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Brief Summary
Comprehensive Description
Étant une espèce parasite de nombreux passereaux, il occupe des milieux aussi variés que ses hôtes, évitant seulement les zones très urbanisées. L'habitat est largement déterminé par le choix de la principale espèce hôte à parasiter pour l'élevage du jeune. La forte mobilité et la voix puissante du Coucou compensent ses faibles densités. Les femelles partagent des sites alimentaires où les chenilles sont abondantes ; le ou les territoires de ponte peuvent en être éloignés de plusieurs kilomètres. En plus des ressources alimentaires et des populations d'espèces hôtes, de nombreux perchoirs sont requis (arbres, rochers, poteaux et fils téléphoniques, etc.) : ils servent de postes de chant et d'observation, permettant la surveillance des étapes de la nidification des futurs hôtes.
Le Coucou gris se nourrit presque exclusivement d'insectes et notamment de chenilles, y compris les nombreuses espèces grégaires, velues et vivement colorées, évitées par la plupart des autres oiseaux. Les coléoptères arrivent en second dans son alimentation.
Mâle et femelle produisent des cris nuptiaux différents mais susceptibles d'attirer un partenaire. Lorsqu'elle est prête à pondre, celle-ci localise les nids à parasiter par des observations prolongées. Sur les sites pauvres en perchoirs, il semble qu'elle utilise un vol semblable à celui de l'Épervier pour provoquer une réaction des autres espèces et faciliter ainsi le repérage. Elle pond un unique œuf après en avoir dérobé un ou plusieurs. Son œuf est remarquablement petit par rapport à sa propre taille, facilitant ainsi le mimétisme au sein de la couvée parasitée. Le poussin du Coucou éclôt normalement avant ceux de l'espèce parasitée, probablement grâce à une préincubation dans l'oviducte de sa mère. Encore aveugle, il évacue les autres occupants, aidé en cela par le creux qu'il possède entre les épaules. Le jeune Coucou est ensuite nourri par ses parents adoptifs, et ce jusqu'à 6 semaines après avoir quitté le nid.
La ponte est déposée dans le nid d'autres espèces. La date varie selon le calendrier de ponte de ces dernières ; elle débute généralement fin avril. Chaque femelle Coucou pond tous ses œufs – ou la plus grande part – dans les nids d'une seule espèce. Elle dépose en tout une dizaine d'œufs (maximum 25). Plus de 100 espèces parasitées (Sylvidés, Turdidés…) sont répertoriées en Europe. L'incubation dure 12 jours et le jeune est volant à l'âge de 19 jours.
Common cuckoos are found throughout the Old World, from Spain to Japan. Western populations migrate south to sub-Saharan Africa during the winter, eastern populations to the Philippine Islands and southeast Asia.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native )
- Gooders, J. 1982. Collins British Birds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd.
Physical Description
Cuculus canorus is approximately 33 cm in length. Adult males are generally gray above, including the throat and breast, while the underparts are white with close black bars. The tail, which is long and graduated, is black with white spots. The cuckoo has short legs and a non-hooked bill. A noticeable feature of C. canorus is that it has very pointed wings. The adult females are occasionally brown above, white below, and barred black. The juvenile cuckoos resemble the rare brown phase of the female. Juveniles are brown, barred, and have a white patch on the back of the neck. The voicing of C. canorus differs between males and females. The males have an unmistakable coocoo call, while the females have a babbling call. (Hammond and Everett 1980; Heinzel and Fitter 1972; Bruun 1970)
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average mass: 111.6 g.
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.838 W.
Cuculus canorus can live almost anywhere, ranging from heaths and forests, to farmlands, open moorlands and marshes. (Hammond and Everett 1980; Gooders 1982)
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
Trophic Strategy
This cuckoo is an insectivore, eating mainly insects and their larvae. Hairy caterpillars, which are rejected by most birds, are eaten by C. canorus. The cuckoo is not poisoned after eating the caterpillar because before eating it, the cuckoo will bite one end of the caterpillar, slice the caterpillar using its beak, then shake the insect at one end until the toxic contents are released.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Known prey organisms
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
Life History and Behavior
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Life Expectancy
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 12.9 years.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Cuculus canorus is a brood parasite. The female cuckoo lays her egg in the nest of another species. The cuckoo egg closely resembles the egg of the host species' egg. The eggs of cuckoos are either spotted or solid in color, depending upon the color of the host species' egg. The egg mimicry is an adaptation to parasitism. When the host species leaves the nest unattended, the female cuckoo removes one of the host's eggs from the nest, then lays her own before the host returns. The cuckoo egg is incubated for about 12 ½ days and usually hatches before the host eggs. Once the cuckoo has hatched, it will eject the other eggs or young so that it will receive all the food brought by the "foster parents." The young cuckoo is fed and brooded by the host for 20- 23 days, and grows several times larger than the hosts. (Campbell and Lack 1985; Gooders 1982)
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Cuculus canorus
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 11 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Cuculus canorus
Public Records: 12
Specimens with Barcodes: 19
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
Status in Egypt
Regular passage visitor.
Population Trend
Common cuckoo
The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) (formerly European cuckoo) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, Cuculiformes, which includes the roadrunners, the anis and the coucals.
This species is a widespread summer migrant to Europe and Asia, and winters in Africa. It is a brood parasite, which means it lays eggs in the nests of other bird species, particularly of dunnocks, meadow pipits, and Eurasian reed warblers.
The common cuckoo (formerly European cuckoo) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes, which also includes the roadrunners, the anis and the coucals.[1] The species' binomial name is derived from the Latin cuculus (the cuckoo) and canorus (melodious; from canere, meaning to sing).[2] The cuckoo family gets its common name and genus name by onomatopoeia for the call of the male common cuckoo.[3] The English word "cuckoo" comes from the Old French cucu and it first appears about 1240[4] in the poem Sumer Is Icumen In - "Summer has come in / Loudly sing, Cuckoo!" in modern English.
There are four subspecies worldwide:[5]
- C. c. canorus, the nominate subspecies, was first described by Linnaeus in 1758. It occurs from the British Isles through Scandinavia, north Russia and Siberia to Japan in the east, and from the Pyrenees through Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, northern China and Korea. It winters in Africa and south Asia.
- C. c. bakeri, first described by Hartert in 1912, breeds in western China to the Himalayan foothills in northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, north-west Thailand and southern China. During winter it is found in Assam, East Bengal and south-east Asia.
- C. c. bangsi was first described by Oberholser in 1919 and breeds in Iberia, the Balearic Islands and north Africa, spending winter in Africa.
- C. c. subtelephonus, first described by Zarudny in 1914, breeds in central Asia from Turkestan to southern Mongolia. It migrates to southern Asia and Africa for winter.
Lifespan and demography[edit]
Although the common cuckoo's global population appears to be declining, it is classified of being of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is estimated that the species numbers between 25 million and 100 million individuals worldwide, with around 12.6 million to 25.8 million of those birds breeding in Europe.[1] The maximum recorded lifespan of a common cuckoo in the United Kingdom is 6 years, 11 months and 2 days.[2]
The common cuckoo is 32–34 centimetres (13–13 in) long from bill to tail (with a tail of 13–15 centimetres (5.1–5.9 in) and a wingspan of 55–60 centimetres (22–24 in).[3] The legs are short.[6] It is greyish with a slender body and long tail and can be mistaken for a falcon in flight, where the wingbeats are regular. During the breeding season, common cuckoos often settle on an open perch with drooped wings and raised tail.[6] There is a rufous colour morph, which occurs occasionally in adult females but more often in juveniles.[3]
All adult males are slate-grey; the grey throat extends well down the bird's breast with a sharp demarcation to the barred underparts.[7] The iris, orbital ring, the base of the bill and feet are yellow.[6] Grey adult females have a pinkish-buff or buff background to the barring and neck sides, and sometimes small rufous spots on the median and greater coverts and the outer webs of the secondary feathers.[7]
