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Saturday in Osage
By Jo's Country Junction on June 11, 2014
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Saturday Kelli and I took a trip over to Osage, Iowa.
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Cyber Attacks Shut Down San Jose Police & City WebsitesAuthorities say the San Jose Police Department website and other city web pages were shut down intermittently for several days after being targeted by a cyber attacker.
Livermore Fiber Optic Line Severed In 11th Attack On Bay Area LinesA rash of attacks on fiber optic cables have happened in the Bay Area, causing disruptions with internet, phone and cable service.
'Cyber Attack' On California Common Core Testing Shuts Down Access For Hours, State Denies Deliberate Tampering"It was a deliberate attack. Not just a malfunction," educators said after hundreds of thousands of California students were blocked from logging on to take mandatory Common Core tests Thursday.
Common Core Testing Hit With Server Delays, Glitches As First Computerized Standardized Testing Gets TestedThe controversial Common Core testing affecting millions of students across America was already facing student boycotts and parental opposition, and now it's facing what may be an even tougher opponent -- slow Internet connections and lack of server space.
Pentagon Says U.S. Couldn't Thwart Major Cyber Attack, Recruiting Tech Experts From Silicon ValleyPentagon officials say the Defense Department still doesn't have the capabilities and resources needed to defend against a major cyberattack from another nation or other tech-savvy criminals.
North Korea Compares Pres. Obama To 'Monkey In A Tropical Forest,' Blames U.S. For Internet OutageNorth Korea compared President Barack Obama to a monkey and blamed the U.S. on Saturday for shutting down its Internet amid the hacking row over the comedy "The Interview."
10 Movies You Can Watch That 'Dis' North Korea (Since Sony Won't Release 'The Interview')
Producers Say Latest James Bond Film Script Was Stolen In Sony Pictures Hack AttackThe producers of the James Bond films have acknowledged that an early version of the screenplay for the new movie "SPECTRE" was among the material stolen in the massive cyber attack on Sony Pictures Entertainment.
North Korea Denies Involvement But Calls Hack Attack On Sony Pictures 'Righteous Deed'North Korea released a statement Sunday that clearly relished a cyber attack on Sony Pictures, which is producing an upcoming film that depicts an assassination plot against Pyongyang's supreme leader.
Global Cyber Attack Partially Shuts Down Bay Area Government WebsitesA global cyber attack Monday shut down web access to agendas, minutes and video for numerous Bay Area government agencies, including in San Francisco.
U.S. Senator Feinstein Pushes Cyber-Security Bill; Civil Liberties Activists Say It's Flawed Senator Dianne Feinstein is urging Silicon Valley leaders to call their congressional representatives to express their support for her cyber-security bill, which is facing opposition from privacy advocates.
San Francisco-Based StubHub Latest Company To Be Victim Of Cyber ThievesThe company detected the unauthorized transactions last year, contacted authorities and gave the affected customers refunds and help changing their passwords.


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Wheat Little Changed, May Rise as Lower Prices Spur Demand
Wheat, little changed, may rise on speculation that the lowest prices in six weeks will spur overseas sales of U.S. supplies as well as speculative investment.
The price dropped 8.1 percent in the previous six sessions. Investors who had bet prices would fall may be buying back contracts and closing out positions on expectations that the lower prices will spur importers to buy from the U.S., the world's largest shipper of the grain, said Larry Glenn, an analyst at Frontier Ag in Quinter, Kansas.
"We've had enough days of selling pressure that we were due for a bounce," Glenn said.
Wheat futures for July delivery rose 0.25 cent to $4.6925 a bushel at 10:04 a.m. on the Chicago Board of Trade. Yesterday, the price touched $4.6625, the lowest level for a most-active contract since April 6. Before today, the commodity dropped 13 percent this year because of reduced demand for U.S. grain and rising global stockpiles.
Wheat is the fourth-biggest U.S. crop, valued at $10.6 billion in 2009, behind corn, soybeans and hay, government data show.


