so that the tyrant fell from his horse and died.
We have your woman!
If you are concerned about someone reading your tweets, then don't allow people you don't know to have access to them.
Remember the Iowa law prof who threatened to file a discrimination suit against the University over the visitor's locker rooms being painted pink?
They never should have messed with Earle.
I'm trying to picture her reaction to the reception when I got off the bus on Parris Island.
The term useful idiot comes to mind.
How do we know it isn't Chris Webber?
How exactly does my post infer that I'm taking it personally? I suggest that you might be projecting a bit being as this is a thread you started and have in excess of 20 additional posts following up.
There is research that suggests there is a strong connection between successful athletics & increased interest in a University from applicants. That is inarguable. If Ohio State had not invested in the football program in the 1920's would it be the same school today? Would it be closer to Ohio U?
Those are very real questions that are difficult to answer. Taking a single data point of context (the number of applicants that are turned away over the past few years) does nothing to answer those questions. If you want people to take your assertions more seriously, then the burden lies upon you to provide evidence that supports your position.
It's probably worth noting that the publicly funded University you are referring to receives less than 10% of it's budget from said public.
As 992 alluded, data is the only thing that matters.
Google the "Flutie effect".
My problem with compensation such as this is that it is directly is taking money away from the University. Yes, I'm sure Iowa football is self-funding, but I doubt their entire athletic department is.
Iowa Athletic Department
Year Revenue - Expenses
2015 $105,969,545 - $109,214,651
2014 $105,958,954 - $102,278,847
2013 $107,153,782 - $106,969,227
2012 $97,902,974 - $104,658,746
2011 $93,353,561 - $88,057,486
That is the most horrible crash video ever.
The B-52 going down at Fairchild in the mid 90's is really bad, but the ones that hit me hardest are the crashes at air shows that entered the crowd. The Reno crash a few years ago, the Ukrainian SU-27 ... but the worst was the Italian air display team at Ramstein in 88. :(
The hair combined with the Corky & Lenny's tee make me suspect that young man is not Catholic.
And yes the correct answer to the original question is Wilt Chamberlain.
If you're not familiar with this bowl, it is a match-up in Mobile, Alabama between the Sun Belt and the MAC.
Sounds like they've found the perfect match as a sponsor.
He has my 2016 vote.
Unfortunately I'm not joking.
You sound like a commie.
I guess I don't understand why them? You want the east coast TV sets, add Syracuse and Boston College and lock up the east coast.
BC isn't the most popular school in it's home town & Syracuse is 4 hours away from NYC (State College is closer). Both are also small private schools with minimal following.
The Big Ten is primarily made up of state flagships. Maryland & Rutgers fit that profile far better than the aforementioned.
Penn State and Virginia Tech will always own the NOVA/DC/ Maryland area. Neither will ever become a real power in football because they are in the East division.
Considering nobody in the region followed VPI before Beamer started cranking out 10 win seasons in the mid-90's I find it unlikely that the school will 'always' own the area. Having lived there UM has a strong following in Maryland/DC.
The Big East died and I feel like at this point the Big12 is next. The Pac12 will be the Pac14 soon, and I wouldn't be shocked if Texas and Oklahoma get the invite sooner than later.
Oklahoma tried to join the Pac and was turned down. After the last round when Texas almost made the jump the powers that be publicly stated that their future lies 'to the east'.
I know the ship sailed, but I feel like we should have gotten Notre Dame when we had the chance.
The mid 1920's?
If they were able to do that and get Kansas for hoops the conference would be in a better place I think
So your beef with perennial football doormats is negotiable (leaving aside for a moment that Maryland has won more ACC football championships than any school not named FSU or Clemson).
Per the vote earlier this year they can have a championship game with 10 if they wish.
For 'yotes you're usually looking at something in the .22 to 6mm class. Something with a lots of velocity with little drop & that provides fast follow-up shots.
.22-250 & .220 Swift are usually recommended as the top of the list but just about anything in that range will work great (.243, .22 Creedmore, 6x45, 6.5 Grendel etc).
An AR in .223 might be the king for taking 'yotes. It's an effective round with lots of good ammunition available (if you don't reload) combined with a platform that has more options than anything else out there.
Bigger rounds (going into .30 & 7mm calibers) will certainly work but they tend to be overkill for coyotes. Remember we're talking about an animal that is on average less than 40 lbs.


