text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 11, 1998
|Filing date
|Dec 16, 1996
|Priority date
|Jan 25, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Matti Manninen, Kari Peltonen, Reijo Vesala
|Original Assignee
|A. Ahlstrom Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (34), Classifications (22), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/377,745, filed Jan. 25, 1995, now abandoned.
The invention relates to a method and apparatus that are specifically designed to mix large amounts (i.e. at least about 10% by, volume) of gas into a cellulosic fiber suspension (paper pulp), particularly medium consistency fiber suspensions. The invention is particularly applicable to the mixing of ozone gas with a fiber suspension to effect bleaching since the reactant ozone gas can be provided only in relatively small percentages of the amount of gas added to the suspension because of the need to entrain the ozone gas in a carrier gas (such as oxygen or air).
In the bleaching of medium consistency cellulosic fiber suspension, that is pulp having a consistency of about 8-25% solids, and typically about 10-15%, during the practice of ozone bleaching the pulp medium typically contains approximately 40-80% fiber suspension and approximately about 60-20% gas, more typically 50 to 70% fiber suspension and 50 to 30% gas. To evenly feed such a large volume of gas into a medium consistency cellulosic fiber suspension while achieving homogenous mixing is difficult since the gas tends to separate from the suspension due to local pressure differentials. This results in increased chemical usage (typically ozone usage, although the invention is also applicable to other gaseous mediums such as hydrogen peroxide). Present bleaching facilities also have difficulties --when utilizing such large volumes of gas--with uneven bleaching and poor process runnability.
A number of known mixers are used for mixing ozone into pulp. Some of these mixers have previously been used for mixing liquid chemicals as well as for mixing gaseous chemicals. Typically, the mixers are efficient only when mixing relatively small gas volumes. Such mixers have operated satisfactorily with several gaseous chemicals used in bleaching. Attempts have also been made to use them for mixing ozone. It has been noted, however, that although a mixer has been able to satisfactorily mix small amounts of gas with a fiber suspension, the mixing of large amounts of gas, for example about 10% or more, has not been entirely successful. Several of the above mentioned mixers have been modified for mixing large gas amounts, but this has typically resulted in poor, or completely unsatisfactory, mixing results.
Another group of prior art mixers comprises more modern mixers especially designed for mixing large ozone gas volumes with pulp. Many of these have reached a point in development where prototypes have been brought to an operating mill and tested. The results have typically been more positive than with the previously known modified mixers. However, according to those who know the potential possibilities of ozone in the bleaching art, even the more modern ozone mixers do not operate more than satisfactorily in actual mills. A phase has thus been reached were the pulp mills are satisfied with the bleaching result achieved and the relation thereof to the investments required by the implementation of ozone bleaching.
Though generally satisfied with modern mixers for mixing ozone in a medium consistency pulp--at least to the extent that they are willing to implement medium consistency ozone bleaching practices in commercial mills--those in the art believe that the mixing process can be improved considerably, and optimized. It has been demonstrated that the mixing process presently utilized is not anywhere close to optimum efficiency either as far as chemical usage or homogeneity of the mixture are concerned. Homogenous mixing is particularly important when ozone gas is used as the bleaching medium because of the high reaction rate of ozone and its ability to attack the pulp fibers themselves if in too high a concentration at any particular locality in the suspension. Therefore it is desirable to increase the homogeneity of the mixing of gaseous bleaching mediums with pulp, particularity the mixing ozone and carrier gas with pulp, so as to minimize chemical (ozone) usage while maximizing homogeneity of treatment.
It has been determined in the tests performed that a characterizing feature of the mixers in accordance with the prior art is that the inlet pressure of the fiber suspension in the mixers, or more generally the pressure effect caused by the inlet opening, whether positive or negative, affects the mixing process. It has also been found that the pressure effect of the outlet opening for the fiber suspension also affects the mixing process. Further it has been found that the pressure variations caused by the inlet openings for the fiber suspension affect the outlet opening, and pressure variations at the outlet opening affect the inlet opening. The result thereof is that a portion of the gas flows very rapidly through the mixer. In a worst case scenario it may be assumed that the mixer has a channel through which a portion of the gas flows almost without any obstruction. Accordingly, a portion of the gas will remain in the mixer longer than the majority of the gases. This results in an uneven dosing of gas to different parts of the fiber suspension, which again leads to an undesirable lack of homogeneity. The reason for the above described phenomenon,is that the fluidizing apparatus disposed in the mixer is not alone sufficient to prevent pressure variations through the apparatus.
Ozone is the most rapidly reacting bleaching chemicals used to bleach pulp. Moreover, ozone is the least selective, reacting with all reactive substances it encounters, even with substances it should not affect. In fact for these reasons ozone cannot be compared with any other bleaching chemicals. Therefore ozone must be led into contact with each fiber in a mixture fluidized almost at the fiber level. One cannot rely on diffusion, as with other bleaching chemicals, in which it is sufficient that the chemical is brought to a position within a short distance of a fiber floc of a reasonable size to find its way to the fibers by diffusion.
Ozone may be industrially manufactured only in relatively dilute mixtures. In other words, only about 5-14% (maximum about 20%) of the gas to be supplied for bleaching is ozone, the rest being "carrier gas", which is usually oxygen, air, or nitrogen, although other insert gases (at least insert compared with ozone) may be used. Thus, although relatively small ozone amounts are sufficient for bleaching, a carrier gas must be supplied and mixed with ozone which is typically about 5-20 times the amount of the ozone.
It is the primary object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus which effect a greater homogeneity in the mixing of large volumes of gas, particularly ozone and carrier gas, in cellulosic fiber suspensions, particularly medium consistency (about 8-25%) fiber suspensions. Increased homogeneity is provided according to the present invention by fluidizing the gas in suspension to the fiber or microfloc level so that gas is brought into contact with each fiber or microfloc while throttling the flow of suspension through the mixer so that the effect of the fluctuation and pressure between the inlet and outlet of the mixer is minimized and therefore channelling is avoided.
According to one aspect of the present invention a method of mixing large volumes of gas into a cellulosic fiber suspension having a consistency of about 8-25% and a physical device having an inlet and outlet is provided. The method comprises the following steps: (a) Passing a cellulosic fiber suspension having a consistency of about 8-25% into the inlet of the physical device. (b) Introducing gas comprising at least about 10% by volume of the suspension into the physical device. (c) Homogenizing the gas and fiber suspension in the device by fluidizing the gas and suspension to produce a homogenized mixture. (d) Throttling the flow of suspension through the device so that the effect of the fluctuation in pressure between the inlet and outlet of the device is minimized during the practice of step (c). And, (e) discharging the fiber suspension with homogeneously mixed gas, comprising at least about 10% by volume of the suspension, from the outlet of the device.
Step (c) is typically practiced by (c1) first premixing the gas and suspension by fluidizing the suspension to floc level, and evenly distributing the gas throughout the suspension; then (c2) effecting homogenization by fluidizing the fiber suspension to fiber or microfloc level and bringing the gas into contact with each fiber or microfloc; and then (c3) effecting reaction maintenance by maintaining the fluidization level high enough to prevent the generation of gas bubbles and to prevent the separation of gas from the suspension. The physical device typically comprises a mixer having a rotatable rotor, and step (c) is practiced by effecting rotational movement of the fiber suspension utilizing the rotor, and steps (c1)-(c3) (typically step (c2)) are/is practiced by decelerating the rotor to effect deceleration of the mixture during the entire course of steps (c1)-(c3), or (c2). During the practice of step (c) at least one of steps (c1) through (c3) is practiced so that the mixing of gas with the suspension is intensified and separation of the gas from the suspension is made more difficult by bringing the suspension to a rotational movement around the blades of the rotor.
Typically the mixer has a housing internal wall with ribs, and the ribs may be provided with gaps therein. In this case there is the further step of passing part of the suspension through the gaps in order to make separation of gas from the suspension behind the ribs lo more difficult. Step (c) is typically practiced to effect mixing at a power Ptod, where:
Ptod =K* (1-Pg /100) *Pteor, and where
Pg =amount of gas in the suspension as a vol- % ;
Pteor =power required for mixing of gas-free pulp; and
K=a predetermined constant ranging from 0.9 to 1.0 (e.g. 0.95-1.0).
Step (b) is typically practiced by introducing a sufficient volume of gas into the suspension so that the mixture discharged during step (e) contains about 40 to 80% cellulose fiber suspension and about 60-20% gas, by volume; typically a sufficient volume of ozone gas in a carrier gas is introduced in step (b), the ozone comprising about 5-20% by volume of the total amount of gas introduced, into the suspension so that the mixture discharged in step (e) contains about 50-70% cellulose fiber suspension and about 50-30% ozone gas and carrier gas, by volume.
The invention also relates to an apparatus for mixing large volumes of gas into a medium consistency fiber suspension. The apparatus comprises the following components: A mixer casing having first and second ends, at least one suspension inlet conduit and at least one suspension outlet conduit. A rotor mounted for rotation in the casing, and a shaft connected to the rotor. Means for driving the rotor shaft. Means for introducing gas into the casing to mix with the fiber suspension to form a mixture of gas and fiber suspension. And, an intense mixing zone in the casing comprising means for both throttling the flow of suspension through the casing from the inlet to the outlet and homogenizing the mixture of gas and fiber suspension in the casing. The means for both throttling the flow of suspension and homogenizing the mixture comprises at least one throttling ring or like throttling element mounted on one of the rotor and mixer casing, a plurality of mixing members cooperating with the at least one throttling element.
