text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 11, 1985
|Filing date
|Jan 19, 1983
|Priority date
|Jan 27, 1982
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Lenny Lipton, Michael R. Starks, James D. Stewart, Lawrence D. Meyer
|Original Assignee
|Stereographics Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (150), Classifications (16), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 343,124 filed Jan. 27, 1982 now abandoned.
1. Technical Field
This invention provides a new stereoscopic imaging system. Specifically, an improved stereoscopic television system is disclosed, having a great deal of compatability with the existing commercial television infrastructure. Compared with the prior art employing sequential presentation of right-left images, in what is sometimes called the eclipse or occlusion system, we have eliminated flicker whilst preserving the existing bandwidth allowing our stereoscopic video signals to be handled with conventional apparatus such as video tape recorders, video discs, or broadcast equipment.
In particular, this disclosure reveals techniques for eliminating the storage techniques at the receiver called for in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 263,944.
2. Background Art
Present systems using alternate field encoding with individual occluding selection devices is hampered primarily by severe image flicker. Bandwidth restriction prevent doubling the number of fields needed by each eye for good image quality. A full discussion of the subject is given in FOUNDATIONS OF THE STEREOSCOPIC CINEMA (Lipton, Van Nostrand Reinhold, N.Y., June, 1982), and in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 263,944.
The present invention is based upon prior art employing switching techniques for displaying sequentially presented right and left image pairs, with certain important and unique differences. In the usual technique put into practice by Megatek, Panasonic (Matshushita) and Honeywell, video fields are alternately encoded with right or left information resulting in a reduction of fields which reach each eye to half the usual field rate. This results in intolerable flicker. In the present invention the number of fields per second is doubled by various means. In one technique we double the vertical scanning rate, thereby producing 120 fields instead of 60 fields per second. Thus the number of fields is doubled whilst the number of lines per field is halved.
When displayed on a usual receiver or monitor, each image will appear to be anamorphically compressed in the vertical direction by a factor of two. Two such images, the right and left fields, above and below, will be seen on the unmodified monitor. In the preferred embodiment a vertical sync pulse signal is added to a blanking area between the two subfields. These left and right fields, in this format, shall be referred to herein as left and right subfields. A sync pulse signal is added between the upper and lower images, or only a blanking area is provided, with no vertical sync signal between the two subfields. When displayed on a suitably modified monitor the two images are displayed in sequence. The monitor must also have the vertical controlling picture circuit adjusted to double deflection, e.g., double vertical sync frequency in order to display an image of proper proportions. An electronically unmodified monitor or receiver may be adapted for three-dimensional viewing with a stereoscope hood disclosed herein. Projection of stereoscopic images are also possible using apparatus disclosed herein.
The camera may take the form of a single camera with an image forming system capable of producing the two perspective viewpoints imaged above and below as shown in FIG. 1. By simply adding the appropriate sub-field blanking area and/or vertical pulse between the two images so formed by such optics, the electronic requirements for display are fulfilled.
On the other hand, the image source may be a two camera ensemble mounted on a single base or on separate bases, so adjusted to produce the necessary stereoscopic pair of images. These cameras are then adjusted to produce 131.25 line resolution images each, with fields externally or internally synchronized by a sync generator producing 120 Hz vertical drive pulses.
Thus, in the time that a single planar image made up of two 262.5 line fields would be produced, these two cameras produce four 131.25 lines per field. Therefore, 120 fields are produced in a second, half of them for the right perspective viewpoint and half for the left. These fields are then transmitted and received in the following manner: right-left-right-left. This sequence of four fields constitutes one stereoscopic image unit or image pair. These fields may also be presented in the following manner: right--right--left--left, as described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 263,944.
Note that the bandwidth requirement remains the same for our system as for the television system commercially employed. Thus transmission of such a signal by closed circuit, through the air broadcast, or via cable may also be achieved. Moreover, the existing video tape and video disc formats are also capable of recording and playing back such signals without any modification.
Although the explanations given herein are in terms of the usual NTSC system used in North America and other places, using a total number of approximately 500 lines per picture, with 30 pictures per second, each picture made up of two fields with approximately 250 lines per field, we do not limit ourselves to this specfic system. Other areas of the world use different field rates and the total number of lines per field may be different. High resolution systems have been developed which use a greater number of horizontal lines. But these systems may all be adapted to the stereoscopic format described within this disclosure, by the means given herein.
Accordingly it is an object of this invention to provide an improved stereoscopic television system with a bright and flickerless display.
A further object of this invention is to provide a stereoscopic television receiver or monitor which is similar to the existing receiver or monitor apparatus with regard to substantial portions of existing electronic circuits and display devices.
Another object of this invention is to provide a television system which may be used for closed circuit applications such as on-the-job industrial applications, medical imaging during procedures, or for video assist viewfinding in conjunction with motion picture cinematography, said system providing images which are flickerless, sharp, bright and in color if so desired.
A still further object of this invention is to provide a stereoscopic television system which is highly compatible with the existing commercial television broadcast infrastructure for through the air or cable transmission.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide stereoscopic encoding using existing or future video, tape or disc formats designed to function within the existing transmission bandwidth.
Another object of this invention is to increase or double the existing field rate of the display device in order to effectively double the field rate for each eye, and to thereby eliminate flicker by raising the number of fields per eye per unit of time above the critical fusion frequency threshold.
Another object of this invention is to double the existing field rate at the CRT or similar display device in such a way as to eliminate spurious temporal parallax effects as described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 263,944.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a display device suitable for three dimensional computer graphics, simulator displays, medical imaging like CAT scan, ultra sound, or stereo X-ray and for video games.
And another object of the present invention is to provide a stereoscopic television receiver or monitor which may playback conventional planar transmissions.
Still another object of the present invention is to enable multiple viewers to see different programs on a single display device. Occluding or polarizing glasses could be so adjusted to display but one of two programs.
Yet another object of the present invention is to allow for single camera operation using optics similar to those employed in the past for motion picture and still stereoscopic photography on a single frame of film.
Another object of the present invention is to allow for the use of a fiber optic convertor designed to allow existing photographic objectives to interface with a video camera to provide the necessary over-and-under images to be formed on the light sensitive surface after having been imaged through the appropriate horizontally displaced perspective points of view.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a low voltage powered source for electro-optical occluding spectacles which steps up this safe voltage to a useful higher voltage value.
A further object of the present invention is to provide relatively simple and economical means for optical projection of stereoscopic television images so that they may be viewed by large numbers of persons wearing individual selection device of passive design.
Other objects of the present invention are described herein and we do not mean to limit ourselves by those set forth above.
FIG. 1 shows right and left image subfields as they would be displayed on a conventional unmodified video monitor, with the right subfield above and the left below, and with the subfield vertical blanking area and/or vertical sync pulse signal added between the two.
FIG. 2A shows a schematic set-up of the dual ensemble stereocamera, using an external sync generator, feeding right and left images to a display device to be viewed with the aid of an individual selection device.
FIG. 2B shows a schematic set up of the dual ensemble stereocamera using a digital effects box feeding right and left images to a display device to be viewed with the aid of an individual selection device.
FIG. 2C is a block diagram of the electronics associated with the arrangement of FIG. 2A.
FIG. 2D is the schematic of the electronics of FIG. 2C.
FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of the sync pulse inserter used to process compatable video signals for stereoscopic display.
FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram of the sync pulse inserter shown in FIG. 3A.
FIG. 3C is a plot of the voltage as a function of time for the vertical interval produced by the sync pulse inserter shown in FIG. 3B.
FIG. 3D is a representation of the video signal input to the apparatus of FIG. 3B.
