text:
Quik Links for navigation
October 15 - 18, 2015
Great American Insurance Group/
United States Dressage Federation
Region 1 Dressage Championships
Licensed by United States Equestrian Federation, Inc.
A Qualifying Competition for the
2015 US Dressage Finals presented by Adequan
Virginia Dressage Association Fall Competition
Official Qualifying Competition for the
2016 Adequan FEI North American Junior and Young Rider Championships presented by Gotham North
2016 USEF Pony Rider Dressage National Championship;
2016 AGCO/USEF Junior and Young Rider Dressage National Championships
2016 USEF Young Adult 'Brentina Cup' Dressage National Championship
At the
Virginia Horse Center
487 Maury River Road
Lexington, VA 24450-3374
Your Times have been posted
By Rider
By Class
You MUST DECLARE by MIDNIGHT, October 14, 2015!!
Remember to TRAVEL with your Current Negative Coggins Test!
2015 Official Prize List* (9/27/15)
FEI Young Adult TOC classes everyday were addedAQHA Approved added
This site was updated on
November 12, 2015 10:34 PM
VHC rules for Horses:
The Virginia Horse Center, in compliance with Virginia State Law,
requires a current coggins to be presented upon arrival for any event.
In addition, if you are traveling ACROSS STATE LINES, Federal Law requires that you have a health certificate within 30 days of traveling.
When you arrive, please check in at the VHC Stable Office to get you stall assignments and to order any shavings or hay.
Schooling Schedule
Official Awards Schedule
2015 DSE Semi-Finalist Workouts for Saturday classes
Class 3GE13 - Easy & Short 3
Class 3GE14 - Medium & Short 1
Special Awards
Back to Quik Links
Sponsored by
Susan Dallas
our WONDERFUL decorator
Remember to bring your horse blankets!!
"Protect Your Champion!"
NIGHT WATCH available Thurs/Fri/Sat nights provided by LGF Sport Horses
Includes checks during the night as well as water and hay checks and AM feeding.
Sign up in Show Office
For more information, contact Alison Head
Doggie Costume Show
$400 in Prizes!!
Dress up your favorite dog and come to the coliseum for the much anticipated & hotly contested doggie costume class, Saturday night.
Sponsored by Kem Barbosa, Michelle King and VTO Saddlery.
This great event will again benefit
Click for information on the Barbara Silverman Memorial Freestyle Award.
Friday Night Show Party - Appomattox Room, overlooking the Coliesum
Saturday Night Dessert - on the Concourse
Official Photographer/Videographer
Back to Quik Links
Braider available Wednesday - Saturday. Sewn in button braids - $35 (includes touch-up). Limited slots available. Contact Jessie Ginsburg, text/call 703-927-8270 or email firstname.lastname@example.com
Golf Carts - contact the VHC Stable Office at 540-464-2966, click to email
Please make your Motel reservation EARLY - click here
Looking for hotel rooms for the Great American/USDF Region 1 Championships in October?
Check out room availability at:
** Howard Johnsons (540-463-9181). Room rates starting at $92 + tax per night, includes breakfast. Pets welcome with fee
** Natural Bridge Park and Historic Park (800-533-1410). Room rates starting at $109 + tax. Limited pet rooms.
2015 Show Sponsors
MKR Designs,
6900 Eylers Valley Flirt Rd.,
Sabillasville, MD 21780
Phone 301-271-2696
Fax 301-271-2034
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Show Secretary:
Bettina Longaker
Show Manager:
Dianne Boyd
More Finals Info
Need more information on the Regional Finals? Click here
Need to check your 2015 Qualifying scores? Click here
Juniors, do you need more information on the Dressage Seat Semi-Finals? Click here
Finals Riders, please read this stabling rule!!
7. All horses competing in Regional Championships classes must remain on the competition
grounds from the time of entry to the grounds and for the duration of their Regional Championships
classes. If required to remain overnight, horses must be stabled on the competition
grounds. BOD 1/18/09 Effective 4/1/09
Sponsorship Information
Sponsorship Form


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Wahaha Studies Acquiring Japanese Yogurt Maker, Zong Says
Hangzhou Wahaha Group Chairman Zong Qinghou, China's richest man, said he is considering buying a Japanese yogurt maker.
The Japanese company recently approached Wahaha, China's third-biggest soft-drinks maker, about acquiring it, Zong said at a briefing in Beijing, where he's attending the annual meetings of the National People's Congress. Talks haven't yet started, he said, without giving more details.
"We've learned a lot from Japan's food and drinks sector in the past because we have similar taste and Japan is more advanced," Zong said.
Zong, whose wealth was estimated by Forbes at $8 billion last year, has said he wants to buy foreign companies that make products China lacks and which Wahaha can then sell domestically. The beverage maker, whose name means "laughing child" in Chinese, aims to boost sales 27 percent this year to 70 billion yuan ($10.6 billion).
"China, in general, is in an era where it has abundant capital and where it needs to find a lot of investment opportunities," said Zhang Shiyuan, chief economist at Southwester Securities Co. "Good companies and matured markets are a good mark for Chinese companies."
Wahaha, based in the eastern Chinese city of Hangzhou, accounts for 9.7 percent of China's dairy market, the third-largest share, according to data from Euromonitor International. China Mengniu Dairy Co. has the biggest share with 19.5 percent and Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co. has 15.7 percent, according to Euromonitor.
Zong also said that Wahaha has decided not to invest in Taiwan as the island's market isn't large enough.
Chinese Acquisition
China's Bright Dairy & Food Co. submitted a bid for Yoplait, a yogurt maker being sold by PAI partners, the Financial Times reported March 5. The government-owned food company is also in talks with other European dairy firms, the newspaper said, citing company chairman, Wang Zongnan.
Chinese food companies are interested in acquiring foreign rivals for their brands, said Southwest Securities's Zhang.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Separate names with a comma.
Probably 2" total in the front and around an inch in the rear.
Yes, they are the springs used on ford racing's 2013 cobra jet but since I have koni struts the front sits lower.
Big thanks to Mike at Big Daddy Performance for the great work!
Install consisted of : Cobra Jet Springs - Koni Shocks & Struts - Steeda LCAs &...
Awesome man :nice:
Very nice! Two years from now when I finally pull the trigger on a S/C, I'll have to keep this in mind.
I have coated Dynatech's that I am very happy with.
Very nice!
I can't wait to get my CJ springs (and other suspension goodies) installed and start hitting the track this year!
Awesome!! Can't wait to read about this in MM&FF. I've been dying to get some details on this s/c and how well it works on our cars since I read...
I haven't been to this show in the past but I am planning on attending this year. Anyone been to this show before? If so, how is it? Anyone...
Trust me I thought about it but since the exterior is pretty "loud" I'm trying to more subtle with the interior.
Yeah, it's not perfect but hopefully it leads to more (and better) options in the future .
I've actually had this shifter knob for a couple of months now but I took these pics yesterday...
This could also be an option...
Dam. I really haven't hit anything so far with the stock suspension. The thing that sucks more is that my x-pipe actually hangs a little lower...
These are the SLP's at stock height. I plan on lowering an inch, but you should be fine to an inch and a half. More than that could be trouble....
there's your answer
TR here


text:
Tiny Cakes is committed to rekindling people's love affair with desserts. After all, if you are going to indulge, it better be a great tasting dessert. You knowMore
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text:
When rock band Foreigner takes the McCain stage this weekend, it will be joined by the Manhattan High School Choir.
