text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 12, 1993
|Filing date
|Jan 16, 1990
|Priority date
|Jan 16, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Louis M. Houston, Dennis E. Willen, James A. Rice, Roel Arevalo
|Original Assignee
|Exxon Production Research Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (38), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field Of The Invention
This invention pertains to the collection of seismic data and more specifically to high channel count collection and transmission of such data in an efficient manner.
2. Description Of The Prior Art
The importance of vertical seismic profiling and the obtaining of cross borehole data makes it imperative that the data collection and transmission technique be as efficient as possible to provide the maximum amount of data in the minimum amount of collection time. One of the main reasons for this is that the borehole being used for the collection of such data is taken out of service or production, similar to the situation when providing well-logging service to the well.
The economics of vertical seismic profiling ("VSP") and cross borehole recording would be more attractive if the amount of time needed to record data could be reduced. Companies who record VSP data charge several tens of thousands of dollars for their service, and these service charges are roughly proportional to the amount of time needed to record the data. More importantly, if data are recorded while a drill rig is still on site, then drill rig standby charges must also be paid.
In conventional vertical seismic profiling or cross borehole recording, a seismic source is located external to the borehole where the profiling data is to be gathered, usually being positioned on the surface or in another borehole. A receiver is located in the borehole to receive the seismic data signals. The received pulses are each converted by a suitable transducer to an analog signal and either transmitted in that form or in digital form to the surface for storage. The receiver is then elevated to another vertical location and the procedure is repeated.
One effective way to reduce VSP field recording time is to record data at more than one depth for each seismic shot. Recording VSP data at even two or three depth levels simultaneously would result in an appreciable reduction of recording time over that now required to collect data with current single-point recording systems. However, it is not readily apparent from such observation how to implement the collection of data, its handling and treatment, and the transmission thereof in an efficient and simple manner within the physical constraints found in a downhole environment.
Multi-level VSP receiver systems have been used in the Soviet Union for several years. A discussion of these Gal'perin, a translated publication of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, copyright 1974, as Special Publication No. 12. The primary techniques used to transmit data in these systems described in this publication have been amplitude and pulse-width modulation. Each receiver's signal modulates the amplitude or width of a high frequency (approximately one kilohertz) carrier that is on the data lines at all times. The carrier frequency is different for each receiver. At the surface, the carriers are isolated and the signals recovered by conventional methods. The electronics required for this technique are far from trivial. The limiting factor is crosstalk in the wireline; that is, the number of different carrier frequencies which the cable can sustain without mixing the individual signals. Devices with up to twelve channels have been reported in the literature.
A similar method for recording multi-level VSP data was recently developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The seismic signals from eight downhole receivers are frequency division multiplexed onto frequency modulation subcarriers for transmission to the surface through a single conductor wireline. Again, the electronics of this system is not simple and the number of channels is limited by crosstalk.
The most popular acquisition method currently used for multi-level VSP is downhole digitizing. Downhole digitizing places separate analog-to-digital converters and memory on each of several receiver sondes. A sonde may handle data from one or from a few receivers. After a shot, the sondes are polled and transmit their digitized data uphole sequentially, using only two conductors. This technique uses relatively expensive and complicated electronics which can be quite sensitive to the borehole temperature. CGG American Services, Inc. offers this service (Multilock) with a maximum of four sondes comprising twelve channels of vertical receivers. Schlumberger Well Services is also marketing a system (Downhole Seismic Array) with eight channels.
There are also superficial similarities in VSP and well-logging that warrants a review of the possible applicability of well-logging apparatus as VSP apparatus or in VSP procedures. There are some instances in the well-logging prior art, for example, of the use of multiple acoustical receivers, where the typical acoustical well-logging frequencies are on the order of 5-25 KHz. Such frequencies are much higher than the 20-200 Hz frequencies used in seismic profiling. Nevertheless, as is shown for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,947, Zimmer, a tool is disclosed having an acoustic transmitter and four receivers, one above the other, in a common sonde with a transmitter. The return pulses are received, converted to analog signals, multiplexed, converted to digital form and then transmitted to the surface for recording and later processing. There are many other examples in the well-logging literature using multiple receivers and utilizing similar electronics for polling the receivers and digitizing the data for uphole transmission using the two conductors in a typical sevenconductor cable that are normally available for data transmission purposes.
It is well-known that the industry standard logging cable includes seven conductors. Since two of the conductors are used for power, one is used for ground, and two are used for control lines, all data must be transmitted on the two remaining conductors. It is possible when there is only one receiver to transmit the received signals in their analog condition are as described above; however, when multiple receivers are used, digital conversion has been commonly employed, such as in the embodiment shown in the '947 patent, because of the constraints of the cable transmission bandwidth.
Although the multiplexing and digitizing electronics that have been employed with the higher frequencies used with acoustic well-logging are satisfactory in such application, such electronics are subjected to high temperatures and often result in data warp that is unacceptable at the frequencies employed in seismic profiling, i.e., in the range between 20-200 Hz.
Returning to prior art VSP apparatus, it should be noted that in land based exploration the individual VSP geophones that are employed are housed in sondes, which are positioned in the well borehole by suspending them from the logging cable at the desired depth and then clamping them to the borehole wall. Most current sondes are designed to clamp to the borehole wall by means of a single motor or hydraulically driven arm mechanism that extends from one side of the body of the sonde to one side of the well bore, thereby forcing the body of the sonde against the opposite side of the well bore. The VSP geophone is effectively coupled to the well bore by a single force in this manner. Another common technique that is employed is to clamp the sonde to the borehole wall with powerful electromagnets. This technique is limited in application, however, to wells with boreholes lined with metal casing.
Clamping the geophone to the borehole wall allows the logging cable, by which the geophone is suspended, to be slackened so that it no longer supports the weight of the geophone and thereby instantly removes one major transmission path for extraneous noise known as cable waves. The degree of clamping to the borehole wall is an important factor if the geophone response is to be without distortion and proportional to the small amounts of particle displacement of the rock surrounding the borehole. There must be no differential movement, i.e., slippage, between geophone and wall during passage of the seismic event; this means in practice that for a mechanically coupled sonde a lateral force equivalent to about two or three times the weight of the geophone must be supplied by the arm mechanism. Typical VSP tools weigh about 150 pounds. This implies a locking mechanism capable of delivering about 200 to 300 pounds of lateral force if reasonable coupling is to be achieved.
Therefore, it is a feature of the present invention to provide improved vertical data collection apparatus that allows high channel count collection and fast data transmission using two-wire cable conduction.
It is another feature of the present invention to provide improved data collection and transmission wherein the transmission of the detected analog signals is compartmentalized in a time multiplexing sequence, thereby allowing any required digitizing to be performed at the surface and avoiding performing digitizing operations downhole in the geophones or below the surface in hydrophones.
It is another feature of the present invention to provide distributed time multiplexing of received seismic signals at a plurality of receivers vertically aligned in a borehole, wherein the overall pulse period of the transmitted seismic pulse is on the order of about 20 milliseconds, and wherein the total multiplexing period is only on the order of about 15 microseconds, thereby providing sampling of the received seismic pulse on the order of over 1000 times each pulse period to thereby make the data information of an overall seismic pulse received at each receiver of high fidelity to the actual received pulse.
It is still another feature of the invention to provide distributed time multiplexing of received seismic signals compatible for use with downhole digitizers while not requiring such digitizers.
It is also a feature of this invention that the downhole technique of time-multiplexing of analog signals can be adapted for use with hydrophones in an aquatic environment or for use with geophones distributed on the surface.
It is yet another feature of the present invention to provide improved coupling of an electronic receiving apparatus to the well bore so as to provide suitable geophone reception of seismic signals, such as are used in VSP.
The invention disclosed and claimed herein pertains to a method of vertical seismic profile or cross borehole data collection and transmission and to an apparatus suitable therefor. In a preferred embodiment of the apparatus, a plurality of suitable geophones or other seismic receivers are vertically aligned and suspended in a borehole supported by a conventional logging cable. A conventional logging cable has two conductors available for data transmission. Externally generated seismic pulses are received by the receivers and converted to individual electrical analog signals. An overall seismic pulse period is typically on the order of about 20 milliseconds long. A common clock controller connected to the receivers provides a simultaneous reset timing pulse to a counter located with each receiver. Each counter counts successive timing pulses from the clock controller and enables its associated receiver, during a time window or a subperiod of time of the overall seismic pulse, to supply its detected analog signal during that time window to the pair of data conductors in the support cable. Each counter is set to provide its receiver with a different non-overlapping time window, thereby effectively time multiplexing the respectively sampled analog signals from the respective receivers. When a receiver is enabled, all of the vertically lower receivers are disabled until another reset pulse occurs. By providing sampling to occur every 15 microseconds for a subperiod of approximately 3 microseconds, and assuming four receivers, each receiver is enabled to provide over 1000 samples for a pulse period of 20 milliseconds previously mentioned. The associated demultiplexing of the analog transmissions, digitizing and recording equipment is located at the surface, thereby avoiding subjecting such equipment to the adverse conditions of extreme temperatures and pressures usually prevalent in a downhole environment.
Some types of geophones generate three separate signals, one for each of the three orthogonal axes, each time a seismic pulse is detected. Therefore, for receivers equipped with such geophones, time multiplexing each of the three resulting signals separately for each geophone is accomplished before the subsequent geophone signals are multiplexed. Thus, it is possible to analog time multiple all of the information, still using only two data transmission conductors in the support cable. Because this distributed analog multiplexing eliminates the need for wiring all the sondes to a central multiplexer, it allows greater flexibility in the number of sondes which may be deployed.