FIG. 3E is a representation of the video signal after being processed by the sync pulse insertion circuit of FIG. 3B.
FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of the apparatus needed to image the over-and-under views as shown in FIG. 1 with a single over-and-under camera lens as employed for motion picture cinematography.
FIG. 5 shows the schematic layout of a fiber optic over-and-under imaging unit enabling adaptation of conventional paired optics to produce the desired over-and-under disposition of stereopairs.
FIG. 6A is a diagrammatic view of a dual lens stereoscopic objective mounted on a television camera.
FIG. 6B shows the raster rotated through 90 degrees to be used in conjunction with the optic shown in 6A.
FIG. 6C is a schematic presentation of analog-to-digital-to-analog converter used to interface the optic and associated system shown in 6A with a normal horizontally disposed raster.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the electronics associated with the single camera technique for photographing and displaying stereoscopic video images as disclosed herein.
FIG. 8A shows a diagrammatic presentation of a video assist viewfinder as might be employed for the production of theatrical films allowing for the display of stereoscopic images in real time during photography.
FIG. 8B shows a schematic view of a conventional video camera looking at the ground glass screen as depicted in FIG. 8A.
FIG. 9A is a cross section of a video projector converted to project three-dimensional images according to the format disclosed herein.
FIG. 9B is a cross section of a specially designed projector to display three-dimensional images according to the format disclosed herein.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the electronics associated with the recentration corrector convergence setting device described herein.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the electronics system used for powering and synchronizing electro-optical spectacles using low voltage stepped up to a higher voltage at the spectacles.
FIG. 12A shows the design of a stereoscope hood to be used to view three-dimensional images with the above-below format.
FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view of the optical elements employed in the stereoscope illustrated in FIG. 12A.
FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic representation of the skittering process wherein the raster position is altered to provide parallax information by means of a single camera and dual lens.
This stereoscopic television system encodes right and left images which are displayed in the manner illustrated in FIG. 1 when played back on a standard receiver or monitor. The right image field 3 is shown to be above the left image field 4, but the teaching of the disclosure is in no way altered if left 4 is placed above and right 3 below. The reader will note that the fields are vertically compressed or anamorphosed by a factor of two. The blanking region 1 between fields 3 and 4 may provide sync pulse information in accordance with techniques to be discussed later.
With reference to FIG. 2A, we see the arrangement of double camera ensemble and some of the electronics associated with stereoscopic videography and viewing of the format described above and illustrated in FIG. 1. This dual camera rig uses video cameras 7 and 9 for imaging left and right stereoscopic fields with left and right objectives 6 and 8. Cameras are mounted on base 10 which may make provision for varying the interaxial separation between the cameras. External sync generator 11 and alternative subfield switch 11', synchronizes the camera subfields and can provide power for electro-optical occluding spectacles 12 which are used to view the image 13 on cathode ray tube (CRT) 14. The elements 12' and 12" of the spectacles may use any form of occluding scheme, but in all likelihood this will be electro-optical rather than mechano-optical. In some applications, such as arcade games, mechano-optical selection devices may have advantages. Although a CRT is shown as the display device throughout this disclosure, we do not limit ourselves to this means since other display techniques already in existence or under development will be usable so long as they have suitable characteristics to display and refresh at an appropriate rate on a plane surface with images of the desired characteristics, as set forth within this disclosure.
A more detailed discussion of the electronic systems involved in this camera and display setup will be given later in this disclosure in conjunction with FIG. 3A.
Since the right and left images are scanned with half the number of horizontal lines (at twice the usual rate), each image will fit into half the space vertically.
FIG. 2A illustrates an analog scheme for interlocking two video cameras to produce the desired format. The cameras must have suitable characteristics and must be accordingly modified in order to operate at twice the vertical frequency. The cameras' fields are outputed one after the other and separated by a suitable vertical blanking interval to produce the final video output suitable for viewing with display device 14.
FIG. 2C is a block diagram of the sync generator 11 and switch 11' used in the arrangement of FIG. 2A. FIG. 2D is the schematic diagram of the same sync generator 11 and switch 11'.
The left and right video cameras 7 and 9 are modified to a higher vertical scan frequency while retaining the normal horizontal rate. The sync generator 11 is built around a standard sync generator IC such as National Semiconductor MM5321N.
Crystal oscillator and divider 200 provides the clock signal to run the sync generator 201. This chip provides horizontal, vertical and composite sync to NTSC standards. The horizontal drive is buffered to the cameras by buffers 206A & 206C. The vertical drive resets the counter 202 which then counts horizontal lines to 1/2 lines per field. The output of counter 202 triggers one-shot 203 to output a 3H wide pulse. This pulse is "OR"ed by gate 204 with the vertical drive of 201 and buffered by 206B & 206D to the cameras. The vertical drive SETS and the output of one-shot 203 RESETS a "D" FlipFlop 205 producing a square wave corresponding to the subfield selected. This square-wave drives analog switch 207 selecting the output of the required video camera. At summer-buffer 208 the composite sync from sync generator 201 is summed to the video from switch 207 producing composite video.
FIG. 2B on the other hand, illustrates digital means to accomplish the same end. External standard sync generator 2 interlocks cameras 7 and 9, and digital effects box 5 which compresses the images produced by cameras 7 and 9 and places them above and below each other with a suitable blanking interval interposed between the two, in accordance with the format described herein and shown in FIG. 1.
The reader will understand that Digital Video Effects boxes are manufactured by the Nippon Electric Corporation of Tokyo, Japan and others. These boxes receive in any format images and compartmentalize the image over limited areas. Therefore, images having the normal width but only one-half the normal height with vertical compression can be produced easily. It will be understood that utilizing such equipment one need only operate the existent controls to produce the effect generated here. The beneficial portion of the use of such equipment is that the image scheme here is produced without any wiring and/or internal electronic changes whatsoever. However, such equipment is very expensive.
Thus any two video cameras may be used in a dual camera stereoscopic ensemble, without electronic modification to said cameras, providing the video output of the two cameras is processed as shown in FIG. 2B using digital imaging techniques. We have used this technique to process left and right rolls of video tape, photographed by appropriate left and right cameras. Such video tapes are run on recorders in interlock, and the video signals of these recorders are processed by a digital effects box and dubbed onto a stereoscopic master tape for playback in accordance with the above and below format.
The disposition of left and right image fields disclosed herein neatly interfaces with filmmaking schemes for imaging left and right images onto a single piece of film. FIG. 4 shows a schematic view using a single video camera with an over and under optic 15 the type of which was originally designed by Bernier and is disclosed in his U.S. Pat. No. 3,531,191. The images as shown in FIG. 1 will be formed on the face-plate of the pickup tube of video camera 16. The necessary subfield blanking area and/or sync pulses can be inserted between the upper and lower images so that a three-dimensional image may be viewed in accordance with our teachings.
As an alternative to the above, we disclose with the aid of FIG. 5 a technique using a fiber optic converter to be employed in conjunction with a video camera. Pickup tube 18 has its face plate 19 in immediate and intimate juxtaposition with twin fiber optic devices 17 and 20. Images are formed by lenses 21 and 22, a matched pair of objectives. These provide the necessary two perspective points of view for a stereoscopic pair. The images are formed on the surfaces of the fiber optic bundles 17a and 20a and thence are carried back to face plate 19 so disposed as given earlier in this disclosure to be over and under as shown in FIG. 1. Thus, a variety of optics may be employed with a single video camera. Moreover, the images need to be anamorphically compressed in the vertical direction by a factor of two, and as is well known in the art, this type of compression has been achieved by altering the spacing of the fiber optic bundle in the desired direction of compression. Thus, the images may be appropriately disposed on the face plate of the video camera tube and their compression altered by the same fiber optic bundles.