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, Volume 7, Issue 2, pp 598-608
First online:
Site-Specific Trade-offs of Harvesting Cereal Residues as Biofuel Feedstocks in Dryland Annual Cropping Systems of the Pacific Northwest, USA
- David R. HugginsAffiliated withLand Management and Water Conservation Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University Email author
- , Chad E. KrugerAffiliated withCenter for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources, Washington State University
- , Kathleen M. PainterAffiliated withAgricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Idaho
- , David P. UberuagaAffiliated withDepartment of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University
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Cereal residues are considered an important feedstock for future biofuel production. Harvesting residues, however, could lead to serious soil degradation and impaired agroecosystem services. Our objective was to evaluate trade-offs of harvesting wheat and barley residues including impacts on soil erosion and quality, soil organic C (SOC), and nutrient removal. We used agricultural data from 369 geo-referenced points on the 37-ha Washington State University Cook Agronomy Farm combined with model simulations to develop straw harvest scenarios for conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) and both 2- and 3-year crop rotations with sequences of wheat, barley, and peas. Site-specific estimates of ethanol production from 2- and 3-year rotation scenarios ranged from 681 to 1,541 L ha−1 yr−1, indicating that both crop rotation and site-specific targeting of residue harvest are important factors. Harvesting straw reduced residue C inputs by 46 % and resulted in levels below that required to maintain SOC under CT. This occurred as a function of both straw harvest and low residue producing crops in rotation. Harvesting straw under CT was predicted to reduce soil quality as Soil Conditioning Indices (SCIs) were negative throughout the field. In contrast, SCIs under NT were positive despite straw harvest. Replacement value of nutrients (N, P, K, S) removed in harvested straw averaged $14.54 Mg−1 dry straw and ranged from $36.04 to $80.30 ha−1, while straw harvesting costs averaged $34.25 Mg−1, and the current (2014) market value of straw is $65 Mg−1. We concluded that substantial trade-offs exist in harvesting straw for biofuel, that trade-offs should be evaluated on a site-specific basis, and that support practices such as crop rotation, reduced tillage, and site-specific nutrient management need to be considered if residue harvest is to be sustainable.
KeywordsWheat residue Biofuels Cereal straw Ethanol Soil quality Soil carbon
Reference tools
- Title
- Site-Specific Trade-offs of Harvesting Cereal Residues as Biofuel Feedstocks in Dryland Annual Cropping Systems of the Pacific Northwest, USA
- Journal
BioEnergy Research
Volume 7, Issue 2 , pp 598-608
- Cover Date
- 2014-06
- 10.1007/s12155-014-9438-4
- Print ISSN
- 1939-1234
- Online ISSN
- 1939-1242
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Wheat residue
- Biofuels
- Cereal straw
- Ethanol
- Soil quality
- Soil carbon
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- David R. Huggins (1)
- Chad E. Kruger (2)
- Kathleen M. Painter (3)
- David P. Uberuaga (4)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Land Management and Water Conservation Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 215 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- 2. Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA
- 3. Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2334, Moscow, ID, 83844-2334, USA
- 4. Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, 201 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA


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Out of the box, I noticed my Incredible has a lot of stuff running/turned on by default. Besides the basics of turning off WiFi, GPS, and BlueTooth when I'm not using them, are there more steps I can take to make my battery last longer?
In general, I believe reducing use of vibration helps save battery life on a phone. So for the Incredible, I even disabled the feature of vibrating when entering keystrokes.
Here are some good tips from wikiHow.
Switching to 2G when there's no need to use 3G networks is also increasing the battery life.
The biggest thing I've seen is to dim the backlight as much as possible (while remaining comfortable for your eyes), as well as lowering screen time-out length. Another big killer is to stay connected to wifi or 3g with a very weak signal. If it is at the point of losing connection and reconnecting repeatedly, it will eat through the battery very quickly.


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Aromatherapy Case Studies
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Gary Said:Why so many creeps reply to free aromatherapy massage advert?
We Answered:Welcome to our world........ it can be fairly grubby here, can't it?!
Seriously though, learn to develop a bit of thick skin and pity the sad fools that need to get their kicks in that way. Think of a few comments you can make if that happens again- I take it you're talking to them on the phone? You can always just hang up, I've never had one phone me back yet. Or say 'Hmm, you are mistaking me for a rent boy. Easy mistake to make, they usually spend thousands on a course to get professional training and letters after their name don't they?!'