A borehole engagement means, or wall locking apparatus, for use with geophone containing sondes employs a motor driven, multi-arm, scissor jack and is activated by self-contained batteries associated with each receiver sonde, thereby avoiding the transmission of high currents from the uphole wireline and employing less complex activating and latching structures than are usually associated with oil tools operated in such manner. The tool is based on the "scissor" jack, which is normally used to manually lift cars for tire changes. The scissor jack VSP tool modifies the scissor jack by changing the driving mechanism from a manual crank to an electric motor and adding one or more pairs of "scissor" lever arm pairs depending on the stability needed. For vertical stability, the tool consists of two pairs of scissor lever arms azimuthally separated by 180 degrees. For vertical and horizontal stability, the tool consists of three pairs of scissor lever arms azimuthally separated by 120 degrees.
There also is a means provided for detecting whether each sonde is properly coupled with the borehole using the data transmission channels for receiving the waveforms from the motor activating the jack to determine if the sonde is secured in place.
Finally, the technique of time-multiplexing analog signals from seismic receivers is adaptable to other seismic exploration techniques. One such technique is the use of geophones distributed in a predetermined pattern on the ground surface rather than in a borehole. Another such technique involves the use of hydrophones in a streamer cable for marine exploration. Embodiments employing each technique with this invention are also disclosed herein.
So that the manner in which the above-recited features, advantages and objects of the invention, as well as others which will become apparent, are attained and can be understood in detail, more particularly description of the invention briefly summarized above may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the drawings, which drawings form a part of the specification. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only preferred embodiments of the invention and are, therefore, not be considered limiting of its scope for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a high count vertical seismic data collection and transmission apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a waveform diagram of three analog signals from the geophone receivers shown in FIG. 1, also showing the time gating of the signals in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram of the sampled signals shown in FIG. 2 as they arrive up hole.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of demultiplexing the signals shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram showing reconstruction of the analog signals from the sampled signals shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the data collection and transmission electrical components of a preferred embodiment of a receiver sonde in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7a illustrates a three-pair, six legged configuration of the wall locking apparatus in an unclamped state.
FIG. 7b illustrates the configuration of FIG. 7a in a clamped state.
FIG. 8 discloses an alternative embodiment wherein the invention is practiced in conjunction with downhole digitizing.
FIG. 9 depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention adapted for use in marine environments.
FIG. 10 depicts an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the receivers are distributed along to surface of the ground.
Now referring to the drawings, and first to FIG. 1, a schematic representation of a borehole 10 is shown in which there are a plurality of geophone receivers 12, 14 and 16 vertically aligned at regular intervals. In actual practice, each geophone receiver is located within its own sonde with its own associated components, as herein more fully described. It is also possible to adapt the invention hereafter disclosed for use in marine environments by using hydrophones in streamer cables rather than sondes suspended from a logging cable. Such sondes are interchangeable and replaceable as a unit or module, for convenience. The receivers are serially supported from suitable wellhead apparatus (not shown) by a suitable support and signal transmission cable 20, which most conveniently is a standard 7-conductor logging cable, each lower positioned receiver being electrically connected through electrical connections, as hereafter explained, through the receiver sonde above it until all are connected to cable 20 leading to the surface. Each receiver sonde includes suitable coupling components 22, more fully explained below, for allowing the receiver therein to be acoustically coupled to the borehole.
A source 24 located outside the borehole, produces a seismic signal 26 toward a reflecting geologic interface 28, and results in reflected signals 30, 32, and 34, respectively, to be received by receivers 12, 14, and 16. Because the path lengths of signals 30, 32, and 34 are progressively longer, it is apparent that the time of receipt of these signals at the respective receivers are progressively later. The data obtained from signals 30, 32, and 34 by receivers 12, 14, and 16 is then time multiplexed in a manner to be described hereinafter and sent to the surface where it is demultiplexed by demultiplexing circuit 37. The embodiment of demultiplexing circuit 37 can be any one of a number that are commonly known in the art and may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination in varying amounts of both. A common clock 36 provides timing and control for both the downhole signal processing and the surface handling of the data. The embodiment of common or control clock 36 can also be any one of a number well known in the art and will vary according to constraints such as components employed and sampling rates desired.
Now referring to FIG. 2, typical waveform diagrams of the seismic signals received at geophone receivers 12, 14, and 16 are shown. Signal 1 is the seismic signal received by receiver 12; signal 2 is the seismic signal received by receiver 14; and signal 3 is the seismic signal received by receiver 16. Each is an analog signal which has an impulse duration of about 100 milliseconds. For the three receivers of this proposed configuration, the overall period shown is 100 milliseconds, a duration long enough to have received all of the pulse information from all three receivers resulting from the reflections of a single stimulating source impulse from source 24.
FIG. 2 illustrates a complete sampling subperiod of all three waveforms every 4 milliseconds, or a resulting sampling of each of the three waveforms 25 times for the 100 millisecond period illustrated. In actual practice, the sampling subperiod may be much shorter and the sampling occurrence much more frequent. Preferred sampling subperiods of from about 5-50 microseconds have been employed. However, returning to the sampling rate shown in FIG. 2, each sampling subperiod is divided into three gate or window periods, one gate period for sampling each of the three respective receiver signals of 1.3 milliseconds. There is then a 0.1 millisecond recovery or reset period for purposes of resetting the electronic components for sampling during the next sampling subperiod, as hereafter explained. Thus, during the first gate or window period 40, signal 1 from receiver 12 is sampled, followed successively by the sampling of signal 2 from receiver 14 during gate or window period 42 and by the sampling of signal 3 from receiver 16 during gate or window period 44. Thereafter, following reset, signal 1, then signal 2 and finally signal 3 are again sampled in the same manner. This procedure continues until all gate or window subperiods have been sampled for the entire receiver impulse period or duration of 100 milliseconds depicted.
FIG. 3 illustrates the entire collection of sampled data. It can be seen that the sampled data is effectively a collection of points, although actually each point is really a segment of analog data occurring during each respective gate or window period for the signal being sampled. Because the duration of the gate is short with respect to an entire analog impulse, the information contained within the analog signals is accurately captured by the representation of FIG. 3. It can also be seen from FIG. 3 that the sampled data for signals are interspersed in the sampling sequence. That is, for the example of three geophone receivers, every third data sample relates to the same analog signal. The uphole processing apparatus shown in FIG. 1 includes the necessary time demultiplexing components 37 to separate the data from the three signals for separate display, as shown in FIG. 4, or for analysis. The original analog impulses are readily reconstructed by joining the FIG. 4 data points, as shown in FIG. 5.
This invention of time-multiplexing analog signals is adaptable to other seismic surveying techniques. One alternative embodiment applies time-multiplexing to analog signals received by hydrophones. The use of hydrophones in a streamer cable towed by a towing vessel in aquatic exploration is well know in the art. Hydrophones operate basically the same as geophones, the differences primarily pertaining to environmental isolation. Adaptation of this invention for use in aquatic environments will subsequently be disclosed herein as will an embodiment of the invention where geophones are distributed on the ground surface rather than in a borehole, another seismic surveying technique well known to those reasonable skilled in the art. While the preferred embodiment eschews downhole digitizing the technique is nevertheless compatible with this invention. As noted earlier, digitizing techniques are well known in the art, and the adaptation necessary to practice this invention in such a manner is disclosed in the discussion of the embodiment depicted in FIG. 8.
The clamping component 22 of FIG. 1 as more fully depicted in FIGS. 7a and 7b is a lightweight mechanism which utilizes a motor driven, multi-armed, scissor jack for use with geophones. Clamping component 22 is only useful for embodiments wherein receivers are deployed in a borehole, since no clamping occurs when geophones are distributed on the surface or when hydrophones are towed through water. Typically, a scissor jack is comprised of a crank which drives a lead screw with its screw pivoted to the end of a lever and its nut pivoted to the end of another lever. The two levers are attached at a common pivot point to form a "scissor". The location of this common pivot point determines the lever-arm advantage. The force augmentation of a scissor jack is done in three stages:
Stage 1 involves the crank to lead screw force conversion. This is simply determined by the length of the crank, which is a moment arm.
Stage 2 involves the lead screw rotational to linear force conversion. This is determined by the pitch and radius of the screw.
Stage 3 involves the lever arm advantage of the scissor configuration. The net result is an extremely high force augmentation.
The geometry of the tool incorporates either two pairs of opposing lever arms azimuthally separated by 180 degrees, or three pairs of opposing lever arms azimuthally separated by 120 degrees. FIG. 7a illustrates the three-pair, six-armed configuration in an unclamped state and FIG. 7b shows the same configuration in a clamped state. Note that in the configuration in FIGS. 7a and 7b the lever arms 101, 106, and 108 are horizontally spaced around the circumference of the sonde body 103, i.e., 120 degrees apart, as are the lower arms 102, 105, and 107.
Although a two armed configuration is workable, the four-armed configuration is the practical minimum necessary for vertical stability, whereas the six-armed configuration is the practical minimum necessary for both vertical and horizontal stability. If the component of seismic motion recorded is only along the vertical axis of the borehole, as for normal single receiver VSP tools, the four-armed mechanism is adequate. The six-armed mechanism would be necessary for recording quality multiple-component data. In contrast to most VSP clamping tools, the scissor jack is multi-armed and has a configuration which, due to the lever arm ratio, augments its locking force. This reduces the complexity and power of equipment needed to generate large locking forces.
