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What Are the "Unknown Unknowns" of Global Warming
Year after year the worriers and fretters would come to me with awful predictions of the outbreak of war. I denied it each time. I was only wrong twice.
— Senior British intelligence official, retiring in 1950 after 47 years of service
This weekend's question is: What are the "Unknown Unknown" climate impacts?
In 2002, Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld infamously popularized the term "unknown unknowns" – "the ones we don't know we don't know." See video below.
As my illustrated review of 50 recent studies on climate impacts made clear, what we know with confidence is coming on our current emissions path is more than enough reason to act.
If we go to 7°F — let alone 9°F or higher — we are far outside the bounds of simple linear projection. Some of the worst impacts may not be obvious — and there may be unexpected negative synergies. The best evidence that will happen with the staggering warming we face if we keep doing nothing is that it already happened with even the 1°F or so warming we have seen to date.
As quantified in the journal Nature, "Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change," (subs. req'd), which just looks at the current and future impact from the beetle's warming-driven devastation in British Columbia: "The cumulative impact of the beetle … converted the forest from a small net carbon sink to a large net carbon source.
No wonder the carbon sinks are saturating faster than we thought (see here) — unmodeled impacts of climate change are destroying them:
Insect outbreaks such as this represent an important mechanism by which climate change may undermine the ability of northern forests to take up and store atmospheric carbon, and such impacts should be accounted for in large-scale modelling analyses.
And the bark beetle is slamming the Western U.S. and Alaska, too.
The key point is this catastrophic climate change impact and its carbon-cycle feedback were not foreseen even a decade ago — which suggests future climate impacts will bring other equally unpleasant surprises, especially as we continue on our path of no resistance.
Note I am not talking about the many "known unknowns" — the stuff we know could happen but we have no idea how fast and fierce:
- Accelerated release of the methane hydrates
- Rapid collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet
- Dramatic shift in ocean circulation patterns
- Runaway greenhouse effect
- The drying of the Northern peatlands (bogs, moors, and mires).
- The Amazon becoming a carbon source — see Science: Second '100-year' Amazon drought in 5 years caused huge CO2 emissions. If this pattern continues, the forest would become a warming source.
I'm talking about stuff that is not really explored in the scientific literature.
I'm talking the real black swans — an "extreme event" that is "an outlier, as it lies outside the realm of regular expectations, because nothing in the past can convincingly point to its possibility" (see "Is global warming a black swan").
What are the "Unknown Unknown" climate impacts?
83 Responses to What Are the "Unknown Unknowns" of Global Warming
The advances of pests — insects, animals, and diseases — has always been part of the deal. Warmth expands the number of niches that things can live in. What the specific ones might turn out to be — like the pine bark beetle or the crabs moving into the Arctic oceans — can't really be predicted, but pests were going to spread.
Ummm, once the responses have been identified, even if only speculatively, they are no longer "unknown" unknowns.
Like much of Rumsfeld's thinking, this always struck me as totally confused.
I don't know what kind of unknowns will be revealed during the next few decades, but I'm pretty sure that they will graph exponentially. We've crossed the threshold, stumbled over the tipping point, and have left linear effects behind, it's mostly exponential from here on out.
Perhaps unknown to 99.9% of the public is the prospect that human oxidization of Lithosphere carbon materials is melting polar ice caps (some seven million cubic miles of ice) thereby uncapping volcanic and other tectonic forces which will cause earthquakes of a "not natural" origin.
Western economics will be unable to account for a rise of earthquake damage from this trend as fossil fuel related.
"the main dangers lie in the "unknown knowns" – the disavowed beliefs, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, even though they form the background of our public values." Slavoj Žižek
. . . Unkown unknowns? Effects of dark energy, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life?
I don't know. Maybe an emergence of a new form of life adapted to warm and hot climates? (bacterial, archaeal, "extermeophiles"), that would wipe out current forms of higher mammalian life? …
(If you take the Ray Kurzweil scenario of human machine convergence, the disappearance of human life, but the emergence machine life housing both machine and human intelligence, but in this case to survive in an inhospitable planet? Kind of the "singularity meets climate change" …)
There is the inevitability of war over scarce resources particularly water.
The rate of sea level rise will continue to accelerate after 2100.
There is Peter Ward's "Under a Green Sky" scenario where the oceans become hypoxic and produce vast amounts of hydrogen sulfide. He estimates when CO2 reaches 1,000 ppm it becomes possible. The older literature calls this a Canfield State.
The paleo comparisons of where we are headed are scary. But there is no paleo comparison on how fast we are changing the forcing. We are already at an unprecedented rate of change and continuing to accelerate.
Nature will throw us curve balls and the evisceration of science will ensure these curve balls catch us utterly unaware. Just consider how weird the weather is already.
And as James Newberry points out, we refuse to deal with the known. We have rejected mitigation and adatation so now comes the suffering.
Human behavior – in reaction to sudden awareness of the reality of climate change, or, if still in denial, to its manifestations.
This could range, in my opinion, from some short-notice, all-out, world-wide effort to mitigate, to large-scale international or civil wars to defend business as usual (which I personally consider more likely). Not to mention possible reactions that are, as of yet, unknown ;-)
What happens with Methane spikes, could this create ground hovering, ignitable clouds. Or Co2 clouds which kill everything.
Killer CO2 cloud – the story climate change "skeptics" hope you won't read
It's not even secret. But those propagandists who run advertising claiming that carbon dioxide is natural and, therefore, harmless, hope against hope that you don't know the true history, that you've never heard of Cameroon, that you don't know about volcanic emissions, and that you forgot the story of the killer CO2 cloud of 1986.
Read it here, "Cameroon: The Lake of Death."
Propable Tsunami threats for europe or noerthern US west coast from underwater landslides or volcanic mega eruptions.
Connecting the Dots: Climate Change drives Earthquake / Seismic activity
Because the speed of Co2 emission is unprecedented in earth history, dangerous feedback meachaism might turn out to happen sooner or with a different tipping point temperature.
Soil carbon and climate change: from the Jenkinson effect to the compost-bomb instability
'compost-bomb instability' is most likely to occur in drying organic soils with high porosity covered by an insulating lichen or moss layer. However, the instability is also found to be strongly dependent on the rate of global warming. This paper derives the conditions required to trigger the compost-bomb instability, and discusses the relevance of these to the concept of dangerous rates of climate change. On the basis of simple numerical experiments, rates of long-term warming equivalent to 10°C per century could be sufficient to trigger compost-bomb instability in drying organic soils.
And how will all these climate setting setup changes, affect human growth long term wise? All the greenhouse gases break down in the atmosphere, thus consuming oygen in the process. When oyxgen levels decline, the environment gets less favourable for life – less growth.
And not to mention individual and small-group madness, e.g. motivations for and methods/targets of new terrorist groups.
Obviously we don't know yet what the unknown unknowns are. It's likely there will be some and we need to make sure we have capability to recognise them when they happen and respond. Making sure there is research capability across a broad spectrum and response capability flexible enough to respond.
Eg not replacing satellites is not a good idea. Neither is paying too much heed to 'fashion' in research – putting all eggs in one basket so to speak. I've seen situations where less fashionable research areas are allowed to wither right through from undergrad education through to senior researchers – leaving a state or nation vulnerable (particularly in agricultural research).
The Washington Post recently published a flawed misinformation article about the EPA's GHG ruling. The headline reads that the IG report says the EPA needed more data and the first paragraph says it didn't follow proper protocol. It leaves out a key fact until several facts later. The report says the endangerment finding met proper standards and it was only comparing standards to "highly influential scientific assessment" category. Of course the deniers will pick this up and spread it like climate change driven wildfires.
By the way – the field I had in mind re loss of capability was entomology interestingly – given the pine beetle problem in North America.
After recording its all-time driest month in August with just 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation, Chattanooga, Tennessee received 9.49 inches (241.0 mm) of rain on September 5th, breaking the previous daily record of 1.59 inches (40.4 mm) set in 1959.
One unknown is how much arctic ice will remain in the arctic -though is is becoming more clear.
Climate shift- thus far most scientific organizations have predicted a slow change. What happens of this proceeds at a more swift pace- especially in food growing regions.
Drought and heat progress faster then models have been modeled across broader geographic regions.
Illusion of Plenty Masking Collapse of Two Key Southern California Fisheries
As they describe in the most recent edition of the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, the researchers say the total amount, or biomass, of each bass species decreased 90 percent since 1980. Yet fisheries catch rates have remained stable for a number of years, even as overall population sizes dropped drastically. This is due, the authors say, to a phenomenon known as "hyperstability" in which fishing targets spawning areas at which large numbers of fish congregate, leading to a misleading high catch rate and masking a decline in the overall population.
"The problem is when fish are aggregating in these huge masses, fishermen can still catch a lot each trip, so everything looks fine-but in reality the true population is declining," said Erisman, a member of the Scripps Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation. "So as the true abundance is declining, the fisheries data used to assess the health of the fisheries are not showing that and give no indication of a collapse-this is referred to as 'the illusion of plenty.'"
LONDON — Britain has experienced the hottest October day on record.
National weather service the Met Office says Saturday's temperature reached 85.8 F (29.9 C) at Gravesend in southeast England.
That is the highest October temperature since records began a century ago, beating the previous high of 84.9 F (29.4 C) reached on Oct. 4, 1985.
The average maximum temperature for early October is about 59 F (15 C).
Read more: http://www.sacbee.com/2011/10/01/3952432/britain-has-hottest-october-day.html#ixzz1ZYpxuZNZ
James – I share your concern at the prospect of "the destabilization of the geosphere" as Dr McGuire put it, but given that he's been writing papers on its paleo-record and evidence of its present advance – and he runs vulcanism risk research for Munich Re – this looks more like a known unknown.
Suffice to say that it could not only take down cities here and there, even where there is no record of earthquake probability – it could also trigger the next mega-landslip on the Canary Islands resulting in a 200ft tsunami surging 16 miles inland down the length of the US east coast – And then there is the truly vast caldera under Yellowstone, whose release could not only eradicate America but also cause a global 'nuclear winter' to wipe present populations of us and many other species.
By raising volcanic emissions of sulphates – as well as by hitting society's fossil emissions capacity, this geosphere destabilization is the first credible 'negative' feedback of global warming that I've heard of. Surely we should be hearing more of it from the deniers ?
The unknown unknown megathreat that seems to me really a matter of time – is that of warming affecting some battery chicken CAFO unit, whose occupants are kept alive by the routine spraying of antibiotics. Those drugs' efficacy is in an arms-race with the most virulent and contageous pathogens' developing new immunities, thus selecting out the weaker strains week by week, site by site. By advancing the rate of evolution of more radical, contageous and virulent pathogens we are already engaged in a random process of the utmost peril to society – Random warming, and humidity events, and weather-damage power cuts to ventilation, seems likely to raise that risk of a catastrophe.
This is reason #1 why I'd vote to close CAFOs globally, before that risk increases further.
Joe, I'm gratified that you're finally going to do the big post on the expansion of the tropics (and when you do, don't forget the consequent increasing Agulhas Current leakage, which AFAICT is the ultimate source of the warm water eating away at the ESS clathrates), but your mention of beetles above reminded me that you seem to have missed covering the recent news that MPBs have become established in the boreal forest jack pine population. (A site search turned up nothing on this, although I know you've mentioned it prospectively.) Of course that this has happened should be a surprise to absolutely no one, notwithstanding the prior pathetic denials of the Canadian and Albertan governments, but that it's now under way is a big deal. Article here, paper here and scientist oral presentation summary here.
The greatest black swan in the global warming situation is that geoengineering could actually work, an idea which both global warming advocates and global warming deniers attack.
I don't think you can contribute the devastation in the British Columbia pine forest to warming alone. We new we had a problem brewing back in the mid 80's with an out break in one of our provincial parks. The government of the day stopped a proposed plan to log the infected trees or at least try to quarantine the area by cutting a large swath between infected and non infected trees. The beetle, when emerging from an infected tree, flys to the next one but distance can prevent the beetle from hitting its target. Also, a lot of the forrest was nearing the end of its life cycle [100yrs +-]
which means it was vulnerable to attack. And your are right that temperature played a part but either you get a cold snap when the beetle is emerging, late spring, or when the beetle has not had an opportunity to burrow to far into the tree. The other option is sustained cold weather[-25c for 2-3 weeks]but snow fall can insulate a tree so reduce the effectiveness. The beetles are devious. They secrete an alcohol like substance when in their hibernating state and so have some protection. The only natural event that truly eradicated the pest was fire and we had supressed forest fires since the 50's. Department of Forests has changed their policy. If the fire dosen't endanger life or property, they might let it burn. The beetle is in decline and much of the devistated area is starting to recover. With or without the pine beetle, the forest has a natural life cycle and we are now trying understand the implications of a warmer climate. I am not an authority but had land effected by this problem.
Under-served areas of climate change research for "unknown unknowns" include non-linearities, non-parametric relationships, and shifts in rare event probability in complex systems.
Humans tend to extrapolate from the familiar into the future and we gamble on frequency distributions. Each is a flawed method in what is a forced and complex system.
The language of Harley and Paine's abstract may help.
"Ecological responses to climate change may occur gradually with changing conditions, or they may occur rapidly once some threshold or "tipping point" has been reached. Here, we use a high-resolution, 30-year data set on the upper vertical limit of a high intertidal alga to demonstrate that distributional shifts in this species do not keep pace with gradual trends in air temperature or sea level, but rather occur in sudden, discrete steps. These steps occur when unusually warm air temperatures are associated with unusually calm seas and are contingent in the sense that neither atmospheric nor sea conditions by themselves were sufficient to generate the underlying physiological challenge. Shifts in the upper limit did not correlate with large environmental perturbations such as El Niños; rather, they appeared to be associated with stochastic departures from otherwise gradual environmental trends. Our results exemplify the view that multiple environmental factors should be considered when attempting to understand ecological responses to climate change. Furthermore, punctuated responses such as those we have identified urge caution when attempting to infer causal mechanisms and project future distributional shifts using data of limited temporal resolution or scope."
Harley and Paine (2009) PNAS June 17, 2009.
"Contingencies and compounded rare perturbations dictate sudden distributional shifts during periods of gradual climate change"
re "under-served," I can't speak to the level of institutional support, it is just rare to see those topics in popular press.
Warmer world weather patterns.
Well I dunno. But I would put money on new diseases from totally unexpected sources, like that sweet, healthy moggy your kids are playing with at the moment.
A nasty little epidemic that has no manifestation until people try to breed, when they painfully become aware that they are all infertile, ME
Look know further than the day after tomorrow…
Example, Texas. Weather patterns have shifted lately for this state. If they stay shifted, much of the Texas economy is wrecked and Texas becomes an early causality of Global Warming weather patterns. Did anyone expect this would happen so soon, and has anyone imagined what the outcome for Texans will be?
Many come to mind, most have been mentioned above.
I didn't see this one, though.
Some climate models seem to project a return of monsoons to the Sahel and a greening of the desert. I think it was somewhere around 3ºC of warming. Then, at the next degree of warming, it would go away. If this happens rapidly, somewhere around the middle of the century, it could bring a cruel disaster to the desperate in the space of a few decades. Millions of hungry survivors would scramble to this new area of plenty, only to perish in hellish conditions, when the rains fail.
A similar situation could happen in Siberia. It could become the irresistible garden of Eden of the Asian continent. Attractive to its immediate neighbour, China. We've all thought of the possibility of nuclear war between India and Pakistan over the Himalayan water supplies. What would happen if Russia were to compete with China over one of the rare comfortably habitable areas left on Earth? (Also, I think it's unlikely there will still be a united China in 30 years.)
Other speculative consequences include:
– geo-engineering wars
– carbon terrorism (to mitigate or to aggravate/blackmail)
– tsunamis from methane bubbles, landslides and calving ice shelves
– seismic activity from isostatic rebound
– the rise of fascism and a large nation increasing its emissions threefold (USA, anyone? – I've downgraded that likelihood lately, due to positive signs – Canada??)
Sometimes I wonder: If I were a psychopath whose dream was to exterminate all life on Earth, how would I do it? Nuclear, viruses, diverting asteroids, none would work. The most effective ways seem: burn/agent orange the Amazon, burn/melt the permafrost, produce and store several millions of tons of sulphur hexafluoride and release it simultaneously and, last but not least, set up a PR campaign to politicize global warming and discredit the science in strategic countries. Okay, the last one has been done. Do we know any individuals who might fall under the definition of life exterminating psychopath? (English speaking but not American, rather old, charismatic, …)
Just as with terrorism, one crazy person is enough to hold the planet hostage ("give me a lollypop or I'll open the SF6 tank").
There is a free way to help the forests restore themselves: leave them the hell alone. Unfortunately, there is no money in this alternative, which is why we hear all the talk about biomass power, cutting them down to "save" them from burning, etc.
When a forest is logged, 80% or more of the carbon goes into the atmosphere. When it burns, 80% is retained. Yet we still hear from reporters such as Gillis in the New York Times that we need to cut them down.
The other issue is that logging even in increments affects precipitation patterns and forest health in general. Species are eliminated or kept from migrating. This is what causes forests to become deserted scrublands, starting in the Aegean (especialy Turkey) 3,000 years ago.
For the 100th time, Joe- you need a top quality forest carbon scientist on this blog. Please.
Genetic selection pressures on life forms, due to the compounded factors of climate change.
Speaking of mountain pine beetles, I happened to see a copy of the print edition of the NYT just now and was utterly gobsmacked. They have a gigantic front-page story on global forest problems related to climate change, starting with a large color photo of Montana MPB damage at the top of the page and jumping to a full 2-page spread. Re the MPB jump to the boreal forest, the article (by Justin Gillis) says "fear are rising" of it, which based on the research I linked above is something of an understatement. Anyway, it's very much worth a full read. There's a link to the graphics and some other material.
The article's focus on the global implications of forest problems, mainly the decline of a major CO2 sink, is good to see since it's gotten so little media attention, but that raises the question of when that will happen again? What's the effect on readers when they see prominent treatment of a problem and then not again for a long time? IMO it sends the opposite message, since the issues that are really important get continuing coverage. If one doesn't, it must not be really important, right?
Of course warming alone would be doing them serious damage.
Zero cutting in all forests is a hard argument to make, but it's not as if there is no middle ground between that and massive clear-cutting.
I'd suggest another category: "known" but ignored.
One of the interesting feedbacks in this category I saw outlined was the simple role of krill in sequestering mass amounts of carbon in deep cold oceans. They currently have a feeding cycle and a death cycle that sequesters a great deal of carbon — but there are now 70% less krill than there used to be due largely to warming. Big deal, but never really addressed.
The other interesting issue is what are the potential cumulative effects of all such feedbacks? It's one thing to look at one feedback at a time, but it is likely quite another to contemplate their potential combined effect in terms of rate and extent.
Can we be precise about such things? No. But that doesn't mean we should ignore them.
To do so would be like not jamming on the brakes as you hurtle towards a concrete wall because you can't say exactly where you'll stop.
Not really an unknown unknown, but more of an ignored and lied about:
Over half of the boreal forest, which contains 2/3 of the earth's terrestrial forest carbon stores, is likely to be gone in 50 years, releasing billions of tons of carbon, with tree recolonization an unknown unknown. Driving factors are doubling of CO2 and industrial logging, which is especially rampant in Canada, our Tar Sands buddies.
Here's the true unknown unknown: military outcomes. Habitable land will become scarce faster than humans can reduce populations. This means slaughter over resources, since people tend to not quietly starve. By the time this is happening, people will have realized that prayer is not effective, and corrupt central governments will be discredited.
It will take the form of small arms infantry with portable artillery, which will be capable of taking out choppers and any building. But the real unknown unknown is this: states will disintegrate, leading to plunder of nuclear weapons and power plant fissile material stocks. Use your nightmare imagination for these events, and have a stiff drink handy. It will be Afghanistan without the religion- incessant fighting, shifting alliances, and no rules whatsoever.
