text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 16, 1994
|Filing date
|May 7, 1993
|Priority date
|May 7, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Larry L. Harris, Baker P. L. Scott, III
|Original Assignee
|Crystal Semiconductor Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (15), Classifications (10), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to resistors used for voltage dividers. More particularly, a device and method is provided for dividing a voltage across integrated circuit resistors.
Electronic resistors are fabricated by using several different techniques. Fabrication methods include depositing a thin or thick resistive films on a substrate or forming a resistive path directly within a substrate, typically silicon, by using a dopant species. Such resistors are often used in microelectronics applications such as integrated circuits and hybrid microcircuits. Such resistors may be used in a resistor divider network that is a discrete circuit or may be used as part of a complicated integrated circuit. Resistive films often include polysilicon or nickel-chrome and dopant species often include boron, phosphorus or arsenic. Regardless of the type of resistor material or fabrication process, the resistance of such a microelectronic resistor can be generally described by Equation 1: ##EQU1## where R is the resistor value in Ohms, Ω/□ is the sheet resistance in Ohms per square, L is the length of the resistor, and W is the width of the resistor. As known in the art, a square is dimensionless and is simply a portion of the resistor consisting of one unit length and one unit width.
Resistors may be used to create voltage dividers by providing a voltage across or current through the resistor and providing an output connection along some portion of the resistor. An individual voltage output of a microelectronic resistor voltage divider generally has a linear relationship with the voltage input of the resistor voltage divider. Furthermore, a voltage divider may have multiple outputs and each separate voltage output may have a linear relationship with the voltage input. On a voltage divider with multiple outputs, it is instructive to number each output consecutively starting from the top of the resistor divider progressing to the bottom of the resistor divider. When a plot is generated relating the input voltage attenuation of each output voltage to the respective output number, with one axis of the plot being the attenuation value and the other axis being the output number, this plot will be linear or nonlinear plot which is dependent upon the spacing of the outputs of the voltage divider.
Linear voltage dividers are defined as having a substantially linear plot of the voltage attenuation of each output and the related output numbers. Nonlinear voltage dividers are defined as having a substantially nonlinear plot of the voltage attenuation of each output and the related output numbers. The relationship between the outputs of the nonlinear voltage divider may be, for example, a logarithmic function, a square law function, or an exponential function. The individual transfer function between a voltage input and a specific output in a nonlinear voltage divider, though, may still be generally linear.
Voltage or current input and voltage output contact sites or taps may be made to a resistor in a variety of ways. FIG. 1 shows integrated circuit or hybrid microcircuit resistor 1 with taps 2 connecting from the top of the main body of resistor 1. In FIG. 1, taps 2 may simply consist of interconnect contacts, such as aluminum contacts. Alternatively, taps 2 may be upward extensions of the resistive film that are then connected to an interconnect lead. Other tap arrangements exist. For example, FIG. 2 shows resistor 20 having a main body 34 and output taps 22 and 24 which extend from main body 34 in order to provide a location for output contact sites 28 and 30. Input contact sites 26 and 32 are also provided. Many other geometric arrangements may be selected for taps. Furthermore, the tap spacing may be either linear or nonlinear along the resistor body. If all taps are spaced at substantially equal distance intervals along the resistor body, then linear spaced taps are created. Therefore, with linear spacing all resistor segments, whether between an input and an adjacent output or between adjacent outputs, are of equal length. If the taps are spaced such that all resistor segments are not of equal length than nonlinear tap spacing has been created.
Generally, contact sites, taps, and their placement will have some impact on each specific electrical transfer function of the voltage divider and, thus, will vary the actual transfer function from the transfer function of an ideal voltage divider. It is desirable to lessen the impact that output connections have on a transfer function of a resistor voltage divider. Furthermore, the impact of output connections is generally more severe in nonlinear voltage dividers than in linear voltage dividers. Therefore, it is desirable to lessen the impact of taps in nonlinear voltage dividers such as, for example, voltage dividers that allow logarithmic attenuation.
Microelectronic linear voltage dividers are generally made by providing linearly spaced output taps along the resistor body, while microelectronic nonlinear voltage dividers are generally made by providing nonlinear spacing of the output taps of a voltage divider. Alternatively, it is known in the art to provide a series of linearly spaced taps where all taps are accessible to the user, and allow a user to select the specific desired output taps. Thus, a user may use a voltage divider that has linearly spaced taps as a nonlinear voltage divider by only selecting outputs that have substantially nonlinearly related transfer functions. Furthermore, by providing only linear spaced outputs, a desired output voltage that requires nonlinear spacing of taps can only be approximated. Though such systems may lessen the impact of tap resistance, excess circuitry space may be consumed because these systems may allow the user to access every tap, and thus, every tap has some corresponding access and decoding interconnects and circuitry. It is, therefore, desirable to lessen the impact resulting from tap connections while limiting the amount of circuit space and complexity, and provide a very accurate representation of the desired nonlinearly related transfer functions.
The problems outlined above are in a broad aspect addressed by the device and method of the present invention. That is, the apparatus and method of the present invention lessens the impact of taps in voltage dividers that have nonlinearly related transfer functions while maintaining a very accurate representation of the desired nonlinearly related transfer functions.
The present invention includes a resistor voltage divider that has a plurality of accessible output taps distributed along a resistor body. In addition, at least one inaccessible compensation tap is also placed along the resistor body. The accessible output taps may be nonlinearly distributed. In a preferred embodiment, the accessible output taps are logarithmically distributed. Furthermore, the taps are distributed such that a chosen tap density is substantially constant over a portion of the resistor body. Generally, the tap density between one accessible output tap and an input tap to the resistor voltage divider is substantially equal to the tap density between a second accessible output tap and the input tap. Moreover, the tap density between each output tap and an input tap may be substantially constant. Finally, the taps may be spaced such that the taps are substantially linearly distributed along the resistor bodies.
The present invention also includes a voltage divider circuit utilizing an integrated circuit resistor body having a plurality of taps and electrical leads connected to at least two of those taps. Further, the circuit has tap selection circuitry connected to the electrical leads such that the tap selection circuitry may electrically select some, but not all of the taps, whereby at least one of the taps is not selectable and at least two of the taps are selectable. In addition, the taps may comprise accessible output taps and at least one inaccessible compensation tap which may be placed along the resistor body to substantially minimize a tap resistance error in the transfer function of the circuit. Finally, at least one of the inaccessible compensation taps of the circuit may be structurally disconnected from the input of the tap selection circuitry.
The voltage divider may be made by placing a plurality of accessible output taps along the resistor body in a desired nonlinear spacing pattern. Thus, resistor segments with nonlinear lengths between adjacent accessible output taps are created. Then, inaccessible compensation taps are placed along the resistor body in order to substantially minimize tap resistance effects. The tap resistance effects may be minimized by selecting a predetermined tap density and placing inaccessible compensation taps to substantially maximize the equality of the tap density in each nonlinear length resistor segment. Furthermore, the placement of the inaccessible tap may create substantially linear tap spacing along the resistor body when all of the taps are considered.
The resistor voltage divider in the present invention is particularly useful when used in an integrated circuit amplifier circuit. A resistor voltage divider is operatively connected to an amplifier. The resistor voltage divider has a plurality of successful output taps, at least one inaccessible compensation tap and an input tap distributed along the resistor body. The taps are distributed such that a tap density between one accessible output tap and the input tap, and the tap density between a second accessible output tap and the input taps are substantially equal. The voltage divider may be connected to a voltage source and one of the accessible output taps connected to a signal input of the amplifier. Further, the voltage divider may be connected to the signal output of the amplifier and one of the accessible output taps then connected to the feedback input of the amplifier. Alternatively, one voltage divider may be operatively connected to the signal input of the amplifier and a second voltage divider operatively connected to the feedback input of the amplifier.
Finally, it is noted that with the present invention, a nonlinear volume control circuit may utilize circuitry that includes an amplifier and two resistor voltage dividers each having a plurality of accessible output taps, at least one inaccessible compensation tap, and an input tap. The taps are distributed whereby the tap density between an output tap and an input tap is substantially equal to the tap density between a second output tap and the input tap. Furthermore, multiplexer circuits are provided for decoding one of the accessible output taps and connecting the output tap to a signal input or a feedback input of an amplifier.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a microelectronic resistor with contact sites within the main body of the resistor.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a microelectronic resistor voltage divider with taps.