Rufous morph adult females have reddish-brown upperparts with dark grey or black bars. The black upperpart bars are narrower than the rufous bars, as opposed to rufous juvenile birds, where the black bars are broader.[7]
Common cuckoos in their first autumn have variable plumage. Some are have strongly-barred chestnut-brown upperparts, while others are plain grey. Rufous-brown birds have heavily-barred upperparts with some feathers edged with creamy-white. All have whitish edges to the upper wing-coverts and primaries. The secondaries and greater coverts have chestnut bars or spots. In spring, birds hatched in the previous year may retain some barred secondaries and wing-coverts.[7] The most obvious identification features of juvenile common cuckoos are the white nape patch and white feather fringes.[6]
Common cuckoos moult twice a year: a partial moult in summer and a complete moult in winter.[7] Males weigh around 130 grams (4.6 oz) and females 110 grams (3.9 oz).[2] The common cuckoo looks very similar to the Oriental cuckoo, which is slightly shorter-winged on average.[7]
Common cuckoo call, Kaluga region, Russia
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A study using stuffed bird models found that small birds are less likely to approach common cuckoos that have barred underparts similar to the Eurasian sparrowhawk, a predatory bird. Eurasian reed warblers were found more aggressive to cuckoos that looked less hawk-like, meaning that the resemblance to the hawk helps the cuckoo to access the nests of potential hosts.[8]
Hosts attack cuckoos more when they see neighbors mobbing cuckoos.[9] The existence of the two plumage morphs in females may be due to frequency-dependent selection if this learning applies only to the morph hosts see neighbors mob. In an experiment with dummy cuckoos of each morph and a sparrowhawk, reed warblers were more likely to attack both cuckoo morphs than the sparrowhawk, and even more likely to mob a certain cuckoo morph when they saw neighbors mobbing that morph, decreasing the reproductive success of that morph and selecting for the less common morph.[9]
The male's call, goo-ko, is usually given from an open perch. During the breeding season the male typically gives this call with intervals of 1–1.5 seconds, in groups of 10–20 with a rest of a few seconds between groups. The female has a loud bubbling call.[3] The song starts as a descending minor third early in the year in April, and the interval gets wider, through a major third to a fourth as the season progresses, and in June the cuckoo "forgets its tune" and may make other calls such as ascending intervals. Also the cuckoo seems to have a form of absolute pitch as it tends to sing in the key of C.[10]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Essentially a bird of open land, the common cuckoo is a widespread summer migrant to Europe and Asia, and winters in Africa. Birds arrive in Europe in April and leave in September.[6]
The common cuckoo has also occurred as a vagrant in countries including Barbados, the United States of America, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Indonesia, Palau, Seychelles, Taiwan and China.[1]
Food and feeding[edit]
The common cuckoo's diet consists of insects, with hairy caterpillars, which are distasteful to many birds, being a specialty of preference. It also occasionally eats eggs and chicks.
The common cuckoo is a brood parasite; it lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. At the appropriate moment, the hen cuckoo flies down to the host's nest, pushes one egg out of the nest, lays an egg and flies off. The whole process takes about 10 seconds. A female may visit up to 50 nests during a breeding season. Common cuckoos first breed at two years old.[2]
More than 100 host species have been recorded: meadow pipit, dunnock and Eurasian reed warbler are the most common hosts in northern Europe; garden warbler, meadow pipit, pied wagtail and European robin in central Europe; brambling and common redstart in Finland; and great reed warbler in Hungary.[3]
Female common cuckoos are divided into gentes – populations favouring a particular host species' nest and laying eggs that match those of that species in color and pattern. Evidence from mitochondrial DNA analyses suggest that each gene may have multiple independent origins due to parasitism of specific hosts by different ancestors.[11] One hypothesis for the inheritance of egg appearance mimicry is that this trait is inherited from the female only, suggesting that it is carried on the sex-determining W chromosome (females are WZ, males ZZ). A genetic analysis of gentes supports this proposal by finding significant differentiation in mitochondrial DNA, but not in microsatellite DNA.[11] A second proposal for the inheritance of this trait is that the genes controlling egg characteristics are carried on autosomes rather than just the W chromosome. Another genetic analysis of sympatric gentes supports this second proposal by finding significant genetic differentiation in both microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA.[12] Considering the tendency for common cuckoo males to mate with multiple females and produce offspring raised by more than one host species, it appears as though males do not contribute to the maintenance of common cuckoo gentes. However, it was found that only nine percent of offspring were raised outside of their father's presumed host species.[12] Therefore, both males and females may contribute to the maintenance of common cuckoo egg mimicry polymorphism.[11][12] It is notable that most non-parasitic cuckoo species lay white eggs, like most non-passerines other than ground-nesters.
As the common cuckoo evolves to lay eggs that better imitate the host's eggs, the host species adapts and is more able to distinguish the cuckoo egg. A study of 248 common cuckoo and host eggs demonstrated that female cuckoos that parasitised common redstart nests laid eggs that matched better than those that targeted dunnocks. Spectroscopy was used to model how the host species saw the cuckoo eggs. Cuckoos that target dunnock nests lay white, brown-speckled eggs, in contrast to the dunnock's own blue eggs. The theory suggests that common redstarts have been parasitised by common cuckoos for longer, and so have evolved to be better than the dunnocks at noticing the cuckoo eggs.[13]
Studies were made of 90 great reed warbler nests in central Hungary. There was an "unusually high" frequency of common cuckoo parasitism, with 64% of the nests parasitised. Of the nests targeted by cuckoos, 64% contained one cuckoo egg, 23% had two, 10% had three and 3% had four common cuckoo eggs. In total, 58% of the common cuckoo eggs were laid in nests that were multiply parasitised. When laying eggs in nests already parasitised, the female cuckoos removed one egg at random, showing no discrimination between the great reed warbler eggs and those of other cuckoos.[14]
It was found that nests close to cuckoo perches were most vulnerable: multiple parasitised nests were closest to the vantage points, and unparasitised nests were farthest away. Nearly all the nests "in close vicinity" to the vantage points were parasitised. More visible nests were more likely to be selected by the common cuckoos. Female cuckoos use their vantage points to watch for potential hosts and find it easier to locate the more visible nests while they are egg-laying.[15]
The great reed warblers' responses to the common cuckoo eggs varied: 66% accepted the egg(s); 12% ejected them; 20% abandoned the nests entirely; 2% buried the eggs. 28% of the cuckoo eggs were described as "almost perfect" in their mimesis of the host eggs, and the warblers rejected "poorly mimetic" cuckoo eggs more often. The degree of mimicry made it difficult for both the great reed warblers and the observers to tell the eggs apart.[14]
The egg measures 22 by 16 millimetres (0.87 in × 0.63 in) and weighs 3.2 grams (0.11 oz), of which 7% is shell.[2] Research has shown that the female common cuckoo is able to keep its egg inside its body for an extra 24 hours before laying it in a host's nest. This means the cuckoo chick can hatch before the host's chicks do, and it can eject the unhatched eggs from the nest. Scientists incubated common cuckoo eggs for 24 hours at the bird's body temperature of 40 °C (104 °F), and examined the embryos, which were found "much more advanced" than those of other species studied. The idea of 'internal incubation' was first put forward in 1802 and 18th and 19th Century egg collectors had reported finding that cuckoo embryos were more advanced than those of the host species.[16]
The naked, altricial chick hatches after 11–13 days.[2] It methodically evicts all host progeny from host nests. It is a much larger bird than its hosts, and needs to monopolize the food supplied by the parents. The chick will roll the other eggs out of the nest by pushing them with its back over the edge. If the host's eggs hatch before the cuckoo's, the cuckoo chick will push the other chicks out of the nest in a similar way. At 14 days old, the common cuckoo chick is about three times the size of an adult Eurasian reed warbler.
