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Cinnamon Picnic Cake
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 35 mins
A perfect cake for picnics, this cuts well and may also be served warm with whipped cream. An Australian recipe posted for Zaar World Tour 2005
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄4 cups sugar
- 1⁄2 cup mixed nuts (chopped)
- 2 teaspoons cinnamon
- 125 g butter
- 2 large eggs
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
- 2 cups flour
- 1⁄2 teaspoon baking powder
- 1⁄2 teaspoon baking soda
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup sour cream
- Preheat oven to 180°C (350°F).
- Mix 1/4 cup sugar with the nuts and cinnamon and set aside.
- Cream the butter with the remaining sugar until light and fluffy.
- Add the eggs, vanilla and lemon juice. Beat well.
- Sift the flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt in a bowl.
- Add 1/4 of the flour mix and 1/4 of the sour cream to the butter mix, beating lightly. Continue adding in 1/4's until all ingredients are combined.
- Grease a 23cm square cake tin and line with paper. Pour batter into pan, sprinkle with the reserved cinnamon mixture.
- Bake for 35-40 minutes or until a skewer inserted in the centre comes out clean.
- Let sit in pan for 10-15 minutes before turning out onto a cooling rack.
Most Helpful
A delicious cake. My only criticism is that Step 7 omits to mention placing the cake batter into the tin. Some of my topping fell off too, and I wonder if some of it could be sandwiched between two layers of batter before baking. I may try this next time....and there will be a next time. Thanks for posting Fairy.
I made this over the weekend when I had a house full and it made a great cake to slice and just pick up and eat. Next time, I will press the cinnamon mixture into the dough. Most of it fell off, but it made for a tasty finish when cleaning off the plate.
Ooh, easy & yummy. A fave with the kids. Thanks, Sistah!


text: Corvette Central has issued a recall for two fuel pump flex lines that were PURCHASED AFTER 8/30/11. They have the part numbers 351415 and 351144,and are used on 1956-62 Corvettes. These flex lines may leak due to a faulty crimp on the hose end. If you purchased one of these products after 8/30/11, please stop using it immediately and contact Corvette Central (800-345-4122) for information on how to return it.


text:
I just got this issue on my local development environment I added a plugin folder called "gravityforms" to the plugin directory.
I tried deleting it, and when I did the message went away on page refresh. So I added it back into the plugins dir again to confirm, and sure enough the message appears on my dashboard again.
Why would a plugin directory trigger this message?
I tried running chmod -R 755 wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/ but that didn't affect anything.


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State Efforts To 'Reclaim' Our Public Lands Traced To Koch-Fueled ALEC
By Jessica Goad and Tom Kenworthy via CAP
Despite the many problems that states and municipalities face today—from budget shortfalls to unemployment—seven western states have decided to embark on unconstitutional and quixotic battles attempting to force the federal government to turn millions of acres of public lands over to the states. Doing so, however, would result in the eventual exploitation for private profits of these beautiful parks, refuges, forests, and other lands because the leaders driving such efforts would prefer to see quick economic gains from resource extraction rather than prioritizing these areas' more sustainable economic uses such as recreation.
Rather than being managed so that all Americans can enjoy them, turning our public lands over to states would result in their management on the whims of governors and state legislatures, who in the West are often quite conservative and tend to ideologically favor limited regulation and private profits. According to one state lands commissioner, these bills would be "catastrophic" to the public lands that Americans know and love.
Clashes between states and the federal government over their respective authorities have long been a regular feature of our politics, especially when it comes to issues regarding control over federal public lands in the West. More than 700 million acres of federal public lands, including national parks, national forests, and national monuments, belong to all Americans, and are tremendous economic generators—the Department of the Interior stimulated $385 billion in economic development and more than 2 million jobs in 2011 alone. At times, conflicts over ownership of the federally managed parks, forests, refuges, and other properties have grown into a regional cause in the West, as they did during the "Sagebrush Rebellion," a political movement demanding the turnover of federal lands to the states that arose in the 1970s but eventually fizzled out in the late 1980s.
We are now seeing yet another iteration of that hardy but misguided western impulse. These state legislative efforts are nothing more than corporate-backed messaging tools that can be traced to conservative front groups such as the American Legislative Exchange Council, or ALEC, and Americans for Prosperity, as we discuss further below. The proposals run directly contrary to abundant evidence that Americans and westerners support federal management of their public lands and value the economic benefits those lands provide, especially when they are protected from mining and drilling and are used instead for recreation and other more sustainable purposes.
In the past year, legislatures in seven western states — Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, and Idaho — have passed, introduced, or explored legislation demanding that the federal government turn over millions of acres of federal public lands to the states. If successful, these bills could be disastrous: Rather than being managed for the benefit and use of the American public, these lands will instead be managed in whatever way each state wants to use them—which generally means maximizing private profits through mining, drilling, and other resource extraction.
These lawmakers are waging a losing battle that amounts to little more than political grandstanding to rally their extreme conservative base and feed an antigovernment narrative. Such bills contradict the majority of public opinion in these states, as well as economic realities and constitutional precedent dating back to the mid-19th century.
ALEC and Americans for Prosperity have been fanning the fire under these efforts to "reclaim" federal public lands. ALEC is a conservative corporate front group funded by fossil-fuel interests such as the Koch brothers and ExxonMobil that develops model legislation for state legislators to introduce in their legislatures, and it has endorsed many of the bills turning public lands over to the states. As the Associated Press reported, "Lawmakers in Utah and Arizona have said the legislation is endorsed by the American Legislative Exchange Council, a group that advocates conservative ideals, and they expect it to eventually be introduced in other Western states."
That should come as little surprise, considering that one of ALEC's "model bills" — those that it drafts and develops to shop to various state legislators — is the "Sagebrush Rebellion Act," which was "designed to establish a mechanism for the transfer of ownership of" non-state lands "from the federal government to the states."
Further evidence that ALEC is the puppet master behind these performances: Utah State Rep. Ken Ivory (R), who is leading the charge for states to "take back" public lands through his "American Lands Council," has been presenting the idea of turning federal land over to the states at ALEC conferences such as the one in Salt Lake City last summer. Additionally, Rep. Ivory has been promoting this idea to various state legislatures — he spoke, for example, with Wyoming's Joint Minerals, Business and Economic Development Interim Committee in October 2012.
Proponents of these bills claim that the states do not receive tax revenue from federal lands and argue that the proceeds from turning the land over to the states to then be further developed can help fund essential state services such as education. They also argue that the federal government promised to turn public lands over to the states at the establishment of their statehoods more than 100 years ago.
This issue brief provides an overview of each state's attempt to force the turnover of public lands, and then describes why this is not only bad policy that is not in accordance with what westerners actually believe, but is also unconstitutional based on numerous Supreme Court decisions.
State efforts to 'reclaim' public lands
In this section, we provide an overview of each of the bills in seven western states and detail where they are in the legislative process.
The Outdoor Industry Association, the trade organization for outdoor recreation companies, notes that the outdoor economy — in part based on protected public lands — stimulates $12 billion in consumer spending and more than 122,000 jobs for Utah every year. This extraordinary economic resource will be threatened if the state succeeds in its attempt to take over public lands and instead use them for resource extraction.
Despite this, Utah has been leading the charge when it comes to state attempts to reclaim public lands. Rep. Ivory sponsored the Transfer of Public Lands Act and Related Study, a bill that passed both the state House and Senate and was signed into law by Gov. Gary Herbert (R) in March 2012. The bill established a deadline of December 31, 2014, for the federal government to turn over Utah's nearly 20 million acres of public lands to the state, or it will sue.
Utah's Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel noted that the case law with regard to public lands going back to the 1870s gives the bill "a high probability of being declared unconstitutional." And the Salt Lake Tribune has called Utah's effort "tilting at windmills."
Despite this, the Utah state legislature has already appropriated nearly $3 million to cover expected state legal expenses and has set up the Utah Land Commission to oversee the process of returning the lands to the state.
While the bill exempts Native American lands, national parks, and military installations, it still could have a major impact on some of Utah's most special places. One Utah publication, for example, notes that "While [Ivory] doesn't say this will happen, it is possible that the huge coal fields now off limits because of the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument in southern Utah could be developed by the new state land commission."
The outdoor recreation economy in Arizona creates $10.6 billion in consumer spending and supports nearly 104,000 jobs in the state. Yet State Sen. Al Melvin (R) introduced S.B. 1332 in the spring of 2012 requiring Congress to turn over 25 million acres of public lands to the state by the end of 2014, or it would sue. Similar to the legislation in Utah, the Arizona bill would have exempted Indian reservations, national parks, and military lands.
Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer (R), however, vetoed the bill in May 2012, surprising many observers due to her conservative background. She justified her veto by saying she was "concerned about the lack of certainty this legislation could create for individuals holding existing leases on federal lands. Given the difficult economic times, I do not believe this is the time to add to that uncertainty."
Arizona voters also took to the polls to fight against a ballot initiative that similarly would have turned public lands over to the state. Proposition 120, supported by state Republican legislators, would have amended the state's constitution to "declare Arizona's sovereignty and jurisdiction over the 'air, water, public lands, minerals, wildlife and other natural resources within the state's boundaries.'" This measure would have included turning the Grand Canyon over to the state, but the ballot measure was defeated 68 percent to 32 percent.
Although the Outdoor Industry Association released data noting that the outdoor economy creates $4.5 billion in consumer spending and 50,000 direct jobs in Wyoming, State Rep. David Miller (R) introduced a bill in early February 2013 demanding state ownership of public lands. The bill — H.B. 0228, known as the Transfer of Federal Lands Study — would require the state attorney general to study "possible legal recourses available to compel the federal government to relinquish ownership and management of specified federal lands in Wyoming," and would establish a task force focused on the land transfer. The bill passed both houses of the state legislature earlier this year and now awaits the governor's signature.
Rep. Miller is also the CEO of a uranium mining company and told WyoFile, a local news outlet, that he got the idea for his bill in Wyoming from Utah Rep. Ivory's presentation at last summer's ALEC conference in Salt Lake City.
Notably, however, the Wyoming attorney general's office wrote an opinion stating that Utah's federal land transfer laws relied on "a repeatedly rejected reading of the United States Constitution and a strained interpretation of Utah's statehood act."