FIG. 3 is a schematic of an ideal resistor voltage divider.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a resistor voltage divider incorporating tap resistance effects.
FIG. 5 is a schematic of the integrated circuit resistor voltage divider shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a schematic of the voltage divider shown in FIG. 5 including contact resistance.
FIG. 7 is another schematic of the integrated circuit resistor voltage divider shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 8 is an equivalent resistor version of the schematic shown in FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a version of the schematic shown in FIG. 7 without tap resistance.
FIG. 10 is schematic of a nonlinear integrated circuit resistor voltage divider.
FIG. 11 is a plan view of a integrated circuit resistor voltage divider according to the present invention.
FIG. 12 is an expanded view of a tap shown in FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 shows linear spaced inaccessible compensation taps.
FIG. 14 shows nonlinear spaced inaccessible compensation taps.
FIG. 15 shows multiple integrated circuit resistor voltage dividers connected according to the present invention.
FIG. 16 shows a graph of the measured attenuation verses ideal attenuation of an integrated circuit resistor voltage divider without inaccessible compensation taps.
FIG. 17 is a plan view of the resistor voltage divider without inaccessible compensation taps used to generate the data shown in FIG. 16.
FIG. 18 shows a graph of the measured attenuation verses ideal attenuation of an integrated circuit resistor voltage divider with inaccessible compensation taps.
FIG. 19 is an expanded graph of the graph shown in FIG. 18.
FIG. 20 is an amplifier circuit according to the present invention.
FIG. 21 is a volume control circuit according to the present invention.
The schematic of an ideal resistor voltage divider is shown in FIG. 3. Three integrated circuit resistors are shown as R1, R2, and R3. However, it is understood that the number of resistors may be Rn where n=1,2,3 . . . The resistors have a length L1, L2, and L3, and width W1, W2, and W3 respectively. The voltage drop between node 101 and node 100 is Vin, the voltage drop between node 102 and node 100 is Vout1, and the voltage drop between node 103 and node 100 is Vout2. The relationship between the input and output voltages (i.e., the voltage transfer function) of the voltage divider of FIG. 1 is shown in Equation 1a: ##EQU2##
If all the resistors are made of the same material and thus have the same sheet resistance, substituting Equation 1 into Equation 1a yields Equation 1b: ##EQU3## If the width of each resistor is the same, Equation 1b reduces to Equation 2: ##EQU4## If the length of each resistor is the same, then the voltage relationship shown in Equation 2 further simplifies to the relationship shown in Equation 3: ##EQU5## Similarly, with the same assumptions as for Equation 3, Equation 4 may be obtained: ##EQU6## Thus for ideal voltage dividers with resistors of equal length, equal width and equal sheet resistance, Equations 2, 3, and 4 show that the voltage transfer functions are simply the ratio of the resistor lengths.
A microelectronic resistor voltage divider 20 with linearly spaced output taps is shown in FIG. 2. In order to contact voltage divider 20, accessible outputs or tap connections are generally provided. FIG. 2 shows integrated circuit resistor voltage divider 20 and taps 22 and 24. Taps 22 and 24 are equally spaced along main body 34 of voltage divider 20 in order to create resistors of equal length. Connection sites 26, 28, 30 and 32 are also shown in FIG. 2. Adding taps to voltage divider 20 will result in the creation of parasitic tap resistances between tap connection sites 28 and 30 and main body 34 of voltage divider 20. The effect of a tap is to place parasitic resistors, rt, associated with the tap in parallel with small resistor segments, ra, of the body of the resistor that is effected by rt as shown in FIG. 4. Each resistor segment ra, has a length La and width, Wa, as shown in FIG. 4. Similarly, resistor segments rt have effective lengths Lt and effective widths Wt. Resistor segments ra will slightly extend past corners 36 where taps 22 and 24 connect to main body 34 because of current dispersions effects around corners 36. Assuming that main body 34 of voltage divider 20 has a constant width and uniform sheet resistance, then the remainder of main body 34 of voltage divider 20 may be represented by equal resistance resistor segments Rx.
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of resistor voltage divider 20. Shown in FIG. 6 is the resistance effects of the interface of an interconnect contact at connection sites 26, 28, 30, and 32. The contact resistance rc is in series with tap resistance rt contact sites 28 and 30. If the contact resistance rc at connection sites 26 and 32 is small compared to Rx, then rc may be neglected at these two connection sites. If the contact resistance rc at connection sites 26 and 32 is significant with respect to Rx, the rc may be canceled out by the use of Kelvin contacts. Kelvin Contacts, well known in the art, provide a means of applying a voltage that is substantially independent of the input contact resistance.
The contact resistance rc at connection sites 28 and 30 may effect the value of rt which in turn may effect the value of the voltage divider output. Further, the contact resistance rc will have a different temperature coefficient than rt, thus the overall effective tap resistance will have a different temperature coefficient than the body of the resistor. This difference in the temperature coefficient will cause a change in the divider output voltage with respect to temperature. It will be shown that regardless of the value of rt, rt can be substantially compensated for with the present invention. Therefore, in the discussion that follows, only rt will be discussed and not rt plus rc.
Node 110 in FIGS. 5 and 6 has the same potential as tap connection site 28 and node 112 has the same potential as tap connection site 30. The circuit shown in FIG. 6 may be approximated by the circuit shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is only an approximation because additional ra and rt resistors are added at each end of the voltage divider. Though three resistors, Rx, are shown in FIG. 7, it is understood that many Rx resistors may be used. Thus, the error introduced by the approximation will be small. Furthermore, contacts 26 and 32 may be Kelvin contacts with a sense tap constructed similar to the voltage divider output taps. FIG. 7 provides a schematic representation of the voltage divider configured in this manner. Kelvin contacts, well known in the art, provide a means of applying a voltage that is independent of the input contact resistance. Thus error added by input contact impedance may be lessened by using Kelvin input contacts. The schematic of FIG. 7 may be simplified if an equivalent resistor RE is used where RE is defined in Equation 5 as: ##EQU7## A schematic representation using equivalent resistor RE is shown in FIG. 8.
If there was no parasitic tap resistance, rt, the schematic of FIG. 7 may be shown as the schematic in FIG. 9. An equivalent resistor RN can be used as shown in FIG. 9 where RN is defined in Equation 6 as:
RN =Rx +2ra (6)
Subtracting Equation 5 from Equation 6 results in a ΔR term. ΔR thus represents the change in the ideal resistor when a parasitic tap resistance, rt, is considered and may be shown to be: ##EQU8##
Now calculating a voltage transfer function for Vout1 when parasitic tap resistances are included yields Equation 9: ##EQU9## and similarly ##EQU10## As noted above, the taps were equally spaced in the configurations of FIGS. 4-9, therefore, Equations 9 and 10 are only valid for equal spacing. Therefore, for linear spacing, the equations above demonstrate that the voltage transfer function will be substantially independent of the parasitic tap resistance.
A voltage divider with a nonlinearly related transfer functions may be obtained by using nonlinear spacing between the taps rather than equal (i.e. linear) spacing. For example, the spacing may follow a logarithmic pattern, square root pattern, or other patterns. FIG. 10 is schematic of a voltage divider having nonlinearly related transfer functions without including parasitic tap resistances. When a uniform width and sheet resistance are used, Equations 11a and 11b represent the voltage transfer functions: ##EQU11## where L11, L12, L13, and L14 are nonlinearly, such as logarithmically, different lengths.
Including parasitic tap resistance as discussed above for the linear voltage divider yields a transfer function as shown in equation 12a: ##EQU12##
Unlike the linear voltage divider, the nonlinear voltage divider with nonlinearly spaced taps has transfer functions that are not independent of the taps, because the ΔR term, and thus rt, is present in the transfer function. The tap dependency of the voltage divider may be compensated for by adjusting the lengths of L11, L12, L13, and L14. However, rt may vary because rt is sensitive to temperature and process variations. For example, because the tap widths are generally much smaller than the main resistor body widths, critical linewidth dimension variations during integrated circuit processing will disproportionately change the rt resistance as compared to resistance changes in the main body of the resistor. Likewise, temperature variations, may impact the voltage divider. For example, the tap resistance may be dependant on the interface resistance of a connection site within a tap as discussed above and such interface effects may have a temperature dependency. Interface effects, though, will have less impact as the length of a tap is increased. Thus, even if the resistor lengths L11 -L14 are adjusted, error will still result due to process and temperature variations.
