text:
Phenomenology: A field guide(A Field Guide for the Qualitative Student)
Table of Contents
Carol Lane, Beth Newman, Sandy Schaeffer, & Anita Wells
Preface / Acknowledgements:
This self-study guide was produced by the authors as a project in a graduate class of Qualitative Research Methods (EDPR-8561) taught by Dr. Kakali Bhattacharya in the College of Education at the University of Memphis during the fall semester of 2006. It was done entirely using the collaborate 'wiki' method both as an experiment in new learning techniques for the students as well as a way to contribute to Dr. Bhattacharya's effort to develop a 'Wikipedia' style information resource on the internet devoted to the needs of qualitative researchers everywhere and in any discipline.
Excerpts from Abbott and Costello's classic routine[online]
Costello: Look Abbott, if you're the coach, you must know all the players.
Abbott: I certainly do……Who's on first, What's on second, I Don't Know is on third….
Costello: That's what I want to find out.
Abbott: I say Who's on first, What's on second, I Don't Know's on third…….
Costello: Well then who's on first?
Abbott: Yes.
Costello: I mean the fellow's name.
Abbott: Who.
Costello: The guy on first.
Abbott: Who.
Costello: The guy playing…
Abbott: Who is on first…..
Costello: All I'm trying to find out is what's the guys name on first base.
Abbott: No. What is on second base.
Costello: I'm not asking you who's on second.
Abbott: Who's on first.
Costello: One base at a time!
Sound confusing? Well, many people have the same puzzling emotional experience when they are first introduced to the qualitative method of phenomenology. Learning names of new scholars and the roles each played in founding phenomenology can be a bit overwhelming. Learning definitions of new words that are associated with a phenomenological framework can initially be confusing. However, the following discussion is intended to help novel researchers grasp a better understanding of the phenomelogical process with less ambiguity.
A vast majority of people are familiar with the ALL American sport of baseball. Many people can tell you the number of players on the field, the number of innings, the players' positions on the field, and many of the major teams' names. However, what people may not understand is the personal lived experience of players on the field. For example, no one but the pitcher can understand what it is like to actually stand on the pitcher's mound and throw pitches and strikes over home plate. The pitcher alone knows the physical and emotional experience of being burdened with the "wins or losses" of the baseball games. Likewise, only an out-fielder can know what it is like to witness a high fly ball heading their way and the feeling associated with situating themselves in a way to snag the "out." Only the players know the true experience of missing a fly ball or a line drive. It is lived experiences such as these that phenomenology is all about. The experts of life's experiences are the people who actually lived them.
Introduction to this guide:
Mankind has long maintained an interest in the cognitive and intrinsic experiences of human existence. Plato, in his Seventh Letter, wrote of this almost innate need to understand those internal forces that shape our thoughts. "In no way can it be uttered, as can other things, which one can learn. Rather, from out of a full, co-exetential dwelling with the thing itself - as when a spark, leaping from the fire, flares into light - so it happens, suddenly in the soul, there to grow, alone with itself."
Phenomenologists believe that understanding comes best through lived experience and that it is the cognitive inner experience that we, as researchers, should strive to understand and bring to light. Edmund Husserl (1917), considered by many to be the father of modern phenomenology, spoke thusly of the emerging field of phenomenological enquiry, "Most recently, the need for an utterly original philosophy has re-emerged, the need of a philosophy that--in contrast to the secondary productivity of renaissance philosophies--seeks by radically clarifying the sense and the motifs of philosophical problems to penetrate to that primal ground on whose basis those problems must find whatever solution is genuinely scientific. A new fundamental science, pure phenomenology, has developed within philosophy: This is a science of a thoroughly new type and endless scope. It is inferior in methodological rigor to none of the modern sciences. All philosophical disciplines are rooted in pure phenomenology, through whose development, and through it alone, they obtain their proper force. Philosophy is possible as a rigorous science at all only through pure phenomenology. It is of pure phenomenology I wish to speak: the intrinsic nature of its method and its subject matter that is invisible to naturally oriented points of view. Pure phenomenology claims to be the science of pure phenomena. This concept of the phenomenon, which was developed under various names as early as the eighteenth century without being clarified, is what we shall have to deal with first of all."
So, if you are an emerging qualitative researcher interested in studying the "essence" of human experience, you would most likely do well to consider phenomenology as a basis for you methodological inquiry. That is not to say that phenomenology is an end in itself to good methodology, but certainly it is a fundamental part of what makes qualitative research so meaningful, rich, and moving to its readers.
Who should use this?
This information should be useful to students, researchers, journalists, academics, and any other individual or group with a beginning interest in qualitative research and phenomenology. Those who wish to learn more about the origins, methods, and principal figures associated with phenomenology will find these pages useful as an initiation into this field of inquiry.
Why should you read this?
It is our hope that this information will prompt those who read it to dig deeper and further their knowledge of phenomenology and its methods. If you are developing an interest in qualitative research, you will find that understanding the principles of phenomenology is essential to the development of a sound personal research methodology. These pages are not intended to give you all of the background that you will eventually need, but only to get you started on the road to a successful relationship with your research.
How will it be helpful to you?
This information should be helpful to you in many ways. It will present qualitative research and phenomenology from the perspective of graduate students who are somewhat familiar with its tenets, but who are also still engaged in the learning process and still becoming familiar with the hands-on experience of using phenomenological approaches in actual research. You, as a student/learner, will be able to participate vicariously in the steps we take to make phenomenology an important tool in our qualitative research toolbox.
Phenomenology in a nutshell:
In a nutshell, Phenomenology is the study of lived experience (Moustakas, 1994; Marshall & Rossman, 1995; Creswell, 1998; Crotty, 1998; Patton, 2002). "Phenomenology can be referred to either as the subject matter of inquiry or as the methodology of the study (Marshall & Rossman, 1995 p. 82)." Lived experience can consist of many different things. For example, Patton (2002) states that this experience can be emotions, culture, relationships, jobs, programs, marriage, etc. This sounds simple enough. However, the process of phenomenological research is quite in-depth and requires extensive investigation to provide the rigor and merit for a trustworthy analysis.
What is lived experience and how do we gain knowledge about it? Phenomenology calls for detailed descriptions of the phenomenon or experience under study (Patton, 2002). Lived experience is not something that can be measured or weighed. What is the experience and who experienced it are important facets of the investigation. Many times, a phenomenological researcher has personal interests or reasons for wanting to explore the lived experience (Moustakas, 1994). The researcher wants to know about the experience at a deeper level of meaning than what is presented at the conscious level (Patton, 2002).
