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PG&E's "ClimateSmart" Offsets Are Anything But
One reason I began posting my Rules of Carbon Offsets is a dubious program by the California utility PG&E called ClimateSmart, which is supposed to allow PG&E customers to become "climate neutral."
This program actually manages to violate Rules 0, 1, and 2 all at once! It really makes clear why offsets are bastardized emissions reductions — and why trees are an especially dubious offset.
This picture graces the "Our Projects" page of the ClimateSmart website. The caption reads "Photo of van Eck Forest, courtesy of Pacific Forest Trust." Well that burns Rule 1 and 2 — no trees, and certainly not trees in a California forest comprising half your offset portfolio. (This forestry offset is particularly outrageous, as we will see at the end of this post.)
Worse, what PG&E is offering to do is offset customer's greenhouse gas emissions generated from their electricity purchases and natural gas consumption.
The $64,000 question is — Why doesn't PG&E just sell renewable power to its customers? Remember Rule Zero of Offsets:
Before you pay others to reduce their emissions on your behalf, you need to do everything reasonably possible to reduce your own emissions first. As the saying goes, "Physician, Heal Thyself" before presuming to heal other people.
How does Rule Zero apply here? Consider what PG&E says:
The fastest, most cost-effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is to use your energy more efficiently–taking advantage of PG&E's smart energy rebates and programs. After doing what you can to reduce your energy use, make the rest "climate neutral" with ClimateSmart.
OK, energy efficiency is the first thing you do — I've made that argument myself many times. But "after doing what you can to reduce your energy use," the obvious next step is not paying someone else to reduce their emissions, but to purchase green power, directly eliminating any greenhouse gas emissions from your electricity use.
California is a state rich in renewable resources — selling green power to customers who want zero emissions would be easy for PG&E. So why don't they? My guess is the cost is considerably higher than the forestry projects.
Yes, since GHGs don't have a price like, say, sulfur dioxide, lots of cheap GHG-reducing projects have been ignored. Isn't it a good idea that PG&E get money from their customers to fund such projects? Not really, for two reasons.
First, California has already enacted a law mandating a return of greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 — a 25% cut in just 13 years! That almost certainly means California will soon be enacting a cap & trade system that will set a fairly high price for GHGs. And that means all these cheap offsets projects will get funded soon anyway, which in climate-speak means PG&E's projects probably don't pass the addionality test. This is especially true for one of PG&E's specific projects.
What offsets does PG&E offer? The company explains:
PG&E will only invest in greenhouse gas reduction projects for which there is an approved project protocol from the California Climate Action Registry (Registry).
The problem is that the Registry is not concerned with offsets, but with helping to enable companies to set greenhouse gas baselines and overseeing certification of voluntary GHG reduction projects. The Registry wouldn't care if 100% of PG&E's offsets were trees. Nor would the Registry care if a tree planting project decreased the earth's albedo (reflectivity) and negated the GHG benefit, as a study by Livermore Laboraties and the Carnegie Institution concludes is entirely possible for non-tropical forests.
Based on my conversations with environmentalists, as I've said in Rule 2, I would not allow more than 10% of an offset portfolio to be for trees, and those could only be urban shade trees or certified tropical forest preservation — certainly not the dubious project PG&E seems to be pushing, as we'll see. (Even two of the highest rated offset-selling companies have a 20% limit on trees, see here pp. 17 and 18.)
PG&E writes:
Currently, the Registry's only approved protocols are for forestry-based carbon sequestration and livestock manure management projects. As a result, PG&E's 2007 ClimateSmart Solicitation is limited to these types of projects.
Again, that seems lame to me. A customer's electricity emissions should be avoided with green electricity.
But what is worse than lame is the tree project PG&E is pursuing. Salon.com published an expos© on PG&E and this project that is so astonishing I am just going to repeat it here:
Last December, however, PG&E spokesman Keely Wachs announced that customers' dollars would initially be invested in California forests. Indeed, the project closest to meeting the registry's standard involves selling credits from the 2,100-acre van Eck Forest in Northern California's Humboldt County. Laurie Wayburn, president of the Pacific Forest Trust, which is managing that project, predicted it will be certified in August….
This sounds good. But I decided to give it a closer look. I tracked down Charles Michler, an advisor to the Fred M. van Eck Forest Foundation, based at Purdue University in Indiana. Michler told me the forest's current sustainable management is owed to a conservation easement placed on the property back in 2001.
A conservation easement means that a property's owners have been paid for their agreement not to develop the land, a stipulation that stays with the land title, forever. But this easement went further, Michler said, including what he called "very strict" guidelines for conservation. In other words, my payments to PG&E for carbon credits weren't going to plant or protect any trees in the van Eck Forest; that had all already been arranged. Indeed, the foundation board was still deciding what to do with the PG&E money if it came through. One possible use, Michler speculated, might be to fund another building for the forestry department at Purdue — a likely disappointment for PG&E customers who think their money will be used to plant redwoods.
Ouch! Again in offset lingo, this project fails the additionality test miserably — the climate benefit, if there is any, would have happened anyway.
So we have utility customers paying for a project that would have happened anyway and probably doesn't even reduce global warming. To add minor ironic insult to injury, the money might go towards a building that itself would generate more greenhouse gas emissions.
Such is the path we traverse once we enter the offset labyrinth.
Bottom Line: For electricity customers interested in going carbon neutral, PG&E should be selling them renewable power not trees that supposedly offset fossil fuel power.
One more point: For customers who want to offset the emissions from their direct natural gas purchases, PG&E could offer certified offsets, but given the imminence of a GHG price in California (if not the nation), I'm not certain even that has much value. Instead, when California enacts a cap & trade system, PG&E should offer to buy and retire emission credits for those customers. That would really be going carbon neutral.
Interestingly, Salon notes:
The company expects to collect $20 million, over three years, from the 5 percent of clients it predicts will sign up to buy the offsets…. In the meantime, it will spend another $16 million to administer and market the program. That extra money will come from a rate increase, averaging 2 to 3 cents a month, approved by California regulators. Which means even PG&E's customers who won't buy offsets will pay to advertise them.
Yes, all PG&E customers are paying to advertise offsets that may not even be offsetting climate change and were going to happen anyway.
If PG&E really, really wants to sell legitimate offsets to its customers, I strongly urge it to assemble an independent group of environmental and energy folk with expertise in the area of offsets. That group could come up with guidelines for PG&E that would have some credibility. I'd be happy to provide the names of some people.
13 Responses to PG&E's "ClimateSmart" Offsets Are Anything But
I've always liked this blog, but this is a somewhat malicious attack on a company that tries to do a lot of good. The ClimateSmart program just rolled out to customers in the last week or so and yes, it's not perfect. But PG&E felt it better to do offsets that can be verified, i.e. ones that have project protocols. The portfolio will expand beyond forestry as soon as there are more protocols to measure and verify the projects with. And all of PG&E's rate increases have to be approved by the California Public Utilities Commission, which has been at the forefront of environmental responsibility measures in the state. Expanding beyond forestry projects also requires the approval of the CPUC. I don't think you quite understand how involved the state is in most of PG&E's actions.
And speaking of independent group of environmental and energy folk, the program has an external advisory group. http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/external_advisory_group.html
Did you not see the little congratulatory blub from Dan Kammen, who you've cited on this blog?
Again, the program isn't perfect. But I don't think you've done all your homework.
I've been following this discussion of offsets, and rules for offsets, and one of the things I'm struck by is the near desperation of folks to support anything that seems to be done in good faith, even if it has a whole panalopy of unwanted and unintended consequences.
And I do think PG&Es program is being done in good faith. The company has a relatively good track record, and they have a great advisory group, some of whom I know personally and admire a great deal.
But none of that matters, if the program — in the long run — doesn't make the most efficient use of resources to cut the most GHG. And it does not.
The time when feel good programs that are less than optimal (and in this case, in the long run, potentially perverse in terms of results) is long gone.
We're in the bottom-of-the-ninth-with-two-outs-and-no-one-on-base; We're in the fourth-quarter-fourth-down-no-time-outs- ten-yards-to-go kind of territory, here when it comes to global warming.
Good intentions, and promises of real results eventually are way too little way too late.
For my money, I'd put the PG&E program into the "nice try guys" category and save the praise for those who are focusing on getting their own house in order and blazing new ground. Encouraging others to do so with potentially specious and probably temporary offsets just delays the kind of fundamental investments we need to make. In a sense, this is just another of a long line of actions in the environmental world I call "the tragedy of small victories."
As Gore noted, the most dangerous thing facing us right now is that we do some half-measures, declare victory, and call it a day for a decade or so as we pursue these half-measures. As for offsets, at the end of the day, we run the risk of actually aggravating GW, we'll certainly misallocate scarce resources and in any case, we'll run out of "others" long before we get where we need to go. So doesn't all this offset activity merely delay what we need now and need badly — a new energy infrastructure?
There is a place for offsets — one time trips, for example. And properly structured offsets subject to rules may make sense. But it's time to move beyond good intentions.
While I agree that there are plenty of forest offset programs that deserve your criticism, I don't think the ClimateSmart program is one of them. Here's my somewhat lengthy reasoning. Full disclosure – I'm am member of the Climate Smart Environmental Advisory Group.
First, PG&E is aggressively pursuing all available efficiency and renewable resources and supports a mandatory cap on emissions at the state and federal levels. The ClimateSmart program is in addition to all those other efforts. In particular, all carbon credits generated through this program will be retired and will not count towards PG&E's emissions reductions obligations under AB32.