The invention also relates to an apparatus which comprises the following elements: A mixer casing having first and second ends, at least one suspension inlet conduit and at least one suspension outlet conduit. A rotor mounted for rotation in the casing, and a shaft connected to the rotor. Means for driving the rotor shaft. Means for introducing gas into the casing to mix with the fiber suspension to form a mixture of gas and fiber suspension. And, an intense mixing zone in the casing comprising at least one throttling element for throttling the flow of fiber suspension through the casing.
The invention also relates to a centrifugal pump for pumping of gaseous liquids and suspensions. The pump comprises: A suction channel having an intense mixing zone. A rotor located in the suction channel. An impeller. And, means for throttling the flow of and homogenizing the mixture of gas-fiber suspension, the means located in the intense mixing zone.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a side view, partly in cross-section and partly in elevation, of a first embodiment of exemplary apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic top view, partly in cross-section and partly in elevation, of a second embodiment of apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a view like that of FIG. 2 of a third embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a view like that of FIG. 2 of a fourth embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a view like that of FIG. 1 of a fifth embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a view like that of FIG. 2 of a sixth embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a view like that of FIG. 2 of a seventh embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a schematic side view, partly in cross-section and partly in elevation, of an eighth embodiment of exemplary apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a top plan view, partly in cross-section and partly in elevation, of a ninth embodiment of apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of how gas accumulates on the trailing surface of a physical element moving through a suspension which contains gas;
FIG. 11 is a view like that of FIG. 10 showing the differences in gas accumulation depending upon the shape of the trailing surface of the moving element;
FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a number of different symmetric cross-sectional alternatives for the configuration of blades utilizable with the apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 13 schematically illustrates preferred asymmetrical cross-sectional configurations of an exemplary blade utilizable in the apparatus according to the present invention;
FIGS. 14a-14c are schematic illustrations of the operation of various configurations of blades having openings therein, according to the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a graphical illustration of the difference in power consumption due to the gas content of the pulp comparing apparatus according to the present invention and apparatus according to the prior art as a function of rotational velocity of the apparatus; FIGS. 16a and 16b schematically illustrate two different assemblies of apparatus according to the present invention for practicing the method according to the invention; and
FIGS. 17 and 18 are, respectively, side and top crosssectional views of a centrifugal pump embodiment of apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a mixer 11 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, comprising an elongated primarily cylindrical mixer casing 10 having first and second ends 12 and 14, an inlet conduit 16 in the casing for incoming fiber suspension, and an outlet conduit 18 for outflowing fiber suspension/gas mixture. Reactant gas (e.g. 5-20% ozone in a carrier gas such as O2, N2 or air) is introduced into the casing 10 via inlet 20, and a rotor 22 is rotatably mounted inside the casing 10 through the end 14. The rotor 22 comprises blades 34, 50 and mixing members 42 mounted in a suitable manner, preferably via arms 35, 51, to a shaft or hub 24. The shaft or hub 24 of the rotor 22 is connected to conventional drive means such as the motor shown schematically at 25, and capable of rotating the rotor 22 at fluidizing speeds (e.g. greater than 1000 rpm).
The fiber suspension to be treated in the embodiment of FIG. 1 is supplied either radially or tangentially to a first mixing chamber 28, comprising a premixing volume or zone, through an opening 26 in the wall of the casing 10 connected to inlet conduit 16. The gas (e.g. ozone in carrier gas) to be mixed is brought into chamber 28 in the FIG. 1 embodiment through the inlet conduit 20 at the end 12 of mixing casing 10. The gas feed conduit 20 may also be provided in the circumferential wall 30 of the casing 10 (shown by reference numbers 120 and 130, for example, in FIG. 2) Alternatively, or in addition, the gas feed coduit 20 could be connected. The only thing that must be taken into account is that ozone-containing gas is not supplied at such an early point to the pulp that a substantial portion of the ozone gas could be consumed before it is efficiently mixed with pulp, whereby there would be a risk that a portion of the fiber suspension could be over-exposed to ozone, in other words, the fibers could deteriorate.
The tip 32 of the rotor 22 preferably extends to a certain extent into the premixing volume 28, in which the blades 34 at the tip 32 generate an intense fluidization of the fiber suspension, so that the large fiber flocs of the suspension are broken and the supplied gas is evenly distributed within the whole premixing volume 28 to the spaces between the small flocs. The wall 30 of the premixing chamber 28 is preferably provided with ribs 36 which function to prevent excessive rotation of the fiber suspension by the blades 34 of the rotor 22. Preferably the ribs 36 extend throughout the whole length of the apparatus 11, but possibly having different heights in different zones of the mixer 11. It is possible to add stationary mixing members 38 to the end 12 of the casing 10; the only purposes of the members 38 are to add to the turbulence of the pulp in the premixing chamber 28 and to prevent excessive rotation of the pulp under the influence of the rotor 22. The mixing members 38 of the end 12 are preferably located radially inside the blades 34 of the rotor 22 spaced therefrom. Both the blades 34 of the rotor and the ribs 36 at the wall 30 of the casing 10 are preferably substantially axial, however fluidizing members having some other orientation are also possible.
If required, the blades 34 of the rotor 22 may be made to feed some fiber suspension to the zone following chamber 28. What is more important than the direction of the ribs 36 and the blades 34 is the distance between the blades 34 and the ribs 36 and the other dimensions thereof, by means of which the fluidization level of the premixing volume 28 is adjusted to optimize mixing homogeneity. Features affecting the required fluidization level are, for example, the amount of fiber suspension to be treated (e.g., tons/hour), the consistency of fiber suspension (e.g. 10-15%), the volume of gas to be mixed (at least about 10% by volume, typically about 20-60% by volume, optimally about 30-5% by volume), and the origin of the fibers. Since the above mentioned factors provide various combinations, no generally applied dimensions or dimensioning principles are given.
The tip portion 32 of the rotor 22 is, for example, conical so that when the surface of the rotor 22 turns the pulp is directed to a fluidization, or "homogenization" zone 40. Mixing in the zone 40 is more intense than in the previous zone 28, and the flow velocity of the fiber suspension is at its greatest due to a smaller cross-sectional flow area. In the zone 40 the mixture of the fiber suspension and gas is fluidized so efficiently that practically speaking all fiber flocs in the suspension are broken into small microflocs, containing only a few fibers each. This allows the gas to be distributed very evenly throughout the entire mixture. In the high turbulence zone 40, gas is so well mixed on the surface of the micro flocs that the gas consumption as a function of brightness is minimized, and at the same time all the micro flocs and the fibers therein are equally and evenly treated by the reactant chemical (e.g. ozone).
The extremely intense fluidization in the homogenization zone 40 is brought about by means of cogs 44 mounted on the wall. 30 of the casing 10, and preferably radial pins 42 on an exterior surface of the rotor 22. The shape of the pins 42 is preferably round and radial, but members having rectangular or polygonal cross-sectionals, or even of pyramid shape, may also be used. Both the pins 42 and the cogs 44 may have a similar shape. FIG. 1 illustrates two substantially circumferential rows of pins 42 on the surface Qf the rotor 22 and one cogged ring 46 located therebetween on the wall 30 of the casing 10. Of course, the nuniber of both the pins 42 and the cogged rings 46 may deviate from the above description. Preferably, the pins 42 and the adjacent cogged rings 46 are positioned in such a way that they are interlacing. The same applies also to the cogs 44, if there are more than the illustrated one cogged ring 46. Preferably, each of the cogged rings is formed of a continuous ring 46 provided on the wall of the casing 10, and of cogs 44 extending inwardly towards the axis. Thus, the flow of suspension/gas mixture is throttled at the cogged ring 46. The nmnber of both the cogs 44 and the pins 42 in each ring varies according to the size of the apparatus from two to fifteen.
It is also possible to throttle the flow in the homogenization zone 40 by providing the pin ring of the rotor 22 to begin from an annular flange arranged on the rotor 22 surface and radially extending towards the wall 30 of the mixer casing 10.
By utilizing mixture flow throttling as described above, it is possible to prevent pressure variations of the inlet 16 and outlet 18 from affecting each other. By forcing the fiber suspension flow through a small enough flow channel it is ensured that the mixing process in the homogenization zone 40 is optimal, so that the gas is distributed evenly to the entire fiber suspension. The operation of the throttling effect illustrated in FIG. 1 is as follows: Striving towards the maximization of the shear forces relative to volume, a large number of pins 42 and cogs 44 are provided on the walls of the rotor 22 and the casing 10 in the embodiment of FIG. 1. In so doing, a preferred three-dimensional turbulence field is created. In practice, this means that at the same time that the pins 42 of the rotor 22 tend to rotate the fiber suspension circumferentially, the first pins in the flow direction of the fiber suspension "throw" the fiber suspension against the wall 30 and the counter ribs 36. In order for the suspension to axially flow forward the flow must, to avoid the throttling, move towards the axis. From the axis, after passing the throttling elements, the fiber suspension is again thrown, due to a second set of pins 42, against the wall 30 and counter ribs 52 of the casing 10. If there is a second cogged ring 46 after the first one, this forces the flow against the centrifugal force towards the shaft 24 of the rotor 22. Thus the fiber suspension is forced by pins 42 and counter ribs 36 to radial and axial movement as well as circumferential movement, so that, due to the pulse-like force effects caused by these elements, a three-dimensional turbulence field is generated.