Unfortunately it goes with the territory, a male friend doing reflexology has been asked for 'extras' too- the mind boggles, it really does.......
Another option is not to do it for free- charge a minimal amount for the cost of the oils and washing of towels, then it may not sound dodgy!
Brandon Said:aromatherapy case studies?
We Answered:Okay, I am also doing aromatherapy and I use www.healthypages.co.uk/forums you will find old exam papers, case studies and loads of advice off recently examined students....
Discuss It!
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The education of human beings is the fundamental step for all individuals. The formal and informal education of students is very necessary. The formal education is given in the institutes of public and private sector. The informal education is acquired by the observation in society.
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Education tells us about the importance of the education subject, in which the students can get the information of the teaching technique. In which if the students who want to become a teacher. So they have to study this subject as well.


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Displaying 1 - 10 of 211 results
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OS Map name 012/NW
Map of Gloucestershire
Bredon, Bredon's Hardwick, Church End, Mill End, Puckrup, Shuthonger, Twyning, Twyning Green, GL20 7, GL20 6View result
TWYNE, Thomas
Physicians and Irregular Medical Practitioners in London 1550-1640 Database
Thomas TWYNE Thomas TWYNE Biography Name Thomas TWYNE (TWINE) Gender Male Primary occupation medical physician (MD) (Physician. F of CCC 1564. ... of birth England (b Canterbury, Kent (son of John...View result
Tewkesbury hundred: Upper division
A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 6
and Dixton, 2 Twyning, and Stoke Orchard 3 (in Bishop's Cleeve). It is to be noted that all these places except Twyning were away from Tewkesbury ... and Kemerton in Deerhurst hundred, 4 Alderton and ...View result
Houses of Benedictine monks: The abbey of Winchcombe
A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2
Adelmington, Alne, Twyning, Charlton Abbots, Stanton, Snowshill, and Newton. ... and lands in Twyning, Gretton, Frampton, Honeybourne, Sherborne, ... The profits of the manor of Twyning were...View result
Hanborough: Manors and other estates
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 12, Wootton Hundred (South) Including Woodstock
v, p. 50; P.R.O., C 143/87, no. 10. C.C.C. Mun., Twyne transcript, iii, p. 25; Cal. Pat. 1327-30, 472. Feud. Aids, iv. 177. C.C.C. Mun., Twyne transcript, iii, pp. 53, 65, 81. Cal. Pat. 1361-4, 516-17; C.C.C. Mun...View result
Principal Bodleian manuscripts used
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 13, Bampton Hundred (Part One)
family of Bampton, 19th-century MS. Twyne 4 Extracts from Oxford city archives by Brian Twyne MS. Willis 52(a) Collection of notes of early willsView result
Note on the Oxford City archives
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 4, the City of Oxford
Twyne (d. 1644) (see Munimenta Civitatis Oxonie, ed. H. E. Salter, pp. vi-xiii; cf. Bodl. Ms. Twyne iv, p. 353). Council books, court records,View result
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 4, the City of Oxford
Bodl. MS. Twyne xxiv, p. 258; Borough Customs, ii (Selden Soc. xxi), 1956. ... of the transcripts made by the antiquary Brian Twyne, who wrongly inserted the title 'husting court'; Bodl. MS. Twyne...View result
Archdeacons: Worcester
Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541-1857: Volume 7, Ely, Norwich, Westminster and Worcester Dioceses
Roland Morton Esq. of Twyning, Glos., John Bagard, merchant of Hereford,View result
Tweedmouth - Twywell
A Topographical Dictionary of England
there is a parsonage-house, and the glebe comprises 3 acres. Twining, or Twyning (St. Mary Magdalene) TWINING, or Twyning ( St. Mary Magdalene), a parish, in the unionView result


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Aaron Keck
A Tale Of Two Moderates: McCrory, Spellings, And HB2
When it comes to HB2 – or any issue – how you act can be more important than what you think.Read More
Carrboro To Begin Construction On Homestead Road Greenway
The Carrboro Board of Aldermen approved a start to construction for the Homestead Road greenway in their meeting Tuesday night. The project was opposed by members of the Chapel Hill High School cross country team, but after town staff met with coaches and representatives from the school system, it appears the two sides are coming […]Read More
4 Arrested After Hillsborough Shooting