This page and other exclusive local content require a subscription.
Terms of Service | Privacy Policy | The Manhattan Mercury, 318 North 5th Street, Manhattan, Kansas, 66502 | Copyright 2012
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Wasnt this what's your HT weigh?
For the bikes below ~22 lbs, are you guys able to ride rocky trails without truing up wheels after every 3 rides, etc.?
XO kit, Enve wheels with Powertap, Formula brakes, 22lbs.
Get a set of Enve composites wheels and you will have nothing to worry about.
My Ventana rigid (steel fork) 1x9 weighs about 23.5.
23.5 lbs...
oops... wrong pic:
damn... one more time:
Razzo with ZTR Crest, Rocket Rons, and new 1x10 SRAM X9 (this pic pre-X9)
+++ probably even lighter with a Reba fork.
Originally Posted by stevemtu
That's pretty close to my road bike.
Single speed? rigid? more details please?
Yeah, that's pretty close to my road bike as well. Or perhaps more accurately my road bike is pretty close to that, because it's a bit above 18! I'd love to give a bike like that a ride.
Stijl Custom Steel: 21.3lbs
Salsa El Mariachi: 24.9lbs
Originally Posted by goldsbar
For the bikes below ~22 lbs, are you guys able to ride rocky trails without truing up wheels after every 3 rides, etc.?
Im running the stans arch rims that were hand built with DT spokes. With over 250 miles logged on the bike so far, the wheels look like the day I took them out of the package and checked the true.
My medium 2011 Giant XTC 1 weighs about 26# with the following upgrades/changes from stock:
DT Swiss wheels setup tubeless with Schwalbe NN 2.35/RR 2.25's
Thomson stem
XT trail pedals
Charge spoon saddle
Enve carbon bars
ODI Rogue grips
2X10 with heavy Race Face bashguard
Last edited by I Got Strudelled; 08-11-2012 at 07:19 PM.
'07 Paragon 25.5 tubeless, am seat, bars, plus cages and a pump.
2012 Specialized Rockhopper Comp 29
Originally Posted by tjwil9488
My 29er hard tail weights 31lbs. Just curious to see what everyone elses weighs.
My 2011 Focus Black Forest 1.0 weighs 26lbs even. Can't wait to get my 2012 Niner EMD 9 frame and chuck all these parts on it. Should be a couple of pounds lighter.
Fork Rock Shox Reba RL 2012
Shifters SRAM X.9
Crankset SRAM S1400 2.2 GXP
Brakes Avid Elixir 3, hydraulic disc brake 185mm rotor Front / 160mm rotor Rear
Handlebar Concept EX, Riser, Alloy,640, OS
Stem Concept EX, ahead,
Seatpost Concept EX
Saddle fi'zi:k Tundra 2 K:IUM
Hubs DT Swiss 370SL, Disc
Rims DT Swiss M520, eyed, Disc
Tires Captain Control 29x2.22 Tubeless
gnewcomer aka OldMtnGoat
Mine weighs 24 pounds even. I have all carbon fiber X0 components on it. Brakes are Avid Elixir carbon fiber ones as well.
I need to upgrade the wheelset to carbon and probably the crankset with some Carbon XX ones.
carbon 29er GAEA at 20.9lbs with Shimano XT groupset, rigid carbon fork...
Originally Posted by Trail Addict
Mine weighs 24 pounds even. I have all carbon fiber X0 components on it. Brakes are Avid Elixir carbon fiber ones as well.
I need to upgrade the wheelset to carbon and probably the crankset with some Carbon XX ones.
29er carbon clincher wheelset - 1430g/pair, Novatec hub + Sapim CX-Ray spokes and Sapim nipples, super light?
2012 Trek Marlin, the only change I've made is the fork. It went from 35lbs to 31lbs. I can't believe the factory fork weighed 7lbs!
I just realized that I really don't like how my bike looks in pictures. It looks awesome in person/bike but just doesn't have the same punch in pics.
Last edited by fiream400; 08-05-2012 at 11:56 PM.
My Hard Eddie build is now at 16.11lb with 1x10 and carbon forks.
2012 Northrock XC29
weighs 33 lbs on the dot. I plan to put a rock shox on it and go tubeless eventually to get me in the <29.99 lbs hopefullyl
Niner Air 9 RDO, 20 lbs even. Its a real mountain bike with gears and front squish. It doesn't look like a 29er because the frame is an extra large. This bike is heaps of fun but I frequently get passed by guys (and girls) riding bikes that are 10+ pounds heavier, just saying that because you shouldn't overtrain on bike weight.

These threads make my wallet light. Oh, 2011 Talon 29er 1 (16") weighs in at 27.5lbs.
Originally Posted by fatchanceti
27.5 lbs as pictured:

Hopefully a final fighting weight of around 24-25 lbs once I get some proper lightweight wheels and tires on it.
Out of curiosity. WHAT IS THAT? How much do you weigh? What kind of terrain do you ride? Am I seeing that correctly, a steel cable completing the A frame? Is this a folding bike?
Version 1 - 26.5lbs
Version 2 - I didn't really want to know
When I see an adult on a bicycle, I do not despair for the future of the human race. ~H.G. Wells
Forum Rules


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Tea Party Favorite Rubio Wins Florida Senate Seat, AP Says
Former Florida House Speaker Marco Rubio, propelled to the Republican nomination by Tea Party support, was elected to the U.S. Senate, the Associated Press projected.
Rubio, 39, defeated both Governor Charlie Crist, 54, running as an independent, and Representative Kendrick Meek, 44, the Democratic nominee. He will succeed George LeMieux, appointed to fill the seat vacated when Republican Mel Martinez resigned in 2009. LeMieux didn't seek re-election.
Support for Rubio from Tea Party activists and other conservatives such as Republican Senator Jim DeMint of South Carolina fueled what began as a long-shot challenge to Crist, who had the support of Republican Party leaders. Crist withdrew from the Republican primary and launched an independent candidacy in April. Meek won the August Democratic primary over billionaire real estate investor Jeff Greene.
With 16 percent of the vote counted, Rubio had 50 percent to 29 percent for Crist and 19 percent for Meek.


text:
DECATUR, Ala. (AP) - Police said an Elkmont man may have been under the influence of methamphetamine as he tried to run over seven people before crashing his car into a ditch.
Residents called police at 3 p.m. Saturday after they said 32-year-old Walter Bermingham terrorized them by shouting obscenities and chasing them with his vehicle. A police report says Bermingham made statements about the devil, tried to fight and cursed people at the scene. Seven people, between the ages of 24 and 60, were the victims of his alleged reckless behavior.
They told police they did not know Bermingham or any reason why he targeted them. He was treated at Decatur General Hospital for minor injuries.
(Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


text:
Now Ear This
It's good old country fun with a metropolitan twist: This year's Chatfield Nature Preserve Corn Maze, created by the Denver Botanic Gardens, will promote the Scientific and Cultural Facilities District (SCFD). Every year, DBG staff and volunteers submit design ideas for the maze, and this time around, public-relations manager Holly Jones thought the SCFD's polar-bear logo would be appropriate. "It's cute, and it also brings attention to the SCFD, which is up for reauthorization," says Jones. Her entry won, and the idea ballooned into a theme for the entire event. Next to the five-acre maze, a tent will house educational activities for kids and information on more than 300 arts organizations that receive funding from the SCFD.