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Buss is a Hall of Famer
ESPN.com reports that Lakers owner Jerry Buss will be announced a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame in Indianapolis Monday.
Can't argue with that one. The Lakers have won nine championships with Buss and have cemented their hold on the L.A. fan base with such epic players as Magic Johnson, Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant.
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- Witness says he saw man shoot Domorlo McCaster (8/19/16)2
- Logan's Roadhouse in Cape not closing; Ruby Tuesday fate still unknown (8/17/16)
- Students move into new fraternity housing at Southeast Missouri State University (8/18/16)2
- Mom angry her autistic son was left on bus; he later was discovered at bus lot (8/16/16)15
- Cape man to serve at least 21 months in prison for food-stamp fraud (8/16/16)5
- Southeast imposes 'interim suspension' of Sigma Nu fraternity over vandalism incident (8/19/16)21
- The Chrome Queens (8/21/16)2
- Pitmasters to descend on Arena Park for Cape BBQ Fest (8/19/16)2
- Store dedicated solely to Pokemon products will open soon in Cape (8/16/16)1
- Gender-neutral restrooms now available at Southeast (8/18/16)38
Eliminate the income tax
The fiscal cliff, gridlock, fair share, lack of bipartisanship, tax increases for some, tax decreases and tax credits for others; conniving politicians pitting poor against rich, black against white, job seekers and workers against job producers, left against right, who's getting a free ride, who's getting the gold mine, who's getting the shaft? All this bickering, hate-filled rhetoric and partisan rancor has got to stop. All this political hay being made over what and through what? The income tax code. People who want to work, earn and get ahead hate it. People who are ridding the U.S. Give Away Gravy Train love it. Politicians who understand this cannot continue, hate the income tax. Politicians who love to divide, conquer, manipulate and control the American people love the income tax. We can never come together and unite as one nation until we get rid of the income tax. The income tax code is not broken. It is working exactly as designed, for the exact purpose!
It was designed to divide and destroy the American people, the American economy, and America's free market capitalist system. There is a better way of taxation to increase revenue and eliminate this evil tool -- and solve all those problems above and more. It would bring economic prosperity back, giving American businesses a tremendous advantage in the world market. The U.S. House already has this bill ready to go, HR 25. Hopefully Jo Ann Emerson's replacement will get behind this bill.
JOHN McMILLEN, Sikeston, Mo.


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Chocolate Chip Waffles with Chocolate Maple Syrup - Today is *National Waffle Day.* If you're following my food holidays, you'll know that there are actually two *Waffle Days*, but I'm making *waffles* toda...
11 hours ago
Truth is sometimes stranger than fiction. LOL
Thoughts in Progress
Janet - These really are strange-but-true... Yikes! Thanks for sharing.
These would be totally hilarious, except the poor guy walked around with a bullet in his head for five years, and the other guy got bitten, although his "disguise" couldn't fool a dog's sniffer. Kind of sad.


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The Mayo Clinic defines pneumonia as the inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs as a result of infection. Physiopedia categorizes the progression of pneumonia infections into four distinct stages: consolidation, red hepatization, gray hepatization and resolution.Continue Reading
The consolidation stage occurs within the first 24 hours of contracting the infection. Physiopedia explains that this stage is characterized by fluid displacing some of the air in the lungs and swelling of the pleurae. These conditions lead to coughing and difficulty breathing.
Physiopedia places red hepatization two to three days after the consolidation stage on the pneumonia timeline. Small blood vessels surrounding the air sacs in the lungs engorge with blood that leaks into the air sacs. This stage derives its name from the liver-like appearance of the blood-engorged lungs. Gray hepatization occurs up to three days after red hepatization and is named for the gray-brown color of the lungs, caused by the breakdown of the accumulated red blood cells.
The final stage is referred to as resolution. The lung's structures start to restore themselves once the body's immune defenses begin to fight the infection. Physiopedia explains that during the last stages, the patient may cough discolored or bloody mucus, known as sputum, as a mechanism to clear the lungs and allow re-aeration of air sacs.Learn more about Cold & Flu
Sarcoidosis of the lung means that there are areas of inflammation in the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs, according to the American Lung Association. Inflammation can also appear on the bronchi, or air tubes, or the lymph nodes near the lungs.Full Answer >
Flooded or fluid-filled lungs, or pulmonary edema, occurs when air sacs in the lungs fill with fluid, according to the Mayo Clinic. Causes of pulmonary edema include a weakened left ventricle in the heart, trauma, drowning, high altitude and reactions to drugs or toxins.Full Answer >
Pneumonia is a lung infection which inflames air sacs in the lungs whereas congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscle does not pump blood as well as it should, according to Mayo Clinic. The two diseases share a number of symptoms including coughing and fatigue.Full Answer >
Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia that affects both lungs and the bronchi, according to Healthline. Caused by bacteria, fungi or a virus infecting the lungs, bronchopneumonia ranges from mild to severe, with viral bronchopneumonia typically being the mildest. People over 65 or under 2 or living with HIV, chronic heart disease, diabetes, lung disease or a weakened immune system are at an increased risk of developing bronchopneumonia.Full Answer >