Each of the scissor jacks comprising the coupling component 22 is identical in construction and therefore the construction of only a single scissor jack is discussed. It is to be understood, however, that the discussion applies to as many scissor jacks as the user wishes to employ for any given sonde arranged as discussed above. The scissor jack is comprised of lever arms 101 and 102, which are pivotally connected at pivot point 120 (shown in FIG. 7b, but not FIG. 7a). One end of lever arm 101 is pivotally connected to sonde body 103 housing the jack motor (not shown), while the other end is connected to engaging member 110 so that it slides along groove 121 as the jack is raised and lowered. As illustrated in FIG. 7b by engaging member 112, each engaging member has two grooves, one on each, opposite side. Engaging member 110 consequently has a groove opposite groove 121 which is not pictured, but to which the end of lever arm 101 is also pivotally connected in like manner. One end of lever arm 102 is pivotally connected to the threaded member 122 while the other end is pivotally connected to engaging member 110 at pivot point 123.
Threaded member 122 is connected to the jack motor (not shown) housed in the sonde body 103 via screw post 104, which is oppositely threaded at either end so that when the jack motor turns screw post 104 in response to a lock signal from the surface, threaded member 122 is drawn toward sonde body 103. This action causes the pivotally connected lever arms 101 and 102 to extend away from the sonde body 103, thereby raising engaging member 110 so that it contacts the borehole wall. Conversely, when the jack motor turns screw post 104 in response to an unlock signal from the surface, threaded member 122 is pushed away from sonde body 103 thereby causing pivotally connected lever arms 101 and 102 to lower the engaging means 110 and break the borehole coupling.
Power for the jack motor is provided by a battery which is housed in sonde body 103 similarly to the jack motor. Reference to FIG. 6 will show that the motor power supply is separate from the logic supply. The downhole power supply provides greater current than would a surface power supply and enables the use of smaller, more powerful motors. This in turn yields strong coupling forces.
The clamping component 22 also has a failsafe control in the event of failure during use in the clamped state in order to prevent borehole blockage during VSP operations. The clamping component 22 has a shear pin 125 as is shown in FIGS. 7a and 7b. Shear pin 125 protrudes through sonde body 103 thereby interacting with threaded screw 104. The strength of shear pin 125 is determined at the surface before VSP operations begin. In the event of equipment failure when it is time to unlock clamping component 22, the operators need only exert an upward force on the 7-conductor logging cable (not pictured) greater than the clamping force being exerted by clamping component 22. This will cause shear pin 125 to break and thereby allow screw post 104 to slide freely so that the lever arms 101-102, and 105-108 collapse and break the coupling.
Now referring to FIG. 6, a block diagram of the electronic components included in a geophone receiver sonde are shown. The sonde includes seven connections to the logging cable conductors connected from above and two connections for receiving data input from below. The two data input lines are identified by reference numbers 50 and 52 and the seven connections leading to the cable are clock line 54, reset line 56, data output lines 58 and 60, clock control line 62, unlock control line 64, and ground 66.
The latching or locking mechanism located at each sonde is initiated by a lock control signal being applied to lock line 62 from above. Such a signal enables OR gate 68 and applies a signal through this gate to activate double-pole, double-throw relay switch 70 to activate locking motor 72. It is necessary that a sonde be in a physical coupling relationship with the borehole for the geophone receiver in the sonde to properly operate.
Each sonde is equipped with a plurality of motorized scissor jacks as a borehole engagement means, whose operation has already been discussed, for this purpose. The wall-locking mechanism located at each sonde is first enabled by having the clock controller 36 (in FIG. 1) reset on line 56 and increment on line 54 each sonde's counter 76 until the first sonde's counter 76 has reached its maximum count (in this case, fifteen). At this point, a carry signal is output from the counter onto line 80 and the incoming clock pulses on line 54 are halted. Since each sonde's counter 76 is preset to a different initial starting address by start address switches 78, each sonde's counter 76 will output a carry subsequent to the one above it, but prior to the one below. The carry signal on line 80 activates the analog switch 74 and enables both wall-locking motor 72 and OR gate 68.
The first sonde'swall-locking mechanism can now be controlled through the lock control line 62 and unlock control line 64. The lock signal is conventionally applied to the locking motor on line 62, the operation of which can be detected at the surface by reading the value of the data output lines 58 and 60. This is due to the OR gate 68, which outputs a pulse when a lock or unlock signal is applied and consequently turns on DPDT (Double-Pole-Double-Throw) relay 70. This relay interchanges the geophone signal for the motor voltage, which can then be read on data lines 58 and 60. When the mechanism locks, the motor current rises and its positive voltage drops. By observing this voltage drop on data lines 58 and 60, the locking status can be confirmed. Likewise, an unlock signal on line 64 reverses the motor housing the sonde body 103 and releases the locking mechanism. This can again be confirmed by observing a negative voltage rise on the data lines 58 and 60 corresponding to the changing motor voltage as it reverses direction.
Following the locking operation, lock signal on line 62 is removed, thereby allowing relay 70 to connect geophone 78 to data output lines 58 and 60 through switch 74. By observing and comparing the output signal appearing on the data output lines 58 and 60, it is thus possible to affirmatively determine that the sonde is or is not properly coupled in place. This process is repeated for each sonde suspended in the borehole. Because each sonde'scounter will output a carry after the one above it and before the one below it, the signals from the various sondes can be distinguished by their respective appearances in their predetermined window subperiods, as was more fully explained with data acquisition.
Alternatively, a shaker means 7 (in FIG. 1) as is well known in the art may be employed to test the coupling of the sondes to the borehole. An evaluation of whether the sondes are adequately coupled is made by comparing the signals obtained with predetermined standards. If coupling is not shown to be proper, another lock attempt can be made. However, if further attempts are unsuccessful, then it will be necessary to either replace the sonde or to ignore the data output therefrom as being defective.
Assuming that the sonde is properly physically coupled to the borehole, data acquisition or collection can now be initiated. A reset signal from a common clock controller (see clock 36 in FIG. 1) attached to the cable in the form of a very short rectangular pulse is applied on reset line 56 followed by the initiation of a clock pulse from the same controller 36 on line 54. Such pulse will start 4-bit counter 76 operating and at the appropriate time, as determined by the preset address switches 78 connected to counter 76, will produce an output from the counter on carry line 80. This output on carry line 80 must be held until a new reset signal is received from the common clock controller (clock 36 in FIG. 1). Consequently, it may be the carry output for the required period. The predetermined address set by address switches 78 will determine the time window or subperiod of time that the signal from this sonde as generated by its geophone receiver 78 is gated onto data output lines 58 and 60. During this preset subperiod of time, switch 74 is activated to connect geophone 78 to lines 58 and 60. Prior to that time, data input lines 50 and 52 were connected through switch 74 to the data output lines. Thus, not only is the output of geophone 78 placed onto output lines 58 and 60, the data arriving from below is disconnected by the same switching action, thereby accomplishing the desired time multiplexing, as previously described in the above discussion of FIGS. 1 through 5.
When the entire sequence of sondes has been selected in the manner just described, another reset pulse is imparted on line 56 to reset the counter and to cause switch 74 to reset to receive data from below rather than from geophone 78, as before.
After the entire sequence of acquisition and transmission of data has been accomplished, an unlock control signal is applied to line 64 from the surface that reverses the operation of the locking motor housed in sonde body 103 to unlock or unlatch the sonde for removal or for positioning at a new location.
It may be seen from FIG. 6 that motor power supply 82 and logic power supply 84 are separate power supplies for two reasons. First, power supply 82 is typically a 12-volt supply and generates a relatively large current for operating the locking motor, whereas logic power supply 34 is typically a 5-volt supply with small current requirements for operating the logic circuit components. Second, it is desirable to keep the power supplies isolated from each other to prevent possible inadvertent large power surges in the logic circuit that might well be injurious thereto.
The typical operation of switch 74 lasts for several microseconds or even a millisecond. Switches with operating speeds in the picosecond range are readily available. Therefore, time multiplexing in the manner described is well within the state of the art with respect to switching components. Such components are subjected to extremely high pressures and temperatures in their downhole locations. However, since the operation is so fast with respect to the gate periods or the data subperiods described, a variance in their operating time does not distort or smear any of the data. The data itself are not digitized as a result of the switching operation, but are merely sampled in their analog condition and transmitted in that form. Thus, there are no data logic circuits downhole subjected to the extremes of temperature and pressure that exist there.
Finally, it should be noted that the sonde described in conjunction with FIG. 6 is of a standard construction and can be characterized as a module for use in an overall system. That is, one receiver sonde is quite interchangeable with any other receiver sonde. The only unique characteristic that one sonde has with respect to any other sonde is its preset address, as determined by reference 78 in FIG. 6. Once it is determined where in the vertical sequence of sondes a particular sonde is to be located, then this address switch 78 is preset to determine its window of operation. This is also true of hydrophones in a streamer cable when the invention is adapted to the marine environment. In the disclosed embodiments, the sonde which is located at the point on the transmission cable most removed from the point being transmitted to will have the largest number preset in counter 76 by switches 78. Each sonde successively closer to the point being transmitted to will have smaller preset addresses. So, in FIG. 1, receives 12 will have the largest address, which 14 will be smaller than 12, and 16 smaller than 14. The same relationship will be found in FIG. 9 for 12b, 14b, and 16b and in FIG. 10 for 12b, 14b and 16b.
FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 disclose alternative embodiments of the invention adapted for use with downhole digitizers, use in marine environments, and use with geophones distributed on the ground surface. Many of the disclosed features are identical or very similar to those already disclosed, and components performing like functions in like manner are designated by "primed" numbers. For instance, a receiver 12 in FIG. 1 performs a similar function to receiver 12a in FIG. 8 receiver 12b in FIG. 9 and receiver 12c in FIG. 10. Consequently, the previous discussion pertaining to the multiplexing of receiver 12 is applicable to its analogs.