Locking-in of the Southern Oscillation. Whether it is at the El Nino phase or at the La Nina phase, it will bring permanent drought to some tropical regions around the Pacific. This issue is "known" in a sense, since some paleoclimatologists have suggested that there were few occurrence of El Nino cycles in the early Holocene. But there is no known causal link yet about whether, and if yes, how, global warming would stop the oscillation.
The military comes to its senses and realizes that Climatic Disruption is truly an issue of National Security in the first order. Looks around and notices that the biggest threats are the denier corporations and the denier goon army they finance. Wall street that finances the whole. The Chicken Sh*t Media that carries their water and the bought courts that somehow all appear to side with capitalism when the chips are down. With the Government that does the same. Do they serve the people or the corrupt society killing Capitalistic/Corporate Government? They pick the "We the People," declare marshal law, restructure themselves into a "Green Machine" and all the finances that go with it. After fifty years of crash efforts mitigating CO2, Society starts to see a light at the end of the tunnel as levels start to trend toward 350 ppm and humanity breaths a sigh of guarded relief. Re-boots with a premises of an economy structured toward long term sustainability rather than short term profits.
Human Behavior – With #8 Jan and #27 Mike Roddy.
If cooperation followed from awareness, we might have everyone on earth working on biochar. A mass enlightened behavior toward a common goal.
Necessity (love?) could make the only sane act to work together. Classic unity through a common enemy.
And more precedented… panic. Declining cooperation. Abandoned trade and treaties. Selfishness. Hoarding. Slaughter. Populations moving from unlivable areas into vulnerable areas, collapsing the new area and moving on again like locust. Walled cities and states. Treating the poor and starving like zombies. Inhumanity.
Fear could cause a breakdown well ahead of actual environmental impingement on our survival.
Global Warming causes the earth to wobble on its axis or is trajectory, with more chaotic consequences of not.
'the illusion of plenty'
Joe –
The Nashville Flood , …. add this on :
After recording its all-time driest month in August with just 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation, Chattanooga, Tennessee received 9.49 inches (241.0 mm) of rain on September 5th, breaking the previous daily record of 1.59 inches (40.4 mm) set in 1959.
As a system nears it's tipping point , it moves to the extremes, and these extremes tend to stick, before the system sweeps to the other extreme.
One more current example, .. Britain, after the a cold and cloudy summer in the south. Bingo the warmest October numbers ever written down. She didn't move 20F degrees above average, she went for 30F degrees above average.
The march to the extremes. At Childress, Texas on April 2 this year, it was 102F degrees.
GW triggers more volcanic activity which causes cooling.
This though is probably not that way out.
The knowns and known unknowns are scary enough.
Really, Joe? You dare cite the imbecilic nonsense of a war criminal? Claiming there are "unknown unknowns" is, at best, redundant, bordering on moronic, and a clear signal of manipulation. Anything that is "unknown" is just that… unknown. Everything else falls within the spectrum of probability. Of course, this doesn't even begin to address the irrationality of "known unknowns."
It would seem that too many are completely unfamiliar with Taleb's writings or absolutely did not understand them. I guess that really isn't a surprise since our culture is rife with innumerable baseless beliefs due to the incessant, pervasive programming to which we have all been subjected. It is those beliefs that blind the believer and obviate reason and rationality. Alas, that will be the undoing of the bulk, if not all, of our species and most others on this rock. That sudden stop at the bottom is closer than most can imagine.
Unknown, Unknowns: How the biosphere would respond if we simply laid off, stood down, laid low, stopped emitting crud into the atmosphere.
Everyone knows that if we completely stopped burning CO2 tomorrow the planet would still keep warming well past what it is now.
Yeah, OK but how else would the biosphere respond. There are a huge number of unknown, unknowns here and I don't think any model could ever predict the intricacies of how the planet would respond.
One thing we know is if we suddenly cut all air pollution there would be a spike in temperature as global dimming would be mitigated. But then too black soot would stop accumulating in the arctic and acidifying the oceans.
If things settled out and CO2 flat-lined would over taxed carbon sinks start to kick in and do their job? My guess is that they would. My bet is a whole bunch of positive feed backs would start to occur if given enough time. Not all the damage would be reversed but there would be some positive surprises at how resilient the planet can be when we simply lay off.
So suppose it is 2012 and it starts to look like the Mayans were on to something. The arctic starts belching large volumes of methane from the seafloor. Suddenly almost everyone gets it. The planet is cracking open and melting down. No one but no one is going to fly away, go somewhere nice and get out of this one. Suddenly the scene in Washington is like one one of those fifties Si-Fi movies where everyone is united to do everything possible to conquer the giant ants except in this case it is the methane releases. The President in concord with all the other world leaders declares a "global stand down." Everyone is to stay put. Only non-carbon burning activities are permitted. Food will be broadly distributed and peoples critical needs will be met. Aside from that the only CO2 that will be burned will be to fly C-130s 24/7 over the arctic region to create a man made cloud cover to produce regional cooling.
Finally, after some months, the methane belches start to subside and small but positive signs appear that the situation in the seafloor is stabilizing—the arctic temps have cooled slightly. Gradually plans are made to go forward with the rapid building of a new green infrastructure and economy the world over. The industrial age ends and a new, ecologically sound, environmental Renaissance begins
Yes, now that we see that insects can make an outbreak (not that anyone has ever heard of locusts) having economical effects, should we consider a possibility of a similar sort of outbreak of diseases of bacterial/fungal origin on agricultural lands in general?
Biological, ecological, and sociological factors might be the most sensitive to climate change, as others have pointed out.
Well, whenever biology is involved, the possibility of very sensitive dependence on current conditions becomes large.
The pine beetle infestation is a good example of this, I think. Change winter temperatures by a small amount, and suddenly we're getting three generations of beetle per year instead of two, and millions of acres of forest end up decimated.
So biological and ecological unknowns are pretty high on the list, I guess.
I also wonder about geological instability, especially if we start losing really major amounts of ice from the poles and transferring that mass to the oceans, closer to the equator. By conservation of momentum, that will start to decelerate the oceans relative to the rest of the earth. This could interfere with the geomagnetic field, and over the long term cause first geomagnetic chaos and a geomagnetic reversal.
As others have pointed out, human behavior can also be very sensitively dependent on existing conditions. Wars and terrorism generated by droughts and floods seem likely.
Re unknown unknowns, if they're guessable here they're not unknown. But actually, Joe, in the post you mentioned the only thing they can be, which is unanticipated synergies. Unknown circulation changes almost qualify as well, since knowing that they're circulation changes isn't really knowing much given the complexity of the ocean-atmosphere circulation.
How big would a methane burst have to be to swamp the hydroxyl radicals on a local/regional basis and thus significantly extend the residency time in the atmosphere?
That question made me think all day and none of it is nice. My first, somewhat flippant response is above. But the question reverberated.
How long will it take for the bush to reclaim all our inland cities, towns and the coastal areas that have not become citadels for the great god Jellyfish?
How many will we be able to move to underground towns? – not that we are building any at the moment as we pretend that our silly little targets and carbon trading scheme will solve the problem.
Will any of our unique and superbly adapted marsupials and monotremes survive or will the future Australia be one where mutated rabbits, cane toads, feral cats, goats, pigs, birds, carp, etc plus imported plants, fight it out for survival?
Should we care? Or should we accept that any form of life is OK?
Will any of our Aboriginal people survive to help with their thousands of years of detailed knowledge of this ancient, most beautiful continent?
Given that we have the continent of extremes – the vernacular about the weather cycle here is that it is "drought, fire, flood" – is that a recipe for some sort of adaptation or a death sentence?
What will it take to bring people to their senses? Or will a lot of people go to their death being none the wiser?
Horrible question, horrible thoughts, ME
The effect on soils is a big unknown to me, at least not one i have seen much discussion of. I guess this is because industrial agriculture has allowed us to ignore the importance of that thin surface layer of the Earth on which all life on land depends. But what will intense droughts and deluges do; what will happen in warmer soils to the bacteria, fungi, nematodes etc..; what will happen to soil carbon and nitrogen; where in the world will the impacts be most severe?
I live in the Canary Islands – in Tenerife, hopefully in the lee of the west side of the island of La Palma (the unstable one.) At the moment it's quite stable and we're a long way from any ice caps so I think the main worry would be local earthquake activity as the islands are of volcanic origin – and all except one only dormant. But the islands are festooned with seismographs so there should be a fair period of warning.
The "unknown unknowns" which worry me more are unpredictable synergistic effects between "knowns" and "Known unknowns" (the latter being phenomena which seem probable but their timing, magnitude and effects are unknown). For example, a limited release of methane from the Siberian ice shelf plus some degree of tropical rainforest wildfires plus some further advance of ocean acidification plus only slight reduction in anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases. None of them singly enough to cause really serious problems (at least in the short term) but all interacting to produce unknown synergies, possibly even taking us over "unknown tipping points". I've done a search for work on this but not come up with much – understandable as I suppose computer models would have so many variables as to be little better than informed guesses.
But I suspect that "unknown synergistic tipping points" could result in very rapid and disastrous changes.
And that's without taking into account human synergies – peak oil, famine, epidemics, war…
Some heartless people might say that that wouldn't be a problem – quite the contrary!
I'm surprised you kept your cool after that bitchy little diatribe, Joe, I would have hollered back. I like Taleb, too- and even corresponded with him briefly- and can say that he would take your side here.
I've wondered myself if the Japanese tsunami which triggered the Fukushima nuclear disaster might have been one of those unknown unknowns.
There is no scientific evidence for this that I know of, but I've wondered if sea level increases or changing stresses on the bottom of the ocean due to temperature changes in the ocean could trigger release of built up seismic stress.
The global sea level rise maps show that areas off the coast of Japan have large and chaotic variations in sea level. Could these waves of sea level rise have triggered the earthquake that led to the tsunami?
A geologist told me that existing models do not account for the strength of recent seismic activity including Fukashima.
Also, I have heard that the melting of glaciers may be releasing stress on the earths plates contributing to the strength of earth quakes. And I remember hearing that the sun rose in Greenland minutes earlier or later than predicted last spring I think and they said that may be due to the earths crust rising as the ice melts and releases pressure. I hear this and that. It would be interesting to learn more.
A balloon and hosepipe as the answer to climate change? It's just pie in the sky
Increasingly bizarre attempts at geo-engineering simply deflect attention from the fact we need to cut greenhouse gases
Connecting the Dots: Climate Change drives Earthquake / Seismic activity http://climateforce.net/2011/07/08/climate-change-drives-earthquake-seismic-activity/
The Psychological Impacts of Global Climate Change
An appreciation of the psychological impacts of global climate change entails recognizing the complexity and multiple meanings associated with climate change; situating impacts within other social, technological, and ecological transitions; and recognizing mediators and moderators of impacts. This article describes three classes of psychological impacts: direct (e.g., acute or traumatic effects of extreme weather events and a changed environment); indirect (e.g., threats to emotional well-being based on observation of impacts and concern or uncertainty about future risks); and psychosocial (e.g., chronic social and community effects of heat, drought, migrations, and climate-related conflicts, and postdisaster adjustment). http://climateforce.net/2011/08/07/the-psychological-impacts-of-global-climate-change/
"The paleo comparisons of where we are headed are scary. But there is no paleo comparison on how fast we are changing the forcing. We are already at an unprecedented rate of change and continuing to accelerate."—I agree with that! I read Under a Green Sky and that came to mind when I first thought of Unknowns.
I make an attempt at a "short-notice, all-out, world-wide effort to mitigate" scenario down below. I think we should have those ideas laying around just in case.
I have little faith in Geo-engineering and think it will most likely make things worse although in a post down below I have given a scenario where contrails are used as an emergency cooling measure.
I sometimes call myself a Luddite and someone always makes a snarky remark but what I mean is that I do not have faith in technology to save us. OK, I think it is part of the answer to the problem of global warming but I also think that we have to scale back—actually take a step back toward the per-industrial era especially where agriculture is concerned. Not only do I think we need to have much more local economies I think a sane response to what we are facing might be to bring back the Clipper Ship for international trade.
In a reply to a post above I mention a return to per-industrial agriculture methods. Our forestry choices right now are between cutting and leaving alone to burn and do what it will without human disruption but in per-industrial times humans had a lively interaction with the forest environment. I read a book by Jack Turner, Abstracted Wild, in which as I remember he points out that many areas we would consider wilderness are inhabited with people: the Himalaya, the Amazon. Also I have read that Smokey Mountains N.P. along the Appalachian trail has been loosing meadow area and biodiversity because it is thought that in the past humans regularly burned these areas to keep them free from trees. In Rebecca Solnit's wonderful book Savage Dreams she discusses how native peoples lived in Yosemite harvesting acorns and other plants right up into the 1960's. Our assumption is that nature and wilderness exist without us. So here is the question: could our forest lands be repopulated, sparsely, with low technological in habitation—no CO2 burning technology—to steward, cultivate, and farm natural areas? In the past N. Am. had mind boggling herds of bison, elk, and fish runs through the Colombia water shed. Even the Lake Tahoe area had huge fish runs. If it were possible to restore some of that it would not only provide benefit to the climate it would be a much needed source of protein.
Yes, it would be very interesting to know more.
As mass shifts from the poles toward the equator, conservation of angular momentum will try to slow the rotation of the earth, and of the oceans relative to the rest of the planet.
Will this lead to new ocean currents, flowing westward? Will this lead to new stresses on the westward boundaries of oceans? It should be noted, maybe, that Japan is on the westward boundary of the Pacific.
An old paper by Richard Mueller of Berkeley suggests that a large impact event could cause a geomagnetic reversal. He calculates that if a small ice age is triggered by the impact, the shift of mass from the equator toward the poles as icecaps grow could disrupt the rotation of the mantle relative to the core, creating a geomagnetic reversal.
The effect of global warming would be the opposite, with a shift of mass from the poles toward the equator, rather than the other way around, but the geomagnetic effects could be similar, if the shift of mass is large enough and quick enough:
Mueller/Morris Geomagnetic Reversals From Impacts on the Earth
The impact of a large extraterrestrial object on the Earth can produce a geomagnetic reversal through the following mechanism: dust from the impact crater and soot from fires trigger a climate change and the beginning of a little ice age. The redistribution of water near the equator to ice at high latitudes alters the rotation rate of the crust and mantle of the Earth. If the sea‐level change is sufficiently large (>10 meters) and rapid (in a few hundred years), then the velocity shear in the liquid core disrupts the convective cells that drive the dynamo. The new convective cells that subsequently form distort and tangle the previous field, reducing the dipole component near to zero while increasing the energy in multipole components. Eventually a dipole is rebuilt by dynamo action, and the event is seen either as a geomagnetic reversal or as an excursion. Sudden climate changes from other causes such as volcanic eruptions could also trigger reversals. This mechanism may not be the sole cause of geomagnetic reversals, but it can account for the rapid drop of the dipole component preceding a reversal, the predominance of multipole components during a transition, the associations of microtektites, temperature drops and extinctions with reversals, and the possible correlation between peaks in the geomagnetic reversal rate and the times of mass extinctions. The model may also account for the long‐term changes in the average rate of reversals. We make several testable predictions.
So to add to all the other climate misery we are inflicting upon coming generations, it may be that we will be inflicting a geomagnetic reversal and associated increased cosmic radiation and side effects of that on them.
A positive musing: What feedbacks will save the biosphere (not necessarily humans) from runaway heating (a la Venus)?
A known unknown seems to be artcic phytoplankton: When summer sea ice is gone it could grow substantially more than now. But experts aren't sure.
Statistical correlations have been showing up between recent changes in distribution of mass and earthquakes.
Increased soil erosion from the Himalayas shifts the weight distribution of the Asian continent. Melt of land-based glaciers changes weight distribution. The distribution of mass in the oceans changes with the temperature cycle of the currents, such as the ENSO cycle. These have been correlated to earthquake incidence, but primarily in areas like Chile that are already known for earthquake activity.
So what might we make of the August 23 Washington DC earthquake in an historically low incidence location? Or the severity of the Tohoku earthquake on March 11? I'm counting on geologists to connect the dots.
I don't know what "Your Comment is awaiting moderation" implies but here is a very succinct article from Alison Berry. Forest policy up in Smoke: Fire suppression in the United States. Could be Canada. Because of suppression, we have exasperated the problem of insect infestation, fuel load on the forest floor and densification of the forest.
With warming temperatures, how the life cycle of the forest will change, needs immediate review.
"Unknowns unknowns?" The following is from a book (don't remember the name) I read years ago:
"Rising sea level… brings additional warming…because of lowering of the altitude of continents. New, shallower, heat absorbing coastal seas and freshly created bogs will warm up the atmosphere still further."
"As ice dissolved (post-glacial civilizations)… crushing weight of the ice (compressed weight on the earth)… land rose, engendering colossal landslips and volcanic eruptions… as massive crustal upheavals took place…. (resulting in) tsunamis".
The following is from another book:
(On possibilities)… "upheavals in the Arctic and the Antarctic that will make for the eruptions of volcanoes in the Torrid areas, and… the shifting then of the poles– so that where there have been those of a frigid or semi-tropical will become the more tropical, and moss and fern will grow…"
"Portions of… east coast of New York… disappear. The greater portion of Japan… go into the sea."
Maybe a known unknown but with unknown unknowables contained within – Will Gaia wipe out humans before humans wipe out Gaia? This is a corallary to the known Hansen Venus Syndrome unknown. Hansen did not assume the Earth is a living being. But what if it is and fights back. I expect civilization will crumble before Gaia does. With humans crushed will Gaia heal?
Agreed. Forests can be the largest store of renewable protein, especially migratory fish.
A day at a time one could start to do the things that will help and work in the expected future. Such as first hand learning of hydroponics. An unknown would be how long till discression becomes the better part of valor. Say in that someone makes the better choose.
Anyway good luck in helping people to see that the weather is changing and they will need to make changes too.
Well, these two "black swans" are in the literature, but need to be more widely known, I think.
The first black swan is atmospheric chemistry changes due to increasing methane concentrations. Increases in methane start to overwhelm hydroxyl radical concentrations, increasing methane lifetime. Tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapor increase, multiplying the greenhouse heating effect of extremely large methane releases several times:
Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions
Another black swan is water vapor feedback. This is commonly associated with CO2 increases, but in fact this feedback would multiply the greenhouse forcing from any source, since the link between forcing and feedback is temperature. Any forcing, from any greenhouse gas, will be multiplied by the water vapor feedback.
A basic category of unknown-unknowns are novel outcomes of interactions among the knowns, particularly if the magnitudes of any of the knowns are underestimated.
We have an inkling of this with Fukushima, where design engineers had only prepared for separate "reasonable" disasters, not a combination. They underestimated each element: earthquake intensity, tsunami size, shoreline earth sinking in an earthquake, and the volume of fuel rods in storage in operation at 40 years.
Another basic category of unknown-unknowns are forces external to the atmosphere.
A solar flare like the 1859 Carrington event might do more than inhibit satellite communications, damage transformers and corrode pipelines.
In 2004 a flux of solar particles correlated with an intensely spinning Arctic polar vortex and a startling loss of stratospheric ozone.
Joan, you're pretty good. I like your stuff.
Paint Texas titanium white. (nobody will be using it anyway)
Convert the automobile plants to producing ATV sized/transportable biochar retorts.
Employ the one billion underemployed people in the world to convert every twig, branch, pruning, stover and deadfall in the world to biochar. (kill no standing wood if possible)
Plow said biochar into forest/savanna transition zones and plant replacement forests with whatever will grow with heavy emphasis on food trees.
Then get really crazy……
Yes, I like your stuff, too.
Another example of unknown synergistic reinforcement of known factors might be methane release, atmospheric chemistry effects including increasing methane lifetime, and then the water vapor feedback multiplying the greenhouse forcing of all greenhouse gases. Add those all together, and we're getting pretty close to Hansen's Venus syndrome, I think.
..and the great plains. Elk are really a plains animal.
Water vapor feedback is just a white swan. As the temperature warms, water evaporates from the ocean, and the water vapor content in the atmosphere will be approximately (though not exactly) proportional to the amount at the saturation, and so enhances the greenhouse effect by a known factor.
Well, this is about water vapor in the troposphere. Behavior of water vapor in the stratosphere is complicated, and that may be a black swan.


