text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 14, 2003
|Filing date
|May 21, 1999
|Priority date
|May 21, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Todor Cooklev
|Original Assignee
|3Com Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (17), Classifications (7), Legal Events (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The Doppler effect is an apparent change in the frequency of propagating waves occurring when a transmitter and a receiver are in motion relative to each other. It causes an increase in the frequency when the transmitter and receiver approach each other and a decrease when they move apart.
The Doppler effect applies in general to all types of propagating waves. Some systems advantageously utilize its effect, while it can introduce undesirable effects in others. One area where the Doppler effect can produce undesirable effects is communications systems, particularly in mobile communication systems.
The third generation of mobile communication systems, known until recently as the Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems (FPLMTS), and recently renamed International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000), uses a variety of cell structures from very small indoor picocells to large outdoor terrestrial cells and finally to global satellite coverage. An adaptive radio interface is envisaged for IMT-2000 to optimize performance in these widely differing propagation conditions. This adaptation will be controlled by software using digital signal processing technology. While a detailed description of IMT-2000 is outside of the scope of this invention disclosure, embodiments of the present invention relate to the following components of IMT-2000:
terminal mobility, i.e. the ability to move continuously over large areas while maintaining the ability to use multimedia telecommunication services, video, audio, speech. The speed of movement of multimedia terminals may vary from zero to very high.
High-bandwidth services (data, image, multimedia, etc.)
Intra and inter system handover, i.e. roaming across dissimilar networks;
Service adaptation. No longer will the various elements of the radio interface (coding, modulation, etc.) have fixed parameters, but they can be selected, negotiated and matched according to the requirements of the service and the instantaneous capability of the radio channel.
When there is any motion between the transmitter and receiver in mobile communication systems, the Doppler frequency shift is experienced between the transmitted and received frequency. This causes the frequency content of the received signal to be different from the frequency content of the transmitted signal. In analog cellular communications, this Doppler effect matters little, but it significantly affects digital phase transmission and equalizer operations Therefore, in addition to overcoming multipath distortion, an equalizer must overcome phase and amplitude distortions arising from the Doppler effect. The Doppler effect manifests itself as a random frequency modulation of the transmitted signal and can cause significant impairment of the original signal.
Much research has been done to determine the speed and direction of a moving object. One suitable approach for mobile cellular communications that can be applied at base stations is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,296, by Matsuno, entitled METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING POSITION OF MOBILE OBJECT AND MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING THE SAME, issued on Aug. 20, 1996, assigned to Nippon Steel Corp., herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Another approach, the result of a very recent work performed at Lucent Technologies, is applicable when it is desirable to obtain an estimate of the Doppler speed at the mobile unit.
In addition to mobile communications, there are other applications where the Doppler effect causes degradation and needs to be compensated, e.g. acoustics, radar, etc. Other work relevant in this respect is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,642,732, assigned to Acuson Corporation of Mountain View, Calif. and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,366, assigned to Siemens Medical Systems, Inc., of Iselin, N.J.
Furthermore, in other applications, digital signal processing may be used to create a Doppler effect. For example, this technique is employed in three dimensional sound systems such as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,363, by Platt.
In prior art systems there are two basic digital signal processing approaches to compensate the Doppler effect: processing in the frequency domain and processing in the time domain.
Processing in the frequency domain, illustrated in FIG. 1A, requires that the signal is passed through a fast Fourier transformer, a frequency shifter, and an inverse fast Fourier transformer to produce a signal without degradation due to the Doppler effect. From a multirate digital signal processing point of view the task to compensate a Doppler effect is equivalent to changing the sampling rate by a rational factor. Suppose we have a signal x(n), defined for n=0, . . . , N−1. We are looking for another signal {circumflex over (x)} (m) of duration LN/M. The Doppler parameters determine the sampling rate change factor according to:
where, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, θt is the speed of the transmitter, Vr is the speed of the receiver, θt is the direction of travel of the transmitter and θr is the direction of travel of the receiver, and V is the speed at which the signal travels. For electromagnetic waves V=c, while acoustic signals travel at a much slower speed. Both M and L should preferably be integers. Their ranges are determined in accordance with well-known principles. Since the right side of equation (1) is not guaranteed to be a ratio of two integers, in practice this method can only approximate the exact Doppler shift. The frequency shift step of FIG. 1A is carried out as illustrated in FIG. 2. First, a signal with Doppler shift is received. The first processing step is interpolation by a factor of L, in which L−1 samples are inserted between every two samples and L−1 samples are added after the last sample. This step is accomplished by computing the DFT of x(n), corresponding to the step in FIG. 2 labelled "compute the DFT of X(n)".
Then the DFT of x1(m) is:
Thus, the DFT of X(n) is computed by applying the above formula in the step of FIG. 2 labelled "apply formula 2".
The Nyquist component is weighted by L/2, to preserve the Hermitian symmetry. The next step is the decimation by a factor of M. From the DFT X1(k) this can be performed as:
Thus, the decimation by a factor of M is performed by applying the above formula in the step of FIG. 2 labelled "apply formula 3".
Finally, the inverse DFT of X2(k) gives the desired signal X2(m), which is free of the Doppler shift. Of course, the two steps represented by equations or formulas (2) and (3) above can be combined into one. In the case when it is necessary to create a Doppler effect, the processing steps are the essentially same. This requires significant computing resources. While the frequency-domain approach is feasible for narrow-band speech, the amount of necessary computations makes it unfeasible for wide-band signals.
A time-domain approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,944, by Banerjea, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CREATING A DOPPLER EFFECT, issued on Feb. 17, 1998, assigned to Lucent Technologies, Inc., of Murray Hill, N.J., herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. This approach requires that the signal be upsampled, filtered and then downsampled. The downsampling ratio is determined by the Doppler parameters. The interpolation factor L is chosen relatively freely, e.g. depending on the desired resolution level, and then the decimation factor is chosen as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,944. The time-domain approach for changing the sampling rate is described in considerable detail in the book Multirate Digital Signal Processing, by R. Crochiere and L. Rabiner, published by Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1983, herein incorporated by reference in entirety. The application of this method to the problem of creating or compensating the Doppler effect is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,944.
The time domain approach is illustrated in FIG. 3. The first step is interpolation, which can be followed by a filter, and the second step is decimation, resulting in a signal without Doppler shift. In practice these steps can be combined into one step with the same functionality. The time domain approach can be more efficient than the frequency-domain approach for short lengths of the filter impulse response. With short filters, however, the compensation of the Doppler effect will be poor.
A major disadvantage of both the time-domain and the frequency-domain approaches is that the sampling rate conversion factor must be a ratio of two integers L and M. Since in practice, of course, the Doppler shift is not guaranteed to assume only certain values which correspond to the conversion factor being a ratio of two integers, these two approaches can only approximate the Doppler effect, but cannot cancel it exactly.
Furthermore, the time-domain approach requires that a multirate digital filter be designed. The cutoff frequency of this filter depends, in addition to other factors such as the frequency of transmission, on the speed between the transmitter and the receiver. This speed will vary with time. As a result, the filter will have to be re-designed every time the speed and/or the direction of movement changes. The re-design of this filter every time is very inconvenient and computationally expensive. Normally, it is prohibitively expensive to be implemented on a single low-end digital signal processor, which must perform other signal processing tasks.
Another possible approach is based on spline functions. A recent implementation of this technique is presented by T. J. Lim and M. D. Macleod, in "On-line Interpolation Using Spline Functions," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 3, No. 5, pp 144-146, 1996. This technique can be viewed as a variation of the time-domain approach. The principle behind spline-based techniques is the use of a polynomial of order N to model the continuous function between two consecutive sampled values under the condition that the endpoint values of the polynomial equal the two samples and that all derivatives up to order N−1 are continuous across the boundary between two intervals. This approach, however, while avoiding the re-design of a filter, requires the re-calculation of the spline coefficients. The implementation of this technique is quite complicated, requiring 13 multiplications and 18 additions per sample.
Thus, it is desirable to devise a novel digital signal processing (DSP) method and device to compensate the undesirable frequency shift due to the movement between the transmitter and receiver to ensure stabilized communication, given an estimate of the relative speed and position between the transmitter and receiver.
It is known among those skilled in the field of digital signal processors that no method or device is perfect, i.e. as a result of the non-ideal compensation of the undesirable effect there will be an error. Thus, it is Ad also desirable that this error term be as small as possible. Furthermore, there is a need for low complexity methods and devices. Ultimately, there is a need for an approach which simultaneously is lower in complexity and models the Doppler effect more accurately than previous approaches.
Such improved methods and devices could have benefits in mobile communications, in three-dimensional sound systems to improve creation of Doppler effect, in teleconferencing applications where there is movement the person speaking, or in other similar digital signal processing applications such as sonar, radar and seismic exploration, other vehicle information and communication systems, the global positioning system (GPS), etc.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a device for digital signal processing having a Doppler shift compensator capable of interpolating Doppler compensated samples from samples of a received Doppler shifted signal sampled at a system sampling rate using values representing a symmetric interpolating function stored in memory prior to receiving the received signal. The Doppler compensated samples are capable of being processed at the system sampling rate to provide a Doppler compensated signal. In one of the preferred embodiments, the Doppler shift compensator is capable of providing samples of Doppler compensated signals by multiplying successive Doppler shifted samples by stored values of the interpolating function and summing the results. Such an embodiment can provide precise Doppler compensated samples using two multiplications and one summation.