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John Riel Casimero Tops Luis Alberto Rios In Dull Affair
By Jake Donovan
When you fight on the road as often as does John Riel Casimero, the manner in which how you win proves less important each time than securing the actual win itself.
The diminutive Filipino once again managed just that, taking a 12-round decision over Luis Rios in their 108 lb. title fight Saturday evening in Panama City, Panama.
Scores were 119-109 (twice) and 118-110 for Casimero in an uneven affair that proved effective for the defending titlist, even if not particularly entertaining.
Casimero made noise early on as if he intended to bring the fight to the level of a back-alley brawl. Steady pressure had Rios on the defensive, eating power shots from the 23-year old who entered the fight with a sense of purpose.
Somewhere along the way, the rounds began to blend together. Neither fighter successfully took the lead, creating awkward moments and far too many stretches lacking sustained action.
Rios was never able to mount a rally, settling for one punch at a time and oddly clinching after Casimero would finish a combination or even when the titlist came forward.
The judges were handed a daunting task of offering any sort of separation between the two, with several rounds tough to score due to so little happening from bell to bell. The difference in the fight came down to Casimero controlling the tempo with his jab, at times used as a range finder but often thrown simply to keep Rios at bay.
Casimero picks up his fourth straight win as the 23-year old improves to 18-2 (10KO). The bout marked the second defense of the alphabet belt he earned on the road in Argentina when he stopped Luis Lazarte in 10 rounds last February.
The fans on hand for that bout were not at all interested in exuding sportsmanship, as Casimero was trapped in center ring while doing his best to avoid harm - or worse - during a full-scale riot initiated by Lazarte's corner. Chairs and fists began flying, with nearly every seat literally tossed into center ring during the several minutes-long melee.
No such sour grapes were spewed in Panama on this particular evening. The fans seemed resigned to the fact that it just wasn't their guy's night, booing the lack of action in the final few rounds but never to the point of blatant disrespect for either fighter.
Rios didn't have to agree with the outcome in order to live with it, as he falls to 18-2-1 (13KO) with the loss. The rising contender entered the fight having won seven straight, a run that includes avenging the lone loss of his career - a 4th round shoulder injury stoppage against Luis Carillo in April '10 - with a fifth round stoppage in their rematch last April.
The televised co-feature saw Roberto Vasquez and Mark John Apolinario fought to a 12-round draw for the second time in four months. A full recap of the bout and remaining undercard can be found HERE .
Jake Donovan is the Managing Editor of Boxingscene.com, as well as a member of Transnational Boxing Ratings Board, Yahoo Boxing Ratings Panel and the Boxing Writers Association of America. Twitter: @JakeNDaBox
Tags: Johnreil Casimero
User Comments and Feedback (Register For Free To Comment) Comment by Hougigo on 03-17-2013
If I was him I'd never fight in Argentina againPost a Comment - View More User Comments (1)
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Comment Re: Don't buy a Mac for Specs. (Score 1) 472
The four year old model is the only one with a CD/DVD drive, FireWire, or Ethernet. If you need those archaic technologies, you get the archaic model, kept around just for you.
The rest of the line has had updates to CPU, storage, wireless, screen, etc. since then. Some several times.


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Hotels near Re di Roma Station
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"We arrived in a plain looking street, at a hotel that didn't stand out. Inside though, we were greeted by a clean fresh environment with a polite and helpful receptionist. The room was very pleasant and clean, with all the mod cons you'd need. I would have preferred a double bed rather than the ..."
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"Short term stay every good. Quite nice for a place to just sleep and relaxes."
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"Great stay, air con a little noisy as needed to be on all night as too loud outside to leave the windows open. Would recommend for a sightseeing break"
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"It is a nice little apartment close to the metro station. Amadeo is very friendly and helpful. The shower was a little small for me (I am 1.90m tall), but other that that it was a great choice."
A Traveller, Nov 2015, US
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"Hotel is 50m from Re Di Roma Metro (on Line A) and perfectly located to get into the centre. Room was clean and spacious. My room overlooked a traffic island, so if you are a light sleeper you may want to ask for an internal hotel room. All in all, excellent and would happily stay again. "
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"We had a brilliant time in Rome because of the ease of getting around the city and back to the hotel. It is a 5 minute walk from the underground metro service and is in a pleasant area of Rome. The only hassle we had was when we arrived. We had to wait outside the building for half an hour to wai..."
A Traveller, Jun 2014, GB
Most recent review
"This hotel was perfect. The room was modern, and very clean. Only 5 minutes from Ri de Roma metro station. Luca was welcoming and had lots of tips and advice for us. For the price we paid, I am very impressed. For a weekend or longer in Rime, this is perfect."
A Traveller, Jul 2015, GB
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- Pantheon
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- Lido di Ostia
- Piazza Venezia
- Vatican Museums
- Piazza del Popolo
- Villa Borghese
- Vatican Gardens
- Piazza della Repubblica
- Fiera di Roma
- Prati
- Circus Maximus (Circo Massimo)
- Tor di Quinto
- Auditorium Parco della Musica
- Bambino Gesu Hospital
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Steven Tyler to perform anthem
Aerosmith frontman and future American Idol judge Steven Tyler will sing the national anthem at the Bruins' TD Garden opener Thursday night against the Capitals.
Tyler's appearance will help the Boston Bruins Foundation kick off its season-long raffle for a customized Bruins motorcycle.
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Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr. Benson Rosen, Graduate School of Business, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514.
Attractiveness of the "Middle of the Road" Political Candidate
Version of Record online: 31 JUL 2006
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01269.x
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume 2, Issue 2, pages 157–165, June 1972
Additional Information
How to Cite
ROSEN, B. and EINHORN, H. J. (1972), Attractiveness of the "Middle of the Road" Political Candidate. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2: 157–165. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01269.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 31 JUL 2006
- Version of Record online: 31 JUL 2006
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New York, NYUSA
Hometown: Chicago
July 31, 2014
I'm taking Andrew Ng's course.
My name is Keane. I'm a consulting actuary working in the loop.
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Hottest Toys of Last 100 Years Are a Dream for the Kid in All of Us
No matter what year, no matter what decade, there have always been must-have holiday toys.
No matter what year, no matter what decade, there have always been must-have holiday toys.
Santa Claus isn't the only one who gets free snacks while making his rounds during the holidays.
Deciding whether a kid has been naughty or nice is one of the most Christmas-y things you can do during the holidays.
Here's one time when it's good to be stopped by police.
Procrastination is the hot trend among Americans this holiday season.
Tim McGraw is not only getting into the Christmas spirit, he's apparently also pretty excited about the new Stars Wars movie.
Santa Claus isn't coming to town. That's because he's already here.
Christmas is right around the corner, but Joey + Rory and their baby daughter won't have to wait to see Santa Claus this year.
While millions of Americans will sit down to a dinner of turkey or ham this Christmas, there are people outside our borders who will be feasting on some different types of cuisine.
Naughty or nice? For babies, the choice of how to act during Christmas is clear.