New Mexico
The state of New Mexico sees $6.1 billion in consumer spending stimulated by the outdoor recreation industry, as well as more than 68,000 jobs every year. Nevertheless, New Mexico State Rep. Yvette Herrell (R) and State Sen. Richard Martinez (D) introduced the Transfer of Public Land Act in early 2013, calling on the federal government to turn 23 million acres of New Mexico's public lands over to the state by the end of 2015. It also would create a public lands transfer task force to study the process of taking ownership of these federal lands.
Jumping into this fray is the Koch-backed conservative group Americans for Prosperity, which called the bill "an exciting change" and urged its members to call the state legislature to express support. On the other hand, the state's lands commissioner stated that the bill would be "catastrophic," and noted that a fiscal impact analysis shows that if public lands were transferred to the state, the office would "need 2,000 more employees and an additional $218 million to administer the land at the same level as the federal government."
The bill is currently in the legislative process, and it is unclear what New Mexico Gov. Susana Martinez's (R) position is on it.
Colorado is a hotspot for the outdoor recreation economy, which stimulates $13.2 billion in consumer spending and nearly 125,000 direct jobs to the state. But a handful of members in the Colorado state legislature are attempting to revive a failed attempt of last year's legislative session by introducing a bill — known as S.B. 13-142 — which would require the federal government to turn over all "agricultural lands" to the state. The law's broad definition of agricultural lands certainly includes the more than 14 million acres of national forests in the state and likely includes its Bureau of Land Management lands.
State Rep. Jerry Sonnenberg (R) and State Sen. Scott Renfroe (R) introduced the bill in late January 2013, requiring the federal government to turn these lands over to the state by December 31, 2014. The bill, however, failed in committee in early February.
A similar bill failed in last year's legislative session after much criticism from public and statewide opinion leaders. As a Denver Post columnist put it at the time, "We are all hoping this goes away very quickly."
Nevada sees $14.9 billion created by the outdoor recreation industry every year, as well as 148,000 direct jobs. And yet Nevada Assemblyman John Ellison (R) and State Sen. Pete Goicoechea (R) are drafting a bill for the 2013 legislative session that would create a committee "to help broker the transfer of federal land to the state," according to the Elko Daily Free Press. Legislation is still being drafted as of late February.
Specifically modeled after the Utah bill, the Nevada bill would create a Nevada Land Management Implementation Committee appointed by county commissioners, which would conduct a study anticipating the effects that a land transfer would have on the state "in contemplation of Congress turning over the management and control of those public lands to the State of Nevada on or before June 30, 2015."
The outdoor recreation economy creates $6.3 billion in consumer spending in Idaho per year, as well as 77,000 direct jobs. While the Idaho legislature has not yet officially considered a bill to turn some or all of the state's 33 million acres of public lands over to the state, discussions and preparations to do so are in the works. State Rep. Lawerence Denney (R), chairman of the state's Resources and Conservation Committee, has expressed interest in introducing such a bill. Utah Rep. Ivory addressed a joint meeting of the state's House Resources and Conservation Committee and Senate Resources and Environment Committee in late January 2013, lauding the Utah bill and its merits.
The idea of selling off public lands has not, however, seen political success in Idaho. The Associated Press reports that in the state's 2006 gubernatorial race, now-Gov. Butch Otter (R) was forced to withdraw his support for federal legislation that would sell off public lands in the West to offset costs of Hurricane Katrina — only after "getting bruised by his political challengers and voters irritated by the possibility of losing some of Idaho's prized backcountry."
State efforts are seriously misguided
This section outlines the three main reasons why state attempts to "take back" public lands are misguided: People in these states do not believe there is a problem; the economic arguments don't pan out; and the efforts are unconstitutional.
People in these states don't think there is a problem
Central to the intent behind and promotion of these bills is the notion that people living in these seven states are upset about the job that the federal government is doing when it comes to managing public lands, and that there is too much public land preventing resource development. But conservative ideologues are wrong in this regard, which is indicated in the data below.
A recent poll from Colorado College's State of the Rockies Project, for example, asked western voters whether they think having "too much public land" is a problem. Here are the answers—either that it is a "serious" problem or that it isn't a problem—by state:
While this poll did not cover Idaho and Nevada, recent polls in those states show similar sentiments. A poll in Idaho, for instance, determined that 73 percent of Idahoans agree that "One of the things our federal government does well is protect and preserve our national heritage through the management of forests, national parks and other public lands." And in Nevada, two-thirds of small-business owners believe that allowing private companies to develop public lands "would limit the public's enjoyment of them."
Despite what conservatives want to think, the western public understands that there is a role for the federal government in managing public lands and doesn't want to see the land turned over to states or private interests.
Economic arguments don't pan out
Another key argument that proponents of such bills make is that the federal government is "locking up" public lands that could be used for economic development such as mining and drilling. To make this argument more appealing, some of the bills transfer a portion of the funds from selling or developing lands to state public education funds and send the rest to relieve the national debt. As Utah Rep. Ivory put it, "If we unleash those resources in a responsible, sustainable manner, that's a matter of national employment. That's a matter of national economic GDP growth; that's a matter of national deficit and debt reduction."
But conservatives miss two key points in making these economic arguments. First, public lands already provide an extraordinary economic impact, both from traditional resource development currently allowed on the lands such as mining, drilling, and timber, and from outdoor recreation on protected lands. Second, they fail to note that adequately managing millions more acres of land will be very difficult for states facing budget constraints.
Public lands provide tremendous economic impacts. The Department of the Interior—the agency that manages most public lands — stimulated $385 billion in economic development and more than 2 million jobs in 2011 alone. This number includes the extraction of oil, gas, coal, and other minerals from public lands, in addition to timber, grazing, and recreation. Recreation-related activities alone created 403,000 jobs and nearly $49 billion in economic activity across the country. The U.S. Forest Service, which manages national forests, also has major economic impacts — visitor spending on recreation in and near national forests, for example, added $13 billion to gross domestic product and sustained 200,000 jobs across the country in fiscal year 2011.
The fact that public lands create jobs is echoed in public sentiment. In six western states, for example, 79 percent of voters believe that public lands support the economy, while only 15 percent believe they "take land off the tax rolls, cost government to maintain them, and prevent opportunities for logging and oil and gas production that could provide jobs."
Regarding the second point about states likely not being prepared for the burden of managing an influx of public lands, Jodi Peterson of High Country News, a publication based in Paonia, Colorado, says it best:
If that transfer ever does occur, the old adage "Be careful what you wish for" might apply. Cash-strapped states would have trouble covering even minimal management of former federal land … [and] there aren't ready buyers for these millions of acres.
The attempts are unconstitutional
Finally, it is important to keep in mind that these attempts are unconstitutional, according to case law dating back to the 1800s, and therefore will only serve to waste state taxpayers' money. Each of the state attempts to force Congress to turn over public lands references the state's enabling act—the language that made it a state to begin with. Proponents say the federal government has not kept its promise to give the public lands back to the states.
But in reality this is just not true. Each of these enabling acts that the states agreed to in order to become members of the union renounced their claims to federal public lands. Here are the relevant sections of each state constitution or enabling act:
- Utah: "That the people inhabiting said proposed State do agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries thereof"
- Arizona: "That the people inhabiting said proposed State do agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated and ungranted public lands lying within the boundaries thereof and to all lands lying within said boundaries"
- Wyoming: "The people inhabiting this state do agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries thereof"
- New Mexico: "That the people inhabiting said proposed state do agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated and ungranted public lands lying within the boundaries thereof"
- Colorado: "That the people inhabiting said Territory do agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within said Territory"
- Nevada: "That the people inhabiting said territory do agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within said territory, and that the same shall be and remain at the sole and entire disposition of the United States"
- Idaho: "And the people of the state of Idaho do agree and declare that we forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries thereof"
In even further proof that these are attempts are unconstitutional, the U.S. Supreme Court has spoken many times on this issue. Ironically, the case law in this regard was discussed by Utah's own Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel in its opinion on the Utah bill, stating:
The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that "[w]ith respect to the public domain, the Constitution vests in Congress the power of disposition and of making all needful rules and regulations. That power is subject to no limitations. Congress has the absolute right to prescribe the times, the conditions, and the mode of transferring this property, or any part of it, and to designate the persons to whom the transfer shall be made. No State legislation can interfere with this right or embarrass its exercise; and to prevent the possibility of any attempted interference with it, a provision has been usually inserted in the compacts by which new States have been admitted to the Union, that such interference with the primary disposal of the soil of the United States shall never be made." Gibson v. Chouteau, 80 U.S. 92 (1872).
Additionally, a Congressional Research Service report in 2007 on the history of federal land management and the Constitution noted that:
The U.S. Constitution addresses the relationship of the federal government to lands. Article IV, § 3, Clause 2—the Property Clause—gives Congress authority over federal property generally, and the Supreme Court has described Congress's power to legislate under this Clause as "without limitation." The equal footing doctrine (based on language within Article IV, § 3, Clause 1), and found in state enabling acts, provides new states with equality to the original states in terms of constitutional rights, but has not been used successfully to force the divestment of federal lands. The policy question of whether to acquire more, or to dispose of any or all, federal lands is left to Congress to decide.
Despite the fact that those living in these seven states do not fundamentally agree with the attempts to "take back" public lands, that the economic arguments for it are incomplete, and that the efforts are unconstitutional, conservatives in these state legislatures across the West have still introduced bills demanding the federal government turn federal public lands over to the states. Efforts in Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, and Idaho are misguided and merely serve to fan the fire of extreme and fruitless rhetoric at the taxpayers' expense.
Jessica Goad is Manager of Research and Outreach for the Public Lands Project at the Center for American Progress. Tom Kenworthy is a Senior Fellow at the Center. This article was reprinted from CAP with permission.
Endnotes and citations are available in the PDF version of this issue brief.
9 Responses to State Efforts To 'Reclaim' Our Public Lands Traced To Koch-Fueled ALEC
I'd be surprised if the Kochs didn't ask ALEC to build a few Moai for them while they're at it.
That crowd would clearcut in Yosemite if they could get away with it. This actually happened during World War II, and the timber companies claimed "national security" reasons. Expect similar excuses for fracking and Arctic drilling.
As recently as the 70s, an "outdoorsman" knew a bit about canoing, snowshoing, hunting, fishing, camping…..
Now you spend 1000s of dollars on high tech gear to do just a single thing, between episodes of digital technology.