We will now describe a stereoscopic video assist viewfinder for the professional motion picture industry. FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B illustrate the embodiment.
Video camera 23 with an objective lense 24 of conventional design 24 looks through semi-silvered mirror 25 at ground glass image 29 reflected from the motion picture camera moving mirror 26, a portion of the camera's reflex viewing system. Over and under objective 27 forms an image onto film 35 when mirror 26 is swung out of the way, or onto ground glass screen 29 for reflex viewing as formed by eye piece 30 and seen by eye 31.
Given the present state of the art, cinematographers will see two images on the ground glass screen of the finder and not a single stereoscopic image as is desirable. Therefore, a video assist three-dimensional system as described here will greatly facilitate production by allowing technicians to preview desired stereoscopic effects at the time of production, rather than during projection of dailies.
The over and under image as formed on ground glass screen 29, consisting of right and left fields 32 and 34, respectively, are photographed with video camera 23 with subfield blanking area and/or sync pulse 33 added to the signal by electronics 11 which also can synchronize the electro-optical spectacles to the field rate as displayed on the screen 13 of CRT 14.
Thus variations in the lens controls, such as convergence or interaxial setting, can be instantly viewed and evaluated on screen 13, resulting in a savings of time and money for the production crew. Viewing may be accomplished in monochrome or color, and images may be taped for study. Existing video assist cameras may be readily adapted to this technology. They already allow for planar viewing of images, and our technology would allow for three-dimensional viewing using these already commonplace instruments.
The system of viewing three-dimensional images through camera viewfinders may also be employed using two video camera photography which is accomplished with double system cameras, which are usually Ramsdell of "L" type configuration rigs. The images are then combined in accordance with that portion of this disclosure illustrated by FIG. 2A or FIG. 2B.
When the glasses are removed the left and right images are seen superimposed on each other, providing a perfect opportunity to correct for centration errors which often crop up even in well engineered dual camera rigs. In addition, convergence may be set by means of this technique.
It should also be mentioned that this technology can be used to help view film stereoscopically during the editorial process. The same sort of arrangement shown in FIG. 8B might also be employed to photograph, with a video camera, images on an editing machine screen to be viewed stereoscopically.
As we have described earlier, stereoscopic optics like those designed for motion picture work, for imaging the two perspective viewpoints over-and-under, are directly applicable to the present three-dimensional video format. However, such optics are costly and complex, because of the need to take the two horizontally displaced viewpoints and move their resultant images to relative vertical displacement. Other types of optics, less costly and complex, have been developed. One type, offered for sale by Bolex in the early fifties (described by Millet, 1952, Some Geometrical Conditions for Depth Effect in Motion Picture, Journal of the SMPTE, 59:517-23), followed a design in common use by that time. As shown in FIG. 6A twin optics 37 and 38 are placed side-by-side and obtain their necessary interaxial separation by means of reflecting surfaces 42 and 43 and 39 and 40. The optical system is less complex than over-and-under systems. Side-by-side images are formed, in our application, on faceplate 19 of pickup tube 18 of video camera 36. Thus the dual optic 41 allows a single video camera to become a source of stereoscopic information. However, the images are placed side-by-side, not over-and-under as would be in accordance with the needs of the present teaching. But the present teaching doesn't have to be limited to over-and-under imaging, since means can be provided to adapt side-by-side imaging to our needs.
If the camera raster were rotated through 90 degrees to provide the vertical orientation of picture line elements, as shown in FIG. 6B, the intersection of the two images and the blanking area used for the sync pulse would coincide. Thus the sync pulse could be added as described elsewhere in this disclosure. Next the monitor CRT must use a vertical raster in order to be compatible with the method of photography.
The vertical orientation of the raster may be obtained by a rotated camera pick up tube yolk and monitor CRT, or by physically turning the equipment on its side.
Other means may also be provided to enable us to employ side-by-side optics, as shown in FIG. 6C. Lens 41 images the stereopair side-by-side on the faceplate of camera 36 as described above and shown in FIG. 6A. Next the analog video signal from 36 is processed by analog to digital to analog converter 48 which in effect rotates the picture line elements back to horizontal alignment. Although the yolk of pickup tube 18 of camera 36 may be oriented through 90 degrees in order to produce the necessary vertical raster, the analog-digital analog unit, using well-known techniques, re-orients the raster and creates the format as shown in FIG. 1, so that it may be displayed on unmodified CRT 49 with a horizontal raster on screen 50.
Such images processed by 48 would be completely compatible with images produced by the camera ensemble illustrated in FIG. 2A. Those versed in the art will understand that howsoever images are disposed on the camera faceplate by stereoscopic optics, digital techniques may be used to produce the above and below format illustrated in FIG. 1 and described throughout this disclosure.
A purely optical solution to the problem of image orientation and alignment with the raster can also be found. Dewhurst (Introduction to 3-D, MacMillan Co., 1954) describes a number of schemes for orienting or rotating images for motion picture stereoscopy using mirror or prism systems. It is possible to produce two images side-by-side, but each of which is rotated through 90 degrees in the same direction. Such a pair of images would automatically supply the necessary image alignment with the raster so that the blanking area would lie between the images. The raster is vertically oriented to accommodate the dual images which have a vertical boundary between them. The important thing here is that optical means can be provided for rotating the two images in the same direction and through 90 degrees.
The video output of a camera with such an optic mounted can be displayed directly on a monitor which has the usual horizontal raster.
For many applications the use of relatively small CRT displays, commonly up to 26 inches in diagonal, using active glasses with elements occluding in synchronization with the alternately presented right and left fields, will provide an adequate means for several individuals to view stereoscopic television images. However, there may be occasions when it is preferable to show such images to large groups of people on larger screens. In such a case our system offers the viable option of projected video images to be viewed stereoscopically by means of passive glasses employing the technique of image selection by polarization. Such a technique, using spectacles with sheet polarizes aligned to correspond with the orientation or projection lens sheet polarizers, is well-known art and its modern form was disclosed by Land in U.S. Pat. No. 2,099,694.
First, we will describe a technique for conversion of existing video projection units to stereoscopic projection lenses each projecting an additive color primary in superimposition onto a high gain screen. For the sake of simplicity we will show but a single necessary image alignment with the raster so that the blanking area would lie between the images. The raster is vertically oriented to accommodate the dual images which have a vertical boundary between them. The important thing here is that optical means can be provided for rotating the two images in the same direction and through 90 degrees.
The video output of a camera with such an optic mounted can be displayed directly on a monitor which has the usual horizontal raster.
For many applications the use of relatively small CRT displays, commonly up to 26 inches in diagonal, using active glasses with active elements occluding in synchronization with the alternately presented right and left fields, will provide an adequate means for several individuals to view stereoscopic television images. However, there may be occasions when it is preferable to show such images to large groups of people of larger screens. In such a case our system offers the viable option of projected video images to be viewed stereoscopically by means of passive glasses employing the technique of image selection by polarization. Such a technique, using spectacles with sheet polarizes aligned to correspond with the orientation of projection lens sheet polarizers, is well-known art and its modern form was disclosed by Land in U.S. Pat. No. 2,099,694.
First, we will describe a technique for conversion of existing video projection units to stereoscopic projection lenses each projecting an additive color primary in superimposition onto a high gain screen. For the sake of simplicity we will show but a single projection lens as depicted in FIG. 9A.