The necessity of eviction behavior is unclear. One hypothesis is that competing with host chicks leads to decreased cuckoo chick weight, which is selective pressure for eviction behavior. An analysis of the amount of food provided to common cuckoo chicks by host parents in the presence and absence of host siblings showed that when competing against host siblings, cuckoo chicks did not receive enough food, showing an inability to compete.[17] Selection pressure for eviction behavior may come from cuckoo chicks lacking the correct visual begging signals, hosts distributing food to all nestlings equally, or host recognition of the parasite.[17][18] Another hypothesis is that decreased cuckoo chick weight is not selective pressure for eviction behavior. An analysis of resources provided to cuckoo chick in the presence and absence of host siblings also showed that the weights of cuckoos raised with host chicks were much smaller upon fledging than cuckoos raised alone, but within 12 days cuckoos raised with siblings grew faster than cuckoos raised alone and made up for developmental differences, showing a flexibility that would not necessarily select for eviction behavior.[19]
Species whose broods are parasitised by the common cuckoo have evolved to discriminate against cuckoo eggs but not chicks.[20] Experiments have shown that common cuckoo chicks persuade their host parents to feed them by making a rapid begging call that sounds "remarkably like a whole brood of host chicks." The researchers suggested that "the cuckoo needs vocal trickery to stimulate adequate care to compensate for the fact that it presents a visual stimulus of just one gape."[18] However, a cuckoo chick needs the amount of food of a whole brood of host nestlings, and it struggles to elicit that much from the host parents with only the vocal stimulus. This may reflect a tradeoff – the cuckoo chick benefits from eviction by receiving all the food provided, but faces a cost in being the only one influencing feeding rate. For this reason, cuckoo chicks exploit host parental care by remaining with the host parent longer than host chicks do, both before and after fledging.[18]
Common cuckoo chicks fledge about 17–21 days after hatching,[2] compared to 12–13 days for Eurasian reed warblers.[21] If the hen cuckoo is out-of-phase with a clutch of Eurasian reed warbler eggs, she will eat them all so that the hosts are forced to start another brood.
The common cuckoo's behaviour was firstly observed and described by Aristotle and the combination of behaviour and anatomical adaptation by Edward Jenner, who was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1788 for this work. It was first documented on film in 1922 by Edgar Chance and Oliver G Pike, in their film 'The Cuckoo's Secret'.[22]
A study in Japan found that young common cuckoos probably acquire species-specific feather lice from body-to-body contact with other cuckoos between the time of leaving the nest and returning to the breeding area in spring. A total of 21 nestlings were examined shortly before they left their hosts' nests and none carried feather lice. However, young birds returning to Japan for the first time were found just as likely as older individuals to be lousy.[23]
In culture[edit]
- In Europe, hearing the call of the common cuckoo is regarded as the first harbinger of spring. Many local legends and traditions are based on this. In Scotland, a number of Gowk Stones exist, sometimes associated with the arrival of the first cuckoo of spring. "Gowk" is an old name for the common cuckoo in northern England,[4] derived from a harsh repeated "gowk" call the bird makes when excited.[3]
- The well-known cuckoo clock features a mechanical bird and is fitted with bellows and pipes that imitate the call of the common cuckoo.
- Common cuckoos feature in a number of traditional rhymes. For instance,
- '"In April the cuckoo comes, In May she'll stay, In June she changes her tune, In July she prepares to fly, Come August, go she must,"' quoted Peggy. 'But you haven't said it all,' put in Bobby. '"And if the cuckoo stays till September, It's as much as the oldest man can remember."'[24]
- ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2012). "Cuculus canorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g Robinson, R. A. (2005). "Cuckoo Cuculus canorus". BirdFacts: Profiles of Birds Occurring in Britain & Ireland. British Trust for Ornithology. BTO Research Report 407. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Snow, D. W.; Perrins, C. (1997). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Abridged ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
- ^ a b Lockwood, W. B. (1993). The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866196-2.
- ^ "Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)". Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Mullarney, K.; Svensson, L.; Zetterstrom, D.; Grant, P. (1999). Collins Bird Guide. HarperCollins. pp. 204–205. ISBN 0-00-219728-6.
- ^ a b c d e f Baker, K. (1993). Identification Guide to European Non-Passerines. British Trust for Ornithology. pp. 273–275. ISBN 0-903793-18-0. BTO Guide 24.
- ^ Welbergen, J.; Davies, N. B. (2011). "A parasite in wolf's clothing: hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts". Behavioral Ecology 22 (3): 574–579. doi:10.1093/beheco/arr008.
- ^ a b Thorogood, R.; Davies, N. B. (2012). "Cuckoos combat socially transmitted defenses of reed warbler hosts with a plumage polymorphism". Science 337: 578–580. doi:10.1126/science.1220759.
- ^ Barrett, M. (1897). "The Cuckoo's Notes". The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular 38 (656): 697. doi:10.2307/3367962. JSTOR 3367962.
- ^ a b c Gibbs, H. L.; Sorenson, M. D.; Marchetti, K.; Brooke, M. D.; Davies, N. B.; Nakamura, H. (2000). "Genetic evidence for female host-specific races of the common cuckoo". Nature 407: 183–186. doi:10.1038/35025058.
- ^ a b c Fossoy, F.; Antonov, A.; Moksnes, A.; Roskfaft, E.; Vikan; Moller, A. P.; Shykoff, J. A.; Stokke, B. G. (2011). "Genetic differentiation among sympatric cuckoohost races: Males matter". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278: 1639–1645. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2090.
- ^ Brennand, E. (24 March 2011). "Cuckoo in egg pattern 'arms race'". BBC News. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ a b Moskát, C.; Honza, M. (2002). "European Cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism and host's rejection behaviour in a heavily parasitized Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus population". Ibis 144 (4): 614–622. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00085.x.
- ^ Moskát, C.; Honza, M. (2000). "Effect of nest and nest site characteristics on the risk of cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism in the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus". Ecography 23 (3): 335–341. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00289.x.
- ^ Moskvitch, K. (24 September 2010). "Extra incubation time lets cuckoo chicks pop out early". BBC News. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ a b Martín-Gálvez, D.; Soler, M.; Soler, J. J.; Martín-Vivaldi, M.; Palomino, J. J. (2005). "Food acquisition by common cuckoo chicks in rufous bush robin nests and the advantage of eviction behaviour". Animal Behavior 70: 1313–1321. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.031.
- ^ a b c Davies, N. B.; Kilner, R. M.; Noble, D. G. (1998). "Nestling cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, exploit hosts with begging calls that mimic a brood". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 265 (1397): 673–678. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0346. PMC 1689031.
- ^ Geltsch, N.; Hauber, M. E.; Anderson, M. G.; Ban, M.; Moskát, C. (2012). "Competition with a host nestling for parental provisioning imposes recoverable costs on parasitic cuckoo chick's growth". Behavioural Processes 90: 378–383. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.04.002.
- ^ Davies, N. B.; de L. Brooke, M. (1989). "An experimental study of co-evolution between the Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, and its hosts. II. Host egg markings, chick discrimination and general discussion". Journal of Animal Ecology 58 (1): 225–236. JSTOR 4996.
- ^ Robinson, R. A. (2005). "Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus". BirdFacts: Profiles of Birds Occurring in Britain & Ireland. British Trust for Ornithology. BTO Research Report 407. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- ^ "Oliver Pike". WildFilmHistory. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ de L. Brooke, M.; Nakamura, H. (1998). "The acquisition of host-specific feather lice by common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus)". Journal of Zoology 244 (2): 167–173. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00022.x.
- ^ Brazil, Angela (1915). A Terrible Tomboy. Project Gutenberg EBook #38619.
Further reading[edit]
- Wyllie, Ian (1981). The Cuckoo. London: B.T. Batsford.