But don't let the political agenda fool you: A few twists of the maze and a handful of kettle corn will still bring out your inner farm child. The goal is to make your way to the center of the maze, claim a prize, then find your way back out -- if you can. And if you get lost, don't panic: Volunteers will keep watch from above to assist the directionally challenged. Elsewhere, a mini-maze and barrel train rides will entertain the kiddies.
The maze debuts today and stays open through October 31; hours are 4 to 10 p.m. Fridays, 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. Saturdays, and noon to 8 p.m. Sundays and Labor Day. Tickets, $8 for adults and $6 for kids, are sold up to one hour before closing. The Chatfield Nature Preserve is at 8500 Deer Creek Canyon Road in Littleton; call 303-973-3705 for more information. -- Jonelle Wilkinson Seitz
Upcoming Events
Colorado Rockies vs. Miami Marlins
TicketsFri., Aug. 5, 6:40pm
Colorado Rapids vs. Vancouver Whitecaps FC
TicketsSat., Aug. 6, 7:00pm
The Epilogues
TicketsSat., Aug. 6, 7:00pm
Jarren Benton
TicketsSun., Aug. 7, 7:00pm
Take Two
Walden digs in with Holes
As the theatrical offshoot of major film-production company Walden Media, Lakewood's Walden Family Playhouse will be strutting its stuff with fanfare as the venue's second full season rolls around. A quartet of new productions blending children's entertainment and an educational element debuts in mid-September with the premiere of Louis Sachar's Holes, also a popular book and movie. Sachar, who wrote this stage adaptation, will visit Walden as a consultant. "We wanted to bring in something with the scope and popularity of the movie, which was a big success for Disney," notes playhouse marketing director Ronda Berkeley. "And conversely, we'll have creative people in the motion picture, television and feature-animation industries looking at works developed here in Denver as potential crossover projects." That could include Walden's feel-good holiday offering, Heidi, or Nautilus: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, or Kittyhawk: The Wright Brothers, which follow; season packages and individual advance tickets are now available. The Walden Family Playhouse is at 14500 West Colfax Avenue, adjacent to Colorado Mills; call 303-590-1475 or log on to www.waldenfamilyplayhouse.com. -- Susan Froyd
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Upcoming Events
Denver Outlaws vs. Charlotte Hounds
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TicketsThu., Aug. 4, 7:00pm
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- Overview
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Primal Wear Foster's Lager Short Sleeve JerseyYa gotta love Foster's Australian beer. Though the outside looks just like a motor oil can, the inside holds a bright golden lager with a light malt aroma and a clean hops finish. It's the perfect refill after a hard ride in your Foster's cycling jersey. Fast-wicking fabric, long zipper and semi-fitted design keep you cool, dry and ready for the post-ride celebration.
- SpeedPro is a plaited, double knit fabric with UPF 35 which forces moisture away from the body and pulls it to the fabric surface for quick-drying performance
- ¾ length YKK invisible zipper provides generous ventilation
- Elastic waist and sleeves are comfortably positioned
- Tagless neck label eliminates itching
- 3 back pockets
Primal Wear Foster's Lager Short Sleeve Jersey
- fabric:
- 100% Polyester
- fit:
- Club/Semi-Form Fit
- hem:
- Elastic
- pockets:
- 3 back
- sleeve:
- Set-in
- spf rating:
- zipper:
- ¾ length
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Anniversary Sale: Event available 7/22/16 - 7/31/16 at all Performance Bicycle Retail locations, online and by phone. Advertised category and/or brand savings taken off lowest marked price on all applicable items during the event period. Some brand and/or item exclusions may apply to this promotion – visit Terms and Conditions for details. Bikes and items labeled Doorbusters are priced as marked and are excluded from advertised category and/or brand discounts. Doorbuster availability limited to stock on hand. Online, discount taken at checkout. Taxes, gift cards, Team Performance memberships/renewals, Spin Doctor Services/Service Plans or shipping and handling on web/phone orders are not eligible to receive discounts. Discounts cannot be applied to previous purchases. Sorry, no rainchecks. In retail stores, colors, styles and select brand availability varies by location. Photographic, typographic and pricing errors are unintentional and subject to change.


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Search results
Did you mean: electronics voice phenomenal
You can search for Electronic voice phenomenon at Wikipedia or Wikiversity, learn how to search, or browse all books.
- human form. Audio recordings, which capture odd sounds or voices (see Electronic Voice Phenomenon, below). The audio track of video recordings may also record3 KB (531 words) - 06:53, 12 December 2012
- human form. Audio recordings, which capture odd sounds or voices (see Electronic Voice Phenomenon, below). The audio track of video recordings may also record23 KB (3,539 words) - 15:29, 24 July 2010
- corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance. Figure 3. Impedances seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm and voice coil. The performance of the28 KB (2,656 words) - 04:52, 27 March 2016
- dollars. It is only applicable for high-end electronic products. Restricting certain aerodynamic phenomenon for noise reduction can cause serious performance4 KB (47,170 words) - 19:03, 14 July 2012
- is a similar phenomenon in real life. Thus we have found we might consider human speech as an example: you have to listen to your voice in order to control30 KB (5,219 words) - 18:37, 21 July 2011
- convergence. Convergence refers to the phenomenon by which various different forms of digital content (voice, data, rich media like movies and music)18 KB (2,796 words) - 19:36, 20 June 2007
- smartphone: determine what the device needs to do for the user (email, voice, documents, mulltimedia video integration etc.) determine the design best26 KB (3,305 words) - 10:18, 18 October 2015
- This phenomenon is still present but it is the way we create and convey information that has evolved. The two main differences between electronic texts17 KB (1,777 words) - 20:57, 24 November 2014
- then to historicize the emergence of the author as a relatively modern phenomenon that has arisen in the context of the crisis caused by the print revolution52 KB (8,630 words) - 09:07, 18 June 2015
- produced striking commentary on the human voice as being one of an invasion into the atmosphere. The thought of the voice and word through this line of thinking41 KB (6,629 words) - 01:54, 21 January 2015
- sensing is the measurement or acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with36 KB (5,337 words) - 14:44, 3 December 2013
- Electronic sports, or eSports, is the competitive play of video games. One of the earliest video game competitions was held by Atari in 1980. The17 KB (2,653 words) - 08:59, 19 December 2013
- Acoustics/Print version (section Voice production)dollars. It is only applicable for high-end electronic products. 2. Restricting certain aerodynamic phenomenon for noise reduction can cause serious performance4 KB (27,088 words) - 15:03, 13 March 2013
- possibilities for the less privileged. It is almost a universally observable phenomenon that children seem to take to computers naturally, and in a unique experiment59 KB (9,336 words) - 13:11, 13 January 2013
- used here to represent any group which lacks socio-economic and political voice. Used in this way, the word 'minority' then provides us the full extent36 KB (5,684 words) - 19:25, 3 October 2011
- Personal Electronic Devices (PEDs) have become integral in our daily lives and their use in airline cabins is at an all-time high. This pressure from consumers19 KB (3,030 words) - 21:01, 11 December 2013
- usually respond to a female's voice over a male's. This may explain why people will unknowingly raise the pitch of their voice when talking to newborns. The70 KB (10,806 words) - 08:03, 15 October 2015
- The Walkman Effect is the phenomenon that occurs when an individual creates a seemingly personal environment through portable devices, usually accompanied13 KB (2,126 words) - 01:12, 27 July 2013
- industries. Disintermediation is a term that originated to describe a phenomenon in the banking industry in the late 1960s. Depositors removed their money14 KB (2,271 words) - 20:20, 14 December 2012
- E-Commerce and E-Business/Print version (section What is an electronic payment system? Why is it important?)this new and revolutionary business phenomenon. A more complete definition is: E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information785 bytes (16,345 words) - 11:30, 24 August 2014


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I am a software developer focused primary on mobile platforms writing code that gets the whole hog out from the devices we all have in our pockets every day. Scrum enthusiast, seeking every day to write beautiful code and to inspire others to do so.