Typically a small and bright CRT 52 is at the focal point of spherically curved mirror 51 and light is projected onto screen 57 after having passed through correction plate 53. We add means for super-imposing the left and right image fields and polarizing each field. This is to be accomplished by an add-on converter made up in part of sheet polarizers with axis orthogonally oriented labeled 54 and 54'. The images are sufficiently separated when they reach 54 and 54', so that they may be individually treated by the add-on optical system. It should be noted that sheet polarizers 54 and 54' may be placed after prisms 55 and 55' or after anamorphic lenses 56 and 56', and that the components shown here may well be reordered and that such a repositioning in no way alters the intention of this teaching.
Prisms 55 and 55' are chromatically corrected and of such a dioptric power to cause the top and bottom or over and under portions of the stereopair to be converged on screen 57. Anamorphic elements 56 and 56' are employed to restore the vertically compressed images as shown in FIG. 1. However, such restoration of the image to proper proportions may be accomplished electronically so that the image formed on CRT 52 needs no further restoration of shape.
FIG. 9B shows a three-dimensional projection television optical system designed to be used with the over-and-under format described herein. However, this teaching may well be used for side-by-side disposed images, or the like, and in no way does this alter the essence of the invention.
CRT 52 is at the focal points of dual mirror 60. Mirror 60 is made up of two surfaces, joined at an interface and separated by septum 59 which lies between the mirror 60 and the CRT 52, and so aligned to exactly coincide with the subfield blanking area. Its purpose is to separate optically the upper and lower portions of the stereopair. The optical centers of the two halves of mirror 60 are so adjusted to produce up and down shifts in the upper and lower images to bring them into essential coincidence on the screen as is necessary for successful stereoscopic projection. It should be noted that the two surfaces of 60 are essentially identical, and that such a mirror, usually front surfaced with metallic material, is generally the surface of a sphere, or paraboloid of revolution. Thus the individual upper and lower portions of the stereoscopic pair as shown in FIG. 1 are individually treated and brought to focus on screen 57. Sheet polarizers 54 and 54' serve the same purpose as they did when described above and as illustrated in FIG. 9A, and it will be understood by those versed in the art that they may be placed elsewhere in the optical system, such as directly on the faceplate of CRT 52.
Anamorphic elements 58 and 58' are shown in the optical system and are used to restore the image to full vertical height if so required. FIG. 1, as has been mentioned above, illustrates the possible need for cylindrical optical elements, but it is also conceivable that such shape restoration can be accomplished electronically, and it may also be unnecessary to engage in such restoration since the image may have no need of such restoration. It is also possible to design the shape of mirror 60 so that it deanamorphoses the image formed in the faceplate of CRT 52. In any event, it should be obvious that elements 58 and 58' may be left out of the system and that their inclusion or exclusion in no way alters the essential nature of this portion of our teaching.
Bonne, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,001, describes a method for altering the axis of polarization of an image displayed by a CRT, or similar display device, in synchronization with the field rate, so that polarizing spectacles of the type used for viewing motion picture projection might be employed. Electro-optical material is difficult to manufacture in sizes large enough to cover such a display device, but the CRT's used for projection are much smaller, making this approach more practical.
Therefore, in addition to optical superimposition of simultaneously projected above and below images, as described above, alternate fields polarized orthogonally may also be projected using electro-optical elements switching in synchronization with the field rate.
We will now devote our attention to the electronic systems of our stereoscopic television.
One basis for this invention is the use of a vertical scanning frequency of twice the normal rate. By doubling the vertical scanning rate only, it is possible to build a flickerless stereoscopic television system which preserves the standard color subcarrier frequency, the standard horizontal frequency, and the bandwidth of the NTSC system.
Stereoscopic images can be generated with either one or two camera systems. A block diagram of the two camera system 7 and 9 is shown in FIG. 2A. A sync generator 11 creates horizontal drive at the normal frequency and vertical drive at twice the vertical frequency. It supplies these signals to two suitably modified video cameras. Each camera now scans a full field consisting of 1/4 the number of horizontal lines found in a standard video frame. The non-composite video of the individual cameras is selected by subfield video switch 11' at the end of each subfield with the same camera output always selected first. This non-composite video is then combined with a normal (standard vertical and horizontal rates) sync signal to create a compatable composite video signal. The resultant signal is shown in FIG. 3D. The result image as seen on a unmodified monitor is shown in FIG. 1.
One significant improvement over previous video systems is that the order of the subfields (left-right or right-left) is always the same within all fields eliminating any possible loss of synchronization and phase with the viewer's occluding device. Hence, it is not possible to mistakenly produce a pseudoscopic image.
The display system of FIG. 2A utilizes a monitor 14 modified for a higher vertical rate. The incoming compatible signal as shown in FIG. 3D is processed by the sync pulse insertion circuit such as is shown in FIG. 3B. This signal drives the monitor to sequentially display two fully interlaced pairs of subfields in the time of two standard fields. The same circuit also provides the signal of FIG. 2A to synchronize and phase the occluding glasses 12.
Thus, our stereoscopic television system utilizes a unique synchronization system in order to eliminate flicker with a minimal reduction of vertical resolution. The synchronization system offers only a small departure from the NTSC video signal standards, allowing the video to pass through the existing television infrastructure with only minor processing.
The video signal used in our stereoscopic television system is the same as defined by EIA proposed standard RS-170A with the following exception: As shown in FIG. 3C, each of the two fields, marked Field 1 and Field 2, in the RS-170A system are subdivided into two subfields, giving a total of four subfields, subfields 1 and 2 forming field 1, and subfields 3 and 4 forming field 2. Each pair of subfields are separated by a vertical interval identical to the interval presently used in the RS-170A system. The two additional vertical intervals are positioned relative to the two original vertical intervals causing interlace of subfields 1 and 3, and interlace of subfields 2 and 4. It is noted that this system will work without any added sync pulses, but with some loss of vertical resolution. We in no way limit ourselves to this particular scheme and the essential nature of this disclosure is in no way altered by using other methods of interlace.
The sync pulse inserter circuit 65 as shown in FIG. 3A operates as follows. The incoming video goes to sync separator 100 and the horizontal and vertical sync signals are detected and standardized by one-shots 97 and 98. The horizontal sync is multiplied by 4 in phase lock loop 103 and counter 108 producing a 4H signal. The 4H signal is divided by approximately 512 in counter 105. This counter is reset by the vertical sync from the one-shot 97 outputing a square wave exactly a field in duration and high for one subfield and low for the other subfield. The first transition of this square wave after the vertical sync triggers one-shot 106 to output a pulse about 3H wide.
This pulse switches analog gate 104 between the incoming video buffered by buffer 101 and a DC voltage from sample and hold circuit 102 that is exactly equal to the sync tip of video. This creates a vertical sync pulse exactly in the center of the field to lock the vertical oscillator in the monitor. The resultant video is buffered by 107 to match 75 ohms.
This circuit 65 could be either in each monitor or receiver or centrally located within a facility.
With the single camera method, the electronics of which are schematized in FIG. 7, the left and right images are formed by a Bernier-type optical device 67 in front of the camera. The images are formed on the pickup tube face plate in such a way, shown in FIG. 1, that one image is scanned during the first half of the camera vertical field and the second image during the second half of the vertical field. The video next passes through the vertical sub-field sync pulse inserter 65, giving it a 120 Hz vertical rate and then to the 120 Hz monitor 66 and occluding glasses 12.
It is important to note that the camera vertical sweep does not have to conform with the true vertical axis. With some optical devices, it might be worthwhile to interchange vertical and horizontal axis on both the camera and monitor as shown in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6C and described earlier.