In a preferred method of the present invention, a method is provided for interpolating between a pair of successively received signal samples to compensate for Doppler shift. In a preferred embodiment, this method includes storing plural samples of an interpolation function in an argument range symmetrical about zero argument and having zero amplitude outside the range. This method is carried out by sensing a Doppler shift in the received signal and determining a time location of a new sample having a new sample index between the pair of received signal samples, the time location being shifted relative to the pair of signal samples by an amount corresponding to the Doppler shift. The amplitude of the new sample is computed at the new sample index by combining the pair of received signal samples with corresponding samples of the interpolation function. In this computation, each corresponding sample of the interpolation function is that sample whose argument is a difference between a corresponding one of the first and second indices and the new sample index.
In preferred embodiments and methods of the present invention, the values representing the interpolation function may be generated from a pulse function by performing successive dilations and convolutions such that a function prior to a dilation is convolved with a result of the dilation. The result of the convolution is then dilated and convolved with the pre-dilated result. Successive dilations and convolution will provide values representing the interpolation function. Such values may be stored in non-volatile memory. It is preferred to use an interpolating function that is symmetrical. This allows less than the entire function to be stored in memory. As such, in one preferred embodiment, fifty values representing one quarter of the interpolating function may be stored to precisely compensate for Doppler shift.
Thus, the preferred embodiments and methods provide digital signal processing to compensate the undesirable frequency shift due to the movement between the transmitter and receiver so as to ensure stabilized communication given an estimate of the relative speed and position between the transmitter and receiver. The need for such embodiments and methods arises in mobile communications and also may be desirable in teleconferencing applications.
The foregoing embodiments of the present invention may be used to create a Doppler effect in a received signal. In this case, the step of sensing a Doppler shift is sensing the amount of Doppler shift that is desired to be introduced into the signal to provide, for example, simulated three-dimensional sound. The present invention and its methods and embodiments are immediately applicable to other areas, where similar digital signal processing is involved, such as sonar, radar and seismic exploration. The present invention and its methods and embodiments also can be used in other applications such as vehicle information and communication systems, the global positioning system (GPS), etc.
FIG. 1A illustrates a conventional Doppler correction frequency domain technique.
FIG. 1B illustrates the geometry of the Doppler shift problem.
FIG. 2 illustrates the steps in carrying out the technique of FIG. 1A.
FIG. 3 illustrates a conventional time domain Doppler correction technique.
FIG. 4A illustrates a system embodying the present invention in one aspect.
FIG. 4B illustrates the waveform sampling carried out in the system of FIG. 4A.
FIG. 5A illustrates the interpolation function employed in a preferred embodiment.
FIG. 5B illustrates the frequency spectrum of the interpolation function of FIG. 5A.
FIG. 6 illustrates a process carried out in the invention.
FIG. 7A illustrates a dilation process employed in producing the interpolation function of FIG. 5A.
FIG. 7B illustrates a process of successive dilations and convolutions employed in producing the interpolation function of FIG. 5A.
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate, for the purpose of comparison, results obtained in a conventional technique and in accordance with the invention, respectively.
Exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 4A. The transmitter produces a signal x1(t). Assuming that the receiver, or the transmitter, or both, move with respect to each other, the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter. Thus, the signal that arrives at the receiver, x2(t), suffers from degradation due in part to the Doppler effect. The physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium. The received signal x2(t) is first converted to a digital signal x2(n). We are looking for a way to process x2(n) to a obtain a digital signal x1(n), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x1(t).
Turning to FIG. 4B, with the preferred method of the present invention, the received signal x2(t) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x2(n). Doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x2(n) by computing values of x2 at Doppler shifted indices m. Each Doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x2(np) and x2(na). Its location (i.e., where m is placed relative to np and na in the graph of FIG. 4B) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of Equation (1). The sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates, n corresponding to the system sampling rate. The ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of Equation (1). The value of x2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x2(np) and x2(na) to provide a Doppler shift corrected sample x2(m). All the Doppler corrected samples x2(M) thus obtained are processed (or "played back") at the system sampling rate to produce a Doppler corrected signal {circumflex over (x)}1(n).
The invention employs an interpolating function φ(t) governed by the following equation:
It is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions. Not all of them, of course, have convenient properties. Some of them are of infinite length, and are avoided in practice. One interpolating function is the rectangular function, the Fourier transform of which is the sinc function. The properties of this function are well known. It has poor interpolation properties, as it leads to a piece-wise linear interpolation. Usually a low-pass filter is added to smooth the result.
T. Cooklev et al., in "Wavelets and Differential-Dilation Equations," Int. Conf. Signal and Image Processing, Manchester, England, 1996, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, found that the function which ids a solution to the differential-dilation equation:
is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties: (1) it has excellent time-domain and frequency-domain localization properties and (2) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties.
There is no analytic expression for the solution φ(t). Its Fourier transform is given by:
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate graphs of the function φ(t) and its Fourier transform respectively.
Some splines are also interpolating functions, but the function represented by equation (5) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage. For example, the time-domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order. Their frequency domain localization is also worse than Φ(ω).
Furthermore, in "Wavelets and Differential-Dilation Equations," it was shown that the function φ(t) has a very interesting property: by dilations and translations of the function φ(t), polynomials of any order can be represented. In other words, if PN(X) is a polynomial of order N, then there are constants ck, such that:
The above summation is finite, due to the finite support of the function φ(x). This is very important, because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order.
Note that the wavelets disclosed by I. Daubechies in Ten Lectures on Wavelets, CBMS-NSF Regional Conf. in Appl. Math., vol. 61, SIAM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1992, herein incorporated by reference, have a similar property: by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order. Splines also have a similar property, known as the Strang-Fix property in spline theory, and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets.
An advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function φ(t) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations. There is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented, and this is precisely what is desirable in practice. Indeed, most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order, or a combination of them, although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance.
In addition, compared to orthogonal wavelets, the interpolation function φ(t) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth. In fact, the function φ(t) is infinitely differentiable.
Another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that:
which is actually a special case of Equation (7), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order.
FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention. In this method, values representing the function φ(t) are generated, and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of FIG. 6. The argument, t, of the function φ(t) is a continuous variable, but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values. In practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function φ(t) is sufficient. This is equivalent to discretizing the function φ(t) on a very fine grid.
To describe the algorithm for the computation of the function φ(t), it is useful to define a continuous-time dilator as illustrated in FIG. 7A. Note that the block in FIG. 7A is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete-time decimator. Note also that, by definition, the continuous-time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation. Suppose now that the blocks of continuous-time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in FIG. 7B. The properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete-time domain. Note that such continuous-time iterations without dilating blocks, however, have trivial properties and have been used numerous times (in particular in the construction of continuous-time spline functions). On the other hand, the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non-trivial properties.
If we start with a continuous-time system with an impulse response of:
and continue the iteration of this continuous-time system followed by a continuous-time dilator to infinity, the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to φ(t):
As such, φ(t) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h(t). In other words, h(t) is dilated and the result convolved with h(t). The result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution, and so on. FIG. 7A, discussed further below, is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2. FIG. 7B is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h(t).
In a computer implementation, of course, the function h(t) will be represented by a set of discrete values. The implementation of the so-called continuous-time dilator is straight-forward. It is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in FIG. 7B an infinite number of times. In the preferred method, we have found six iterations to be sufficient, although it is possible to use more.
An advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function φ(t) once and not in real-time, although other implementations are possible. Thus, a set of discrete values representing φ(t) may be stored in a non-volatile memory device of the target system if desired. A further advantage of the preferred method is that φ(t) is symmetric with respect to 0. In addition, φ(t) is also symmetric with respect to 0.5: φ(t)+φ(1-t)=1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1. As a result, we need to store only one quarter of the function values, as the other three-quarters are easily determined. So, ultimately storing the function φ(t) takes 50 memory locations.
In block 200 of FIG. 6, a new sample of the signal is received. The frequency of the received signal includes a Doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver. In the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave. In other embodiments of this invention, this may be an acoustic signal. More generally there may be more than one receiver. The Doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers, but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers, as shown illustrated in FIG. 1B. A receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large Doppler shift component. A receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller Doppler shift component. Among those receivers which detect a large Doppler shift component, the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency, whereas those receivers, from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency.
In block 300 of FIG. 6, a Doppler shift factor L/M is computed as follows:
This corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of Equation (1). Here, φt and φr are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Vt and Vr are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver, respectively, while V is the propagation velocity of the signal.
The step of block 400 of FIG. 6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal
at the time instant
Clearly this can be any time instant. Due to the finite support of the function φ(t), the number of terms in this summation is finite. Remarkably, in the preferred embodiment, the number of terms in the summation is only two, as illustrated in block 400 of FIG. 6.
To establish this, we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which np is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m, and na is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m. In this case, na=np−1. Then equation (12) becomes:
Now, the function φ(t) not only has finite support, but the support is equal to two. (The support is the closed interval [−1, 1]). In the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero. Suppose that φ(m−np)≠0. Then at most one of φ(m−(np−1) ) or φ(m−(np+1) will be different from zero. All the other values in Equation (14) such as φ(m−(np−2)), φ(m−(np+2)), etc. will be equal to zero. As a result, in the preferred embodiment, the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition:
The above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m−na and m−np and using values for φ, computed as discussed above, closest to m−na and m−np. In a preferred embodiment, previously stored values of φ which are the closest in time to m−na and m−np among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate Equation (15). This is simple to implement on a digital signal processor. Thus, the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample. This is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse FFT per block of samples, and even compared with the cost of doing time-domain filtering.
The Doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing, as illustrated in block 500. Then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new Doppler shift component, which may be different from the one in the previous computation.
Because of the properties of the interpolation function φ(t), not only can we accept any values for the Doppler shift, but any real-time changes in the Doppler shift can be done without border distortions. The absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function φ(t). In prior art approaches, border distortions are present whenever the Doppler parameters change. This is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values. As such, they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples. Such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, because the summation is reduced to only two summations.
Furthermore, because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment, processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time Doppler corrected signal.
It should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function φ(t) was obtained starting from
there are other functions which have similar properties. For example, starting from
we can obtain a family of functions with Fourier transforms
In general, A may take any value. These functions can be used as interpolating functions, however, only if A is an integer strictly greater than 1. Thus, A can be 2, 3, 4, and so on.
In the preferred embodiment, φ(t) corresponds to A=2. In other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2(A−1). In those other embodiments, the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment, thus requiring more computations.
In a preferred embodiment, compensating the Doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing. With a preferred method, the Doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter. After the signal is processed according to the preferred method, the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the Doppler effect. In another embodiment, the Doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected Doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter/receiver motion. This is equivalent to the process of compensating for a Doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted. In this case, selecting the Doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of Equation (11) and (13), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise, flexible, and computationally simple Doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches.
The preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor, such as the 16-bit fixed point processors TMS320C54x, manufactured by Texas Instruments, Inc. of Dallas, Tex. Because of its lower computational cost, the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations.
Suppose that Δf=250 Hz, which is the Doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 GHz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m/s (55.9 miles per hour) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 Hz. Without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver (θ=0). The receiver will notice a frequency shift up by Δf. The same Doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 Mhz. In other embodiments of the present invention, corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments, the same Doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver.
To perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time-domain approach described in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,944, assigned to Lucent Technologies, Inc. The filter was designed using the widely used Parks-McClellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense FIR filters. FIG. 8 illustrates the results of the conventional time-domain method. The light dotted line is the true signal, without distortion due to the Doppler effect. The dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time-domain method. While different filters will lead to slightly different results, FIG. 8 is a good illustration of the outcome. While in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the Doppler effect and the signal being processed, this is not possible in real-time. We have compared the error between the true signal, x1(n), free of the Doppler effect, and the computed signal {circumflex over (x)}1(n) for both approaches.
The example of FIG. 8 is a carefully chosen example, in which the Doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of M and L. This is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real-time practical operation. Note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample, assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters.
FIG. 9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention, and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal. The light dotted line is the true signal, without distortion due to the Doppler effect. The dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention.
Thus, the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals. The preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the Doppler effect in mobile communications. The present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar, sonar, vehicle identification systems, the global positioning system (GPS), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving. In all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a Doppler effect, the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications.
In addition, it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a Doppler effect. In one such embodiment, the Doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system, using the same method.
The preferred approach has the advantages, among others, of high-quality and simplicity.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention. The present invention, therefore, is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof.
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|Crochiere et al, <HIL><PDAT>Multirate Digital Signal Processing</ITALIC><PDAT>, ((C)1993 Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey), pp. 39-41. </STEXT>
|Crochiere et al, Multirate Digital Signal Processing, (©1993 Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey), pp. 39-41.
|Harte et al, <HIL><PDAT>Cellular and PCS/PCN Telephones and Systems</ITALIC><PDAT>, APDG Publishing, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina, pp. 76-79, 1996. </STEXT>
|Harte et al, Cellular and PCS/PCN Telephones and Systems, APDG Publishing, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina, pp. 76-79, 1996.
|Lim et al, "On-Line Interpolation Using Spline Functions," <HIL><PDAT>IEEE Signal Processing Letters</ITALIC><PDAT>, vol. 3, No. 5, May 1996. </STEXT>
|Lim et al, "On-Line Interpolation Using Spline Functions," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 3, No. 5, May 1996.
|Steele, <HIL><PDAT>Mobile Radio Communications</ITALIC><PDAT>, ((C)1992, IEEE Press, New York), pp. 106-111.</STEXT>
|Steele, Mobile Radio Communications, (©1992, IEEE Press, New York), pp. 106-111.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 10, 2003
|Apr 24, 2007
|Sandbridge Technologies, Inc.
|Doppler compensated receiver
|Oct 23, 2003
|Jun 10, 2008
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Audio information transforming method, audio information transforming program, and audio information transforming device
|Oct 22, 2003
|Jan 20, 2009
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Audio information transforming method, video/audio format, encoder, audio information transforming program, and audio information transforming device
|Oct 1, 2004
|Sep 6, 2011
|Broadcom Corporation
|System and method for signal limiting
|Sep 11, 2012
|Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated
|System and method for facilitating cognitive processing of simultaneous remote voice conversations
|Apr 7, 2008
|Dec 31, 2013
|Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated
|System and method for managing a multiplicity of text messages in an online game
|Sep 6, 2011
|May 6, 2014
|Broadcom Corporation
|System and method for signal limiting
|Dec 7, 2004
|Sep 16, 2014
|Broadcom Corporation
|System and method for signal amplification
|Oct 22, 2003
|Jun 24, 2004
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd
|Audio information transforming method, video/audio format, encoder, audio information transforming program, and audio information transforming device
|Oct 23, 2003
|Jul 1, 2004
|Satoshi Ogata
|Audio information transforming method, audio information transforming program, and audio information transforming device
|Jul 10, 2003
|Jan 13, 2005
|Sandbridge Technologies Inc.
|Doppler compensated receiver
|Oct 1, 2004
|Mar 10, 2005
|Shervin Moloudi
|System and method for signal limiting
|Dec 7, 2004
|May 12, 2005
|Shervin Moloudi
|System and method for signal amplification
|Jan 30, 2006
|Nov 2, 2006
|University Of Tennessee Research Foundation
|Protective antigen of group a streptococci
|Apr 7, 2008
|Oct 8, 2009
|Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated
|System And Method For Providing Adjustable Attenuation Of Location-Based Communication In An Online Game
|Apr 7, 2008
|Oct 8, 2009
|Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated
|System And Method For Managing A Multiplicity Of Text Messages In An Online Game
|Apr 11, 2008
|Oct 15, 2009
|Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated
|System And Method For Facilitating Cognitive Processing Of Simultaneous Remote Voice Conversations
|U.S. Classification
|375/344, 342/105, 367/90
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 21, 1999
Owner name: 3COM CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
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text:
Top Definition
the best kind of looking girl out there in the world
Damn i need a pinay in my life not some skinny ass white girl.
автор: moneyz 30 октября 2003
Trending Now
Slang for Filipino female.
Go, Pinay!
автор: MoonKnight 29 ноября 2002
a strong, beautiful, respected and empowered Pilipina woman who doesnt allow herself to be commodified, marginalized or objectified by anyone...a woman who will kick anyones as who calls her a bitch.
автор: applenvinegar 5 февраля 2003
The smartest, hottest, down to earth asian girls out there.
Pinays are everything in one package!
автор: Andrizz1e 30 декабря 2005
a fine filipino girl that is smart and intelligent. and most likely is a nurse when they will grow up
I am a PINAY!!
автор: moneyz 26 декабря 2003
the hottest asian female breed. They are shrewd chameleons who can do whatever they want and flexible enough to adapt to different cultures and nationalities. Most are clever so they excel in school but they become strict parents.
john "Josef dumped his italian chick."
john2 "He is pursuing a hot pinay he met at a party!"
john2 "He is pursuing a hot pinay he met at a party!"
автор: viajera 21 августа 2008