Crotty (1998) suggests that to discover the true experience that is being studied, the researcher must "lay aside" (p. 78) any preceding understanding of the phenomenon. This is a conscious effort by the researcher to refrain from personal persuasion in the investigation. This suspension of prior knowledge (Moustakas, 1994) will allow a fresh look at the new meaning for the phenomenon that emerges through the phenomenological process.
Patton (2002) states that the only way the researcher can understand what others experience is to get close to the phenomenon. The way to do this is to go to the source or the individuals who actually experienced the phenomenon and become immersed in their shared information surrounding the experience. The researcher strives to get at the essence or invariant structure (Moustakas, 1994) of the experience. The focus is on "descriptions of what people experience and how it is that they experience what they experience" (Patton, 2002 p. 107). If the researcher gathers information from multiple individuals, then there can be shared essences or common meanings for the experience.
As data is gathered, the phenomenon is examined from many different angles and perspectives. The researcher studies the phenomenon and reflects on the hidden meaning (Moustakas, 1994). Over and over again the researcher studies and reflects; then studies and reflects again to gather truthful and a comprehensive description of the lived experience. Instead of putting numbers to words, the researcher provides rich textural descriptions of findings (Moustakas, 1994). Descriptions of the experience "illuminate" (p. 98) the underlying meanings of the phenomenon.
A brief history of phenomenology:
Origins -
I wanted to post a few things I've looked at recently regarding the history of this philosophically based investigative method of phenomenology we're exploring.The scholarly work on phenomenology begins with the ideas of Edmund Husserl in the early 20th century. In an effort to break with the rigidity of exploring the world only by empirical means (which had become the exclusive way of investigating and discovering knowledge in those days, as well as ours), phenomenology emerged as an effort to return back to "the things themselves" (King, 2001) in an effort to discover the meaning and nature of things as they appear in their essence. As Husserl asserted, "Ultimately, all genuine, and in particular, all scientific knowledge, rests on inner evidence: as far as such evidence extends, the concept of knowledge extends also" (1970, p. 61). Of course, that idea was not easily accepted, and as Moustakas (1994) explained, such a radical approach to science was criticized and laughed at. So, Husserl stood alone in his world of phenomenological understanding. However, phenomenology, combining with the philosophical discussions on existentialism from Heidegger, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty, extended into new fields of sociology, nursing, health sciences and education. It is the work of Giorgi (1975, 1985, 1994), Polkinghorne (1989), Moustakas (1994), Van Kamp (1959, 1966) and others that moved phenomenology into the discipline of psychology. The goal of phenomenological research is to engender a description of the essential structure of the experience being investigated. The finding in phenomenological research is called a "general structural description" (Polkinghorne, 1989).
Kvale (1996) posed that a phenomenological perspective involves a focus on the 'life world', and idea emerging from the ideas of Heidegger that includes an openness to the experiences of the participants, placing primacy on precise descriptions. The 'life world' is the world as it is experienced in everyday life with no prior explanations. Phenomenology studies participants' perspectives of their world and attempts to describe in detail the content of the participants' consciousness, to grasp the qualitative diversity of their experience, and to explicate their essential meaning. It is this intent of phenomenology that attracts the interest of qualitative researchers, because qualitative reserachers want to tap into multiple forms of knowledge that emerge from the lived experiences of human participants.
(1) Husserl (2) Heidegger
Several scholars are associated with the phenomenology framework. Phenomenology represents an attempt to look at 'things' (phenomena) in our world and to develop some understanding of them, without the addition of our preconceived ideas and opinions. The philosophy of phenomenology was founded by Edmund Husserl in the early 20th century (Foster & Perkins, 2004). As Moustakas (1994) explained, there was a growing discontent with a science that was based exclusively on studies of material things and failed to take into account the experiencing person and the relationship between human consciousness and the objects that existed in the material world. The basic theme of phenomenology is 'Back to the things themselves'. The 'things' refer to the phenomena that we encounter from our experience from being-in-the-world. Kvale (1996) explained that phenomenology is interested in describing what appears and the manner in which it appears. With the work of Martin Heidegger, phenomenological philosophy began to merge with the philosophy of existence. Existentialism, whose roots go back to Kierkegaard, can be defined by its major focus, existence. Existence involves, according to Kierkegaard, the way in which an individual experiences his or her being-in-the-world. The purpose of phenomenology is to develop understanding of an individual's perspective regarding some experience. An attempt is made to describe in detail the content and structure of a conscious experience and to grasp the qualitative diversity of particular experiences, the goal being to explain the essential meanings of human experience.
A major idea involving phenomenological research is the idea of intentionality. This concept emerges from the work of Heidegger and Husserl and deals with the interdependence or fusion of the individual with his/her world. Husserl (1931, p.245) refers to intentionality as an indispensable concept which is the starting point of phenomenology. Natanson, writing in 1973, refers to intentionality as the "axis of phenomenology" (p.103). Therefore, an exploration of this concept may provide a more complete understanding of the goal of phenomenological research.
Crotty (2004) explained that because we are 'being-in-the-world', we cannot be described apart from our world, and our world cannot be described apart from us. Even though our enculturation process is rather substantial, phenomenology encourages us to set aside our ideas about some experience and learn from those who are experiencing the phenomena. To bracket our understandings and let the experience of phenomena speak to us first hand is the intent of phenomenological research.
Van Kaam (1969) offers a very good discussion on intentionality: "Human consciousness is a being together with the world, an encounter with, an orientation to, a directedness, and intentionality" (p.22). He goes on to explain that the original, spontaneous way of being-in-the-world is not the scientific mode; daily experience, he posits, is not scientific. Natural experience is spontaneous, multidimensional, unorganized, somewhat vague and undetermined, and it is in this natural mode that humans, for the most part, function and experience their lives.
It is suggested that the phenomenological concept of 'intentionality' and the existential idea of being-in-the-world suggest that meaning emerges from the interaction of subjects and objects: "Objectivity and subjectivity need to be brought together and held together indissolubly" (Crotty, 2004, p. 44). Human being means being-in-the-world, engaged in the world, engendering meaning from the interaction with the world. Intentionality represents an interdependence of subject and world.