The homogenization zone 40 is followed by a zone of weaker turbulence, i.e. a "maintenance zone" 48, which may also be called a "reaction zone" or "discharge zone". The diameter of the rotor 22 in zone 48 of the embodiment of FIG. 1 is substantially smaller than at the homogenization zone 40, and the rotor 22 is provided with blades 50 in zone 48. The wall 30 of the casing 10 at the maintenance zone 48 is preferably provided with ribs 52, which extend radially inwardly from the wall 30 a distance smaller than the corresponding ribs 36 of the premixing zone 28. The purpose of the zone 48 is to maintain a sufficient turbulence or fluidization level in the fiber suspension so that the already mixed-in gas does not separate, but rather continues to react, which is made possible by the even distribution of gas in the homogenization zone 40 almost to the fiber level. Another purpose of the maintenance zone 48 is to accelerate the rotational velocity of the mixture formed by the fiber suspension and gas so that the mixture may be removed from the apparatus 11 preferably through one tangential outlet conduit 18. However, the rotational velocity must be maintained at a high enough level so that the gas does not separate around the rotor 22.
The separation tendency of the gas may be made more difficult by providing stationary blades 54 extending preferably axially in the maintenance zone 48 between the blades 50 and the surface of the rotor 22. When the fiber suspension has received an appropriate kinetic velocity by the blades 50 and when the discharge conduit 18 is correctly designed, the fiber suspension--gas mixture is discharged from the mixer 11 in such a way that gas does not separate, but the bleaching chemical in the residual gas may without any hindrance continue the reaction in an exhaust pipe connected to outlet 18, and/or in a bleaching reactor following it, if such a reactor is necessary. A separate bleaching reactor is according to the modern technology typically not necessary when using ozone as the bleaching chemical. In some cases, however, a considerable extension of the reaction zone is required, which results in additional consumption of energy, if a sufficient turbulence level is desired to be maintained so as to eliminate the separate of gas.
It is a significant feature of the entire construction described above that the basis of the construction has been to minimize the size of the areas where gas separation is likely, and if it has been necessary to leave such places in the apparatus to minimize the effect thereof by preventing the flow of the gas in the axial direction of the apparatus. In other words, the channelling tendency of the separated gas, i.e. the flow along a path from the gas inlet or separation point to the discharge of the pulp, is eliminated, or at least minimized. Elements designed to achieve this purpose illustrated in FIG. 1 are, for example, blades 34 and 50 (see FIG. 1), ring 46(see FIG. 1), and an annular flange (not shown) associated with pins 42.
It is a significant feature of the blades 34 and 50 that they are not mounted to the rotor 22 throughout the entire length thereof, but rather-by way of spaced arms 35, 51. The purpose of this construction is to prevent the formation of a large gas bubble behind the trailing side of a blade 34, 50 and/or arm 35, 51 of the blade. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, only a very small gas bubble will form behind the arms 35, 51 of the blades 34, 50. Further, due to the free space between the blades 34, 50 and the hub or the rotor body of the is rotor 22, the pulp flow will rotate the blade so that hardly any gas will accumulate behind the blades 34, 50. In the embodiments described below the accumulation tendency of the gas is decreased even more. The throttling ring 46 prevents the gas accumulated behind the counter ribs 36 from flowing along the ribs 36 towards the outlet 18 for pulp. The ring 46 forces the gas towards the rotor 22, so that the intense turbulence generated by the pins 42 breaks the gas bubbles and mixes them evenly with the pulp. Similarly, the annular flange optionally associated with the pins 42 on the side of the rotor 22 prevents the movement of any gas bubble generated axially around the rotor towards the pulp discharge by forcing any generated bubble radially outward, so that intense turbulence mixes the gas evenly with the pulp.
Yet another feature disturbing the gas separation tendency is the construction of the rotor 22 itself, or more accurately the existence of the rotor body. When transferring a fiber suspension in a fluidizing apparatus provided with a rotatable rotor in the axial direction from an inlet opening 16 towards the outlet opening 18, the pulp tends to rotate with the rotor along the rim of the apparatus regardless of, whether or not stationary ribs are provided on the rim. The rotational movement of the pulp again tends to separate gas to the center of the flow, so that a natural way of preventing the accumulation of gas is to construct the rotor such that it fills the volume, to which the gas could otherwise separate. Therefore in the illustrated embodiments both in the homogenization zone 40 and in the maintenance zone 48 the rotor 22 body is relatively thick, leaving only a limited space between itself and the wall 30 of the casing 10. In the premixing chamber 28 the center of the rotor 22 is practically speaking open, since in most cases the rotational movement of the pulp has not yet had time to accelerate to such an extent that gas would begin to separate. On the other hand, large amounts of gas are fed to the premixing chamber 28, so that the gas is in the form of large bubbles without being evenly distributed in the fiber suspension. Thus the arrangement of a rotor 22 body extending from the inlet end 12 throughout the entire apparatus 11 would not be justified.
In subsequent FIGS. components comparable to those already described are shown by the same two digit reference designation preceded by another number (e.g. "1" to "2").
FIG. 2 illustrates a mixer 111 in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention. The diameter of the rotor 122 of the mixer 111 is not decreased after the homogenization zone 140, but it is increased by means of an intermediary part 156 so that at the outlet opening 118 the diameter of the rotor 122 is relatively large, and the surface of which rotor 122 is provided with ribs 158 in order to maintain the turbulence level high enough to maintain the gas evenly distributed throughout the entire suspension. A second cogged ring 144 is located at the conical intermediary part 156, the cogs of which do not have to extend too far into the homogenization zone 140. The blades 134 at the tip 132 thereof have a form slightly deviating from the embodiment of FIG. 1. In other words, the extensions of the blades 134 extending towards the homogenization zone 140 from the mounting point of the blades 134 have been left out. Of course, different variations illustrated in FIG. 2 may be applied separately without any need to use them all in the manner illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 also illustrates that an inlet conduit 120 for gas may be in the wall 130 of the mixer 111 casing 110 and that the inlet opening for pulp (not shown, but extending into the plane of the paper illustrating FIG. 2) may also be at an angled position relative to the outlet opening 18 (a 90� angle is shown).
A combination of embodiments in FIGS. 1 and 2 may be provided in which the rotor 22 is practically speaking similar to that of FIG. 1 and the casing 110 partially similar to that of FIG. 2. The wall of the casing 110 may have two cogged rings, which operate as already mentioned above, in other words, one of the cogged rings, 144, directs axial flow towards the rotor, which results in a situation in which the incoming flow passes along the surface of the rotor in the reaction zone 48 until the end of the apparatus, rises there due to the centrifugal force to the rim of the casing and is only there able to be discharged from the apparatus. By this operation model--throttling--it is essentially ensured that no part of the flow can pass directly from the premixing zone to the pulp discharge; in other words channelling of the pulp is prevented, but the pulp must circulate one cycle in the reaction zone. This increases the retention time of pulp in the apparatus so that there will be enough time to essentially completely carry out the ozone bleaching reaction in the apparatus 11, 111 itself.
FIG. 3 illustrates a mixer 211 in accordance with a third embodiment of the invention, which may have a construction similar to that of either FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, or variations thereof, but having an inlet opening 226 for fiber suspension that is axial, while the inlet conduit 220 for gas is radial. In other words, the inlet opening 226 for fiber suspension is preferably located in the first end 212 of the casing 210 and the inlet conduit 220 for gas preferably to the wall 230 of the casing 210. Alternatively the inlet opening 226 may correspond to that of FIG. 1 so that the pulp is supplied from the inside of the stationary mixing members 38 of the FIG. 1 embodiment.
FIG. 4 illustrates another alternative to the tip portion 332 of the rotor 322 illustrated in the previous drawings, which tip portion 332 has mixer blades 360 extending almost to or even with the axial line A in addition to the blades 334 parallel to but radially spaced from the axis A. FIG. 4 also illustrates a diameter of the rotor 322 that is substantially constant the entire length of the rotor 322, in other words constant in the homogenization zone 340 and maintenance zone 348. It is significant that the width of the blades 334 and 360 is relatively small compared to their radial dimension, so that no significant gas accumulation will form behind them. On the other hand, the form of the blades 334, 360 also enables circulation of pulp flow around them. Although gas could in theory separate to the inside of the blades 360 to open center of the rotor 322, that does not happen in practice since the centrifugal field required for separation of gas does not have time to generate.
FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment alternative to that of FIG. 1, in which the edges of the blades 134 and 150 of the rotor 122 are provided with either triangular cuts 168 or rectangular or otherwise appropriately shaped cuts 166, the purpose of which is further to decrease the size of the gas bubble tending to accumulate behind the blades, 134, 150. The cuts 166 and 168 may be located only in the outer edge of the blades 134 and 150, or may extend to the ends and inner edge of the blades 134, 150. The cuts 166 and 168 generate microturbulence in the surrounding volume, which tends to break the gas bubble generated behind the blades 134, 150. Experimentation has shown that the optimization of the clearances between the rotor 122 and the counter members thereof is very important, the counter ribs 136 and 152 on the wall 130 of the casing 110 are preferably provided with protrusions 178 and 176 facing the cuts in the blades 134 and 150 of the rotor, said protrusions being shaped like the cuts 166, 168 of the rotor blades 134, 150. In this way the rotor blades do not rotate the pulp, but on the other hand differences in velocity are generated as efficiently as possible. It is, of course, possible to provide protrusions form the blades 134, 150 and respective recesses or constants the counter ribs 136.