subset: commoncrawl


text:
IMDb > Cass (Character)
Top Linksmain detailsbiographyby votesphoto galleryquotes
Filmographiesby yearby typeby ratingsby votesby TV seriesby genreby keyword
Did You Know?photo galleryquotes
Cass (Character)
from "Doctor Who" (1963)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
FilmographyEdit Credits
There may be more credits available for this character. To edit the credits displayed or to add more credits to this character's filmography, click the Edit Credits link.
- "Doctor Who"
- The Robots of Death: Part Two (1977) TV episode, Played by Tariq Yunus
- The Robots of Death: Part One (1977) TV episode, Played by Tariq Yunus
Additional Details
You may correct errors and omissions on this page directly. Clicking the 'Update' button will take you through a step-by-step process.


text:
by Judd Legum Nov 2, 2015
Politico fearmongers over the federal prisoner release.
by Aviva Shen Jul 13, 2015
Obama has been criticized for being unusually stingy with his clemency powers.
by Aviva Shen Jul 7, 2015
Obama is preparing to shorten unfair sentences for some drug offenders in the next few weeks. Here are 4 people who have waited long enough.
by Aviva Shen Jun 26, 2015
The other Supreme Court ruling handed down Friday could change the lives of thousands of federal prisoners.
by Ian Millhiser Oct 28, 2014
If this panel of judges agrees that imprisonment is not the correct punishment for marijuana offenders, it is likely that many other judges hold the same view.
by Nicole Flatow Jul 24, 2014
One of the few bipartisan issues in Washington just got a little more bipartisan.
by Christie Thompson Apr 28, 2014
A proposal to shrink the state's expansive drug-free zones "just kind of died a little, lonely, pitiful death."
by Andrew Breiner Jan 9, 2014
In California's court system, black men are significantly less likely than white men to be offered treatment instead of prison time
by Nicole Flatow Dec 23, 2013
A man whose testimony was beaten out of him and a blogger who spoke his mind sat in jail this year. Several others who killed acquaintances with a gun will not.
by Nicole Flatow Dec 19, 2013
"If they had been sentenced under the current law, many of them would have already served their time and paid their debt to society," Obama said.


text:
Ayatana is a project to improve the user experience of the Ubuntu desktop.
The Ayatana project is intended to focus effort on improving user interaction with the desktop. This encompasses a large number of projects, which can be found on the Ayatana Wiki on Ubuntu.com.
There are several categories that take priority:
- Notifications
- Indicators
- Window management
- Launcher
- Places
- Settings
- Menus


text:
Mets Pitchers Kindly Speed Games Up
PHILADELPHIA—The Mets are not an easy team to watch these days. Their hitters tend to be slow and methodical, patient enough to drag out at-bats but not good enough to drive in runs—a mind-numbing combination. They don't hit many home runs. They rarely steal bases. And they've had some cringe-worthy moments in the field.
But in one, small regard, the Mets have been a viewer's delight. More than any team in baseball this year, they have minimized what is arguably the most snooze-inducing part of the game: the time from one pitch to the next.
The Mets entered Wednesday averaging just 20.4 seconds between pitches, according to FanGraphs, the fastest pace in the majors. Their starting pitchers have been particularly brisk, averaging 19.4 seconds between pitches, more than half a second faster than any other team.
There is, of course, no trophy for working the fastest. And speed is not a prerequisite for success. But Mets pitching coach Dan Warthen strongly discourages pitchers from dawdling on the mound.
"We want them to be the aggressor all the time," Warthen said. "We want them to get on the mound, throw the baseball and at least have the appearance of, 'We're going after you. This is our game, and you have to hit me.'"
Section 8.04 of the Major League Baseball rulebook requires pitchers to release the ball no more than 12 seconds after receiving it when the bases are empty and the batter is in the box. But the rule doesn't cover situations with men on base. And since umpires don't have stopwatches, it's more of a request than a requirement.
The average time between pitches this year is 22 seconds, according to FanGraphs. The site measures the time between each pitch or pickoff attempt within every plate appearance, excluding game delays such as mound visits.
The worst offenders are typically relievers. Detroit Tigers closer Jose Valverde is averaging a major-league-high 33 seconds between pitches this year, enough time for a commercial break after every pitch.
But even the Mets' slowest pitcher, closer Frank Francisco, is averaging just over 25 seconds between pitches. And their rotation is loaded with fast workers.
R.A. Dickey and Jon Niese rank third and fourth in the majors, respectively, with paces of 17.8 and 18 seconds between pitches. Jeremy Hefner is not far behind, at 18.4 seconds.
"The trick is how can you work quickly and still slow the game down?" Dickey said. "That's the trick. And it's hard. It takes time. When you work quick just for the sake of working quick, the game spins out of control on you. So you have to pick your times to take deep breaths. There's a real strategy to it."
The difference between the Mets and the slowest-working pitching staff in baseball may not seem like much. The Boston Red Sox rank last with an average pace of 24.1 seconds between pitches, just 3.7 seconds behind the Mets. But over the course of thousands of pitches——teams typically throw more than 20,000 in a season—those wasted seconds add up.
No one appreciates a fast-working pitching staff more than the fielders behind them, who spend countless hours per year standing and fidgeting as they wait for the next pitch.
"It just kind of keeps everybody involved," Mets outfielder Jason Bay said. "There's no lull. You don't get caught on your heels."
Mets fans might not be bubbling with enthusiasm over their team's lead in an obscure statistical category. But if you're looking for a semi-positive epitaph to their season, this one is as good as any.
The 2012 Mets: It could have been worse. The games could have taken longer.


text:
Laid back calm london vacation area.
A mid-Victorian, stone-built house of great charm and character, Carlton Seamill has been the much-loved home of the Rennie family for over 60 years. Superbly located on the North Ayrshire coast, the house enjoys spectacular, uninterrupted sea-views
In Troon on the SW coast of Scotland The Cherries B&B is a beautiful house backing on to 2 golf courses. There are 6 g.c.s within 5 mls and Royal Troon is one mile.Near beaches, restaurants. Glasgow 27mls,Edinburgh 70mls.Free WIFI, Great welcome !
Luxury 5 Star, no smoking, bed and breakfast home. Friendly and welcoming top quality accommodation, excellent breakfasts, beautiful garden and parking. One mile to city centre. Eating places 1/2 mile. No children so quiet relaxing base for Highlands
Family run Inn on the coastal path with award winning fish speciality restaurant
Recently refurbished victorian villa one and a quarter miles from the city centre most rooms have en-suite fac,cable tv,ironing fac,refreshment trays, we are close to all major tourist attractions a warm welcome awaites you at the alexander
Small friendly Bed and Breakfast Hotel in Conwy North Wales. We are ideally placed for Conwy Castle, and Snowdonia. All nine bedrooms are en-suite and you will receive a warm Welsh welcome, and a full breakfast to get you through the day.
Min Y Don caters for Ferry travellers to and from Ireland . Early breakfast and late arrivals are no problem 4 minutes from ferry by car 7 min walk courtesy car for foot passengers web site
Small, friendly hotel convenient for Town and Pleasure Beach. All rooms are en-suite with tea and coffee making facilities. Large bar with pool table and games machine. All welcome. View our hotel on web page:
City centre location, all rooms ensuite, private parking, close to university and just a few minutes walk to historic part of the city.
Select your destination in Freshwater We United Kingdom. Browse thousands of listings for accommodations, adventures, tours and travel services.


text:
As legislators were wrapped up the 2009 session, a rally on the southern steps of the Capitol pushed them to pass one more piece of legislation.
Attendees wanted the representatives to approve Kansas Senate Concurrent Resolution 1609, which calls on the federal government to stop penalizing states or withholding funds if they don't comply with federal mandates.
They called such legislation a violation of the 10th Amendment. The group, Kansas 912, organized the effort.