Four suspects were taken into custody after authorities responded to a report of shots bring fired in the Fairview community on Monday. Police said in a release that members of the Hillsborough Police Department and Orange County Sheriff's Office responded to the call around 10:40 Monday night after arguments had allegedly been escalating throughout the […]Read More
Ben & Jerry's Partners with NC NAACP to Release 'Empower Mint' Ice Cream
Ben & Jerry's announced a new flavor of ice cream called Empower Mint on Tuesday at North Carolina Central University. The ice cream makers have partnered with the North Carolina NAACP. North Carolina NAACP President William Barber was joined by Ben & Jerry's founders, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield. The goal of Empower Mint ice cream is […]Read More
Tom Ross Chosen to Lead Group Hoping to Rebuild Public Trust in Government
UNC System president emeritus Tom Ross has been named president of the Volcker Alliance. The organization announced the move on Tuesday. The Volcker Alliance is a "nonpartisan organization formed in 2013 to address the challenge of effective execution of public policies and to rebuild public trust in government," according to its website. Volcker Alliance founder […]Read More
Chansky's Notebook: Jackson's Back and Better For It
Reading between the lines, Justin Jackson was always coming back to school. http://audio.chapelboro.com.s3.amazonaws.com/2016/May/17/ART%20CHANSKYS%20SPORTS%20NOTEBOOK_051716.mp3 Kennedy Meeks had a short-lived stay in the NBA draft pool. When Meeks was not among the 63 players invited to the NBA Combine, he got the hint and withdrew from the draft and, hopefully, got back in the gym to […]Read More
Diamond Heels Calm Down, Take Out Notre Dame for Important Series Win
Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers made headlines a couple seasons ago when he told fans and reporters alike to "R-E-L-A-X" following an early losing streak. As it turns out, the UNC baseball team decided to use that same advice Monday night at Boshamer Stadium in order to win its first ACC series in over a month. […]Read More
Groups Seeking Injunction Over Bathroom Provision of HB2
The plaintiffs suing the state of North Carolina over House Bill 2 have asked a US District Court for a preliminary injunction stopping the provision of the law regulating bathroom and locker room use in public facilities. The motion was filed by the national American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU of North Carolina and Lambda […]Read More
'Message of Optimism' Around Homelessness in Orange County
According to a new study, homelessness in Orange County is on the decline. Eighty people reported being homeless in 2016 compared to 129 in 2015. That's according to a point in time study, conducted yearly by the Orange County Partnership to End Homelessness. The count represents people who were homeless, both on the streets and […]Read More
American Legion Members Growing Restless
American Legion Post 6 commander William Munsee expressed his frustration with the town of Chapel Hill in a letter sent to the town manager. Munsee said he read a report on a meeting held March 16, during which the Chapel Hill Town Council discussed the possible future of the American Legion property. "In the report were […]Read More
Chapel Hill Running Out Of Cemetery Spaces
Those who want to be buried in Chapel Hill may soon find themselves looking for a different eternal resting place. "The town maintains four cemeteries, but only the Legion Road Cemetery has plots left," Jane Slater of the Chapel Hill Cemeteries Advisory Board said. Slater said the town has approximately 30 spaces left and Chapel Hill […]Read More
Chapel Hill Police Locate Missing Teen
***UPDATE: Chapel Hill Police say Castillejos has been found and is safe.*** Chapel Hill Police are looking for a missing teenage girl. Police say 14-year-old Jennifer Segura Castillejos was last seen on Sunday in the area of Barclay Road. She was wearing a navy blue sweater, black leggings and white shoes, according to a release. […]Read More
Chapel Hill Police Locate Missing Teen
Chapel Hill Police have located a missing teenager. A release says 16-year-old Ashley Giselle Chavez has been located and is safe. Police asked for assistance from the public on Wednesday, after Chavez had been missing since May 8. Chapel Hill Police thanked the community and law enforcement partners for assistance during the investigation in a […]Read More
Business Excellence Award Winners Announced
The winners of the 2016 Chapel Hill-Carrboro Chamber of Commerce Business Excellence Awards were announced Friday night at PlayMakers Repertory Company. These awards were held to honor local people and businesses that go above and beyond in a number of categories. The finalists were chosen from over 80 nominations by a selection committee of over 20 local […]Read More