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Named by National Geographic as one of the 21 places for culture and nature enthusiasts to discover in South-Estonia, the Jõesuu recreation area at Lake Võrtsjärv includes many opportunities to explore what Estonia has to offer!
Available at the Lake Võrtsjärv Visitor Centre are; a fully stocked café and souvenir shop, a camp ground AND caravan park! A tourist information centre with public Internet access; and both a permanent exhibition of Lake Võrtsjärv (herbarium, fossils, insects) and an exhibition of Andrei Reinol's landscape photography.

subset: commoncrawl


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L.A. Cops Doing Civilian Work As Budget Cuts Shrink Force
More and more L.A. cops are being shifted to desk jobs as budget cuts have slashed Los Angeles Police Department's civilian ranks by nearly 1,000, according to the union representing Los Angeles police. It will be a long, hot summer for crime fighting in L.A. as a result of the shuffling and cuts in overtime that are reducing the number of badges on the streets, the union argues.
The Los Angeles Police Protective League stated Thursday that the department's civilian force will have been reduced by 1,000 -- from 3,958 to less than 2,900 -- at the end of the fiscal year June 30 as a result of position eliminations and retirement. The job loses include critical crime-fighting functions -- "taking 9-1-1 calls, warrant processing, data entry for suspect booking, grant writing and crime statistics analysis" -- being shifted to officers who would otherwise be on the street, according to the LAPPL.
"For every 100 officers who are pulled from field work to backfill vacant civilian positions, it is the equivalent of removing about 30 police cars citywide," LAPPL president Paul M. Weber said. "And that has a dramatic impact on our ability to respond to calls for service and keep crime down. On a daily basis we are getting reports from our officers that they are spending increasing amounts of time in the station performing administrative tasks, rather than fighting crime on the streets. The back-filling of civilian duties by sworn officers threatens to reverse the LAPD's historic crime reductions in recent years."
Reductions in officers' overtime add to the civilian job cuts to create "significantly reduced police deployments throughout the city that threaten to create a public safety crisis this summer," the union argues in a statement.
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Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC100A-ES 147 CFM Energy Star In-Line Duct Fan for 4" Ducts from the AXC Collection
Offer Ends
Technical Specs
|Installation Sheet
|Specification Sheet
|CFM (High)
|CSA Approved
|Duct Size
|4" Round
|Energy Star
|Bathroom Exhaust, Duct Boosting, Kitchen Exhaust
|Grille Finish
|No Grille
|Housing Shape
|Kitchen Approved
|Light Included
|Max Ventilation Area
|Mount Type
|Product Weight
|UL Listed
This product has additional required/recommended options. To configure, add to your cart.
Dehumidistat Recommended
Timer Recommended
Pressure Switch Recommended
Speed Control Recommended
Continental Fan's AXC in-line centrifugal duct fans are designed for residential, commercial and industrial ventilation applications. The quiet and efficient backward-curved impeller is capable of developing significant pressure, and the in-line configuration simplifies installation, saving time and money!
- Quiet, powerful, compact; the most user-friendly fan in the industry
- Exclusive mounting brackets included for simple installation
- Easily installed in flexible or rigid duct
- May be used to supply or exhaust air
- May be mounted in any position
- Heavy gauge, drawn steel housing with baked epoxy finish inside and out
- Suitable for light dust and fumes
- Backward-curved fan impeller operates at low sound levels, overcomes high static pressure, and will not stall or overload motor at low airflow
- External rotor motor design results in superior motor cooling, durability
- Permanently lubricated ball bearing motors for maintenance free operation
- Automatic reset thermal overload protection
- External junction box contains pre-wired capacitor, to simplify wiring
- Fan and motor assembly is precision balanced for quiet and vibration-free operation
- Energy Star: Yes
- Voltage: 120
- Duct Opening: 4"
- CSA Approved: Yes
- UL Listed: Yes
- Warranty: 5 years
- Light Included: No
The versatility of the AXC fan is endless. The most common uses are bathroom exhaust, range hood exhaust and duct boosting.
Bathroom Exhaust
AXC in-line duct fans are the strongest and quietest bathroom fans available today. These fans allow the exhaust of multiple vents or bathrooms with one fan. They are user friendly, easy to install, and can be located directly over a shower.
Range Hood Exhaust
AXC in line duct fans can be used as a principle exhaust fan, or as a booster fan to improve the efficiency of an existing residential range hood. These fans can be variable speed controlled by using an independent speed controller, or by tying into an existing range hood controller. The heavy gauge housing, with epoxy coating inside and out, provides a rugged fan with superior corrosion protection.
Duct Boosting
AXC in-line duct fans can solve many air moving problems. They are designed to boost airflow through long or complex duct runs, and provide ideal solutions for areas that are hard to heat or cool.
Continental Fan Company was established in 1986 to manufacture and distribute quality ventilation equipment. Their objectives then were simple… to provide superior products, dependable service, and competitive pricing. They remain unchanged today.
Additional Continental Fan Manufacturing Links
- View Manufacturer Warranty
- Shop All Continental Fan Manufacturing Products
- Shop All Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC Collection Products
Our SKU: AXC100A-ES
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
1 Question from the Community
The Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC100A-ES has a max inlet air temp of 140 degrees Fahrenheit. You could use it inline in a furnace duct if the max air temp in ducting is no more than 130 degrees Fahrenheit.
What is the inlet air max temperature? Will this fan take the heat using it in a hot air furnace duct?
A. The Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC100A-ES has a max inlet air temp of 140 degrees Fahrenheit. You could use it inline in a furnace duct if the max air temp in ducting is no more than 130 degrees Fahrenheit.
Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC Collection
Other Products In The Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC Collection
Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC200B-ES
579 CFM Energy Star In-Line Duct Fan for 8" Ducts ...$258.00-$258.00(1)
Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC355B
1400 CFM In-Line Duct Fan for 14" Ducts from the A...$1,084.46-$1,084.46
Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC150B-ES
308 CFM Energy Star In-Line Duct Fan for 6" Ducts ...$198.66-$198.66
Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC150A-ES
230 CFM Energy Star In-Line Duct Fan for 6" Ducts ...$157.38-$157.38(1)
Continental Fan Manufacturing AXC100B
152 CFM In-Line Duct Fan for 4" Ducts from the AXC...$153.94-$153.94(1)


text: Stephen Foster Medley Look Inside Listen Stephen Foster Medley Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, Woodwind Quintet, Horn in F - IntermediateComposed by Stephen Foster (1826-1864). Arranged by Fiona Hickie. Jazz, Folk, Country. Score, Set of Parts. 19 pages. Published by Fiona Hickie (S0.66445). Available Instantly More info Add to Cart { "catalogRefId":"20105180", "productId":"prod20105180", "quantity":"1" }