text:
well that's just, like, your opinion, man
Denard Robinson
Record Watch: NCAA Career QB Rushing record
With today's 128 yard rushing performance, Denard continued to close in on Pat White's QB rushing record. To break the record in the six guaranteed games we have left, #16 must average 75 yards per game on the ground.
Pat White- 4,480 yards
Denard Robinson- 4,032 yards
If we get to a bowl game, the average drops to: 64 yards/game. If we make it to the Big Ten championship game (and a bowl), it drops to 56 yards/game.
VIDEO: Michigan - Illinois Postgame
Denard and Morgan:
Ryan and Omameh:
OT(?): quick impact at the QB position
Without numerous mentions of UMich (past, present, and future ... no kidding) this would probably be too "OT" for the board:
Opinions expressed in the article (such as the one about Gardner) are not necessarily those of the OP.
VIDEO: Denard Interview (10/3)
Sorry this is late. I was busy with my meltdown.
Smart Football: 2QB Zone Read
I'm not about to suggest that Borges should, or could, install a 2QB Zone Read package, but given our situation with Robinson/Gardner it certainly peaked my interest to see this piece from Chris Brown at Smart Football. Not a lot I can add beyond linking and embedding the video, but it's a cool wrinkle and I figured some readers may be interested if they haven't seen it.
The 2010 Myth
There is a myth that lives on this board that Denard was a better passer in 2010. This post is not meant to excuse Al Borges' playcalling, or bash Rich Rod, or elevate Lloyd Carr's run-run-run-punt strategy. It's just a look at the falsity that Denard was a better passer in 2010.
The unfortunate, painful truth that this diary reveals is that our passing offense is not much better than it was in 2010, when it wasn't very good at all (when it mattered).
Let's throw out the garbage games and focus on Michigan's games against opponents that had respectable defenses in 2010:
- Ohio (3rd in total yds)
- Iowa (16th in total yds)
- Wisconsin (23rd in total yds)
- Michigan State (32nd in total yds)
You might be wondering, "Where is Notre Dame and Penn State on that list?" Well, I'm glad you asked. They were 46th and 48th...behind powerhouses like San Diego State, Hawaii, and ILLINOIS!!! (the team we scored 67 points against). So they sucked. But we still lost to Penn State. Even though they sucked. Because our defense was, well, worser.
I don't need to lay out the stats from the ohio game. They trounced us, and Denard got pulled in favor of Forcier at the end of the game. We couldn't move the ball at all, and scored only 7 points.
Let's move on to Iowa...
Their defense was ranked 16th in 2010, and yet we were able to score 28 points. This is actually the best comparable for this weekend's Notre Dame game, since ND is ranked 17th in total defense right now. Yes, we lost the game by a score of 28-38, and those four TDs sure do look good...but only because you either don't remember what happened or judge a book (or score) by it's cover (or...score). Here are some relevant stats:
- Denard 13/18, 98 yds, 1 TD, 1 INT
- Forcier 17/26, 239, 1 TD, 2 INT
But here's the most important stat: We only scored 7 points when Denard was on the field. Denard get could get yards (108 on 18 carries) but not points. Iowa was stacking the box, and all the offense could muster was a TD on a drive when Denard threw three passes: one was incomplete, one was for a 6 yd. loss, and the last was a screen to Smith for an 8 yd. TD. Denard got hurt in the 3rd quarter and in came Forcier.
It was Forcier that brought the team back in that game, and Forcier that sealed our fate with his INTs. It's worth noting that completing passes underneath when you're behind by 21 points is MUCH easier. In fact, that leads to lots of confusion about the effectiveness of Denard's passing and the 2010 offense in general: we got loads of "soft" yards because we were hopelessly behind and our opponents played softer coverages and lighter fronts.
Wisconsin has a similar storyline, except that Denard played much more that game. We scored exactly ZERO points in the first half (although we did miss a 30 yd. field goal). With a 24 point lead, Wisconsin converted to prevent defense, and allowed us back in the game. Denard stayed in this time, and racked up a nice, meaningless statline: 16/25 for 239 yds, 2 TDs, and, of course, 1 INT. The important part: Denard was 4/9 for 22 yds passing in the first half. When Wisconsin was playing their base defense, Denard couldn't pass. Only the gooey butter cake version of Wiscy's D allowed DR some meaningless passing yardage. Further proof of this came in the fourth quarter, when we had come back to make it a 21-31 game. Denard couldn't move the ball anymore.
The final example is, perhaps, the most damning. Michigan State had a good-but-not-great defense in 2010. Their success was largely a result of their schedule and some good defensive coaching. They lost badly to Iowa (and 'Bama), snuck by a pretty lousy ND team in overtime, and narrowly edged out a VERY average Penn State team. Their only quality win was against Wisconsin, and that game was played in East Lansing. Despite their easy schedule, the Spartan defense was still only ranked 32nd in total yds. Michigan actually had the lead twice in this game, up 3-0 in the first quarter and 10-7 in the second. Denard was 6/8 for 51 yds in the first quarter, but threw an INT in the endzone. In the second quarter, Denard shined again. He was 4/6 for 81 yds and a TD. At the half, Michigan was down 10-17.
The second half was a very, very different story. Denard was 7/15 for 82yds and 2 INTs. The same guy we saw against ND. Only against a defense that wasn't nearly as good. And we were at home. The 4th quarter TD was only scored after MSU had rung-up a 21 point lead.
So here's the bottom line: Denard has never been a good passer, or even an average passer. And against good defenses, we won't win until he's able to throw the ball somewhat effectively. Maybe that's why Borges keeps making him throw, especially before the B1G season starts.
So what's the difference between now and 2010? The defense. Because our Greg defense is not our GERG defense, we are in every game, and teams don't stop stacking the box against Denard. They don't stop blitzing. They don't play soft coverage. So Denard never gets to ring-up his stats, and looks even worse.
I certainly won't excuse Borges' playcalling on Saturday--it needed to be better. But the fact is that our only quality wins have come when Denard has been able to make plays in the passing game (or Hemingway was able to bail out Denard) and I expect it stay that way. If Denard can't pass, we're screwed, and 4 or 5 losses is our best case scenario.


text:
An article in Friday's Empire about the Juneau Assembly adding funds to social service programs requires clarification. If available, additional alcohol tax earnings might be used to cover programs that were not funded Thursday, including part of a request from Alaska Legal Services, according to Assembly members.
Juneau Empire © 2016. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Service | Privacy Policy / About Our Ads


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Pink Ribbon Fitness Products: New Balance, Under Armour, Odwalla, and More
Get Your Pink On: Breast Cancer Awareness Gear
Photo 1 of 6
ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides)
Get Your Pink On: Breast Cancer Awareness Gear
In case you missed it, October is Breast Cancer Awareness month. The month is flooded with pink ribbon products including nail polish and cookie cutters. Cute nails and sweet treats are fun, but there's also a bevvy of pink ribbon workout gear available these days. I have rounded up some of my faves that will not only help you on your road to fitness and health, but a percentage of the profits from these products is donated to breast cancer organizations both big and small.
Source: Thinkstock


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Adelaide Tambo
Adelaide Frances Tambo
18 July 1929
Top Location, Vereeniging[1]
|31 January 2007
(aged 77)
Johannesburg, South Africa
|South African
|Anti-Apartheid activist, politician
|Known for
|Anti apartheid activist
|Oliver Tambo
Adelaide "Mama" Tambo (18 July 1929 – 31 January 2007) was a prominent anti-apartheid activist, political exile, and regarded as a hero of the liberation struggle against apartheid in South Africa.
Born as Adelaide Frances Tshukudu, she was affectionately known as Mama Tambo in South Africa. She was involved in South African politics for five decades and was married to the late Oliver Tambo, president of the African National Congress (ANC), from 1956 until his death from a stroke in 1993. They had three (3) children; one of whom, their son, Dali, is a television talk-show personality.
Following the end of apartheid, she served as a member of parliament from 1994 to 1999.[2]
Adelaide Tambo received the Order of the Baobab in Gold, one of the highest honours bestowed by the post-1994 South African government.[3] The South African Anglican Church awarded her the Order of Simon of Cyrene, the highest award given to laypeople for distinguished service.[4]
Tambo died on 31 January 2007, aged 77 at her home in Johannesburg, South Africa from undisclosed causes.[5]
She was buried next to her husband in her home town of Wattville on 10 February 2007. The service was held in a stadium and led by Anglican Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane. Among the thousands of mourners were presidents Thabo Mbeki and Nelson Mandela.[4]
- ^ "Adelaide Tambo". The Independent.
- ^ "Struggle hero Adelaide Tambo dies". News24. 1 February 2007.
- ^ "Profile of Adelaide Tambo". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
- ^ a b "Anti-apartheid stalwart mourned", BBC News Online, 10 February 2007
- ^ "ANC mourns 'heroine of the nation'". IOL. 1 February 2007.
External links[edit]
- Obituary, The Independent, 2 February 2007
- Obituary, The Times, 2 February 2007
- Obituary, The Guardian, 2 February 2007
Further reading[edit]
- Short biography of Adelaide Tambo on SAhistory.org.za.
- PBS interview with Adelaide Tambo about Nelson Mandela.
- Adelaide Tambo's political profile on the website of the ANC.
|This article about a politician from the Republic of South Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
The Best of The Triple Threat 07-27-2016The Best of The Triple Threat, from Wednesday 07-27-2016
The Best of the Triple Threat 07-21-2016The Best of the Triple Threat, from Thursday 07-21-2016
Triple Threat with Tilman Fertitta On Houston Cougars FootballSean, Rich & Ted talk to U of H Board of Regents Chairman Tilman Fertitta about getting the Houston Cougars into the Big 12 conference.
Triple Threat on the Houston Cougars and the Big 12Sean, Rich & Ted talk about Tilman Fertitta, chairman of the Board of Regents for the University of Houston, who had some hot takes on getting his school into the Big 12. He said that Big 12 schools are scared of the Cougars.
This Week In College Football: 4 Takeaways From First 4 WeeksConference season ramps up this week, here's what I've learned so far.
NCAA Football Preview: Will TCU Win Its First Outright Big 12 Title?The Horned Frogs enter the season with very high expectations.
Houston Nutt: I'm With Commissioner Bowlsby
Bailiff & Owls aim for six straight & Redding on officiating today's footballHead Football Coach David Bailiff & the Owls are quietly preparing to win their 6th straight & 10th consecutive homecoming game. Meanwhile, officiating these games has become big business says Redding.
CFT- Baylor can make a run, says MorrisThe 2014 college football season is taking the nation by storm with the advent of the 4-team playoff. One of those teams looking to crack the top 4 is Baylor. John Morris says they have a shot with good reason.
CFT - SEC & Big 12 have their eyes on HoustonThe SEC and Big 12 have big interests in Houston and Texas; that's not really a secret. However, other than talent and current footprint, what lies ahead for those conferences in Houston? We explore.
Big 12 Releases 2012 Football ScheduleThe 2012 slate is minus Texas A&M and an exciting regular-season finale week.
Texas A&M Fire Sherman; Sumlin Aggies Top ChoiceThe Aggies obviously didn't see a future with Sherman as they leave the Big 12 to head into the SEC next season. They will begin their existence in the toughest conference in the nation with a clean slate.