This contradicts your argument that Climate Smart projects are not additional because they would have been funded as part of a mandatory cap and trade program anyway. Any projects that are funded through ClimateSmart will not be available to meet cap & trade obligations which will have to be met by investments in additional reductions. (It is important to point out here that ARB has yet to decide the scope of the CA cap & trade program and, in particular, whether forest sector projects will be eligible to participate at all.) In effect, PG&E is doing exactly what you recommend: it is offering to buy and retire emissions credits for its customers.
Second, PG&E is limited to investing in projects that comply with the Climate Registry's protocols in order to insure that all projects meet stringent accounting standards and are verified by independent third parties. The Climate Registry's forest protocols in particular are, I believe, the most stringent and comprehensive forest protocol in use today. As you are well aware, there are plenty of offset programs that don't meet these high standards.
Third, I think you are misreading the Gibbard et.al. article you cite regarding the net climate impact of tree planting. That study concluded that the albedo effect dominates for forests in high latitudes (i.e. 45°-90°) while the evaporation effect dominates in low latitudes. For mid-latitudes, like California (roughly 30°-40°), the two effects tend to balance each other out, allowing the sequestration effect to dominate. I think it's also worth noting that the study's conclusions are based on global averages which mask substantial regional variation and, more importantly, the results of a single modeling study should be extensively reviewed and confirmed by other efforts before it is generally accepted as truth.
I also disagree with your statement that the Registry isn't concerned about albedo effects. The Registry protocols are intended to capture the full range of climate effects. The reason albedo isn't part of the accounting requirements is the lack of any scientific confidence or feasible methodology on whether and how to measure those effects.
Third, despite what the Salon article says, PG&E has not contracted for any emissions reductions yet since the RFO was just released last week. (The RFO and associated documents is available at http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/climatesmart_2007_requests.html)
If the Van Eck project bids into the program, PG&E can evaluate whether the proposed reductions are additional. As clearly stated in the RFO, bidders are required to demonstrate that the proposed reductions would not have occurred but for the funding provided by the Climate Smart program. Generally, the Registry protocols include the requirement of legal additionality under which projects are not allowed to claim credit for reductions that are required under a legal or regulatory obligation.
I think it's also worth noting that an overly aggressive concern about additionality can be problematic. For example, the Climate Registry forest protocols generally credit forest landowners with all carbon savings above what would be required under the California Forest Practices Act (CFPA). (That's assuming there are no other legally binding obligations that would cause management to exceed the CFPA) Some people have argued that this is excessive because some landowners would have managed their stands in ways that would exceed the CFPA and, as a result, we might pay them for savings that would have occurred otherwise. I'm sure you'll recognize this as the classic "free riders" concern that has bedeviled energy efficiency programs for decades. The forest sector program response is the same as it is for efficiency programs. Effectively run programs can account for and minimize free ridership, provide cost effective benefits, and maximize free drivers, leading to long-term market transformation.
Finally, there is widespread agreement that it would be better to have a more diverse portfolio of offset projects and there is a concerted effort underway to expand the range of eligible project types beyond the forestry projects. As you note manure management protocols were recently adopted and, pending PUC approval, will also be eligible. Urban forestry protocols are being developed by the Registry and should be adopted sometime in 2008.
We may disagree, but I believe that PG&E has created a credible program that can serve as a model for other efforts and that it has already assembled an independent advisory group with expertise in the area of offsets. I think your concerns with most offset programs are on target, but that the Climate Smart program doesn't suffer from those same flaws.
Dear Joe,
Several mutual friends and colleagues forwarded me your blog on ClimateSmart™ and I have the utmost respect for your work. However, your posting has a number of inaccuracies and I am writing to clarify how PG&E designed and plans to implement the ClimateSmart program.
We conceived of ClimateSmart during our January 24, 2006 testimony (https://www.pge.com/regulation/ClimateProtectionTariff/Testimony/PGE/2006-01-Fwd/ClimateProtectionTariff_Test_PGE_20060124-01.pdf) before the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC):
"PG&E's voluntary [program] is designed to be the proverbial "icing on the cake," supplementing other programs and policies that address climate change." (page 1-2)
That means ClimateSmart must be understood in the context of PG&E and California's ambitious energy and climate change policies.
• As a world leader in energy efficiency, we are investing $1 billion in enhanced energy-efficiency programs from 2006 to 2008. (http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/energy_efficiency.html)
• PG&E delivers some of the cleanest electric power of any major electric company in the United States. And we are aggressively adding renewable electric power resources to our energy portfolio. (http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/clean_energy.html)
• We are committed to leading by example when it comes to climate change. (http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/climatechange.html)
After an eleven month public approval process, the CPUC approved the program (http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/word_pdf/final_decision/63046.doc) on a 5-0 decision on December 14, 2006. In their summary, they stated:
"Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) demonstrates strong environmental leadership by being the first utility in the nation to offer its customers a means to offset their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This proposal is a very important step in developing awareness of the causes of global warming and creating a sustainable and credible emissions offset program." (page 2)
But don't take our word for it; listen to what others have said.
Numerous organizations sent in letters during the extensive CPUC regulatory proceedings on ClimateSmart, including Environmental Defense, Small Business California, and the Natural Resources Defense Council. Here is a link to those letters (https://www.pge.com/regulation/ClimateProtectionTariff/Testimony/PGE/2006-01-Fwd/ClimateProtectionTariff_Test_PGE_20060606-01.pdf).
Since the unanimous approval of the program by the CPUC, here is a sampling of what climate change policy leaders have said:
"ClimateSmart, combined with energy efficiency and solar power, can shrink our climate footprint. We hope that ClimateSmart can play an integral role in helping San Francisco meet our aggressive greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals."
— Jared Blumenfeld, Director, Department of the Environment, City and County of San Francisco
"ClimateSmart's focus on transparency, accountability, and environmental protection provides a great example for all carbon offset programs."
— Diane Wittenberg, President, California Climate Action Registry
"The Climate Group congratulates PG&E for its ongoing leadership to address global warming through programs such as ClimateSmart. The company's actions are serving to educate and deepen community awareness of the issue, while providing an opportunity for the general public to take positive steps to reduce their carbon footprint."
— Mark Kenber, Policy Director, The Climate Group
"We can prevent the most devastating consequences of global warming, but only if we act swiftly and decisively to reduce global warming emissions. By meeting strict standards for offsets, the ClimateSmart program will engage individuals and businesses as part of the solution in the fight on global warming."
— Karen Douglas, Director, California Climate Initiative, Environmental Defense
"NRDC today reaffirms its view that the ClimateSmart program is an effective way for PG&E customers to invest individually in rigorously verified environmental benefits, even as we continue to emphasize (like PG&E itself) that voluntary measures are complementary to the mandatory measures that are needed to meet the challenge of global warming."
— Luke Tonachel, Energy Program Analyst, Natural Resources Defense Council
"I am delighted to see the PG&E ClimateSmart program opening to enrollment, and intend for our family to sign up right away. Voluntary programs such as ClimateSmart illustrate the opportunities that exist to address global warming, and the power of individuals to send a message that personal action is both possible and significant."
— Dan Kammen, Professor in the Energy and Resources Group, in the Goldman School of Public Policy, and Director of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley
Our partners joined with us to debate the challenges of the voluntary carbon market.
On June 28, when the program was launched (http://www.pge.com/news/news_releases/q2_2007/070628.html), we held a symposium called "Voluntary Carbon Offset Programs: A License to Pollute or a Climate Change Remedy?" This program featured the views from:
• Ricardo Bayon, Director, Ecosystem Marketplace and Author of Voluntary Carbon Markets
• Cheri Chastain, Sustainability Coordinator, Sierra Nevada Brewing Company
• Eric Holst, Manager, Center for Conservation Incentives, Environmental Defense
• Dan Kammen, Professor, Energy and Resources Group, in the Goldman School of Public Policy, and Director, Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley
• Peter Liu, Initial Founder and Vice-Chairman, New Resource Bank
• Wendy Pulling, Director, Environmental Policy, PG&E
• Laurie Wayburn, Co-Founder and President, Pacific Forest Trust
• Diane Wittenberg, President, California Climate Action Registry
The audio of the program can be heard here (http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/news/climatesmart_symp_discussion.html). We encourage you and your readers to listen to it.
Through ClimateSmart, PG&E will be purchasing greenhouse gas emissions reductions through a formal, competitive process.
We are investing 100% of the ClimateSmart payments toward new GHG emission reduction projects in California.
On June 28 we initiated a competitive process (http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/climatesmart_2007_requests.html) to select the projects in which we will invest. The process is based on PG&E's best practice of renewable and conventional energy purchasing process. We are currently in the process of collecting those offers and will select the projects later this year. Eligibility for the ClimateSmart competitive bid process requires that Projects meet the stringent requirements of either the Forest Project Protocol (http://www.climateregistry.org/docs/PROTOCOLS/Forestry/Forest%20Project%20Protocol_Version%202.0.pdf) or Livestock Project Reporting Protocol (http://www.climateregistry.org/docs/PROTOCOLS/CCAR_Livestock_Project_Reporting_Protocol_June_2007.pdf) of the California Climate Action Registry (http://www.climateregistry.org/) (Registry). It is designed to include other types of GHG emission reduction projects as the Registry completes and adopts a broader range of project measurement protocols.