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Sports People; Comings and Goings
Published: September 23, 1988
The Islanders, who still have 30 players to drop from their training camp, trimmed their roster to 56 by returning two left wings, Yves Gaucher and Wayne Doucet, and a defenseman, Andre Brassared, to their junior hockey clubs. . . . Larry Krystowiak, a forward for the Milwaukee Bucks, underwent minor foot surgery and is not expected to be able to participate fully in training camp, which begins Oct. 7.


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Atlanta Mobile Developers Group Message Board › GWT and CSS Developer Needed
|A former member
Sorry for the cross-post.
Our group at Delta Air Lines is looking to bring a contractor on board to help us bring an application to production.
This will initially be an 8-week contract with a strong possibility of a longer-term engagement.
- 3+ years expertise in (X)HTML, CSS, and Javascript
- Experience coding CSS for GWT
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- Excellent communication skills and the ability to work closely with both developers and designers
If you have this skillset, please contact me: mark.richman at delta dot com
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Elisa accompanies a family on their way to a nearby village.
Austrian delegation meets Colombian Congressional Representative.
Creative action representing millions of Colombia's displaced
Conscientious objector clowns the riot police.
Join Us.
El 24 de agosto el gobierno colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) anunciaron el acuerdo final, una solución negociada que pone fin a un conflicto armado de más de 50 años… un acuerdo histórico que generó mucha emoción en la sociedad colombiana! Muchas personas se juntaron para escuchar la transmisión en vivo de los discursos de ambas partes de las negociaciones y para celebrar el acuerdo. Se firmará oficialmente el próximo 23 de septiembre y el plebiscito para refrendar los acuerdos se realizará el 2 de octubre.
On August 24th the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) announced that they had agreed to a final peace deal, which will put an end to more than 50 years of armed conflict- historic accords which have generated a lot of excitement throughout Colombian society. Crowds gathered to listen to a live broadcast of the announcement and to celebrate the agreement which will officially be signed on September 23rd, following a plebiscite on October 2nd.
FORPP recognizes that signing an agreement to end armed conflict is an opportunity to construct peace, and congratulates civil society and human rights defenders for their daily, tireless efforts to construct sustainable and lasting peace throughout the country.
Although many challenges still remain to construct peace—including the continued presence of active armed groups, as well as the actual implementation of this agreement—a mix of emotions, longings, and concerns, are reflected through the opinions of our partners. You can see some of these in our multimedia campaign "Longing for Peace":
"Peace has no future, only the present. We do not build it tomorrow, but TODAY, in the same way that it is TODAY that we build COMMUNITY." ~ Eduar Lanchero, deceased leader of the Peace Community of San Jose de Apartado
"Peace in our country is something that everyone has longed for becauase we're children of the war." Community leader of Nilo, Cundinamarca.
"Peace means harmony, understanding, and that people have a life of dignity. Because when someone doesn't have good life conditions, well that causes war." Community leader from the Humanitarian Space of Puente Nayero, Buenaventura.
To learn more about the impacts of the armed conflict and aspects we need to construct peace, please look at The A to Z's of Peace