As this trend continues, fewer and fewer people really care that much. As long as they don't log within 100 yards of the road, the trees look nice, and there's still plugin outlets for the supercoach at what we absurdly call "the campground".
Expect this trend to continue, and to get worse, as prices go up.
Good background material: The book "The Big Burn" by Timothy Egan is about how our national forest service got its first big shot in the arm as the result of a great fire. Everything Egan writes is worth reading, and this book is no exception — reads like a novel.
Ironic reference to the sagebrush rebellion. Reagan embraced it but the original sagebrush rebellion largely evaporated when ranchers came to understand that Reagan looked at turning BLM grazing land to the states as a cost savings measure. In other words, give the states the land and also end the federal grazing subsidy (in the form of grealy undermarket AUM fees). There's no way the western states most heavily dependent on these grazing subsidies could pick up the expense, so ranchers understood their costs would greatly rise.
It was actually a rather humorous point in time for those working on BLM/grazing vs. conservation issues …
In Oregon, it's the same camel. They just put lipstick on it before pushing the camel's nose under the tent.
I'm referring to the attempt currently in progress to de facto privatize 1.5 million acres of public forest lands by transferring control en masse to an extraction industry-dominated "trust."
As some 4 million acres of industrial forest in western Oregon have been clearcut massively at unsustainable rates, with nearly half that cut going overseas as raw logs, the 2.5 million acres of public O&C forest, in alternating checkerboard squares, look in comparison like a sanctuary.
Which the BLM lands are, for a host of threatened and endangered species and watersheds.
It's shockingly visible from the air or in Google Maps…
Industry is drooling over the prospect of liquidating this public natural treasure, with ESA and NEPA exemption and only the obsolete Oregon Forest Practices Act as regulation.
This dangerous outrage, though primarily sponsored by Republican industry allies, also currently has support from key Oregon Democrats Congressman Peter Defazio and Governor John Kitzhaber.
We see the O&C privatization as just a superficially "kinder gentler" version of the gross federal land grabs being attempted in other states.
We hope this public lands crisis in Oregon will get more national attention!
Privatising National Parks has been an objective of these ghouls for decades. As usual, the bien pensant rationalists simply dismissed these fanatic projects as 'pie-in-the-sky', but, believe me, the Right intend to destroy every single public institution and privatise every single entity in existence. Their aim, based as it is on ruthless misanthropy and undisguised malevolence towards other human beings, is a neo-feudalist state where the rich own everything and the 99% are reduced to serfs, scrabbling about for crumbs. And the project feeds on chaos and destruction, like 'disaster capitalism' in the poor world, now also in full flight in Greece, Latvia, Spain, Portugal, Ireland etc
Demopublicans and Republicrats are two peas from the same pod. Both serve the money power, first, last and always. There is only one, vanishingly faint, hope of being rescued from forced auto-genocide for our entire species, at the hands of the thanatocrats.
It's only going to get worse as the US goes further downhill economically and the bought off powers that be aid in the land grab.
These public lands are in trust for the American people and are probably the best acts performed by the government. We own these lands as a birthright and to sell them off would rip the soul and spirit right out of America.
The greed and power mongers should not be allowed to get everything.


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Miriam Fleury
Miriam Fleury '71 is the faculty representative to the Board of Trustees. A Friends alumna, she has served as head Kindergarten teacher for 28 years. She and her husband Chuck are the parents of two Friends alumni.
Jeffrey Gonya
Jeffrey K. Gonya is a partner with Venable, LLP, where he oversees the firm's Tax and Wealth Planning practice. A member of the Finance and Investment Management Committees, Mr. Gonya and his wife Ann are the parents of a current Friends student and an alumna.
Andre Jones
Andre Jones, a middle school geography teacher at Gilman School, co-clerks the Diversity Committee. A member of Stony Run Friends Meeting, he and his wife Debbie Feldman Jones are the parents of a Friends alumnus.
Barbara Katz
Barbara Katz, the wife of the late Jay Katz '45, is a longtime Friends School supporter with strong ties to numerous community nonprofit organizations, including Sinai Hospital, Associated Jewish Charities and the Maryland Historical Society. She serves on the Development Committee.
Laurel Kiser
Laurel J. Kiser is a psychologist and associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. A member of Stony Run Meeting, she and her husband, Dr. David Pruitt, are parents of two Friends alumni.
Pamela Loeb
Pamela Hillman Loeb is principal and co-owner of Edge Research, a full service marketing research company that serves corporations, nonprofit organizations and government agencies. A member of the Development and Marketing Committees, Mrs. Loeb and her husband Eric have a child at Friends.
Charles Mallonee, II
Charles G. Mallonee II is a retired college professor and sports official who also taught at Friends in the 1960's. He and his wife Barbara, a former chair of the Board, are the parents of two alumni and the grandparents of three Friends students. He is a member of Stony Run Meeting.
Kathryn Pettus
Kathryn Pettus, a retired educator and administrator, is co-clerk of the Diversity Committee and also serves on the Marketing Committee and the Committee on Trustees. She is a member of Stony Run Friends Meeting.
Robert Pierce
Robert Pierce, a retired professional musician, educator and administrator, serves on the Quaker Mission Oversight and Diversity Committees. The parent of a Friends School alumna and a member of Stony Run Friends Meeting, he previously served on the Board from 1984 to 1991.
Stephen Prichett
Steve Prichett is president of Chesapeake Ceramics, an international distributor of ceramics supplies. A 1987 graduate of Friends, he currently serves on the Finance Committee. He and his wife Laura have three children at the School.
Mia Redrick
Mia Redrick, the founder and C.E.O. of Finding Definitions, LLC., is Secretary of the Board of Trustees. She is a member of the Executive and Diversity Committees.
Mary Ellen Saterlie
Mary Ellen Saterlie, a retired associate superintendent with Baltimore County Public Schools, serves on the Quaker Mission Oversight Committee. A four-term Friends School Trustee and former Board chair, she is president of the Miles White Beneficial Society and has served on numerous Boards, including Sheppard Pratt Health System and Broadmead Continuing Care Center. She is a member of Little Falls Friends Meeting.
Daryl Sidle
Daryl Sidle is a principal with Baxter, Baker, Sidle, Conn & Jones, P.A., a Baltimore law firm. The treasurer of the Board of Trustees, he is clerk of the Finance, Audit and Building Committees and also serves on the Executive Committee, the Committee on Trustees and the Joint Nominating Subcommittee. He and his wife Sandy are the parents of two Friends alumni.
Louise Smith
Louise Smith is a Latin teacher and department chair at Garrison Forest School, an independent girls school in Owings Mills, Md, where she has served for the last 29 years. A member of the Quaker Mission Oversight Committee, she is a member of Gunpowder Friends Meeting.
Richard Thayer
Rich Thayer is the managing director of ZTC Consulting, a global consultancy. He serves on the Marketing, Development and Long-Range Plan Committees. A member of Stony Run Friends Meeting, he and his wife Martha are the parents of a Friends alumnus.
Meredith van den Beemt
Meredith van den Beemt is a dedicated Friends volunteer, serving numerous roles in the Lower and Middle Schools and also at the Quaker Closet. Outside of Friends she is active with the Make-A-Wish Foundation and the Baltimore CASH campaign. A member of Gunpowder Friends Meeting, she and her wife Kerry Zimmerman have three children at Friends.
William White, III
Bill White, vice president with Corbyn Investment Management, serves on the Finance and Executive Committees. He and his wife Blair are parents of an alumnus.
Madalynn Williams
Madalynn Williams '16 is the student representative to the Board of Trustees. A 12-year Friends student, she is head of the Model UN club and also serves as social media director for the online version of the
Quaker Quill
. Outside of Friends, she is working on a political campaign and hopes to major in political science in college.
Peter Wilson
Peter A.R. Wilson, principal and owner of the ateri group architects, is the Parents Association representative to the Board of Trustees. A member of the Marketing and Building Committees, he and his wife Jenness Hall are parents of a Friends student.
Role of the Board
Members of the Friends Board of Trustees play an important role in the life of the School. The fundamental responsibility of a trustee is to protect and advance the interests of the School and its various constituencies in ways consistent with the School's mission and with all applicable law. Friends School board members meet four sets of expectations: diligence, loyalty, compliance and advancement.
Of the 26 Trustee positions on the Board, four come from specific constituencies: Students, Faculty, the Parents Association, and the Alumni Board. Trustees are asked to make a commitment, or renew their commitment, to serve a minimum of one to three years. No Trustee may serve more than seven consecutive years, and must then take a hiatus from the Board of a minimum of two years before being eligible for another term as Trustee.
Board of Trustee Links
Foundations for the Future
Site Nav
Friends School of Baltimore
Since 1784
5114 North Charles Street
Baltimore, MD 21210
AIMS MD/DC Accredited


text:
Articles About Village of Yellow Springs
Street work continues around the village
Village streets are receiving their annual repaving in the coming weeks.
Village Council— Group urges a village-wide fiber network
A municipal fiber optic network would bring new jobs and business to the village, Village Council members were recently advised.
Holiday in the Village, Yellow Springs 2015
Plan your Holiday in the Village with our online guide.
Sidewalks by Tom's up next for repairs
Sidewalks along the west side of Xenia Avenue downtown will be replaced this summer as part of a multi-year Village "streetscape" project.
I thought that I should never see…
On Wednesday morning, May 27, Village of YS crew workers and YS Tree Committee worked together to plant seven downtown trees.
Yellow Springs water loop construction continues
Village utility crews are working on the loop completion project of the Village water system, which aims to improve water pressure and fire flow to downtown businesses, residents and Antioch College.
International fellows stay in Yellow Springs
Ratih Rahmadanti of Indonesia is keen on learning about civic engagement in a municipal government. Nadia Jalawi of Malaysia is interested in how a municipality can include renewables in its energy portfolio, and hopes to take what she learns back to her country.
Antioch College Village Charrette
Several hundred villagers took part in last week's Antioch College Village Charrette, a collaborative design event that aimed to create a plan for a new housing development on campus.
Glen Helen welcomes volunteers to Honeysuckle Daze
Among its various efforts to remove invasive species this year, the Glen invites volunteers to join its annual Honeysuckle Daze on Saturday, Nov. 15.
Local Yellow Springs businesses hold steady
While the top five businesses in Yellow Springs generate about a third of the Village's total income tax revenue, dozens of smaller businesses together contribute a significant portion of the total.