PG&E is applying stringent additionality requirements.
Additionality is most commonly defined as doing something that wouldn't have been done under a "business as usual" condition. While that is a simple principle, most people involved in quantifying GHG emissions reductions agree that it is complicated to implement. In order to quantify these reductions, PG&E is applying two additionality tests to projects submitting bids to our request – regulatory additionality and financial additionality.
By following the stringent Registry protocols, we are ensuring regulatory additionality. The Registry's Forest Project Protocol (http://www.climateregistry.org/docs/PROTOCOLS/Forestry/Forest%20Project%20Protocol_Version%202.0.pdf) states that "Project Developers are required to describe their project activity and explain how their project activity exceeds, or is additional to, the baseline qualitative characterization, including any mandatory statutes or regulations used to characterize the project baseline." (page25)
In addition to the Registry additionality requirements, PG&E – as a part of our competitive solicitation process (http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/climatesmart_2007_requests.html) – is requiring every bidder to specify exactly how ClimateSmart funding would be used for new projects. This is our financial additionality test. In our request for offers we state that we "will require all ClimateSmart Projects to provide evidence that but for ClimateSmart funds, the Project that generates the Registry-certified GHG emission reductions would not have occurred." (page 9)
As you indicated in the Salon.com article that you referenced in your post, people should not invest in carbon offset program if they don't meet basic additionality standards. PG&E won't invest in them and neither should anyone else. The pictures of the van Eck and Garcia River forests are just examples of the projects that are going through the Registry certification process. They may or may not qualify for the PG&E program based on their response to the competitive bid process. You blog has shown us that the van Eck picture may be confusing, so we will take a fresh look at how we caption that photo to make sure that we are being as clear as possible.
Accountability and transparency are key aspects of this program.
With ClimateSmart, our goal is to create a voluntary GHG emission reduction program with the highest standards of accountability and transparency. In developing the program, we worked with regulators, key environmental groups, and other stakeholders to create this process, incorporating a wide variety of best practice oversight and verification measures. Some of the measures we have put in place to reach these high standards are:
• Limiting investments to projects with an approved project protocol from the Registry and accepted by the CPUC
• Seeking ongoing feedback and input from an External Advisory Group (http://www.pge.com/about_us/environment/features/external_advisory_group.html) of respected community, environmental, business, and government leaders
• Requiring that all emission reductions for the selected projects are independently certified and registered with the Registry
• Permanently retiring all of ClimateSmart's certified GHG emission reductions, which means they cannot be used by PG&E or anyone else for any other purpose
• Requiring an independent, annual program audit and regularly reporting the results to the CPUC and enrolled customers
Through the ClimateSmart competitive bidding process, we are also requiring all projects to be new. Even if a project had been certified, PG&E will not purchase the reductions unless they occurred after December 14, 2006, the date which the CPUC unanimously approved the program. PG&E will only enter into contracts for projects that invest in new GHG emission reductions that would not have otherwise occurred.
Voluntary programs are only part of the solution.
As stated by Peter Darbee, Chairman, CEO and President of PG&E Corporation before the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works on June 28 (http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=90c23c0e-52a2-4b4e-b0cc-d8938bf5fba0), PG&E believes:
"Voluntary programs alone are insufficient and will not send the appropriate price signal to U.S. industry to make a measurable impact on global climate change. Only a mandatory, national reduction program is capable of stimulating sustained action and investment on the scale required to meaningfully reduce emissions and establish the U.S. as a leader in the response to global climate change."
Consistent with our policy position on mandatory regulation, in 2006, PG&E joined with other leading businesses and environmental nongovernmental organizations as part of the U.S. Climate Action Partnership (http://www.us-cap.org/) to develop a set of policy principles and a legislative framework for a federal, market-based, mandatory climate change program.
And, while we prefer a national approach to addressing climate change, we also recognize the important role that states can play—in terms of acting as a catalyst for federal legislation, bringing forth innovative ideas and approaches to tackle the complexities of the issue, and making progress toward combating climate change. That is why we worked constructively with the California legislature and the Administration to enact AB 32 (Nunez/Pavely), the Global Warming Solutions Act, and were the first major utility to support its passage.
We also supported passage of SB 1368 (Perata), which requires that all power sold to utilities in the state under long-term contracts meet a GHG emissions performance standard that is equivalent to that of an efficient, combined-cycle natural gas plant. Implementation of these two pieces of legislation will ensure that California continues on a path of reducing its overall carbon footprint and challenging its businesses to do the same.
The ClimateSmart program was designed as a demonstration program to provide customers with an option to mitigate the GHG emissions associated with their own energy use. When mandatory GHG regulations are about to be implemented, PG&E will re-evaluate the program and determine if it should be ended or modified to ensure consistency with any such new mandates.
We look forward to continued discussion on these important topics and would welcome the opportunity to discuss ClimateSmart, as well as PG&E's broader commitment to climate change, with you personally the next time you are in San Francisco.
Kind Regards,
Robert Parkhurst
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
ClimateSmart Manager
PG&E is up to their greenwashing tactics again! Here's why ClimateSmart isn't all that PG&E and the press states it is:
1) PG&E's new "ClimateSmart" doesn't commit PG&E to provide any green energy.
2) ClimateSmart is about PG&E allowing you, the customer, to pay more money each month to offset their company's emissions.
3) Californians need clean energy and PG&E should be looking out for our best interest instead of fighting to cover its tracks.
4) PG&E's corporate social responsibility report admits it's plan "to enroll approximately 4 to 5 percent of eligible customers into the program by the end of its third year." That leaves 95% of the impact completely untouched.
5) PG$E is launching a $17 million PR campaign to advertise "ClimateSmart". And it is charging it all to you by raising your monthly bill. That's right. Every time you see an ad from PG&E promoting this greenwashing, you can be proud to know that the state regulators allowed them to pass the buck to you.
6) This program has nothing to do with PG&E making an effort to reduce emissions from it's electricity. PG&E is responsible for 18 million tons of carbon emissions each year. It is the largest source of carbon emissions in San Francisco. Unlike most businesses, PG&E can actually reduce emissions from electric power generation all over the state by choosing to sell clean renewable energy. ClimateSmart does not make PG&E's power any cleaner.
7) PG$E's own commitment to ClimateSmart is merely to pay to plant trees to offset the impact of its office buildings, not the impact of the power generators it owns.
8) Offsets should only be used to address the remaining energy after all other efforts have been made to reduce demand and use renewable energy.
9) PG&E is using the least sound form of offset. Tree planting, or forest-management, is a double-whammy: it fails to improve our energy system and it forces future generations to manage those particular forests indefinitely. This type of offset is not allowed under Kyoto.
10) PG$E says it "may enter into ghg emission reduction contracts where the reductions occur over time into the future." Counting future reductions today is like telling the bank to count all the mortgage payments you plan to make for the next 10 years, and asking them to consider your debt paid off now. This dubious choice of carbon accounting methodology smells like Enron.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PG&E's ClimateSmart plan tells customers that if they care about the climate, they should pay to offset the company's emissions. PG&E knows that by shifting the responsibility on to the consumers, the overwhelming majority of it's impact (95%) will never be addressed. This is a common corporate strategy for keeping the public from demanding corporate accountability. Welcome to greenwashing.
On top of the danger of shifting climate responsibility away from energy companies and government and towards the millions of individual consumers, there is the simple fact that offsetting is not an acceptable strategy for the company determining the type of energy being used by 14 million Californians. PG&E's primary area of impact, and therefore responsibility, is on the type of electricity it provides. And advertising offsets is no compensation for its claim that nuclear is an environmentally-friendly choice nor of its use of 0% solar. We can do better. "ClimateSmart"? We think it's more like ClimateCopout. What do you think?
More ClimateSmart Critique:
Poonam Whabi
Do you agree with the following comments from a knowledgeable advocate for PGE's ClimateSmart program? —
Thanks for reaching out with your questions. I agree that the
high level initial marketing can't go into as much detail as wonks like
you and me like, but there is plenty of detail on this high quality
program and I will have info sent.
Did you go to the website and read the FAQs and such for starters?
Key things that set this program apart: (1) it is subject to CPUC
regulation and will be transparent; (2) all CO2 reductions are
independently certified by the governmentally-created nonprofit
California Climate Action Registry which is nationally recognized as
having the most rigorous GHG project measurement protocols; (3) the
protocols will drive high quality GHG reduction projects that are not
currently receiving enough investment. For example, California has
2,000 dairies but only about couple dozen of them have methane capture
for their manure and methane is 21 time more potent than CO2 as a GHG,
we will also initially invest in saving some forests in CA in permanent
conservation easements that would otherwise be lost to development or
lumber interests (such as the Van Eck redwood forest). The project
types will expand as the Registry develops more protocols, with the
next ones urban forestry and Clean Air Transportation alternatives
(transportation is 42% of CA's GHG emissions whereas electricity is
only 20% since we don't have coal). You are probably aware that there
is a lot of VC money going into renewables now, as well as all PG&E is
doing to reach 20% renewables by 20% in addition to what we already
All ClimateSmart GHG reduction credits will be new and "additional"
meaning they would not have happened without this investment (not
required by low etc). The credits will also be retired so they are
only used to make participants' homes and/or business climate neutral
for their energy use – and we know exactly what that usage is and what
its GHG footprint is because we certify our entity-wide emissions
through the Registry too, and we were the first utility to do that!