In the FIG. 5 embodiment 136 the accumulation of gas is prevented and/or minimized behind the counter ribs 136 (or other stationarily mounted ribs). The bottom part of each rib 136, in other words the mounting line between the wall 130 and the rib 136 of the casing 110, is provided with perforations, openings or gaps 180, through which a pulp jet is discharged behind each rib 136 thus reducing the size of the gas bubble. More generally, it is sufficient to provide the rib 136 itself with some kind of flow opening, through which the fiber suspension is allowed to flow to the "back side" of the rib 136, regardless of whether the opening is limited either completely to the rib material or partially to the wall of the casing. This configuration is operationally identical with the embodiment in which a gap is provided between the hub of the rotor 122 and the rotor blades 134, 150.
FIG. 6 illustrates apparatus similar to that of FIG. 4, in which the blades 334 and 360 in the premixing zone of the rotor are provided with openings 362 and 364. Openings 362 are located at the connecting point between the rotor 322 and the blades 334, 360 and the openings 364 are further out on the blades 334, 360. The purpose of the openings 362, 364 is to prevent the accumulation of a gas bubble behind the blades 324, 360. FIG. 6 also illustrates a blade 258, which is in a way similar to the blade 50 of FIG. 1 in the sense that there is a gap 59 between the main part of blade 258 and the rotor 322, through which the fiber suspension is allowed to flow and thus prevent the generation of a large gas bubble. The pulp flow being discharged through the openings 362 and 364 decreases the gas bubble, which otherwise accumulates behind the blades 334, 360, to an insignificant size. The dimensions of the openings 362, 364 are important, since it is desirable to generate a flow circulation around each blade. A pulp jet discharged through an incorrectly dimensioned opening may completely prevent the generation of such a flow circulation.
FIG. 7 illustrates another rotor arrangement, in which the blades 234 and 250 are not axial, but they form an angle with the axis. FIG. 7 also illustrates (in dotted line) how an opening 364 in a blade 234 may extend almost throughout the whole length of the blade 234 from the bottom to the tip thereof.
FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment distinctly different from the embodiments illustrated in the previous drawings. The mixer of the embodiment of FIG. 8 illustrates firstly that a mixer in accordance with the present invention is vertical, so that the drive means 425 is located below the mixer. Pulp is supplied either radially or tangentially to the apparatus 411 at the end 414 of the mixer casing 430, in other words to a point where the rotor body encloses the center of the rotor 422. Pulp is supplied together with the chemical (e.g. ozone gas) to be mixed through the conduit 416. Further, unlike the previous embodiments, pulp is discharged from the apparatus axially, primarily according to the method illustrated in WO patent application 93/07961. The pulp in which the gas is evenly distributed in the homogenization zone 440, is discharged evenly, diminishing turbulence throughout the entire suspension to an axially extending discharge channel 418. The widening of the cross-sectional flow area of the discharge channel 418 may be made in principle in two ways, either by letting the flow channel widen by itself, for example, either conically or preferably parabolically, and/or by tapering the hollow rotor 422 tip 432. Preferably, the discharge channel 418 is further connected to a widening part 470 of the flow piping or to a specially designed reaction vessel. The purpose is to dampen the turbulence in the mixture of fiber suspension and gas so that the gas does not separate to any part of the flow, but remains homogeneously distributed in a laminar plug flow. Other details of the apparatus may be illustrated in other embodiments.
FIG. 9 illustrates a distributing mixer. Based on the embodiment of FIG. 6 the reaction zone 548 of the mixer casing 530 is provided with four equally-spaced discharge conduits 518, although the number thereof may vary. Several discharge conduits 518 are required, for example, when pulp is desired to be passed to spaced part targets, or when it is desired to feed the pulp, for example, through four inlet openings located in the bottom of an oxygen or peroxide bleaching tower to prevent channelling in the bleaching tower.
FIG. 10 schematically illustrates how gas 60 attempts to accumulate in the flow forming a "tail" adjacent the trailing surface 61 of a movable object 62, regardless of whether it is a rotatable blade or an arm of a blade to be attached to a rotor. The arrow 63 indicates the direction of movement of the object 62 in the flow.
FIG. 11 illustrates different cross-sectional alternatives for an arm of a blade. The arrow 64 views shows the direction of movement of an arm of a blade. The left arm 62 has the cross-section of a square, or at least of the shape of a rectangular prism. It causes a large gas accumulation 60 as shown in FIG. 10 at the trailing surface 61, but the arm 62 is most inexpensive to manufacture. The middle arm 65 is substantially round in the cross-section, so that the size of the gas bubble 66 accumulating behind it is considerably smaller than for the previous alternative. The cross-section of the rightmost arm 67 is drop-like, which allows hardly any gas to separate behind it, but rather is streamlined. When mounting a blade by using such a drop-shaped arm 67, it is possible to run the arm relative to its longitudinal axis so that the axis of symmetry thereof will be completely parallel to the resultant of the velocities of the blade and the flowing pulp.
FIG. 12 illustrates a number of possible cross-sectional shapes of a blade, the axis of symmetry of which is substantially parallel to the direction of movement 68 of the blade or to the tangent thereof. The leftmost cross-section illustrates either a quadrate cross-section of a blade 69. The second cross-section on the left, 70, illustrates a combination of a generally curved surface and planar surface, which may also be extended to a combination of two curved surfaces. This is, however, preferably a combination of a cylindrical surface and a planar surface. The cross-section in the middle, 71, illustrates a blade having, a shape of an isosceles triangle. The second from the right blade, 72, has the sides of a triangle "blown outwards", whereby the cross-section of the blade has a bullet-like appearance. It is also possible to manufacture the sides S inwardly bent, in other words concave, but this would increase the size of a gas bubble to some extent compared with the illustrated embodiment. The rightmost blade 73 is elliptic, although this description applies a round cross-section which is a special form of an ellipse.
At this stage it should be remembered that FIG. 11 illustrates cross-sectional shapes of the arm of the blade that are used for minimizing the size of the gas bubble, the corresponding cross-sectional forms are not used for the blade, because the blade would not be able to generate turbulence sufficient for mixing. Thus with a solid blade a compromise must always be found between the size of the gas bubble and the mixing efficiency. A rule of thumb is that both the size of the gas bubble and the mixing efficiency will increase in the same proportion, in other words, both factors are directly proportional to each other. In FIG. 12 the solid arrow 68 illustrates the direction of movement of a blade 69-73 according to the present knowledge, and the broken line arrow 74 illustrates a possible direction of movement of the blade 69-73, when taking all different applications and the compromising factors into consideration.
FIG. 13 illustrates a number of cross-sectional alternatives for a blade which are not symmetric, nor are their axes of symmetry parallel to the direction of movement of the blade nor to the tangent thereof. The leftmost configuration 75 is a blade of triangular crosssection or altered by providing it with slightly curved side surfaces C, directing the gas bubble 76 behind it below the longitudinal axis of the blade 75. The second to the left blade 77 has a semi-circular cross-section, presenting a combination of a plane and a curved surface or of two curved surfaces, leaving a considerably small gas trace 78 behind it. The blade 79 has a rectangular or square crosssection, which leaves a gas bubble 80 which does not significantly differ from the gas bubble of a corresponding object arranged symmetrically. The rightmost blade 81 has a triangular cross-section and is positioned at such an angle that the gas trace 82 accumulated behind the blade 81 flows as seen in FIG. 13. If it is, for example, imaged that the center of the rotor is located in FIG. 13 beneath the blade 75, 77,79, 81, the gas trace surface extends behind the tip of the rotating blade having the rightmost cross-section of FIG. 13. When taking into consideration the counter ribs operating together with the rotor blades illustrated in all of FIGS. 1-7, a counter rib, e.g. 36, 52 strikes most of the gas bubble 76, 78, 80, 82 and by breaking the bubble mixes the gas efficiently with the pulp. Blades such as 75, 77,79,81 are preferably used in the premixing zone (e.g. 28). If corresponding blades were used in the reaction zone (e.g. 48), there would be a risk that the gas bubble rotating behind the blade would become loose just at the discharge opening for pulp and be discharged with pulp. It is preferably to use a blade 75 in the reaction chamber (e.g. 48), so that the blade 75 itself keeps the gas bubble as far as the discharge opening for pulp as possible.