Crotty (2004) explained that in the English-speaking world, phenomenology is generally seen as a study of people's everyday experience. Data is collected and analyzed; in-depth interviews are carried out with the participants using open-ended questions; themes are engendered that emerge from the words of the participants; interpretations and meanings are engendered from the data. This approach to phenomenology presents a new understanding of phenomenology and, as suggested by Crotty, represents a very North American development.
In America, Van Kaam, Giorgi and Colazzi began expounding their methodologies of phenomenological research which were related to symbolic interactionism and other less critical approaches to experience than phenomenology was originally intended. However, phenomenology offers a form of inquiry that is rooted in immediate social experience and offers a methodology that requires a return to the experience at many points along the way. American phenomenology has been assimilated into the American intellectual tradition and represents a viable voice to gaining knowledge and understanding human experience.
Emergence of Phenomenology as a Methodology in Qualitative Research
Bugental (1989) offered that it was Rollo May's (1958) book, Existence, that caused many in psychology to reexamine their assumptions and open their conceptual frameworks to entertain a different paradigm. Up to that point, psychology had modeled its methodology on nineteenth century physical science, negating all significance of human subjectivity. Paul Tillich, the renown 20th century existential theologian summed the dilemma up most succiently: "Man resists objectification, and if man's resistance is broken, man himself is broken" (195l, p. 18). Bugental asks "What does it mean to be concerned with experience as contrasted with behavior? It means to attend to the person as a subject rather than an object. It means to affirm that the human is a different order of phenomenon than any other. It means that the hope of an objective impersonal science is revealed as vain, partial and self-defeating" (p. x).
This key to the 'more-than-objective' nature of the human lies in the human's reflexive awareness (Bugental, 1989). The human, when most truly human, is not only aware but aware of being aware. This awareness throws wild cards into the deck. Humans are, as far as we know, the only creatures to be aware of being aware. This is the amazing quality of our subjectivity. The question emerges, why negate that most pheonomenal quality of humankind? For, indeed, it is from the human gift of awareness (which Bugental posed may often seem a curse), that our capacities to have intentions, to reinterpret experience, to bring into being newness, and to create meaning emerge. We provide meaning to the universe, for we are meaning creators.
It is the attempt to capture human meaning that the methodology of phenomenological research is committed. Subjectivity, inner experiencing, and the essence of being human demand that we investigate experience, and, it is suggested, that this realm of investigation has been neglected far too long. It is probable that the best evidence of the human condition comes from the experiences and descriptions of the human individual. How else can we learn about the intentions, motivations and behavior of our kind? Bugental (1989) feels that the neglect of the subjective realm has resulted in our understanding of ourselves falling far behind our understanding of the physical world. It is to this failure that phenomenology attends. For, phenomenology is a form of inquiry that attempts to discover the meaning people place on their everyday experiences (deMarrais, 2004).
Polkinghorne (1989) asserted that the very process of gathering the data provides the opportunity for the researcher to learn about an experience and to form ideas about its structure. The gathered descriptions, "whether personal reflections by the researcher, reflections from subjects or previous descriptions, are converted to written form" (p. 50), which may result in hundreds of pages of written material that is analyzed in the data-analysis stage to tease out the essential descriptions of the experience.
The finding of the phenomenological research is a description of the essential structure of the experience (Polkinghorne, 1989). The essence of the experience emerges from interview data as participants describe in detail some experience they've lived. As deMarrais (2004) suggested, the purpose of phenomenological interviews is to "attain a first-person description of some specified domain of experience" (p.57). The researcher becomes the learner, and the participant is the one who has had the experience and considered the expert. Therefore, the interview becomes a conversation with the participant leading in the discussion of a particular experience in whatever way he/she chooses.
In phenomenological interviewing, according to Kvale (1983), the researcher asks short, descriptive questions that hopefully lead to long, detailed descriptions of the experience being studied. Also, there is an attempt made to establish equality between researcher and the participant by sharing interpretations and asking for the participants input to the interpretations and sharing the final manuscript.
Polkinghorne (1989) explained that natural scientific research attempts to produce the kind of knowledge that allows someone to predict and control the topic under investigation, while phenomenological research seeks understanding for its own sake and addresses the question what, not why. According to Polkinghorne, phenomenological research provides a deeper and clearer understanding of what it is like for someone to experience something. That knowledge allows us to be more sensitive and appreciative of those involved in the experience.
Phenomenological methods are devised in order to investigate another realm of reality, "the realm that comes into being at the intersection of consciousness and the world…human experience" (Polkinghorne, (1989, p. 58). It is the method of in-depth interviewing that provides the way into this realm and opens up an understanding of the meaning individuals attach to the experiences that emerge from their day-to-day interaction with their world, which helps us, as researchers, to better understand the human condition in all its diversity.
Nicolai Hartman, another scholar, understood philosophy to be rooted in ontology (Foster & Perkins, 2004). To justify realism, Hartmann used phenomenology to study the essence of being. Another scholar, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, worked to change the traditional dichotomy between the objective and subjective elements of human experience. Merleau-Ponty was interested in how language affects individuals' perceptions of their world (Crotty, 1998; Foster & Perkins, 2004).
Martin Heidegger (Crotty, 1998) also used phenomenology to help comprehend the significance of being. According to Heidegger, society has a pre-determined way of perceiving human experience. Instead of taking information for granted, Heidegger encourages researchers to be open to new meaning of phenomenon. Therefore, similar to the previous scholars, Heidegger focused on the ontology or 'being' of the person utilized to gain accurate information of that person's experience (Crotty, 1998).
The mechanics of a phenomenological study:
For phenomenological research and analysis, Creswell provides an excellent summary in his guidebook entitled: Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions (1998) to help the new researcher get started. In that guide, data analysis for a typical phenomenological study is represented in the list of phases below:
|Data managing
|Create and organize files for data
|Reading, memoing
|Read through text, make margin notes, form initial codes
|Describe the meaning of the experience for the researcher
|Find and list statements of meaning for individuals Group statements in the meaning units
|Develop a textual description: "What happened?" Develop a structural description: "How was the phenomenon experienced?" Develop an overall description of the experience, the "essence"
|Representing, visualizing
|Present narration of the "essence" of the experience; use tables or figures of statements and meaning units
In addition to Creswell's basic recommendations, a much larger body of work developed by many scholars of qualitative research exists that can be used to strengthen one's qualitative analysis skills. Below is a brief review of selected scholars in the literature with respect to analysis of phenomenological data analysis.