Also, PG&E is leading by example and was the first customer to sign up
for ClimateSmart (which was a major win for me inside the Company) and
has signed up for its own buildings with shareholder dollars (big bucks
– millions). We hope many other major businesses will follow this lead
as well as doing energy efficiency and installing renewables etc. We
have to do a lot of different things at once to catch up on the delays
we have sadly made as a country due to Bush's unwillingness to lead on
Climate Change. But we can show the way in CA and this is an important
way to raise people's awareness and give them another (easy) way to
Hope that helps for starters. In short, I challenge you to find
another carbon offset program of this quality or with this kind of
reporting and oversight. This program is the first of its kind in the
country at the biggest single utility in the country — raising the bar
for all carbon offset approaches and developing critical climate change
systems infrastructure we desperately need as the State is struggling
to implement AB 32 which won't take effect until 2012, though we are
working hard on making that a success too.
In short, it's an easy way to take action, and I hope you do —
Goodness knows we need a lot of good action on many fronts at once
starting as soon as possible – the tipping point is not far away.
Thanks to the author and the commenters for providing excellent background information for us simple consumers interested in signing up for the program. I conclude that, while the ClimateSmart program might have some hiccups initially in ensuring that contributions are directed to the best sources, signing up for the program now is more likely to help than hurt. It will help PG&E and other utilities measure the seriousness of customers in carbon neutrality (and hopefully indicate interest in increasing green power), fund the critical "startup phase" of this effort, and hopefully do some good for the environment even if the original offset opportunities seem rather scarce. Since I also have a solar array, the modest cost of the program isn't something I can't afford to lose if the program regresses rather than improves. One of the main selling points of the program is the simplicity of the sign-up and the integrated billing with the power bill, which I think serves a valuable purpose of bringing carbon offsets to the rest of us. That alone makes this program worth a chance. Thanks again for the thoughtful dialog!
My opinion is that many laypeople seek to partake in climate change causes and the reduction of greenhouse gases. I think we should give PG&E an opportunity to work with the CPUC and other bodies to determine the climate smart efforts will work. For full disclocure, I recently got hired by PG&E in the energy efficiency group and this is only my second full week. However, I have been involved in energy conservation and renewable efforts for over twenty years at the ground level – residential energy auditor, commercial & industrial energy efficiency, helped with energy conservation in Yosemite National Park, part of clean air efforts in the Fresno area/ Prior to that I was at the US Forest Service in early days of environmental stewardship at the Youth Conservation Corps program. Our biologist was founder of the Sierra Club in the San Joauqin Valley way back in the 1950s. I believe we need to offer programs such as Climate Smart for the general consumer public. The energy conservation programs provide a similar success story. I don't claim to be an expert but have a Degree in Biological Science and Masters in Business with focus on energy and researched how FASB provides guidance for renewable assets. I take public transit and recycle. Involved with the California Native Plant Society and even got involved in the initial meetings of the California Climate Action Registry. I travelled to Europe for our grad program and studied energy in Ireland, England, France and Spain. I guess I am saying this to demonstrate that a common citizen like me is involved. I believe the CCAR will be innovative and sincere. We are all involved in helping our planet. And I think we need to give the Climate Smart program a chance.
The conclusions drawn from the Livermore study are way beyond what the study actually measured;
For a more accurate analysis visit:
Looking for more info from Joe on his response after dialog with PG&E and other commenters. Do you stand behind your original post? Have the responses changed your view on this issue at all?
Thank you for this informative blog.


text:
The Moons of Jupiterby Alice Munro
View All Available Formats & Editions
In these piercingly lovely and endlessly surprising stories by one of the most acclaimed current practitioners of the art of fiction, many things happen: there are betrayals and reconciliations, love affairs consummated and mourned. But the true events in The Moons Of Jupiter are the ways in which the characters are transformed over time, coming to view their past selves with an anger, regret, and infinite compassion that communicate themselves to us with electrifying force.
Editorial Reviews
"How does one know when one is in the grip of art, a major talent? One feels it in the assurance, the sensibility behind every line of a work; one knows its presence as much from what is withheld as from what is given or explained. It is art that speaks from the pages of Alice Munro's stories." Wall Street Journal
Praise from fellow writers:
"Her work felt revolutionary when I came to it, and it still does." —Jhumpa Lahiri
"She is one of the handful of writers, some living, most dead, whom I have in mind when I say that fiction is my religion." —Jonthan Franzen
"The authority she brings to the page is just lovely." —Elizabeth Strout
"She's the most savage writer I've ever read, also the most tender, the most honest, the most perceptive." —Jeffery Eugenides
"Alice Munro can move characters through time in a way that no other writer can."—Julian Barnes
"She is a short-story writer who…reimagined what a story can do." —Loorie Moore
"There's probably no one alive who's better at the craft of the short story." —Jim Shepard
"A true master of the form." —Salman Rushdie
"A wonderful writer." —Joyce Carol Oates
Product Details
- 9780307814609
- Publisher:
- Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
- Publication date:
- 12/21/2011
- Series:
- Vintage International
- Sold by:
- Random House
- Format:
- NOOK Book
- Pages:
- 256
- Sales rank:
- 245,848
- File size:
Meet the Author
Alice Munro grew up in Wingham, Ontario, and attended the University of Western Ontario. She has published sixteen books — Dance of the Happy Shades; Lives of Girls and Women, Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You; Who Do You Think You Are?; The Moons of Jupiter; The Progress of Love; Friend of My Youth; Open Secrets; Selected Stories; The Love of a Good Woman; Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage; Runaway; The View from Castle Rock; Alice Munro's Best, Too Much Happiness, and Dear Life. During her distinguished career she has been the recipient of many awards and prizes, including the recent Nobel Prize in Literature which cited her as "a master of the contemporary short story."
Here at home she has won too many awards to list, including three Governor General's Literary Awards, two Giller Prizes, several Trillium Prizes and a number of Libris Awards. Elsewhere she has won the Rea Award for the Short Story, the Lannan Literary Award, England's W. H. Smith Book Award, Italy's Pescara prize, the United States' National Book Critics Circle Award, and the Edward MacDowell Medal in literature. Her stories have appeared in The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, Saturday Night, The Paris Review, and other publications, and her collections have been translated into thirteen languages.
Alice Munro divides her time between Clinton, Ontario, and Comox, British Columbia.
Brief Biography
- Hometown:
- Clinton, Ontario, and Comox, British Columbia
- Date of Birth:
- July 10, 1931
- Place of Birth:
- Wingham, Ontario, Canada
- Education:
- University of Western Ontario (no degree)
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews >
I'm a big fan of Alice Munro's short story collections so I was not prepared to NOT enjoy this one of hers! All but the very last story titled "VISITORS" left me unmoved. If this had been the very first collection of short stories written by Munro that I'd ever read, I'm fairly certain I would NOT have bothered to read any of her others -- and that would have been a great pity!!
I can't post in result six!
Stop faking "demigods."
Im John. Im 13. 5'6, my godly parent is Neptune. I am a scout from the second leigon. I am first cohort. CENTURION.. i meed help and i have messages from the first cohort.
Need this because I have found interest in moons for all planets

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Separate names with a comma.
ok thank you
Coming from GB Cleanrom 1.7.3 Rom Rooted
So i got my S-Off and re-unlocked my bootloader
so both is Unlocked and S-Off
When it asked if i...
yea i just called my verizon wireless store and the lady said they won't have it till a couple days........arn't all stores suppose to have a...
I know i am going to call after work but I wanna know if they really yanking my chain or not.
Is. All. VERIZON. And. VERIZON. Wireless stores suppose to receive the nexus? Because when I asked my Verizon wireless store yesterday. They said...
new for me! thx!
yes as long as you have a smartphone and do not change your data plan then you will continue to have your unlimited data, and if your on verizon...
so nexus...or HTC vigor....hmmmmm
oooooooo i am so jet lagged....ROFL!!!! what a moan!
I see... an address....lets go visit him!
HOLY AWESOME panorama
Thats an FX camera??? NO way......
how much for those little toys?
Holy wow fast picture taking
Why not just have finger print scanner instead?? Probably alot more accurate than face......
HAHAHH! fail. HAHAHA!! hilarous
LOL face unlock dope. Imma go pull my phone in front of strangers and go "HA! you can't unlock my phone". LOL!
oooo thats cool. Voice Text, thats just like the one app.....javus or something
LOL, hilarous
Lol roboto.....
lol imagine if he dropped the phone.....LOL


text:
Reviewed by 6 customers
Good bargain for this cast iron dish. It was a little smaller than I thought it would be, however it seems durable.
I love to cook and this item is great for so many things. my favorite is that you can heat it in the oven while preparing foods and then use these to serve in or eat from and it keeps the food hot all the way thru a meal.
It's just what I expected, and a great shape too. I do alot ocooking and baking this is the right size I needed.
The dimensions listed when I purchased this item were (12"x6.75"x3"). It looked smaller when I received it so I measured. It's actual dimensions are (11"x6"3") to the handle. One review wrote that you could cook 3-4 servings of something in this, I have to disagree. I could cook one chicken breast in this dish. Might do well as a small dish for cast iron cornbread, but I'd rather return it for a bigger one.