FIG. 14 schematically illustrates the effect of the cuttings at the edge of the blade, openings or like in the blade on the gas bubble behind the blade. FIGS. 14a and 14b illustrate a part of the blade 150 illustrated in FIG. 5, having an edge on the mixer casing side cutting 167 machined therein. Behind the blade 150 there is formed a gas trace 90 the size of which depends on the cross-sectional form of the blade 150, which is practically speaking equal in breadth and equally thick throughout the whole length of the blade 150. However, the cuttings 166 machined at the edge of the blade 150 allow the pulp to be discharged therethrough, so that the pulp being discharged through the cutting 166 behind the blade 150 tends to deflect the gas bubble 90. This results in a backwards spreading pulp jet. The final result is that the size of the gas bubble 90 has been reduced considerably more than what can be expected from the ratio of the size of the cuttings 166 to the unbroken surface of the blade 150. The size of the gas bubble 90 is reduced in both the circumferential direction (FIG. 14a) and in the radial direction (FIG. 14b), and the pulp jet widens in a similar manner.
FIG. 14c illustrates yet another alternative arrangement, in which the edges of the blade 334 (shown in FIG. 6) have not been notched or cut (although they could quite as well be serrated, but the blade is for simplicity and clarity shown unnotched), and an opening 364 has been made to the middle part of the blade 334, through which opening 364 the pulp is discharged behind the blade 334. The pulp jet creates, in a way similar to that in FIG. 14a, a restriction or confinement of the gas bubble, limiting the bubble 91 to a size smaller than would be expected. However, when building a blade in this way, it must be taken into consideration that a strong pulp jet being discharged through the blade may prevent the flow desired around the blade 334. It may be wiser to limit the opening 364 in such a way that the flow begins to circulate through opening 364 according to the arrows shown in FIG. 14c, while maintaining the impact upon the desired gross flow of pulp around blade 334.
It is known in the art that power consumption is an indication of mixing efficiency. In other words, the better the mixer creates turbulence in the pulp, the higher is the power consumption. However, the benefits from mixing efficiency far outweigh the increased power consumption.
In performed experiments, a modified version of a known chemical mixer for mixing large amounts of gas was compared with a mixer in accordance with the present invention. It was discovered that the easiest way to compare these mixers was to monitor the change in energy required for mixing as a function of the gas amount in the gas-fiber suspension. In the experiments performed, and in theoretical calculations, it has been observed that in optimal mixing the mixing efficiency should reduce in the same ratio as the gas is added to the suspension., In other words, a 20% by volume gas addition should reduce the mixing efficiency only by about 20%.
Line 93 in FIG. 15 graphically illustrates the decease in the power consumption of a modified prior art chemical mixer as a function of the gas content and the rotational velocity of the rotor. In FIG. 15, the efficiency required for mixing pulp having 20% gas by volume has been compared with the efficiency required for mixing mere gas -free pulp. In other words, the 100% line 94 shows the efficiency required form mixing mere pulp and the lower curves the efficiency required form mixing pulp containing 20% gas by volume compared with the efficiency required for mixing ga-free pulp. It may be seen that, for example, the power consumption of the mixer in accordance with the prior art within the rational velocity range used in the experiments varied with gaseous pulp between about 40% and 23% from the efficiency required for mixing gaseous pulp. The power consumption in a mixer in accordance with the present invention--illustrated by line 95 in FIG. 15--reduced only 18-22%, whereas the reduction of power consumption of a mixer in accordance with prior art (line 93) was 60-77%.
It may be stated that the mixture of fiber suspension and gas is mixed by efficiency ptod, where:
Ptod =0.9 . . . 1.0* (1-Pg /100)*Pteor, and where preferably
Ptod =0.95 . . . 1.0* (1-Pg /100)*Pteor, in which
Pg =amount of gas in suspension as vol- % ; and
Pteor =efficiency required for mixing of gas-free pulp.
One explanation for the great reduction in the power consumption of the mixer of the prior art is that a large number of the mixing elements of the mixer rotate in a "gas bubble", whereby the power requirement diminishes so that it is almost non-existent. In other words, a mixer in accordance with the prior art has hardly been able to mix gas at all, but the gas has been able to separate around the mixer members. Respectively, the small decrease in power consumption of the mixer in accordance with the present invention means that the power demand decreases only to the extent which the increase of gas diminishes the consistency of the pulp, which leads to the fact that the gas is equally distributed to the fiber suspension, on a microfloc or individual fiber level.
FIGS. 16a and 16b illustrate two more special applications of a mixer in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 16a illustrates a part of an ozone bleaching process in which the pulp raised to a relatively low pressure (about 4-8 bar) by a pump P1 is led to a mixer SD1, to which ozone gas together with the carrier gas is led either separately to together with pulp at a pressure higher than the pulp pressure (e.g. about 5-10 bar). The pulp is discharged from mixer S1 along a channel to a pump P2 located in close proximity to the mixer S1, the pump P2 raising the pressure, for example, to about 10 to 20 bar, so that the gas volume in the pulp decreases and according to the experiments the bleaching result is improved. By the pump P2 the pulp may be led either to a reactor specially designed for the purpose or, for example, along a conventional pipe line to the next treatment stage.
FIG. 16b illustrates a process in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention. It is a characterizing feature of the process of FIG. 16b that the pressurization of the pulp by the pump P1 to a low pressure and the mixing of ozone by the mixer S1 to the pulp takes place in the same way as in FIG. 16a, but the mixer S1 is not followed by a pump as a pressure-increasing apparatus as in FIG. 16a, but another a second mixer SP1, by which the pressure of the pulp may be raised about 10-20 bar. The advantage in the use of the second mixer SP1 is that if the gas is not completely equally distributed in the first mixer S1 with the pulp, this may be ensured by a pressure-increasing second mixer SP1 located immediately after the first mixer S1.
Of course a third alternative is to use a pressure-increasing mixer in the first mixing stage, whereby the process cannot be considered to be as efficient as the process in accordance with FIG. 16b, but however, sufficient for most purposes.
Yet another construction utilizing different mixing alternatives in accordance with the present invention is a pump pumping gascontaining material, as seen in FIGS. 17 and 18 (FIG. 18 taken along lines 18--18 of FIG. 17). The problem with all known centrifugal pumps is that when the material to be pumped is gas-containing the gas tends to separate in front of the impeller, because the impeller makes the material flow in the suction channel to turn into spiral flow, whereby the generating centrifugal force facilitates the separation of gas to the center of the flow. Previously this problem has been addressed by drawing the gas from the pump either through the openings arranged through the impeller or through a suction channel in a pipe led in front of the impeller.
The different rotor/blade/counter rib arrangements for mixing gas and/or preventing the separation of gas of the invention may be applied to the suction side of a centrifugal pump to prevent the separation of gas. They may be arranged at the suction side of a centrifugal pump in a similar way as the fluidizing rotor mounted to the shaft of a pump in front of an impeller as in MC� pumps sold by Kamyr, Inc. of Glens Falls, N.Y. Therefore the pump does not have to be provided with special gas discharge apparatus, but significantly less expensive apparatus preventing the separation of gas are sufficient. Thus all the features describe both in the previous description and set forth in the apparatus claims, may also be applied to a centrifugal pump, the suction channel of which corresponds to a mixer casing in the mixer construction illustrated above.
An exemplary centrifugal pump according to the invention is illustrated generally at 711 in FIGS. 17 and 18. Suspension enters inlet 716 and gas (e.g. ozone) inlet 720. The configuration of the rotor 722 is similar to the mixer of FIG. 1, as are the blade 734 configurations. In the "maintenance" chamber 748, however, pump impeller blades 98 are connected to the rotor 722, and the outlet 718 is tangential or spiral (i.e. corresponding to the volute of a conventional centrifugal pump, as seen in FIG. 18). The zone 740 is an intense mixing zone in a suction channel leading to impeller blades 98, and elements 746, 742 throttle the flow and homogenize the mixture.
In performed experiments even an apparatus designed to operate as a mixer is noted to increase pressure for at least five mH2 O, which suggests the gas treatment ability of the apparatus is fully under control, since the accumulation of the gas does not disturb the operation of the apparatus. In the mixer use the pressure-increasing feature is very advantageous, since, for example, in the dimensioning of an ozone bleaching plant the pressure loss in the mixer does not have to be taken into consideration, but it may even be considered to take care of at least a part of the work required for the transfer of pulp to the next treatment stage.
As may be seen from the above, it has been possible to develop a chemical mixer operating considerably more efficiently than those previously known for mixing large volumes of gas into medium consistency pulp without the risk of the separation of gas either in the middle of the mixing process or when having he suspension is discharged from the mixer. Although each of the previously described drawings illustrate different constructions, all features of the various constructions may be freely combined.