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10/16/2014 | Former ARRL Staff Member Mary Lau, N1VH, SK
Former ARRL Staff Member Mary Lau, N1VH, SK.
Learn More
08/26/2014 | 2014 ARRL Field Day Logs Received List Available for Review
2014 ARRL Field Day Logs Received List Available for Review.
Learn More
07/01/2014 | NASA Astronaut's ISS Field Day Operation Puts Smiles on Several Faces
NASA Astronaut Reid Wiseman, KF5LKT, got on the air from NA1SS on the ISS for Field Day.
Learn More
06/24/2014 | International Space Station Crew May Be On the Air for Field Day
Members of the International Space Station Crew may be on the air for Field Day.
Learn More
06/23/2014 | States, Counties, Communities Recognize the Value of Amateur Radio
States, counties, and communities across the US have formally recognized the value of Amateur Radio.
Learn More
06/20/2014 | The K7RA Solar Update
Fluctuating solar activity in the forecast
Learn More
06/16/2014 | Field Day 2014 is at Hand, and Everyone is Invited!
Field Day 2014 is just days away! Don't miss it!
Learn More
05/30/2014 | Hundreds of Clubs Register their FD 2014 Sites on the ARRL Field Day Locator!
The ARRL Field Day locator can help you find Field Day 2014 sites in your area.
Learn More


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Books Reading Today
posted by September 7 at 10:00 AMon
An open mic and two readings today.
At Town Hall, Brian Greene reads. Greene wrote the fabulously popular string theory book The Elegant Universe a few years ago. That's good. Unfortunately his new book, Icarus at the Edge of Time, is about his relationship with his son. That doesn't sound so good. But the man himself should be good, even if his book sounds a bit touchy-feely.
And at the Ballard Library, Brunonia Barry reads from The Lace Reader. It's a novel about people who can read the future in the patterns of lace. I'm vaguely interested in itthe premise reminds me of The Intuitionist, and I tend to be a sucker for somebody-knows-the-future novelsbut it also looks a little book clubby. Plus, the book's website is incredibly annoying, which is not the author's fault, but still.
The full readings calendar, including the next week or so, is here.


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There are two terms used for pairs of words (in the same or different languages) that look similar but are actually unrelated: false friend and false cognate. Are these terms synonymous? If not, what's the difference?
Sign up
- Anybody can ask a question
- Anybody can answer
- The best answers are voted up and rise to the top
They are distinct.
True cognates, true friends
Words with a common etymology and modern form and meaning. These are extremely numerous, of course.
True cognates, false friends
Words with a common etymology but which have shifted to have different meanings.
False cognates, true friends
Words etymologically unrelated that nevertheless now have similar meanings (typically by coincidence, but sometimes by influence/reinforcement).
False cognates, false friends
These are completely unrelated words that happen to look similar:
Most often, the expression "false cognate" is used as a synonym for "false friend". If you google with them, you will mostly find pages that use them synonymously.
However, other meanings have also been proposed. In Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics edited by Keith Allan, the article "False friends", p. 308–309, describes false cognates as a special case of false friends, namely false friends that are not etymologically related. And in a Unilang discussion, it was suggested (without references) that "false cognates are words that look the same and have the same meaning but have different roots", so that false cognates would not be false friends at all.
Thus, the expression "false cognate" is best avoided, since it has different meanings to different people. When you encounter it, assume that it probably means "false friend", but with some suspicion: it might mean something rather different.


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Brandied Eggnog
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 0 mins
A friend made this at a Christmas party and it was so good. I had to get the recipe--now I am sharing it with you. I hope you enjoy it as much as I did.:)
Ingredients Nutrition
- 5 scoops French vanilla ice cream or 5 scoops eggnog ice cream
- 1⁄4 cup brandy
- 1⁄4 cup milk
- 2 tablespoons Grand Marnier (orange-flavored liqueur) (optional)
- 1⁄4 teaspoon grated nutmeg
- In blender, combine ice cream, brandy, milk, Grand Marnier, if desired, and 1/8 teaspoon nutmeg and blend until mixture is smooth and frothy.
- Pour into 4 glasses and sprinkle with remaining nutmeg.


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Photo 585 of 613 Show all
9 July 2002
Photo by Jonathan Hession - © Spyglass Entertainment Group, LP. All rights reserved.
Titles: Reign of Fire
Names: Christian Bale
Characters: Quinn Abercromby
Reign of Fire (60)
Quinn Abercromby (16)
Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!IMDb Mobile site
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Sesame Street Season 46
Sesame Street's 46th season officially began Saturday January 16 on HBO. After you see the new episodes, post here and let us know your thoughts.
The Muppets. Second place in the Top Box Office
Discussion in 'Muppet Headlines' started by MUPPETMONKEY, Nov 27, 2011.


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From the list below, choose the disorder that best matches each description. Write the name of the disorder in the blank.
Renal failure
Kidney stones
Electrolyte imbalance
Mr. Wincenz has a severe kidney infection that is damaging to the nephrons. Antibiotics are being administered with caution so as to avoid further damage that could lead to kidney failure.