People's Choice Awards Winners Announced
The winners of the 2016 WCHLChapelboro People's Choice Awards were announced Friday night at the Chapel Hill-Carrboro Chamber of Commerce Business Excellence Awards. During the nomination period of February 22 to March 13, a total of 596 businesses in fifteen categories were nominated. See complete list below. The five businesses with the most nominations in each category made it onto […]Read More
Senate Bill Could Cut State Funding to Chapel Hill & Carrboro
A bill being discussed in the North Carolina Senate would cut off education and transportation funding from the state to local governments that have Sanctuary City policies. Chapel Hill and Carrboro have been sanctuary cities for several years, meaning that local police do not turn undocumented residents over to federal authorities, if the resident has […]Read More
Fed: Schools Must Allow Transgender Students to Use Facilities Matching Gender Identity
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Community Members Ask Orange County To Increase School Funding
School funding quickly became the focus of the public hearing held by the Orange County Board of Commissioners Thursday night. Teachers, students and parents from Orange County Schools showed up in Hillsborough to ask the board to consider increasing the budget for the system. Gravelly Hill Middle School teacher Tom Mullaney talked about local teachers […]Read More
Chansky's Notebook: Committee of One
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Factual Information for Amended Notice of Allegations Released
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The Navy Goes Green: Mother Jones And The Climate Desk Highlight A Major Energy Transformation In Our Military
By Chris Mooney and Julia Whitty
The latest cover story of Mother Jones magazine — and, relatedly, the latest Climate Desk Live briefing, occurring this Wednesday in D.C. — are focused on one of the "good news" energy stories that we don't hear often enough: How the U.S. military in general, and particularly the Navy, are taking the energy challenge head-on for good, strategic reasons.
The piece begins, memorably enough, with environmental correspondent Julia Whitty's gut-tightening high speed landing on-board the USS Nimitz. A 1,092 foot aircraft carrier, the Nimitz was involved last summer in the "Great Green Fleet" demonstration, in which five ships and 71 aircraft were operated using biofuel blends or nuclear power. As Whitty reports, the Defense Department uses over 12 million gallons of oil daily in its operations. About a third of that use is attributable to the Navy. That makes thinking about the global energy future — and where affordable fuel is going to come from in the future — a national security necessity.
As Navy Secretary David Mabus, a biofuels champion, has put it, "Too many of our platforms and too many of our systems are gas hogs." In particular, the lesson of past oil price spikes has been a telling one — Navy fuel costs can rise by dollar amounts in the billions because of market fluctuations. That's a reality impossible for strategic planners to ignore. So while Washington fights endlessly over climate and energy, the Navy just starts solving problems.
Whitty's piece goes into great depth about how the Navy has, historically, been an energy and navigational technology innovator. This is not the first time: the Great Green Fleet descends from Teddy Roosevelt's "Great White Fleet," which back in 1907 sailed around the world in newfangled ships made of steel and powered by coal. Before that, there were those who resisted (yes) switching from sails to steam engines. The Navy was on the right side of that fight, too.
The most important point of Whitty's article is that when the Navy moves — and it is moving — the rest of the world follows. It is such a massive institution — the Great Green Fleet exercise required a government purchase of 900,000 gallons of 50-50 biofuel blend — that when it demands innovations, the civilian world and industry quickly come to heel, asking for their orders.
On Wednesday in D.C., the Climate Desk Live will focus on Whitty's article and the significance of the Navy's transformation, featuring the author herself and three additional speakers: Dr. David Titley, the retired naval officer who led the Navy's Task Force on Climate Change, Capt. James Goudreau, director of the Navy's Energy Coordination Office, and Dr. D. James Baker, who is the former administrator of NOAA, the current director of the Global Carbon Measurement Program of the William J. Clinton Foundation, and the co-author of a new report on the relationship between weather extremes and national security. You can learn more about the event at these links — and watch a live stream if you can't attend in person.