The invention also contemplates an embodiment in which both the premixing zone (e.g. 28) and the maintenance (e.g. 48) zone illustrated in the drawings are removed. In other words the homogenization zone (e.g. 40) is considered to be able to take care of the entire mixing process. The negative aspect of the exclusive use thereof is the high amount of power required. For minimizing the power usage the zones preceding and following the homogenization zone have proven advantageous.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Jun 30, 1938
|Feb 21, 1939
|Harry A Stendrup
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|Nov 15, 1960
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|Ingbuero Dipl Ing Friedrich He
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|Improved Machinery Inc
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|Monsanto Co
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|Sunds Defibrator Aktiebolag
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|Internationa Paper Company
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|Hedemora Ab
|Method and apparatus for mixing chemicals into fiber pulp
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|Apr 10, 1990
|Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
|Mixer for mixing at least two free-flowing substances, especially those which react during mixing
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|Feb 18, 1992
|Sunds Defibrator Industries Aktiebolag
|Device for treating material mixtures
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|Nov 23, 1993
|Kamyr, Inc.
|Rotor for increasing mixing efficiency in a medium consistency mixer
|Aug 19, 1992
|Nov 14, 1995
|Sunds Defibrator Industries Aktiebolag
|Method and apparatus for mixing a treatment agent with a pulp suspension
|Mar 31, 1982
|Aug 27, 1985
|Gen Electric
|High strength curable silicone rubber compositions
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|Aug 4, 1988
|Ika-Maschinenbau Janke & Kunkel Gmbh & Co Kg, 7813 Staufen, De
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Aug 19, 1992
|Mar 18, 1993
|Sunds Defibrator Industries Aktiebolag
|A method and device for treating fibre material
|Oct 16, 1992
|Apr 29, 1993
|A. Ahlstrom Corporation
|Method and apparatus for mixing a first medium to a second medium and a bleaching process applying said method
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 29, 1997
|Feb 27, 2001
|Andritz-Ahlstrom Oy
|Method and apparatus for mixing pulp a suspension with a fluid medium with a freely rotatable mixing rotor
|Nov 10, 2003
|Apr 19, 2005
|Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc.
|Inline high turbulence mixer having combined oblique and transverse stationary vanes
|Dec 8, 2003
|Jun 10, 2008
|Metso Paper, Inc.
|Apparatus for mixing a chemical medium with a pulp suspension
|Dec 8, 2003
|Jun 10, 2008
|Metso Paper, Inc.
|Apparatus for mixing a chemical medium with a pulp suspension
|Feb 2, 2010
|Revalesio Corporation
|System and method for therapeutic application of dissolved oxygen
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|Revalesio Corporation
|System and method for irrigating with aerated water
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|Revalesio Corporation
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|Revalesio Corporation
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Electrokinetically-altered fluids comprising charge-stabilized gas-containing nanostructures
|Nov 12, 2010
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Mixing device for creating an output mixture by mixing a first material and a second material
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|Electrokinetically-altered fluids comprising charge-stabilized gas-containing nanostructures
|Oct 25, 2007
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Methods of therapeutic treatment of eyes and other human tissues using an oxygen-enriched solution
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|Methods of therapeutic treatment of eyes
|Apr 28, 2009
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|Revalesio Corporation
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|Apr 28, 2010
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Methods of therapeutic treatment of eyes
|Apr 28, 2010
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Methods of wound care and treatment
|Apr 27, 2010
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Compositions and methods for treating insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus
|Jun 21, 2013
|Feb 24, 2015
|Revalesio Corporation
|Electrokinetically-altered fluids comprising charge-stabilized gas-containing nanostructures
|Apr 29, 2009
|Mar 17, 2015
|Revalesio Corporation
|Compositions and methods for treating digestive disorders
|May 24, 2013
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Mixing device for creating an output mixture by mixing a first material and a second material
|Aug 25, 2014
|Apr 21, 2015
|Revalesio Corporation
|Compositions and methods for treating insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus
|Nov 16, 2012
|May 19, 2015
|Revalesio Corporation
|Diffuser/emulsifier for aquaculture applications
|May 6, 2011
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Compositions and methods for enhancing physiological performance and recovery time
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|Revalesio Corporation
|Compositions and methods for treating insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus
|Jan 5, 2005
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|Arbozon Oy Ltd.
|Bleaching of medium consistency pulp with ozone without high shear mixing
|Dec 8, 2003
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|Metso Paper, Inc.
|Apparatus for mixing
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|Apparatus for mixing
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|Method and apparatus for mixing a fluid with a liquid medium
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|U.S. Classification
|366/171.1, 366/307, 366/306, 366/172.1, 366/304
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 25, 2000
Owner name: ANDRITZ-AHLSTROM OY, FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:A. AHLSTROM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:011064/0578
Effective date: 20000815
|Jan 18, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 17, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 15, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 11, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 28, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100811


text:
Herbs for Diabetes
Are supplements safe?
WebMD Feature
July 31, 2000 -- When 40-something Jeff Cottingham was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, his doctor immediately started him on drugs to control his blood sugar. But Cottingham worried.
Some drugs for diabetes can have dangerous side effects. In a striking example, on March 21, 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed one of the most widely prescribed diabetes drugs, Rezulin (troglitazone), from the market after it was linked to 90 cases of liver failure and 63 deaths.
Already concerned about such problems two years ago, the Aptos, Calif., resident began taking Sweet Eze, a mixture of herbs and minerals sold for diabetes. The supplement seemed to work wonders for the self-described "old hippie."
His level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) -- a protein that reflects blood glucose levels over the past two to three months -- plummeted from 11 to well below the danger threshold of 6. "I feel great," says Cottingham, who has experienced no side effects from the supplement. "I'm completely off diabetes medications now."
A success story? Perhaps. But experts advise caution. For one thing, because Sweet Eze contains six different ingredients -- and because the severity of diabetes symptoms can fluctuate on their own -- it's hard to say what exactly is responsible for Cottingham's improvement. For another, supplements carry their own risks. Some products don't contain the ingredients listed on their labels. Others come mixed with dangerous -- and unlisted -- ingredients. And scientists are just beginning to verify which ones actually work.

subset: commoncrawl


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23 reviews | 2.6 out of 5
I am delighted with my shoe rack, It went together as described. However, two of the shoe holders were broken, so I called the help Line the next day and reported the problem and they sent two to me and it looks great. All I need is more shoes to fill it.
Several years ago I had an over-the-door wire shoe rack similar to this one by Whitmor; however, the similarity was only in looks. This rack was--yes, past tense--considerably more flimsy than the old style. As well, in that I could tell where the old style had been attached to the inside of the door (my option), the new one turned out to be a few inches narrower; whereas, when it came to putting three pairs abreast, the fit was so tight that I had difficulty mounting shoes to the rack and then removing them. Too, the materials of construction proved all to cheap and poorly designed for me to keep the item, believing it probably could not tolerate 36 shoes.
Overall configuration is good, easy assembly however most of the welds for the brackets are weak, and may break.
As I was putting this together I realized they gave me the wrong size of screws so I couldn't even attach the pieces together. I decided to use duct tape to keep them together but it didn't matter because the little bars started snapping off and it became irreparable. I'd had it for less than a week when this happened. . . and it's not like I'm placing ski boots on this rack! The quality is incredibly poor. Would NOT recommend buying!
I have over 100 shoes; trust me when I say that having 18 on the back of the door is perfect for most used favorites! Have have one on each door!
I purchased this product about a week ago and after putting it together found that the pieces do not attach securely. I keep having to re-secure the parts because they don't want to stay fastened. That's probably going to get annoying. Also, the hangers for the top don't stay in an upright position unless you're holding it together. That made putting it up on the door a little tricky since I'm not the tallest person in the world. All in all it's been a little frustrating and definitely isn't going to be something I'll keep for years to come but at the present moment it has my shoes off of the floor so I guess the mission has been accomplished more or less.
This worked great when you have limited closet space.
Bought this today, returning it tomorrow. It's pretty much the cheapest piece of junk I've ever seen. During assembly, almost every single plastic nub broke/crumbled as I inserted the shoe wire part to the poles. Then, once it was hung on the closet door, I tried to scootch it over and one of the metal welds completely snapped off, rendering that portion of the rack completely useless. Took the whole thing apart, put it back in the box, and it's going back to the store in the morning. What a waste!
Bought 2
first one broke off my closet door within 2 days. (broke not just fell apart which it did that as well)
Will NOT fit on front door. door is to thick, (company does offer a piece to fit on front door)
second one cant get the hooks to stay in. the whole single rack will fall off if not watched and pushed back in every so often.
My husbands shoes are also to large to fit on this rack (size 13) The shoes are both to long and to wide. so you waste both right and left up and down space.
I purchased this a bit ago and found out it is nothing but junk. the over the door part is too thick- so you cant shut the door. The shoe part doesnt want to stay attached to the frame- It only is held by 2 flimsey metal pegs. The shoe part is too big to go into the toe of most of my shoes. I have already gotten rid of the packaging but Im sure going to try to take this back.
I put the rack together and placed it on a door. I began putting shoes on the rack and the shoe part kept coming out of the holes that were supposed to hold it. Pushed the plugs back in but it kept coming out with shoes on the rack. Finally took the rack apart and returned it to the store.
Not worth the money. Falls apart easily & barely holds shoes or stays hooked onto door. Fell off numerous times. Finally threw it away last week. Aweful, aweful, aweful!!! I found studier and better quality shoe racks in the actual store.
This product is very good, I love to use it for all my shoes, it is very easy to put shoes on and take them out later. I placed it on the wall in my garage and love how all the shoes are organized. Very good product and durable.
One rung fell off a couple of days after putting it up, now we're down to three left after a couple of months, and it's never been overburdened. Definitely not worth buying if it has too be replaced so quickly anyway.
Love it minus one thing! I wish there was a way to hold the bottom in place in goes in the crack of the door and the wall. had to make a brace on the sides to keep the bottom from moving!
it won't stay together!! The racks or shelves or whatever you want to call them won't stay connected to the main frame. I'm totally disappointed in it.
I am very disappointed in this product. Way below expectations and worthless. I will be returning this product. It lasted lest then one week.