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By Vince LittleApril 4, 2012
FORT BENNING, Ga. (April 4, 2012) -- The Army and Marine Corps Infantry schools are seeing how the other half lives this spring.
Two Sand Hill drill sergeants from 2nd Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment, have traded places with a pair of Marine combat instructors assigned to the Infantry Training Battalion, School of Infantry (East), on Camp Geiger at Marine Corps Air Station New River in Jacksonville, N.C. The Soldiers left March 12, and are expected back Saturday. Army officials said the Marines' timetable is roughly a week behind, so there will be some overlap here.
The branches are building stronger bonds in an effort to cultivate new ideas, techniques and approaches to combat training while sharing lessons learned from the battlefield, said Sgt. 1st Class David Gibson, the senior drill sergeant for 4th Platoon, C Company, in 2-54 Inf.
"We want to get a better understanding of what our sister service is doing with their Infantry," he said. "Right now, we're mostly learning we have a lot of similarities. On the battlefield, there have been many times I've worked with the Marines hand in hand. To be able to work together like this will help things go seamlessly for these trainees whenever they're on a patrol or in a firefight together later on."
Staff Sgt. Nicholas White, one of Gibson's drill sergeants, is wrapping up his stint with the Marines this week. Filling his spot in C Company is Marine Corps Sgt. Aaron Mutter, who arrived March 21 and "hit the ground running," Gibson said.
During his time on Sand Hill, Mutter will advise and instruct Soldiers in Marine Corps tactics and techniques. He said he'd contrast that to what's being done in the Army and see if any new concepts emerge.
"I'm thoroughly impressed with the Soldiers here so far," he said. "I just want to ensure they understand the history and heritage behind the Marine Corps. As a combat instructor, I want to make sure they understand why we do what we do and how to do it the proper way."
While there are many parallels in training, a few differences are obvious, both sides say.
For starters, every prospective Marine, regardless of their military occupational specialty, or MOS, goes through boot camp together, either in San Diego or at Parris Island, S.C., before moving on to specialized training. Army drill sergeants, on the other hand, combine the two in one station unit training.
"It's pretty amazing they can be the strong fist for basic training and also mentor Soldiers in their specific Infantry job," Mutter said. "They're really crunched for time here. We have a little more time -- we get 59 days for our combat training and we train every Infantry MOS.
"Patrolling is a very big piece of our program. In the Army, it's about a week long."
Tactically, the Army has two teams of nine-member squads. The Marines place 13 on each squad and move out with three teams.
"The Marine Corps is big on small-unit warfare," said Mutter, who's deployed twice to Iraq and once to Afghanistan. "Small-unit maneuvers are what wins wars. You have to get up on the enemy and take away their positions. We have a patrolling exercise coming up here, and I'm anxious to see if I can take something away from it."
Likewise for Gibson, who said the Infantry Soldiers could acquire more firepower on the ground by incorporating some of the Marine squad tactics.
"(Mutter) will be teaching the privates what to do and what not to do -- he just happens to wear a different uniform," he said. "This gives trainees a full understanding of their TTPs (tactics, techniques and procedures) across the board. They're getting the best combat training experience from the Army and Marines. You can't beat that."
Gibson said the swap will provide the two Marine combat instructors with a "better understanding of how we conduct our business," which should widen their knowledge base upon returning to North Carolina.
"It can only better all of us," Mutter said. "When I get back, I can tell them exactly what I've seen from the Army side and what they do. We fight side by side and go into combat together. It's the Infantry -- we're all in this together."


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Guys & Girls:
Virginia Tech has a very diverse campus, and that being said you can find guys/girls in almost any sort of group. Sorority girls dress like sorority girls, and VT has lots of attractive ladies! Unfortunately, many of them here at Tech are not interested in relationships, and for some reason I just do not see a lot of them around here.
Guys & Girls:
Most are attractive people, but the personalities are really what makes everyone great. Hokie nation!
Guys & Girls:
I spent a lot of time with hook ups.
Guys & Girls:
I've been around many different people but one thing they all have in common is how nice they are. It's easy to find a group of people to hang out with and have common interests.
Guys & Girls:
Everyone is extremely nice and friendly, people are very social and outgoing.
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With around 20,000 undergrads at Tech, there are bound to be at least a few hotties wandering around campus. But Tech students will tell you that there are a disproportionately large number of good-looking students at Tech, and they're distributed across academic interests. The engineering departments are definitely dominated by guys, while there are tons of female psychology majors. Luckily, students tend to hang out across majors so the male/female ratio evens out. Most times, Tech students don't notice the ratio, and there always seems to be plenty of the opposite sex around.
While students usually dress casually for class, they make a conscious effort to look their best when going out on the town. You never know who you'll meet. Students who spend their evening on campus can only hang out in opposite sex rooms till 2 a.m. in most dorms. This rule isn't very strictly enforced, and roommates usually work out visiting rules between themselves. While students are focused on having a good time, Schiffert Health Center aims to keep everyone safe. The health center sells Trojan condoms for discounted prices and offers discrete STD and HIV testing. Sometimes, it seems like half of the reason for going to class is academics, and the other half is to check people out. Tech students consider their campus to be a pretty attractive one overall. Students make sure that tests and grades don't limit them from getting out and meeting people. Tech students are generally friendly, especially when talking to a cute classmate.
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trox commented on "Lacon querceus (Herbst, 1784)":
The distribution map need actualization. See: http://www.kerbtier.de/Pages/Themenseiten/Lacon/Fotos/enMap.jpg
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..a lifestyle blog filled with recipes, photography, poems, and DIY
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One of our favorite dishes at The King and I restaurant is their Pad Kai Long Song.
Traditionally this dish, also knowView full post »
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Paul Mitchell Curls Ultimate Wave Beachy Texture Cream Gel
2 reviews
0% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.5
Price: $$$$
Package Quality: 3.5
Price: $$$$
Not tested on animals
INGREDIENTSAqua (Water, Eau), Alcohol, Polyurethane-14, Aminomethyl Propanol, Polyacrylic Acid, Wheat Amino Acids, AMP-Acrylates Copolymer, PEG-12 Dimethicone, Hydrolyzed Keratin, Trametes Versicolor Extract, PVP, DMDM Hydantoin, Cinnamidopropyltrimonium Chloride, Tetrasodium EDTA, Butylene Glycol, Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate, Parfum (Fragrance), Limonene, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Hydroxycitronellal, Geraniol, Hydroxyisohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde, Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone
on 1/23/2013 5:21:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Blue
I didn't care for this product much. It smelled great, but that was about the only thing I really liked. The packaging was fine.
The product was very tacky and my hair just looked dirty when I was finished. I have pretty coarse, thick hair with strong waves/loose curls, and with this product they looked stringy and limp, while also looking poofy and frizzy. Maybe I touched it too much. Either way, not a great look for me. I'm not sure I'd recommend this for anyone.
on 12/16/2012 11:16:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Combination, Olive, Warm
Hair: Red, Curly, Coarse
Eyes: Green
This is probably not intended for my coarse, 3b/a, low-porosity curls. Usually any product that promises "beachy" hair means "bristely" hair for me, and this gel follows suit. It dries out my hair like crazy, plus it feels gluey and sticky.. When this is applied in my wet hair, my hair starts frizzing before it gets the chance to curl.
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So I want to set up a server with Raid 1. The machine currently is running Ubuntu server and has a media drive that is shared with people in my house. I would like the media drive, all home folders and all my MYSQL databases on the raid array. I just bought 2 1.5 TB hard drives, and the plan was to reload the OS on these drives and set them up for raid 1. Both of my room-mates however tell me I should do this a different way. They say that I should keep the OS drive that I am currently using and just replace the media drive with the raid array.
My question is which set up is better? just replacing one drive with the raid array, or the whole system with the raid array. If I do the former, how will I ensure that my databases are on the array? Any suggestions or advice would be appreciated.


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- Modern (5)
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SDL Scavenger A Lode Runner like game.
SdlScavenger A fun 2-D game like Lode Runner. With 196 very good puzzle screens to solve. Works in linux or Windows using (SDL) libraries. Has many many improvements over the original XScavenger game available at http://www.xdr.com/dash/scavenger.html6 weekly downloads
Joyst.c written in Borland C.2.0 Subject inputs patient number, has the option of practice, then recordings begin. Horizontal bar records subject's pain level with manipulation of arrow keys or joystick int 15h,84. not USB joystick. File I/O.4 weekly downloads
LiteStep is a replacement desktop interface for Windows. LiteStep replaces your desktop interface in any way that you might find useful (and eye catching). LiteStep provides the way to make your desktop interface unique, enjoyable and dynamic.
MSGraph is a program designed for the interactive, fast, qualitative analysis of mass spectrometric (MS) data. It is a tool to provide fast and simple access to all the information contained in an LC/MS analysis run.
Graphical level editor for the Bubble Bobble arcade game, which allows you to save patches to share with friends.


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At WakeMed, we employ a community of compassionate professionals that we believe truly represent the "best minds and biggest hearts" in the business.
Our team includes over 7,000 experienced registered nurses, technologists, medical professionals, support staff, and a medical staff of more than 1,000 physicians and mid-level providers.
When it comes to culture and benefits, we recognize that when we take good care of our employees, our employees can take even better care of our patients. Flexible shifts. Family-friendly benefits. Special savings and retirement plans. Day care. Continuing education. The Wake Way. Management and colleagues who recognize there are times when you and your family come first.
Please visit us regularly and browse our current career opportunities. For a comprehensive list of our employee benefits.
WakeMed is proud to offer competitive salaries that reflect background, experience and special skills. We promote diversity in the workplace and provide equal employment opportunity for all qualified applicants.
Are you a nurse with at least 2 years of experience in an operating room looking for full-time employment? If the answer is yes, then we are looking for you – and we are offering generous incentives.
Location: The WakeMed Raleigh CampusExperience: 2+ Years in an ORPositions: Clinical Nurse, Clinical Nurse II, or Clinical Nurse, First AssistIncentive Options: $5,000 - $15,000 with 1-year, 2-year or 3-year contract optionsTo be eligible for the incentives, you must begin employment by August 29th and not have been employed by WakeMed in the past six months. Come work with us!
To learn more about your future career in WakeMed Surgical Services, contact Recruiter Michelle Mullican at (919) 350-8979 or email email@example.com.
WakeMed Health & Hospitals is proud to be a tobacco-free workplace.
WakeMed Health & Hospitals adheres to the statutes and regulations listed on the United States Department of Labor's Web site.