Using the present invention, though, it is possible to create a voltage divider with nonlinearly related transfer functions that is less sensitive to the parasitic tap resistance. In the present invention, extra inaccessible compensation taps are added such that the number of taps in each resistor segment R11, R12, R13 and R14 is proportional to the length L11, L12, L13 and L14 of each resistor segment. This will result in the ratio of the number of taps in a particular resistor segment to the total number of taps in the voltage divider being substantially equal to the ratio of the length of that particular resistor segment to the total length of the voltage divider (L11 +L12 +L13+L 14).
Thus, if ΔR is expressed as ##EQU13## where Lseg =the length of the resister segment.
Ttot =the total number of taps in the voltage divider (both desired accessible output taps and extra inaccessible compensation taps).
Ltot =the total length of the voltage divider,
then Equation 12a may be rewritten as Equation 13b. ##EQU14## In terms of sheet resistance, Equations 14a and 14b may be used: ##EQU15## where k is a constant and ##EQU16## where the Ω/□ in Equations 14a and 14b is the same value. Substituting Equations 14a and 14b into Equation 13 yields Equations 15a and 15b: ##EQU17##
Thus as shown in Equations 15a and 15b, the effect of the parasitic tap resistances may be substantially compensated for by adding extra inaccessible compensation taps, and the resulting transfer function is substantially independent of the parasitic resistances. Furthermore, the taps do not have to be linearly spaced. The requirement that the number of taps in each segment be proportional to the length of each segment has to be valid only at the accessible output taps of interest and not at each extra inaccessible compensation tap. Thus, all the taps in one segment may be lumped at one end of the segment, or they may be linearly spaced, or any combination of the two methods.
A resistor according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 11. Resistor 200 is comprised of resistor body 202, accessible output taps 210, inaccessible compensation taps 212, and two input connections. Generally one input will be connected to a voltage source and one input will be connected to a ground. However, a ground connection is not required, but rather the second input may be at some other user determined voltage state. In a preferred embodiment, though, input connections of voltage connection 204 and ground connection 206 are provided. FIG. 12 is an expanded view of one accessible output tap 210. Accessible output tap 210 has a contact site 216. Electrical lead 214 is shown in FIG. 12 to illustrate an electrical connection to accessible output tap 210. Electrical lead 214 may be, for example, an aluminum lead.
Resistor body 202 may be, for example, constructed from 3 micron wide polysilicon and the resistor taps may have a total width of 1.5 microns each and a length of 4 microns. It is recognized that other dimensions and materials may be utilized depending on a users specific electrical and space requirements. Thus, the specific dimensions shown in the figures herein are used for illustrative purposes to aid the understanding of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 11, each accessible output tap 210 is connected with an electrical lead 214 and, thus, resistor 200 has thirty-two accessible output taps 210. It is understood that electrical leads 214 are part of the additional circuitry, such as decoding circuitry, (not shown) that a user may utilize to decode a desired accessible output tap. Inaccessible compensation taps 212 may be found between accessible output taps 210. Inaccessible compensation taps 212 are not connected to electrical leads 214 and are, therefore, not selectable as outputs for the voltage divider. Inaccessible compensation taps 212, however, will lessen the effect of tap resistance as described above. Although inaccessible compensation taps preferable are not connected to electrical leads such as electrical leads 214, in a preferred embodiment inaccessible compensation taps 212 have contact sites 216 that are filled with a contact plug or a small stub of an electrical lead comprising the same material as electric leads 214. A contact plug or a stub will better simulate the interface resistance effects of electric leads 214 such that the resistance of inaccessible compensation taps 212 more closely resembles the resistance of accessible output taps 210.
Alternatively, electrical leads 214 may be connected to every lead. In this embodiment, though, inaccessible compensation taps are still inaccessible because at some point in the decoding circuitry, the structural interconnects required to access the inaccessible compensation taps will be missing. A user, therefore, will not be able to select some taps as either an output or an input. Thus, space requirements and circuit complexity are decreased because every tap does not require corresponding complete input or decoding circuitry.
Furthermore, the invention provides advantages over circuits in which every tap may be accessed and the user selects the desired tap through user inputs. For example, resistor 200 of the present invention only requires circuitry necessary to access thirty-two taps. If every tap in resistor 200 was accessible and a user chose the desired output taps via user inputs or software as in the prior art, circuitry necessary to access all 103 taps would be required.
Accessible output taps 210 are generally nonlinearly spaced along resistor body 202 in order to provide nonlinearly related voltage outputs. The amount of attenuation between each accessible output tap will vary depending on the user's placement of the accessible output taps for the desired application. A user may also select a desired nonlinear attenuation pattern through the placement of the accessible output taps. For example, accessible outputs may be spaced so that the voltage transfer function follows a logarithmic pattern, square root pattern, inverse pattern or other user selected linear and nonlinear patterns. Nonlinear spacing may even be created by linearly spacing taps over only a portion of the voltage divider. For example, nonlinear spacing is the net effect of a voltage divider that has no taps over the top half of the resistor body and linear spaced taps over the bottom half.
FIG. 11 shows a logarithmic accessible output spacing pattern as one embodiment of the present invention. Accessible output taps 210 are spaced to provide 0.5 db attenuation steps between each accessible output tap. The transfer function of ##EQU18## may be expressed in decibels db by taking the log of ##EQU19## and multiplying the results by 20. Thus, accessible output tap 210A provides 0.5 db attenuation from voltage connection 204 while accessible output tap 210E provides 16 db attenuation. If resistor body 202 is 1000 microns long from voltage connection 204 to ground connection 206, then, accessible output tap 210A is placed approximately 55.9 microns from voltage connection 204 and accessible output tap 210E is placed approximately 841.5 microns from input connection 204 in order to achieve the desired attenuation at the accessible output taps. The distances such as 55.9 and 841.5 microns may be chosen by using the sheet resistance length and width and assuming ideal resistor conditions without compensating for parasitic tap resistances. Likewise, the remaining accessible output taps are placed to provide the desired attenuation steps.
According to the present invention, the number of taps (including both accessible output and inaccessible compensation taps) in each resistor segment is substantially proportional to the length of each resistor segment. By having an average tap density that is substantially uniform across the length of resistor body 202, the tap impedance effects will be lessened. As used herein, tap density is the number of all taps, accessible and inaccessible together, over a chosen length of the resistor body. In resistor 200, inaccessible compensation taps 212 are, therefore, added between logarithmically spaced accessible output taps 210 in order to maintain a substantially proportional number of total taps (accessible output taps plus inaccessible compensation taps) per unit length of resistor body 202. In resistor 200, for example, a tap density of 1 tap per 10 microns is substantially maintained along the length of resistor body 202. Therefore, numerous inaccessible compensation taps 212 are placed along resistor body 202 between the accessible output taps 210 in order to best maintain the chosen tap density. The choice of tap density will depend on the accuracy requirements, space requirements and manufacturing abilities of the user.
Slight rounding and approximation error may result when the distance between two accessible output taps does not allow an exactly integral number of taps per unit length chosen (ten microns in this example). As seen in FIG. 11, accessible output taps 210A and 210B are 52.8 microns apart and, thus, four inaccessible compensation taps 212 are placed between accessible output taps 210A and 210B and the tap density is one tap per 10.56 microns. Thus, an approximation error results between the desired tap density (one tap per ten microns in the example shown) and the actual density between accessible output taps 210A and 210B. This error may at times be small, though, as seen between accessible output taps 210B and 210C which are 49.9 microns apart and have four inaccessible compensation taps between them and thus yield a tap density of one tap per 9.98 microns. The error between two adjacent taps may increase when the distance between the taps does not provide an accurate placement of inaccessible compensation taps. For example, if the desired tap density is one tap per ten microns and two accessible output taps are spaced by 16 microns, then placing one inaccessible compensation tap between the two accessible output taps will create a density of one tap per eight microns at this segment of the resistor. If the distance between two taps is 13 microns, not placing compensation tap results in one tap per thirteen microns at this segment of the resistor, an error that is less than the error if a compensation tap was placed between the accessible output taps. However, this error for one segment will not be as significant when the tap density over larger portions of the resistor such as three, four or more times the unit length of the tap density are considered. The resulting running average of the tap density is substantially constant as different portions of the resistor are viewed.