FIG. 8 depicts an embodiment in which the downhole analog multiplexing is used in conjunction with downhole digitizing. The signals detected by the receivers 12a, 14a and 16a are time multiplexed in the borehole 10a and demultiplexed on the surface by the demultiplexing circuit 37a just as in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1. The common clock 36a performs the same function and operates in the same manner as the common clock 36 in FIG. 1. The noticeable difference in this embodiment is that a downhole digitizer 5 is suspended from the support and signal transmission cable 20a between the receivers 12a, 14a and 16a and the surface. The time-multiplexed signal output by the receivers 12a, 14a, and 16a are input to the downhole digitizer 5 in the same manner as is well known in the industry for standard downhole digitizing for digitizing before transmission to the ground surface.
FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment adapted for use in marine environments. Streamer cable 20b contains receivers 12b, 14b and 16b and is towed beneath the ocean surface 130 behind towing vessel 134. Whereas receivers 12, 14 and 16 are geophones, receivers 12b, 14b and 16b are hydrophones. Source 24a is shown suspended from towing vessel 134 for ease of illustration but is placed with respect to receivers 12b, 14b and 16b in accordance with surveying practices well known in the art. Source 24a generates a seismic signal 26a which is reflected by a reflecting geologic interface 28a beneath the seafloor 132. Signals 30a 32a, and 34a are detected by receivers 12b, 14b and 16b, respectively, and time multiplexed as in the embodiment in FIG. 1. The resultant multiplexed signal is then transmitted to the demultiplexing circuit 37b aboard towing vessel 134 via streamer cable 20b and then stored or transmitted to shore by processing means 136. This embodiment could alternatively store or transmit the multiplexed signal for subsequent demultiplexing once the multiplexed signal reaches shore. Common clock 36b provides timing and control the same as does common clock 36 in FIG. 1.
FIG. 10 discloses still another embodiment of the invention wherein the receivers are deployed on the surface during land-based exploration. Geophone receivers 12c, 14c and 16c, are surrounded on the ground surface 140 along signal transmission cable 20c in a predetermined pattern as is well known in the art for optimal detection of reflected signals. Source 24b generates signal 26b which is then reflected by reflecting geological formation 28b. The resulting signals 30b, 32b, and 34b are then detected by 12c, 14c, and 16c, respectively. The detected signals are then time-multiplexed by receivers 12c, 14c, and 16c as are the detected signals by receivers 12, 14, and 16 in FIG. 1 and transmitted via transmission cable 20c. The multiplexed signal is transmitted to demultiplexing circuit 37c aboard instrument truck 142. Once the signal is demultiplexed, optional processing means 136a performs further processing, or stores the data, and transmits it to another location. Common clock 36c also provides timing and control as does common clock 36 in FIG. 1.
Although the above discussion has assumed only a sequence of three sondes, the actual number of sondes is selected by the operator. Twenty sondes is a more typical number that might be selected.
It has also been assumed that the geophone located within the sonde produces only one signal. A sonde can include multiple geophones for selectively operating in three different orthogonal axes or a single geophone that produces three such signals. In such event, the sonde would operate so as to have three successive windows or data subperiods; one for each of the outputs. The result would be much like operating three successive sondes of a single output as described for FIG. 6.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and the preferred embodiment and alternatives have been described, it will be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Many other such modifications may be made, which will become apparent to those skilled in the art.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Apr 3, 1956
|United Geophysical Corp
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|Aug 21, 1962
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|Aug 2, 1966
|Exxon Production Research Co
|Method and apparatus for continuous wave seismic prospecting
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|Mar 28, 1972
|Geophysique Cie Gle
|Installation for the transmission of multiplexed seismic signals
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|Dec 26, 1972
|Schlumberger Technology Corp
|Telemetry system incorporating synchromization of receiver with transmitter
|Sep 25, 1970
|Apr 3, 1973
|Texaco Inc
|Means and method for time-sharing multichannel well logging
|Aug 21, 1974
|May 25, 1976
|General Electric Company
|Data transmission system
|Mar 8, 1976
|May 10, 1977
|Western Geophysical Company Of America
|Seismic data telemetering system
|Feb 11, 1981
|Nov 15, 1983
|Dresser Industries, Inc.
|Well logging data transmission system
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|Aug 7, 1984
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Sampled towed array telemetry
|Feb 22, 1982
|Apr 2, 1985
|Hydroacoustics Inc.
|Time division multiplex transmission of submultiplex sequences of signals from sections of a chain of data acquisition units
|Sep 9, 1982
|Oct 1, 1985
|Western Geophysical Co. Of America
|Methods for seismic exploration
|Apr 27, 1982
|Dec 31, 1985
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for determining acoustic wave parameters from acoustic well logging waveforms
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|Feb 4, 1986
|Dresser Industries, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for obtaining high resolution subsurface geophysical measurements
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|Jan 27, 1987
|Western Geophysical Company Of America
|Telemetric system
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|Aug 4, 1987
|Halliburton Company
|Simultaneous digitizing apparatus for an acoustic tool
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|Nov 22, 1988
|Institut Francais Du Petrole
|Device usable for offshore seismic prospection for receiving seismic signals and transmitting them to a central control and recording system
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|Feb 13, 1990
|Institut Francais Du Petrole
|System for acquiring and recording signals delivered by a set of sensors disposed in well probes
|Title not available
|Title not available
|B. J. Thorne & H. E. Morris An Assessment of Borehole Seismic Fracture Diagnostics 1988 SPE 18193.
|B. J. Thorne & H. E. Morris--"An Assessment of Borehole Seismic Fracture Diagnostics"--1988--SPE 18193.
|Brochure Downhole Seismic Array Schlumberger.
|Brochure Multilock Multilevel Digital VSP System GCC Association.
|Brochure--"Downhole Seismic Array"--Schlumberger.
|Brochure--"Multilock Multilevel Digital VSP System"--GCC Association.
|E. I. Gal perin Vertical Seismic Profiling 1971 pp. 22 23.
|E. I. Gal'perin--"Vertical Seismic Profiling"--1971--pp. 22-23.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 3, 1993
|Jun 20, 1995
|Chen; Hong-Bin
|Method of high resolution and high SNR data acquisition for probing using pulse-compression
|Feb 28, 2000
|Oct 23, 2001
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for communication with a downhole tool
|Feb 9, 2000
|Jul 23, 2002
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Seismic systems and methods with downhole clock synchronization
|Mar 12, 2004
|Feb 7, 2006
|Welldynamics, Inc.
|System and method for transmitting downhole data to the surface
|Feb 11, 2002
|Apr 11, 2006
|Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
|Data telemetry system for multi-conductor wirelines
|Feb 4, 2002
|May 9, 2006
|Halliburton Energy Services
|Very high data rate telemetry system for use in a wellbore
|Feb 7, 2003
|Nov 6, 2007
|Input/Output, Inc.
|System and method for control of seismic data acquisition
|Jul 21, 2005
|Mar 25, 2008
|Exxon Mobil Upstream Research Company
|Method and apparatus for using a data telemetry system over multi-conductor wirelines
|Jul 26, 2006
|May 27, 2008
|Westerngeco L.L.C.
|Processing of seismic data acquired using over/under streamers and/or over/under sources
|Sep 23, 2005
|Aug 12, 2008
|Probe Technology Services, Inc.
|Method for processing signals in a cement bong logging tool
|May 28, 2008
|May 19, 2009
|Sensorwise, Inc.
|Seismic data acquisition system and method for downhole use
|Aug 24, 2004
|Feb 9, 2010
|Bgp Inc., China National Petroleum Corporation
|Data acquisition method of non-real time transmitting seismic data acquisition system applied in mountainous area
|Feb 23, 2010
|Ascend Geo, Llc
|Data offload and charging systems and methods
|Sep 7, 2011
|Oct 7, 2014
|Westerngeco L.L.C.
|Generating inversion ready seismic data
|Mar 27, 2001
|Oct 3, 2002
|Gardner Wallace R.
|Very high data rate telemetry system for use in a wellbore
|Feb 11, 2002
|Jan 16, 2003
|Bailey Jeffrey R.
|Data telemetry system for multi-conductor wirelines
|Feb 7, 2003
|Jan 15, 2004
|Input/Output, Inc.
|System and method for control of seismic data acquisition
|Oct 9, 2002
|Dec 16, 2004
|Smith Dexter G.
|Digital geophone system
|Apr 22, 2005
|Sep 8, 2005
|Geo-X Systems, Ltd.
|Seismic monitoring and control method
|Mar 12, 2004
|Sep 15, 2005
|Smithson Mitchell C.
|System and method for transmitting downhole data to the surface
|Apr 28, 2005
|Nov 3, 2005
|Ascend Geo Llc
|Data offload and charging systems and methods
|Jul 16, 2004
|Jan 19, 2006
|Sensorwise, Inc.
|Seismic Data Acquisition System and Method for Downhole Use
|Jul 21, 2005
|Oct 5, 2006
|Ivoclar Vivadent Ag
|Cover and holdback element for permitting disturbance-free dental operations to be performed on teeth
|Sep 23, 2005
|Mar 29, 2007
|Brian Hurst
|Method for processing signals in a cement bond logging tool
|Aug 24, 2004
|Aug 2, 2007
|Qingzhong Li
|Data acquisition method of non-real time transmitting seismic data acquisition system applied in mountainous area
|Jul 26, 2006
|Jan 31, 2008
|Ralf Ferber
|Processing of seismic data acquired using over/under streamers and/or over/under sources
|May 28, 2008
|Sep 18, 2008
|Sensorwise, Inc.