Cast iron is my favorite thing to cook with and these dishes are perfect. The size is perfect for making three to four servings of an item. I purchased two and look forward to using them for years to come. Highly recommend if you love using cast iron and if you have never used cast iron this is a good first purchase.
I like it, but I haven't used it as of now...I can type any thing about
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text:
here's a hairflip for you
I'm not really sure if that is important enough for all of us to know. It seems to be the major lesson is-
If you make yourself public to a group for a long time(some of us have been on here for two years now), expect some people to care about you, feel like they know you, and see you as a friend. If you post personal, very private information, there may be consequences to doing so.
I do think, though, that whatever decisions were made were done so out of kindness(or caring, I guess), and not out of spite-as we saw before.
Mommy with a bit of crunch since 2007.
(. ) (.) Golden Sags!
The missing link is a private board.
~I don't argue with idiots. They just drag you down to their level and beat you with experience~
Wait, CPS? I definitely missed something.
Lemur, if someone did, in fact, call CPS on you, what the hell have you been doing on BBC?
Sidenote: Sincere apologies if this is incorrect. Not trying to be rude, just baffled if it is the case.
ETA: Wrong punctuation.
One little man 6/2011
Expecting a little lady 11/2015
Who got CPS called on them? Ray or Hippie? I don't think it's that people don't care, I think people are just confused about facts.
Diamond ( o Y o )
Liam 6-26-11 Avery 6-9-15
There was a legitimate concern. Desiree understands this and knows it was because the person cares, whether she agrees with the decision or not doesnt matter. Its obviously not going to be rehashed (the reasons why) here on a public board of 15000 people. This all started on a private board and should have stayed there. Desiree brought it outside of there and apologized for it, that doesnt mean her business should be made the worlds because she had a lapse in judgement.
Someone post a pic of some food porn or a link to the giraffe being born and get over this shit already.
~I don't argue with idiots. They just drag you down to their level and beat you with experience~
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 5 years : Week 2.
Your growing child
Your 5-year-old: High energy
Your 5-year-old: Video games
Your 5-year-old: Speech patterns
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text:
France: Nursery assistant wins reprieve over hijab sacking
Israeli PM apologizes to Turkey after Obama push
Thailand: Over 60 Karens killed by brushfire at Thai refugee camp
Pakistan: 25 dead as bus collides with pylon in Sheikhupura
Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood legalised
10 killed in Nigeria central north village attack
Lebanon: Clashes rock Tripoli, killing 6
Egypt: Gunshots wound protesters in fresh Cairo clashes
Lebanon: Mikati announces his resignation
Central African rebels 'reach gates of capital Bangui'
The Netherlands: Congo atrocities suspect arrives at International Criminal Court
Lights out as World Wildlife Fund celebrates Earth Hour to combat climate change
The Muslim News Awards for Excellence gala dinner event
UN demands halt to settlements as Israel vows expansion
Cyprus shuts down banks until next week
Central African Republic: Rebels enter capital Bangui
Pakistan: Suicide attack kills 17 soldiers in NW Pakistan
Pakistan: Musharraf lands in Karachi
[Photo: Marc Grandmaison / THE CANADIAN PRESS] Joel Eastwood, Paul Clarke Three RCMP officers have been killed and another two have suffered non-life-threatening injuries in Moncton, N.B., where a manhunt was still underway for the shooter late Wednesday evening. Officers … Continued
uhasini Haidar The Hindu: The confirmation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to the United States means two things: that Mr. Modi is keen to extend his summit-level approach to bilateral ties past the subcontinent to the U.S. as well, … Continued
Nearly 10,000 US troops will remain in Afghanistan after the US ends its combat mission there at the end of this year. President Barack Obama says those that remain will be gradually scaled back over the next two years. President … Continued
[Students hold candles during a prayer vigil for victims of the shooting rampage in Santa Barbara County, Southern California. (Xinhua/Yang Lei)] LOS ANGELES, (Xinhua): Drive-by shootings in Southern California on Friday night left seven dead and several wounded, local media reported … Continued
SAN SALVADOR,(Xinhua): Six people were shot dead and five others wounded when gunmen got onto a bus Friday in a town near San Salvador and opened fire on passengers, police said. The attackers, who witnesses said were dressed in road … Continued
An American court has found an Egyptian-born Islamic cleric guilty on terrorism charges. The London-based cleric could now face a life sentence. The jury of eight men and four women at the New York court on Monday found Abu Hamza … Continued
Police in Venezuela have taken some 80 people into custody after protests in the capital, Caracas, turned violent. Those arrested had themselves been protesting against the detention of some 200 people last week. Police in Caracas made arrests and fired … Continued
Israel spies on the United States more than any other ally does and these activities have reached an alarming level, Newsweek magazine reported Tuesday. The main targets are US industrial and technical secrets, the weekly said, quoting classified briefings on … Continued
A US inmate in the state of Oklahoma has died during a botched execution 40 minutes after officials ordered proceedings. His death raises questions about new drug cocktails used to carry out the death penalty. Clayton Lockett, 38, was declared … Continued
WASHINGTON, (Xinhua): The White House on Monday announced fresh sanctions on Russia, targeting seven government officials and 17 companies. These people, among them two from Russian President Vladimir Putin's inner circle, and entities were hit with a visas … Continued
Police and protesters have clashed in a Rio de Janeiro slum, amid public anger over the death of a young man who regularly appeared on the country's largest TV network, Globo. Protesters blame police for the death. Violent protests broke … Continued
President Barack Obama has signed hurried legislation banning anyone from entering the US as a UN representative if they have a past in either espionage or terrorism, and are still considered a threat to the US. The bill, signed into … Continued
Fires sweeping through the Chilean city of Valparaiso has prompted the president to declare a state of emergency. The flames have destroyed homes in poorer areas and have claimed at least a dozen lives. "This could be the worst … Continued
Police in the US state of Kansas have taken a man suspected of involvement in deadly hate crime. An unidentified gunman killed several people in separate shooting targeting Jewish community centers in Kansas City. Authorities arrested a man suspected of … Continued
A majority of Americans and Germans support an EU-US free trade agreement, according to a new poll. But they disagree about whose regulatory standards should be adopted. The opinion survey found that support for an EU-US free trade agreement was … Continued
A US Senate panel has voted to declassify parts of its report on the CIA's brutal interrogation methods under Republican President George W. Bush. The panel chair said the investigation results were "shocking." The United States Intelligence Committee voted Thursday … Continued
The gunman who killed three people at Fort Hood was a soldier currently undergoing mental health treatment, according to base officials. The motive behind the attack that left several dead remains unclear. Details began emerging on Wednesday night about … Continued
[ Photo: People stay in the street after an earthquake in Valparaiso, Chile. (Xinhua/Str)] SANTIAGO, (Xinhua): Five people have died in a 8.2-magnitude earthquake that hit off Chilean northern coast Tuesday, according to Interior Minister Rodrigo Penailillo. According … Continued
[Firefighters work at the site of explosion in New York's East Harlem neighborhood (Xinhua/Wu Rong)] NEW YORK, (Xinhua): A powerful explosion leveled two residential buildings in New York's East Harlem neighborhood on Wednesday morning, killing three people, while nine others … Continued
Interim Ukrainian Prime Minister Yatsenyuk has said his country won't "surrender" in its fight for sovereignty. The comments were made during his visit with US President Obama amid a diplomatic crisis with Russia. "Ukraine is and will be part … Continued
Over 120 people attended a landmark conference on the media reporting of Islam and Muslims. It was held jointly by The Muslim News and Society of Editors in London on September 15.
The Muslim News Awards for Excellence 2015 was held on March in London to acknowledge British Muslim and non-Muslim contributions to the society.
The Muslim News Awards for Excellence 2015 was held on March in London to acknowledge British Muslim and non-Muslim contributions to the society.


text:
Toll Road Holdup
When I first visited Dallas, I barely made it to the airport rental car turn in place before my plane took off. There were so many people traveling (it was the beginning of Memorial Day weekend) that the van to the airport got held up due to traffic mostly because of going through the toll gates. Even though the van itself had a pass, I almost missed my plane. I didn't even hardly have time to sit down before boarding was called.
Today, I WOULD have missed my plane - I wouldn't have been able to get through security in time.
The rental car place was off the airport property and outside the toll gates.
I can't figure out what the toll would be for this short section of toll road although I have been all through the North Texas Tollway Authority website. Maybe you can do better.
My daughter has a fast pass on her car, but according to the website you can only use the fast pass on certain toll gates and not others.
Phone: 214.461.2000
Website: http://www.worldairportguide.com/airports/dfw/dfw.asp
- Road Trip
- Budget Travel
- Business Travel
In the Los Colinas area there seem to be NUMEROUS parking garages. Since we did not want to visit a building, we didn't try to park in the garages and I don't know what the rate is. But across the street from the Los Colinas Mustangs is a Public Parking Lot.
This lot is $1 for all day. You have to pay the $1 even if you are only going to be here for an hour or so. You park in any space you want, and go put your money into a slot in a little box on the side of the lot. Bob objected to paying $1 for an hour, so he put in a quarter. After we saw the Mustangs and ate lunch at Susan's, on the way to ride the elevated rail car, he put the other 75 cents in.