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Bump for tonight!!!!
Type: Posts; User: Neccros
Bump for tonight!!!!
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After Beach Burgers demise I decided to move the meet to Mr. Pete's Grill. It is ran by the previous owners of Beach Burger when it was known as Bravo Burger. I had spoken with the owners and they...
BUMP for tonight!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I am
TONIGHT!!! NEW TIME!!!! 9 PM EVERY MONDAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Bout 11-12...depends on the crowd
Sent from my Nexus 4 using Tapatalk 2
I got family in town so I will be MIA one more week
Sent from my Nexus 4 using Tapatalk 2
Saw a clean dark gray MK3 with a aftermarket body kit and black wheels and a rack rolling through the parking lot at Honda HQ in Torrance. You came through the back entrance and turned between...
Spotted a reflex silver MKIV GTI lowered on stock wheels (Cant recall the name) driving between buildings 500 and 100 @ Honda in Torrance.
Spotted you twice...different days. Second time I...
Anyone know a way to convert a PS3 Logitech wheel to use on a Xbox for Forza?


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Translation of tug in Spanish:
transitive verb present participle tugging past tense, past participle tugged
- 1 (pull)(sleeve/cord)
tirar de
jalar (de) (Latin America excluding Southern Cone)Example sentences
- It stuck like glue and no matter how hard he tugged it, it just wouldn't budge.
- He murmured, gently tugging my arm and pulling me into his lap.
- Slowly and steadily I reel it in, remembering Glyn's advice not to tug the hook too suddenly.
- 2 (drag) a boy tugging a heavy suitcase alongun chico con una pesada maleta a rastrasExample sentences
- Recently, the ship was tugged back to the Steel yard and covered with a tarp for the winter where it will begin renovations.
- He said the ship was being tugged to a shipwrecking yard when the tugboat's cables broke and high tides pushed the tanker to shallow water where it ran aground.
intransitive verb present participle tugging past tense, past participle tugged
- 1 (pull)jalón (masculine) (Latin America excluding Southern Cone)to give something a tugtirar de algoshe still felt the tug of her native land
jalar (de) algo (Latin America excluding Southern Cone)
darle or pegarle un tirón a algo
darle or pegarle un jalón a algo (Latin America excluding Southern Cone)todavía le tiraba su tierraExample sentences
- I took the edge of the blanket and gave it a hard tug pulling the whole thing off the bed.
- He began drawing a detailed picture of an angel when a sudden tug on his shoulders nearly made him fall off the bench.
- About 5 minutes later I felt a hard tug, and started reeling in the fish.
Definition of tug in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Grammar and usage help for Spanish:
= trending


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If I set up a donation page in PayPal, do people paying need a paypal account? Or can they just enter their credit card at checkout and pay that way?
If I make a paypal donation page, do people need a paypal account to pay? Or can they just pay with a credit card?
Source: PayPal - Buttons for donations


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07:39 Indonesia has carried out the executions of 4 convicted drug traffickers - but spared the lives of 10 others.
06:10 The logging industry wants an investigation into foreign buyers snapping up immature trees.
06:02 An investigation is underway after a miner died in an overturned 50 tonne loader at a Waihi mine.
04:09 Pharmac's decision to fully fund HPV vaccines for all children from next year is expected to have a huge impact on a raft of cancers.
04:05 A commemorative service to mark the 101st anniversary of the Battle of Lone Pine in Gallipoli next month has been cancelled following unrest in Turkey
Wed, 04 Jun 2008
Become a fan of RadioLIVE on Facebook
on Twitter.
Pressure on Sky Tower to acknowledge Iraq bombings
Topp Twins look back at when it was illegal to be gay in NZ 30 years ago
John Key on Winston Peters and deputy PM, the Australian election, $1billion earmarked for infrastructure
Homeless RadioLIVE caller rescued by blind listener
Week in politics - Labour turns 100, LVR restrictions and housing, Australian election, Chilcot report
Slow start on the governments offer to move away from Auckland
Is there a future for the TPPA?
Huge earthquake due in South Island!
Children's Commissioner calling for increase in youth justice age
Why are our drink drive numbers increasing?


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Editor's Picks Playlist
Smart Conducts Summer Camp
Marcus Smart teaches the importance of hard work and camaraderie at his summer camp in Waltham.
| 02:39
Al Horford Throws First Pitch
Al Horford catches a game at Fenway Park and throws out the first pitch.
| 01:19
7/15 Game Recap: 'Feel More Comfortable'
The Celtics close out Summer League play and give their takeaways.
| 02:34
Jaylen Brown One-On-One
Jaylen Brown evaluates his performance during Summer League play.
| 03:10
7/13 Game Recap: 'Cavs In Attack Mode'
The Celtics fall to the Cavs 98-94 but they look to lock in for their final game on Friday in the Las Vegas Summer League.
| 02:40
7/12 Game Recap: 'Attacked The Basket'
The Celtics played with purpose to nab their first Vegas Summer League win over the Mavericks.
| 01:55
Team Originals
Smart Conducts Summer Camp
Marcus Smart teaches the importance of hard work and camaraderie at his summer camp in Waltham.
| 02:39
Team Highlights
The Look of an All-Star: Isaiah Thomas
Here's what a 5-foot-9 NBA All-Star, Isaiah Thomas, looks like while he's dropping 21.6 points per game on his opponents.
| 01:13
Home Court Advantage
4/28 Stevens Presser: 'Make the Right Read'
Head Coach Brad Stevens addresses the media before the Celtics tip off against the Hawks in Game 6 of the first round of the playoffs.
| 04:35
Celtics Dancers
Dancer Peyton Gets Makeover
Celtics Dancer Peyton heads to G20 for a makeover where she receives tips for styling her hair and applying makeup.
| 03:00
Olynyk, National Grid Unveil New Celtics STEM Lab
Kelly Olynyk and National Grid helped unveil a Celtics STEM Lab at Spofford Pond School as a part of the Energy Assist program. The Celtics STEM Lab renovation was awarded to the local students for their dedication to conserving energy.
| 01:51


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Complement any ensemble with the Mossimo Supply Co. Braid Belt in Black. This versatile belt looks as fabulous at the office as it does on the weekend. The 100% leather material is luxe and durable. You'll love the classic simplicity of the square zinc buckle. Wear this great accessory with jeans, skirts or any time you need to accent your look Wipe clean with a dry cloth for easy maintenance.
Material: Leather 100, %
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Care and Cleaning: Wipe Clean with a Dry Cloth
other Info.
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- Imported