|Seismic Data Acquisition System and Method for Downhole Use
|Sep 15, 2009
|Apr 22, 2010
|Ascend Geo, Llc
|Methods and systems for acquiring and processing seismic data
|Dec 29, 2011
|Boerresen Claes Nicolai
|Seismic data acquisition system with selectively enabled sensor units, and associated methods
|May 30, 2013
|Dec 26, 2013
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Borehole Seismic Acquisition Tools, Systems and Methods
|Mar 7, 2005
|Sep 30, 2015
|Welldynamics Inc
|System and method for transmitting downhole data to the surface
|Mar 27, 2001
|Oct 3, 2002
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Very high data rate telemetry system for use in a wellbore
|Feb 7, 2003
|Jun 10, 2004
|Input Output Inc
|System and method for control of seismic data acquisition
|Jun 11, 2004
|Jan 20, 2005
|Vetco Gray Controls Limited
|Fluid wells including seismic sondes
|Aug 24, 2004
|Sep 15, 2005
|Bgp Inc.,China National Petroleum Corporation
|Data collecting method of upland nonreal time transmitting seism collection system
|Sep 8, 2011
|Mar 15, 2012
|Geco Technology B.V.
|Generating inversion ready seismic data
|Sep 8, 2011
|May 10, 2012
|Geco Technology B.V.
|Generating inversion ready seismic data
|Jun 19, 2013
|Jan 3, 2014
|Schlumberger Canada Limited
|Borehole seismic acquisition tools, systems and methods
|U.S. Classification
|367/79, 340/855.4, 340/855.3, 367/20
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 23, 1990
Owner name: EXXON PRODUCTION RESEARCH COMPANY, A CORP. OF DE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:HOUSTON, LOUIS M.;WILLEN, DENNIS E.;RICE, JAMES A.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005232/0631;SIGNING DATES FROM 19900111 TO 19900112
|May 20, 1997
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 12, 1997
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 23, 1997
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19971015


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Smokin' Joe's Roadhouse Live Broadcast Anniversary Show
KPFT/90.1 FM has long been admired by local blues fans for its eclectic and numerous weekend blues programs, including Joe's Roadhouse (Saturdays, 3 p.m. to 5:30 p.m.).
For the past year, the Roadhouse has also presented something unique for Houston: regular monthly live broadcasts. Originating from the Rhythm Room, the shows feature sets from mostly local and regional talent in front of an enthusiastic audience. Co-hosts Smokin' Joe Montes and "the lovely Marquessa" have decided to throw a special show to celebrate the first anniversary of the broadcasts and their respective 50th birthdays.
"Live music has a joyful dynamic that's usually lost in the laborious process of laying down tracks in the studio," Montes says. "But put musicians in the right environment with a good crowd, and you can get the best performances possible out of them."
Headlining the matinee show will be Houston blues legend Jimmy "T-99" Nelson, supported by sets from Sweet Mama Cotton and the Sugar Daddies, Kern Pratt and the Roadhouse All-Stars -- an ad hoc supergroup featuring Mark May, Kenny Cordray, Ricky Tallefero, Clyde Dempsey and Cameron Scott.
Upcoming Events
Ben Harper & The Innocent Criminals
TicketsMon., Aug. 29, 7:00pm
TicketsTue., Aug. 30, 7:00pm
HOU's next featuring Los Skarnales
TicketsFri., Sep. 2, 6:30pm
TicketsSat., Sep. 3, 8:00pm
World Famous Gospel Brunch at House of Blues Houston
TicketsSun., Sep. 4, 1:30pm
The music will run 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. and will be broadcast live during the regular show slot. Montes says that the first year has "surpassed" his expectations, and adds that more than 30 artists and bands have been recorded. A CD series might be on the way. And with KPFT streaming the shows on its Web site, listeners around the world have heard plenty of Houston blues.
Montes can now laugh about early broadcast follies, like when his first headliner canceled the day of the show and another performer had to bow out after breaking his hand while trying to block a karate kick.
"Horseplay," Montes sums up, "is not recommended for guitarists."
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Today's Devotional
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Witch Films
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The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 Short Film)
An early version of the classic, based more on the 1902 stage musical than on the original novel. (13 mins.)
Director: Otis Turner
Häxan: Witchcraft Through the Ages (1922 Documentary)
Fictionalized documentary showing the evolution of witchcraft, from its pagan roots to its confusion with hysteria in modern Europe. (91 mins.)
Director: Benjamin Christensen
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Snow White, pursued by a jealous queen, hides with the Dwarfs; the queen soon learns of this and prepares to feed her a poison apple. (83 mins.)
Director: William Cottrell, David Hand
Witches' Night (1937)
Director: Schamyl Bauman
Stars: Gösta Ekman, Signe Hasso, Ruth Stevens, Göran Bernhard
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Dorothy Gale is swept away to a magical land in a tornado and embarks on a quest to see the Wizard who can help her return home. (102 mins.)
Director: Victor Fleming
Stars: Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr
I Married a Witch (1942)
A beautiful 17th-century witch returns to life to plague politician Wallace Wooley, descendant of her persecutor. (77 mins.)
Director: Rene Clair
The Crucible (1957)
Salem, 1692. Industrious farmer, John Proctor, has twice made love to 17-year-old Abigail, a youth he and his wife have taken in... (145 mins.)
Director: Raymond Rouleau
Bell Book and Candle (1958)
A modern-day witch likes her neighbor but despises his fiancée, so she enchants him to love her instead, only to fall in love with him for real. (106 mins.)
Director: Richard Quine
Stars: James Stewart, Kim Novak, Jack Lemmon, Ernie Kovacs
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
After being snubbed by the royal family, a malevolent fairy places a curse on a princess which only a prince can break, along with the help of three good fairies. (75 mins.)
Director: Clyde Geronimi
Stars: Mary Costa, Bill Shirley, Eleanor Audley, Verna Felton
Black Sunday (1960)
A vengeful witch and her fiendish servant return from the grave and begin a bloody campaign to possess the body of the witch's beautiful look-alike descendant. Only the girl's brother and a handsome doctor stand in her way. (87 mins.)
Director: Mario Bava
The City of the Dead (1960)
A young coed (Nan Barlow) uses her winter vacation to research a paper on witchcraft in New England... (78 mins.)
Director: John Moxey
Stars: Patricia Jessel, Dennis Lotis, Christopher Lee, Tom Naylor
Burn, Witch, Burn (1962)
A skeptical college professor discovers that his wife has been practicing magic for years. Like the learned... (90 mins.)
Director: Sidney Hayers
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
A poor boy named Arthur learns the power of love, kindness, knowledge and bravery with the help of a wizard called Merlin in the path to become one of the most beloved kings in England history. (79 mins.)
Director: Wolfgang Reitherman
Viy (1967)
A young priest is ordered to preside over the wake of witch in a small old wooden church of a remote village. This means spending three nights alone with the corpse with only his faith to protect him. (77 mins.)
Director: Konstantin Ershov, Georgiy Kropachyov
The Witches (1967)
Five short stories loosely dealing with the roles of women in society. (121 mins.)
Director: Mauro Bolognini, Vittorio De Sica
Rosemary's Baby (1968)
A young couple move into an apartment, only to be surrounded by peculiar neighbors and occurrences. When the wife becomes mysteriously pregnant, paranoia over the safety of her unborn child begins to control her life. (136 mins.)
Director: Roman Polanski
Stars: Mia Farrow, John Cassavetes, Ruth Gordon, Sidney Blackmer
The Conqueror Worm (1968)
A young soldier seeks to put an end to the evils caused by a vicious witch hunter. (86 mins.)
Director: Michael Reeves
Stars: Vincent Price, Ian Ogilvy, Rupert Davies, Hilary Heath
" Witchfinder General " - WeAintFoundShin
The Witchmaker (1969)
A psychic researcher and his assistants investigate a series of murders of beautiful young women. (99 mins.)
Director: William O. Brown
Stars: Anthony Eisley, Thordis Brandt, Alvy Moore, John Lodge
Mark of the Devil (1970)
Udo Kier is a witch hunter apprentice to Herbert Lom. He believes strongly in his mentor and the ways... (90 mins.)
Director: Michael Armstrong
Stars: Herbert Lom, Udo Kier, Olivera Katarina, Reggie Nalder
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
An apprentice witch, three kids and a cynical conman search for the missing component to a magic spell useful to the defense of Britain. (117 mins.)
Director: Robert Stevenson
Macbeth (1971)
A ruthlessly ambitious Scottish lord seizes the throne with the help of his scheming wife and a trio of witches. (140 mins.)
Director: Roman Polanski
Stars: Jon Finch, Francesca Annis, Martin Shaw, Terence Bayler
Arcana (1972)
A Sicilian widow earns her living as a clairvoyant, in Milan, but she hasn't got any power at all. Her... (102 mins.)
Director: Giulio Questi
Stars: Lucia Bosé, Maurizio Degli Esposti, Tina Aumont, Rosaria
Hungry Wives (1972)
A bored, unhappy suburban housewife gets mixed up in witchcraft and murder. (130 mins.)
Director: George A. Romero
Stars: Jan White, Raymond Laine, Ann Muffly, Joedda McClain
Crypt of Dark Secrets (1976)
A witch resurrects a murdered Vietnam vet and takes revenge on his killers. (71 mins.)
Director: Jack Weis
Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby (1976 TV Movie)
Having been adopted by the madam of a southwestern brothel, a now adult Adrian must cope with the fact that he's Satan's kid, and not living up to his expectations. (100 mins.)
Director: Sam O'Steen
Suspiria (1977)
A newcomer to a fancy ballet academy gradually comes to realize that the school is a front for something far more sinister and supernatural amidst a series of grisly murders. (98 mins.)
Stars: Jessica Harper, Stefania Casini, Flavio Bucci, Miguel Bosé
The Initiation of Sarah (1978 TV Movie)
A withdrawn young girl joins an unpopular sorority in college. It turns out she has psychic and telekinetic powers, and she uses them against a rival sorority. (96 mins.)