The racks came off the 2nd day of use, we have the racks rubberbanded on now so they stay on. Waste of money!!!
love it


text:
ATLANTA (AP) -- Georgia State University officials say the school's Center for Healthy Development has relaunched a free child abuse helpline.
Officials said Thursday that the Prevent Child Abuse Georgia helpline has been relaunched with support from the Arthur M. Blank Family Foundation.
The helpline was shut down in 2011 and began operating again on Feb. 26.
GSU officials say the helpline is staffed by operators from the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition of Georgia and will operate Monday through Friday between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m.
Officials say the 1-800-Children helpline is meant to be used for support and referrals, but isn't intended to serve as a point of contact during a crisis situation.


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I appreciate your insight with this company.If the price goes to $50.00 I will sell half of my holdings. to insure a gain. Thanks again.
Iggy Safety's recent HO price increase along with a general hardening of the Mass insurance market almost guarantees a good year. We have to get through the next month or so without any major storms but things look promising weather wise. Regulatorywise, the current government's war on insurance companies will have the predictable effect of reducing competition and increasing pricing. Reading some of the other companies' rate filing and seeing the government's stupidity and pettiness, you can assume that most insurance companies will continue to stay away from Massachusetts. I really think that Safety is where Commerce was ten or fifteen years ago and will end up being the dominant auto company.


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ODT Online
ODT /directory
Queenstown police have warned that somebody could get killed,
after three cases of violence in the resort over the weekend
- two involving victims allegedly being kicked in the head
when they were on the ground.
Police say an Australian man was knocked to the ground and
kicked in the head on Friday night after derogatory comments
were made about the suit he was wearing.
The 11.55pm incident at the top of Queenstown Mall was
witnessed by bystanders and captured on CCTV cameras.
Sergeant Kate Pirovano said two men were arrested - a
29-year-old man from Waikato was charged with common assault
and a 26-year-old man living in Queenstown was charged with
assault with intent to injure for allegedly kicking the
victim while he was down. Both would be appearing in court,
she said.
The 40-year-old victim received a gash to his forehead and a
swollen jaw and was treated at Lakes District Hospital. He
then received a warning from police for disorderly behaviour.
Sgt Pirovano praised the resort's new CCTV system and
acknowledged the help of independent witnesses, as there were
differing accounts of the incident.
"Once again our CCTV system is proving its worth," Sgt
Pirovano said.
At 11pm on Saturday a 19-year-old man knocked an 18-year-old
to the ground and kicked him in the head in Cow Lane,
Sergeant Mark Gill said. He said the offender fled the scene
but was located by police yesterday and charged with assault
with intent to injure.
He is due to appear in the Queenstown District Court on
November 19.
Two Brazilian brothers were arrested after they were refused
entry to a bar and got into an altercation on the corner of
Rees and Ballarat Sts at 2am yesterday. The brothers, aged 18
and 20, are due to appear in the Queenstown District Court on
November 19 charged with a behavioural offence.
Sgt Pirovano said the offender continued the assault when the
victim was on the ground.
She was concerned about such assaults, urging people to think
about the consequences of such actions. "Periodically, police
are seeing assault seriousness increase when offenders place
kicks to the heads of victims that are obviously no longer a
threat when they are on the ground, and this is a concerning
feature of some assaults because of the potential to
seriously injure or kill someone."
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text:
Welcome to the
Northeast Rockbusters Chapter
of the
Historical Construction Equipment Association
Allis Chalmers HD-19 Dozer photo courtesy of Northeast Rockbuster Photo Archives.
Message from the Northeast Rockbusters President
Our 2015 Rockbusters show was a success!! Many thanks to all those involved in setting up and running this show including the Show Committee, the volunteers, the family members, the vendors and the people that attended!! And thank you to Mark Gluck and his family for offering his farm for the show and for all the help they gave us!!. We had a great show although warm and dusty at times, we hope all that were there had a great time!! We moved a lot of dirt and thanks to all that brought their equipment to make this happen. A great thank you to Mark Gluck and his family for offering his farm to us for the show and all of the support and help that the Gluck family provided.
Kevin Maguire, Northeast Rockbusters President
We are the Northeast Rockbusters, the New England Chapter of the Historical Construction Equipment Association (HCEA) which is headquartered in Bowling Green Ohio. We would like to welcome you to our organization and let you know whats in store for you if you become a member our organization. First there is no requirement to own or operate equipment to be a member. All you need is just to be interested.
As a member you will receive, Rockbuster New which is our chapter newsletter. The newsletter announces up coming meetings, articles of historical interest, stories from our most recent adventures. We also publish classified ads free to our members. We have an annual schedule of events listing, this includes not only antique equipment shows, but tractor and truck shows as well. This list is the most complete you will find, it alone is worth the price of membership.
We meet at least six times a year, usually at a members home or shop. By moving around can see what our fellow members have for "toys" as well as their everyday equipment. Meetings are usually held on a Sunday with a "show and tell" session. Members bring photo albums, old literature, stories, etc., all being items of interest. Technical problems and questions, about where to find obsolete machines or parts have been answered at our meetings. The best part is the people you meet, and getting the "free history lessons".
Northeast Rockbuster's dues are $20.00 per calendar year. In order to be a member of a chapter, you are required to be a member of the National Organization, (HCEA); dues for HCEA are $35.00 per calendar year and can be paid with Chapter dues.
As a member of the HCEA, you will receive a magazine called Equipment Echoes, which is published quarterly. As a member, we would love to see your attendance at the HCEA International Convention. This show is something you probably have never seen before. Displays just don't sit there; they are out there digging, hauling, and working, hear the sounds, seet the sights, smell the smells wih fellow iron enthusiasts. It's that time of the year all you "Big Boys" look forward to, when you get to take out your "Big Boy Toys" and play in the dirt. So all you new comers, best pack your work boots and your play clothes, when you come to the show. And if you play really nice, you might get to run a machine or two. That is with the owner's permission of course.
In the event you need to contact someone, our address is as follows:
Northeast Rockbusters Chapter
PO Box 2761
Concord, NH 03302-2761


text:
Paul Giannamore - Copy Editor
Paul joined the Herald-Star/Weirton Daily Times newsroom in January 1985 after working in local radio, including Weirton for four years. He has served in just about every capacity in the newsroom except in sports, and as actual top dog.
phone: 740-283-4711 345
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
My Favorite Sites
Mom made me a man of privilege
May 9, 2015
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May 1, 2015
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April 27, 2015
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April 15, 2015
O'Reilly managed to kill Jesus as God
April 1, 2015
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March 13, 2015
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March 12, 2015
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March 7, 2015
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March 3, 2015
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Of Brian Williams and Obama's bad timing
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January 15, 2015
I'd rather be Mrs. Pynchon than Charlie
January 10, 2015
Mike Kilroy keeps on writing, thank goodness
January 8, 2015


text:
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Paljakka skiing centre in Kainuu, Finland, after dark
It looks like this because of white balance settings in the camera. Low angle, long exposure from over my backpack on the snow. Slightly HDR-ed to bring out the highlights in the foreground
It looks like this because of white balance settings in the camera. Low angle, long exposure from over my backpack on the snow. Slightly HDR-ed to bring out the highlights in the foreground
Stunning... Amazing colors and lighting!
agree whit the first comment,it sure does look like two people kissing in the sunset,lovely pic
Magnificent Looks so mystical and peaceful...
Everybody's Avatar is the same! If you try to change it, it doesn't let you and says"You don't leik Mudkips?" And you can't change it...
yeah it's April fool's... some joke from dA
Hey, how come my Avatar is the same as yours? I didn't change it...weird...
very beautiful light.
I don't even know what to say about this image, it has such a sense of surreal about it....wonderful attention to exposure here.....it is a stunning shot
Very nice composition. the final effect is astonishing
Really beatiful view with amazing colors. Perhaps some finetuning with the composition; I would have aimed a bit lower to get as much space above the tree as there is below. Somehow it would seem to work nicer.
thank you I wish I could have fine tuned the composition, but the camera was on the backpack, I didn't carry tripod around on my back that day, I wanted to enjoy the downhill
Oh wow. The colors are just amazing. Almost surreal looking. The sun looks so warming in such a cool atmosphere.
thank you. It is not sun, but night light on the slope
Ah, I missed the 'after dark' part of your description. Still an incredible photo though.
And, you're welcome.
And, you're welcome.
Not what I expected from the title, but its a good shot
cat e de tare!!!!
very well done
exactly agree with first comment , lovely shot !
this is so lovely... it looks like 2 people holding hands and kissing in the sunset. but maybe that's just my big imagination.
anyway, i love it.
anyway, i love it.


text:
Olivier Giroud and Theo Walcott netted braces as Arsenal eased through to the FA Cup quarter-finals, although the comprehensive 4-0 victory at Hull looks to have come at a cost for Arsene Wenger's men.
Olivier Giroud and Theo Walcott netted braces as Arsenal eased through to the FA Cup quarter-finals, although the comprehensive 4-0 victory at Hull looks to have come at a cost for Arsene Wenger's men.
The Football Association has described the fixture list in England as "overcrowded and untenable" after being forced to schedule an FA Cup fifth round replay between Hull City and Arsenal on 8 March, a Champions League night.
Reading's Paul McShane, Crystal Palace's Damien Delaney and Hull City's David Meyler all captained their sides to impressive FA Cup results this weekend.