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Academic Flexibility:
Since it is so small. There are only one time period for class not many options. But it worked for me because I was dedicated to going full time and school was my priority.
Overall Experience:
I am a single parent who returned to school to provide better opportunities for my family. I am so happy to have this opportunity to do this and the support from the other students and staff has been amazing.
Campus Resources:
Every student has iPods. Very dedicated to technology.
Academic Experience:
A very rewarding and positive experience.
Academic Experience:
The instructors are dedicated to the profession and putting out quality technicians.
Tuition & Financial Aid:
It's a lot of money, but I see it as an investment to getting a job that I will be happy. I'm not going into a field where I will make a lot of money, but that has brought me so much happiness and I'm not even being paid yet.
Campus Quality:
Small school, but have all amenities I would expect.
Student Body:
Small classes and we all work together to help each other succeed.
Career Services:
Great service. They are currently helping me be prepared to look for a job before if graduate.
Online Courses:
I have not taken any online courses at this school.
Campus Resources:
I love the fact that there is only two floors. I don't have to run all over to get to my classes. I just love it.
Tuition & Financial Aid:
Everything I encountered with the financial aid was spectacular. Knowing how I'll owe to the government scared me but my education is a major goal to me. They were helpful in explaining my options to me. Which I loved.
Student Body:
It is a perfect size school for those who want to get straight to the point. The students are all of smiling faces. Classes aren't huge so getting to know people to know people is easy and fun.
Tuition & Financial Aid:
Its good, and no price is worth a education it will always pay off in the long run
Campus Resources:
There are lost of resources, and they are always at hand.
Campus Resources:
My school is just that school. Its all about learning and getting you to your goals in life. We don't have things like football and all that other stuff that comes with a university's. We are there to learn and get degree so we can start moving forward. We do, do things as a campus to keep us going and to keep us motivated in what we do. The main goal though is to get that degree and start on your career.
Academic Flexibility:
So far so good, is all I can say. It's my first year and first time ever attending collage. I am enjoying all my classes and teaches. Globe is a good place to be , and I wouldn't want to be any other place.
Campus Resources:
There is not many problems with my schools computers. if a problem occurs they address it fast and its like you never knew it was messed up in the first place. If the network needs updating or maintenance they send out emails to notify everybody, and tend to wait till sleep hours to do it. I am pleased with our system.
Campus Resources:
The technology availably is beyond what I expected. We have more than 200 computers available to us all over campus, as well as, great functioning printers. The internet both wireless and on the computers is fairly fast and highly reliable. I never have to worry about not being able to access the internet since they are available all throughout the day from 7a.m-10p.m.
Online Courses:
I actually am not enrolled in a full online class but in a hybrid, which is both online and in class teaching, and frankly my experience has been wonderful. My professor is very fast at answering any of my questions both online and in person. She is very friendly and never makes me feel at all judged. She understands that online courses are still a fairly new concept and is very helping in aiding me with that transaction of going from class to computer taught.
Academic Experience:
As stated before, I am extremely happy with Globe. The professors are very outgoing and give the class a more of a friend setting, while of course still remaining professional. They also have great mentoring and tuturing programs here if in case your professor can not aide you, which if most likely never the case.
Academic Flexibility:
Up till now I have no complaints. Globe offers a variety of classes that fit almost anyone's needs, both morning and evening classes. They also have classes that meet daily, a few days a week, and some even once for people that don't have that much free time. The financial aid department and the people in charge of class scheduling are great at doing their job. They make the process of continuing school less of a hassle and more enjoyable.
Academic Experience:
Students here at Globe University get great help from both peers and staff here. The professors really work hard and are determined to give you all the valuable information you need. They give you great hands- on training and are very professional. They are very welcoming every day and make sure you know that you are actually considered an individual person, not just a number like in bigger schools. Since the campus is small you get to see similar faces and eventually make good friends with people that tend to be in similar classes. The financial aid department does a great job in helping me find ways of how to pay for schooling.
Campus Resources:
They have a lot of computer labs and a very resourceful library on campus and online.
Online Courses:
I wasn't sure how I would handle an online class, but for the most part they've been good. I did have one teacher who wouldn't respond to questions before the assignments were due and I wasn't the only one to encounter this. I ended up having to drop the class and take it on campus because the frustration level was just too high. I did take an online keyboarding class that was excellent though.
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2015 Newbery Medal Winner
The Newbery Medal is awarded every year by a committee of librarians to recognize "the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children." Past winners have included The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman, Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis, The Giver by Lois Lowry, and Holes by Louis Sachar. Last year's winner was Flora and Ulysses by Kate DiCamillo (who also wrote Because of Winn-Dixie and The Tale of Despereaux).
This year's winner was just announced today, and the 2015 Newbery Medal goes to . . .
The Crossover by Kwame Alexander
Have you read The Crossover yet? Do YOU think it was the best American children's book published in 2014? Two Honor books were also chosen this year: El Deafo by Cece Bell, and Brown Girl Dreaming by Jacqueline Woodson.
If you were on the committee voting for the 2015 Newbery Medal, which book would YOU have chosen? (Remember, only books published in 2014 by writers in America are eligible.) Let us know in the Comments.


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Synonyms of narrow in English:
1 the path became narrow
small, tapered, tapering, narrowing
archaic strait
[Antonyms] wide, broad
2 her narrow waist
slender, slim, slight, spare, attenuated, thin
[Antonyms] broad
3 a narrow space
confined, cramped, tight, restricted, limited, constricted
[Antonyms] spacious
4 a narrow range of products
limited, restricted, circumscribed, small, inadequate, insufficient, deficient
[Antonyms] wide, broad
5 a narrow view of the world See narrow-minded
7 a narrow escape
by a very small margin, close, near, by a hair's breadth
informal by a whisker
verbBack to top
Definition of narrow in:
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The Press Newspaper
The Press Newspaper
Al Thompson left Northwest Ohio on August 17 on a bicycle ride around the perimeter of the United States in an effort to raise funds for Habitat for Humanity and Save the Children.
Here is an excerpt from his blog, which you can follow by going to presspublications.com and clicking the icon in the upper right corner.
Residents in the City of Oregon passed a request to make a 2.25 percent income tax permanent on March 15.
The passage will now keep the income tax rate the same as it has been since 1982. The only change is that it will no longer be called a "temporary" tax.
City Administrator Mike Beazley said he was very happy with the outcome.
"We feel good that it has passed," Beazley said. "Oregon residents expect a high level of service in this city and now we can continue with our high level of service."
Ohio State Highway Patrol troopers reported seizing 189 pounds of marijuana March 11 during a traffic stop on the Ohio Turnpike in Lake Township.
Seniors from across the city packed the East Toledo Senior Center at Navarre Park to listen to Mayor Paula Hicks-Hudson's presentation asking voters to approve Issue 2.