Director: Robert Day
Stars: Kay Lenz, Shelley Winters, Tony Bill, Kathryn Grant
The Lion, the Witch & the Wardrobe (1979 TV Movie)
Four kids travel through a wardrobe to the land of Narnia and learn of their destiny to free it with the guidance of a lion messiah. (95 mins.)
Director: Bill Melendez
Stars: Rachel Warren, Susan Sokol, Reg Williams, Simon Adams
Inferno (1980)
An American college student in Rome and his sister in New York investigate a series of killings in both locations where their resident addresses are the domain of two covens of witches. (107 mins.)
Clash of the Titans (1981)
A film adaption of the myth of Perseus and his quest to battle both Medusa and the Kraken monster to save the Princess Andromeda. (118 mins.)
Director: Desmond Davis
Stars: Laurence Olivier, Harry Hamlin, Claire Bloom, Maggie Smith
Superstition (1982)
A witch put to death in 1692 swears vengeance on her persecutors and returns to the present day to punish their descendants. (86 mins.)
Director: James W. Roberson
Stars: James Houghton, Albert Salmi, Lynn Carlin, Larry Pennell
Hansel and Gretel (1983 TV Movie)
Tim Burton's "Hansel and Gretel" is a live action and stop motion animated film short featuring Japanese... (45 mins.)
Director: Tim Burton
Stars: Michael Yama, Andy Lee, Alison Hong, Jim Ishida
Skullduggery (1983)
Simply, Adam is a man who happens to come from a long line of men cursed. He succumbs to the curse, and basically goes on a killing spree. (95 mins.)
Director: Ota Richter
Poison for the Fairies (1984)
A 10 year old girl convinces a lonely classmate that she is a witch, forcing the child to become her assistant. Though their games are initially rather naive, they gradually take a nasty and violent turn. (90 mins.)
Director: Carlos Enrique Taboada
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985 TV Movie)
The army of the Marauders, led by by King Terak and the witch Charal attack the Ewoks village. The parents... (94 mins.)
Legend (1985)
A young man must stop the Lord of Darkness from both destroying daylight and marrying the woman he loves. (94 mins.)
Director: Ridley Scott
Stars: Tom Cruise, Mia Sara, Tim Curry, David Bennent
Three Sovereigns for Sarah (1985 TV Series)
Nineteen people were hanged and one man pressed to death, while hundreds went to jail during the "witch hysteria" of 1692...
A Smoky Mountain Christmas (1986 TV Movie)
A country/western singer on a trip through the Tennessee mountains runs into a reclusive backwoodsman--and a witch. (94 mins.)
Director: Henry Winkler
Stars: Dolly Parton, Lee Majors, Bo Hopkins, Dan Hedaya
The Worst Witch (1986 TV Movie)
Mildred is one of the young girls at a prestigious witch academy. She can't seem to do anything right and is picked on by classmates and teachers... (70 mins.)
Director: Robert Young
Stars: Diana Rigg, Charlotte Rae, Tim Curry, Fairuza Balk
Hansel and Gretel (1987)
Based on the fairy tale by The Brothers Grimm. Hansel and Gretel are trapped in the deceptively decorated... (84 mins.)
Director: Len Talan
Masters of the Universe (1987)
A prince turned warrior named He-Man battles against the dark lord Skeletor on the planet Eternia. He-Man and his comrades arrive on Earth and discover two teenage lovers to find the magical Cosmic Key. (106 mins.)
Director: Gary Goddard
Stars: Dolph Lundgren, Frank Langella, Meg Foster, Billy Barty
Snow White (1987)
Dame Diana Rigg (TV's "The Avengers"), Billy Barty ("Willow") and Sarah Patterson ("The Company of Wolves") as Snow White star in this feature-length, live-action, musical version of the classic fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm. (85 mins.)
Director: Michael Berz
Stars: Diana Rigg, Billy Barty, Sarah Patterson, Nicola Stapleton
The Witches of Eastwick (1987)
Three single women in a picturesque village have their wishes granted - at a cost - when a mysterious and flamboyant man arrives in their lives. (118 mins.)
Director: George Miller
Stars: Jack Nicholson, Cher, Susan Sarandon, Michelle Pfeiffer
The Lion, the Witch, & the Wardrobe (1988 Mini-Series)
Four kids travel to the magical land of Narnia where they must battle an evil queen with the direction of the lion, Aslan. (171 mins.)
Willow (1988)
A reluctant dwarf must play a critical role in protecting a special baby from an evil queen. (126 mins.)
Director: Ron Howard
Stars: Val Kilmer, Joanne Whalley, Warwick Davis, Jean Marsh
Witchery (1988)
When a storm strands a group on a Massachusetts island where the only dwelling is an old hotel supposedly... (95 mins.)
Director: Martin Newlin
The Little Mermaid (1989)
A mermaid princess makes a Faustian bargain with an unscrupulous sea-witch in order to meet a human prince on land. (83 mins.)
Director: Ron Clements, John Musker
Teen Witch (1989)
High school misfit Louise, at a loss for romance, discovers magical abilities, but the teenage witch finds that she cannot conjure herself true love, so what? (90 mins.)
Director: Dorian Walker
Stars: Robyn Lively, Dan Gauthier, Joshua John Miller, Caren Kaye
Warlock (1989)
A warlock flees from the 17th to the 20th century, with a witch-hunter in hot pursuit. (103 mins.)
Director: Steve Miner
Stars: Julian Sands, Lori Singer, Richard E. Grant, Mary Woronov
The Witches (1990)
A young boy stumbles onto a witch convention and must stop them, even after he has been turned into a mouse. (91 mins.)
Director: Nicolas Roeg
The Witching of Ben Wagner (1990 TV Movie)
Ben Wagner and his family are moving to a new town. On the shores of Lake Ontario, he meets Regina. Strange things start to happen whenever Regina is around. Ben wonders if the rumors are true: could she come from a family of witches? (96 mins.)
Director: Paul Annett
Stars: Sam Bottoms, Harriet Hall, Bettina Rae, Justin Gocke
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)
When Robin and his Moorish companion come to England and the tyranny of the Sheriff of Nottingham, he decides to fight back as an outlaw. (143 mins.)
Director: Kevin Reynolds
Hocus Pocus (1993)
After three centuries, three witch sisters are resurrected in Salem, Massachusetts on Halloween night, and it is up to two teenagers, a young girl and an immortal cat to put an end to the witches' reign of terror once and for all. (96 mins.)
Director: Kenny Ortega
Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993)
A spoof of Robin Hood in general and Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves in particular. (104 mins.)
Director: Mel Brooks
Stars: Cary Elwes, Richard Lewis, Roger Rees, Amy Yasbeck
Warlock: The Armageddon (1993)
An order of Druids train their children to battle an evil Warlock determined to unleash Satan upon the world by bringing a collection of six mystic rune stones together. (98 mins.)
Director: Anthony Hickox
Stars: Julian Sands, Chris Young, Paula Marshall, Joanna Pacula
The Craft (1996)
A newcomer to a Catholic prep high school falls in with a trio of outcast teenage girls who practice witchcraft and they all soon conjure up various spells and curses against those who even slightly anger them. (101 mins.)
Director: Andrew Fleming
Stars: Robin Tunney, Fairuza Balk, Neve Campbell, Rachel True
The Crucible (1996)
A Salem resident attempts to frame her ex-lover's wife for being a witch in the middle of the 1692 witchcraft trials. (124 mins.)
Director: Nicholas Hytner
Stars: Daniel Day-Lewis, Winona Ryder, Paul Scofield, Joan Allen
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV Movie)
A girl, sent by her parents to live with her two eccentric aunts, finds out on her sixteenth birthday that she is a witch. (91 mins.)
Director: Tibor Takacs
Snow White: A Tale of Terror (1997)
In this dark take on the fairy tale, the growing hatred of a noblewoman, secretly a practitioner of the dark arts, for her stepdaughter, and the witch's horrifying attempts to kill her. (100 mins.)
Director: Michael Cohn
Stars: Sigourney Weaver, Sam Neill, Gil Bellows, Taryn Davis
Practical Magic (1998)
The wry, comic romantic tale follows the Owens sisters, Sally and Gillian, as they struggle to use their hereditary gift for practical magic to overcome the obstacles in discovering true love. (104 mins.)
Director: Griffin Dunne
The Blair Witch Project (1999)
Three film students vanish after traveling into a Maryland forest to film a documentary on the local Blair Witch legend, leaving only their footage behind. (81 mins.)
Director: Daniel Myrick, Eduardo Sanchez
Freeway II: Confessions of a Trickbaby (1999)
A teenage prostitute escapes from a juvenile prison with a 16-year-old serial killer and both go on a destructive road trip to Mexico in this twist on the "Hanzel Gretel" fairy tale. (97 mins.)
Director: Matthew Bright
Warlock III: The End of Innocence (1999 Video)
A college student unexpectedly finds that she has inherited a derelict house. Accompanied by a group of friends... (94 mins.)
Director: Eric Freiser
An American Haunting (2005)
Based on the true events of the only case in US History where a spirit caused the death of a man. (83 mins.)
Director: Courtney Solomon
Bewitched (2005)
Thinking he can overshadow an unknown actress in the part, an egocentric actor unknowingly gets a witch cast in an upcoming television remake of the classic sitcom Bewitched. (102 mins.)
Director: Nora Ephron
The Brothers Grimm (2005)
Will and Jake Grimm are traveling con-artists who encounter a genuine fairy-tale curse which requires true courage instead of their usual bogus exorcisms. (118 mins.)
Director: Terry Gilliam
Stars: Matt Damon, Heath Ledger, Monica Bellucci, Petr Ratimec
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005)
Four kids travel through a wardrobe to the land of Narnia and learn of their destiny to free it with the guidance of a mystical lion. (143 mins.)