text: Hurricane Sandy makes landfall in Cuba Add to ... AP Video Published Thursday, Oct. 25, 2012 4:54AM EDT Last updated Thursday, Oct. 25, 2012 4:54AM EDT Hurricane Sandy made landfall in Southern Cuba early Thursday. The National Hurricane Center says the storm hit Cuba as a Category 2, with maximum sustained winds of 114 miles an hour. Watch More Video: Madonna celebrates her 58th birthday by dancing in Havana How to help keep your pooch cool during a heat wave Watch as dust storm engulfs parts of Phoenix New York beats the heat with bone broth popsicles Toronto homeowners turn to lawn painting to keep grass green How Vancouver Island farmers have adapted to a longer growing season Watch as house topples over in Japan after landslide More rain threatens already flooded West Virginia Toronto's Sunnybrook Hospital hosts annual 'Preemie Picnic' Man pushed around by 109-mph winds atop New Hampshire summit B.C. researchers predict Vancouver Island in for a long, hard drought Feisty B.C. septuagenarian fights off bear with a broom Raw footage shows winds whipping passenger balloon over Berlin B.C. cop receives online praise for act of kindness Watch as a firefighter narrowly escapes fire tornado in Alberta Reporter jumps into floodwaters after car, driver swallowed up Dam collapses in Yemen after heavy rain Ah-choo! How to prepare now for the upcoming allergy season Great Barrier Reef experiencing worst coral bleaching on record Rolling Stones rock Cuba with historic free concert Comments AA More Related to this Story Strengthening Hurricane Sandy slams into Cuba Video: Leslie brings heavy winds, rain to Newfoundland Video: Deluge in Truro as Tropical Storm Leslie approaches


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The Most Paranoid Photoshop Artist Of Our Time
Pablo Picasso, Jackson Pollack, Thomas Kincaide. They're garbage compared to Davo Dees's Photoshop creations featuring chemtrails, Ron Paul, a fear of flouride in the drinking water, and other totally sound deology.
1. "Cell Tower"
He seem to believe cellphones are giving us brain cancer.
2. "AT&Tumor"
3. "Ron Paul Jetpack"
4. "Chemtrails Rumtrails"
Donald Rumsfeld flying a plane that leaves "chemtrails" over a family.
5. "Frankencorn"
6. "Beach"
7. "TSA Choice"
He really hates the new TSA screening regulations.
9. "Climatology"
10. "Chemtrails"
11. "Zoloft"
12. "Sheeple"
13. "Flouride"
14. "China Sweatshops"
15. "Tinfoil Hats"
Unclear if he's pro or anti-tinfoil hat; they seem to be protecting people from chemtrails?
16. "Vaccine Deaths"
17. "Dollar Crash"
18. "Psych Drugs"
19. Tv Tentacles"
20. "Sheeple Magazine"
21. "Dumbed Down"
22. "Ron Paul Santa"
23. "Gun Control"
H/T to My ESL Student
See more of Davo Dees's artwork
Warning: some extreme and fairly offensive imagery.
H/T to My ESL Student
- Donald Trump's campaign chief Stephen Bannon said "he doesn't like Jews," according to his ex-wife.
- Federal health officials have called for nationwide testing of all blood donations for the Zika virus.
- The judge under fire for his sentencing of former Stanford Swimmer Brock Turner also went easy on another student athlete.


text:
Your Internet Fame, Summed Up In A Shirt
This is the kind of shirt you wear to SXSW Interactive with the sheer intention to get LAID.
Please, please, don't clog up the comment section with inquiries on where to find this shirt. It is not available to the public. It belongs to Scott Stratten.
I'm the Editorial Director of BuzzFeed Life. I like shopping and bubblegum. Ask me about my UK hardcore band.
Contact Peggy Wang at Peggy.
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- A guest from Japan reviewed Pension Karlova, calling it "Stay in a part of historical place.".
- A guest from Canada reviewed Danang Backpackers Hostel, calling it "Great budget hostel for backpackers in a great location.".
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Re: Thanks Karlin
How can I view entire discussion thread on a single page?
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Sneak peek inside Premium Outlets ahead of grand opening
by: Greg Suskin Updated:
CHARLOTTE, N.C. - Channel 9 reporter Greg Suskin got an exclusive look Thursday inside the Charlotte Premium Outlets one week before the grand opening.
Suskin talked to a local landscaper who said this is the biggest project she has ever worked on.
Cathy Harvey said she is racing to get the job done before next Thursday's opening.
Three more stores were announced on Thursday: Clarks Bostonian, Travelpro and Maurices.
It may be like Black Friday in July next week for opening weekend.
LOOK: Inside Charlotte Premium Outlets 1 week before opening
Tanger and Simon companies worked together to bring in household names in clothing, shoes and more to make the mall with what they hope is a wide appeal.
It includes a covered centered hallway that will keep shoppers out of the weather on rainy days and provide some shade on hot days.
The grand opening event is next Thursday. It will open from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. Thursday through Saturday.
There will be music, giveaways and special discounts.
Mall officials have a special gift for shoppers when it comes to parking.
"We are going to have three different other parking lots off property that we are going to be shuttling people to and from. So we are going to ask all employees and staff to park in the out parcel lots and be shuttled in," said marketing manager Holly Roberson.
That means shopper will get the best spaces. That's just for opening weekend.
Mall officials told Channel 9 that every shopper will meet a greeter with brochures listing all the sales for opening weekend.
To see a full list of stores, click here.
For more information, visit premiumoutlets.com.
- July 22: New Charlotte outlet mall has homeowners excited but worried
- July 16: Preview: Charlotte Premium Outlets to open July 31
- June 18: More than 90 stores announced for Charlotte outlets
- Sept 30: Developers break ground on Charlotte outlet mall
Sneak peek inside Premium Outlets ahead of grand opening
16-year-old boy drowns near Balfour Quarry Road, officials say
Man dead after possible domestic violence call, CMPD say
Catawba man falls down an old well, airlifted to hospital
CMPD identify suspect, officer in east Charlotte officer-involved shooting