On Wednesday, over 60 seniors arrived at the shelter house off White Street, many making the trip from other senior centers across town in vans provided by the Area Office on Aging. Mayor Hicks-Hudson was flanked by District 3 councilman Peter J. Ujvagi, who represents East Toledo, at-large councilman Larry Sykes and Council President Steven Steel.
Oregon City Council on Monday will consider establishing the hours, rules and regulations of parks in some neighborhoods that have concerns about loitering and other inappropriate activities after dark.
City Administrator Mike Beazley said the proposed amendment to the city's zoning code on parks and recreation is under review after discussions with block watch groups.
"They are concerned about the use of city properties, small parklands, in the Eastmoreland and adjacent neighborhoods, and they want to make sure we can properly regulate the use of the parks after dark," he said at a committee of the whole meeting on March 7.
What do you think of the Pokémon GO craze?
It's harmless fun (7 Votes)
It puts players in dangerous situations (11 Votes)
It's zombie mind control (13 Votes)
I love it! (3 Votes)
783045926 [{"id":"129","title":"It's harmless fun","votes":"7","pct":20.59,"type":"x","order":"1","resources":[]},{"id":"130","title":"It puts players in dangerous situations","votes":"11","pct":32.35,"type":"x","order":"2","resources":[]},{"id":"131","title":"It's zombie mind control","votes":"13","pct":38.24,"type":"x","order":"3","resources":[]},{"id":"132","title":"I love it!","votes":"3","pct":8.82,"type":"x","order":"4","resources":[]}] ["#194e84","#3b6b9c","#1f242a","#37414a","#60bb22","#f2babb"] sbar 160 160 /component/communitypolls/vote/51-pokemon No answer selected. Please try again. Thank you for your vote. Answers Votes


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This plugin always works for me. Using it since years now!
Its one of the must have for me since it frees up a ton of space at the back end.
Even my desktop pc is configured like this, wherein the status bar of my windows os is pulled to the top and hence I need this plugin since it makes me feel right at home.
This is a cool plugin, 5 stars!


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Ham radio enthusiasts stand ready to step in when all else fails
Success on the rebound
Small people's wedding highlights Banneker-Douglass celebration of African American traditions
They're delicious, but what's their story?
But which butterfly is which?
Kinder Farm Park
Libraries make summer reading fun
This frothy farce reflects on commitment as characters at crossroads take literal and figurative steps
There's no better way to know the Chesapeake
NFL players no match in charity softball game
With a wingspan up to four inches, Luna moths are one of the largest in North America
Not too early for garlic
Expose yourself to the natural elements during Great Outdoors Month
You get twice the angling fun, catching two fish to keep one
Early bloomers have been going wild; now's the time to tame them
Bob Penaloza and seven other homeowners open their doors to you in the Eastport Home and Garden Tour


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Gradient nails done with a makeup sponge. This was the first time I ever used an actual makeup sponge for a gradient. Not too shabby, but there's definitely room for improvement!
Polishes Used:
China Glaze:
Something Sweet
Dance Baby
Escaping Reality
Out The Door top coat
Jun 25, 2013
How do you do the gradiant? or a sponged look?
Jan 12, 2013
Soo cute
Jan 12, 2013
Looks lush but how do u do it?
Jan 12, 2013
I applied polish to a makeup sponge in lines and then sponged it onto my nail.
Jan 11, 2013
How do you do this? Or at least what is this process called??
Jan 12, 2013
I applied polish to a makeup sponge in lines and then sponged it onto my nail.
Jan 11, 2013
Well I think it looks awesome! Gonna try it myself!
Jan 11, 2013
Its so nice :-)
Jan 10, 2013
great job, love them!
Jan 10, 2013
Jan 10, 2013
omg so cute! im gunna try it myself. thanks for the inspiraltion :)
Jan 10, 2013
Loves r
All of the nail art that is done by me personally for tutorials, or just for the fun of it.
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PASADENA, Calif.—During the early developmental stages of vertebrates—animals that have a backbone and spinal column, including humans—cells undergo extensive rearrangements, and some cells migrate over large distances to populate particular areas and assume novel roles as differentiated cell types. Understanding how and when such cells switch their purpose in an embryo is an important and complex goal for developmental biologists. A recent study, led by researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), provides new clues about this process—at least in the case of neural crest cells, which give rise to most of the peripheral nervous system, to pigment cells, and to large portions of the facial skeleton.
"There has been a long-standing mystery regarding why some cells in the developing embryo start out as part of the future central nervous system, but leave to populate peripheral parts of the body," says Marianne Bronner, the Albert Billings Ruddock Professor of Biology at Caltech and corresponding author of the paper, published in the November 1 issue of the journal Genes & Development. "In this paper, we find that an important type of enzyme called DNA-methyltransferase, or DNMT, acts as a switch, determining which cells will remain part of the central nervous system, and which will become neural crest cells."
According to Bronner, DNMT arranges this transition by silencing expression of the genes that promote central nervous system (CNS) identity, thereby giving the cells the green light to become neural crest, migrate, and do new things, like help build a jaw bone. The team came to this conclusion after analyzing the actions of one type of DNMT—DNMT3A—at different stages of development in a chicken embryo.
This is important, says Bronner, because while most scientists who study the function of DNMTs use embryonic stem cells that can be maintained in culture, her team is "studying events that occur in living embryos as opposed to cells grown under artificial conditions," she explains.
"It is somewhat counterintuitive that this kind of shutting off of genes is essential for promoting neural crest cell fate," she says. "Embryonic development often involves switches in the types of inputs that a cell receives. This is an example of a case where a negative factor must be turned off—essentially a double negative—in order to achieve a positive outcome."
Bronner says it was also surprising to see that an enzyme like DNMT has such a specific function at a specific time. DNMTs are sometimes thought to act in every cell, she says, yet the researchers have discovered a function for this enzyme that is exquisitely controlled in space and time.
"It is amazing how an enzyme, at a given time point during development, can play such a specific role of making a key developmental decision within the embryo," says Na Hu, a graduate student in Bronner's lab and lead author of the paper. "Our findings can be applied to stem cell therapy, by giving clues about how to engineer other cell types or stem cells to become neural crest cells."
Bronner points out that their work relates to the discovery, which won a recent Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology, that it is possible to "reprogram" cells taken from adult tissue. These induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are similar to embryonic stem cells, and many investigators are attempting to define the conditions needed for them to differentiate into particular cell types, including neural crest derivatives.
"Our results showing that DNMT is important for converting CNS cells to neural crest cells will be useful in defining the steps needed to reprogram such iPS cells," she says. "The iPS cells may in turn be useful for repair in human diseases such as familial dysautonomia, a disease in which there is depletion of autonomic and sensory neurons that are neural crest–derived; for repair of jaw bones lost in osteonecrosis; and for many other potential treatments."
In the short term, the team will explore the notion that DNMT enzymes may have different functions in the embryo at different places and times. That's why the next step in their research, says Bronner, is to examine the later role of these enzymes in nervous-system development, like whether or not they effect the length of time during which the CNS is able to produce neural crest cells.
Additional authors on the paper, titled "DNA methyltransferase3A as a molecular switch mediating the neural tube-to-neural crest fate transition," are Pablo Strobl-Mazzulla from the Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo in Chascomús, Argentina, and Tatjana Sauka-Spengler from the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Oxford. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the United States Public Health Service.