John Creswell, in a guidebook for qualitative research and design (1998), provides an extremely practical survey of phenomenological analysis techniques. A good way to start is by applying Creswell's "Data Analysis Spiral" in which he recommends a process of "…moving in analytical circles rather than using a fixed linear approach" (p. 142). The spiral technique is particularly helpful for managing and analyzing the large amounts of data associated with most phenomenological qualitative studies. This technique provides for alternating cycles of mechanical parsing and analysis and reflective consideration.
Another qualitative scholar of phenomenology discussed by Creswell and others is Moustakas who provides an excellent guidebook targeted specifically to phenomenological researchers (1994) in which he offers guidance on everything from designing the study, to selecting participants and collecting data. In particular, Moustakas presents and contrasts his own modifications of two existing analytical methods of analyzing phenomenological data: (1) the Kaam Method and (2) the Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen Method. While the two methods have different approaches, they both are designed to result in the researcher generating "…a composite textual-structural description of the meanings and essences of the experience" (p. 121). What I particularly like in both of these techniques is their approach of seeking the epoche (or essence of the experience) from within the full text of the participants' own words as directly as possible. Both of these techniques as described by Moustakas allow the researcher to "listen" to the data - as much as to read it. This layered and constructive approach is highly adaptable to Creswell's spiral approach.
In chapter three of Creswell's book (1998, p. 141), he describes three sets of analytical strategies for qualitative analysis and representation organized around three key author teams: (1) Bogdan & Biklen, (2) Huberman & Miles, (3) Wolcott. Codes, categories and themes tend to find their way into many phenomenological studies – particularly if they include in-depth narrative interviews as a critical form of data to be analyszed. Many authors describe the use of the "coding" approach. One of those is described by Ryan and Bernard as described in Denzin & Lincoln's book on qualitative research (Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). Ryan and Bernard do an excellent job of describing a wide variety of effective and thorough techniques for parsing large blocks of participant narrative. Among other things, they offer excellent and practical guidance on techniques for sampling, coding and finding themes in participant text. They also describe other approaches for analyzing free-flowing text including word counts, structural analysis, and language taxonomies.
Another important facet of phenomenological analysis is the need for the researcher to properly 'bracket' themselves with respect to the data. Thompson, Locander and Pollio (1989) provide a useful discussion on the concept of bracketing in which "…the researcher relates to respondent reflections in a non-dogmatic fashion and attempts to grasp, rather than impose meanings emerging from the dialog."
Further discussion on bracketing is provided by deMarrais (p. 58) in which she describes a process whereby the assistance of other researchers is used to conduct a "bracketing interview" of the primary researcher. In this way, she shows how the bracketing interview can help to better expose the assumptions and beliefs of the researcher in their study.
Useful Links:
Begental, J. (1989). Foreward. In R. Valle, & S. Halling (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological perspectives in psychology (pp. ix-xi). New York: Plenum Press
Bhattacharya, K. (2006). Personal Conversation.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
deMarrais, K. (2004). Qualitative interview studies: Learning thgrough experience. In K. deMarrais, & S. Lapan (Eds.), Foundations for research (pp. 54-68). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum,.
Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (2003). Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Foster, E., & Perkins, L. (2004). Methodology mini-lesson IDIT 7320: Phenomenology. Retrieved October, 16, 2005, from http://www.arches.uga.edu/~lperkins/edit7320/phenomenologymimilesson.htm
Giorgi, A. (1994). A phenomenological perspective on ceretain qualitative research methods. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (25), 190-220.
Giorgi, A. (1985). The phenomenological psychology of learning and the verbal learning tradition. In A. Giorgi (Ed.), Phenomenology and psychological research (pp. 23-85). Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
Giorgi, A., Fischer, C., & Murray, E. (1975). Duquesne studies in phenomenological psychology, II. In A. Giorgi, C. Fischer & E. Murray (Eds.), Duwuesne studies in phenomenological psychology, II (pp. 82-103)
Heppner, P. P., & Heppner, M. J. (2004). Writing and publishing your thesis, dissertation & research. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Husserl, E. (1917). Pure phenomenology, its method and its field of investigation. Inaugural Lecture at
Freiburg im Breisgau.
Husserl, E. (1970). Logical investigations(J. Findlay Trans.). New York: Humanities Press.
Husserl, E. (1931). Ideas(W. Gibson Trans.). London: George Allen & Unwin.
King, M. (2001). A guide to heidegger's being and time. New York: State University of New York Press.
Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kvale, S. (1983). The qualitative research interview. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (13), 171-196.
LeCompte, M. D. (2003). Analyzing qualitative data. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 146-154.
LeVasseur, J. J. (2003). Pearls, pith, and provocation: The problem of bracketing in
Phenomenology. Qualitative Health Research, 13 (3), 408-420.
Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. B. (1995). Designing qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage Publications.
May, R., Angel E., & & Ellenberger, H. (Eds.). (1958). Existence - A new dimension in psychiatry and psychology. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Natanson, M. (1973). Phenomenology and the social sciences. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Polkinghorne, D. (1989). Phenomenological research methods. In R. Valle, & S. Halling (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological perspectives in psychology (pp. 41-60). New York: Plenum.
Thompson, C., Locander, W. and Pollio, H. (1989, September). Putting Consumer Experience Back into Consumer
Research: The Philosophy and Method of Existential Phenonenology. Journal of Consumer Reseach. 16, 133-146.
Tillich, P. (1951). Systematic theology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
van Kaam, A. (1969D). Existential foundations of psychology. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
van Kaam, A. (1966). Existential foundations of psychology. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
van Kaam, A. (1959). Phenomenal analysis: Exemplified by a study of the experience of "really feeling understood.". Journal of Individual Psychology, 15, 66-72.
Who's on first? The text of Abbott & Costello's classic routine. [online] Retrieved November 20, 2006 from http://www.phoenix5.org/humor/WhoOnFirst.html


text:
Closing The Gap
This defense led the nation last year against the run. It ranked eighth overall and forced 34 turnovers (6th in the nation). It ranked fourth in sacks with 44 and ranked sixth in tackles for a loss per game with 8.2.
AP Photo/Greg Wahl-Stephens
Victor Butler registered 10½ sacks for the Beavers in 2007.
Does that sound like a defense you'd be interested in? Any guess whose it was? USC? Nope. UCLA? Nope.
Oregon State.
The Beavers had plenty of bite with their 4-3 "gap cancellation" scheme, masterminded by inexplicably unheralded coordinator Mark Banker. While Oregon State's mistake-prone offense ranged from mediocre to bad last season, its defense was stout enough to carry the Beavers to a 9-4 finish -- including seven wins over their final eight games -- and a final No. 25 national ranking.