text:
₦airaland ForumWelcome, Guest: Join Nairaland / Login / Trending / Recent / New
Stats: 1,642,845 members, 3,050,468 topics. Date: Sunday, 28 August 2016 at 07:55 AM
Nairaland Forum / Science/Technology / Webmasters / Christmass Gift To Everyone (253 Views)
My Christmas / New Year Gift To You All / Hi My Friends Get Free Christmass Dollars / My Birthday Gift To You (1) (2) (3) (4)
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|Christmass Gift To Everyone by paulpiller: 12:15pm On Dec 26, 2012
Christmass is a reason of giving and being generous to everyone around you in remembrance me nuns lord Jesus christ. If you have not done so i implore you to do so now.
Hurry now for a package of ebook on making cool cash online and so much more
Here is my own christmass gift that i will be giving out to those that need it and i big thanks to every that have participated on my programmes that came back to me with appreciation
merry xmas
(0) (Reply)
Looking For Domain Names And Web Hosting Resellers To Make Thousands Of Dollars / Shipment Tracking System For Website / How To Make Ppl Read And Comment On Your Blog Post
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Nairaland - Copyright © 2005 - 2016 Oluwaseun Osewa. All rights reserved. See How To Advertise. 35


text:
First Published: 2012-12-08
The Urgent Need for National Reconciliation in Libya
Transitional justice will not only help consolidate Libya's nascent democracy. It will also preclude the rise of vigilante justice with people taking the law into their own hands, says Abdullah Almaazi.
Middle East Online
Libya's political leaders must not mistake the lack of demonstrative political pressure to address the issue of national reconciliation as a sign that all is forgiven. Dealing with our past is akin to treating national internal bleeding whose symptoms might not be immediately apparent to the naked eye but whose long term consequences for the health of Libya's body politic can be extremely harmful.
The need to deal speedily and effectively with the past is best illustrated by the German writer Jurgen Fuchs who expressed concern to Adam Michnik, a leader of the Polish opposition to communist rule about crimes committed by the communist regime in East Germany. "If we do not solve this problem in a definite way, it will haunt us."
Likewise in post revolution Libya, the present and the past are entwined and the burden of the past will continue to be an albatross around our present and future. The albatross will pull us back if justice is not done and seen to be done.
When a forty- two-year-old regime ends as a result of a violent revolution, anomie is inescapable. But it is the duty of the successor regime to come up with a strategy that ensures justice is dispensed in a balanced way.
This brings to the fore the urgent need to establish accountability for past crimes of human rights abuses and addressing allegations of active participation in systematic abusive practices in a court of law in a transparent and fair manner.
It is in the proceedings of this transitional justice process, perhaps more than anywhere else, that the notion that "justice must be seen to be done "is of paramount importance specifically in helping speed up the national reconciliation process.
Victims need to see that justice has been done. Seeing their tormentors brought to justice is a moral obligation to the victims of repression. It can have a cathartic effect not just on the personal but also the national level. Of greater significance, fairly administered justice will help in reconstructing a morally just society.
Transitional justice will not only help consolidate Libya's nascent democracy. It will also preclude the rise of vigilante justice with people taking the law into their own hands. Justice served and seen to be done will be an important deterrent against future abuses of human rights. It will also entrench in our people's mind the value and high esteem and dignity associated with upholding human rights and the ignominy and contempt deserved by those who abuse it.
Transitional justice helps in healing festering wounds and in acting as a national cleansing process. If Libyans are to fail in cleansing themselves of the heinousness of their past they will forever be beset by incessant ruminating.
One avenue to take is to allow the truth to set us free. In a number of post conflict societies airing grievances in a public forum had a cathartic effect and was nationally therapeutic. This was the road trodden by South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission as well as the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation, and the United Nations sponsored Truth Commission in El Salvador.
These public forums brought perpetrators and their victims face to face. Publicly acknowledging the pain and grief of victims can be instrumental in accelerating the national healing process, reducing the likelihood of continuing the vicious cycle of revenge and counter revenge and ending the vigilantism and lynch mob mentality beginning to take root in parts of post revolution Libya.
A truth telling process, including full disclosure of human rights abuses, ensures that "the facts" are not forgotten but remain alive in memory. Lest we forget, Libyans need to establish permanent reminders of the past, such as monuments, museums and public holidays to commemorate the victims of tyranny and human rights abuses.
Future generations must be taught about the dangers of repeating the past. There needs to be documentation of human rights violations and identification of the violators in public records at the national level with documents available to everyone to inspect, investigate and even challenge.
This record should include oral narratives of victims and their families. The testimonies of the abusers, whenever available, should also be made available as part of this record. If and when commissions are established, their published findings should be an integral part of this national archive.
These records/archives should be incorporated in the curriculum of law enforcement training academies as well as law schools. National/social studies classes at schools and universities should make human rights, and the history of its abuse in Libya, part of the course.
However, for some, general knowledge of the truth is not enough. An official recognition of the injustices that have been suffered is necessary. This can only be achieved through a uniformly and judicially applied law, specific for this transition period to close the chapter of the past in order to usher in the far more important future chapter.