We will now discuss a method for performing convergence or correcting recentration with this stereoscopic system, as shown in FIG. 10. Some aspects of convergence and centration control are described in copending application Ser. No. 263,944. At the output of the camera for the single camera system or the output of the alternate field switch on the two camera system, the composite video and sync signal is split into two paths again. In one path there is a fixed delay of 67 of about two video lines. In the other path there is a variable delay 68 of zero to 4 lines. The two paths are then recombined by a video switch 69. The video switch 69 is driven in such a way that it will pass all sync pulses plus one camera's video signal from the fixed delay path 67 and the other camera's video signal only from the other delay path. If the cameras were perfectly converged, the variable delay 68 would be set to be equal to the fixed delay 67 so the left, right, and sync signals arrive in coincidence with each other. To correct for convergence or recentration errors, as described in copending patent application Ser. No. 261,302, filed May 15, 1981, entitled Stereoscopic Zoom Lens System for Three Dimensional Motion Pictures and Television, the variable delay line 68 is changed on the order of microseconds to correct for horizontal errors and on the order of lines for vertical errors. The net effect would be a horizontal or vertical picture shift of the left image in relation to the right. This system would not change any of the sync pulse relationships and thus would allow the processed video to pass through the television infrastructure. An alternate correction scheme, would use only one variabIe delay line on one video path and no delay on the other. In this scheme the video switch would determine whether left or right video was delayed. In any case, sync would not be delayed.
A second method for convergence or recentration control would be to delay or advance the horizontal and/or vertical sync signals fed to one camera with respect to the other. This system would be inexpensive to implement, but would have the drawback of producing a video signal with non-standard sync signals. Even if such a signal were routed through a time base corrector the results would be unpredictable.
We will now discuss a safe and practical means of powering PLZT occluding spectacles. Prior art has advocated the use of PLZT occluding spectacles in the field of television stereoscopy, but little reference has been made to the safety and aesthetic problems these devices present. State of the art PLZT elements require from 200 to 700 volts in order to operate.
Our spectacle system as diagramed in FIG. 11 would eliminate the safety problem with the use of low potential wiring, a step-up transformer 71 and a diode-resistor network 72. A switching power source 70, which could be battery powered and carried on one's person, outputs a low potential square wave in synchronization with the television field rate. The square wave travels on an insulated 3 conductor cable to the spectacles 12. Mounted on the spectacles is a small step-up transformer 71. This transformer 71 would raise the voltage to the levels required to operate the PLZT elements 12' and 12". The high voltage would pass through a dioderesistor network 72. This would steer one-half of the square wave's power to one element 12' and the other half to the other element 12". The entire transformer 71, resistor-diode 72, and PLZT 12' and 12" element assembly could be sealed with a high dielectric constant substance to provide user safety. If the integrity of this potted assembly was violated, the circuit within would be broken and power interrupted.
An alternative for powering the glasses employs a fiber optic cable, transmitting a light source which flashes in synchronization with the subfield rate, to a photocell or phototransistor mounted in the spectacle frames. The photocell or phototransistor then converts light pulses into electrical pulses which are then boosted in voltage to power the electro-optical switching elements.
Another technique we believe to be a useful contribution to the art we have named skittering, and this is diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 13. Shown are image forming tube 76, with face-plate 77, and aperture mask 78. The geometric center of the area of the faceplate 77 circumscribed by aperture mask 78 is marked by cross hairs 79. Horizontally displaced, and equidistance from 79, are new raster centers 79' and 79". Usually the center of the raster corresponds exactly to 79. By electronic means we recenter the raster to positions on the faceplate 77 given by 79' and 79". It is important to state that no vertical displacement of the center is to take place, but only left and right horizontal translations to displace the raster so that it will have new centers at 79' and 79".
Although the description given here is in terms of analog techniques, using a CRT pickup tube, digital pickup type devices may also be skittered, as will be understood by those versed in the art, and we do not wish to limit ourselves to analog applications.
Shown also are lenses 81 and 81' with their optical centers 80 and 80', with lens axis 82 and 82', respectively. In usual practice with a single lens, the axis corresponds to a perpendicular dropped from the single lens center intersecting the plane of the faceplate 77 at its center 79.
Since the center of the image area has been electronically relocated by shifting the raster so that new centers of the image alternately correspond to point 79' and 79", the new effective axis located on lines 82 and 82' are perpendicular to the plane of faceplate 77, intersecting 79' and 79" respectively. Skittering of the center of the raster to 79' and 79" respectively occurs at subfield rate, and said shifting will be accompanied by a change in the optical perspective of the image, first through 81, then through 81'. Such a shift will be on the order of several millimeters.
Thus, two perspective points of view, one through lens 81 and the other through 81', skittered at subfield rate, can be imaged with a single camera and pickup tube or digital imaging device. Skittering then provides a stereoscopic source, as shown here, primarily for closeups or extreme macro photography of objects up to several tens of millimeters across, since the effective interaxial separation, corresponding to the distance between optical centers 80 and 80' is relatively low.
For simplicity we have omitted the reflecting separations, as shown in FIG. 6A and described elsewhere in this disclosure.
Side-by-side optics, of the Bolex type shown here and in FIG. 6A, or frame splitters, which use mirror arrangements similar to the Wheatstone stereoscope, for imaging left and right fields side-by-side on the same format, are far simpler and less costly to design and build than the Bernier-type over and under optics. Moreover, side-by-side optics may be manufactured to have greater light transmittance than over and under optics, and it is easy to provide interchangeable prism assemblies for various interaxial separations for side-by-side optics while it is difficult to accomplish this with over and under designs.
Therefore, there are advantages to using side-by-side optics or frame dividers in conjunction with skittering since this process electronically translates the side-by-side format into the over and under format in accordance with the system described herein.
Said skittered stereoscopic signal is entirely compatible with the over and under 120 Hz format we have designed and built. The camera employed for skittering must be adjusted to a 120 subfields per second rate, with the subfield blanking area and/or sync pulses added between the left and right subfields. Such video output would produce a format, which when displayed on an unmodified monitor would be identical to the format shown in FIG. 1, and which would in all ways conform to the signal requirements for stereoscopic transmission set forth herein.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that while we have described our system in terms of switching at field rate, switching at horizontal line rate is also possible. Although the preferred embodiment described here is a 120 Hz system using field switching, a 60 Hz system using alternate horizontal line switching is useful in connection with dual optical variations using single cameras and skittering.
For certain applications it may be desirable to display our three-dimensional video signals on an electronically unmodified monitor, receiving an above-below signal. With reference to FIG. 12A, we show a stereoscope hood attachment 70 to be added onto the receiver or monitor, by placing said stereoscope hood in intimate juxtaposition with the faceplate of CRT 70'. The format shown is in accordance with FIG. 1 with above image 3 right, and below image 4 left, with blanking area 1 with added sync pulse signal. The hood is essentially hollow and made of any lightweight opaque material. The hood is a housing for sheet polarizers 68 and 69 which are laid over right and left above and below images respectively. The polarizers have axes of polarization orthogonally oriented as shown by the arrows.
The faceplate 75 of the hood contains optical systems designed to act as a septum to segregate right and left images, to refract light from above and below images so that they may be viewed comfortably with the eye muscles functioning as usual, to deanamorphose the above and below vertically compressed images, and if necessary, to provide convex lenses to aid in accommodation of the images.
With reference to FIGS. 12A and 12B, we will examine components of the optical system at the faceplate. FIG. 12B is a cross-section of the left elements of the system, and is functionally identical to the right elements, which are identified with the prime superscript.