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text:
Pete loves to grab the camera. He got a picture of me knitting while they ate breakfast. You mean you don't sit there in your pajamas, knitting in the morning?
skinny b!
Posted by:
pk |
July 17, 2010 at 09:21 AM
Lovely picture with the sun coming in behind you. By the way of love your list.
Posted by:
Meredith |
July 17, 2010 at 09:56 AM
No, I very much do that! You look pretty in the photo, by the way ;-)
Posted by:
Jessi |
July 17, 2010 at 05:16 PM
What a great picture!!!
Posted by:
Jen Golbeck |
July 17, 2010 at 06:30 PM
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gwen stefani
Gwen Stefani in A.L.C.
Gwen Stefani was spotted leaving her parents' house in Los Angeles, California after celebrating Easter. She wore a pair of A.L.C. Gwen Pants in Denim Stripe. I love striped jeans/pants. They always give off a nautical/circus vibe that I just really like.
Gwen is one of those few celebrities that just knows how to dress. She can wear anything and still look great. Like this look here. I think if anyone were to wear clashing prints like these, it would look silly, but on Gwen it looks smart. You can click here to purchase these pants at Shopbop for $295.
Gwen Stefani in Current/Elliott
I love it when celebrities pull out an old pair of jeans to get some air, especially when they are from many years ago. Case in point…Gwen Stefani. She is the next celebrity to be caught wearing a pair of Current/Elliott Cropped Skinny jeans in Dark Cloud. The last time I remember seeing Gwen in these, was around the time she wore them during her Elle feature a few years back.
I think this is a really great look. Well…Gwen Stefani never looks anything less than amazing. That is kind of a hard feat for her to attempt. I am not a fan of matching shoes with your top, but Gwen somehow made me like it here. The different tones of gray are really great together. You can can click here to purchase Current/Elliott at Singer22.
Gwen Stefani in G-Star
Gwen Stefani and husband Gavin Rossdale were spotted with their two sons out at a local park. The family looked to be having a relaxing time and visited the park's petting zoo.
Gwen wore a pair of G-Star skinny jeans, a plaid shirt under her red leather jacket and Chuck Taylors. We usually don't see Gwen this casual, but I think she looks great here! She has such a distinct personal style and it shines through in this outfit as well. I'd love to raid her closet! You can buy G-Star jeans online here.
Gwen Stefani in Paige
Gwen Stefani did some shopping for Christmas with her sons in Studio City, California. She wore her Paige Verdugo Leggings in Coal for the trip. These seem to be her favorite pair at the moment. She has been caught in them quite a few times in the past few weeks.
It looks like Kingston got a note about the leopard trend. He donned a pair of leopard jeans with a coat that I am a bit jealous of. I think that coat is just amazing. I love the lining and the little zipper detail on them. You can click here to purchase Paige jeans from their website.