In May 2011, a new therapy created in part by Caltech engineers enabled a paraplegic man to stand and move his legs voluntarily. Now those same researchers are working on a way to automate their system, which provides epidural electrical stimulation to the lower spinal cord. Their goal is for the system to soon be made available to rehab clinics—and thousands of patients—worldwide.
That first patient—former athlete Rob Summers, who had been completely paralyzed below the chest following a 2006 accident—performed remarkably well with the electromechanical system. Although it wasn't initially part of the testing protocol established by the Food and Drug Administration, the FDA allowed Summers to take the entire system with him when he left the Frazier Rehab Institute in Louisville—where his postsurgical physical therapy was done—provided he returns every three months for a checkup.
Joel Burdick, the Richard L. and Dorothy M. Hayman Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering at Caltech, and Yu-Chong Tai, a Caltech professor of electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, helped create the therapy, which involves the use of a sheetlike array of electrodes that stimulate Summers' neurons and thus activate the circuits in his lower spinal cord that control standing and stepping. The approach has subsequently been successfully tested on a second paraplegic, and therapists are about to finish testing a third subject, who has shown positive results.
But Tai and Burdick want to keep the technology, as well as the subjects, moving forward. To that end, Tai is developing new versions of the electrode array currently approved for human implantation; these will improve patients' stepping motions, among other advances, and they will be easier to implant. Burdick is also working on a way to let a computer control the pattern of electrical stimulation applied to the spinal cord.
"We need to go further," Burdick says. "And for that, we need new technology."
Because spinal-cord injuries vary from patient to patient, deploying the system has required constant individualized adjustments by clinicians and researchers at the Frazier Institute, a leading center for spinal-cord rehabilitation. "Right now there are 16 electrodes in the array, and for each individual electrode, we send a pulse, which can be varied for amplitude and frequency to cause a response in the patient," Burdick says. Using the current method, he notes, "it takes substantial effort to test all the variables to find the optimum setting for a patient for each of the different functions we want to activate."
The team of investigators, which also includes researchers from UCLA and the University of Louisville, has until now used intelligent guesswork to determine which stimuli might work best. But soon, using a new algorithm developed by Burdick, they will be able to rely on a computer to determine the optimum stimulation levels, based on the patient's response to previous stimuli. This would allow patients to go home after the extensive rehab process with a system that could be continually adjusted by computer—saving Summers and the other patients many of those inconvenient trips back to Louisville. Doctors and technicians could monitor patients' progress remotely.
In addition to providing the subjects with continued benefits from the use of the device, there are other practical reasons for wanting to automate the system. An automated system would be easier to share with other hospitals and clinics around the world, Burdick says, and without a need for intensive training, it could lower the cost.
The FDA has approved testing the system in five spinal-cord injury patients, including the three already enrolled in the trial; Burdick is planning to test the new computerized version in the fourth patient, as well as in Rob Summers during 2013. Once the investigators have completed testing on all five patients, Burdick says, the team will spend time analyzing the data before deciding how to improve the system and expand its use.
The strategy is not a cure for paraplegics, but a tool that can be used to help improve the quality of their health, Burdick says. The technology could also complement stem-cell therapies or other methods that biologists are working on to repair or circumvent the damage to nervous systems that results from spinal-cord injury.
"There's not going to be one silver bullet for treating spinal-cord injuries," Burdick says. "We think that our technique will play a role in the rehabilitation of spinal-cord injury patients, but a more permanent cure will likely come from biological solutions."
Even with the limitations of the current system, Burdick says, the results have exceeded his expectations.
"All three subjects stood up within 48 hours of turning on the array," Burdick says. "This shows that the first patient wasn't a fluke, and that many aspects of the process are repeatable." In some ways, the second and third patients are performing even better than Summers, though it will be some time before the team can fully analyze those results. "We were expecting variations because of the distinct differences in the patients' injuries. Rob gave us a starting point, and now we've learned how to tune the array for each patient and to make adjustments as each patient changes over time.
"I do this work because I love it," Burdick says. "When you work with these people and get to know them and see how they are improving, it's personally inspiring."
Two Caltech faculty members have been awarded Packard Fellowships for Science and Engineering. Biologist Alexei Aravin and astronomer John Johnson each were awarded $875,000, to be distributed over five years.
"I'm very excited about this fellowship," says Aravin, an assistant professor of biology. "It will allow my lab to pursue new, ambitious goals that are difficult to fund using traditional sources."
Aravin studies RNA molecules, which encode the information contained in genes to help create proteins. His lab is probing the mechanisms that determine the stability and fate of RNA. He's also trying to figure out how noncoding RNA—which doesn't encode information but nevertheless plays crucial roles in the cell—functions and is produced.
Johnson's research focuses on discovering and characterizing planets around other stars. "My broad goals," he says, "are to gain a better understanding of planet formation, place our solar system in a broader galactic context, and eventually find places in the galaxy where other life forms might reside." He plans to use the money to help support postdocs in his research group and to start a visitor program in which scientists from other institutions are invited to brainstorm and collaborate.
Johnson, an assistant professor of astronomy, was meeting with a student when he got the phone call notifying him of the award. "I don't remember my exact reaction, but it certainly startled the poor student," he says. "I spent the rest of the day grinning like an idiot."
According to the Packard Foundation, the fellowships were established in 1988 to allow promising professors to pursue research early in their careers with few funding and reporting constraints. Each year, presidents from 50 universities each nominate two early-career professors for the fellowship. A panel of scientists and engineers then select 16 fellows. To date, there have been more than 400 professors who have received Packard Fellowships. Aravin and Johnson join 26 members of current and past Caltech faculty who have been named Packard Fellows.
Lurking in the crevices of our planet are millions and millions of microscopic worms. They live in soil, plants, water, ice, wildlife, and sometimes even humans. In fact, nematodes—also known as roundworms—are among the most abundant and diverse animals on Earth, where they play a variety of roles.
For the past 25 years, Paul Sternberg, the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology at Caltech and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, has been studying the development and behavior of these creepy-crawly creatures and has recently uncovered important clues about how the worms communicate.
Read about his findings in the Fall 2012 issue of E&S magazine.
Pamela Bjorkman has been studying HIV at Caltech since 2005. In the lab, she has made significant gains in the fight against the virus, developing antibodies that neutralize most strains. But years spent at the bench were beginning to make her feel disconnected from the possible impact of her work. So this summer she visited India, spending time with HIV-positive women and others who are at risk.
"What I wanted to do was see the real side of HIV, where it affects people," says Bjorkman, the Max Delbrück Professor of Biology and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "We work in the lab where we have no contact with HIV-infected people—the human impact of the disease is very removed from what we think about in our work."
This was not her first trip to the nation of over 1.2 billion people, where nearly 30 percent of the population lives in poverty. She first visited in 1985 and returned with her teenage daughter in 2008 to work at an orphanage in the Jaipur area called Udayan. The home for children is part of an umbrella organization called Vatsalya that also runs an HIV-education program for female sex workers, among other projects aimed at empowering women and teaching street children vocational skills.
"The orphanage is really incredible," says Bjorkman, whose daughter accompanied her on her most recent trip as well. "There are an estimated 18 million children living on the street in India—a lot who are not actually orphans, but on the street anyway. The organization takes in as many children as it can—around 60—and those kids are never adopted. When they come to the orphanage, the group there becomes their family."
The mission of the organization—founded in 1995 by Jaimala and Hitesh Gupta, both of whom have backgrounds in public health—is to "provide a caring environment where our disadvantaged and vulnerable people can develop their capabilities with dignity." The orphanage is a nearly self-sufficient compound that includes a school, a farm, a garden, and dormitories. They even have a psychologist who visits with the children, many of whom suffered abuse at very young ages.