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text:
Basic Nutrition
Summer 2006
Virginia Bennett, PhD, RD,
& David Gee, PhD
Grading Policy
|Exam 1
|Wednesday, July 2
|100 points
|Exam 2
|Monday, July 14
|100 points
|Exam 3
|Wednesday, July 23
|100 points
|Final Exam
|Thursday, July 31
|100 points
|Discussion Labs
|100 points
Rescheduling Exam Policy
If you know in advance that you cannot take the exam on the scheduled date, you must provide written documentation of your reason and have it approved in advance. If you are significantly ill on the day of the exam or have any justifiable reason for missing the exam, you must provide written documentation of your reason. Please call if at all possible. Exams can be re-scheduled with the department secretary and taken in room 100 Michaelsen Hall. Note that the exam will be taken in a busy office.
90% - 100% = A grades
80% - 89% = B grades
65% - 79% = C grades
55% - 64% = D grades
less than 55% = F
Extra Credit: Nutrition Study Groups
To encourage students to study together in groups, study groups of 3 or 4 students can be formed. How the study group functions is decided upon by its members. Extra credit is based upon how the group as a whole performs on each exam. If the average score is between 70% and 79% , then each member of that group receives an additional 1% to each of their scores for that exam. If the average score is between 80% and 89%, then each member receives an additional 3%. If the average score is between 90% and 100%, then each member receives an additional 4%. No extra credit is awarded if the average score is less than 70%. Groups must be registered with the discussion/lab group instructor by Friday, June 27 (names and student numbers on a 3x5 card). Group composition cannot be changed after that date.
1. Students will understand and apply the basic scientific principles underlying the science of nutrition.
2. Students will understand the rationale of the dietary recommendations
in the prevention of chronic diseases and
nutritional deficiencies and apply them to their own lives.
3. Students will apply the principles of nutrition science to their
everyday decisions about food.
Tools - Standards and Guidelines
Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients (reading only)
The Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, Glycogen and Dietary Fiber
|The Lipids: Fats and Oils
The Proteins and Amino Acids
|Nutrition and Disease Prevention
Energy Balance, Weight Control and Physical Activity
Minerals and Water
Life Cycle Nutrition: Mother and Infants
|Class Activity
|Assignment Due
|Homework Assigned
|Activity 1
Food Guide Pyramid
Activity 2
Nutrition Label Worksheet
|Bring a food label
|Homework 1
Nutrient Density
Homework 2
Computer Diet Analysis
Carbohydrate Intake Assignment
|Nutrient Density Discussion
Activity 3
Assessment Using USDA Dietary
|Homework 1
Nutrient Density
Homework 2
Computer Diet Analysis
Carbohydrate Intake Assignment
|Homework 3
Fat Intake Assignment
Homework 4
Evaluating Weight Loss Programs
|Activity 4
Heart Health Assessment
Activty 5
Energy Balance and Body
Weight Assessment
|Homework 3
Fat Intake Assignment
Homework 4
Evaluating Weight Loss Programs
|Homework 5
Intake of Vitamins and Minerals
Homework 6
Personal Diet Makeover
|Evaluation of Weight Loss Programs
Watch Frontline's "Fat" Video
|Homework 5
Intake of Vitamins and Minerals
Homework 6
Personal Diet Makeover
|Homework 7
Short Reaction Paper to the
"Fat" Video
|Discuss "Fat" Video
Course Evaluation
|Homework 7
Short Reaction Paper to the
"Fat" Video
and Disease Prevention
Dr. David L. Gee
FCSN 245 Basic Nutrition
Leading Causes of Death
#1 - Heart Disease
280 deaths/100,000/yr
#2 - Cancers
210 deaths/100,000/yr
#3 - Strokes
60 deaths/100,000/yr
#8 - Diabetes
20 deaths/100,000/yr
Diet and Heart Disease
Leading cause of death
1,250,000 myocardial infarctions/yr
750,000 MI deaths/yr
Diet and Heart Disease
Incidence of early heart disease (under age 65)
300/100,000 fatal MI
125/100,000 fatal MI
Incidence of early heart disease (under age 65)
300/100,000 fatal MI
125/100,000 fatal MI
History of a Heart Attack
Fatty Streaks
cigarette smoke
other causes?
Low-grade Systemic Inflammation in Overweight Children
Pediatrics, Jan. 2001
cross-sectional epidemiological study
3,561 children, 8-16 yrs old
C-reactive protein linked with development of heart disease in overweight adults
C-reactive Protein in Overweight Children
History of a Heart Attack
Hardening of the arteries
Accumulation of lipids (LDL-C) by macrophages forming foam cells
Growth of fibrous cells on inner wall of coronary arteries
Calcification of endothelium of coronary arteries
History of a Heart Attack
Myocardial Infarction
growth of stationary clot
sudden closure by loose clot
History of a Heart Attack
Warning signs
Angina & shortness of breath
Often no warning!
Coronary bypass surgery
Treatment of late-stage CHD Secondary Prevention of CHD
Stress test
Balloon angioplasty
Coronary Bypass Surgery
Grafting of healthy veins around diseased coronary arteries
Primary Prevention of CHD
Know your risk factors
Make dietary changes
Start/continue exercise
Stop smoking
Stress reduction
Use medication if necessary
CHD Risk Factors ( * modifiable)
High LDL-cholesterol *
Low HDL-cholesterol *
High blood pressure *
Family history of early CHD
Current cigarette smoking *
Diabetes *
(Obesity *)
Risk Factors for CHD
High Total Blood Cholesterol
>200 mg/dl: borderline high risk
>240 mg/dl: high risk
High LDL-C
>130 mg/dl: borderline high
>160 mg/dl: high risk
Lowering your LDL-C
Decrease dietary saturated fat
< 10% calories (Step 1)
< 7% calories (Step 2)
Decrease dietary cholesterol
< 300 mg/day (Step 1)
< 200 mg/day (Step 2)
Lowering your LDL-C
Replacing dietary SFA with MUFA
Canola oil, olive oil
Increase dietary fiber
Whole grains, oats, fruits, vegetables
Lowering your LDL-C
Decrease dietary Trans-FA
hydrogenated fats
Plant stanols/sterols
Statin drugs
Bile acid binding resins
Niacin (pharmacological doses)
Risk Factors for CHD
Low HDL-C
< 40mg/dl : high risk
> 65mg/dl : protective
Increasing your HDL-C
1-2 servings/d males
1 serving/d females
Risk Factors for CHD
Cigarette smoking
quit/dont start
lose weight if overweight (type 2)
control blood sugar
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
males over 45
female post-menopause
Family History
premature CHD
males under 55
females under 65
Risk Reduction
Hypertension and Stroke
Diastolic Blood Pressure
> 90 mm Hg
Systolic Blood Pressue
> 140 mm Hg
Desirable < 120/80
60 million
> one third of adults
500,000 strokes per year
1,000,000 heart attacks per year
Risk Factors
Family History
Diet and Hypertension
Weight Loss
Moderate weight loss
Regular exercise
Weight Loss vs. Medication
Diet and Hypertension
Salt and Sodium
50% responsive
Prevention vs Treatment
Diet and Hypertension
Salt Recommendations
WHO: < 6 g/day
Salt Intake
US: 8 g/day
Asia: 30-40 g/day
Sources of Salt
10% unprocessed foods
15% added by consumer
75% in processed foods
Salt in Processed Foods
Foods prepared in brine
Smoked and cured meats
Salty snacks
Fast foods
Sauces and condiments
Canned and instant soups
Diet and Hypertension
< 2 servings per day
fruits and vegetables
Fish Oils
The DASH Diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
1997 DASH trial -NHLBI
Diet rich in
grain products
Low/non fat dairy, fish and meats
DASH-Na Trial NEJM (1/4/01)
412 mild hypertensive adults
30 day intervention
DASH vs Control Diet
Low, Intermediate, High Sodium
(1200, 2300, 3500 mg Na/d)
The DASH Diet
For 2000 Calorie/day diet:
Grain products: 8 servings (6-11)
Vegetables: 5 servings (3-5)
Fruits: 5 servings (2-4)
LF/NF Dairy: 3 servings (2-3)
LF Meats: 2 servings (2-3)
Nuts, seeds, legumes: 1 serving
DASH-Na Conclusions
DASH diet lowers BP
Sodium reduction lowers BP
Combination of DASH and Na reduction effects greater than separately
DASH+low-Na reduced Systolic BP by:
11.5mm Hg in Hpt subjects
7.1 mm Hg in borderline Hpt subjects
DASH-Na Conclusions
Benefits seen with
men and women
blacks and non-blacks
hypertensive and borderline hypertensive
A 2 mm Hg drop in DBP results in:
17% reduction in Hpt
6% reduction in CHD risk
15% reduction in stroke risk
Diet and Cancer
Cancer: uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Tumor: mass of cancer cells
benign tumor (non-harmful, invasive)
malignant tumor (harmful, non-invasive)
Metastatic Cancer: spreading
Cancer Facts
US men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk
US women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk
1,220,000 new malignant cancer cases in 2000
552,000 cancer deaths in 2000
Cancer Trends JNCI, 1999
All cancer incidence declined by 2.2%
-4.1% males
-0.5% females
US Male Cancer Death Rates by Site
US Women Cancer Death Rate by Site
Cancer Rates Racial Differences
The Cancer Development Process
Alterations in DNA
minutes - days
Causes: Exposure to Carcinogens
The Cancer Development Process
locking DNA alterations
failure of DNA repair mechanisms
cancerous cells begin to divide
months - years
The Cancer Development Process
Cancer Progression
Uncontrolled growth of cancer cells
malignancy and metastasis
weeks to years
Diet and Cancer Development
Dietary sources of carcinogens & pre-carcinogens
aflatoxin mold from peanuts
benzopyrene from charbroiled meats
nitrosamine from cured meats
dietary fiber
Diet and Cancer Development
Fat and PUFA
excess alcohol
vitamins & phytochemicals as anti-promoters
excess Fat and calories
Diet and Cancer ACS 2000
One third of cancer deaths in US is due to cigarette smoking
One third of cancer deaths in US is due to diet
5-10% of cancers are hereditary
1999 ACS Dietary Guidelines
Choose most of the foods you eat from plant sources.