It is important to note that the impact of this approximation error is diminished because the overall number of taps per unit length between any given accessible output tap and an input connection, such as ground connection 206 (i.e. the net resistor that is formed from the given accessible output to the ground connection), will be substantially constant. Accessible output taps 210A, 210B and 210E reflect this concept because between accessible output tap 210A and ground connection 206 there is one tap per 9.97 microns, between accessible output tap 210B and ground connection 206 there is one tap per 9.94 microns and between accessible output tap 210E and ground connection 206 there is one tap per 10.06 microns. Likewise, it can be shown that between the accessible output taps and input voltage connection 204 the error from the desired tap density will also be diminished. Thus, although a particular portion of the resistor may not maintain a substantially constant tap density, the net tap density along the whole resistor body and the tap density between any given accessible output tap and an input connection will average to be substantially constant. Thus, the impact of the resistance on the transfer function will be minimized.
It is understood that higher transfer function accuracy may occur as the chosen tap density is increased. However, the obtained improvements must be balanced against a manufacturer's linewidth process capabilities and circuit requirements. Also, it is believed that as taps become too close current spreading effects may cause additional error depending on the geometry of the specific voltage divider. Therefore, current spreading effects may also influence the choice of tap density and the position of taps. For example, in resistor 200, taps are not placed closer than approximately 7.4 microns. Therefore, because the 12.0 db and 12.5 db attenuation accessible output taps are 14.1 microns apart, an inaccessible compensation tap is not placed between the 12.0 db and 12.5 db points in order to avoid current spreading effects. The chosen tap density will, thus, depend on the optimization of multiple factors that may vary between specific intended uses or applications.
Because it is desired to create a substantially constant average tap density between accessible output taps, the inaccessible compensation taps between accessible output taps do not have to be linearly spaced. FIGS. 13 and 14 show a portion of a resistor made in accordance with the present invention. In FIG. 13, inaccessible compensation taps 232 are linearly spaced between accessible output taps 230 and 234. In FIG. 14, inaccessible compensation taps 232 are nonlinearly spaced between accessible output taps 230 and 234. However, the average tap density per unit length between accessible taps in the resistor segment shown in both FIGS. 13 and 14 is the same and either arrangement would have a similar effect as used in the present invention.
A group of resistors such as resistor 200 in FIG. 11 may be connected as shown in FIG. 15. In FIG. 15, resistors 300, 301, and 302 each have ground connection 206, accessible output taps 210 and inaccessible compensation taps 212. Resistor 300 has voltage connection 204. Resistor 301 is connected to resistor 300 through connector 304. Connector 304 is preferably a low resistance material such as aluminum. Connector 304 is electrically connected to resistor 300 at contact 305 and connected to resistor 301 at contact 306. Resistor 301 is, therefore, in parallel with the bottom resistive portion of resistor 300 which is between contact 305 and ground connection 206 of resistor 300. Resistor 302 may be similarly connected to resistor 301.
Resistors 300 and 301 are 1033 microns long from voltage connection 204 to ground connection 206 and contact 305 to ground connection 206 respectively. Resistor 302, the last resistor in the chain of resistors, is 1000 microns from contact 310 to ground connection 206, thus, resistor 302 is slightly shorter than the other resistors because no resistors are placed in parallel with the bottom portion of resistor 302. Additional length is added to all resistors except the last resistor in the chain in order to compensate for the subsequent resistors placed in parallel with the bottom portion of each resistor. The effective resistance from one end of resistor 302 to the opposite end of resistor 302 is therefore approximately equivalent to the resistance seen between the top of resistor 300 and ground. As seen in FIG. 15, three additional inaccessible compensation taps 312 are added to the 33 microns of additional length of resistors 300 and 301. Furthermore, the placement of accessible compensation taps 210 in resistors 300 and 301 is calculated independent of the additional length added to these resistors. Thus for each resistor, accessible output taps 210 are placed the same distances from the top of each resistor (i.e. voltage connection 204 for resistor 300, contact 306 for resistor 301, and contact 310 for resistor 302) as shown in FIG. 15.
By connecting multiple resistors in parallel as shown in FIG. 15, additional attenuation may be achieved. For example, similar to resistor 200 of FIG. 11, resistor 300 may provide accessible output taps for 0.5 to 16 db attenuation. Resistor 301 may then provide accessible outputs for 16.5 to 32 db attenuation and resistor 302 may provide accessible outputs for 32.5 to 48 db attenuation. More resistors may be added in this manner in order to achieve even higher attenuation.
The advantages resulting from adding inaccessible compensation taps may be seen by comparing the measured attenuation verses ideal logarithmic attenuation plot for both logarithmic resistors with and without inaccessible compensation taps. FIG. 16 shows the ideal verses measured attenuation plot for the logarithmic voltage divider shown in FIG. 17 which does not include inaccessible compensation taps. In FIG. 16, line B represents the ideal plot and line A represents the measured data. FIG. 18 shows a comparable ideal verses measured attenuation plot for using the present invention with inaccessible compensation taps. In FIG. 18, the ideal plot and measured data generally overlap. The data shown in FIG. 18 may be obtained by using six resistors such as resistor 200 in FIG. 11 and connecting the resistors in the manner shown in FIG. 15. As can be seen by comparing FIGS. 16 and 18, increased accuracy may be obtained by adding inaccessible compensation taps. Because FIG. 18 is generated from six 16 db voltage dividers, a total of 96 db attenuation may be obtained. FIG. 19 demonstrates the measured verse ideal attenuation over the entire range of the 96 db voltage divider.
Voltage dividers that do not utilize side taps but rather place taps directly within the main body of the resistor, such as resistor 1 shown in FIG. 1, may also utilize the advantages of the present invention. In FIG. 1, each tap 2 will cause a variation from the ideal electrical attenuation characteristics of resistor 1. By adding extra inaccessible compensation taps, the variation from the ideal attenuation may be lessened. Similar to the placement of side taps, it is desirable to place extra inaccessible compensation taps that are within the resistor body such that at each accessible output tap the number of taps in each resistor segment is substantially proportional to the length of each segment. Thus, the advantages of the present invention are not limited to side extensions but also may be used in other tap or contact arrangements.
The voltage divider of the present invention also provides improved accuracy that is useful in amplifier circuits. FIG. 20 shows amplifier 400 connected with voltage dividers 401 and 402. Voltage dividers 401 and 402 are resistor voltage dividers such as resistor 200 of FIG. 11 or multiple resistors connected as shown in FIG. 15. Voltage divider 401 is connected to the inverting feedback input of amplifier 400 and voltage divider 402 is connected to the noninverting signal input of amplifier 400 in order to operate and control the amplifier output. The improved accuracy in controlling the amplifier input signal Ain with voltage divider 402 and controlling the amplifier gain with voltage divider 401 provides a more accurate amplifier output signal Aout.
The accuracy of the amplifier circuit shown in FIG. 20 is particularly useful in volume control applications for audio systems. FIG. 21 illustrates stereo volume control circuit 405 that may utilize the present invention. Volume control circuit 405 has left and right analog signal input pins 409 and 408, left and right analog signal output pins 411 and 412, and analog ground pins 415 and 410. The right channel utilizes amplifier 420 and the left channel utilizes amplifier 421. The amplifier noninverting input signals are attenuated with voltage dividers 416 and 417. The amplifier feedback is controlled with voltage dividers 422 and 423. Each voltage divider 416, 417, 422, and 423 is a logarithmic voltage divider providing up to 96 db attenuation through six 16 db resistors that utilize inaccessible compensation taps according to the principles described above and connected as shown in FIG. 15. The specific accessible output taps of voltage dividers 416, 417, 422 and 423 are decoded with multiplexers 418, 419, 424 and 425 respectively. Multiplexers 418, 419, 424 and 425 can be designed in a number of ways that are well known in the art.