"It's really an amazing place," says Bjorkman. "Here these kids are, all living with the most horrible back stories, and they are full of joy and respectful and helpful. It makes you realize how incredibly privileged we are here in Pasadena and that we take a lot for granted."
Bjorkman and her daughter stayed at Udayan for two weeks each time they visited, helping to teach the children English and math, participating in art and dance projects, and helping with gardening and cooking. This summer, Bjorkman also traveled to Ajmer, where the group's HIV-education program is located. There, she met with women struggling with the stigma of HIV, particularly because they rely on sex work to support their children and send them to private school; public schools in many impoverished areas of India are notoriously bad.
"The organization identifies women in the community who are sex workers and are interested in learning some other trade, or who need help because of HIV infection," she explains. "The terrible thing is that when they find out they are HIV infected, many of the women start working more because their futures are more uncertain. Plus, they hesitate to take medication because if anyone finds out that they are positive, they will lose customers."
The organization provides counseling, runs a female condom education program, offers training classes for those wanting to become proficient at another job, and works to get HIV-positive women on antiretroviral medications. While visiting with the women, Bjorkman talked with them about how the virus works and why it's so tough to treat once it's in the body.
"This is the reason that I'm doing the HIV research," she says. "It's not to get our own papers out first, it's to actually do something that might make a difference. Meeting the women put a lot of the competition and the unpleasantness associated with the rat race of science into perspective."
Bjorkman plans to return to India, but in the meantime she's doing all she can to raise awareness for Vatsalya and their various projects. Like any nonprofit, the organization could use monetary donations, but she hopes that her story inspires others at Caltech to donate their time. Anyone, she says, can volunteer through Vatsalya and receive room, board, and meals at the orphanage for a nominal daily donation.
"Caltech undergrad and grad students don't necessarily have that much money, but they may have time and this would be an amazing way to get to know another culture," she says. "These people are really doing a great job—both with the orphanage and with the HIV program that I had direct experience with. Once you see the way it works, it's really inspiring."
For more information on Vatsalya and the work they do, visit their website. Or contact Pamela Bjorkman to find out how you can become directly involved with this organization.
PASADENA, Calif.—The California Institute of Technology (Caltech) has been rated the world's number one university in the 2012–2013 Times Higher Education global ranking of the top 200 universities.
Oxford University, Stanford University, Harvard University, and MIT round out the top five.
"We are pleased to be among the best, and we celebrate the achievements of all our peer institutions," says Caltech president Jean-Lou Chameau. "Excellence is achieved over many years and is the result of our focus on extraordinary people. I am proud of our talented faculty, who educate outstanding young people while exploring transformative ideas in an environment that encourages collaboration rather than competition."
Times Higher Education compiled the listing using the same methodology as in last year's survey. Thirteen performance indicators representing research (worth 30 percent of a school's overall ranking score), teaching (30 percent), citations (30 percent), international outlook (which includes the total numbers of international students and faculty and the ratio of scholarly papers with international collaborators, 7.5 percent), and industry income (a measure of innovation, 2.5 percent) make up the data. Included among the measures are a reputation survey of 17,500 academics; institutional, industry, and faculty research income; and an analysis of 50 million scholarly papers to determine the average number of citations per scholarly paper, a measure of research impact.
In addition to placing first overall in this year's survey, Caltech came out on top in the teaching indicator as well as in subject-specific rankings for engineering and technology and for the physical sciences.
"Caltech held on to the world's number one spot with a strong performance across all of our key performance indicators," says Phil Baty, editor of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. "In a very competitive year, when Caltech's key rivals for the top position reported increased research income, Caltech actually managed to widen the gap with the two universities in second place this year—Stanford University and the University of Oxford. This is an extraordinary performance."
Data for the Times Higher Education's World University Rankings were provided by Thomson Reuters from its Global Institutional Profiles Project, an ongoing, multistage process to collect and validate factual data about academic institutional performance across a variety of aspects and multiple disciplines.
The Times Higher Education site has the full list of the world's top 400 schools and all of the performance indicators.
PASADENA, Calif.—Sarkis Mazmanian, a microbiology expert at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) whose studies of human gut bacteria have revealed new insights into how these microbes can be beneficial, was named a MacArthur Fellow and awarded a five-year, $500,000 "no strings attached" grant. Each year, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation awards the unrestricted fellowships—also known as "genius" grants—to individuals who have shown "extraordinary originality and dedication in their creative pursuits and a marked capacity for self-direction," according to the foundation's website.
"I was in a state of shock when I heard the news," says Mazmanian, a professor of biology at Caltech, who was tricked into taking the award announcement call; he thought he was simply being added to a prescheduled conference call. "It's not the kind of thing you ever expect—I do what I do because I love science and it makes me happy, so this is terrific and a nice reward. At the same time, I never think of awards as goals of mine because they seem so unattainable. My goals are to make discoveries, so I was just in absolute disbelief."
Long before he was named a 2012 MacArthur Fellow, Mazmanian was showing the attributes that the foundation seeks to reward, particularly a capacity for self-direction. As a graduate student in the in the early 2000s, he decided to stray from the normal path of study and try something new.
"I had been studying microbial pathogenesis—or bacteria that make us sick—which is what 99.9 percent of the field of microbiology does to this day," says Mazmanian. "Toward the end of my PhD, I decided that I wanted to study organisms that didn't necessarily cause disease, but were associated with our bodies. Ten years ago, this was completely on the fringe of science—we knew that the organisms existed in our intestines and all over our bodies, but had no idea what they were doing."
Today, Mazmanian's work examines some of the trillions of bacteria living in our bodies that make up complex communities of microbes and regulate processes like digestion and immunity. His main focus is to understand how "good" bacteria promote human health—work that has transformed a quickly evolving field of research that is investigating the connection between gut bacteria and their relationship to both disease and health.
Medical Microbiologist Sarkis Mazmanian: 2012 MacArthur Fellow | MacArthur Foundation
His research helped lay the groundwork for the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), an initiative of the National Institutes of Health that aims to characterize, for the first time, "the microbial communities found at several different sites on the human body, including nasal passages, oral cavities, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract, and to analyze the role of these microbes in human health and disease," according to the HMP website.
His laboratory was the first to demonstrate that specific gut bacteria direct the development of the mammalian immune system and provide protection from intestinal diseases. This means, he says, that fundamental aspects of health are absolutely dependent on microbial interaction within our bodies. In addition, he says that many disorders whose incidences are increasing in Western countries—such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and asthma—involve a common immunologic defect believed to be caused by the absence of intestinal bacteria. An understanding of the beneficial immune responses promoted by gut bacteria may lead to the development of natural therapeutics for immunologic and perhaps neurologic diseases, says Mazmanian.
"This award is extremely well-deserved—Sarkis has revolutionized the way we think about the interactions between microorganisms and people," says Stephen L. Mayo, William K. Bowes Jr. Foundation Chair of Caltech's Division of Biology, and Bren Professor of Biology and Chemistry. "His research has had an important impact in making the connection between personal hygiene and the immune system, and even neurological diseases like autism."
When the award announcement went public, Mazmanian was in Armenia, his native homeland, teaching a one-week course on host-microbial interaction to PhD students at a molecular biology institute. He travels to the country once a year to volunteer his services. The timing, he says, couldn't be better, as he hopes to use some of the prize money to develop an international educational outreach program.