Five A Day
low in fat and calories
high in folic acid, vitamin C, beta-carotene
high in fiber
high in phytochemicals
Folate and Colon Cancer
Harvard Nurses Health Study 1998
89,000 women
If consumed >400 ug folate -> 30% lower risk than those consuming <200 ug folate
If consume folate supplements daily for 15 years -> 75% lower risk
supplements more bio-available
consumed more total folate
ACS Dietary Guidelines
Limit your intake of high-fat foods, particularly from animal sources
dietary fats are cancer promoters
colon, prostate, endometrial cancers
cured and smoked meats
ACS Dietary Guidelines
Be Physically Active: achieve and maintain a healthy weight
Obesity associated with most cancers
Exercise and Dietary Modifications
Mortality Risk for Cancer and Body Weight
ACS Dietary Guidelines
Limit consumption of alcoholic beverages, if you drink at all.
Associated with:
Breast cancer
Mouth and throat cancers
Liver cancer
Effect of smoking and alcohol are more than additive
Dietary Guidelines
American Heart Association
Heart disease and stroke
American Cancer Society
American Diabetes Association
General Agreement !
and Amino Acids in Nutrition
Protein Structure
o Polymer of amino acids
- amine group (N)
- acid group
- side chain
Protein Structure
Proteins are unique among energy nutrients
They contain NITROGEN
Composed of 20 different amino acids
9 amino acids are essential, other 11 are not essential
Proteins are strands of amino acids
linked by a peptide bond with next amino acid
Protein Structure
Primary Structure
Amino acid sequence or strand
like a strand of pop-beads or pearls
Secondary Structure
coiling of the strand
like a slinky: positive and negative parts attract each other
Protein Structure
Tertiary or third level of structure
Folding back of coil
The slinky gets messed up
Quaternary or fourth level of structure
Subunits fit together
Hemoglobin has four subunits the make the functional molecule
Protein Structure
The shape of the protein molecule determines if the molecule is functional
the shape of the lipase molecule determines if it will actually help breakdown a lipid
Change of shape is called DENATURATION
What causes change of shape?
acid (like the stomach low pH) or base(high pH)
mechanical agitation(beating an egg white)
heat(heat an egg white) or heavy metals(mercury)
Cellular Protein Synthesis
DNA: in nucleus: acts as a template for mRNA
mRNA moves out of nucleus to cytoplasm
Carries instruction for an amino acid sequence for a specific protein to a ribosome
Ribosome 'reads' the mRNA which dictates which amino acid is next
tRNA carries the correct amino acid to the mRNA
Cellular Protein Synthesis
tRNA's line up one after the other with amino acids
Amino acids form peptide bonds to make the primary sequence of the protein
Protein then coils to form the secondary and tertiary structure
Heredity Factor
o Sickle cell anemia
o cystic fibrosis
o hypercholerolemia
- LDL-receptor
Protein Digestion
Pepsin induced breakdown into shorter 'peptides'
Small Intestines
duodenum: peptidases or proteases enter from pancreas thru the common bile duct
breakdown proteins to aa's, dipeptides and tripeptides
Protein Digestion
Cells of small intestine
complete digestion of proteins so that only amino acids remain
cells of S.I. absorb amino acids and a few larger peptides and release them into the blood for circulation
Protein Function
o Structure proteins
o Muscle fiber protein
o Connective proteins
Protein: Function
Supporting Growth and Maintenance
body needs amino acids to grow new cells and replace cells that are worn out
Building Enzymes, Hormones, and other Compounds
amino acids used to make enzymes (e.g.. lipases for digestion)
amino acids used to make some hormones(e.g.. insulin for glucose metabolism)
Protein: Function
Building Antibodies
antibodies are formed from amino acids to defend against foreign proteins and substances in the body
Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
Proteins act like magnets and hold water in the blood vessels and also electrolytes like sodium
Transport Proteins
Cellular content differ from the contents of the surrounding environment:
fluids and electrolytes
Protein Membrane carriers provide a 'pump' to maintain this difference
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Protein: Function
Maintain acid-base balance
proteins buffer the blood against big changes in pH so body remains pretty neutral
Providing Energy
When insufficient CHO and Fat are eaten, the body takes apart Protein for energy
Nitrogen portion removed from A.A. and the rest is oxidized for energy. Nitrogen ends up in the urine as urea.
Amino Acid Possibilities
Can be added to other A.A.'s to make a protein
Can have Nitrogen removed
then it can be oxidized for energy or
made into glucose (glucogenesis) or
made into fat (lipogenesis)
The diet needs to supply the 9 essential amino acids and 0.8 grams protein/kg wt.
Protein Quality, Use and Need
Protein Quality
the amino acid assortment greatly influences a protein's usefulness to the body
Measuring Protein Quality
the amount of the essential amino acids present in the protein
If all are well represented, the protein will support growth and maintenance: COMPLETE PROTEIN
If not, it won't support growth: POOR QUALITY PROTEIN
Protein quality
Complete or good quality proteins
soy beans, milk protein, animal flesh
Poor quality proteins
grains (missing lysine, an essential amino acid)
many legumes(beans, missing methionine)
Mutual Supplementation or complementing proteins
mix grain and legume and get a good quality protein eg: corn tortilla and refried beans
Types of Vegetarian Diets
Non-red meat vegetarian
poulty, fish, dairy, eggs O.K
no special nutritional problems, may be high in fat, saturated fat
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
milk and eggs O.K.
no special nutritional problems
may be high in fat, saturated fat
Vegetarian Diets: Types
Strict Vegetarian: Vegan
no animal products
protein quality-complement
vitamin B 12
Vegetarian vs Meat eaters
o Vegetarian
o reduced risk
- obesity
- diabetes
- hypertension
- heart disease
- digestive disorders
- cancer
o Meat eaters
o growth
o support during critical times.
Protein RDA: 0.8 grams/kg
Nitrogen balance studies
negative balance= more out in urine than coming in from the diet
protein is being broken down faster than it is replaced
who is in this predicament? elderly, bedridden
positive balance=more in the diet than going out in the urine
protein is being made into tissue faster than it is taken apart
Protein Intake (Fat Intake)
1 cup Frosted Mini Wheats 3 g(<1 g)
1 cup Skim milk 8 g(0 g)
1 banana 1 g(1 g)
1 Arby's Turkey Sand Delux 20 g(6 g)
1 cup Skim milk 8 g(0 g)
1 cup lentil chili 19 g(3 g)
green salad/dressing 1g (6 g)
garlic bread 4g (10)
64 grams Protein(27 grams Fat
Protein Intake (Fat Intake)
5 cup Granola 7g (10g)
1 cup 2% milk 8 g (5g)
Arby's Roast Beef Dlx 25g (22g)
1 vanilla milk shake 11g (12g)
6 oz steak 45.5g(17g)
baked potato/marg/sour 6g (16.5g)
.5 cup green beans 1 g (0)
103 grams Protein (83 grams fat)
Protein Intake (Fat Intake)
154# (70 kg)
RDA = 70 x .8g/kg = 56 grams
Athlete 1 to 1.5 g/kg (ADA)=
70 to 105 grams Protein/day
Allergies vs Intolerance
Protein Allergy
protein gets across from digestive system to blood without being digested to its amino acids
this causes a sensitization and an allergic reaction
whole body reaction: itching, swelling, etc
Allergy vs intolerance
Lactose intolerance
lack the enzyme to break down lactose
causes digestive track upset
gas production, bloating, diarrhea
Too little Protein
Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiency
true definition: what happens to the first child when the second child is born
symptoms: edema, ascites(swollen belly)
immune system failure so many infections
loss of pigmentation
Phenylalanine to Tyrosine to Melanin is blocked
Fatty Liver
no lipoproteins to carry fats and accumulate in liver
Protein Problem
Determine your RDA (0.8 gram/kg)
(wt in lb/2.2 lb per kg)x0.8=RDA for PRO
From BMR activity, determine total energy expenditure & % from protein
males (1 x kg x 24) x activity factor= total
females(.9xkgx24) x activity factor= total CAL per day
Protein Problem
American Heart Association
less than 30% from fat
55 to 60% from CHO
10-15% from Protein
Total Cal x .15 = _______ 15% Cal from PRO
Pro Cal/4 Cal per gram = Grams of PRO
How does this compare to your RDA for PRO?
Protein Problem
How does the amount of protein in your diet (three day diet record)
compare to the RDA?
Too little?
Too much? What happens to extra Protein?
Too Much Protein
100 Cal of extra protein takes 350 grams(12 oz) of water to clear( this is how many grams of protein?)
100 Cal of extra CHO or Fat only takes 50 grams of water to clear
Coupled with heavy workouts may result in dehydration
Protein needs of Athletes
May be up to 1.7 for power athletes
May be up to 1.4 grams/kg for endurance athletes
Tour de France, marathoners, triathletes
They may need every available source of energy they can get their hands on
Protein Rich Foods
Animal products
also high in vitamin B12, iron, and zinc
lacking in vitamins C and folate
often high in fat
soy protein almost "complete"
high in fiber, many B vitamins, iron, calcium
low in vitamins A, C and B12
and Absorption of Nutrients
Dr. David L. Gee
Amy Spall, RD
FCSN 245-Basic Nutrition
To break nutrients into smaller molecues
Physical Digestion
Mechanical breakdown of food particles
Chemical Digestion
Enzyme catalyzed breakdown of nutrient molecues
Movement of digested nutrients through intestinal wall into:
Blood (water soluble nutrients)
Lymphatic system --> blood (fat soluble nutrients)
Journey through the GI Tract: The Mouth
Physical digestion by chewing
Saliva production
Salivary amylase
Journey through the GI Tract: The Esophagus
Lower esophageal sphincter
Journey through the GI Tract: The Stomach
Physical Digestion
Hydrochloric Acid
Pyloric valve
Journey through the GI Tract: The Upper Small Intestine
Biliary secretion
Bile Acids
Liver synthesis
Gall Bladder
Journey through the GI Tract: The Upper Small Intestine
Pancreatic Secretions
Pancreatic Enzymes
Journey through the GI Tract: The Lower Small Intestine
Jejunum & Ileum
Major site of absorption
Structures to increase surface area
Journey through the GI Tract: The Large Intestine (Colon)
Water absorption
Fermentation of undigested carbohydrate (soluble fiber)
Storage of fecal waste
Energy Balance and Weight Control
Energy Balance and Weight Control
Dr. David L. Gee
FCSN 245-Basic Nutrition
Energy Balance
EB = E(in) - E(out)
E(in) = dietary intake of energy
E(out) = energy expenditure
Energy Balance
When E(in) = E(out)
no weight change
When E(in) < E(out)
weight loss
When E(in) > E(out)
weight gain
How many calories in:
Starbucks White Chocolate Mocha (venti, 20 oz)
Order of Cheese Fries w/Ranch Dressing
9 fried mozzarella sticks
Order of Bloomin Onion with dipping sauce
How many calories in:
Starbucks White Chocolate Mocha (venti, 20 oz)
600 Calories (more than a Big Mac!)
Order of Cheese Fries w/Ranch Dressing
3010 Calories
9 fried mozzarella sticks
830 Calories, 51 grams fat
Order of Bloomin Onion with dipping sauce
2130, 163 grams of fat
Energy (in)
Calories =
energy required to heat 1 kg water by 1 degree C.