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[Rec] 2
- Studio: Magnet Releasing
- Release Date: Jul 9, 2010
Critic Reviews
- Critic score
- Publication
- By date
[Rec] 2 is a pell-mell, edge-of-your-seat, theme-park ride through hell, and I strongly advise you to ignore the aspersions cast upon it by snooty critics and random Internet fanboys alike. I am your friend, horror fans! I know what you need, and this is it.
Enjoy it; according to the spectacularly nauseating final moments, a cure for this virus seems unlikely, but "[REC] 3" (a k a "[REC] Apocalypse") is a virtual certainty.
Doesn't exactly bring anything new to the genre, it's no less effective than its predecessor in expertly conjuring an air of low-tech-style dread.
What Balagueró and Plaza lose in novelty, they partially gain back by sheer relentlessness: The film is a slab of raw meat for horror addicts, impeccably crafted mayhem that clocks in at under 90 minutes. Just don't give it too much thought.
Now, with this underwhelming sequel, Spain proves it can stand toe to toe with any nation in the manufacture of unnecessary follow-ups.
Relies almost entirely on its tunnel-vision, single-player style for its scares. It's a strategy that stalls out halfway through, which means it works for twice as long as it should.
A passable follow-up - more ludicrous, less taut, still creepy - that picks up exactly where the original left off.
A sequel to the Spanish cult hit that offers an explanation for something that was far more effective when left largely unexplained.
Predictably, [REC] 2 is higher-budgeted than its barebones predecessor, which only means that the spectacular degradation of video in scenes where the zombies get in close and start chomping will test the limits of any HDTV. If only [REC] 2's rabid baddies knew how to push [STOP].
A movie that overrules logic irritates its audience; we don't like to be reminded that there's a writer pulling the strings. And here, the POV horror is a conceit as well as a distraction, a crutch to create suspense from shaky, dark footage.
As it turns out, what's going on is yet another cinematic rip-off, this time of "The Exorcist." Apparently rec stands not for record but for recycle
This Spanish sequel to a 2007 cult hit uses the way-overdone conceit of videotaped terror.
User Score
Generally favorable reviews- based on 71 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 9 out of 17
Mixed: 7 out of 17
Negative: 1 out of 17
Oct 17, 2011[REC] 2 is so much better than riding a roller-coaster ride. It's really scary, terrifying, and shocking that has a twist after another. You[REC] 2 is so much better than riding a roller-coaster ride. It's really scary, terrifying, and shocking that has a twist after another. You won't believe what happens throughout the film; it's just too damn entertaining. Is it better than the first? No. Prepare yourself for numerous jumps and loud noises!… Full Review »
Sep 30, 2011"[REC] 2", the sequel of the creepy "[REC]", still has its scares and chills. Only your horror ride has become rustier and unpredictable.
May 19, 2013Rec was a really shocking and creepy movie.
Rec 2 is not so good then the first one but it has its moments, its scary moments.
It looks allRec was a really shocking and creepy movie.
Rec 2 is not so good then the first one but it has its moments, its scary moments.
It looks all so real.
But I prefer the first one.… Full Review »