Volume control circuit 405 may have additional power supply connections such as positive analog power pin 430, negative analog power pin 432, positive digital power pin 434 and digital ground pin 436. Digital input data that sets the analog output levels is provided to the circuit through serial data input pin 438. Serial clock pin 440 clocks in the individual bits of data from serial data input pin 438. The serial data may also be output through serial data output pin 442. The serial input data is converted to parallel data by serial to parallel register 444.
The input data is then provided through bus 446 to control register 426. Data is latched into control register according to a chip select signal at chip select pin 450. Control register 426 calculates desired amplifier noninverting signal input and inverting feedback input levels from the input data. For example, if it is desired to attenuate an analog input signal, the amplifier gain may be set to one and the signal may be attenuated with dividers 416 or 417. Alternatively if a gain is desired from the analog input to the analog output, zero attenuation may be chosen at dividers 416 and 417 while the desired feedback is selected through dividers 422 and 423. Further, a user could use many other combinations of input attenuation and feedback to achieve a desired output.
Control register 426 decodes the parallel input data into desired multiplexer control signals via a NOR gate array. However, other methods, such as look up tables may be used. Having calculated the desired amplifier levels, control register 426 delivers multiplexer control signals via buses 448 to multiplexers 418, 419, 424, and 425. The multiplexer control signals enable multiplexers 418, 419, 424 and 425 to decode the specific accessible output taps of voltage dividers 416, 417, 422 and 423 that correspond to the desired amplifier levels calculated by control register 426.
Further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention herein shown and described are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Various changes may be made in the shape, size, and arrangement of parts. For example, equivalent elements or materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 28, 1970
|May 30, 1972
|Philips Corp
|Integrated semiconductor device
|Jul 2, 1973
|Mar 4, 1975
|Ford Motor Co
|Circuit for converting a temperature dependent input signal to a temperature independent output signal
|Oct 3, 1975
|Jun 7, 1977
|Ford Motor Company
|Circuit for converting a temperature dependent input signal to a temperature independent output signal
|Oct 28, 1975
|Jun 7, 1977
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Semiconductor Hall element
|May 3, 1978
|Jan 1, 1980
|Sgs-Ates Component Elettronici S.P.A.
|Integrated-circuit chip with voltage divider
|Jun 8, 1979
|Jan 13, 1981
|Sgs-Ates Componenti Elettronici S.P.A.
|Voltage divider including a tapped resistor diffused in semiconductor substrate
|Sep 22, 1983
|Jan 29, 1985
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Integrated amplifier circuit
|Crystal Semiconductor Corporation, Stereo Digital Volume Control Preliminary Product Information, pp. 1 11, Nov., 1992, printed in USA.
|Crystal Semiconductor Corporation, Stereo Digital Volume Control Preliminary Product Information, pp. 1-11, Nov., 1992, printed in USA.
|Dallas Semiconductor Part Data Sheets, DS1267 Dual Digital Potentiometer Chip, pp. 750 757, 1990, printed in USA.
|Dallas Semiconductor Part Data Sheets, DS1267 Dual Digital Potentiometer Chip, pp. 750-757, 1990, printed in USA.
|Dallas Semiconductor Part Data Sheets, DS1666, DS1666S Audio Digital Resistor, pp. 1 5, 1992, printed in USA.
|Dallas Semiconductor Part Data Sheets, DS1666, DS1666S Audio Digital Resistor, pp. 1-5, 1992, printed in USA.
|Dialog Search Report dated Feb. 28, 1993, printed in USA.
|SGS Thomson Microelectronics, TDA7318, Digital Controlled Stereo Audio Processor, Advance Data, pp. 727 737, May 1991, printed in USA.
|SGS-Thomson Microelectronics, TDA7318, Digital Controlled Stereo Audio Processor, Advance Data, pp. 727-737, May 1991, printed in USA.
|Ting, Chung Yu, and Chen, Charles Y., A Study of the Contacts of a Diffused Resistor, Solid State Electronics, 14:433 438, 1971, published in Europe.
|Ting, Chung-Yu, and Chen, Charles Y., "A Study of the Contacts of a Diffused Resistor," Solid State Electronics, 14:433-438, 1971, published in Europe.
|Toshiba Parts Data Sheets, TC9176P and TC9177P Audio Digital IC, p. 437 and 13 pages, date and place of printing unknown.
|Williamsen, Mark, "Digitally Controlled Amplifier Takes 1-dB Steps," Electronic Design News (EDN), pp. 210 and 212, May 7, 1992, published in USA.
|Williamsen, Mark, Digitally Controlled Amplifier Takes 1 dB Steps, Electronic Design News ( EDN ), pp. 210 and 212, May 7, 1992, published in USA.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 14, 2002
|May 30, 2006
|Ricoh Company, Ltd.
|Resistance hybrid, and voltage detection and constant voltage generating circuits incorporating such resistance hybrid
|Dec 20, 2004
|Nov 14, 2006
|Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
|Resistance dividing circuit and manufacturing method thereof
|Nov 13, 2006
|Nov 25, 2008
|Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
|Resistance dividing circuit and manufacturing method thereof
|Jul 21, 2009
|Phantom Technologies, Inc.
|Two channel audio surround sound circuit
|Nov 15, 2011
|Allegro Microsystems, Inc.
|Circuits and methods for providing a magnetic field sensor with an adaptable threshold
|Jan 3, 2012
|Allegro Microsystems, Inc.
|Magnetic field detector having a variable threshold
|May 6, 2011
|Feb 17, 2015
|Allegro Microsystems, Llc
|Magnetic field sensor having a control node to receive a control signal to adjust a threshold
|May 14, 2002
|Dec 5, 2002
|Kohzoh Itoh
|Resistance hybrid, and voltage detection and constant voltage generating circuits incorporating such resistance hybrid
|Dec 20, 2004
|Aug 4, 2005
|Seiichiro Sasaki
|Resistance dividing circuit and manufacturing method thereof
|Feb 16, 2006
|Sep 7, 2006
|Kohzoh Itoh
|Resistance hybrid, and voltage detection and constant voltage generating circuits incorporating such resistance hybrid
|Nov 13, 2006
|Mar 15, 2007
|Seiichiro Sasaki
|Resistance dividing circuit and manufacturing method thereof
|Jul 25, 2008
|Jan 29, 2009
|Darwish Mohamed N
|Transient blocking unit having a fab-adjustable threshold current
|Mar 10, 2009
|Sep 16, 2010
|Scheller P Karl
|Magnetic field detector having a variable threshold
|Apr 17, 2009
|Oct 21, 2010
|Scheller P Karl
|Circuits and Methods for Providing a Magnetic Field Sensor with an Adaptable Threshold
|May 6, 2011
|Nov 8, 2012
|Allegro Microsystems, Inc.
|Magnetic Field Sensor Having A Control Node To Receive A Control Signal To Adjust A Threshold
|U.S. Classification
|338/323, 338/333, 257/536, 338/49, 338/325, 338/324, 381/104
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 12, 1993
Owner name: CRYSTAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HARRIS, LARRY L.;SCOTT, BAKER P. L., III;REEL/FRAME:006616/0323
Effective date: 19930624
|Aug 15, 1995
|Certificate of correction
|May 14, 1996
Owner name: BANK OF AMERICA NATIONAL TRUST & SAVINGS ASSOCIATI
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRYSTAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:007986/0878
Effective date: 19960430
|Feb 2, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 13, 2000
Owner name: CIRRUS LOGIC, INC., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRYSTAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:010742/0623
Effective date: 20000322
|Feb 15, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 5, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 20, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Home > Eyeglasses > Tom Ford > FT5362 (048)
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Mehr zur FT5362/048 Eyewear
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Wearing full rim eyewear, you make it unmistakably clear that you are going the whole hog. Brown is currently a trend colour and also an absolute timeless classic. The colour provides a nice contrast ratio between the skin and the colour of the eyeglass frame. Thus, the transition from eyeglasses to the face is harmonious and unobtrusive.
With the help of our digital dispensing optician, your prescription lenses can be configured according to your own requirements. Anti-reflective and cleaning coatings, antistatic and lotus effect are included as standard for plastic lenses.