FA Cup holders Arsenal were left frustrated as they were held to a goalless fifth-round stalemate by a resolute Hull.
Robert Snodgrass put Hull into the fourth round of the FA Cup with the only goal in the 1-0 win over Brighton on a day when Richie Towell made his debut for the Seagulls at the KC Stadium.
Manchester City booked their place in the Capital One Cup semi-finals, but the 4-1 scoreline flattered them somewhat against Championship side Hull.
There were wins for Manchester City, Hull, Aston Villa, Everton, Stoke and Middlesbrough in Tuesday night's Capital One Cup third-round ties.
Hull City manager Steve Bruce has confirmed that his club have accepted a bid from Norwich for the services of Republic of Ireland international Robbie Brady.
Hull were unable to pull off another great escape as they were relegated to the Sky Bet Championship following a 0-0 draw against 10-man Manchester United.
It's the final Barclays Premier League matchday of the season and all eyes will be on Newcastle and Hull City, one of which will be relegated. Get the news for those games and all others here.
Hull City have suspended midfielder Jake Livermore after he tested positive for cocaine, it has been reported today.
Southampton's faint top-four hopes were given a boost as James Ward-Prowse and Graziano Pelle ended long goal droughts to leave Hull deeper in the relegation mire.
It was another weekend to forget for Hull City as they slipped closer towards a relegation battle, losing 3-1 away to Swansea in a game in which David Meyler was sent off.
Hull City will be able to make another bid to change their name to Hull Tigers after an arbitration panel set aside the Football Association's decision to reject the name change.
Stephen Ireland's recent Stoke City renaissance looks likely to be put on hold for some time as the midfielder suffered a gruesome injury in his side's 1-0 victory at home to Hull City.
Hull City boss Steve Bruce has hit back at Stoke after a gory picture emerged of a bloody gash in Stephen Ireland's leg following a challenge by Tigers defender Maynor Figueroa.
Peter Crouch scored the winner a minute after coming off the bench as Stoke defeated Hull 1-0 at the Britannia Stadium.
Hull City made it two wins on the bounce and took a big step towards safety with a 2-1 victory over fellow strugglers QPR in a game in which Robbie Brady, Paul McShane and David Meyler all featured.
Irish international David Meyler hails the team spirit at Hull City


text:
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Buy High Sell Higher "Too Late, Too Late" gonna be the cry, when the man with the bargain passes you by.
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text:
Topic: United Healthcare
Ad of the Day: United Healthcare Reminds Us Why Dirty Dancing Is Best Left to the Pros
Might not be the time of your life
By Alfred Maskeroni on Mar. 23, 2015 - 1:02 PM EDT
We've all been there—the opening chords of "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack begin to play, and there's only one appropriate thing to do. Whether you're…
Modern Climate Helps Brands Get Mobile
Recreating 3M's Post-it as a smartphone app
By Gabriel Beltrone on Jun. 26, 2013 - 9:49 PM EDT
Specs Who (l. to r.) John Moberg, COO, CTO; Keith Wolf, CCO; Geoff Bremner, president and CEO; Jason Tell, chief knowledge officer What Digital ad agency Where Minneapolis Founded in 1998 as a regional…
Struggling for Ad Support, Huffington Mag Looks Past iPad
Revamp under way
By David Taintor on May. 26, 2013 - 10:57 PM EDT
When The Huffington Post's weekly iPad magazine Huffington transitioned from a pay model to free last August, advertising was intended to sustain the tablet-native title, as consumers had resisted paying…


text:
CLAS Departments Software
News and information about members of the CLAS faculty, staff, student, and alumni community are featured in brief spotlights, news stories and other types of content that highlight their accomplishements and work.
World AIDS Day-Pizza, Popcorn and Prevention
Author: [deleted]1459264032.2442.10
Date: November 6, 2012 03:03:31 PM -06:00 or Tue, 06 November 2012 15:03:31 -06:00
World AIDS Day-Pizza, Popcorn and Prevention
November 29
Tivoli Multicultural Lounge
Join the Health Center at Auraria, the Office of Student Life and GLBT Student Services in recognizing the world struggle against AIDS. Get informed through interactive displays and free food!
Notes: 003


text:
Our research uses experimental methods to improve understanding and treatment of psychological disorders, which are associated with dysfunction in basic emotional and motivational mechanisms. Specifically, we study cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of threat and reward processing in psychopathology, with a strong focus on their role in normal and clinical anxiety. Our work has direct relevance for the development and evaluation of effective treatments for emotional disorders.
Our research examines cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms involved in processing of emotional and motivationally salient information (e.g., external cues of threat and reward), and the role of these mechanisms in causing and maintaining psychological disorders. The main focus of our work is on clinical anxiety, which relates to dysfunctional mechanisms responsible for threat processing. Our research has also extended to the study of cognitive-neurobiological mechanisms involved in reward processing, such as selective attention to external cues relating to alcohol and food. The latter has implications for understanding, and treatment of, overeating and obesity.
Our work uses a variety of experimental approaches, including research methods from cognitive psychology (e.g. computerised reaction-time based tasks, and eye-tracking, to assess selective attention), psychophysiology (e.g. fear-potentiated startle), psychopharmacology (e.g. CO2 challenge, drug and alcohol manipulations), and neuroscience (e.g. event related brain potentials, functional imaging). Our studies are conducted with clinical, at-risk and healthy populations.
Examples of our research aims and projects include:
Much of our work has involved close collaboration with academic staff in other research groups in Psychology (e.g. Centre for Vision and Cognition; Emotion and Personality Bio-behavioural Laboratory; Centre for Applications of Health Psychology), as well as with those in other universities and institutions in the UK and worldwide (e.g., University of Bristol; University of Cambridge; University of Maastricht; Griffith University, Australia; Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil; National Institute of Mental Health, US).


text:
Aquifer Teacher Resources
Find Aquifer educational lesson plans and worksheets
Showing 1 - 24 of 393 resources
Building a Model Aquifer
A noble undertaking, guide your class to build a model of an aquifer. They use food coloring in the water to experiment with how it can be contaminated and examine how the soil can act as a filter. Using their data, they plot time versus...
9th - 12th Technology & Engineering
A Mock Town Meeting on a Proposed Tank Farm
Intended as a follow up to the Protecting Your Drinking Water activity, young environmentalists use their assessment of the a hypothetical town's water supply to debate the installation of underground chemical storage tanks. With the...
9th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable
What is Groundwater? Our Underground Water Supply
Learn about the consequences of groundwater with a lesson about the different ways California handles water conservation and pollution. After reading a passage about the water table, learners apply what they have read to six...
2nd - 4th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Desalination: Turning Salt Water into Fresh Water
How does San Francisco supply its citizens with enough water, even during a drought? Learn about reservoirs and why desalination could be a good solution with a reading passage about water conservation. After kids finish the...
2nd - 4th Science CCSS: Adaptable


text:
Auto Parts Search
Used Jaguar XKR Parts Hotline - AccessoriesOur used Jaguar XKR Accessories has the same great quality you receive when you purchase original Jaguar manufactured parts for your XKR . Our network of junk yards and auto recyclers meet the standards set by your Jaguar manufacturer, but without the high cost associated with the original Accessories prices. Why pay all those high prices for original Accessories for repairs when you can purchase the used Accessories needed for your Jaguar XKR repairs at a lower discount price. The used Accessories for your Jaguar XKR vehicle is not going to lower the price on your trade in value of your sport utility vehicle or truck, but because you are using the high quality used Accessories on your suv or truck, you will be able to make the repairs and hold onto the trade in value of your Jaguar XKR .
Automotix provides access to auto part requests submitted by professional automotive buyers and car enthusiasts from across the US and Canada. You may sort and/or filter the auto part listings by the Originating location, business type (i.e. Insurance Adjustor, Body Shop, Car Repair, Used Car Part Dealer, Hobbyist, etc.), vehicle model, part condition (OEM Parts, Aftermarket Part, Remanufactured Parts and Used Parts) and part category (i.e. Air Bag, Engine, Transmission, Lights, Body Part, Interior, etc.). Sellers that would like to contact the part buyers listed above must download the Automotix software.
Shop online for auto body parts, engines, wheels, lights...
|2002 Jaguar XKR Oxygen Sensor, Driver Or Passenger Side, A high quality, direct fit OE replacement oxygen sensor; Improves car's engine response and gas mileage; Effectively lowers emissions upon replacing its tired old oxygen sensor; Exceeds OE specifications and test requirements; OE part number C2C1238..
|2001 Jaguar XKR Cigarette Lighter, With wire terminal; A high quality cigarette lighter; Backed by 1-year, unlimited-mileage warranty..
|2013 Jaguar XKR 20" x 8.5" Alloy Wheel, Alloy Wheel; 20 X 8.5; 5 Spokes; 5 Lug; 108MM BP; Hypersilver, , .
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Used 2001 Jaguar XKR Tonneau Cover
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Convertible, V-8, Gas/Injection, Automatic, RWD
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BUYING USED AUTO PARTS: THE DO'S AND DON'TSThis complete guide is filled with valuable tips on how to buy used parts, where to look for quality salvage parts, how best to determine a fair price, ways to validate salvage yards, and how not to get ripped off by fraudulent wrecking yards. A must have for anybody buying parts.
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