The sign says that there is
*..Free Parking anytime
*..Vehicles over 36' in length
*..Overnight Parking
*..In and Out on single payment
*..Parking in spaces without marked number
Then at the bottom it says
* Unattended Lot. Park at your own risk
The second sign says
No for sale cars, no tractor and or tractor trailer parking
No parking in fire lane, on grass, assigned or reserved spaces,
obstructing drive or dumpster, unauthorized, abandoned,
inoperable vehicles, with flat tires, on jacks/ blocks
expired state inspection/registration, will be towed at
owners expense & liability. Towing enforced at all times
To reclaim vehicle contact
1825 California Crossing - Dallas TX 75220
Al's Wrecker Service of Dallis Inc. 214-372-0733
In spite of all the warnings, I did see a truck with a For Sale sign in the window, and we were not towed even though we didn't pay right away.
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text:
Texts indicated missing student considered suicide
PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) – Authorities in Oregon say text messages found hours before the discovery of a missing college student's body on a heavily-wooded hill were the first indication he planned to kill himself.
Johnathan Croom was found just 1,000 yards from the vehicle he abandoned near Riddle, Ore.
Douglas County sheriff's spokesman Dwes Hutson said crews searching the area for days after Croom's green SUV was found were looking for a live person. They called his name and made lots of noise, as they had since last week, but heard nothing back.
The discovery of the texts changed the nature of the search.
"That led us to believe that he was probably going to do this," Hutson said. "In these kind of cases, sometimes people leave very detailed notes and instructions. Sometimes, you don't."
Hutson says crews brought in dogs used to find cadavers, and found the 18-year-old Croom's body within hours.
The Apache Junction, Ariz., college student was scheduled to drive home from Seattle and was due back Aug. 17.
Croom's father said Monday night his son was grieving the end of a recent relationship.
"He was a young man who had a broken heart and headed out to try to find himself," said David Croom, Johnathan's father. "We're looking forward to finding out exactly what happened."
He thanked everyone who helped search for his son and added, "Please pray for our family."
The teen had talked with his parents about the book "Into the Wild" and told a friend he wanted to run away.
Croom also talked to his parents about Christopher McCandless, whose journey to Alaska was documented in the book. McCandless gave up his worldly goods to live in the Alaska wilderness, only to die there, perhaps from eating wild potatoes.
Earlier this year, a 19-year-old from Oklahoma disappeared after talking to his parents about the same book and setting out to test himself against the Oregon wilderness.
Dustin Self's truck was found in April on Steens Mountain in southeast Oregon. The last search for Self was in the spring, after snow melted, but it yielded no hints to his location.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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text:
Alternative version of UI for food delivery service app. It's already not so simple and clean as previous one, but it's funny :)
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text:
The aussie gains a little ground ahead of tonight's RBA rate decision. The central bank surprised last month with an unexpected rate cut, and 6 of 9 of the "shadow" RBA are asking for another. Steve Keen - well-known for his worry over the level of debt in the Oz economy - calls for a 100 basis point cut to finally take some air out of an aussie that just won't go down.
The aussie gains a little ground ahead of tonight's RBA rate decision. The central bank...
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Delton Phone Mount for iPhone 3G/3GS, iPhone 4, and iPods
The DCHIPHO is a universal holder that holds your iPhone 3G, 3GS, iPhone 4 or iPod player securely. With a flexible gooseneck and a rotating head, you can adjust the phone in any angle you also get a Dock Connector for charging your phone or iPod and a USB port to charge other devices.
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May 31, 2013
Want to get out and socialize with positive, progressive people!
Hopng for laughs and a political outlet with similar-leaning people
Retired educator and union member, looking forward to more time with progressive people!
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text:
The 10U Indiana Trojans are holding tryouts this Saturday at 4:30 pm at the Smith Valley field off of Morgantown rd. The 10U Trojans had a succesful year going 33-7 in 2010 and are holding tryouts for the first time. If you are looking for a competitive 10U team to play for come to Saturdays tryouts. Any questions call Extra Innings at 317-783-1103 or email Jim Wolff at firstname.lastname@example.com
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.


text:
I have a sprint htc evo design with the kingdom bootloader or whatever it is... Is it possible to change this to something else so that I can experiment with other Roms? I have CWM 6 Recovery and have installed xFuZiiOnZz-4.3.2 which is the newest Rom that I could find for my device. I'm very new to all this but am pretty computer literate so I can do thing like this...but want to switch to something different than Kingdom....
Last edited by j3r3mv; 25th January 2014 at 02:54 AM. Reason: not relevant


text:
UCDS Based Stable Injector Design
Award Information
Small Business Information
Gloyer-Taylor Laboratories, LLC
2212 Harton Blvd., Tullahoma, TN, 37388-5583
Principal Investigator:
Paul Gloyer
Principal Investigator
(931) 393-5108
Principal Investigator
(931) 393-5108
Business Contact:
Paul Gloyer
Business Official
(931) 393-5108
Business Official
(931) 393-5108
Research Institution:
AbstractThe Universal Combustion Device Stability (UCDS) Process is the culmination of more than 40 years of research and provides the means to understand the complex dynamics and processes inside any chemical propulsion system, including liquid rockets, solid rockets, hybrid rockets, turbojet combustors and augmentors, and even scramjets. In addition to predicting whether a combustion chamber will oscillate and how large the amplitude of the oscillation will be, UCDS provides insight into WHY a device oscillates. With this type understanding, it is possible to design for stability in any chemical rocket, turbojet or scramjet. GTL proposes to apply the UCDSTM Process to create a clean-sheet design for a new stable liquid rocket engine that is suitable to use as an Ascent Engine for Altair. Rather than starting with preconceived notions or heritage constraints, GTL shall exercise the UCDS tools to establish detailed injector design guidelines that will ensure stable operation. This will include definition of functions that define mass injection distribution, vaporization/atomization profile, heat release characteristics, feed system response and many other parameters. By following these requirements in an injector design, the mechanisms that drive oscillations will be minimized, while the damping mechanisms are maximized, thereby maximizing stability margin.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


text:
GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. — Spartan Stores here said it would officially break ground Tuesday on a new Glen's Market supermarket in Manistee, Mich. The 38,000-square-foot store, set for a summer 2009 opening, would be the first newly constructed store in seven years for the Glen's chain. The new prototype design calls for a drive-up pharmacy and a Quick Stop fuel center and convenience store in addition to expanded meat, deli, seafood and floral departments and an environmentally friendly design. ...
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Welcome and Happy Birthday from Virginia
This is a discussion on New Pennsylvanian within the New Members Introduce Yourself forums, part of the Welcome To DefensiveCarry.com category; Hey everyone, my name is Tim, I'm a new gun owner got my first pistol on my 22nd birthday which was on Sept. 22nd, so ...
Hey everyone, my name is Tim, I'm a new gun owner got my first pistol on my 22nd birthday which was on Sept. 22nd, so it was only fitting to get a Glock 22 I should be getting my LTCF sometime next month, but it's kind of hard to conceal a G22 so I may just do OC most of the time here in PA as soon as I get a holster. I haven't seen anyone OC around where I live, except at gun shows. Good to have a site like this to learn things and teach others.
God Bless,
Welcome and Happy Birthday from Virginia
Don't believe what you hear and only half of what you see!
-Tony Soprano
Welcome from a fellow Pennsylvanian!
Sig Sauer P229 9mm
Sig Sauer P238 .380
Colt XSE 1911 .45
"Always Respect The .45"
from Central Florida!
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
Welcome from Michigan!
Happy Birthday!
*WARNING - I may or may not know what I am talking about.
A warm welcome to you from NE New Jersey.
The United States Constitution © 1791. All Rights Reserved.
Welcome from Victoria, B.C.
CCW permit holder for Idaho, Utah, Pennsylvania, Maine and New Hampshire. I can carry in your country but not my own.
Welcome from Arkansas!!
We will be much better off when we learn to deal with things as they really are, instead of how we wish them to be!
Welcome from Michigan
NRA Life Member
VFW Life Member
Welcome to DC Tim, glad to have ya. Great place to get information on all types of carry situations.
Just shop around for a good gun belt and holster and you can conceal a Glock 22.
Welcome to the forum.
EOD - Initial success or total failure


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Indianola News
Local news for Indianola, IA continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
Skinny jeans and belly whoppers
Wednesday Jun 29 | Cityview Online | Comment?
Warren County Clerk of Court Moving Day
Tuesday Jun 28 | WHO-TV Des Moines | Comment?
Indianola news is powered by NewsRank™
Updated: Fri Jul 22, 2016 09:17 am
Copyright © 2016 Topix LLC


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Gourmet Cuisine and Cooking Classes in the beautiful Loire Valley
Enjoy an unique insight into a French country kitchen. Learn to cook, with Sinéad, the French way in half an day or indeed over a period of 3/6 days. Tailor made courses on request.Tell us what you want and we'll do our best to facilitate your needs
Designed for people who love and appreciate fine wine and food, Gourmet On Tour offers the ultimate in gourmet holidays. Choose from over 80 cooking courses and wine tours in Italy, France, Spain, UK, Morocco, Asia and the US.
F&W is a Tour designer specializing in Culinary vacations and wine Tours. Our small group Tours feature in -depth exploration of a particular region, the kind that takes you to the real place you are visiting. All inclusive
With over 25 years experience we specialise in hotel, inn-to-inn or lodge based active holidays - walking, cycling, boating or barging, bike & barging, sailing, horse riding and more in most areas of Europe, Australia or New Zealand.
french old world charm manor between sea side and forest referenced in michelin ,AA, alastair, frommers,cadogan,quiller press, hachette
Très bel appartement de 100m2 à Paris, dans le quartier de Montmartre, à 100 mètres du Sacré Coeur. Typiquement parisien, parquet, moulures, cheminée, deux chambres,jusqu'à 4 personnes, très bien équipé et tout est à disposition !