The memories are satisfying, but the present is this: The entire starting front seven from 2007 is gone, as are five other players who saw extensive action. So there's a lot of work to be done this spring.
"We look at some of the young players we have and we can see some real athleticism in all of them, and in some cases an upgrade in speed," Banker said. "But we need to build up their football intellect. You can't replace game-time experience."
Banker compared the gap cancellation scheme to the "Desert Swarm" defenses run by Dick Tomey at Arizona in the 1990s. It actually was the brainchild of Greg Newhouse, who was the Beavers defensive coordinator in 1997 and is now the linebackers coach.
Most defensive schemes are about controlling a gap and then reading and reacting, which is dandy for schools capable of recruiting massive interior defensive linemen. The Beavers, instead, emphasize strength and speed during recruiting and put far less emphasis on size.
The scheme requires these quick but undersized linemen to penetrate all four gaps along the line of scrimmage -- to the heels of the offensive linemen, Banker said -- in order to spill the action outside, where speedy linebackers can make plays.
"We're taking an area by running through it and restricting the inside gaps," Banker said. "We try to truly penetrate the line of scrimmage, knock it back and create a new line of scrimmage."
Speaking of new: What about that inexperienced front seven? Well, it's not as green as it seems. Consider that ends Victor Butler and Slade Norris combined for 19.5 sacks last year and the linebackers, led by junior Keaton Kristick, aren't a bunch of wide-eyed freshmen who haven't seen any game action. Moreover, three starters are back from a good secondary.
The only experienced interior lineman, Pernnell Booth, will miss spring with a foot injury, but that will allow Banker to evaluate the newcomers, a list topped by JC transfer Stephen Paea. Another touted JC transfer, Simi Kuli, won't arrive until after spring practices.
Of course, if the Beavers' defense again thrives, Banker might lose his anonymity. He could become a hot commodity, either for a high-paying coordinator gig or even a head-coaching job.
Re-Cal-ibrating The DefenseCalifornia struggled on defense a year ago running a 4-3. The Golden Bears are much deeper at linebacker than along the defensive front. And they successfully adopted a 3-4 to foil Air Force in the Armed Forces Bowl.
That doesn't mean Cal is on the cusp of a scheme change, but there will be some experimentation this spring with different looks.
The Bears welcome back all three starting linebackers -- Worrell Williams in the middle and Anthony Felder and Zach Follett outside -- though only Follett played consistently well last year. Still, the talent and experience is there, and when Mike Mohamed is added to the mix, the four-linebacker scheme becomes an intriguing option, particularly with some other impressive young players waiting in the wings.
As for the line, new coach Tosh Lupoi will be looking for more production from a unit that managed only 10 sacks a year ago.
A three-man line likely would feature Derrick Hill inside, flanked by Rulon Davis, an impressive athlete who struggles to stay healthy, and either Cameron Jordan or Tyson Alualu.
If the Bears stick with a four-man front, the primary competitors for the other tackle spot would include Mika Kane, Cody Jones, Michael Costanzo and redshirt freshmen Solomona Aigamaua, Ernest Owusu and Scott Smith.
Raising The Kirton?Washington coaches finally pulled the trigger on a move that should have been made years ago: Physically talented but underachieving senior Johnie Kirton was moved from tight end to the defensive line. A dominating high school running back, the 6-foot-3, 270-pound Kirton's work habits and intensity confounded his coaches the previous four seasons. While he showed flashes of potential as a tight end, he also was an indifferent blocker who dropped too many passes. With big holes on the D-line -- new coordinator Ed Donatell might experiment with some 3-4 looks this spring -- Kirton will get every opportunity to earn playing time.
Ted Miller is a college football writer for ESPN.com. Send your questions and comments to Ted at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Troy QB Sizzle Or Fizzle
The Los Angeles Daily News reported Tuesday that coach Pete Carroll called it "improbable" that Sanchez would fall to No. 2 on the depth chart.
While Mustain hasn't broken through, fellow Arkansas and high school teammate Damian Williams, has been earning enthusiastic kudus. Though the receiver twisted his ankle this week trying to avoid a young fan watching practice, according to the Los Angeles Times, Williams' playmaking ability suggests he'll make an immediate impact, whoever starts at quarterback.
Hold That Line
Moreover, it's the three most critical spots -- center and both tackles -- that will be manned by green starters against a schedule that includes a visit from Georgia, the likely preseason No. 1, and its athletic defensive line.
Starting this spring, Erickson will try to ease the pressure on the line three ways: (1) He wants to spread out defenses with four- and five-receiver sets; (2) he wants to simplify protection schemes; and (3) he wants veteran quarterback Rudy Carpenter to get rid of the ball quicker, even if that means occasionally playing it safe and hurling the ball 15 rows deep into the stands.
A Lot Bruin
The only returning starter from 2007's standout secondary is cornerback Alterraun Verner. As for the offensive line, no returning player started every game last year, though three -- senior Micah Reed, a former walk-on who's moved from guard to center, and junior tackles Aleksey Lanis and Micah Kia -- combined for 21 starts last season.
Former defensive tackle Darius Savage is listed No. 1 at one-guard, opposite junior Nick Ekbatani.
Duck Call
An e-mail from the football office noted we'd left out junior Cade Cooper, a BYU transfer who was a junior college All-American and is experienced with the spread-option offense.
So, for those keep score at home, rank Cooper in the mix with Nathan Costa (the frontrunner who will be limited during spring practices with a bum knee), Justin Roper, Cody Kempt, Darron Thomas and Chris Harper.
Good Bear/Bad Bear
On the downside, junior cornerback Syd'Quan Thompson, a two-year starter, is riding an indefinite suspension for breaking a team rule.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
By Sgt. Daniel SchroederJuly 12, 2013
HONOLULU - Recently soldiers and spouses of the 25th Combat Aviation Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, attended a Strong Bonds Marriage Retreat in Honolulu to explore elements that make a good marriage.
The retreat brought couples to a relaxed environment to focus on creating strong connection with each other.
"This retreat was a great opportunity for us to explore more depths of our marriage," said Sgt. Jacqueline Garza, a communications and network noncommissioned officer assigned to Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 25th CAB, originally from Tampa, Fla. "When you are home, you think about everyday life; here, you focus on your relationship with your spouse."