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To Our Students
I am so pleased that you have chosen Moravian College for your home. Moravian College is more than just an institution; in what will seem like the blink of an eye, it will become your alma mater, your soul mother, and your family. I am proud of Moravian and proud that you are new members of our greyhound pack. This handbook serves to explain how our family works, learns, and takes care of our members. I encourage you to explore its contents, to understand the policies and actions that guide our beloved institution, to be open to new ideas and experiences, and to participate in the continual process of improving Moravian and what we deliver to our students. It is our students and our alumni that own Moravian College. Be proud to be part of a unique, historic, and revolutionary college. We are the sixth oldest college in the country and the first school to educate women. Our alumni are amazing, successful people, and so are our current students. I am so proud of each one of you for selecting Moravian. You have made a very wise choice. Welcome to our greyhound family. Once a Hound, forever a Hound!
Have a wonderful year!
Bryon Grigsby '90
Nondiscrimination Policy
Moravian College is a welcoming community that embraces and values the diversity of all members of the campus community. We accept the uniqueness of all individuals, and we cultivate an environment that respects, affirms, and defends the dignity of each member of our community.
Moravian College does not discriminate against any person based on actual or perceived race, color, sex, religion, ancestry, genetic information, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, familial status, marital status, age, veteran status, mental or physical disability, use of guide or support animals and/or mechanical aids, or any other basis protected by applicable federal, state, or local laws.
Approved by President's Council 2/11/2014
Inquiries concerning this policy may be directed to Mr. Mark F. Reed, vice president for finance and administration, Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18018 (610 861-1360). Information concerning complaint procedures may be found elsewhere in this handbook.