Sheet polarizers 71 and 71' have their axis of polarization oriented orthogonally. The axis of 71 is oriented parallel with left below image 69 and the axis of 71' is oriented parallel with right above image 68. Prism 72 refracts or bends rays from image 69 so that the axis of the left eye lens and the axis of the right eye lens will lie in the same horizontal or median plane, as is usual for normal vision. Prism 72' performs a similar function for the right eye.
The reader will note that elements of the optical system are housed in mounts identified in FIG. 12B as part 76 for the left eye.
Cylindrical elements 73 and 73' deanamorphose images 68 and 69 respectively and thereby restore them to images with normal shape and aspect ratio.
Elements 74 and 74' are needed only if the distance from the faceplate of the hood 70 to the faceplate of CRT 70' is short enough to require said elements for the purpose of aiding accommodation.
It should be called to the attention of the reader that sheet polarizers 68 and 69, and 71 and 71' do not function in the same manner as polarizers employed for image selection for projection of stereoscopic images. Rather they take the place of the septum usually found in stereoscopes and provide an optical rather than a physical means for segregation of the left and right images.
The reader will also be aware that the order of individual elements mounted in 76 may be varied, and that for purposes of superior correction additional elements may be added which in no way would make any substantive change to the design disclosed herein.
And further, the reader will be aware that this stereoscope design will work in conjunction with any film or TV over-and-under format, and could be used, for example, for viewing motion pictures on an editing machine viewing screen.
Several approaches are possible when transferring stereoscopic film to tape for video transmission. The approaches vary with the type of system used for the original photography, or for the format of the master to be used when dubbing to tape. We have transferred double system stereoscopic film by transferring left and right rolls to left and right tapes. The telecine must guarantee synchronization of the film frame rate with the TV field rate, so that the total number of video fields produced for the right tape will be the same as the total number of fields produced for the left tape.
In addition, there must be a correspondence between the starting frames for left and right film rolls and the odd or evenness of the video fields. In the usual conversion of film to tape for NTSC video, 24 frames per second of picture must become 60 video fields. Each successive frame is thus transferred to two fields and thence three fields, thereby producing a total of sixty fields per second from 24 frames of film picture.
Next the tapes containing the right and left pictures are run in interlock and their video signals passed through a digital effects box and manipulated to conform to the above-below format described in this disclosure. The video output of the digital effects box is then recorded.
When transferring to video from single system stereoscopic motion pictures, a single pass may be employed to produce the necessary above and below format. This is straightforward for the case of above and below stereoscopic films, photographed in accordance with designs by Bernier, U.S. Pat. No. 3,531,191, and in accordance with other practitioners of the art. The subfield blanking area and/or sync pulse must be added between the above and below frames in order for complete compatibility to be insured for the system described herein.
We will conclude this disclosure by mentioning that our system has many virtues, not the least of which is its unique electronic-optical interface, which presents many design advantages. Prior art stereoscopic systems, such as those put into practice by Butterfield and others, employ stereopairs of images disposed side-by-side and adjacent to each other on the screen of a CRT. Such images may be optically projected using dual projection optics similar to those used for motion picture projection, or such images may be viewed by means of a stereoscope hood placed in close proximity with the display.
Such means are also possible to achieve with our system since it can readily display the images on a CRT or similar display device in a manner similar to that described above. In addition, our technique allows for display by means of active glasses using electro-optical occluding elements, which heretofore has been beyond the means of prior art techniques using adjacently disposed right and left images.
Thus, the optical-electronic interface built into the system allows images from the same program source to be viewed through a stereoscope-type device, or by means of optical projection and viewing through passive spectacles, or for display using alternate fields of right-left information to be viewed by means of active spectacles. Moreover, the system encourages interfacing motion picture and electronic uses since motion pictures may be readily converted to our video format, especially those which have been photographed on a modern over-and-under system.
Another feature of the above-below encoding of stereoscopic video information, with regard to computer graphics, is that programming of such images in video memory is much simpler and easier to implement using software with current computer video hardware than the alternative of encoding successive fields with right-left information. This is true because the above-below format does not care about field memory, but only cares about total image memory, and current hardware is much more suited to above-below encoding than encoding different images in even and odd fields because many computers simply double each field to achieve NTSC compatibility.
We have also devised means of transferring to video double system motion pictures. High quality motion pictures may also originate in our video format and may be transferred from video to motion picture film using well known art. Such video system means for film display has many virtues, not the least of which is the inherent flexibility of a double camera ensemble which can automatically record both parts of the stereopair onto a single tape. Motion picture systems seeking to exploit the virtues of double camera rigs must result in photography which is made up of two reels of film. Therefore, our system combines the best aspects of double camera rigs and those of single camera rigs. High speed optics are readily available, it is easy to vary the interaxial separation, and zooms may be achieved. All of the aforementioned are technically impossible or very difficult to achieve with over-and-under optics which are used for the photography of theatrical motion pictures.
Likewise it is obvious to those versed in the art that by analogy with the preferred embodiment of this invention, the left and right eye image pairs may be presented without flicker by doubling the horizontal sweep (double horizontal sync pulses) as well as halving the horizontal resolution. A normal CRT would then display the two images side by side but squeezed anamorphically in the horizontal direction. A receiver modified by analogous means to those described in the present invention would display the unsqueezed images sequentially mutatis mutandis. This system would also be suitable for viewing with a stereoscopic hood for video projector, and would interface in a straightforward way with such stereoscopic optics as those described by Jacobsen U.S. Pat. No. 3,433,561.
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|Image display system and method
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|Jun 25, 2004
|Jan 6, 2005
|Choi Jeong Pil
|Apparatus and method of realizing three-dimensional image for a plasma display panel
|Jul 23, 2004
|Mar 10, 2005
|Mckain James A.
|Combined editing system and digital moving picture recording system
|Dec 15, 2004
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|Quantum Matrix Holding, Llc
|System and method for multi-dimensional organization, management, and manipulation of data
|Dec 19, 2003
|Jul 14, 2005
|Eastman Kodak Company
|3D stereo OLED display
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|System and method for rendering data associated with a 3-D scene description
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|Qualcomm Incorporated
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|Video monitoring system and method
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|Techniques and apparatus for two camera, and two display media for producing 3-D imaging for television broadcast, motion picture, home movie and digital still pictures
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|Apr 5, 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
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|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
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|Hans Thilo Richter
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 19, 1983
Owner name: STEREOGRAPHICS CORPORATION 54 JUNIPERO SERRA, SAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LIPTON, LENNY;STARKS, MICHAEL R.;STEWART, JAMES D.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004086/0887
Effective date: 19830113
|Sep 23, 1986
|Certificate of correction
|Nov 7, 1988
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 15, 1993
|Surcharge for late payment
|Mar 15, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 11, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|May 20, 2008
Owner name: REAL D, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STEREOGRAPHICS CORPORATION;STEREOGRAPHICS ENTERTAINMENT,INC.;REEL/FRAME:020963/0354
Effective date: 20080515
Owner name: REAL D,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STEREOGRAPHICS CORPORATION;STEREOGRAPHICS ENTERTAINMENT,INC.;REEL/FRAME:020963/0354
Effective date: 20080515
|Mar 24, 2016
Owner name: HIGHBRIDGE PRINCIPAL STRATEGIES, LLC, NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:REALD INC.;STEREOGRAPHICS CORPORATION;COLORLINK INC.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:038243/0526
Effective date: 20160322


text:
Discussion in 'Fantasy / Horror' started by polgara, May 4, 2001.
does anyone read Kerr or am i the only 1
I read 8 of her Deverry books, they are pretty good.