"I think that when you have a windfall like this, the least you can do is help people who are in need," says Mazmanian, who credits the members of his lab for his research success. "In many countries, they are in need of education and resources, like lab equipment, text books, you name it. It would be a terrific if I could use the money to help advance science in countries where there is hardship."
Mazmanian received his bachelor's degree in 1995 and his PhD in microbiology in 2002, both from UCLA. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard, he joined the Caltech faculty as an assistant professor in 2006. In 2012, he was promoted to professor of biology. In 2011, Mazmanian was the recipient of a Burroughs Welcome Fund award for research in the pathogenesis of infectious disease, and in 2008 he was awarded a Searle Scholarship and was named one of Discover magazine's "20 Best Brains Under 40," which highlighted young innovators in science.
This year's crop of 23 Fellows includes stringed-instrument bow maker Benoît Rolland and mathematician Maria Chudnovsky; Mazmanian joins the ranks of Caltech's previous MacArthur Fellows, including 2010 awardee John Dabiri.
For more information on the 2012 MacArthur Fellows, visit the foundation website at www.macfound.org.
PASADENA, Calif.—As the saying goes, "A picture is worth a thousand words." For people in certain professions—acting, modeling, and even politics—this phrase rings particularly true. Previous studies have examined how our social judgments of pictures of people are influenced by factors such as whether the person is smiling or frowning, but until now one factor has never been investigated: the distance between the photographer and the subject. According to a new study by researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), this turns out to make a difference—close-up photo subjects, the study found, are judged to look less trustworthy, less competent, and less attractive.
The new finding is described in this week's issue of the open-access journal PLoS One.
Pietro Perona, the Allen E. Puckett Professor of Electrical Engineering at Caltech, came up with the initial idea for the study. Perona, an art history enthusiast, suspected that Renaissance portrait paintings often featured subtle geometric warping of faces to make the viewer feel closer or more distant to a subject. Perona wondered if the same sort of warping might affect photographic portraits—with a similar effect on their viewers—so he collaborated with Ralph Adolphs, Bren Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience and professor of biology, and CNS graduate student Ronnie Bryan (PhD '12) to gather opinions on 36 photographs representing two different images of 18 individuals. One of each pair of images was taken at close range and the second at a distance of about seven feet.
"It turns out that faces photographed quite close-up are geometrically warped, compared to photos taken at a larger distance," explains Bryan. "Of course, the close picture would also normally be larger, higher resolution and have different lighting—but we controlled for all of that in our study. What you're left with is a warping effect that is so subtle that nobody in our study actually noticed it. Nonetheless, it's a perceptual clue that influenced their judgments."
That subtle distance warping, however, had a big effect: close-up photos made people look less trustworthy, according to study participants. The close-up photo subjects were also judged to look less attractive and competent.
"This was a surprising, and surprisingly reliable, effect," says Adolphs. "We went through a bunch of experiments, some testing people in the lab, and some even over the Internet; we asked participants to rate trustworthiness of faces, and in some experiments we asked them to invest real money in unfamiliar people whose faces they saw as a direct measure of how much they trusted them."
Across all of the studies, the researchers saw the same effect, Adolphs says: in photos taken from a distance of around two feet, a person looked untrustworthy, compared to photos taken seven feet away. These two distances were chosen by the researchers because one is within, and the other outside of, personal space—which on average is about three to four feet from the body.
In some of the studies, the researchers digitally warped images of faces taken at a distance to artificially manipulate how trustworthy they would appear. "Once you know the relation between the distance warp and the trustworthiness judgment, you could manipulate photos of faces and change the perceived trustworthiness,'' notes Perona.
He says that the group is now planning to build on these findings, using machine-vision techniques—technologies that can automatically analyze data in images. For example, one application would be for a computer program to have the ability to evaluate any face image in a magazine or on the Internet and to estimate the distance at which the photo was taken.
"The work might also allow us to estimate the perceived trustworthiness of a particular face image," says Perona. "You could imagine that many people would be interested in such applications—particularly in the political arena."
The study, "Perspective Distortion from Interpersonal Distance Is an Implicit Visual Cue for Social Judgments of Faces," was funded by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health and from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
PASADENA, Calif.—At any given moment, millions of cells are on the move in the human body, typically on their way to aid in immune response, make repairs, or provide some other benefit to the structures around them. When the migration process goes wrong, however, the results can include tumor formation and metastatic cancer. Little has been known about how cell migration actually works, but now, with the help of some tiny worms, researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have gained new insight into this highly complex task.
The team's findings are outlined this week online in the early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
"In terms of cancer, we know how to find primary tumors and we know when they're metastatic, but we're missing information on the period in between when cells are crawling around, hanging out, and doing who knows what that leads to both of these types of diseases," says Paul Sternberg, Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology at Caltech, and corresponding author of the paper.
To learn more about those crawling, or migrating, cells, Sternberg looked at the animal he knows best—the tiny Caenorhabditis elegans, a common species of roundworm that he has been studying for many years. Despite their small size, the worms actually share quite a few genes with humans.
"Migration is such a conserved process," says Mihoko Kato, a senior research fellow in biology at Caltech and a coauthor of the paper. "So whether it happens in C. elegans or in mammals, like humans, we think that many of the same genes are going to be involved."
Contained in each cell—be it human or worm—are thousands of genes, all of which have a special job, or jobs, to do. Of these genes, roughly one-third are active in a given cell. To see what genes are expressed during migration, Sternberg and Kato, along with Erich Schwarz, a research fellow in Sternberg's lab, studied a single cell, called the linker cell (LC), in the worms; during reproductive development, LCs travel almost the entire length of the worm's body.
Using high-powered microscopy, the team identified LCs at two intervals, 12 hours apart, during the worm's larval stage, and removed them from the animals. Then, using sequencing and computational analysis, they determined the genes that were actively expressed at these two migration time points. This method of study is called transcriptional profiling.
"By understanding the normal migration of a single cell, we can understand something about how the cells are programmed to navigate their environment," says Sternberg, who is also an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "Our view of cancer metastasis is that the tumor cells confront some obstacle and then they have to evolve to get through or around that obstacle. The way they probably do that is by using some aspect of the normal program that exists somewhere in the genome."
He says that learning more about different ways that cells migrate may lead to the development of new types of drugs that block this process by targeting specific genes. The team plans additional transcriptional profiling studies to obtain more detailed information about the functions of particular C. elegans genes involved in migration—and, eventually, of similar genes in higher organisms, including humans.
"We selected genes present in both worms and humans, but which have not been studied much before us," says Schwarz. "Since we found that some of these genes help worm LCs migrate, we think each one may have a related human gene helping cells migrate, too."
"The nice thing about this technology is that you can use it with any cell type," adds Kato, who points out that their studies have already helped identify new functions for known genes possessed by both the worms and humans. "It's a similar process to do transcriptome profiling using human cells."
In addition to identifying drug targets, the team is also hoping to find a good signature, or molecular marker, for migrating cells. "This kind of information could be very useful diagnostically, to help identify cells that are doing things that they shouldn't be doing, or weird combinations of genes that shouldn't be expressed together, which is what a tumor cell might have," says Sternberg. "This work lays the foundation for really understanding what information is critically needed from mammalian cells for tumor cells to be able to migrate."
The study, "Functional transcriptomics of a migrating cell in Caenorhabditis elegans," was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.