text: I'm having a problem with the polls. I had one that was on a post years ago, and has been running with no problem. However, yesterday I added a new poll - on a totally different post - and it was the only one that would display. Even though the proper Poll ID was in place for both respectively (3 and 4), only the new one showed on both posts (4). What's more the new poll only allowed 5 votes total from different users and then stopped allowing votes. On all computers, from new users, it would not display the bubble or the Submit button :( Please help asap!


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Stayed here for three nights May 30 to June 2 of 2013. Tremendous value, very well maintained property, immaculately clean, you can tell from the many notes on how to work things to the welcome basket filled with "things you might forget (like sunscreen)", that the owners the Gauthiers really know how to maintain a rental house.
You walk in, there is a small living area with cable, wifi, and books ... Well equipped kitchen. Upstairs on the second floor is a bedroom with a double bed, very clean and well maintained ( and provisioned) bathroom. Third floor bedroom has two twin beds. All bedrooms have Air Conditioning.
My 13-year old son was a little freaked out to sleep upstairs by himself so we just pulled the simple futon mattress into my bedroom and he slept on the floor, which was a ver reasonable accommodation and he said he slept great.
House is centrally located in Harper's Ferry. 7-11 is right up the street.
Tremendous value and great property!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Historic Armory Quarters in town of Harpers Ferry, WV. Dog Friendly. Surrounded by Harpers Ferry National Park. Restaurants, shops, and battlefields within walking distance. Wineries within six miles. Hollywood Casino and Charles Town Races five miles. Great location for history buffs, outdoor enthusiasts, gamers, white water rafting, fishing, antiquing. Great for biking the C&O Canal. Sleeps four comfortably. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com so you can book your Armory Quarters reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


text:
We frequently receive emails from unknown sources as well as know sources that seem to be malcious. Is there a way I can peek at the message headers without actually clicking on the email message or opening it? We are using the latest version of Thunderbird and use both IMAP and POP3.
Is there also a way to filter emails via message headers?


text:
I got my new mini laptop with Windows 7 Starter
What is the Starter Edition?
Can I install Windows 7 Pro or higher on the laptop?
Windows 7 Starter is a basic, more limited edition of Windows, designed for cheaper and/or less powerful computers. It has the following restrictions:
You cannot buy this version of Windows by itself, as it is only available to manufacturers and system builders.
As long as your computer fits the minimum specs of the higher versions of Windows 7, then you should be able to buy, for example, Home Premium and install that.
For more information, refer to the Windows 7 editions article on Wikipedia
Joshhunt said it best about what Windows 7 is (so +1) - it is simply a restricted, cut down version of Windows 7 - take a look at Wikipeda's comparison page.
As for the second part of your question, I like the HP laptop - personally, I wouldn't buy anything Atom right now - the N270, N280 has been out so long that they are due an update very soon - so you can either buy a newer device for the same price, or existing devices will be cheaper. This is a personal choice and you have to ask your self if you are willing to wait for the new or do you just want it!
Yes- You can install regular Windows 7 on the laptop without any problem.
Mind you, the HP mini is not a laptop but a netbook.
a 10" screen and a crammed keyboard is not everyone's cup of tea, they're certainly not ideal for heavy work. they are however great companions.
if you want a netbook, they specifications are pretty much identical, the differences are the display (the HP display is a pretty decent one) and the battery life (4 hrs for the HP mini is a rather mediocre value, some ASUS Eee PC models can easily double that).


text:
- {{matchup.date.fullday}}{{matchup.date.month + ' ' + matchup.date.day}}
Houston vs St. Louis Final: 8-2 - Recap
St. Louis dropped an 8-2 decision at Minute Maid Park on Saturday as Houston legged out a win behind winning pitcher Bud Norris.
Houston won as a +122 underdog, while Over-Under bettors who played OVER the total of 8.5 were rewarded at the payout window.
Houston got 6 innings from Bud Norris, who gave up 0 earned runs on 3 hits, while striking out 4. He earned the victory, while the Astros got 4 RBIs from Chris Johnson in the win.
St. Louis' starting pitcher Jaime Garcia worked 6 innings, giving up 4 hits and 6 earned runs while striking out 2 in the loss. They got 1 hit from Rafael Furcal in a losing cause.


text:
I couldn't find anything much about this, but I'm interested what are pros and cons (if any) in using
/etc/services for in-house software?
On my Linux distro (Ubuntu 14.04) at the end of
/etc/services is a comment:
# Local services
hinting that it could be a good thing to do.
One thing that comes to mind is that having in-house ports in
/etc/services would make
serv database a reference point for common knowledge and much better source of default ports for applications throughout the system.


text:
For years, people trying to lose weight shunned almonds, peanuts, and other seeds and nuts. They were told that these foods were high in fat and were to be avoided. Thankfully, nutrition science has come around and we know better. … Continue reading
An End to Fat-Phobia in America?
Every 5 years, the USDA publishes its Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The famous food pyramid, now turned into MyPlate, are some of the iconic symbols of these guidelines. The dietary guidelines are the oracle for health professionals, the food industry, … Continue reading
7 Things to Know About the Fats in Avocado
We'll put it right out there. Avocados are high in fat. As a result, for years, people watching their weight have avoided this delicious fruit. This is a grave mistake. To understand, read the following: 1. A medium sized Haas … Continue reading
Interesterifed Oils – What Are They Doing in My Food?
"Trans fat free" – that's a good thing, right? It sure is. But are trans-fat replacements any better? Not always. Interesterified oil is one such example. To understand what it is, let's recall why trans-fatty oils were such a hit … Continue reading
Partially vs. Fully Hydrogenated Oils [for Dummies]
We all know trans-fats are bad, and if you've been following this blog, you also know that if partially hydrogenated oil appears in a product ingredient list, that means it contains trans-fats. But what about FULLY hydrogenated oils? What you … Continue reading
How to Choose Trail Mix
Image by Mr.Thomas via Flickr Hiking, biking, jogging, kayaking, or just strolling in the park, you begin to feel a bit hungry. Not dinner-time-hungry, and not even snack-time-hungry, rather just-one-bite-hungry. You satisfy that one bite, and 10 minutes later, you … Continue reading
Seven Delicious Peanut Butter Alternatives
Unless you've been hiding in a cave since New Year's, you've surely heard of the recent salmonella outbreak linked to peanut butter. In this post: 1. A quick recap of the facts. 2. Seven healthy alternatives, including tahini, almond butter … Continue reading


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A worthwhile contribution to our discussion about automation, AI, cloud computing, education, and the future of work.
July 29, 2016
If enacted, a proposal by Donald Trump would result in only the wealthy gaining the benefits of the kind of liberal education that is the foundation for success, argues Lynn Pasquerella.
July 28, 2016
Lincoln University's decision to suspend its history major ignores W. E. B. Du Bois's belief in the power of history to shape lives in the present and his vision of the university as a center to help reconstruct the world, argues J. Mark Leslie.
Recent Articles
July 28, 2016 - 9:00pm
July 28, 2016 - 5:18pm
Attitudes, learning, and engagement
July 28, 2016 - 5:00pm
A life-changing choice.
October 30, 2008
David Galef describes U of All People's humble effort to streamline its advice on advising for students and faculty members.
October 29, 2008
Why, after 30 years of deregulation, is the state bigger than ever? Scott McLemee checks out a new book on the paradox.
October 28, 2008
His anthropology research leaves Alex Golub with an uncomfortable conclusion: Sometimes a "sink or swim" pedagogy makes sense.
October 27, 2008
Academics should be paying close attention to the political debates about loyalty to the United States, writes Milton Greenberg.
October 24, 2008
Paula Krebs writes about how the Philadelphia Phillies earned her devotion -- and the havoc that has been created in her life this fall by the team's success.
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Canadian singer Alexis Normand says she's "embarrassed" after a video of her performing the United States national anthem without knowing the words went viral.
The jazz vocalist had been asked to sing before an ice hockey clash between the Halifax Mooseheads and the Portland Winterhawks.
Struggling through her performance, Normand could no longer remember the words by the third line, and only the crowd stepping in helped get through the rendition.
Players from the Winterhawks, a US-based side, made little attempt to conceal their amusement.
Normand tried to take the incident in good spirits, and explained that originally she thought she was only due to sing the Canadian anthem, but that changed on the morning of the match.
"I was asked [in the] morning and I agreed," Normand said.
"I'm usually a quick studier and I've been learning songs for a long time. I had learned all the lyrics, but nerves just got the best of me, and I got really nervous and it all unwound from there."
Normand added on Twitter that she had had positive messages from those who had seen her performance, but also hinted at some nastier words from people contacting her online.
"I'm embarrassed and deeply sorry," Normand tweeted, "I wish I'd had more time to learn the American anthem. Thanks so much for the crowd's help!
"No doubt it's been a rough 24 hours! Thanks to everyone who has sent supportive messages! I also empathize with victims of cyber-bullying."
- Arts & Entertainment
- Portland Winterhawks
- Halifax Mooseheads
- United States national anthem


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Opened 8 years ago
Closed 8 years ago
Last modified 5 years ago
#8741 closed (fixed)
backwards-incompatible: urlresolvers.reverse no longer silently accepts unused args
|Reported by:
|Owned by:
|Triage Stage:
|Has patch:
|Needs documentation:
|Needs tests:
|Patch needs improvement:
|Easy pickings:
Pre-[8760], urlresolvers.reverse would silently accept "extra" args and return a matched URL that didn't need the arg. Post-[8760], all args must be matched in the URL pattern.
The newer behavior is probably more correct, but this is a backwards-incompatible change for anyone who was relying on the prior behavior.
If the correct thing here is to document this on the BackwardsIncompatibleChanges page, I'm happy to do so - just checking to be sure this isn't a bug, since the [8760] rewrite was advertised as "fully backwards-compatible."
Change History (4)
comment:1 Changed 8 years ago by julien
- milestone set to 1.0
- Needs documentation unset
- Needs tests unset
- Patch needs improvement unset
Marking 1.0 just to make sure it doesn't get unnoticed.
comment:2 Changed 8 years ago by mtredinnick
- Owner changed from nobody to mtredinnick
- Status changed from new to assigned
I can probably fix this, at least for keyword arguments, so that extra arguments are permitted. Won't be possible for positional arguments, though. I'll have a look at it.
comment:3 Changed 8 years ago by mtredinnick
- Resolution set to fixed
- Status changed from assigned to closed
On second thoughts, it's a bad idea to allow this (which is a shame, because it's a three line change). It means that the first match (often the one requiring the least number of arguments) will work, not the one that exactly matches. Which means optional arguments will be omitted and that's bad. I'll update the backwards-incompatible changes page (you can't do it, since we made it read-only a while back after some vandalism).
comment:4 Changed 5 years ago by jacob
- milestone 1.0 deleted
Milestone 1.0 deleted