Even if this Tom Ford is presently not in stock, it is worth ordering now, because the current price can't be beaten. In our online shop we have consistently low prices. You won't get FT5362 at such a low price, not even in the sale.
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...I've taught high school Precalculus five times, so I know the curriculum extremely well. Plus, since I also teach AP Calculus, I know exactly what topics to focus on in preparation for that course next year. I used to work for Ivy West, so I've been thoroughly trained in the preparation of students for the SAT.
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text:
The iPod is shaking up the world's music industry
Danielle Demetriou of Independent Digital UK reports:
"The iPod, slickly designed in Apple's trademark style, heralds a new generation of digital music players and is swiftly becoming the consumer phenomenon of the year. Since January, tens of thousands of Britons have bought MP3 players, which enable owners to download tracks from the internet and store them in their pocket.
The trend confirms industry predictions that the days of the humble CD are numbered and that the future (or for many, the present) lies in the online world of digital music."
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Peace and security
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Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR)
Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) is the French name for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), an impartial, neutral and independent organisation whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to...
Canadian Council for International Co-operation (CCIC)
Canadian Council for International Co-operation (CCIC) is a coalition of about 100 Canadian organisations working for the elimination of poverty in Canada and overseas. CCIC is involved in the analysis of Canada's aid, trade, and foreign policy, as well as promoting the humanitarian aid and...
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - Timor-Leste
The International Committe of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a Swiss-based humanitarian organisation with offices in many countries worldwide. Its mission is to work on a strictly neutral basis to protect and assist people affected by armed conflicts and internal disturbances. It directs and coordinates...
Institute for Democracy in South Africa
IDASA's mission is to promote sustainable democracy in South Africa by building democratic institutions, educating citizens and advocating for social justice. Currently the primary objective is capacity-building for democracy in civil society and government.
Diakonia Regional Office for Latin America
Diakonia is Christian development organisation headquartered in Sweden. The organisation works with local partners for sustainable change in vulnerable communities in 30 countries world wide. The regional office for Latin America in Bogota coordinates work with partners in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia...
Turath Organization For Human Development
Turath Organisation for Human Development directly helps to resolve local tribal conflicts around resources and conducts capacity building training and education, focussing on young people and women. Turath aims to promote rights and development at the community level, improving the position of...
Churches Commission on International Affairs (CCIA)
Churches Commission on International Affairs (CCIA) advises the World Council of Churches in matters of international affairs. CCIA believes that international advocacy for peace, justice and human rights must be founded on a vibrant movement and struggle on the ground. This makes it obligatory for...
Save Darfur Coalition
The Save Darfur Coalition is an advocacy group calling for international intervention in the Darfur genocide in the Eastern African state of Sudan. Based in the United States, it is a coalition of more than 180 religious, political, and human rights organizations designed to campaign for a response...
Red Cross Venezuela (Cruz Roja Venezolana)
Red Cross Venezuela (Cruz Roja Venezolana) is a member society of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Its objectives are to: provide humanitarian and medical assistance in times of armed conflict or internal violence; promote training of the civilian population...
Darfur Wall
The Darfur Wall is a non-profit web site that raises awareness of the Darfur conflict and supports Darfur-relief organizations. It is a display of 400,000 dark numbers spread over 40 pages. Each number represents one of the 400,000 people who have been killed in the Darfur genocide. Each visitor...


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Biology is important because it allows people to understand the diversity of life forms and their conservation and exploitation. Through various biological disciplines, people obtain knowledge about life and living organisms, including the origin, growth, evolution, structure, distribution and function of these organisms.Continue Reading
Biology implies an essential responsibility for the welfare and protection of all living species. It studies all living beings and how organisms interact in the biosphere. This is essential because it enables people to know the behavior and functions of each population that interacts with individuals from other populations or communities. Biologists discover how the specific aspects of the biosphere affect and benefit from the behaviors of a particular population.
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Furthermore, biologists investigate environmental factors surrounding living beings and seek effective methods to grasp the variations of the environment that threaten the existence of living organisms on Earth.Learn more about Biology
Examples of ecology topics include evolutionary ecology, behavioral ecology, population ecology, biogeography and conservation biology. Because ecology is defined as the study of the way organisms interact with each other and their environment, the field covers a broad range of topics.Full Answer >
Biology, which is the study of life, is essential to human society because it gives an understanding of how life is formed and how it works, changes and responds to environmental influences. It influences human health, reproduction, quality of life, nutrition and almost every aspect of human's everyday life.Full Answer >
In biology and all other forms of science and mathematics, a controlled variable is one that is completely controlled throughout an experiment. Controlled variables stay constant throughout experiments and are carefully controlled and observed.Full Answer >
While agriculture is the growing of plants as crops and animals for food, biology is the study of life, which broadly divides into plants and animals, according to Reference.com. The two relate closely and intertwine often. The best agricultural practices make use of lessons learned from biology.Full Answer >


text:
An increasing number of dominantly inherited diseases have now been linked with expansion of short repeats within specific genes. Although some of these expansions affect protein function or result in haploinsufficiency, a significant portion cause pathogenesis through production of toxic RNA molecules that alter cellular metabolism. In this review, we examine the criteria that influence toxicity of these mutant RNAs and discuss new developments in therapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to cite this WIREs title:
WIREs RNA
WIREs RNA
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Repeat expansion diseases: when a good RNA turns bad
Advanced Review
Published Online: May 25 2010
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.18
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text:
why are black girls butts so big ?
kgb answers » Health & Body » Health & Fitness » why are black girls butts so big ?
Tags: black girl, genetics, body weight
Thursday, February 02 2012
Source: http://www.womens-health-fitness.com/butt-exercises.html
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Stayed here on 6/7/14 in room 321. Very comfortable bed and pillows. Quiet room with a luxury feel. Bathroom was... 更多
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Stayed here on 6/7/14 in room 321. Very comfortable bed and pillows. Quiet room with a luxury feel. Bathroom was... 更多
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text:
Google Voice app adds iPod touch+iPad support
Google has released an update to its official Google Voice app adding compatibility with the iPod touch and iPad. Originally released with iPhone support only, the new version can now be used on other iOS devices to send and receive text messages, receive Push Notifications and listen to voicemail. Users can also now place calls using Google's Click2Call feature to connect the call via a nearby phone. Although not a universal or native iPad app, Google Voice can also run in iPhone compatibility mode on the iPad. The update also adds several other improvements including access to the Do Not Disturb setting, disabling of text forwarding when Push Notifications are enabled and improvements in Address Book and SMS integration. Google Voice is available from the U.S. App Store as a free download. A free Google Voice account is required to use the service.
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can you utilize this app and google voice with a mic on an ipod touch to speak as well or do you have to use a different app for that…just curious
Posted by rick in Toronto on December 23, 2010 at 10:42 AM (CST)
Ya that's what I'm wondering. But I have the 2-G Ipod.
Posted by james in Toronto on March 8, 2011 at 10:10 AM (CST)
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The July To-Do List »
Use YP's sizzling summer checklist to pack in as many backyard barbecues, family trips, and memorable outings as you can before the kids head back to school.
12 Market SqKnoxville, TN 37902
OK, listen up everyone. If you have not tried the Tomato Head, you are missing out on some great food.\r The pizza dough is light and ingredients a…
9450 S Northshore DrKnoxville, TN 37922
11507 Kingston PikeKnoxville, TN 37934
You had better bring a sandwich with you because you will wait more than an hour for NO PIZZA!! We waited and waited after the girl said it would be…
7240 Kingston Pike Suite 172Knoxville, TN 37919
From Business: We believe less processed food tastes better. Not only does it taste better, it's much healthier too. You'll notice this difference in our house made dressings and …
10612 Hardin Valley Rd Ste 114Knoxville, TN 37932
5905 Kingston PikeKnoxville, TN 37919
2806 Schaad RdKnoxville, TN 37921
5908 Washington PikeKnoxville, TN 37918
459 Marilyn LnAlcoa, TN 37701
Best of the pizza chains in Alcoa. Good food for the prices.