Bomb Calorimeter
Measurement of E(out)
Direct Calorimetry
measures heat directly
bomb calorimeter (for food)
room calorimeter
Indirect Calorimetry
measures oxygen consumed or
carbon dioxide produced
Energy Out
Components of E(out):
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Activity (Act)
Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)
E(out) = BMR + Act + TEF
Basal Metabolic Rate
Energy essential for life support
Temperature Maintenance
Nerve Transmission
Kidney Function, etc
Basal Metabolic Rate
Estimation of BMR:
BMR = 1 Cal / kg BW / hr
120 lbs / 2.2 lbs/kg = 55 kg
BMR = 55 x 1 x 24hr/d
BMR = 1320 Cal / day
Basal Metabolic Rate
Factors affecting BMR
BMR declines 2% per decade
BMR related to body surface area
BMR highest during periods of growth
Body Composition
Lean tissue has higher metabolic rate than fat tissue
Basal Metabolic Rate
Factors affecting BMR
Increases by 7% per degree F.
Increases with physical stress (disease/trauma)
Decreases with low calorie intake
Energy for Activity
Sedentary (25-35% of BMR)
Light (35-50%)
Moderate (50-70%)
Heavy (>70%)
Example: Light activity
Activity = 40% x 1320 = 530 Cal
Thermic Effect of Food
Increased energy expenditure after a meal.
5-10% of BMR
Cost of digestion, absorption, & assimilation of nutrients
Ex: 5% x 1320 = 60 Cal
Estimation of E(out)
E(out) = BMR + Act + TEF
E(out) = 1320 + 530 + 60 = 1910 Cal
BMR = 69% of E(out)
Act = 28% of E(out)
TEF = 3% of E(out)
Healthy Weight and the Non-Diet Approach
Ethnicity and Overweight Prevalence
Epidemic Increase in Childhood Overweight, 1986-1998 JAMA 286:2845-2848
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
8,270 children, aged 4-12 yrs
Prior studies show it took 30 years for overweight prevalence to double. Current study show doubling time to be less than 12 years.
Rate of increase particularly high in African American and Hispanic children
Epidemic Increase in Childhood Overweight, 1986-1998 JAMA 286:2845-2848 (2001)
Genes/Biology vs Environment
Overweight is a result of both
Adoption studies
Animal studies
genetically obese rats and mice
Migration studies
Genes/Biology vs Environment (cont.)
Dietary Change Studies
SW Native Americans
Native Hawaiians/Polynesians
Pima Indians
Mexican Pima Indians
subsistence farming & ranching
20% fat diet, 40 hrs/wk physical work
Arizona Pima Indians
mechanized agriculture, sedentary lifestyle
40% fat diet
Pima Indians
Arizona Pima Indians are:
1 inch taller
57 pounds heavier
70% obese
50% with diabetes by age 35
Nauru Islanders
8 square miles covered with guano
once subsistence lifestyle with high vegetable, fruit, fish diet - low obesity
today, wealthy due to fertilizer sales
1987 65% males, 70% females obese
33% of population are diabetic
Genes vs Environment: Conclusions
Genes for weight gain predisposes some individuals towards weight gain.
Environment determines which of those individuals actually gain weight.
What is a Healthy Weight?
A broad range of weight which allows for minimal risks for chronic diseases.
Goes beyond using only body weight as a criteria for good health.
Determination of your "healthy weight".
Step 1. Body Mass Index
BMI = BW(kg)/Ht2(m2)
5'5" = 65" x 0.0254(m/in)= 1.65m
170lbs / 2.2(lb/kg) = 77.3kg
= 28.3
BMI Classifications
BMI = 19 - 25 => Low Risk
BMI = 25 - 30 => Some Risk
BMI = 30 - 35 => Moderate Risk
BMI = 35 - 40 => High Risk
BMI > 40 => Very High Risk
Healthy Weight (cont.)
If your BMI > 25, then consider presence of other health risk factors.
Healthy Weight (cont.)
Body Fat Distribution
upper body fatness associated with higher health risks
Waist : Hip circumference ratio
males: W/H > 0.95 are at risk
females: W/H > 0.8
Waist Circumference (1998 NIH)
>35 F, or 40 M (1998 NIH)
Healthy Weight (cont.)
TC > 240 mg/dl
LDL-C > 160 mg/dl
HDL-C < 35 mg/dl
TG > 200 mg/dl
Healthy Weight (cont.)
High Blood Pressure
Systolic BP > 140 mm Hg or
Diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg
Healthy Weight (cont.)
Hyperglycemia (Diabetes)
FBG > 126 mg/dl
IGT >110 mg/dl
Gestational Diabetes
Family History of Diabetes
Healthy Weight Summary
If your BMI is 19-25, you are at a Healthy Weight.
If your BMI is > 25 and you have no other risk factors, you are at a Healthy Weight.
If your BMI is > 25 and you have one or more risk factors, you are NOT at a Healthy Weight.
A Prospective Study of Weight Change and Health-Related Quality of
Life in Women
JAMA Dec. 1999
Nurses Health Study
40,098 women, 4 yr longitudinal study
Weight changes
Quality of life questionnaire
A Prospective Study of Weight Change and Health-Related Quality of
Life in Women
support US guidelines for women of all BMI levels to avoid weight gain.
Weight maintenance and , in cases of overweight, weight loss are desirable and likely to be beneficial for physical function, vitality, and bodily pain.
A Prospective Study of Weight Change and Health-Related Quality of
Life in Women
Conclusions (Dr. Gees)
If you are at a healthy weight
and you lose weight...
Decline in:
physical function, freedom from pain, & vitality scores
Mental health score
Jane Fonda: It took me 62 years to learn how to say this is good enough.
Oprah Winfrey: I may never fit inside a size 5 dress, but this is the best I can be.
The Non-Diet/Healthy-Diet Approach
Losing weight is NOT the primary goal.
Becoming healthy is the goal.
The Non-Diet/Healthy-Diet Approach
The non-diet/healthy diet approach requires changes in:
Your attitude about food.
Your attitude about exercise.
Your attitude about yourself.
Food Attitudes
Food as a friend.
Food as a drug.
Am I hungry?
Do I want it?
I can have it. I am in charge here!
Eat a Healthy Diet
Use the Food Guide Pyramid
Eat plenty of bread, cereals, vegetables and fruit.
Limit consumption of fatty foods.
Dont become obsessive about your food choices!
Enjoy food! This is your diet for life.
If you must diet to lose weight:
Balanced hypocaloric (lower) diet
Follows food guide pyramid
Reduces caloric intake by ~500 Cal/day
Hi Protein/Low Carb diets
Atkins Diet
Will result in short term weight loss
Long term success rate ??
Long term safety ??
For more severe weight loss:
For those with BMI > 30 or
For those with BMI >27 and risk factors
Suppresses appetite
Inhibits fat absorption
Long term success and risks
For those with Severe Obesity
Surgical Methods
For those with BMI >40
Reduces size of stomach by banding or stapling
Gastric Bypass Surgury
Reduces size of stomach
Bypasses much of the small intestine
Exercise Attitudes
Exercise for the fun of it.
Exercise to relieve stress.
Exercise to be in control.
Any exercise is good (Just do it)
Move all day long.
Exercise (cont.)
Duration first, intensity second.
Be consistent!
Make it a priority.
Attitudes about Yourself
Make yourself a priority
Make taking care of yourself a priority
Being happy requires being healthy
Defining Successful Weight Loss/Maintenance
Success is becoming healthy.
Success is being able to make choices for better health.
Success is being flexible about your choices.
Attaining a healthy weight may not be easy, but little in life worth attaining ever is.
Tips from the National Weight Control Registry (est. 1994)
>3000 people
kept >30 lbs off > 1year
80% female
average wt loss = 30 kg, 10 BMI
average time for wt loss = 5.5 yrs
many had bad genes
overweight as children
46% by age 11
46% w/one or both parents overweight
any age
average age 45 yrs
Tips from the National Weight Control Registry
Failed to lose weight in the past
Dont view past failures as signs you cant succeed
Found process difficult
No pain, no loss
Made smaller lifestyle goals
Planned indulgences
How they lost weight
89% w/ diet + exercise
10% w/ diet only
1% w/ exercise only
used many types of diets
How they maintained their weight loss
Low fat diets
Watched calories
Daily exercise
averaged + 2600 Cal/week, ~ 1 hr/day
70% walked or walked + other exercise
20% weight training
20% bicycling
18% aerobic dance
avg 3 hrs/week of TV
Tips from the National Weight Control Registry
Do what you want, not what you should
The Vitamins
Dietary Supplement Use (USA)
$4,300,000,000 for vit/min in 1995
$1,400,000,000 for herbs
$31,000,000,000 total for dietary supplements and functional foods in 1999
42% adults regular users (27% 1989)
66% multi vit/min
37% vitamin C
19% vitamin E
23% herbal supplements (13% 1995)
Do we need supplements?