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Joe's Jeans
Fashion's Night Out With Joe's Jeans
This was the view (above) of the grand opening of Joe's Jeans pop up store during Fashion's Night Out in Soho, New York City. The wall with all the coloured jeans on really is beautiful. I love bright colours and I think it stands out so much! The shop later filled with customers and models and it looked like it was a really fun night! Now I just need to figure out a way of getting all those coloured jeans in my closet! Ha ha. Did any of you attend this event? If you did, let us know what it was like!
Images courtesy of Wireimage.com
Amanda Seyfried in Joe's Jeans
Amanda Seyfried was seen arriving at Joan's on Third for lunch in Los Angeles, California and then leaving minus her red cardigan. She's always so happy and carefree when she's out, I love that about her!
Amanda was wearing a pair of Joe's Jeans studded denim shorts with red sandals, a red cardigan and a black tee. I'm liking the bright and intense shade of red in her knitwear, it shouts fun and excitement. I always find bold colours cheer you up, even when you feel down. Buy these shorts online at Joe's Jeans for $148.
Images courtesy of Danny/Wenn.com
Jennifer Garner in J Brand and Ben Affleck in Joe's
Jennifer Garner and Ben Affleck were seen celebrating the holiday weekend with their daughters. The family were seen grabbing brunch in Malibu. They're such a cute family, I love seeing them out together!
Jennifer wore her J Brand Inez chinos and a simple sweater. Ben showed his hometown pride by wearing a Boston Hockey tee shirt and a pair of Joe's jeans.
Images courtesy of Wenn.com
Whitney Port in a Joe's Denim Jacket
Whitney Port was spotted out and about in Los Angeles, California wearing a Joe's Jeans Selvedge Denim Jacket in the Wendy wash over a black maxi dress and flip flops. I love the fedora and sunglasses with this look!
The wash on this denim jacket is actually one I am very fond of. I usually find denim jackets to be hit or miss when it comes to the shade of blue and how they are washed. This one has some nice tones to it and I love the colouring!
Images courtesy of Joe's Jeans via Splash News.


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Hairspray is a 2007 American musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the "pleasantly plump" teenager Tracy Turnblad as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local TV show and rallies against racial segregation. Wikipedia
Velma Von Tussle: Incredible! I could do a fan dance with a lettuce leaf and you would remain completely obtuse! Wilbur Turnblad: Obtuse? Velma Von Tussle: Yes, obtuse! Wilbur Turnblad: I flunked geometry... Velma Von Tussle: ...yes, and biology too, no doubt!
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Tuition Remission Scholarships
The Department of Nutrition and Dietetics is pleased to announce the availability of tuition-remission scholarship awards for the academic year 2016/2017. The awards have been funded by the Sr. Mary Carolla Sellmeyer Scholarship, the Culinary Scholarship, and the Healthy Futures Diversity Scholarship. All dietetic undergraduate students are encouraged to apply for the Sr. Mary Carolla Sellmeyer Scholarship. Applicants for the Culinary Scholarship must have declared a culinary emphasis. The Healthy Futures Diversity Scholarship is to promote diversity within the department. Preference will be given to members of the San Francisco Temple Complex or Bethlehem Lutheran Church. All materials to be reviewed by the committee are outlined on the attached Scholarship Criteria Information Sheet.
If you would like to be considered for one of these scholarships, please complete the attached application form and submit to:
DEADLINE: May 6, 2016
Scholarship Committee
Edward and Margaret Doisy College of Health Sciences
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
3437 Caroline Street, Room #3076 St. Louis, MO 63104
Announcement of the awards will be made by: May 19, 2016. If you have any questions or need further information or assistance in completing the forms, please feel free to call Jeanne or Marian at 314-977-8523.
GOAL: To assist qualified students in meeting the expenses of the undergraduate program in Nutrition and Dietetics.
CONDITION OF AWARD: Monies are to be used for tuition only.
ELIGIBILITY: The student must be a declared Nutrition and Dietetics major in the
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics before the student can be awarded the scholarship. Applicants for the Culinary Scholarship must be DPD students with a declared culinary emphasis.
SELECTION OF RECIPIENTS: Will be based on the following:
1. Indication from past academic, work, and volunteer experience that
applicant has the background preparation and scholarly abilities needed to complete the program.
2. Evidence from past achievements and plans that applicant has:
a. ability and interest to contribute to the profession,
b. commitment to the field of dietetics,
c. realistic and relevant plans for future professional involvement.
3. Financial need as noted on Scholarship Application form.
Review of applications and selection of recipients will be conducted by the Scholarship Committee.
1. Scholarship Application Form
2. Application to SLU (on file within the department).
3. Transcript(s) of grades received in High School/College (on file within the department).
4. One Letter of Recommendation
Scholarship Application Form and Letter of Recommendation should be submitted at the same time and must be received by the Department no later than May 6, 2016.


text:
New York Times:
American officials say they are seeing the first evidence that dozens of fighters with Al Qaeda, and a small handful of the terrorist group's leaders, are moving to Somalia and Yemen from their principal haven in Pakistan's tribal areas. In communications that are being watched carefully at the Pentagon, the White House and the Central Intelligence Agency, the terrorist groups in all three locations are now communicating more frequently, and apparently trying to coordinate their actions, the officials said.
(Read the article>)
Some in Qaeda Leave Pakistan for Somalia and Yemen
© 2009 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Building Materials
Construction Sand
Our clients can avail from us superior quality Sand, which is free from any kind of mixtures. By mixing sand with cement, dense and adhesive concrete can be resulted, which will increase the durability of built structures. Sand offered by us finds application in the construction industry. Moreover, our clients can avail sand from us at industry leading prices.
We are engaged in offering our clients with superior quality sand is widely used in building construction. Moreover, it results in dense and adhesive concrete thus increasing the strength and life of the concrete.
Construction Bricks
We are engaged in providing superior quality bricks, which are used for Construction purposes. These bricks are widely used for construction of residential buildings and industrial structures. Strong and dimensionally accurate, bricks offered by us can be availed at market leading prices from us.
To,Win Top


text:
Separate names with a comma.
I just did it by searching for "Best Card Game" on the market. It was the 3rd from the top called "The Best Card Game" The Holodeck. Good luck :)
Cool Game, worked fine and is loads of fun :). Couldn't get the link to work but found it by searching for "Best Card Game" on the market.
Here are some kernels: http://www.droidforums.net/forum/chevyno1/32272-update-new-kernels-low-voltage-medium-voltage-3-25-2010-a.html After...
Thanks for your help. I was under the impression that the "Problems?" button in Titanium installed busy box, but evidently it does not.
Thanks, I went back and installed busybox manually and that fixed the problem.:)
Appreciate your help
I followed the instructions in "[IMG]...
I'm having permissions problems.
I flashed SPRecovery_ESE81.sbf and reinstalled su and superuser with ADB.
I didn't install BusyBox manually but...
porterbl1, thanks a million for the invite. I've been trying to get one for some time.:):):icon_ banana::icon_ banana::icon_ banana:
I would apperciate an invite
You can create new stations on the Droid. Hit the my stations button then menu button and there you can create a new station :).
I have been...
I would love to get an invite also. Thanks in advance.
Try this, turn the phone off pull the battery for 30 sec and turn it back on.