Luxury barge cruise for 6 guests in 5 star accommodation aboard the hotel barge Le Premier. Gourmet food and fine wines with local excursions included.
We are your one-stop-shop travel experts, offering professional advice on canal and river cruising as well as vacation packages throughout France.
Select your destination in Magny Cours France. Browse thousands of listings for accommodations, adventures, tours and travel services.


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I am a Lead Consultant designing and building applications in .NET and surrounding technologies with a concentration in the following: C#/VB.NET, ASP.NET/MVC, Web API/WCF, JavaScript/TypeScript/AngularJS, EF, and SQL Server placing an emphasis on OOP, Architecture, and Design.
I thoroughly enjoy Microsoft development technologies and have been a proponent of their languages and platforms since I began work as an engineer 13+ years ago, and prior to that as an avid user.
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About Fascial Feminzation Surgery:
"Facial feminization surgery, is the term given to a constellation of surgical procedure that are designed to alter a masculine face to create a feminine face. Facial feminization surgery is also known as FFS. While occasionally desired by women to reduce masculine facial characteristics, these procedures are often sought by those undergoing transition from male to female. Transgendered individuals and male to female (MTF) transsexuals may desire facial feminization surgery to transform the face and facilitate passing in public as a woman."
Watch the video of the full transformation:
- Bernie Sanders tried to rally his supporters, but got booed when he urged them to vote for Hillary Clinton 😡🇺🇸
- Two people were killed and at least 16 others were injured in a shooting outside a nightclub in Fort Myers, Florida.
- Verizon is buying Yahoo's core business for about $5 billion, ending the web pioneer's run as an independent company.


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From the Inside Flap
According to conventional wisdom, the world is divided into "haves" and "have-nots," and which group you belong to is often attributed to the luck of the draw. Some people are fortunate enough to be able to climb the ladder of success, but most of us believe we don't have what it takes to earn six and seven figure salaries. We believe successful people are somehow different from us, so we settle for what we have.
These beliefs are often based on personal experience. We have considered starting businesses of our own, we've done the research, and we've tried everything to make it work. Some of us have sacrificed our own time and money for these ventures, but we haven't succeeded. Eventually, we give up, coming to grips with the "fact" that we simply do not have the inborn ability to make money.
Suzanne Evans is here to tell us that conventional wisdom is wrong. In The Way You Do Anything is the Way You Do Everything, she explains that there is no luck involved in building wealth. The good news is that you do have the ability to achieve the kind of financial success you've been dreaming of. The bad news is that if you haven't succeeded yet, there is no one to blame but yourself.
Everything that happens in our lives is a direct consequence of our own actions and attitudes. No one knows this better than Suzanne Evans, who, in under three years, went from being a secretary to running a seven-figure business of her own. In this book, Evans reveals the secret to her success: there is no secret. The simple determination to excel in everything you do is all it takes to build the business you want. It's harder than it sounds, because the first step is discovering how you've been sabotaging your own efforts by simply giving up.
Suzanne Evans takes a no-nonsense approach to business building. If you're looking for empty encouragement and false praise, you won't find it in The Way You Do Anything is the Way You Do Everything. What you will find are concrete activities and suggestions that you can use to become the director of your own destiny by mastering your craft and approaching every day in a way that will lead to the financial future you want. Evans includes activities at the end of each chapter, because she's serious about helping you get ahead and expects you to be serious about it too.
From the Back Cover
Praise for The Way You Do Anything is the Way You Do Everything
"In this book, Suzanne has a lot to teach you. You will hear her amazing story of how she went from a secretarial job that was neither personally or professionally fulfilling to being on the Inc. 500 List of Fastest Growing Companies in less than four years. She grabbed life by the throat and created opportunities so she could live the life she had always dreamed of. Have you ever wished you could do that? If that alone doesn't get your attention and make you want to learn from her, then nothing will."
Larry Winget, The Pitbull of Personal Development® and multiple New York Times Bestselling Author
"I was in a lull. My lull had come from success, from a lack of new challenges, and my lull was boring me to tears. Enter Suzanne's book. She got my attention between the organic tomatoes and the bananas at Whole Foods. She locked me in when she told me to let go of the need to be right, to go to the yes, and to care less (read the book - you'll understand). She embarrassed me when she said don't quit, because I had quit. I just finished the book. Lull, pack your bags. I'm back."
Joe Calloway, performance coach and author of Be the Best at What Matters Most
"Suzanne Evans is a force of nature. Literally. She's the rare breed of entrepreneur who isn't afraid to tell you the truth, feelings be damned. If you want to get real about why your business or your life isn't where you want it to be, then get off your butt right now and pick up The Way You Do Anything Is The Way You Do Everything This book is guaranteed to push your buttons and piss you off, but if you pay attention to the message behind it you're also guaranteed to make something extraordinary happen."
Matthew Goldfarb, founder of Corporate Renegade


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LUBBOCK (AP) - Texas Tech scored six runs behind a grand slam from Nick Blankenship in the seventh inning to beat Texas 9-0 on Sunday.
Bryon Smith followed Blankenship with an RBI-double and then Jake Brown hit a run-scoring single.
Tech (17-8, 2-4 Big 12) had its first run of the game in the third inning with bases loaded on a double-play groundout. Tech added two more runs in the sixth when Texas walked two batters and hit two more.
Nathan Fouts (5-1) got the win for Tech, allowing four hits while striking out five and walking five.
Texas is 16-6, 2-4). They were unable to mount a rally after Tech reliever Steve Rowe took to the mound in the sixth.
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Business Research Guide
Business Databases A-Z
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Business Research Guide: Business Databases A-Z
This guide provides information on how to do library research in all business subjects using resources available to students, staff, and faculty at UIC.
Business Databases A-Z
Company Information
Industry Information
Consumers and Market Information
Statistics and Data
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Acceptable Uses
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Business Databases A -H
ABI/INFORM Global
ABI/INFORM is a business research database with full-text articles from business journals and newspapers.
ABI/INFORM is a scholarly business research database with full-text, images, tables and graphs from nearly 1,800 business journals and newspapers. Topics covered include economic conditions, management techniques, theory, and practice of business, advertising, marketing, economics, human resources, finance, taxation, computers, etc. Information on 60,000+ companies with business and executive profiles. Now includes The Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition) full text online (1984 to present).
Access World News
Access World News provides extensive coverage at any level—local, state, regional, national and international.
This fully searchable Web-based resource features the vast majority of U.S. newspapers by circulation, along with almost 1,000 hard-to-find local and regional titles, the majority of which are unavailable elsewhere. Additionally, it offers searchable news video clips and over 2,000 international news sources from scores of countries on 6 continents, translated into English when written in other languages.
Africa Development Indicators
ADI is the most detailed collection of data on Africa, containing over 1,600 indicators, covering 53 African countries and spanning the period 1961 to 2010.
Data include social, economic, financial, natural resources, infrastructure, governance, partnership, and environmental indicators. It also brings an essay on a key topic for Africa, and this years' theme is the long term growth challenges of the continent.
Bloomberg Professional
Bloomberg terminals are available for current UIC students in the CME Training Lab, Douglas Hall and one terminal is available in the Daley Library, IDEA Commons.
Business Source Premier
Full text of more than 2,100 business and trade journals, some going back to 1965. Also includes company information and market reports.
If users happen to get the EBSCOhost Select New Service page, please go back to the Databases A-Z List and try accessing the database again.
Business Source Premier offers full-text coverage in all business disciplines, including marketing, management, MIS, POM, accounting, finance and economics. Additional full text, non-journal content includes market research reports, industry reports, country reports, company profiles and SWOT analyses.
Comprehensive resource for research into taxation. Note: access to titles limited to 35 simultaneous users. May not be compatible with Firefox. See also RIA Checkpoint
This resource on taxation, published by Thomso-Reuters, includes federal tax services (e.g., Federal Tax Handbook), federal primary sources (e.g., IRS Revenue Code), 50-state and local complete tax analyses, interactive tools for financial planning, and respected journals on taxation.
Economist Intelligence Unit
International economic and market data; country data and analysis. UIC subscription doesn't include Industry Reports. May not be compatible with Firefox.
The Economist Intelligence Unit provides country commerce, market forecasts and indicators, reports, and risk reviews. The EIU CountryData database is a good place to start. It combines the data in one powerful search interface that allows you to save and download results in spreadsheet or other formats. Also includes Business Middle East and Global Outlook.
Topical coverage areas include IT infrastructure,
telecommunications, wireless technology,
data networking, convergence, security,
enterprise systems, the internet, and
technology vendors.
Topical coverage areas include IT infrastructure,
telecommunications, wireless technology,
data networking, convergence, security,
enterprise systems, the internet, and
technology vendors.
Frost & Sullivan-Growth Partnership
Emerging market forecasts in selected industries, especially health care trends and new medical technologies.
Emerging market forecasts in selected industries, especially health care trends and new medical technologies. The Office of Technology Transfer at
UIC and UIUC has password access to order and download reports. Please contact OTM for more info. The rest of the campus community can only view
the Frost & Sullivan reports.