I'm waiting for all the last 4 books to be released before i buy books 9-12.
But i heard that book 12 won't be released?
Anyone got info on that?
The first four books of the deverry series are among my all time favorites, the rest is still good, if not outstanding.
The las two books of the Dragonmage cycle (the latest pentology in the Deverry series) won't be published at Bantam, her American publisher, according to KK official website, they will come out as usual in the UK though.
Hey Pol and now something completely different: Since i was the first to greet you and give you reccs when you introduced yourself, did you follow up on any recc by me or someone else? If yes what were you experiences? (I like feedback)
Hmm.. only british editions?
I bet they made some people angry in the US...
At least now with online ordering being so easy and widespread it won't be hard to get hold of
Aleya - http://silver-oak.com
I remember a while back when I joined this Science Fiction and Fantasy book club as part of the initial deal they gave away copies of one of the books free. Bit of a stupid movie really as I discovered on the back that it was the second book in the third cycle of a series of series, probably about tenth or something, chronologicaly in the whole series. It would have made a lot more sense to have given away the first book in the series not book whatever it was but I guess they weren't overstocked with copies of that one.
The prices of books in the UK are the same as in the US... only in pounds...
Current Pound-Dollar conversion rate: 1.43 US dollar for every pound.
Separate names with a comma.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
East Barnet
Bright Horizons
87 Brookside South, East Barnet, Barnet, EN4 8LL
0203 780 3041
6 months to 4 years
The Bright Horizons nursery in East Barnet is close to Oak Hill Park. It is located within a short distance of Southgate tube station, offering easy transport links to the city, parking is also available outside the nursery. The well-established team work in partnership with parents to create rich learning experiences for each individual child. The nursery offers a secure environment and benefits from a large outdoor play area with soft surface as well as easy access to the local park.
The nursery offers:
Bright, spacious building with a large secure outdoor play area for your child to explore
Freshly prepared nutritious meals cooked on site by our own nursery chef
Regular visits to the local park
Nearest tube station: Southgate
Car parking is available on the road
Please login first.


text:
Sudan's oil ministry formally told oil companies on Tuesday to block the export flow of South Sudanese crude oil, following an order from President Omar al-Bashir.
Oil Minister Awad Ahmad al-Jaz presented the written directive in a meeting with senior executives of the GNPOC joint operating company and Petrodar, the ministry said.
It orders them "to stop the process of transportation and exporting South Sudanese oil within 60 days starting from Sunday June 9", the ministry said.
On Sunday, Khartoum froze nine security and economic pacts with South Sudan, including a deal to restore economically vital oil shipments through the Red Sea export terminal.
A day earlier, Bashir had said the oil minister must issue a formal order effective Sunday to close the pipeline.
An expert told AFP 45 days would be required to complete a shutdown without damaging the infrastructure.
Despite these moves, Khartoum said it remained committed to good relations if the South's government ended what it claims is support for rebels on Sudanese soil.
Bashir had earlier warned the South over backing rebels, who analysts say humiliated the authorities with recent attacks.
Juba denies supporting insurgents in the north and, in turn, has accused Khartoum of backing rebels on southern territory.
South Sudan became independent two years ago under a peace deal that ended a 22-year civil war. It separated with most of Sudan's 470,000 barrels per day of oil production but the export infrastructure remains under northern control.
Until March, when the two countries reached detailed timetables to implement the nine agreements, the two sides had not been able to agree on how much Juba should pay to use the pipeline.
The deals had been held up for months because of Sudan's concerns that the South was backing rebels.
Those concerns have now resurfaced publicly even though the two sides had begun jointly monitoring a demilitarised border buffer zone along with United Nations peacekeepers.
On Tuesday, the oil minister told the companies that "South Sudan is not serious about implementing the security agreement."
On Sunday, Juba accused Khartoum's troops of pushing through the buffer zone and into South Sudan. Khartoum in turn said the South had not withdrawn from six areas along the frontier.
The United States said that, if carried out, Sudan's order to shut the pipeline would be a violation of the nine accords signed in September.
The pacts "only allow for a shutdown with 60 days of notice for economic or technical reasons. This is neither," State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki said on Monday.
South Sudanese President Salva Kiir urged his people to remain calm and said on Monday he would not take his nation back to war despite Khartoum's "aggressive attitude."
GNPOC is 40 percent owned by China's CNPC, 30 percent by Petronas of Malaysia, with 25 percent held by India's ONGC and five percent by SUDAPET of Sudan, according to its website.
Petrodar is a Chinese-Malaysian joint venture with Khartoum.


text:
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University of Edinburgh student Kengo Shibata is photographed today through the "Six Planet" Kaleidoscope which will be part of an exhibition of Kaleidoscopes celebrating the 200th anniversary of the instrument's invention. The exhibition, presented by the Japan Kaleidoscope Museum and the Universities of Edinburgh and St Andrews, is part of Edinburgh International Science Festival which runs in the Playfair Library in Edinburgh from 3-5 and 7-10 of April.
© The Financial Times Ltd 2016 FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.


text:
Showing 1-24 of 1,094 items
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1401 West Restaurant at Chicago Marriott Oak Brook
Featuring prime steaks and seafood, our chef blends innovative American cuisine with French country cooking to create regional and seasonal specialties with full bodied flavors.
CITY:Oak Brook
My vision is, and has always been, to produce a soy candle that is as fragrant when you burn it to the bottom as when you opened the lid. 1803 Candles is a cottage industry candle company founded in 2006.
2015 Elgin Short Film Festival
The 7th Annual Elgin Short Film Festival promises to be an entertaining evening of some of the very best in short films by some of the very best up-and-coming filmmakers.You are invited to the award ceremony and screening of finalists taking place in Elgin, IL on Saturday, September 26, 2015.
2017 NCAA National Golf Championships at Rich Harvest Farms
The 2017 NCAA National Golf Championships will be held at Rich Harvest Farms and hosted for the first time by Northern Illinois University, with play taking place from May 19-24 (women) and May 26-31 (men). Sugar Grove will be only the third Illinois city to host the Division I Golf Championships. Cook County's Olympia Fields Country Club hosted the men's championship in 1943, while Conway Farms Golf Club outside of Chicago played host to the men's as well in 1997.
CITY:Sugar Grove
24th Annual State Championship Chili Cook-Off
Come taste the best chili in the State of Illinois and share in the excitement. Three categories of competition: (1) Illinois State Championship Chili Cook-Off (2) Traditional (includes Restaurant Division) (3) New Salsa. Chili & Salsa tasting begins at 2 pm. Tasting cups available for a small fee. Free admission. Concession Available. Presented by Batavia Parks in cooperation by the Batavia Chamber of Commerce and Confident Aire.
42nd Fall Fox Valley Antiques Show and Sale
Sat. 10-5; Sun. 10-4. Authentic antiques exhibited indoors at the Kane County Fairgrounds. Catered lunch is available. Plenty of free parking. Admission $8 benefits local historical, educational endeavors.
CITY:St. Charles
Since 1979, 5-B's has served over a million meals in the Greater Chicago Area and surrounding suburbs. This long tradition of food service has allowed them to be a part of many special events and activities. Through these events they've have met wonderful people and grown in their desire to serve their customers with the best food around with service that is second to none. Their style of food and service can be defined as a taste of old fashioned home cooking with a country flair. Their specialty is outdoor grilling, but their menu can accommodate any tastes or style. Whether your event is large or small, the staff will work with you to formulate the best food and presentation to meet your needs and exceed your expectations.