Dietary Supplement Use: Pros
Supplements prevents dietary deficiencies
folic acid
Amounts used in some studies not attainable with dietary sources
Relatively low cost
Dietary Supplement Use: Cons
False sense of security
folic acid and pregnancy
Does not contain all potentially useful chemicals in foods
plant phytochemicals
Toxicity almost only due to supplement use
Costs significant to low income
Vitamin/Mineral Deficiency Worldwide
1 in 5 adults malnourished
1 in 4 children malnourished
3 million children severe vitamin A deficiency
stunted growth
275 million with mild deficiency
Vitamin/Mineral Deficiency Worldwide
Iodine deficiency
Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland, lethargy
Cretinism: severe mental and physical retardation in infants of deficient mothers
Iron deficiency
Anemia: fatigue, apathy in adults, poor academic performance in children
The Discovery of Vitamins
The Germ Theory of Disease
Scurvy: Disease of sailors
Beri-Beri: Disease of poor Asians
Rickets: Disease of poor Northern European children
Pellagra: Disease of poor corn eating cultures
The Discovery of Vitamins
The Vitamin Theory of Disease
Scurvy: Vitamin C deficiency
Beri-Beri: Thiamin deficiency
Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency
Pellagra: Niacin deficiency
Vitamins: Definition
Organic compound found in foods
Required in small amounts
Required in the diet (essential)
Proven to be required for health, growth, and reproduction
deficiency syndrome identified
Water Soluble Vs. Fat Soluble
Water Soluble:
Vitamin C, and the B vitamins
Fat Soluble
Vitamins A,D,E,K
Vitamins: Support Staff
What cant they do?
They cant be used as an energy source.
What can they do?
They are usually in supporting roles in the body.
e.g.: many of the B vitamins are co-enzymes that help breakdown glucose for energy
The differences between water and fat soluble vitamins
Absorption from digestive system
fat soluble: into the lymph with chylomicrons
H20 soluble: into blood
fat sol: carried by lipoproteins
water sol: free in blood
Water Vs Fat Soluble
Storage and Excretion
Fat Sol: stored with fat in cells and adipose tissue, excesses stored
Water sol: not held firmly by cells, excesses excreted
Potential for Fat soluble to build up and perhaps reach toxic levels
Potential for water soluble to excrete extra amounts, not as prone to toxicity
Fat soluble Toxicity
Fat soluble vitamins may be toxic with too high of an intake
Water soluble vitamins are less likely to be toxic with high intake
B Vitamins
Correct names and common names
Thiamin B1
Riboflavin B2
Niacin nicotinic acid
B6 pyridoxine
folacin folate, folic acid
B12 cobalamin
B vitamins: Correct names
pantothenic acid no other
biotin no other
B vitamins act as coenzymes
Help to complete the correct shape of the molecule
Many help to metabolize glucose to release energy
B Vitamins
Coenzyme function
Prosthetic Group: physically become part of an enzyme complex
Others are more loosely attached
May be part of the active site in the enzyme.
Part of NAD+
helps metabolize glucose
without Niacin, this breakdown of glucose stops
Slows energy release: 4 Ds of Niacin deficiency (called pellagra):
Dermatitis: skin inflammation
Diarrhea: poor absorption
Dementia: no energy to think
Death: if untreated
Other B vitamin deficiencies
Thiamin: beriberi
symptoms: mental confusion, muscle weakness and wasting, edema, enlarged heart
symptoms: personality changes, cracks at the corners of your mouth(cheilosis), tender tongue(glossitis)
Symptoms: megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia,
Vitamin B deficiencies
B12 called pernicious anemia
Symptoms: nerve damage, peripheral weakness, death
B vitamin Toxicities: Rare
Symptoms: with very high doses sensory nerve disorders; may interfere with nerve impulses and heart beat
Symptoms: skin flushing, nausea, jaundice, liver dysfunction
Some individuals with high serum cholesterol are treated with pharmacological doses of niacin
Fortification and Enrichment
Adding back to flour riboflavin, iron, thiamin and niacin lost during processing
Adding nutrient never found at that level to a food
eg : calcium fortified orange juice
Vitamin C Functions
Collagen Formation
reduce cancer risk
helps absorb iron from food
Reduces risk of colds?????
probably not
Linus Paulings study
Vitamin C
Deficiency: called scurvy
poor formation of collagen in blood vessels
weak vessels result in hemorrhages
can be severe and result in lots of blood loss and death
Toxicity: may result in
kidney stones
rebound scurvy
Destruction of B12
Problems with acid/base balance
Vitamin C: RDA 60 mg/day
Foods rich in vitamin C:
1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice: 124 mg
1 cup canned o.j.: 84 mg
Smokers RDA = 100 mg/day
Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in reducing the oxidants of cigarette smoke
Vitamin A Functions
Vision: helps with conversion of light energy to electrical energy in eye
Maintenance of linings:
helps produce the CHO normally found in mucous
Immune system
Bone growth:
helps with remodeling growing bones
Vitamin A Deficiency
One year supply in fat and liver of most people: So deficiencies are rare
Impaired night vision and day vision
Linings deteriorate
GI tract: diarrhea
Respiratory tract: infections
urogenital tract: infections, kidney stones
Bone growth and remodeling problems
shape changes
Vitamin A Toxicities
decalcification, joint pain
Nervous system
loss of appetite, irritability, muscle weakness
Liver enlargement
Blood: RBCs loose hemoglobin
Bleeding induced easily
Vitamin A Toxicity
Vitamin A RDA= 800 RE for females; 1000 RE for males.
RE= Retinol Equivalent
Retinol is the active form of vitamin A
Other molecules can be metabolized to make Retinol, thus retinol equivalents
e.g.: beta carotene can be modified to make retinol
beta carotene is found in carrots and other deep orange and green vegetables
1 RE= 1 microgram of retinol
1 RE= 3.3 IU retinol
1 RE = 6 micrograms of beta carotene
Vitamin A and Beta Carotene Rich Foods
1 medium carrot = 2025 REs; about 2.5 times the RDA
1 cup butternut squash = 1400 REs
1 sweet potato = 2000 REs
1/2 cup cooked spinach = 700 REs
1 cup cooked broccoli = 250 REs
1 cup milk = 140 REs
Vitamins and Losses with Environmental Exposure
Heat Losses:
Vitamins A, D, E , C, B6, thiamin, riboflavin, folacin, pantothenic acid, biotin
Light losses:
Vitamin A, D, E, K, B6, Riboflavin, folacin, B12
Air losses:
Vitamin A, D, E, C, B12, thiamin, riboflavin, folacin
Vitamin D Functions: Helps bone grow
Works in three ways:
1. Increases Calcium Absorption from the G.I. tract
2. Helps to withdraw calcium from bone
3. Increases calcium retention in the kidney.
Sources of Vitamin D
Body makes it own:
Dehydrocholesterol in the skin exposed to sunlight
Energy transforms it into a pre-vitamin D molecule
Body heat provides energy to change pre-vitamin D into inactive Vitamin D
Inactive Vitamin D activated in two steps
First, in the Liver
Second in the Kidney
Sources of Vitamin D: RDA = 5 - 10 micrograms in adults
In foods:
Fortified milk: 2.5 mcg/cup
1 egg = 0.7 mcg
3 oz shrimp = 3 mcg
1 tsp margarine = 0.5 mcg
Vitamin D Deficiencies
In children: Rickets
malformed bones, bow legs
In adults: osteomalacia
most often occurs in women with low Ca intake, repeated pregnancies, low sun-exposure, and long breastfeeding with infants
loss of Calcium from bone and change of shape
Vitamin D Toxicity:
Most potentially toxic of all vitamins!!!!
As little as 4 to 5 X RDA can be associated with toxic symptoms
minor: diarrhea, headache, nausea
major: calcium deposits in soft tissues of heart, kidney, arteries
Major concern: those who take Vitamin D supplements
If some is good, more is NOT better!!!!!
Vitamin K
Important for blood clotting
Contributes to the modification of prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin is required in the clotting process to convert fibrinogen, to fibrin with is the clotting material.
Vitamin K produced by bacteria in the gut
Who is at risk for deficiency?
newborns, people on long-term antibiotics
Vitamin E
Functions: Anti-oxidant
Guards against damage to membranes from oxidizing compounds
Deficiency: Rare (premature infants under 3.5 pounds, people unable to absorb fat or metabolize fat properly
Suppresses the immune system because vitamin E protects White Blood Cells
Vitamin E
Toxicity: Rare
Sources: Vegetable oils, nuts and green leafy vegetables
Substances that are able to neutralize reactive molecules and reduce oxidative damage
Result of metabolic processes and environmental sources
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, zinc, copper and manganese
Latest Research
Antioxidants and zinc and macular degeneration
Vitamin E
heart disease
Water and Minerals
Waters Functions
Carries nutrients and waste products
Actively participates in chemical reactions
Serves as a solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids glucose, and other small molecules
Serves as a lubricant and cushion around joints
Acts as a shock absorber(eyes, spinal column, amniotic sac)
Waters Functions
Aids in maintaining bodys temperature
Bodys Water Balance
Water makes up about 60 % of the bodys weight
A change in the bodys water can bring a change in the body weight
Sweating: water loss during exercise
Edema: water retention during pregnancy
Water Balance
Water loss necessitates water intake
Dehydration can have serious consequences
Water Recommendations and Sources
Hard water is high in calcium and magnesium
Soft water is high in sodium
It also dissolves cadmium and lead from pipes
If a person has lead pipes, this can be a problem with long term use
Body Fluids and Minerals
Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) help keep fluids in the proper compartments
Intracellular water
Extracellular water
The Major Minerals: Different Definitions
More than 0.1 grams (or 100 mg) required per day in the diet
These include:
Calcium Chloride
Magnesium Phosphorus
Potassium Sodium
99% in bones and teeth
1 %
Cell membranes: regulates transport of ions into and out of cells
Nerve to nerve transmission
Nerve to muscle transmission
Helps hold cells together
Blood Clotting
Co-factor for several enzymes
Calcium: Blood Levels Highly Regulated: 4 ways
1. Protein-bound Ca released to become available for use by cells
2. Increased Calcium absorption from gut through activation of Vitamin D
3.Increased Calcium released from the bone through parathyroid hormone activation of Vitamin D
4. Kidneys conserve Calcium
Calcium RDA 1000-1200 mg/day for Adults
Foods rich in Calcium:
1 cup milk: 300 mg
1 oz cheese: 200 mg
1/2 cup spinach: 106 mg
1 orange 52 mg
1 cup Yogurt 350-400mg (fat free or low fat)
Calcium Deficiency
Rickets: in children. Same as Vitamin D deficiency
Bow legs, poor bone formation
Osteomalacia: in adults. Same as Vitamin D deficiency
poor bone formation
Osteoporosis: Multiple causes
Calcium and Osteoporosis
Low Calcium intake
Poor Vitamin D status
female family history
small skeleton menopause
smoking high animal protein
drinking alcohol bed rest
Sodium: + ion of table salt (NaCl)
No known human diet lacks sodium
Minimum requirement about 500 mg/day
estimated safe and adequate Daily intake
Average intake in US for men = 3300 mg/day(equal to 8 grams of salt/day)
Trace Minerals: Definition
One definition: less than 0.1 gram(100 mg/day) need in the diet
Some trace minerals:
Iron (Fe)
Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood
myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells
RDA set at 18 mg/day for females and 8 mg/day for males
If iron stores exhausted, iron deficiency anemia
microcytic, hypochromic anemia
reduced Hemoglobin synthesis, RBCs are small and pink
Iron Absorption
Most iron we eat doesnt get absorbed
What helps?