text:
Bahasa Indonesia Definitions:
dah·syat a 1 mengerikan; menakutkan: tabrakan kereta api yg terjadi di daerah itu sangat --; 2 hebat; amat sangat: meriam berdentuman amat -- bunyinya; 3 kl takut; bingung; ketakutan; kebingungan: memberi --; menaruh --;
men·dah·syat v tambah mengerikan; menjadi-jadi; menghebat: wabah (kekacauan, pertempuran) itu ~;
men·dah·syat·kan v 1 menjadikan dahsyat; membuat lebih dahsyat (hebat); memperdahsyat; memperhebat; 2 menyebabkan takut (cemas, ngeri, heran);
~ hati 1 menakut-nakuti hati; 2 mengagumkan hati;
mem·per·dah·syat v menjadikan tambah ngeri (cemas, hebat); memperhebat; mempersangat;
ke·dah·syat·an n 1 kengerian; kehebatan; kesangatan; 2 ketakutan; kebingungan (krn takut)
English Definitions:
atrocious, abominable, awful, dreadful, painful, terrible, unspeakable (adj)
exceptionally bad or displeasing
"atrocious taste"; "abominable workmanship"; "an awful voice"; "dreadful manners"; "a painful performance"; "terrible handwriting"; "an unspeakable odor came sweeping into the room"
awful, dire, direful, dread(a), dreaded, dreadful, fearful, fearsome, frightening, horrendous, horrific, terrible (adj)
causing fear or dread or terror
"the awful war"; "an awful risk"; "dire news"; "a career or vengeance so direful that London was shocked"; "the dread presence of the headmaster"; "polio is no longer the dreaded disease it once was"; "a dreadful storm"; "a fearful howling"; "horrendous explosions shook the city"; "a terrible curse"
nasty, awful (adj)
offensive or even (of persons) malicious
"in a nasty mood"; "a nasty accident"; "a nasty shock"; "a nasty smell"; "a nasty trick to pull"; "Will he say nasty things at my funeral?"- Ezra Pound
awed, awful (adj)
inspired by a feeling of fearful wonderment or reverence
"awed by the silence"; "awful worshippers with bowed heads"
frightful, terrible, awful, tremendous (adj)
extreme in degree or extent or amount or impact
"in a frightful hurry"; "spent a frightful amount of money"
amazing, awe-inspiring, awesome, awful, awing (adverb)
inspiring awe or admiration or wonder
"New York is an amazing city"; "the Grand Canyon is an awe-inspiring sight"; "the awesome complexity of the universe"; "this sea, whose gently awful stirrings seem to speak of some hidden soul beneath"- Melville; "Westminster Hall's awing majesty, so vast, so high, so silent"
terribly, awfully, awful, frightfully (adverb)
used as intensifiers
"terribly interesting"; "I'm awful sorry"
ferocious, fierce, furious, savage (adj)
marked by extreme and violent energy
"a ferocious beating"; "fierce fighting"; "a furious battle"
fierce, tearing, vehement, violent, trigger-happy (adj)
marked by extreme intensity of emotions or convictions; inclined to react violently; fervid
"fierce loyalty"; "in a tearing rage"; "vehement dislike"; "violent passions"
cutthroat, fierce, bowelless (adj)
ruthless in competition
"cutthroat competition"; "bowelless readiness to take advantage"
boisterous, fierce, rough (adj)
violently agitated and turbulent
"boisterous winds and waves"; "the fierce thunders roar me their music"- Ezra Pound; "rough weather"; "rough seas"
terrific (adj)
very great or intense
"a terrific noise"; "a terrific thunderstorm storm"; "fought a terrific battle"
fantastic, grand, howling(a), marvelous, marvellous, rattling(a), terrific, tremendous, wonderful, wondrous (adj)
extraordinarily good or great ; used especially as intensifiers
"a fantastic trip to the Orient"; "the film was fantastic!"; "a howling success"; "a marvelous collection of rare books"; "had a rattling conversation about politics"; "a tremendous achievement"
terrific, terrifying (adj)
causing extreme terror
"a terrifying wail"
sharp (noun)
a musical notation indicating one half step higher than the note named
sharp (adj)
a long thin sewing needle with a sharp point
crisp, sharp (adj)
(of something seen or heard) clearly defined
"a sharp photographic image"; "the sharp crack of a twig"; "the crisp snap of dry leaves underfoot"
acuate, acute, sharp, needlelike (adj)
ending in a sharp point
acute, discriminating, incisive, keen, knifelike, penetrating, penetrative, piercing, sharp (adj)
having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions
"an acute observer of politics and politicians"; "incisive comments"; "icy knifelike reasoning"; "as sharp and incisive as the stroke of a fang"; "penetrating insight"; "frequent penetrative observations"
astute, sharp, shrewd (adj)
marked by practical hardheaded intelligence
"a smart businessman"; "an astute tenant always reads the small print in a lease"; "he was too shrewd to go along with them on a road that could lead only to their overthrow"
sharp, sharp-worded, tart (adj)
"sharp criticism"; "a sharp-worded exchange"; "a tart remark"
shrill, sharp (adj)
having or emitting a high-pitched and sharp tone or tones
"a shrill whistle"; "a shrill gaiety"
abrupt, precipitous, sharp (adj)
extremely steep
"an abrupt canyon"; "the precipitous rapids of the upper river"; "the precipitous hills of Chinese paintings"; "a sharp drop"
sharp (adj)
keenly and painfully felt; as if caused by a sharp edge or point
"a sharp pain"; "sharp winds"
sharp (adj)
having or made by a thin edge or sharp point; suitable for cutting or piercing
"a sharp knife"; "a pencil with a sharp point"
sharp (adj)
(of a musical note) raised in pitch by one chromatic semitone
"C sharp"
sharp (adj)
very sudden and in great amount or degree
"a sharp drop in the stock market"
sharp (adverb)
quick and forceful
"a sharp blow"
sharply, sharp, acutely (adverb)
changing suddenly in direction and degree
"the road twists sharply after the light"; "turn sharp left here"; "the visor was acutely peaked"; "her shoes had acutely pointed toes"
eldritch, weird, uncanny, unearthly (adj)
suggesting the operation of supernatural influences
"an eldritch screech"; "the three weird sisters"; "stumps...had uncanny shapes as of monstrous creatures"- John Galsworthy; "an unearthly light"; "he could hear the unearthly scream of some curlew piercing the din"- Henry Kingsley
Discuss this bahasa indonesia dahsyat translation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this dictionary page to your bibliography:
"dahsyat." Kamus.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 24 Jul 2016. <http://www.kamus.net/indonesia/dahsyat>.


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I had a paid internship last year. I did have a concern about finding an internship but it was extremely easy with the help of career services. I plan to have another internship this summer.
I'm in the Computer Science program in the engineering school. The program is very difficult and there is a lot of work involved but there are so many job opportunities it's almost overwhelming.
The only real requirements were to have taken Calculus in high school in order to get into my program versus other programs at Penn. The process was easy but getting into Penn is not easy. My tip is to make sure your essays are true to yourself and try to make them stand out.
I am very happy with Penn. I know I will get a job in my field once I graduate and I would definitely do it all over again. I am so lucky to be here. My career goal is to be an actuarial analyst for insurance firms.
Campus Food:
I would say the dining halls are slightly below average. They have improved the quality of food a lot over the past few years but the price of a dining plan for a freshmen (which is required) is really high. The plans are split into dining dollars, where there are many places with good food to eat, and dining swipes, which are for the dining halls. You have the option of how to balance your account between those two options.
Off-Campus Housing:
Off campus housing is pretty great here if you know what you are doing. Freshmen should ask upperclassmen friends for help in deciding. What I think is best is the variety. If you want to live in a fancy high rise apartment Penn has it. If you want to live in a nice big house with friends Penn has it. The only difference is that it can cost you. The houses are often much much cheaper and very reasonable while the high rises can be quite expensive.
Party Scene:
A great thing is that you can walk anywhere on campus. You never have to worry about accidents driving. There are two major bars on campus while you are only a few minutes from a huge city that has tons of them. Frats also have a ton of parties, which make underage nightlife very easy and fun.
Local Area:
With the entire city of Philadelphia at your finger tips, there is so much available for Penn students to explore. From bars to restaurants to museums, Philly has almost everything a college student could want, and public transportation makes it easy to get around. Living in the city obviously requires some patience and intelligence; expect a lot of noise and construction, which is not always beautiful to look at, and more importantly, be careful when you're out late at night.
Campus Quality:
The Wharton and Van Pelt Library facilities are second to none. Campus life is what you make it. I think overall there may be less participation in campus events because of the seriousness of most of the students.
Greek Life:
Greek life here at Penn exists but everything here takes a backseat to academic study.
Public transportation in and around the city of Philadelphia is excellent. Penn is in Center City, which is in close proximity to downtown. Late at night taxis are an inexpensive option if you out past 2 am.
Off-Campus Dining:
There are sooooo many places to eat off campus ranging from restaurants to food trucks to fast food places! Also, different price ranges are available.
Greek Life:
The greek life here is excellent, especially amongst the Black frats.
Guys & Girls:
It's not bad and there's some selection. Plus because of the surrounding colleges there's even more selection.
Tons of diversity here. It is totally a liberal campus, accepting LGBTQ and many races. We have a lot of international students here.
Drug Safety:
There is not really a party scene on campus. There may be parties at the frats and sororities, but most of those are "off campus". Walking through campus on a Friday or Saturday night does not entail seeing parties.
For the most part the weather is pretty nice. It's usually pretty cool, although it can get a little hot in summer and really cold in winter. It rains fairly often, but with an umbrella, rain boots, or other rain gear it really isn't that bad. Snow isn't ever really a problem, the school and city do a pretty good job of keeping roads clear. For me the grade is an A+, but for those not as inclined to cooler weather it's probably a B or C.
Campus Quality:
The campus life on UPenn is one of the best I've ever seen. There is a student group for pretty much every type of person based on everything from ethnicity to religion to dietary diversity. There are separate libraries for most major groups and a main library with a large storehouse of books, magazines, newspapers and microfiche. There are several student centers for students to get together and study or just hang out. Add all that to the fact that you are going to school in one of the oldest universities in the US and you are walking with history all around you.
Campus Food:
The food quality is poor. It improves only slightly when parents are around (surprise, surprise). The staff at the dining halls are generally impatient, mean, and not pleasant to deal with.
There is WAY too much of it. It is actually ridiculous and not the right fit for me at all.
Campus Housing:
It sucks!!! The quad looks nice only from the outside. The high rises are the only good options if you want to stay on campus. Insulation is pathetic and it is freezing. They take 9 days to turn on the heat.
Local Area:
Philadelphia is a disgusting city to be in. There is always construction, and it is pretty dirty. There are some places to go, but they are not in the same part of town as campus.
Local Area:
philadelphia has everything. many nice restaurants, bars and dance clubs
small school. many internship opportunities. will work with you to find one you like
Classics Post-Bac advancement on the Languages is a very specific field and only a few selected students will be brought into this program.We had to take a Placement test for the Languages (Latin & Ancient Greek) to be put into Undergrad classes or 3rd year language ability.This is a pre-step before applying to Masters or PHD programs in theMediteranian Archeology or Classical fields.
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Students seem to be extremely content and do not regret their decision to come to Penn, even though the school definitely has a pre-professional feel. Despite this fact, it is extremely common to find yourself in an intellectual conversation, and the students really do work hard, while remembering that college is about fun as well. The opportunities provided at Penn are astounding; in fact there is almost too much to do. Most students base the reasons for their happiness around the people, the academics, the urban environment, and the endless opportunities. People who enjoy their experience at Penn tend to appreciate city life, socializing, and a busy schedule. Usually, students do not hesitate to endorse Penn, and many feel that everyone should love the school as much as they do.
Many adults call their years as an undergraduate the best four years of their lives. Penn students certainly can not make that prediction so soon, but most would agree that their time at Penn has been the best years of their life so far. Obviously, Penn is not the school for everyone, but the student body consists of interesting, intelligent, and well-rounded people, which creates a stimulating and fun environment for most. If you come to Penn, I can almost guarantee that you will meet fascinating people, find something to be passionate about, and enjoy the benefits of living in a vibrant city. You can also feel confident that an education from Penn will prepare you for what lies beyond your undergraduate years. The Penn Overall Experience is defined by the combination of the rich history and academic rigor of an Ivy League school and the school spirit and propensity for socializing of many other schools. This "work hard, play hard" mentality is what many Quakers, and prospective Quakers, find so appealing.
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