An eclectic mix of new and vintage home furnishings and accessories. We are committed to offering sophisticated design to the savvy and urban-minded shopper.
A' Salute is a high class lounge featuring entertainment every Friday and Saturday night with room for dancing. The menu will feature a selection of small sandwiches called "trios" which are served in threes.
CITY:St. Charles
Enjoy fresh fruits and vegetables and bakery. Shop pumpkin/harvest decorations, U-cut and Pre-cut Christmas trees in season.
Above and Beyond Framing and Gallery
Custom framing, art and gift gallery. Featuring Steve Hanks, Tom Lynch and Scanlan.
Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery
This cemetery was named after the 16th president of the United States, and was designed to serve approximately one million Chicago metropolitan area veterans.
Ackerman Sports & Fitness Center
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - 88,000 sq. ft. multi-use facility: 40-yd. x 40-yd. indoor turf field; 3 basketball courts with wood floors; rock-climbing; Chicago Bulls/White Sox Training Academy batting cages; multi-lane running track; multi-purpose rooms; 7,000 sq. ft. fitness center.
CITY:Glen Ellyn
Acquaviva Tasting and Wine Bar
Wine tastings, delicatessen meats, cheeses, craft beers, wine bar. Inside and outside garden seating. Enjoy a glass of wine or beer with friends in a relaxing atmosphere.
CITY:St. Charles
Acquaviva is a family-owned vineyard and winery that includes a tasting bar, Neapolitan-style pizza bistro with foods paired to accompany the wines, retail market place, private event space and a visible winemaking production center.
CITY:Maple Park
Air Classics Museum of Aviation
Air Classics is an aviation museum located at Aurora Municipal Airport - ARR where the aircraft actually fly. You can climb into the pilot's seat of a UH-1 Huey helicopter. The museum's collection includes aircraft, vehicles, uniforms and other aviation memorabilia from the 1930s to the present time. General Admission: Saturdays and Sundays 10:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. Group Tours: Tuesdays through Fridays by appointment.
CITY:Sugar Grove
A fun and exciting play land offering 10 inflatable play structures, four party rooms and two age-appropriate play areas.
Alan Jackson with Lauren Alaina at RiverEdge Park
Alan Jackson ranks as one of the 10 best-selling male vocalists of all-time in all genres. He is one of the most successful and respected singer-songwriters in country music. Jackson's current album, Angels and Alcohol, topped the country album charts when it was released last summer. Lauren Alaina captured America's hearts when she appeared on Season 10 of American Idol. Recently Lauren released a self-titled five-song EP including her latest single, "Next Boyfriend." Lauren regularly appears on the Grand Ole Opry, is one of CMT's "Next Women of Country" and returned to American Idol for its farewell season as a mentor to this year's contestants.
Alberto's Italian Restaurant & Fitzgerald's Tavern
Located adjacent to the Holiday Inn Hotel & Suites in Carol Stream, Illinois, we offer some of the finest Italian cuisine in the western suburbs. Rise and shine, and join us for our bountiful breakfast buffet! Enjoy one of our delicious breakfast entrees, or have our chef prepare you an omelet cooked to order.
CITY:Carol Stream
This local theater troupe is located in the "attic" of Batavia's Government Center.
Family restaurant with specialties such as fantastic baby back ribs that fall off the bone, charbroiled steaks & juicy prime rib that melt in your mouth, & a wide variety of glorious burgers.
Culinary Champion for Best Seafood! Served in a traditional Italian American atmosphere, a night out at Aliano's makes for a special dining experience. Every item on Aliano's extensive menu is made from classic, favorite recipes that have been delighting diners for years.
Located in the heart of downtown St. Charles, Alibi offers a variety of food, beer, wine, and cocktails. Live entertainment to suit everyone. Tell' em you were here!
CITY:St. Charles
Chef Alain Roby, a three-time Guinness World Record holder, prepares exquisite desserts and truffles from the finest grand cru-quality Belgian and Swiss chocolate, as well as authentic Italian Gelato, just like in Rome! The Devil's Food cake he prepared as a guest star on The Martha Stewart Show also can be enjoyed while admiring the life-sized chocolate sculptures that are seen on many Food Network specials.


text:
I have several users on my server and as such a separate public/private key pair for each.
The problem is that once they're added as identities (Mac OS X 10.8.4 if it makes a difference), when I connect with a user account it goes through all the keys trying to find the right one. This doesn't work so well because of MaxAuthTries.
I'd be fine with increasing my MaxAuthTries to 100 or so but, although it accepts that under a matched host, it doesn't override the original, and I really don't want to give general public 100 auth attempts for my ssh server; configuration:
MaxAuthTries 2
Match host 18.104.22.168
MaxAuthTries 100
MaxAuthTries does nothing for my ip; it still limits it to 2.
This solution wouldn't be ideal but would be acceptable if it can be done. When using a key far down the list, it takes some time to check them all and find the right one (especially if my internet connection is lagging)... Plus sending all my keys, encrypted or not, makes me uncomfortable.
Ideally, I need to connect with the correct key file and not bother trying the others. The problem is that I have most of my passcodes saved to my keychain so if I clear my identities I loose all the saved passcodes.
If this isn't possible, I need a way to change my MaxAuthTries to a big number for my IP. I thought of doing it with IPTables but I use Plesk and rather like to be able to actually use the interface to manage my firewall.
Thanks a bunch!!


text:
Obama to Host Central American Leaders for Migrant Talks
The leaders of three Central American countries will meet with President Barack Obama next week in Washington as part of U.S. efforts to stem a flood of children coming across the Mexican border.
Obama and Vice President Joe Biden will host Presidents Otto Perez Molina of Guatemala, Juan Orlando Hernandez of Honduras and Salvador Sanchez Ceren of El Salvador at the White House on July 25.
Obama and Biden will discuss "how to reinforce our ongoing collaboration to stem the flow of undocumented migrants from Central America to Mexico and the United States," the White House said yesterday.
The meeting is the latest step by the administration to combat the perception in Central America that children and families who cross the border illegally can remain in the U.S. if they are captured by law enforcement.
The number of unaccompanied minors who've tried to enter the U.S. illegally so far this year has already doubled the total in all of 2013. The influx has upended the debate over changing immigration laws, as Republicans say Obama's policies are partly to blame for drawing the immigrants. Obama is seeking $3.7 billion in emergency funding to temporarily shelter and process the immigrants.
In his meetings, Obama plans to emphasize the need to return the children to their families in their home countries, according to a White House official who briefed reporters on condition of anonymity.
'Dangerous Journey'
Also among the topics will be how the countries "can work together with other members of the international community to foster development, economic growth and security in the region and address the factors that are causing Central American citizens to undertake the dangerous journey to the United States," the White House said.
The U.S. said yesterday that the number of young migrants apprehended at the border had dropped over recent weeks, from 1,985 during the week of June 22 to 977 last week. While the White House partially attributes the decline to the government's efforts, officials also said that numbers typically drop during the summer because of the hot weather.
The Obama administration is seeking emergency border spending to deal with the surge of young migrants from Central America. Republicans have said that they will grant only enough funding to handle the immediate needs, less than half the amount sought by the president.


text:
Published 09/24 2010 11:34PM
Updated 09/24 2010 11:37PM
Fort Scott, Baxter Springs, Commerce, Miami win; McAuley loses.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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text:
Your track coach is making you run 400 meter intervals at practice. In these intervals, you run one lap of the track (400 meters) in 1 minute, then jog one lap (400 meters) in 2 minutes.
If you run 5 intervals (5 fast laps and 5 slow laps), what is your average speed?