Gartner Research
Gartner Research provides access to research and analysis on information technology (IT) technologies, practices, and strategies performed by the Gartner Group. The University of Illinois Administrative Information Technology Services subscribes to this database. Selected reports are available for students, faculty and staff of the University of Illinois.
Off-campus access is available through the use of the VPN client. Users must log in with their enterprise IDs and password.
Gartner Research contains research and analysis done by the Gartner Group that can be used for planning, decision making, and measurement purposes for making continual process improvements towards industry best practices. It does not include Dataquest documents nor special reports. Other information is only available by request to the University's Gartner representative. Individuals needing help accessing the content should contact the
AITS Service Desk
Global Economic Monitor
GEM provides daily updates of global economic developments, with coverage of high income- as well as developing countries.
Daily data is provided for exchange rates, equity markets, interest rates, stripped bond spreads, commodity prices and emerging market bond indices. Monthly data coverage is provided for consumer prices, high-tech market indicators, industrial production and merchandise trade, etc. Quarterly data is available for GDP, current account balances, and budget balances. All data sets are updated each weekday to capture the latest available observations.
Hoover's Online
Financial information on companies, with competitor information. Includes many smaller and private companies.
Build a List
results can be downloaded by using Mergent's Intellect database.
Note: please ignore the OWASP CSRFGuard JavaScript pop-up message by clicking
to continue.
Hoover's, Inc., delivers comprehensive company, industry, and market intelligence that drives business growth. The database of 12 million companies, with in-depth coverage of 40,000 of the world's top business enterprises, is updated daily to bring subscribers the most up-to-date business information in the industry.
Business Databases I - P
Comprehensive collection of industry reports, covering current conditions, outlook and leaders in the industry. Includes 1300 US industries and 75 global industries. Users will need to create individual accounts to access come features. This resource was acquired with funding from
the Library/IT Assessment.
Since 1971 IBISWorld has provided thoroughly researched, accurate and current business information. It provides valuable insight into America's 700+ industries. Users will need to create individual accounts to access some features of the resource.
International Directory of Company Histories
International Directory of Company Histories provides in-depth histories of companies that are significant in an industry or geographic location.
LexisNexis Academic
News, business, government and law; business journals; broadcast transcripts; case law; law reviews; company information, etc.
LexisNexis Academic provides full-text access to documents from national and regional newspapers, wire services, broadcast transcripts, international news, U.S. Federal and state case law, codes, regulations, legal news, law reviews, and international legal information; Shepard's® Citations for all U.S. Supreme Court cases back to 1789; business news journals, company financial information, SEC filings and reports, and industry and market news.
Mergent Archives
Access to the full run of Mergent Manuals, formerly known as Moody's Manuals, 1909 to present; the Municipal and Government Manual, 1918 to present; and historical annual reports, 1925 to present. Incorporates the information formerly in Mergent WebReports.
Containing more than 180,000 documents covering over 100 countries and industries, Mergent Archives uses a reliable and easy to navigate system designed to meet your historical research needs.
Mergent Intellect
Use to download Hoover's Build A List results. Includes company financials and demographic information.
Mergent Online
Financial information on US and international companies.
Beginning in 1997 as Company Data Direct, the database now known as Mergent Online offers investment research tools.
U.S. and European market research reports and data on consumer products and trends. Includes Mintel Academic and Mintel Market Sizes. This resource was acquired with funding from the Library/IT Assessment.
Users need to sign up for an account using their UIC email address.
November 12, 2015
OECD iLibrary
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development collection of statistical databases, books and papers on economics, industries, trade and development worldwide.
OECD iLibrary contains all the publications and datasets released by OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), International Energy Agency (IEA), Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), OECD Development Centre, PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), and International Transport Forum (ITF) since 1998 - currently (October 2010) 1 000 journal issues, 2 900 working papers, 2 500 multi-lingual summaries, 6 200 e-book titles, 14 000 tables and graphs, 21 000 chapters and articles, and 390 complete databases with more than 4 billion data points.
Attention: on campus users please click here to access.
Off campus users, please use the title above to enter.
Identifies company and industry information including company profiles, news, business and trade articles.
Access limited to 8 concurrent users.
The OneSource database covers approximately 17 million global companies, 25 million executives and industry intelligence such as Market Research reports and trade press publications. All Stock Exchange quoted companies from across the world are included (approximately 40,000) as well as the full active universe in both the UK (approximately 2.7 million) and 13 million companies from North America.
Passport GMID
Put out by Euromonitor International, this database contains demographic, economic, and background marketing statistics for over 60 countries, as well as market and economic forecasts. Also includes major market reports and consumer lifestyle reports for countries in North America, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Asia.
You must register for Passport GMID using your UIC email address.
PrivCo is the premiere source for business and financial data on major, non-publicly traded corporations, including family owned, private equity owned, venture backed, and international unlisted companies.
Users need to sign up for an account using their UIC email address.
PrivCo is the premier source for business and financial research on major privately-held companies (MPCs).
Product Launch Analytics
International coverage of newly launched consumer products. Tracks products, packaging and innovation.
To access this resource from off campus, users need to install
VPN (Virtual Private Network).
Product Launch Analytics is a database of new consumer packaged goods with well over one million new SKUs since 1990.
Business Databases R - Z
Redbooks (formerly Advertising Redbooks)
Covers both advertising agencies and advertisers. For advertising agencies, gives basic company information, media specialties and list of clients. For advertisers, includes basic company information, products, where they advertise and advertising budgets.
Contains basic and some financial information on 24 million US companies.
It is a good source for information on small and private companies.
Mapping application that allows users to customize interactive maps & reports using thousands of data variables.
To utilize this database you must create an account (personal work space).
Users need to sign up for an account using their UIC email address.
SimplyMap is a mapping application that enables users to develop interactive maps & reports using thousands of data variables. UIC users have access to the EASI ® Standard Package, which includes data from year 2000, current estimates and five year projections, the historical package, and the EASI MRI & Life Stages Package. As well as EASI Health Data, Experian SimmonsLOCAL, and Nielsen Claritas PRIZM.
Uniworld Online
Provides listings for American firms and their locations in other countries and firms based in other countries with locations in the United States. Can be used to track foreign subsidiaries or for job and internship opportunities.
Vault Career Insider
Besides career information, useful for company and basic industry information.
Wall Street Journal - Eastern edition (1984 - current)
Published daily by Dow Jones Factiva Corp. with online full-text from 1984, and images, tables and graphs from August 9, 2006 to present.
Wharton WRDS Business & Financial Databases
Made available by the College of Business Administration. for CBA graduate students and faculty. An individual account must be requested.
Wharton Research Data Service (WRDS) is available to UIC researchers in the fields of finance, accounting, banking, economics, management, marketing and public policy.
World Bank eLibrary (E-books)
Over 2,000 e-books and 3,000+ working papers published by the World Bank on development issues.
The World Bank e-library is an online, fully cross-searchable portal of over 5,000 World Bank documents. The collection consists of over 2,000 World Bank publications and over 3,200 Policy Research Working Papers, plus each new book and paper as they are published. The World Bank e-library is an online, fully cross-searchable portal of over 5,000 World Bank documents. The collection consists of over 2,000 World Bank publications and over 3,200 Policy Research Working Papers, plus each new book and paper as they are published. As an e-Library subscriber you gain unlimited access to a wealth of knowledge and expertise on development issues throughout the years and across a wide range of subjects.
World Development Indicators (WDI) Online
Published by the World Bank. The primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available, and includes national, regional and global estimates.
Published by World Bank
World Development Indicators Online (WDI) can be searched for more than 600 development indicators, with time series for 208 countries and 18 country groups.
Subject Guide
Marcia Dellenbach
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RE/MAX Allegiance is the number one selling RE/MAX Company in the world and one of the top 30 residential real estate brokerages in the United States. The firmMore
$5 mil. - $10 mil.in Revenue
100 - 250EmployeesContact people at this company
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Real EstateMotor Vehicle DealersCommercial & Residential ConstructionMore
5075 South Syracuse StreetDenverColorado80237United Statesview map
(303) 770-5531(303) 796-3599Fax
Enterprise_Iteration-NT.1545[07] SEIDXWK-31


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County Executive Ike Leggett knew before the current downturn that the County spending habits of the prior four years were unsustainable and from the start made putting the County's fiscal house in order a priority for his administration
In his first year (FY08), Leggett brought County government tax-supported spending down from a 14.1 percent increase in the year before he took office to 6.7 percent. In FY09, he reduced it further to a 1.5 percent increase. In FY 10 he reduced it yet again to MINUS 2.2 percent and this year he proposed another minus 7 percent DECREASE below the previous year.
In the three years before Leggett took office, County government tax-supported spending increased by a total of 36 percent. By comparison, for his entire four years, the budget has decreased by 1 percent total.
The County Executive has closed nearly $2.3 billion in budget gaps over the four years. He closed nearly a $1 billion gap this year alone -- 83 percent of gap closed with reductions and other actions -- only 17 percent was achieved with additional revenues. He has eliminated 1,100 positions (10 percent of the County government's entire workforce) in just the last two years.
Last year, he prevented an additional $80 million in cuts to critical County services when he marshaled support from the County Council, the School Board and Superintendent, and ultimately, the state legislature for a waiver of the State's Maintenance of Effort requirement. Working closely together with them again, Montgomery County has already won a similar waiver this year from the State Board of Education.