Chris Mooney is a science and political journalist at Mother Jones. Julia Whitty is an award-winning author and a former documentary filmmaker.
14 Responses to The Navy Goes Green: Mother Jones And The Climate Desk Highlight A Major Energy Transformation In Our Military
It's my understanding that current biofuels are a terrible idea. They offer relatively little extra energy on top of their energy inputs, they require huge amounts of land and are displacing food crops.
It's nice to see that the military is able to start large projects but I'm hugely disappointed that this article is reprinted without a note of scepticism or caution.
Sorry, we can't give the Navy any credit here. Biofuels are worse than gasoline when it comes to GHG emissions:
The problem with all branches of our military is that they are burning way too much fuel bombing and interfering with countries in oil producing regions. This policy exists because of inertia and the need to feed military contractors, and produces no positive result. If Obama closed half of our 900 overseas bases tomorrow, the effect on our national security would be zero.
It won't happen for the same reason politicians oppose a carbon tax: they are in thrall to sunset industries, the ones that produce pollution, greenhouse gases, and deadly weapons.
A reduction of 50% in consumption of fuel by the Military would be a welcome relief for the world.
A reduction of 50% of the military in general would be a welcome relief for the world, but I digress.
So let's get this straight, we convert food into oil, pour it into navy fuel tanks, so they use it to protect our supplies of real oil?
Or am I missing something here?
Ive tried banging my head on the keyboard, but all Ive got is YTREWQ imprinted on my forehead.
Of course, this has been done before,
When the oil finally runs out we can go back to converting food directly into energy by feeding galley slaves.
Any bets on the first biofuel war?
You are right on Aldous
Neither this or the original article mention the ridiculous response from Congress (specifically, the House) to last year's Green Fleet exercise, and their attempt to hobble Naval biofuel research afterwards.
Well, the key word in your comment is 'current.' The technology is progressing, and I don't think that this work should end just because biofuels aren't substantially better than oil-derived fuels. Anyway, the Green Fleet is really just there to sell the idea – a proof of concept sort of thing. This is not a final product.
The Navy paid $26.75 a gallon for the 450,000 gallons of biofuel for this stunt. This is not corn ethanol or biodiesel, but hydrotreated fuel and it takes more fossil fuel energy to make this exquisitely expensive concoction from algae and chicken fat than the resulting fuel contains. Making biofuel is the most wasteful use of fossil fuel yet devised. We use six times more fossil fuel turning natural gas and crude oil into ammonia fertilizer and pesticides and ultimately into corn ethanol, than if we just used that natural gas and petroleum to make gasoline. There is no energy security, no GHG reductions, and no sanity in this behavior.
I don't see the vision here.
It's all done to demonstrate the "value" of corn ethanol which isn't a vision of the future, it's a destructive current practice.
Perhaps the Navy should begin researching the construction of the ultimate clean energy ship – the great sailing ship (with on-board hybrid bio-diesel propulsion), at least insofar as application for support or non-combat operations.
In December of 1944 the Nazis launched the Battle of the Bulge. It failed in part because the Germans didn't have the gasoline.
I'm not of a military bent at all, but I know that military people hate it when someone else proves that their own plan would lose. It makes them look stupid and doesn't get them promoted.
Military people know that oil comes primarily from the Mideast, and if there's a war then that oil isn't available. So, somebody thought of biofuel. Now they have to realize that biofuel takes oil.
Perhaps the USA, with its twelve carrier battle groups (the rest of the planet have none comparable) might start saving money by mothballing six or nine. After all, the USA faces no threats, is safe in its continent, between the oceans and merely outspends the rest of the world by a considerable degree in order to bully the rest of humanity into following its diktat. The USA would greatly increase its prestige with the 'real international community' if it downsized its military by at least 50% and invested the money saved in ecological repair of the planet.