The worst investment we make in the future is to allow the present atmosphere of vindictiveness and desire for revenge to prevail. Unfortunately this is what is taking place at present. At a time when we are moving towards a system of government based on the rule of law and of equality in justice and the championing of human rights, it would be difficult to exaggerate the harm that is being done to the raison d'être of the Libyan revolution by continued reports of human rights abuses in post revolution Libya.
Equally disturbing are the arbitrary and selective exclusions of individuals from the political process merely on the basis of their perceived past association, the sporadic outburst of mindless tribalism and occasional attempts at mob rule and mob justice similar to those which prevailed and were the norm during the era of the defunct regime.
In Libya, because of a prevalent tribal culture and sentiments of regional bias it is best if such exclusion is not done in a manner which seems to many to be arbitrarily in nature. Every effort should be made to avoid even the mere appearance of being of biased and selective in excluding individuals from public office. Forfeiture of political and civil rights should be the result of a criminal conviction in a court of law administering transitional justice laws enacted by a duly elected legislative body with recognised legitimacy to represent the people and legislate on their behalf.
For this reason there is an urgent need for transitional justice legislation. Its only in the judicial application of such a law, that we will have a national consensus that those indicted as being an integral part of the Gaddafi regimen and therefore have whether by commission or through omission helped prolong the suffering of the Libyan people, that such individuals, forfeit some of their political and civil rights for a period of time. This is the route taken by most of the post-communist countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The consensus was to disqualify those who formed the backbone of the Communist regimes and administered its policies from holding public office in the immediate post communism governments.
So it should be the law applied fairly and justly which arbitrates our future. We Libyans, of all people should not accept otherwise. An indispensable condition of democracy and equality before the law is the equal legal right for all Libyans to seek and gain political office or public employment. Life under a totalitarian regime with its lawlessness should have taught us Libyans the importance of legal security in its most elementary sense of freedom from arbitrary and selective punitive measures including those of political exclusion .In building a democratic Libya we should be cognisant of the fact that the notion of equality in justice could not be more important .That means in practice that just laws shall be applied without discrimination merely on the ground political or other opinion.
Equality before the law also means that in the making of a law every person is to be treated equally. Equal protection of the law means applying or enforcing a law already made, without differentiation except on a rational and justifiable basis.
The emphasis on a central role for the rule of law and equality before the law cannot be meaningfully discussed in the absence of a robust and independent judiciary not susceptible to pressures emanating from transient popular whims and prejudice nor one which conforms to executive pressure for the sake of political expediency.
It is broadly accepted that an independent and empowered judiciary is central to the rule of law. An independent judiciary is equally central to the maintenance of horizontal accountability, without which democratic development is not possible.
The English philosopher John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) warned that: "Wherever law ends, tyranny begins." More poignantly he spoke of "those evils, which necessarily follow from men being judges in their own cases" highlighting the consequence of people taking the law into their own hands , which is to "magnify the wrong suffered, if any, and to exact a punitive revenge rather than a dispassionate retribution."
Jeddah meeting bears no fruit on Yemen conflict
Tunisia parliament to vote on cabinet proposal
Turkey shells Kurdish fighters in Syria after warning
Oil prices fall on Saudi doubt on output cut
French court suspends burkini ban
Israeli troops shoot dead Palestinian in occupied West Bank
11 Turkish police officers killed in Cizre bomb attack claimed by PKK
Tears as evacuation starts in Syria's Daraya
Turkey PM denies Syria operation singling out Kurds
Kerry, Lavrov meet for talks on Syria
Kuwait arrests govt employee promoting IS online
Kerry in Saudi for talks on regional conflicts
UN Syria envoy expects 'impact' from Kerry-Lavrov meeting
Iraq parliament votes to impeach defense minister
Russia says will cooperate in Syria chemical attacks probe
Iraq forces take key town south of Mosul
Hamas to leave name off ballot in Palestinian elections
Iranian navy in 'unsafe' intercept of US destroyer
Three wounded in PKK attack on Turkey opposition chief's convoy
Erdogan to inaugurate Istanbul's third Bosphorus bridge
China to train Syrian troops
Turkey reinforces ground forces across border into Syria
Turkey says 'every right' to intervene if Kurds fail to withdraw
UN rights chief urges international probe of Yemen violations
Tunisia unity government to remain unchanged
Raped teen who took own life finally gets justice in Morocco
Syria rebels backed by Turkey tanks 'seize' Jarabulus
Libya's presidential council to present new cabinet
Syria regime, Kurds blast Turkish incursion
Biden: Washington told Kurds not to cross Euphrates
Israeli court shuns plea to unchain Palestinian hunger striker
Saudi police foil mosque suicide bombing
Kerry to meet Russia's Lavrov in Geneva on Friday
Kurdish forces in Syria prime target for Turkey
Drone strike kills 2 Qaeda suspects in Yemen
Iran yet to decide on OPEC limits
Iraq forces advance south of Mosul
Muslim women say swimsuit uproar is 'absurd'
Gaza animals leave 'world's worst' zoo
Hasakeh: key flashpoint for Syria regime, Kurds
Kerry heads to Saudi on Yemen peace push
British woman killed in Australian stabbing
Hajj stoning to be shortened after deadly stampede
Turkey launches operation to clear Syria border town from IS
Israel raids West Bank arms factories