Director: Andrew Adamson
The Legend of Lucy Keyes (2005)
An urban family leaves city life behind for the confines of rural New England. Little do they know that their new home once belonged to the Keyes family, a clan who experienced the tragic loss of their daughter some 250 years ago. (93 mins.)
Director: John Stimpson
The Initiation of Sarah (2006 TV Movie)
A college student uses her supernatural powers against a rival sorority house. A remake of the 1978 TV movie. (90 mins.)
Director: Stuart Gillard
Enchanted (2007)
A princess, who is prepared to be wed, is sent away to New York by an evil queen, where she falls in love with a lawyer. (107 mins.)
Director: Kevin Lima
Stars: Amy Adams, Susan Sarandon, James Marsden, Patrick Dempsey
Mother of Tears (2007)
Part three of the "Three Mothers" trilogy which takes place in Rome and has to do with Mater Lachrymarum (The Third Mother). (102 mins.)
Stars: Asia Argento, Cristian Solimeno, Adam James, Moran Atias
Witches' Night (2007)
Halloween weekend. A jilted groom. A hastily-organized canoe trip. A pristine river. A deep, dark forest... (81 mins.)
Director: Paul Traynor
Stars: Gil McKinney, Jeff Christian, Wesley Walker, Jeff Alba
Embodiment of Evil (2008)
The gravedigger Zé do Caixão continues his search for the perfect woman to bear his son. (94 mins.)
Director: José Mojica Marins
Clash of the Titans (2010)
Perseus demigod, son of Zeus, battles the minions of the underworld to stop them from conquering heaven and earth. (106 mins.)
Director: Louis Leterrier
Stars: Sam Worthington, Liam Neeson, Ralph Fiennes, Jason Flemyng
Snow White (2012)
A twist on the Snow White fairy tale that is set in 1920s Seville and centered on a female bullfighter. (104 mins.)
Director: Pablo Berger
The Lords of Salem (2012)
Heidi, a radio DJ, is sent a box containing a record - a "gift from the Lords". The sounds within the grooves trigger flashbacks of her town's violent past. Is Heidi going mad, or are the Lords back to take revenge on Salem, Massachusetts? (101 mins.)
Director: Rob Zombie
Mirror Mirror (2012)
An evil queen steals control of a kingdom and an exiled princess enlists the help of seven resourceful rebels to win back her birthright. (106 mins.)
Director: Tarsem Singh Dhandwar
Stars: Lily Collins, Julia Roberts, Armie Hammer, Nathan Lane
Snow White and the Huntsman (2012)
In a twist to the fairy tale, the Huntsman ordered to take Snow White into the woods to be killed winds up becoming her protector and mentor in a quest to vanquish the Evil Queen. (127 mins.)
Director: Rupert Sanders
Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters (2013)
Hansel & Gretel are bounty hunters who track and kill witches all over the world. As the fabled Blood Moon approaches, the siblings encounter a new form of evil that might hold a secret to their past. (88 mins.)
Director: Tommy Wirkola
Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)
A small-time magician is swept away to an enchanted land and is forced into a power struggle between three witches. (130 mins.)
Director: Sam Raimi
Stars: James Franco, Michelle Williams, Rachel Weisz, Mila Kunis
Witching and Bitching (2013)
A gang of escaping jewellery thieves get trapped by a coven of witches. (112 mins.)
Director: Álex de la Iglesia
Stars: Hugo Silva, Mario Casas, Pepón Nieto, Carolina Bang
Maleficent (2014)
A vengeful fairy is driven to curse an infant princess, only to discover that the child may be the one person who can restore peace to their troubled land. (97 mins.)
Director: Robert Stromberg
Baskin (2015)
A squad of unsuspecting cops goes through a trapdoor to Hell when they stumble upon a Black Mass in an abandoned building. (97 mins.)
Director: Can Evrenol
The Witch (2015)
A family in 1630s New England is torn apart by the forces of witchcraft, black magic and possession. (92 mins.)
Director: Robert Eggers
The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016)
Eric and fellow warrior Sara, raised as members of ice Queen Freya's army, try to conceal their forbidden love as they fight to survive the wicked intentions of both Freya and her sister Ravenna. (114 mins.)
Director: Cedric Nicolas-Troyan
Witch (2017)
When a group of random people are interviewed for a documentary, one person's story stands out from the rest.
Director: Trevor Hayward
Stars: Sean Cronin, Carmen Silva, Lucien Morgan, Adam Templar
Suspiria (2017)
A young ballet dancer travels to a prestigious dance academy in Europe, only to discover it is a front for something far more sinister and supernatural amidst a series of increasingly grisly murders.
Director: Luca Guadagnino
Stars: Dakota Johnson, Tilda Swinton, Roman Bloodworth
Witchula (2018)
A group of college exchange students travel to a small and remote town situated on an exotic island; only to discover they are being hunted down by a powerful witch-vampire "hybrid" that seeks something in their possession. (100 mins.)
Director: Marcus Bradford, Pat Kusnadi
The Little Mermaid (????)
A young mermaid gives up her life in the sea to love a human prince.
Director: Rebecca Thomas
Stars: Chloë Grace Moretz
Maleficent 2 (????)
Plot kept under wraps. A follow-up to the 2014 Disney film, 'Maleficent'.
Stars: Angelina Jolie Pitt
Ring of Darkness (1979)
Four women make a pact with the Devil. The 13-year-old daughter of one of them has begun to shown signs of a dark nature which causes preoccupation and somewhat regret on her mother. (106 mins.)
Director: Peter Karp
The Witch's Curse (1962)
Maciste travels to Hell to find a witch and make her undo a curse she put on the surface world. (91 mins.)
Director: Robert Hampton
Stars: Kirk Morris, Hélène Chanel, Vira Silenti, Angelo Zanolli
La Maldicion de la Llorona (1963)
A young woman inherits a mansion, only to discover that it is haunted by witches and evil spirits. (80 mins.)
Director: Rafael Baledón
Witchcraft (1964)
When her grave is disturbed by modern-day land developers, a 300-year-old witch is accidentally resurrected and terrorizes an English village. (79 mins.)
Director: Don Sharp
Stars: Lon Chaney Jr., Jack Hedley, Jill Dixon, Viola Keats
La strega in amore (1966)
A historian goes to a castle library to translate some ancient erotic literature. While there he discovers what he believes to be supernatural forces at work. (109 mins.)
Director: Damiano Damiani
The Witches (1966)
Following a horrifying experience with the occult in Africa, a schoolteacher moves to a small English village, only to discover that black magic resides there as well. (90 mins.)
Director: Cyril Frankel
Stars: Joan Fontaine, Kay Walsh, Alec McCowen, Ann Bell
Little Miss Magic (1998)
(86 mins.)
Director: Fred Olen Ray
Stars: Russ Tamblyn, Michelle Bauer, Ted Monte, Vanessa Koman
Virgin Witch (1972)
Christine gets her big chance at modelling when she applies at Sybil Waite's agency. Together with Christine's... (88 mins.)
Director: Ray Austin
Simon, King of the Witches (1971)
Simon, a young man with magic power, invokes the help of the evil forces in order to take revenge of a man who cheated him with a bad cheque. (99 mins.)
Director: Bruce Kessler
Stars: Andrew Prine, Brenda Scott, George Paulsin, Norman Burton
Veerana (1988)
A beautiful young girl, unfortunately possessed from her childhood by a vengeful spirit, wanders around lonely places to seduce and kill people and thus, gradually becoming lost into a dark world of revenge and lust. (145 mins.)
Director: Shyam Ramsay, Tulsi Ramsay
Stars: Jasmin, Hemant Birje, Sahila Chaddha, Kulbhushan Kharbanda


text:
Allan Dow, president of Logility, said the acquisition extends Logility's ability to deploy innovative supply chain and retail optimization solutions faster and at a lower total cost of ownership.
However, individual terminals at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach will negotiate directly with chassis leasing companies over compensation for storing chassis and providing services to lessors.
Marine terminals deemed high risk have two years to install an automated system for inspecting workers and others before allowing entry onto the premises.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
Officials at the Port of Virginia said they can expand barge service to help liner carriers streamline port networks, but the Port of Baltimore said it has advantages that appeal to carriers and shippers.
The 8,530-TEU CSCL container vessel Xin Fei Zhou scraped its side against the wall of one of the recently inaugurated locks of the important Central American waterway, according to a report from the Associated Press.
However, chassis lessors oppose the West Coast Marine Terminal Operator Agreement members' plan to implement a $5 fee on chassis that move in and out of container terminals at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, saying it will cost them $29 million.


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This presentation provides an introduction to Minnesota GreenStep Cities, an action-oriented voluntary program offering a cost-effective, simple pathway to implementation of sustainable development best practices that focus on greenhouse gas reduction. This presentation walks through the basics of the program and the simple steps it takes for any city in Minnesota to get started. More at www.MnGreenSteps.org.


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Contest: Win an autographed Matt Duchene jersey
Colorado Avalanche center Matt Duchene has already been picked by Westword as Denver's Best Av and Best Local Athlete on Twitter, so, you know we love him.
But now you can join in the love with an autographed jersey. What a stellar holiday gift, right?
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...Traditionally I like for the student to demonstrate what he or she knows for me to gain an understanding of how they solve problems. I not only like to show them how to arrive to the right "answer" but allow them to understand why the answer they've arrived to is correct. In addition to showing them various other ways to arrive to the same answer.
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...I have a Bachelor's of Science in Chemical Engineering from Virginia Tech and a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon. I have been a teaching assistant for various chemical engineering courses at Carnegie Mellon, including labs. I have also lectured if a professor was out of town.