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Jonathon BartonShared publicly -
One of my more boneheaded moves – which really is saying something – kept me hanging around Silver City for several days until earlier this
Star Wars: The Digital Movie Collection - Movies & TV on Google Play
Experience the heroic action and unforgettable adventures of Star Wars, the most iconic film series ever made – now available for the first
The Kindle app puts over 1.5 million books at your fingertips. It's the app for every reader, whether you're a book reader, magazine reader,
Humble Bundle: PC and Android 9 (Pay what you want and support charity)
Humble Bundle has a new bundle with both PC and Android games! Broken Sword 2 and Ravensword: Shadowlands are there plus beating the average
Drone Circles Building Explosion Taking Photos
A drone gliding over the rubble of an apartment building ravaged by a gas explosion didn't belong to the New York police or fire departments
50 States Text List | Jordon Meyer - eCommerce Search Marketing
Any easy to use text list of all 50 states. Use if for your PPC campaign or any other project you wish.
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Dr. Who - My New Addiction | Budgeting In the Fun Stuff
My friends have been trying to get me to watch at least the new series of Dr. Who ever since I started hanging out with them back in 2009. H
The Volokh Conspiracy » Why It's So Hard to Trust Republicans to Limit G...
Exhibit A: the Farm Bill passed by the House last week. As noted here and here, this bill would result in greater farm subsidy spending than
Every Day Cosplay: River Tham
Every Day Cosplay: River Tham This was actually my VERY first attempt into cosplay! It was right after SDCC 2009 when I fell in love with Fi
The Humble Bundle with Android 6 (pay what you want and help charity)
Pay whatever you want to get Aquaria, Fractal: Make Blooms Not War, Organ Trail: Director's Cut, and Stealth Bastard Deluxe -- all while sup
Norton Security antivirus
The new Norton Mobile Security with antivirus protects your Android phones and tablets from theft, loss, malware and viruses. Remotely locat
Build a Business, Live Anywhere, Achieve Freedom — Location 180 | Build ...
Ever wanted to build a business that allowed you to live anywhere? These posts from Location 180 will get you going in the right direction.
The Pre-Mortem: A Simple Technique To Save Any Project From Failure
Fellow Riskologist, An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Any doctor will tell you that. And so will any sick patient. So, why is
The Way 18-29 Years Olds Use Their Phones Is Totally Different Than The ...
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xkcd: The Pace of Modern Life
< Prev · Random; Next >; >|. Permanent link to this comic: http://xkcd.com/1227/ Image URL (for hotlinking/embedding): http://imgs.xkcd.com/
Seth's Blog: "I get it"
No need to read the whole book, I can just glance over the Cliffs Notes... I get it. I don't need to hear your whole pitch, just show me the
Buzz Launcher Beta
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Voice-To-Text Is Just As Dangerous As Regular Texting While Driving
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Caribbean Community (CAICOM) countries were on Wednesday expressing satisfaction with the roles they played in a United Nations Arms Trade Treaty (ATT).
CARICOM countries voted in favour of the treaty on Tuesday to regulate the US$70 billion global trade in small arms, light weapons and some ammunition.
Lead CARICOM negotiator, Ambassador Eden Charles of Trinidad and Tobago, speaking on behalf of the 14 CARICOM states, said that the UN system "had adopted an instrument to prevent divergence, that is the movement of small arms to countries and parties to whom they were not intended, and used for illegal activities, including activities related to drug trafficking".
A statement issued by the Foreign Affairs Ministry in Trinidad and Tobago later quoted Charles as saying that the governments ad people of the region "now have an international instrument which has the potential in the near future to supplement their efforts at preventing the diversion to the illicit market of conventional arms, including small arms and light weapons, their ammunition, as well as parts and components".
The diplomat said that the illegal arms trade, which is associated with international drug trafficking and other forms of transnational organized crime, has negatively impacted the societies of CARICOM.
He said that the ATT can assist CARICOM countries in maximizing the use of existing agreements and in concluding new ones for mutual legal assistance in investigations and prosecutions in addressing violations of the Treaty.
CARICOM was among the diverse grouping of States, crossing different political and legal systems, from developed and developing countries, from exporters and importers of conventional arms which welcomed the ATT as a necessary instrument for ensuring that States are responsible and accountable in the conduct of their trade in conventional arms.
Veteran Grenadian diplomat Dessima Williams said while the treaty is "not a perfect or final attempt to regulate a major threat to humanity, it is a very helpful one and Grenada is surely playing its part in global management of yet another dangerous reality.
"Like the entire United Nations, we wanted a more rigorous regime; but like the majority of negotiators, we believe this is the highest common denominator possible among 193 countries; it is a welcome and decent start," she added.
Jamaica and St, Vincent and the Grenadines also played lead negotiation roles.
Cuba, Bolivia, Ecuador, India, Indonesia and Russian Federation were among the 23 countries abstaining during the vote on the treaty with most arguing the treaty did not have adequate sanctions on importers while giving exporters too much latitude.
Almost all of the Arab states, Africa, the United States and Mexico voted for the document. Iran, Syria and North Korea voted against the resolution, arguing the right of self-determination and prohibitions against trade that support terrorists were not strong enough.
"The Government of Trinidad and Tobago and its CARICOM counterparts are satisfied that the Treaty imposes an obligation on States Parties involved in the transfer of conventional arms to take measures to prevent the diversion of these arms, including small arms and light weapons to the illicit market.
"This is a significant achievement for the CARICOM States which had called for strong provisions on diversion to be included in the ATT bearing in mind that diversion is the biggest problem associated with the illegal trade in these weapons in the region.
"Through diversion, small arms and light weapons such as hand guns fall into the hands of drug traffickers, gang leaders and other individuals bent on engaging in criminal activity, to the detriment of law abiding citizens and the peace and security of CARICOM States," the Trinidad and Tiobago government statement said.
The draft treaty will be open for signature at the UN beginning under the authority of Secretary General Ban Ki-moon on June 3 with hopes of ratification and entry into force within a year.


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State and Local Transportation Resources
Transportation Conformity
This section provides access to information on EPA's transportation conformity program. Transportation conformity is a Clean Air Act requirement that serves as a bridge to connect air quality and transportation planning activities. Use the links below to access relevant rulemakings, policy, technical guidance, reports, and general information about the conformity program.
- General Information
- Conformity Information for 2008 Ozone NAAQS Nonattainment Areas
- Policy and Technical Guidance
- Project-level Conformity
- Training and Presentations
- Current Law, Regulations and Guidance
- Adequacy Review of SIP Submissions
- Regional Contacts
For more information, contact Astrid Terry at 734-214-4812 or email@example.com.


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Profile Photos
Album for profile photos
Jan 1, 2015
Photos: 4
Jul 17, 2011
Photos: 9
Scrapbook Photos
Album for scrapbook photos
Jul 3, 2011
Pictures of the World
These photos are a random sampling of photos I've taken around the world. They are also part of my book on Travel photography (http://www.danheller.com/books).
Oct 3, 2007
Photos: 231


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Available Size: Bra: B/C (#3) (Inside Cup, Horizontal 6.5" x Vertical 6"), Ribcage: 35", Upper Hip: Up to 40", Lower Hip: Up to 43", Length: 39".
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Home to Contemporary Art
Michael Mendelsohn and his wife, Gael, have filled their three-story town home in a gated community in the village of Hastings-on-Hudson in Westchester County with contemporary art and contemporary folk art they have collected over the past 30 years. "You can't sit anywhere in our house. Everything is a piece of art," Mr. Mendelsohn says.
Mr. Mendelsohn credits his wife, a former artist, art teacher and curator, for creating the collection. Their love of art also led them to establish their company, the Briddge Group, through which they help art collectors make financial and philanthropic decisions for their art collections.
After about 22 years in their Hastings-on-Hudson home, which is on the St. Andrew's Golf Club in Hastings-on-Hudson, the Mendelsohns are putting it up for sale, asking $945,000.
They will be moving their art collection to a new home they bought last year in another golf community in Boca Raton, Fla., says Mr. Mendelsohn, an avid golfer who will turn 70 this year. The couple, who previously rented a home in Palm Beach, will likely spend summers in the northeast, where their adult children and their grandchildren are still located. They will most likely rent a home in the Hamptons or on Martha's Vineyard, Mr. Mendelsohn says.
The Westchester home, built in 1986, has a total of seven rooms, including three bedrooms and 3½ bathrooms in about 3,500 square feet. It also features cathedral ceilings, hardwood floors and a wrap-around deck.
Because of the art work, it "shows like a museum," Mr. Mendelsohn says. He notes that his real-estate agents ask him to put some of the art away when potential buyers visit because "people are paying more attention to the art" than to the house itself.
The St. Andrew's Golf Club was established in 1888 and was a founding member of the U.S. Golf Association. Jack Nicklaus re-designed the course in 1983.
The home is listed by Deborah Carrillo and Arlyne Ashkinos of Better Homes and Gardens Rand Realty.