211 W Broadway AveMaryville, TN 37801
All I can say is if you don't like change, go to subway... This place has the best sandwiches in town and you might be surprised, if you open your e…
11503 Chapman HwySeymour, TN 37865
776 W Outer DrOak Ridge, TN 37830
131 Kelsey LnLenoir City, TN 37772
7240 Kingston Pike Ste 128Knoxville, TN 37919
Great food and great service.
10922 Parkside DrKnoxville, TN 37934
From Business: Five Guys is a privately owned chain that operates more than 300 restaurants in over 25 locations in the United States. The chain s restaurants interiors include wh…
2032 Town Center BlvdKnoxville, TN 37922
234 Brookview Centre Way Ste 101Knoxville, TN 37919
7531 Barnett WayPowell, TN 37849
208 Hamilton Crossing DrAlcoa, TN 37701
2525 ParkwayPigeon Forge, TN 37863
From Business: http://www.fiveguys.com/locations.aspx
1204 Highway 321 NLenoir City, TN 37771
815 Parkway Ste 1Gatlinburg, TN 37738
716 Parkway Suite 110Gatlinburg, TN 37738
716 Parkway Ste 110Gatlinburg, TN 37738
400 Neyland DrKnoxville, TN 37902
Fantastic food and service. Try the trio platter and ask for Anthony he is awesome. Great service.
6515 Kingston PikeKnoxville, TN 37919
Pizza at a BBQ restaurant? Oh ya. Really great pizza here and all pizza half price all day on Tuesdays. Also happy hour prices on beer all day on …
3055 Sutherland AveKnoxville, TN 37919
What a great little place with great food !! My girlfriend and I had been told about this place by a co-worker. You can bring your own bottle of win…
3718 Walker BlvdKnoxville, TN 37917
Best pizza I have ever tasted. The staff is very friendly. And the women's restroom is the best and most beautiful I have ever seen
3101 E Magnolia AveKnoxville, TN 37914
You need to go!!! Good soul food here!
4132 Martin Mill PikeKnoxville, TN 37920
Mo is wonderful! The food is great. If you're going at night, be prepared for it to be loud and fun :-) In fact, I would suggest only going at ni…
Use YP's sizzling summer checklist to pack in as many backyard barbecues, family trips, and memorable outings as you can before the kids head back to school.
Puleo's offers some the best food of any restaurant anywhere! They have a wide selection with delectable specials each day. I have always had delicious food and excellent service. There is always a manager on hand to ensure a great dining experience. Right now, the Almond Crusted Shrimp is one of my favorite appetizers. Or was it the Fried Asparagus? However, all their southern specialty items, such as, Shrimp and Grits or Fried Green Tomatoes are excellent! All steaks and Italian entrees are superb! Share with someone at your table to taste several wondeful flavors! Last time we went,I had the special, which was Scallops Picata. The large and generous number of fresh sea scallops were seared to perfection and placed over penne pasta in a beautifully delectable light lemon butter wine sauce. With the capers and artichoke hearts mixed in, it was unbelievable!!! My husband and and I get there at least once a week! If you haven't tried Puleo's, then "Don't Miss It!" Oh, and don't forget to top it off with Chocolate lasagna!!!
If you love impeccable service, cultural experiences, and girls in dirndls, restaurant Linderhof is the place for you! My favorite hole-in-the-wall restaurant in Knoxville! As soon as you enter the restaurant you step into a whole new world, filled with German music, German beer, and German foods! Be ready to spend at least an hour enjoying this wonderful place. Do not come here if you are in a rush, have children who are antsy, or are not willing to wait on food. This is a sit and stay sort of place, and that's the best part! Most of the reviews complain about the wait time, but that's what makes it so romantic! You come to talk, and talk with the tables around you, and talk with the wait staff! If you want to enjoy yourself, eat a TON of food, and experience something different, go to restaurant Linderhof!
I work in the restaurant business so I always get off work late. I work a very nice fine dining places and can never seem to get a wonderful meal when I get off work. Well I have finally found the place with wonderful organic and fresh produce that also melds there flavors together so beautifully. The night owl is between the crown and goose and divinci's pizza and has a wonderful atmosphere. The place is owned by the chef and his wife who by the way is a fabulous pastry chef who makes all the bread in house. I would absolutely recommend this place to anyone who loves to eat fresh and healthy, but flavorful food.


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Written on: 13/06/2013
My stuff hasn't arrived.... was told it would take 2 days 2 weeks ago... customer service have ignored several emails of mine I have phoned them several times and they are dismissive and still don't know where my stuff is! Categorically the worst online shopping experience I have ever had!!! DO NOT BUY FROM THEM... you might very well regret it!!
As rated by our community of reviewers
" To many questions " Read More
" Service is shockingly bad " Read More
" Great product and fantastic service! " Read More
" PLEASE DO NOT BUY FROM THIS COMPANY " Read More
Written by JIMD1978
" Really bad communication " Read More


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301 W Brenham St Elgin, TX 78621See your commute times
- Single-Family Home
- 1,232 sqft
- Lot size: 6,000 sqft
- Built in 1940
- Provided By:
- Edit Home Facts
Property Details for 301 W Brenham St
Description provided by Trulia
This is a Single-Family Home located at 301 West Brenham Street, Elgin, TX. 301 W Brenham St has approximately 1,232 square feet. The property has a lot size of 6,000 sqft and was built in 1940. The average list price for similar homes for sale is $279,449. 301 W Brenham St is in the 78621 ZIP code in Elgin, TX. The average list price for ZIP code 78621 is $195,258.
Public Records for 301 W Brenham St
Official property, sales, and tax information from county (public) records:
- 1,232 sqft
- County: Bastrop
- Lot Size: 6,000 sqft
- Built In 1940
Price History & Trends
|Listing price for 301 W Brenham St
|Average listing price for similar homes
|0% below listing price
|Average listing price for all homes in 78621
|0% below listing price


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Cloud Computing Startups & CrowdFunding
Here is an infographic that helps illustrate a little more about what CrowdFunding is, and how it can help. Small cloud based businesses looking to build and market their service, may want to turn to CrowdFunding as a much needed source of funding.
Source: Intuit Blog
- Fully Autonomous Cars: How's It REALLY Going To Work? - August 26, 2016
- How Identity Governance Can Secure The Cloud Enterprise - August 25, 2016
- Significant Emerging Technologies To Lookout For In 2017 - August 25, 2016
- In The Fast Lane: Connected Car Hacking A Big Risk - August 24, 2016
- Having Your Cybersecurity And Eating It Too - August 24, 2016


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Local Sports
Illini Buzzer-Beater Upsets No. 1 Hoosiers, 74-72
The Illini (16-8, 3-7 Big Ten) trailed 41-29 at halftime and by double digits for most of the second half before closing the game on a 13-2 run over the final 3:36. With the score tied, Indiana's Victor Oladipo turned the ball over and recovered to block a breakaway layup by D.J. Richardson out of bounds with less than a second to play. Griffey, who was open after setting a screen, took the inbounds pass from Brandon Paul with .9 seconds left and gently laid the ball into the basket.
Hundreds of Illinois students rushed the court. The upset ended a three-game losing streak for Illinois. The Hoosiers (20-3, 8-2) took over the top spot in The Associated Press' Top 25 on Monday.
See other LocalSports news:Wildcats Soccer Kicks Off Season With Win Behind 2 Goals From Crosby
Annies Drop Volleyball Opener….Christ Our Rock Wins
Wildcat Golfers Tee Off Today…Prep Results
Cougars Open Season With Dominant Win
Lady Bobcats Win Again…SC Dominates Altamont


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Maine Huts and Trails Coupons
We searched 56 sites & found 0 deals.
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2801 NW Market St., Seattle
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Cher's Organic Beauty
14850 Lake Hills Boulevard, Bellevue
Maine Huts and Trails Coupons 2014
Maine Huts and Trails offers coupons and specials for its products and services on a regular basis. Sometimes you can find daily deals for Maine Huts and Trails or printable coupons or promo codes found online. Is important to check for opportunities to save any time you plan to visit Maine Huts and Trails. Yipit makes it really easy to stay on top all Maine Huts and Trails coupons by searching the web everyday and bringing all Maine Huts and Trails deals into one convenient location. Sign up for Yipit to get notified any time Maine Huts and Trails or any other local business that you like has a special available. Enjoy all the best for less with Yipit!