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...During part of that time that time, I was a Learning Skills Instructor and taught topics such as Time Management, Note Taking, Effective Reading, and Test Taking. I am an experienced volleyball coach, having coached high school volleyball for 9 years, 4 years as the Varsity Asst Coach and 5 year...
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Burt Reynolds' waterfront estate, known as "Valhalla," sits on three acres in Hobe Sound, Fla. The actor stopped making mortgage payments on the home last year and now owes nearly $1.2 million on the property, according to a court filing.
Photos courtesy of Realtor.com.
Still one of the priciest homes of all time, the Spelling Manor sold for $85 million -- a 43% discount to its $150 million asking price.
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Company Overview of Dentsu Aegis Network Ltd.
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I am a working Graphic Artist and Filmmaker based out of New Orleans. When I'm not working in the Art Departments of large productions I'm either trying to develop some skills as a concept artist or (more often) spending my time and money on independent projects with my friends. I have directed an award winning feature film called Steve Chong Finds Out That Suicide Is A Bad Idea, which is tentatively set to be released in April, 2014.
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text: LoveIsPop Music Reviews, Music News and Pop Culture 2016-08-25T16:58:42Z http://www.loveispop.com/feed/atom/ WordPress Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15171 2016-08-23T18:08:28Z 2016-08-23T18:08:28Z ]]> 0 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15167 2016-08-23T13:56:19Z 2016-08-23T13:56:19Z Continue Reading]]> 0 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15155 2016-08-19T20:03:27Z 2016-08-19T20:03:26Z Continue Reading]]> 0 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15149 2016-08-23T13:50:09Z 2016-08-19T14:29:38Z D∆WN, better known as Dawn Richard, veers in a mainstream R&B/pop direction with her new single "Cali Sun," which hails from her third album, Redemption, which is said to be the "final installment in the trilogy." I was a big fan of the two previous albums, Goldenheart and Blackheart, which were both very abstract sort of R&B albums, more like FKA twigs than the catchy song we hear here, but this isn't exactly top 40 radio fodder either. To that end, I'd still say her sound is very artsy, just more accessible. Can you dig it?]]> 0 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15123 2016-08-18T13:54:37Z 2016-08-18T13:51:20Z Continue Reading]]> 2 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15120 2016-08-23T13:50:49Z 2016-08-17T19:15:15Z OK, so this is more of an interlude type of track than an actual song, but it's the best thing I've heard all day, hence my dubbing it #songoftheday. What we have here is Earl Sweatshirt rapping about stuff and that's always plenty to satisfy me. He's one of the most under-rated rappers in the game and he's at the top of his game here. I just wish that this was only the first verse, that a hook and then a second verse would come next. Oh well, I'd rather listen to that than most of the songs on the mixtapes I've been downloading lately.]]> 0 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15097 2016-08-16T21:40:53Z 2016-08-16T21:40:52Z Continue Reading]]> 1 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15107 2016-08-23T13:51:19Z 2016-08-16T14:47:42Z ]]> 0 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15102 2016-08-17T19:15:50Z 2016-08-12T15:22:27Z ]]> 0 Paris365 http://www.loveispop.com http://www.loveispop.com/?p=15092 2016-08-09T15:34:05Z 2016-08-09T15:34:05Z Continue Reading]]> 0


text:
Sorry for my gay slur on economist Keynes, says TV historian: Niall Ferguson branded a bigot over 'stupid attack'
- Prof. Ferguson suggested Keynes did not care about future generations
- He insisted his 'insensitive' remarks at a conference had been cut off
- But critics claim he has made remarks about Keynes's sexuality before
Historian Niall Ferguson has been labelled a homophobic 'pub bigot' for suggesting that the economist John Maynard Keynes didn't care about future generations because he was gay and childless.
Professor Ferguson quickly issued an abject apology, insisting that his 'stupid and insensitive' remarks at a conference had been 'off the cuff'.
But he failed to mollify critics, with one claiming yesterday that the Scottish-born Harvard academic had made similar remarks about Keynes's sexuality before.
'Stupid and insensitive': Harvard historian Niall Ferguson, left, has apologised for suggesting the economist John Maynard Keynes, right, did not care about the future because he was gay and childless
Professor Ferguson, 49, an advocate of austerity policies, had tried to use Keynes's famous observation that 'in the long run, we are all dead' against him in a sideswipe at the British economist's 'selfish' support for high government spending.
He was apparently responding to a question about the contrast between the economic philosophy of self-interest of Keynes, who died in 1946, and that of Edmund Burke in the 18th century who believed there was a social contract among the living, the dead and those yet to be born.
Controversy: Niall Ferguson with his wife Ayaan Hirsi Ali
According to a report of his address to financial advisers and investors in California on Thursday, during a post-speech question and answer session Ferguson asked his audience how many children Keynes had.
He then explained that Keynes married a ballerina but had a string of gay affairs. Keynes was an 'effete' member of society who would rather talk of poetry than procreate, Professor Ferguson reportedly added.
Commentators rounded on the
historian, who has four children from two marriages, for implying that
gays or people with no children do not care about future generations.
Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell said he was glad the professor had apologised for his 'homophobic slur' against Keynes. But he added: 'His remarks are what we might expect from a pub bigot, not from a Harvard history professor.'
Tom Kostigen, a financial writer who was in the audience, said: 'Apparently, in Ferguson's world, if you are gay or childless you cannot care about future generations nor society.'
Professor Ferguson said: 'I made comments about John Maynard Keynes that were as stupid as they were insensitive. I should not have suggested – in an off-the-cuff response that was not part of my presentation – that Keynes was indifferent to the long run because he had no children, nor that he had no children because he was gay. It is obvious that people who do not have children also care about future generations.'
He insisted his disagreements with Keynes have never had anything to do with the latter's sexual orientation, and went on: 'As those who know me and my work are well aware, I detest all prejudice, sexual or otherwise.'
'His remarks are what we might expect from a pub bigot': Peter Tatchell said it was 'shocking' that a history professor had made a 'homophobic slur' against the economist John Maynard Keynes
The professor admitted he had 'forgotten' that Keynes's wife, Russian ballerina Lydia Lopokova, became pregnant with his child in 1927 but miscarried.
Cambridge University economist
Michael Kitson attacked Professor Ferguson's 'empty' apology, saying on
Twitter: 'These were not ''off the cuff'' remarks. I heard him make the
same over 20 years ago at a history seminar he gave at St Catherine's
College, Cambridge.'
Others flagged up a passage in Professor Ferguson's 1999 book The Pity of War in which he said Keynes's sex life went 'into a decline' during the Second World War 'perhaps because the boys he liked to pick up in London all joined up'.
Keynes, hailed by Time magazine as one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century, has influenced generations of politicians with his argument that governments should steer the economy through downturns rather than rely on the free market. He was open about his many homosexual affairs.
Professor Ferguson, who says he turned to Thatcherism as a student at Oxford, has a reputation as a defender of western imperialism but has attracted controversy before.
In 2011 the historian and broadcaster threatened to sue a book reviewer who the professor said had accused him of being a racist.
He and his second wife, the Somali-Dutch writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali, have a 17-month old son.
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> You probably cannot sign up for their 401K since you do > not work for them. You work for the company that issues > the W-2's. Unless you have just resigned from them and are > a full-fledged employee of the company with the 401K.The company that issues the W-2's *is* the company that offers the 401K. The question is whether or not (and ifso how) to participate.
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A mélange thermal knit brings the soft comfort of your favorite tee to a flowing patio dress with deep V-necklines and twinned shoulder straps to highlight sun-kissed skin. High side slits catch every breeze and flash a tantalizing length of leg. Color(s): brown- beige pattern. Brand: CASLON. Style Name:Caslon V-Neck ... Learn More
Petite Women's Loveappella Maxi Dress, Size Medium P
A great travel dress for sunny destinations, a breezy stretch-knit maxi suspended from slim straps is designed with a deep, rounded V-neckline and a full swishy skirt. Color(s): black, heather grey/ black, midnight blue, olive, purple. Brand: LOVEAPPELLA. Style Name:Loveappella Maxi Dress (Regular & Petite). Style Number: 181281. Available in ... Learn More
Women's Caslon Racerbank Knit Maxi Tank Dress, Size
A modified racerback creates blade-baring style for a long, easy maxi dress cut from a soft stretch-knit fabric. A drawstring waist cinches the blouson silhouette and deep side slits offer a flash of lovely legs. Color(s): grey- grey stripe, heather dark grey, ivory- blue stripe. Brand: CASLON. Style Name:Caslon Racerbank ... Learn More
Tie Dye Jersey Halter Maxi Dress (Petite) (Nordstrom
A soft wash of tie-dye brings boho verve to a sand-skimming jersey maxi dress that suspends from braided straps. 45" center front length (size Medium P). Slips on over head. Partially lined. 95% viscose, 5% spandex. Dry clean or hand wash cold, dry flat. By Felicity & Coco; imported. Dresses. ... Learn More
Petite Women's Vince Camuto Chiffon Overlay Tank Dress,
Enjoy the breezy ease of a maxi dress while showing a teasing glimpse of leg. A stretchy tank-style dress features a long overlay of sheer chiffon with a shorter, fitted skirt underneath and side slits to enhance movement. Color(s): guava fruit, rich black, sugar petal, tonic water, vivid indigo. Brand: ... Learn More
Women's Vince Camuto 'Pine Stripe' Sleeveless Halter Style Maxi
A wide, shirred waistband accentuates the narrowest part of the figure and adds forgiving dimension to the slinky silhouette of a striped, stretch-jersey maxi dress that flares to an A-line finish. Cutaway shoulders and a slim V-neckline draw the eye up to focus attention on your face. Color(s): rich black. Brand: ... Learn More