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A 28-year-old died of stab wounds Friday morning in Pueblo's Parkview Hospital.
According to Pueblo police, the male was brought to the hospital by a private vehicle around 7:35 a.m. He passed away at approximately 9:35 a.m.
Police earlier asked for help identifying the individual and vehicle that dropped the victim off. At 1:46 p.m., Det. Jeff Shay sent an email to media announcing the man seen in hospital surveillance driving a white truck had been located.
Det. Shay did not clarify if that person was considered a suspect or witness.
The victim was identified as Christopher Rodriguez of Pueblo. Police say Rodriguez may have been living on the 700 block of Santa Clara, and is usually seen driving a red scooter. Police are trying to locate the scooter, and say it may be in the area of Santa Clara or Pueblo Boulevard.
The investigation is ongoing. If anyone has any information that could assist police with this case, please call the Police Department at 719-553-2538 or Pueblo Crime Stoppers at 719-542-STOP.


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Video: Dairy Free Pumpkin Pie (No Nasty Evaporated Milk!)Holiday Cooking Tips (aired on NBC), Other, Videos
The second of the five cooking tips I filmed for News Channel 8 Today television show demonstrates how to make pumpkin pie without canned evaporated milk.
Canned evaporated milk is one of the most health robbing processed foods that is regularly part of Holiday meal preparation and it can so easily be avoided!
Not only is the milk used to make canned evaporated milk typically from sick, confined cows kept going via a cocktail of drugs and fed large amounts of genetically modified corn and soy, but it is also heavily processed which denatures the fragile milk proteins.
The violent processing required to produce evaporated milk damages the fragile milk proteins so completely that the enzymes the body produces to digest these proteins lose their effectiveness as they no longer fit together like puzzle pieces. Any undigested milk proteins either rot in the gut providing the perfect breeding ground for pathogens, or worse, make their way into the bloodstream due to "leaky gut" syndrome, which nearly all Westerners suffer from to some degree. At that point, the body identifies the undigested proteins as foreign invaders and mounts an immune response, better known as allergies, asthma, eczema and other symptoms of auto immune disorders!
A simple substitution of whole coconut milk for the evaporated milk solves this problem entirely. While it is best to use fresh coconut milk if possible (click here to learn how to make), even if you used a canned version with no additives, it is a huge improvement over evaporated milk. Coconut milk is low in protein so there isn't much to denature via processing and the fats in coconut milk are stable when heated and highly beneficial to health. These medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) are even being researched as a method for halting and reversing Alzheimer's disease.
As a bonus, coconut milk is naturally sweet so you may find as I have that you can reduce the amount of sugar (I use coconut sugar or sucanat – click here for sources) in your recipe and still achieve the same level of sweetness.
The best part about using coconut milk instead of evaporated milk in your pumpkin pie is the taste. The taste is creamier and much more enjoyable than the results produced with canned evaporated milk!
Click here for my pumpkin pie recipe.
To view all the Holiday Turkey Tips I filmed for the NBC News Channel 8 Today show, click here.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
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Comments (30)
Cynde Delaina
After I originally commented I clicked the -Notify me when new feedback are added- checkbox and now every time a comment is added I get four emails with the identical comment. Is there any approach you possibly can take away me from that service? Thanks!
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I want to be on your mailing list.
Kathleen Miller
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Tiffany Collins
I made 1 pie using creme fraiche and 1 using coconut milk and coconut sugar. I made a gluten free crust and used coconut oil. My son is gluten,dairy, and nut free. His pie turned out lovely. I love seeing Sarah recommend this. We've been eating this way for more than 4yrs. and have learned a lot.
I usually make my home made pumpkin pies with organic condensed milk. Is condensed milk as bad as evaporated milk?
Lori Hora
Hi Sarah – can I just use coconut cream? I get mine from Wilderness Family Naturals and it is a great product. Thanks for the great recipe!
Can your daughter have sunflower seeds? You can make milk from sprouted sunflower seeds just like you would homemade almond milk. IT might be worth a try. You could try it in a small batch of custard and just cook it in 8 oz jam jars on the stove top in a slow water bath to see if how it turns out before you make the whole pie.
We make custard this way sometimes.
Kelly Kindig via Facebook
What do you think of coconut sugar? Aside from the fact that it's processed food.
Pingback: Fitness drinks For Sports drinks Nutrition, Sports Supplements
Great idea. I'm curious about your crust though? What do you do for yours? I tried to make a quiche crust from coconut flour once and it did not turn out so well. Waiting for suggestions from our HHE:)
Pingback: Video: Dairy Free Pumpkin Pie (No Nasty Evaporated Milk!) | CookingPlanet
Joan Wiersma via Facebook
How about Almond milk? Anyone ever try that? It works in so many things.
Amanda Slavinski via Facebook
i will definitely be making this for my husband this year.
Nice segment, Sarah! I might try coconut milk if I could find one that didn't have crap in it. I will stick with cream for now.
Helen Griggs via Facebook
I will be trying this! We love coconut milk!
Sara James via Facebook
Thanks for sharing this! My dad has trouble digesting dairy but loves pumpkin pie! I'll try this
Brian J. Swanson via Facebook
My daughter is allergic to all animal milk and allergic to almonds, coconuts. I make all my pies from scratch. there the best that way. do you know of any allternatives to soy milk. rice milk has cona oil it. any suggestions?
Jennifer J
I made 2 pies with almond milk last week, and nobody knew the difference.
I wonder if you could make your own rice milk? I've seen recipes here and there on doing it. I think 101cookbooks.com has a recipe but I'm not sure. I've also come across cashew milk…homemade. If memory serves me, homemade rice/cashew milks are not very labor intensive.
Marie Gagnon via Facebook
Great Info!
Jill Nienhiser
The way I make pumpkin pie, which always gets raves, is to use the Libby's recipe on the can, but substitute an equal amount of heavy cream for the evaporated milk. Way richer, creamier, and delicious, and I can use my raw heavy cream or pasteurized organic heavy cream (better at least than conventional evaporated milk).
Of course, that recipe uses white sugar, but most people do only make pumpkin pie at Thanksgiving, so a once a year indulgence may be okay as long as you aren't sugar sensitive. Using maple sugar or maple syrup might be an acceptable substitution and provide a few more minerals (any one know if you can just put an equal amount of maple sugar or syrup in for the white sugar in a typical pumpkin pie recipe?).
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
You will like the results with whole coconut milk better I think. Coconut milk is sweet so you can reduce the sugar as a bonus. I typically use coconut sugar or sucanat.
Aaron Houk
What would be the ramifications of using my own fresh raw goats milk, gently condensed over low heat to 60% volume?
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
That would probably be fine. Keep that heat as low as you can though. Those milk proteins are so fragile.
I just use heavy cream.
This is what I do, as well.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
You will like the results from coconut milk better. I've tried heavy cream too.
I've seen Organic evaporated milk. Any better? There are times I don't want that coconut taste in food.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Organic evaporated milk has the same allergenic qualities as supermarket evaporated milk. It is from milk w/o steroids and antibiotic residues, but it is still completely undigestible from the violent processing.