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Vt Lottery announces million-dollar winner
BERLIN The Vermont Lottery has identified the $1 million winner who purchased the lucky Mega Millions ticket in Berlin.
Irving Lawrence Jr., of Berlin, bought the ticket at the Maplewood Convenience Store. The ticket was worth $250,000, but since Lawrence bought the $1 Megaplier, the total winnings quadrupled.
In a news release Tuesday from the Vermont Lottery, Lawrence said his 10-year-old grandson had recently opened a fortune cookie that said the familys financial situation was going to change.
The lottery said the Lawrence family did not have any immediate plans for the money but were planning a trip or two as well as some home improvements and investments.
The Maplewood Convenience Store will receive $1,000 for selling the winning ticket. Lottery agents receive a 1 percent bonus for selling tickets worth at least $500.MORE IN This Just InPHILADELPHIA Many delegates from Vermont arrived at the Democratic National Convention this... Full StoryWhite River Junction A Windsor Superior Court judge this week denied a prison sentence... Full StoryBARRE A Maine woman is accused of forging checks and selling off items that didnt belong to her. Full Story
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The Red Heartby James Alexander Thom
View All Available Formats & Editions
The Slocum family of Northeastern Pennsylvania are the best of the white settlers, peace-loving Quakers who believe that the Indians hold the Light of God inside. It is from this good-hearted family that Frances is abducted during the Revolutionary war.
As the child's terror subsides, she is slowly drawn into the sacred work and beliefs of her adoptive mother and
The Slocum family of Northeastern Pennsylvania are the best of the white settlers, peace-loving Quakers who believe that the Indians hold the Light of God inside. It is from this good-hearted family that Frances is abducted during the Revolutionary war.
As the child's terror subsides, she is slowly drawn into the sacred work and beliefs of her adoptive mother and of all the women of these Eastern tribes. Frances becomes Maconakwa, the Little Bear Woman of the Miami Indians. Then, long after the Indians are beaten and their last hope, Tecumseh, is killed, the Slocums hear word of their long-lost daughter and head out to Indiana to meet their beloved Frances. But for Maconakwa, it is a moment of truth, the test of whether her heart is truly a red one.
Editorial Reviews
Product Details
- 9780345364715
- Publisher:
- Random House Publishing Group
- Publication date:
- 09/28/1998
- Edition description:
- Reissue
- Pages:
- 544
- Sales rank:
- 361,370
- Product dimensions:
- 4.20(w) x 6.90(h) x 1.20(d)
What People are saying about this
Meet the Author
James Alexander Thom lives in the Indiana hill country near Bloomington with his wife, Dark Rain of the Shawnee Nation, United Remnant Band. He has been a U.S. Marine, a newspaper and magazine editor, and a member of the faculty at the Indiana University Journalism School. Thom is the author of Follow the River, Long Knife, From Sea to Shining Sea, Panther in the Sky, for which he won the prestigious Western Writers of America Spur award for best historical novel, and The Children of First Man.
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Another wonderful story written by James Alexander Thom. My first novel I read of his was "Follow the River" and from that wonderful story I was hooked on his novels. He is a brilliant author and every book is an enchanting story that brings you into the characters lives along with their surroundings. I would have to say this by far the best story I have read. It's an adult version of "Standing in the Light", from the Dear America diaries. This story begins by the kidnapping of Frances when she is only five by Lenape Indians. For seventy years she lived among and as Native. She went through many obstacles not only as a woman but as a Native. At a young age she is married to a Lenape warrior (Like Wood.) The marriage only lasts a few years from his mistreatment of her caused by his addition to alcohol. Eventually she marries a Miami warrior (The Awl, who later becomes Deaf Man.) She has two sons and two daughters by this man and they live a long, happy, and romantic life together. After her husband dies and her daughters marry she decided to tell her story, believing that she shouldn't die with her secret. Soon her story has reached her relatives who after many years of searching for her find peace. This is a must read story that brings the reader to many historical events in Native American history. I really hope that Hollywood makes a movie of this novel and many other novels by James Alexander Thom.
Five year old Frances Slocum, a quaker girl, is taken in an Indian raid and given to a woman of the tribe to replace her children lost in raids by the whites. Frances, named first 'good face,' is lovingly embraced by her foster mother and then grandparents, and becomes a respected member of her adoptive people. After a long, bitter struggle with the whites, Good Face, now known as Maconaqua, has one square mile of land left for her family and remaining people to survive on. Then her Quaker family, who have been searching for her for years, appear in a nearby village and ask to see her. Maconaqua must decide if her heart is truly red or white. * Based on a true story, the story, the memorable characters, and the writing make this novel one of the best culture clash novels I have read. Highly recommended.
my husband read this book,he said really good
A poignant tale as told by the native American point of view. Made me ashamed to be white.
Another great book from Thom. Excellently written and discribed well. Really paints a picture in your mind and makes you think you're there. Once you start you can't put it down.


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I got this message on my site title "Hacked By Faraz Security TEAM" . I had just installed wordpress today. I was working on the site while this was happening so I just uninstalled wordpress. Now I am afraid to install it again. I have several wordpress sites though!
How could this happen? What can I do to protect my site?
It was version 2.6


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InterestsI eat rectumly
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Review: Prince of Persia: Warrior Within - Dropped the bombJan 7, 2005
Becareful guys, this game WILL dissappoint you. First of all what happened to the story? Same guy but why does everything have to be so out of wack! I mean come on! And the story, WTF happened there its as if this thing just, i dont know, died?...
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"Home of the Russian Air Force" Monino by el_ruso
Monino Travel Guide: 23 reviews and 34 photos
This is an amazing museum - exciting to a casual visitor and even more so for an aficionado of aviation. It houses virtually every airplane built in Russia and Soviet Union, even one-of-a-kind and experimental craft.
If you are not a Russian citizen, access is somewhat difficult.
You will need to fax your passport/ visa info to colonel Goncharov a couple of days in advance of your visit and give the anticipated day of your visit. *You also must give the Make and License Plate # of the vehicle in which you are planning to arrive.* Further, you MUST be accompanied by a Russian citizen to gain access. Fax # is 095-747-3928.
The museum is next to the air force base, which is why the heightened security. You enter through the gate of the air base town, present your documents to the lieutenant-colonel in the gatehouse, and he will give you a pass which you must give to the guards when you are leaving. Also get the detailed directions, because there are no signs to the museum.
Then when you arrive to the museum, you must enter a small wooden building where you buy ticket and can hire a guide. Entry for two people plus guide cost 700R.
Take Shosse Entuziastov east out of Moscow. After you pass Kupavna, about 30 km outside of the city boundary, the first light will be "Moninskiy povorot", turn left, then turn left again before the RR bridge, and some distance further you will see the main entrance into the air base on your left.
- Pros:amazing, one-of-a-kind collection
- Cons:difficult access
- In a nutshell:a must see if you are interested in Soviet history
Reviews (20)
Il 2 and Il 10 were the mass-produced armored ground attack aircraft that were the scourge of the German army. They... more travel advice
This was the most common Soviet bomber of WW II. more travel advice
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This is the main competitor of Su 35, and is one of the most advanced jets in the world. more travel advice
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El_Ruso, we have a love affair of airlplanes! My greatgrandfather is a pilot, my father-in-law is a pilot, my brother-in-law is a pilot and my daughter is a pilot! We will definitely visit this place!
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Even though there were no significant changes made to a recommendation by the city's planning and zoning board to approve, the St. Clair Board of Aldermen kicked a home occupancy permit program draft ordinance back to that group for review.
The request came from Ward 2 Alderman Travis Dierker, who doubles as a member of the city's planning board.
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How much of the recent increase in BRK's price might be due to investors shifting into BRK because of possible increase in taxes on dividends down the road?
I think it is more of a qe3 thing. brk is a good stock for forien accounts because there is no income to report, dividend stocks may become a good deal for a certain range of investers (depending on income).


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HOME College Alabama Crimson Tide Gear Alabama Crimson Tide Jackets College Jackets (103 items) Product ID: 663172
Main Content
- 100% Polyester fabric
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- Imported
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- Olympic collar
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- Two front zip pockets
- Full Zip
- Imported
- Brand: Colosseum
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Choose Download Location
WinSCP 5.7.7
You have chosen to download WinSCP 5.7.7. Check the file details to make sure this is the correct program and version, and that your operating system is supported.
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Home Health Care Dubuque, IA 52001
Home Health Care in Dubuque, IA can be categorized as either non-medical (home care) or Medicare certified (home health). Non-medical home care includes personal care and help with everyday activites, while Medicare certified home health care ranges fom skilled nursing to physical / occupational therapy.
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