The first topic covered was the five love languages where the couples discovered the different types of giving and receiving affection.
After the five love languages, Chaplain (Lt. Col.) Eric Jackson, Family Life chaplain, 25th CAB, discussed hidden issues and solving problems in marriages. Jackson presented the couples with various communication skills needed to address hidden issues in marriages.
"One of the biggest obstacles in a marriage is communication," said Chaplain (Capt.) Mike Derienzo, 2nd Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment Chaplain, 25th CAB, originally from Hudson, Ohio. "We give them the skills to work through a myriad of problems. Once Army spouses can understand each other, the better they can come to a resolution."
One communication technique covered was the speaker-listener technique. This allows one person to express their feelings to their partner and have their partner repeat what was said. To better convey this technique, the couples performed a roleplaying session on how the technique is used.
"Seeing what other couples are going through and listening to how they cope with situations gives us a better insight on how things can be handled differently," said Garza. "The roleplaying sessions of five love languages and speaker-listener technique shed light on how individuals interpret love. The main thing is to remember we are different people and we need to learn how to work together as different people to achieve the same goal."
Childcare was provided for the couples to allow the parents to focus on the strong bond classes and give the parents a few hours together in the evening without the children if desired.


text:
FX Network President John Landgraf says the News Corp. (NWS) unit is highly likely to order an additional 90 episodes of "Anger Management," the new Charlie Sheen comedy produced by Lions Gate Entertainment (LGF). Such a large booking is unusual, as TV channels usually commit to just one season at a time, or up to 22 episodes.
FX Network President John Landgraf says the News Corp. (NWS) unit is highly likely to order an...
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Creative Zen Stone MP3 player
Creative have finally got around to launching a miniature MP3 player that is small enough to take on the Apple Shuffle, but do nice things come in small packages? We get listening to find out.
Twice the size of the metal shuffle (it's roughly equivalent of two shuffle's side by side) the Creative Zen Stone is available in six glossy colours (black, white, red, blue, pink and green) and as you can imagine by the name, has rounded corners so it looks like a pebble or stone.
At first glance the two players are virtually identical, however on closer inspection there are differences. The Zen doesn't for example have a clip that allows you to attach it to your clothes when out on a jog, however it does have a USB socket so you don't have to worry about a docking station when it comes to charging or transferring files.
Likewise buttons are similar, but slightly different, the main ones being that the Stone doesn't have an on switch - power is activated by the play/pause button, and the Zen Stone has a skip folder button that allows you to skip to the next album folder.
It might sound simple, but we found the folder skip button really hand if you have arranged your music by album rather than just a random selection of tracks.
With the capacity to store up to 500 songs on its 1GB flash drive, the Creative Zen Stone has a good battery life that easily lives up to the claimed 10 hours of playback.
Creative do offer some simple software via its website so you can manage the player, however you can simply drag and drop your favourite tracks to the Creative Zen Stone either via a PC or a Mac.
As an alternative to the Apple shuffle, the Creative Zen Stone offers plenty.
It might be slightly bigger than the shuffle and be lacking that clip (you can get an armband or keyfob instead) but the Album skip feature, usb socket and the price (it's half of that of the Shuffle) certainly make up for it.
If you're not sold on the iTunes experience and want music in a small package and not fussed about a screen - this is for you.
The future of sound: KOAR Bone Conduction Bluetooth headset delivers audio to your inner ear
Harman Kardon Go + Play review: Post-retro design, powerful audio
Plex now lets you play music on any Sonos device from the Sonos app
Audio-Technica ATH-MSR7NC headphones review: Make some noise
- The future of sound: KOAR Bone Conduction Bluetooth headset delivers audio to your inner ear
- Harman Kardon Go + Play review: Post-retro design, powerful audio
- Plex now lets you play music on any Sonos device from the Sonos app
- Audio-Technica ATH-MSR7NC headphones review: Make some noise
- Deezer launches in the US: How does the music-streaming service work?
- Zemi Aria speaker review: Majors and minors
- Magnetic Bluetooth 4.1 Wireless Sport headphones deliver 5 hours of clear music and podcasts (37 per cent off)
- Cambridge Audio SE1 earphones give you Beryllium drivers for under £100, profits go to charity
- Devialet Gold Phantom is an insane 4,500W Bluetooth speaker, yours for £2,190
- How to make the B&W Zeppelin Wireless even more sexy, produce it in white
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- Best Galaxy S7 and S7 edge cases: Protect your new Samsung device


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When instructor Monica Faraldo, B.G.S. '01, M.A. '02, organized this archeological dig at Isla San Lucas, a now-defunct penal colony off the coast…
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Internal auditing is defined by The Institute of Internal Auditors, Inc. as "an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization's operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes."
Audit and Advisory Services adheres to the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing as promulgated by The Institute of Internal Auditors, Inc.


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Here is a little preview of my new CV, more clean and minimalist than the previous one.
Your comments are the most welcome.
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I am trying to sort out my 404 stuff.
I would like to make it so that visitors who end up at a 404 are redirected to a message contained within the site itself.
For instance, going to http://shadows.os42.com/2005/03/25/its-not-going-to-be-easy-people/
no longer works.
So how do I redirect the visitor using my 404.php and 404.shtml to a page which has the header, sidebar and footer and a message telling them to go elsewhere?
It is half happening here
but obviously it is not right yet...
Thanks for any advice you can offer :)


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|Message view
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|"Vera Petrashkova (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Created: (HARMONY-3579) [testing] tptp jvmti tests execution integrates into B&T 2.0
|Thu, 05 Apr 2007 09:44:32 GMT
[testing] tptp jvmti tests execution integrates into B&T 2.0 ------------------------------------------------------------- Key: HARMONY-3579 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HARMONY-3579 Project: Harmony Issue Type: Test Components: build - test - ci Reporter: Vera Petrashkova Priority: Minor This bundle contains scriprs to execute TPTP JVMTI test suite which is the part of TPTP Automation TESTS. They were created on the base of the new B&T infrastructure propsed https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HARMONY-3501 Adaptor and custom configuration from this archive allow to setup and execute TPTP JVTI tests once or run them under CC. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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For a while, when I looked at plants in catalogs, I thought that PVP was part of the name of the plant until I saw the same name without it. What does it mean?
PVP stands for "Plant Variety Protection", which is a patent on the particular variety/cultivar that is sexually propagated. From this site:


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Will be approved!!