text:
Talk:Bonita Vista High School
|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:
I have completed some wikification on this article, notably in the alumni section, however that section is in some serious need of some references. If anyone from that area can find some, the article would be greatly improved. LonelyBeacon (talk) 03:04, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
Request for protection[edit]
{{editsemiprotected}} There have been edits to the notable alumni section, possibly due to political bias due to the notable alumni's political affiliation. Namely the removal of Shirley Horton on multiple occasions. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 09:33, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
Not done: The
{{editsemiprotected}} template is meant to be used by non-autoconfirmed editors to allow them to insert changes into semiprotected pages, not to request page protection. To request page protection, you need to go to Wikipedia:Request for page protection and follow the directions. An admin will then have a look and decide if protection is needed. I'm not an admin, but I'd expect that request to get denied. There just isn't enough activity to warrant protection. It would be more useful to contact the editors who are removing Shirley Horton from the alumni to find out why and reach an agreement. I notice that each of the three times since February are different IPs with just that one edit, so discussion here may make more sense than discussion on their talk pages. Also, I notice that the reference on Shirley Horton for her assembly bio has been replaced by her successor. Is there a reliable source that can be used to verify that she attended Bonita Vista? Wiki articles are not concidered reliable sources. Good luck, Celestra (talk) 14:42, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
- Thanks for letting me know. I can understand why said request wouldn't work. As for sources as to her attendance let me give you multiple webpages that refer to said attendance/alumni status. 1 2 3 --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 11:06, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
No problem. I've added the La Prensa reference to the article to avoid having reasonable people remove it by mistake. Let's just watch for a few months to see what happens. Celestra (talk) 14:44, 12 June 2009 (UTC) Same editor as last time removed Shirley Horton again. I will continue to monitor this page, and if this continues take action, by recommending semi-protection for this page, or IP block against the editor. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 10:03, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
- Well the semiprotection has been lifted, and we are at this again. I have placed a warning on the editor's new talk page. If this continues I will lobby for full protection. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 04:05, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
Thanks for catching that Celestra, the most recent edit that is. I am presuming that you made the warning level 3 instead of level 2, only because this is that IP User's third vandalism action, regardless of whether it is their second warning? --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 21:11, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
- The IP belongs to AT&T Internet Services in the San Luis Obispo area. The previous IP vandals have also been from AT&T in that area. This IP has done nothing but the disruptive edits here, like the previous IPs. The reasonable conclusion is that this is that same vandal using various dynamic IPs and so jumping to level 3 seemed reasonable. Like people say, AGF is not a suicide pact; if there is evidence of bad faith, we can act accordingly. Celestra (talk) 21:49, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
- I went back and double checked since the beginning of the year. All of the IPs are from SLO (one from Atascadero, close enough) except the IP that added the vagrant twice, who was from Austin, TX and the one that added the NFL players, who was from Chula Vista, outside San Diego. Celestra (talk) 22:02, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
I know, I live in Chula Vista, presently, and was raised here. As for the NFL Player edits, the only reason why I reverted that was because there is no statement in the wikiarticle supporting their attendance at BVHS or citation/references provided. For that one I can see that as an AGF edit. The continued removal of Shirley Horton is vandalism, no arguments from me on that point. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 22:10, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
- I looked for reliable sources for the NFL players, but all I could find were sites that were open to anonymous edits. They probably are valid alumni, but someone needs to find a verifiable, reliable source for the information. I agree with you about the repeated removal or change of Shirley Horton's entry. Not only is it vandalism, but it appears to be politically-motivated vandalism, which is particularly offensive to any reasonable person. Celestra (talk) 16:08, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
FYI IP editor has been blocked. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 15:20, 8 August 2009 (UTC)
- Only to reappear a moment later as a different IP. I'll go ask for a longer page protection. (I hope you don't mind...I changed the nested indent to merely alternate.)Celestra (talk) 16:13, 8 August 2009 (UTC)
New IP editor from same region as previous IP editors have again removed the same notable alumni. I have requested semi-protection, yet again. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 05:48, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
I am the editor...I have been removing this name because it does not represent a "notable" person. No politics involved. I don't believe this person has minimal "Notable" characteristics. There are more "notable" alumni, i.e. Steve Peace, that are not listed and apparently not hung up on it. I mean, outside of family and a few friends, who has heard of this person? So there you have it. No evil lurking here. No bias. Just realism....Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 05:49, 26 June 2012 (UTC)
- Shirley Horton is notable per WP:POLITICIAN and therefore is eligible to be listed here per WP:NLIST. If you would like to discuss whether one believe that Shirley Horton is or not notable, as Wikipedia defines it to be, then one can do so at the Shirley Horton article's talk page, and one can also nominate the article for deletion due to notability, however as the subject passes POLITICIAN as I had previously said a deletion outcome is unlikely.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 10:15, 26 June 2012 (UTC)
I am a one time Bonita resident, a Republican, and a BV Alumnus. I thought my housekeeping would benefit all by eliminating clutter. I am curious as to who would expend so much energy to protect this entry. Can you honestly reveal your motivation? Regardless of that, I now humbly retreat and wish you no further trouble. I had no idea that there was such teeming life behind these articles. It seemed to me that "Cow" had split from the herd and was perched on my shoulder, ever watching my finger as it approached the delete button. I should have turned a few wiki pages and that is my failing. I now understand that a "POLITICIAN", however obscure or (in)effective, should be considered notable by merely taking an office at state level. I certainly had no business removing this entry without at least reviewing WP standards. I duly apologize and wish you happy days filled with nary an undelete and mucho grass for your content.— Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk • contribs) 17:58, 4 August 2012
- The above entry was modified after its initial posting it previously read as follows:
In that case I humbly retreat and wish you no further trouble. I had no idea that there was such teeming life behind these articles. It seemed to me that "Cow" had split from the herd and was perched on my shoulder, ever watching my delete button. I should have turned a few wiki pages and that is my failing. I can understand the point that any "POLITICIAN", however obscure or effective, can be considered notable by mere election and regardless of their renown. I certainly had no business removing this entry without at least reviewing WP standards. I duly apologize and wish you happy days filled with nary an undelete.
- When editing past comments by yourself please see WP:REDACT.
- As for a response, I am concerned as to the edited response above, as the geolocation of the above IP does not appear to be located in the area claimed by the IP editor. Additionally the political alignment of the IP editor is irrelevant.
- I do have this article in my watchlist, as I am a member of a WikiProject which this article is within the scope of, and thus why I have noticed unwarranted deletion of well sourced content.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 01:31, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
Good lord, you people need to get a life. Playing Sam Spade and preserving the edits of edits of edited edits. Take a break, flush your umbrage and enjoy the world outside. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 20:59, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
Band played for President[edit]
There presently is not a History section to this article, if there is, I found a reliable source noting that a band from this school played for Bill Clinton while he held the office of POTUS. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 04:44, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
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