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Planet Screensaver by RanchWatch
©2007-2016 Ranch
This was my first ever Flash animation. It's very poor. It was done with a mouse. My descriptions are getting worse and worse... Wow. Anyways, this took me longer than it should have. Enjoy. Or at least try to. (If nothing else, it's addictive eye candy.)


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Keys to School Leadership provides a compelling and timely review of the fundamental principles underpinning leadership success in schools today. Phil Ridden and John De Nobile apply a fresh, innovative and contemporary approach to the meaning of school leadership, the notion of team leadership and the implications for practice. They engage with emerging issues and anticipate future trends, taking the concept of leadership beyond the classroom, beyond the school and into the wider community.
Each chapter contains practical 'Reflect', 'Shift the Focus', 'Make it Personal' and 'Case Study' sections that scaffold the developing themes, encouraging the reader to adapt and relate the material to their own specific context and circumstance. The theory-based 'Further Investigation' sections provide a range of pertinent resources for those wishing to learn more.
Moving from negotiation to collaboration, from empowerment to succession and from leadership to influence, Keys to School Leadership embeds a critically reflective mindset not just for principals,
but for all school-based people who lead or who aspire to lead.
About the authors:
Dr Phil Ridden has held teaching and leadership roles in government and independent primary and secondary schools. A recently retired principal, he is the author of several books on school management.
Dr John De Nobile's career has included roles as teacher, educational auditor and member of school leadership teams. He is currently a senior lecturer in education at Macquarie University, Sydney.
Table of contents:
Buy the For Those Who Teach and Keys to School Leadership Set and save!
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Volkswagen's performance-oriented GTI hatchback receives styling updates inside and out for 2010, but its turbocharged drivetrain lives on from the previous model. When it hits dealerships in the fall, it will be available in two- and four-door hatchback form.
Typical of VW performance models, there aren't any overly done exterior modifications to separate the GTI from the less powerful Golf. There are, however, a number of small tweaks that help give the car its own look. The front-end styling is more imposing thanks to a large mesh lower grille and a thin mesh upper grille that's highlighted by red striping and a GTI badge. Seventeen-inch alloy wheels are standard, and 18-inch rims are optional. In another change from the previous GTI, the car's dual tailpipes are set apart from each other near the edges of the bumper, whereas before they exited the bumper together.
Front bucket seats with large side bolsters go into the GTI's cabin, which also features a meaty steering wheel with red stitching. There's more red thread on the gear selector and parking brake handle, and the cabin also features new door interiors, new gauges and a new center control panel that houses the optional navigation system.
The changes keep the GTI contemporary in terms of its looks, but I'm surprised VW didn't take the opportunity to give it a little more power to keep pace with some of its competitors.More photos below.


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This week some of your favorite beauty bloggers are sharing their Top Ten Gold products. I don't have many gold products as I find yellow gold doesn't compliment my colouring very well. I absolutely adore the look of antique gold though and I'm anxious to go on a shopping spree for some antique gold shades to embrace the antique gold trend for Fall 2013. Here are some of my most used and loved gold products ranging from white gold, to yellow gold, all the way to the far green extreme of antique gold with Aztec Gold from Fyrinnae.