After reading the FDA Briefing Docs I would have to think that you are wrong BUT..... the panel of 'exspurts' agree with you. Lucky You!
You take the shot not me!
md, You are not alone. In the final and pivotal trial 34 patients agree to take "the shot"(actually 51 but 17 get injected with placebo) for 26 weeks, 6 patients apparently NEED to say 'not for me' before the end.Then, 23 of the remaining ones enroll in the extension trial but ANOTHER 18 need to say 'not for me ' before that trial ends. These patients will die without treatment. Go figure.........no wonder the FDA reviewer called it "problematic" and 9 of 15 panel 'experts' called it ...........what?........Just sayin'


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- Addressing Divide Between Communities and Police Police shootings are symptoms of deeper imbalance between citizens and security
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Lower-division courses are general introductions to a field of study. They are normally open to all students, not just those majoring in the field and are defined as 100 and 200 level.
Upper-division courses are more specific than lower-division courses and may require prerequisites. Both 300 and 400 level courses are defined as upper-division courses.


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I like peaches.
I like cake.
I like summers at the lake!
–Megan, age 5
I'm Meg and this is where I share interior design inspiration and project updates, stories about motherhood, delicious recipes, and entertaining tips.
I'm live in River Forest, Illinois with my darling husband who is a dermatology resident, our babe Oliver, and our golden retriever Nell. We are expecting baby #2 in May 2016! You can find pictures from our July 2011 wedding here.
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Comments about 'Letters: No regard for our Second Amendment rights'
- Oldest first
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- Most recommended
We spend as much on defense as the rest of the world combined, and most of the other big spenders are our allies. Spending a little bit less is not going to make us vulnerable. We could cut our defense spending by 80% and still spend more than China,the number two spender. Not that anyone is proposing cuts of that magnitude.
- 12:45 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
- Like (18)
- Report abuse
Oh please... even after anything Obama proposes this nation will have a defense budget more than 4x that of 2nd place China and still have the highest gun per person ratio in the world. You people are paranoid...
- 5:10 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
- Like (19)
- Report abuse
Kim, I don't understand your letter at all. Where on earth are you getting
the idea that the president wants to reduce military spending to the point of
only using "sweet talk" against terrorists? And what proposal has the
president given that would restrict 2nd Amendment rights to the point of only
allowing "BB guns"? You need to read more newspaper articles.
Your hyperbole is what's wrong with this country. You're outraged, but you don't know why. You are making things up to fuel that outrage, but you don't know that you are completely wrong. You have a wealth of information at your fingertips, but you choose to ignore it.
- 5:26 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
- Like (22)
- Report abuse
@ Kim: Let's suppose you want to buy a car. The dealership shows you two
options. Option one is a classic - it has been around for a number of years and
reflects the best technology from when it was built. It is also big and bulky,
it lacks many of the modern conveniences that cars come with, it gets lousy
mileage, and costs lots of money. Option two is hot off the assembly line.
While smaller and sleeker it is still sufficiently large to meet your capacity
based needs, it is chock full of all the latest technology, it has a higher
safety rating than option 1, it gets excellent gas mileage, and costs about half
of option 1.
Do you buy the classic because it is the classic and costs more, or do you buy the car that actually meets your needs?
According to top military personnel, this is the situation the military faces.
The question you need to ask yourself is do you want an expensive military or a strong, safe military? Because we can have the second without spending all the money required for the first.
- 7:33 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
- Like (13)
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President Obama's proposals and executive orders are designed to make it
more difficult for the rapists, murderers, terrorists, and individuals with
certain clinical mental illness diagnosises from being able to purchase guns or
use their loved ones' guns to kill their loved ones and then go on shooting
rampages with said guns.
Someone who, for whatever reason, cannot legally buy and own a gun in their state of primary residence should not be able to go to a gun show or answer an ad or cross state lines and buy one. Nor should someone else be able to buy it for them.
These are common sense regulations.
- 7:45 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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A scalpel needs to be taken to all federal agencies - DOD included. Unnecessary
and overlapping programs need to be either eliminated or consolidated. The
Department of Defense does not get a free pass to have whatever they want. Hard
questions need to be answered and hard decisions need to be made. The agency I
work for has been slashed. Vacant positions have not been filled, programs have
been eliminated and/or consolidated and we are more lean, efficient organization
after being slashed. We still accomplish our mission, but for far less taxpayer
How many aircraft carriers do we NEED, not WANT? How many Army and Air Force bases do we need in the European theater? Couldn't those troops be just as effective stationed in the United States? Is that four-hour plane ride worth the billions we spend every year? Hard decisions to be made by rational, knowledgeable people is what we need, not silly rhetoric.
- 7:48 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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Civilization is a process where we voluntarily give up some, perhaps lesser,
rights and freedoms in exchange for other rights and freedoms that are more dear
to us. The problem with civilization is that as we gain more people and pack
them in tighter the need for this exchange becomes more important and mandatory.
The unlimited, unregulated, non-infringed right to own and use a device, made expressly for killing, when compared to the safety, security and peace of mind for the general public must be limited, regulated and infringed.
- 7:49 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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Amen, to Ultra Bob. The movie Lincoln makes that specific point, that a
civilized society is required to make tradoffs, and that an infringment on one
liberty is many times simply a tradoff for a greater and more valuable liberty.
Air quality standards, CDC standards, and in this case a restriction on killing
To the DN..come on, on one page you print a resaonably written editorial, and then below it print another hyperbolic rant that even you know makes no sense (referencing your editorial). If you hadn't all ready printed a dozen of these maybe, but come on.
- 8:31 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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Why on earth does the Deseret News continue to publish silly letters like this on a daily basis? Kim, have you ever read the Constitution or the Second Amendment? I would assume not. Are assault gun owners today part of a well regulated militia? Are they packing muskets? I think not. Assault rifles have no place on the street, unless carried by law enforcement, and not in the hands of the delusional yahoo down the street who thinks he's Boss Hog or part of some possee protecting us from terrorists. As part of a greater good we all have to sacrifice, and the safety of all must trump the desire of some to pack an uzi. Keep your handgun, keep your hunting rifle, and please quit whining. It's the only moral thing to do.
- 8:37 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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Is this letter part of the solution or part of the problem?
May I submit that it is the latter?
- 8:50 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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I spent 2 years in one of the world's most violent cities as a LDS
We heard gun shots ringing out almost ever night.