vitamin C
MFP factor: some factor in meat, fish and poultry helps absorb iron
need for iron
What hurts absorption?
tea coffee
Calcium and Phosphorus
phytates and fiber and oxalates
Iron: Method of Absorption
Iron in food
Absorbed into cells that line GI tract
If blood levels of iron are low
iron picked up from cells by the blood and carried to places where RBCs are made
If blood levels of iron are ok
iron stays in cells lining the GI tract
In 3 to 5 days the cells are worn out and fall into the lumen of the GI tract and mix with the remains of digestion
Iron Overload
2 Types of Overload
1. Hereditary Defect: Hemochromatosis
Very efficient absorption
High circulating Fe which is laid down in tissues of liver, heart and causes damage
2. High Iron ingestion: Hemosiderosis
Even with control of absorption, high intake can result in toxic side effects
We dont have a good mechanism of getting rid of absorbed iron
Iron Sources
4 oz of lean roast = 3 mg
4 oz liver = 7 mg
1/2 cup beans = 4.15 mg
1 cup broccoli = 1.12 mg
1 slice mixed grain bread = 0.8 mg
1 cup raisins = 3.12 mg
Part of nearly 100 enzymes
Role in immune function
Absorption affected by zinc status, phytates, iron
Hinders absorption of copper and calcium
Sources: red meat, eggs, vegetables
Becomes part of crystalline deposits in bones and teeth
In teeth, resistant to tooth decay (dental caries)
1 part per million in water supply optimum resistance
Higher than that can result in tooth mottling
Brown coloration on teeth
Much higher (18 ppm) can result in fluoridosis
Bone malformation
Mother and Infant
Measures of a Successful Outcome of Pregnancy
Healthy Baby
Healthy Mother
Baby Survives the First Year of Life
Healthy Baby
Still Birth Ratio or Fetal Death Ration
Early in Pregnancy: difficult to have reliable numbers of death rate
Later in Pregnancy: numbers are more reliable
About 7.5 stillbirths per 1000 live births
Healthy Mother
7.8 mothers die per 100,000 births.
Big racial difference:
White 5.0
Black 20.8
Others 18.2
Infant Mortality
Infancy: First Year of Life
1998: Infant Mortality Rate in US
7.2 per 1000 live births
Ranked 26nd world-wide
1950 we were ranked 6th world-wide
Better Infant Mortality Rates
Japan: 4.4 (4.3)
Singapore: 4.7 (3.8)
Sweden: 4.8 (3.5)
Finland: 4.4 (3.9)
Norway: 5.9 (4.1)
Canada: 6.1 (5.5)
Germany 6.2
Risk of Infant Mortality: Factors
If infant mortality rate was similar to Swedens we would save over 40,000 infant deaths per year
Low Birth Weight largest single factor
less than 5.5 pounds (2500 grams)
LBW risk factors:
age socioeconomic poverty
number of pregnancies race
Nutrition Influences on Fetal Growth
Deficiency in Calories
Too few Calories to allow adequate reproduction of cells and decreased development
Deficiency of Nutrients
Too little of some specific nutrient
e.g.: folic acid
spina bifida
Growth Happens in Two ways
Increased number of cells
Increased size of cells
Critical times of increased number of cells
1. Increased number hyperplasia
2. Number and size + hypertrophy
3. Size Hypertrophy
Critical Periods
If an embryo or fetus doesnt receive the nutrition necessary to help with development, the fetus will suffer
Fertilization of the ovum(zygote) happens
implantation of the ovum in the uterine wall happens in the first two weeks
Critical period: cigarette smoke, malnutrition can keep development from occurring
Events of Pregnancy
Time Event
0-2 weeks egg fertilized and implanted
3-8 weeks Embryo: at end of 8 weeks is 1 inch and has central nervous system, GI tract, limb, buds, etc.
8-40 weeks Fetal period: growth and development
Role of the Placenta
Nutrient and waste product exchange
Hormone production
Estrogen: helps develop the infrastructure of pregnancy
relaxes smooth muscle
Relaxes the uterus
Relaxes the digestive system: slower movement
Nutrient Needs to Support Pregnancy
No increase in Cal for first trimester
Why?: 1. Very small embryo; 2. Increased absorption of most nutrients and Cal due to decreased motility of GI tract due to hormones of pregnancy
300 Cal increase during 2nd and 3rd trimester
Nutrient Needs During Pregnancy
Determine pre-pregnancy needs based on RDA: 0.8 grams protein/kg. This is generally around 45 to 50 grams Protein per day.
Add 15 grams to this for pregnancy
Generally around 60 to 65 grams/day is sufficient
Nutrients of Special Interest
Folate: related to neural tube defects and spina bifida
Reduced absorption during pregnancy because of interaction with estrogen
Produces folate deficient women
Interferes with proper formation of spinal column: affects 400,000 births per year
Folate supplements during pregnancy required
Nutrients of Special Interest
Iron: Blood volume increases by 50% during pregnancy
Body conserves Iron during pregnancy
No menstruation
3 time increase in absorption
But still doesnt keep up with production of red blood cells
Hemoglobin concentration falls: normal above 13 g/dl. In pregnancy may fall below 12 g/dl
RDA up from 18 to 27 mg/day
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children
To battle against problems during pregnancy and infancy, WIC was developed to provide supplemental food to low socioeconomic and at risk women and infants.
Nutrition education also provided
Recent study: for each $1 spent, $4 save down the road
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Based on Pre-pregnancy BMI
Underweight (BMI<19.8) : 28-40 #
Normal weight(BMI 19.8-26) : 25 to 35 #
Overweight(BMI 26-29): 15 to 25 #
Obese(BMI over 29): 13 # minimum
Rate of Weight Gain
First Trimester: 2 to 4 pounds
Second and Third Trimester: 1 pound per week
3 pounds + (26 weeks x 1 # per week) = 29#
Components of Weight Gain
Infant 7.5 # amniotic fluid 2 #
Placenta 1.5 # mothers stores 7 #
Blood 4 #
Fluid 4 #
uterus 2 #
Breasts 2 #
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical and Mental Abnormalities attributed to alcohol consumption during pregnancy
low nasal bridge small head
short nose circumference
short eyelid opening delayed
thin upper lip development
underdeveloped filtrum
Alcohol Effects on Pregnancy
About 1/5 of women continue to during pregnancy
The first few weeks are critical; many women dont know they are pregnant
Birth defects have occurred in women who consume as little as two drinks per day
No alcohol is the best if planning pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Effects: internal damage
Maternal Problems of Pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes:
Hormones of pregnancy make mothers body resistant to insulin
Often shows up at 25 weeks of pregnancy
Needs to be treated to control growth of the fetus
Macrosomia: large baby and delivery complications
Problems of Pregnancy
Edema: most women suffer from water retention: due to large blood volume and decreased protein concentration in blood
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)
massive edema, high blood pressure, protein in urine
If untreated can result in fetal and maternal injury or death
Breastfeeding: Best Feeding Method
Sole food for the first 4 to 6 months
Provides benefits to baby and mother
economic convenience
immune function
Maternal weight loss
When not to breastfeed?
HIV infected mother
Although WHO says go ahead in developing countries
The risk of infection is less than the harm by not having good nutrition available during early months
Galactosemia: one in 50,000 births
Inability to convert galactose to glucose and developmental problems result
If Breastfeeding is not Chosen?
Infant formula is next best choice:
Most are cows milk derived and are produced to be close to human milk in composition
Some are soy based
Others are specialized to meet certain needs
e.g.: PKU babies cant have very much phenylalanine in the diet: Lofenalac
When to Add Solid Foods?
4 to 6 months: when developmental landmarks are met; Continue breastfeeding or formula
Iron fortified rice cereal
Add one food at a time: several days
See if there is an allergic reaction
Then add a new food
Problems of Infant Feeding
Failure to Thrive:
Baby doesnt grow as fast as peers
Causes? Often inadequate nutrition
Monitor weight gain
Compare nutrient intake per body weight
A baby needs more than an adult
Problems of Infant Feeding
Baby Bottle Tooth Decay: Also called Nursing Bottle Syndrome
Exposure of teeth to the carbohydrates of formula
General Feeding Rules for Infants and Children
Caregiver is the gatekeeper: What is offered and when
Infant or child decides whether to eat what is offered and also how much


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4 Large Vintage Lucite Round Jet Black Beads Gold Silver Fleck - Italy - 22 mm
Vintage large beads, round, shiny black beads are speckled with gold and silver confetti! There is just enough fleck to create a glint of shiny texture but not enough to be really shiny. They will have specks of glint in a strong light. These are wonderful and match others in smaller sizes that may still be in the shop.
You receive: 4 beads
Color: Black with Gold & Silver Confetti Specks
Finish: Glossy
Design: Solid
Shape: Round
Size: 22 mm
Material: Vintage Lucite
Circa: 1960s - Italy
Old manufacturer factory buy-out brings to you wonderful uncirculated treasures from the 50s, 60s, and 70s in bead designs, colors, and materials. Coveted professional quality.
To see all bead goodies, please see the shop at http://www.zibbet.com/gallerialinda!
Please read shop policies in profile prior to purchasing.
To see all GalleriaLinda's bead goodies, visit the main shop at http://www.zibbet.com/gallerialinda
Credit card payments accepted through PayPal.
PayPal payments accepted.
Florida USA residents pay 7% sales tax added by the PayPal process.
Shipping is via US Post Office, First Class.
International shipping available. Please inquire if your country is not listed. International customers are responsible for any duty and/or customs fees that may be requested upon arrival of your package.
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Accepted payment methods
GalleriaLinda accepts the following forms of payment:
All major credit cards and bank deposit via PayPal