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LG 34UC97-S Curved UltraWide Monitor
LG's 34UC97 is a unique blend of form and features that sets it apart, with a price tag that could make it simply too unique for most.
LG EA83 ColorPrime
The monitor features a 2,560x1,440-pixel IPS display that rotates 90 degrees.
Pricing not available
LG ET83 Touch 10
The 23-inch monitor has a touch-screen-enabled IPS panel.
Pricing not available
LG EA93 UltraWide
The 29-inch monitor has a 21:9 aspect ratio and 2,560x1,080-pixel IPS display.
Pricing not available
The LG Flatron IPS235V succeeds by offering performance at a more than reasonable price. It has the connections you'd want, but the design you wouldn't.
Pricing not available
The LG Flatron D2342P offers inexpensive 3D, with disappointing performance.
Visit manufacturer site for details.
The LG Flatron W2363D-PF is a high-performing and affordable 3D monitor.
Visit manufacturer site for details.
LG Flatron E2290
The LG Flatron E2290 looks beautiful and includes basic monitor features; however, for its price we expected something more than a pretty face.
Pricing not available
LG Flatron E2260
The LG Flatron E2260's price is too high and its performance too lacking compared to other similar monitors.
Pricing not available
LG Flatron E2350V
The LG Flatron E2350V is a low-priced LED monitor with great performance and useful features.
Pricing not available


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A groundbreaking international accord aimed at stamping out illegal fishing went into effect today and is now legally binding for the 29 countries and a regional organization that have adhered to it.
Education Minister Hekia Parata has congratulated outstanding educator Karen Sewell on being made a Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the Queen's Birthday Honours List.
Twenty-one year old sprinter Stephanie McKenzie has been added to the New Zealand team for the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.
McKenzie, originally from Auckland but moved to Southland to further her cycling career, is now based at BikeNZ's High Performance Centre in Cambridge.
The home of Monteith's is to get a multi-million dollar make-over befitting the iconic West Coast brewery's long-standing reputation for producing award-winning beer and cider.
The Green Party today launched a campaign and petition to fight for our rivers, to ensure they are safe for swimming now and in the future.
A Caitlin Foord double has earned the Australian Matildas a hard fought and entertaining 2-0 win over the Football Ferns in front of a full house at Morshead Park in Ballarat.
James McNeish has won the prestigious Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement, in the non-fiction category. The Award, which carries a purse of $60,000, was announced at a ceremony held at the Prime Minister's official residence, Premier House, in Wellington last night.
Police and Search and Rescue staff have found missing man, Timo Aason, safe and well.
Mr Aason had walked the Rimutaka incline through to Upper Hutt where he was staying with a friend.
Due to car issues, he was unable to return to his vehicle but has since been located by staff.
At approximately 12.55pm today, as a police vehicle has driven up Stokes Valley Road, a vehicle has turned from Chittick St and the driver has tried to conceal their identity from police officers.
Police are investigating an incident where a 28 year-old woman has woken up to find an intruder in her home in Avondale yesterday morning, Friday 3 June 2016.
A man entered the woman's home in the Rosebank area of Avondale at about 7am.
A formal inspection of Waikato mental health services by the Director of Mental Health has found an appropriate model of care in place, but also makes recommendations for a number of changes.
New Zealand's newest venues will be unveiled for buyers at the Asia-Pacific Incentives and Meetings Expo (AIME) on 23 and 24 February in Melbourne.
Hulk Hogan, the biggest name in professional wrestling, has today been announced as an official 'Mo' Mentor for this year's New Zealand 'Movember' - the moustache growing charity event held during November each year which raises funds and awareness for men's health.
Climate Change Minister Paula Bennett announced today that New Zealand's next Climate Change Ambassador will be Mark Sinclair.
Currently New Zealand's Ambassador to Japan, Mr Sinclair is a senior and experienced diplomat with extensive international negotiation experience.
On The Nation: Lisa Owen interviews Andrew Little and Metiria Turei
Few details given on what new government would look like but both insist they can offer voters a viable alternative to a National-led government
Green Party Co-leader James Shaw has told the Green Party AGM that the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Labour Party signed this week increases the chances of changing the Government at the next election.
Exceptional problem solving, going the extra mile and an all-consuming passion for excellence has resulted in InterContinental Wellington's Jenna Abramowitz being named the hotel industry's Front Office Services Employee of the Year.
Wellington City Council feels compelled to make it disappointingly clear to a large number of local parents that, unfortunately, it cannot offer free swimming lessons to children under 5 years of age.
The Minister of Education appointed five people from the community to be on the establishment board for the new "green-field" school development 14 years ago, and Ian was one of them.
It was hard at the start, Ian says, with meetings every second night!
The Government must bring home the bodies of the war heroes buried in Malaysia says Labour's Defence and Associate Veterans' Affairs spokesperson Phil Goff.


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The Riad Fabiola is a clean, friendly and beautiful . It offers individual, well decorated and traditional bedrooms. The meal was good value for money and very tasty. The Riad is in the center of the medina and is about a 10 minute walk to the main square (providing you do not get lost, which is very easy to do in Marrakech, however all part of the fun!). The Riad fabiola offers a haven of peace and tranquilty, I would recommend anyone to stay at this Riad as it great value for money and the staff are just exceptional!
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Hotwire, Travelocity, Priceline, Hotels.com, TripOnline SA, Booking.com and Budget Places so you can book your Riad Fabiola reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Riad Fabiola Marrakech


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Ready-to-Wear - Autumn 2016
22 February 2016
• By
Daniel Björk
The designer tapped into the dreamlike fantasy popular elsewhere this season, but her signature optimism, colour and graphic clarity were missing.
Ready-to-Wear - Spring 2016
21 September 2015
• By
Daniel Björk
Roksanda Illincic's ballet-inspired collection was a continuation of a winning formula: bold, but ultimately safe, statement dresses.
17 September 2015
• By
Kate Abnett
BoF Exclusive
11 December 2014
• By
Kate Abnett
11 December 2014 • By Kate Abnett
27 March 2014
• By
Hettie Judah
27 March 2014 • By Hettie Judah
BoF Comment
30 August 2013
• By
Rebecca May Johnson
30 August 2013 • By Rebecca May Johnson
Daily Digest
3 September 2012
• By
BoF Team
3 September 2012 • By BoF Team
16 January 2009
• By
Lauren Goldstein Crowe
16 January 2009 • By Lauren Goldstein Crowe
Ready-to-Wear - Autumn 2016
Ready-to-Wear - Spring 2016
BoF Exclusive
BoF Comment
Daily Digest
Sonia Rykiel Dies at 86
What Happened to Saint Laurent's LA-based Team After Hedi Slimane Left?
Gucci Among World's Hottest Fashion Brands, While Prada Cools
Op-Ed | It's Time to End Beauty As Usual
Band of Outsiders, Take Two
Vogue Paris to Launch Fashion Festival
Misha Nonoo Shifts Sales Strategy, Plans Snapchat Show
Top Fashion Schools in France: A Battle for Innovation
Fashion Needs a More Robust Approach to Technology Education
Top Fashion Schools in the UK: Bracing for Brexit
Kate Spade New York Tiptoes Toward the Consumer Calendar
Top Fashion Schools in Belgium: Examining Antwerp's Approach
Power Moves | Laura Brown to InStyle, La Perla Creative Director, Forever 21 CFO
Burkini Ban in French Beach Town Reversed by Supreme Court
Prada Sales Slide on Weak Demand


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Bollywood Reports
Happy Bhaag Jayegi Box office collection Total 1st, 2nd & 3rd...
Latest release movie Happy Bhaag Jayegi got the mixed reviews from the auditions. Some people liked movie some people were not happy with the...
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Angelina Jolie as a guest teacher at Georgetown University
Hollywood actress and filmmaker Angelina Jolie will teach at Georgetown University in the US. According to US magazine, "Jolie before the London School of...
Bad Moms movie review, rating & box office collection earning prediction
This is the time to make way for the Bad Moms! Yeah, you read it right. 'Bad Moms' an American movie with a lot...