My companions and I during that time stopped 4 rapes, 2 burglaries, and witnessed 2 beatings to which he gave affidavites to the police....not to mention almost getting beat up ourselves numerous times.
We NEVER carried a weapon.
and I have know doubt I'm alive today because we didn't.
Was I scared? Yes at times, in the beginning.
But I grew more and more confident as time went on - and it wasn't just becuase the "Lord" was protecting me, it's because I soon realized the odds were always in my favor.
Using the scaredy-cat insecurity right-to-bare-arms answer to all problems,
The LDS Church should be sending 60,000 missionaries out with semi-automatic glocks and .38 specials along with their Scriptures.
Like that young man in Tiannanmen Square,
who stood up to the tank, and even placed a flower in the cannon.
He bravely stood his ground, and won the battle.
Faith, Hope, and Charity.
THAT'S the answer.
Not more and more, and everyone packing assault rifles.
- 8:55 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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Open Minded, that is one GREAT comment! Thank you.
- 8:58 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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I'd bet you're not a part of a 'well regulated militia', are you? Talk about disregarding the second amendment. Besides, you're not allowed to own ballistic missiles, so the line is drawn somewhere. And, even with the proposed changes, you'll still have your 'terr'ist huntin' guns'.
- 9:08 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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By all means, OMM, let's disarm the police and the military. Let's let them deal with things as if they were Nephi or Ammon. Let's disregard Captain Moroni who raised the banner of liberty and demanded that the government supply men, arms and supplies to enable him to do his job. Let's disregard King David who demanded that men, arms and supplies be sent to help do the job that he had to do. Let's just focus on you and your solution. Let's all gather around the campfire and sing your peace songs; you, who tell us that you were part of a rifle company in the military; you, who (incorrectly) told us that you swore and oath to defend the government of the United States when you should have told us that you swore and oath to defend the Constitution; you, who talks about using force against the "wack-jbs". You go ahead and change your story whenever it is convenient.
- 9:37 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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please tell us where OMM made the case for disarming the police or military mike. you do know we can all read their post as well as yours right?
- 9:46 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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I'm beginning to wonder if Mike Richards is one of those in my high priest
group whose hateful comments make it very difficult to attend church on
Is it apostasy to quit attending because you are so disgusted with what you hear there?
- 9:56 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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@Mike Richards: You seem to be very intent on the original intent of the founding fathers. You know that they almost single one of them was adamantly opposed to maintaining a standing army don't you? You know that this country never maintained a standing army until after WWII don't you? How do you reconcile support for a standing army with support for the wishes of the founders?
- 10:07 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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One old man.... you need to keep attending to counter the high priest crazies.
Not leave. It has been long enough that the bircher types have cast a negative
cloak over our church and its members. We don't all hate. We are not all
paranoid. We are not all anti-US Government. It amazes me that these so called
patriots hold their own representative government in such disdain. We need men
of peace in the high priest meetings.... not people who hold their neighbors in
Mike Richards..... just try... once..... to not attack people or their ideas. Give it a try. Put something positive forward.
And who said anything about disarming the police, military or anyone else. For crying out loud, you really need 100 round clips to defend your house? Perhaps instead of "spray and pray"... these people actually learn how to use their weapons.
I have no problem with gun ownership... I have guns. I like guns. But the rhetoric now days makes gun owners look like.... whats the word Mike.... "whack-jobs".
Using scriptures to try to justify your disdain of others.... really. What's next.
- 10:26 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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- Report abuse
Roland Kayser
Cottonwood Heights, UT
@Mike Richards: You seem to be very intent on the original intent of the founding fathers.
[Agreed. I believe all these 1776 purity extremeists - would still support slavery, and strip away women's rights, given the chance. And yet ironically - aren't these the same one's constantly meddling with and trampling the Constitution by ammending it when they don't get their way?]
one old man
Ogden, UT
I'm beginning to wonder if Mike Richards is one of those in my high priest group whose hateful comments make it very difficult to attend church on Sunday.
[Agreed. I'd also bet Mike Richards has pushed more AWAY from Christ, than brought TOWARD Christ.]
- 10:36 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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This letter isn't about second amendment rights or defense budgets, this is
a letter about fear. Reread the first sentences of the first two paragraphs -
they are litanies of things of which the author is afraid. It's fair to
ask if those fears are realistic and if the author's implied solutions
(more guns, more defense spending) would actually address the source of her
FDR's great quote that "we have nothing to fear but fear itself" doesn't end there - he added "nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance." Overreacting to real world problems is as harmful as ignoring them. Governed by fear - whether its of criminals or terrorists - we will make mistakes, we will overreact, we will harm ourselves and others.
According to the FBI, crime rates and low and falling. Terrorists aren't flooding across our borders. There are criminals and there are terrorists, but turning those real world dangers into some cosmic asteroid threatening life itself is a paralyzing and unreasoning fear which prevents us from doing what is needed.
- 10:41 a.m. Jan. 18, 2013
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Top Definition
Used to express approval, excellence, or a high level of awesomeness
Synonyms: Cool, great, awesome
Synonyms: Cool, great, awesome
Sam: "Have you seen 'Knocked Up'?"
Cody: "Dude, that movie is cockin'!"
Cody: "Dude, that movie is cockin'!"
লিখেছেন- flashing_lights_with_no_sound 13 de সেপ্টেমবার de 2012
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This is frequently a short form of cockblocking. Cockblocking is when one goes all out to make sure a man (or a woman) does not get any action.
Cam'ron -
O.Jay-Z cockin is dead
O.Jay-Z cockin is dead
লিখেছেন- pp4l 25 de জুন de 2007


text:
How good is the new Suse?
In the June 2006 issue of Linux Magazine, we took a look at the new features introduced by the imminent Suse version. Read on to find out if the final version is worth an update.
May 12 was the big day: Novell finally uploaded Suse Linux 10.1 to various servers for i386, x86_64, and ppc. You may recall that the beta version we tested still had a number of bugs, and this prompted us to carefully scrutinize the official version. Installation and Hardware Installing Suse Linux 10.1 on a recent machine should be no problem. And we had no trouble updating a 10.0 version in our lab, although you may need to resolve conflicts if you choose to update. If you have a heavily-used machine, this could mean numerous clicks on keep packagename or delete packagename. Some users might have appreciated a button for Keep everything or even Delete everything. YaST sets up a random hostname that follows a pattern of linux-abcd during the install process: a good idea, especially if you are installing multiple machines simultaneously on a network.
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