text:
Category:Mountain ranges of Utah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mountain ranges of Utah, United States.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mountain ranges of Utah.
Related categories[edit]
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
- ► Features of the Uinta Mountains (3 C, 21 P)
- ► Wasatch Range (2 C, 55 P)
Pages in category "Mountain ranges of Utah"
The following 56 pages are in this category, out of 56 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).


text:
RE Spits "Clearport" for DJBooth.net x Streetammo Freestyle Series
New York, N.Y. -- RE, the New Orleans up-and-comer who recently earned reader approval for mixtape leak "Nasty," has stepped into the Booth with the 241st entry in DJBooth.net at Streetammo's Exclusive Freestyle Series. On his brand new, exclusive Clearport freestyle, the Nzone Entertainment emcee flows over original boardwork by Kelz.
But wait, it gets doper. For 15% off on all of StreetAmmo's fresh gear, visit streetammo.com and enter the exclusive code, "streetbooth". We know, we know. You're welcome.
But wait, it gets doper. For 15% off on all of StreetAmmo's fresh gear, visit streetammo.com and enter the exclusive code, "streetbooth". We know, we know. You're welcome.
Get The PLUG app by DJBooth and get the best hip-hop writing and news delivered daily.
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All articles for '
The Real Thing At Last'
All the featured articles about The Real Thing At Last. News, articles, net worth profile, and all biography about The Real Thing At Last.
Jason Day's Current Run Is The Best Thing Golf Has Seen Since Tiger Woods
After another victory, Jason Day is racking up the paychecks this season. How much has he made so far in 2016?
Andrew Luck Has One Thing Most Other Free Agents Don't Have, And He'll Get Rich Because Of It
After being grossly underpaid for his career, Andrew Luck is finally in line for a big payday. And he's got something that'll help him get even more money than most of his colleagues.
Grandmas Accidentally Tagging Themselves As "Grandmaster Flash" On Facebook Is The Funniest Thing I've Seen All Week
Old people on social media can be so adorable. But nothing is more adorable (or hiliarious) than this phenomenon of Grandmas accidentally tagging themselves as Grandmaster Flash.
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Adriana Lima, the superstar supermodel, drives a rather low-key Porsche Cayenne Hybrid. Related Link: Adriana Lima Net Worth
Madonna's House: The Material Girl Sheds A Large Material Thing
Madonna's house on the Upper West Side is massive, opulent, and on sale for $23.5 million. Related Link: Madonna Net Worth
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Sunny Mabrey Net Worth
Sunny Mabrey net worth: Sunny Mabrey is an American actress and model who has a net worth of $3 million. Sunny Mabrey was born


text:
Check out these classy folks as they show off their talents!
Pull up your red diaper and go on an adventure with the best talking animal...
Every other Monday, our team of blacksmiths and craftsman build some of you...
fat guy
This is a fat guy i was standin next to at the Brickyard 400 this year
What do you feel worse for, the fat guy or SS fat guy?
I am not loving it.
Fat guy
this big guy has quite the gut.. your lucky i cut his face out
this guy has to use a wheelbarrow to carry around his gut
Even bird wives like to yell at their bird husbands.
fat giraffe
And my landlord yelled at me for stuffing an old couch in the dumpster.
This Dog Just Needs A Cigarette And Some Kids To Yell At
Would rather sit next to the fat guy.
I dont care where I am going, I pull up behind this and I am going to follo...
A bag of berry smoothy mix ripped open and I had my friend make it look lik...
You'd think he could at least help row.
Fat Guy Hide And Seek