Browsing category: Haughty Cosmetics
Time for me to share another beautiful shade from the Haughty Cosmetics Perfect Finish Lip Gloss collection.A little recap of Haughty Cosmetics: Michelle wanted to start her own business and was torn between wanting to start a company based on her love of cosmetics or to focus on her passion for wanting to help prevent violence against women. The genius she is, found a way to incorporate both of her dreams into reality with Haughty Cosmetics."I'm committed to donating 50% of net profits from the sale of Haughty products to
Face of the Day with Le Metier de Beaute Alexandrite and Rouge Bunny Rouge Abyssinian Catbird with Haughty Lips
I've really been loving the combo of purple and burgundy with green. Here is a quick FOTD with Le Metier de Beaute Alexandrite and Rouge Bunny Rouge Abyssinian Catbird. Face:Too Faced Primed and PorelessChanel Vitalumiere Aqua BR10MUFE Full Cover ConcealerLM Secret Brightening powderCheeks:Chanel Rose EcrinMAC Too Chic Beauty PowderEyes:NARS Smudgeproof Eye PrimerMAC Painterly Paint PotRouge Bunny Rouge Abyssinian Catbird on the lid, Edward Bess Intimate in the crease, Le Metier de Beaute Alexandrite near the lashline. Le Metier
The first day the new Haughty Cosmetics Holiday Gloss Set became available for purchase I ordered right away and was delighted to be the first customer to try out the new international checkout. The holiday set includes three all new gloss shades for the holidays; Give, Receive and Celebrate. The three new shades will be available as a set including a beautiful makeup bag for only $45. What a great gift idea! The new glosses are also available for purchase individually at the regular price of $21 each.For more information on
Great news! The international shipping feature is now live on the Haughty Cosmetics website. You may recall my rave review of their lip glosses from this post. This is just in time for the release of the new holiday colours; Give, Receive and Celebrate. The three new shades will be available as a set including a beautiful makeup bag for only $45. What a great gift idea! The new glosses will also be available for purchase individually at the regular price of $21 each.The new collection should be available on the Haughty Cosmetics
I thought I'd try punching up my usual Chanel Kaska Beige look by using the Ombres Perlees de Chanel Quint to add some finishing touches. I liked the subtle glow it gave to the look. Apologies for the lackluster hair and somewhat unsuccessful attempt at getting decent pics. I was just going heading to the cottage. ;-)Products Used:Face:Le Metier de Beaute Peau Vierge Shade 1Make Up For Ever HD Concealer 305 set with Laura Mercier Secret Brightening PowderMac Mineralize Skin Finish Natural LightMAC Play It Proper Beauty
So here was my first play with the Byzance de Chanel Collection. I didn't use the Rouge Allure though as I was just going to the office and this was already a tad over the top for work as it was. Not that I care though. ;-) Work is the only place I ever go so I go as fun as I want with my makeup everyday! You only live once right?As I mentioned in the review for the Rouge Joues Contrast I was pleased with how easy it ended up being to apply without looking clown like. I found the result to be a nice, natural looking flush. For my
I am so excited to tell you about my newest love! I was lucky enough to have been noticed by Michelle at Haughty Cosmetics. She sent me some of her lip glosses to try out and share with my readers. I don't think I've ever been this excited about posting a review before. This lip gloss is SO GOOD! I mean I'm a little freaked out by how impressed I am. How am I supposed to run a blog if I can barely imagine wearing a different brand of gloss again! Before I move on to the product review I want to share with you a little about the
As promised, here is my face of the day pics from the weekend using the Armani Summer quad. If you recall from my review these are the eye shadows that stood up to my being dunked completely under water at least 5 times at the cottage that day. Standing up to that makes this a successful purchase to me. Not to mention I love the looks I can achieve with it. I did also try applying the same look the next day with my fingers just for fun and I achieved the same beautiful result. I really wish these pictures did this palette justice.


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Bruins Add Joe Sacco to Assistant Coach Role
Well the Bruins may not be too busy singing players to improve their roster at least they are trying to improve their coaching staff.
Via CLNS Radio
July 28, 2014 | Discuss
Joe Sacco: 'It's An Exciting Time To Be Part Of The Bruins Organization'
Joe Sacco is coming home to Boston, and he's looking forward to being part of the Bruins' future success as an assistant coach on Claude Julien's staff. "Well, it's obviously an exciting time to be part of the Bruins organization right now and the success that they've had in the past number of years," Sacco said during a conference call Thursday, a few hours after the...
Bruins hire Joe Sacco as Assistant Coach
Joe Sacco during his time as the Head Coach of the Avalanche (USATSI)There's one less void in the Boston Bruins organization to worry about. The Bruins announced today that their new Assistant Coach is Medford, MA native, Joe Sacco.Sacco has coaching experience at both the AHL and NHL levels, beginning in 2004 as the Assistant Coach of the Lowell Lock Monsters. He then became the...
Via BruinsLife
Boston Bruins Hire BU Alum Joe Sacco As Assistant Coach
The Boston Bruins announced the hiring of Joe Sacco as assistant coach on Thursday. Sacco will replace former B's assistant Geoff Ward, who will coach in Germany next season. The Medford, Mass., native played college hockey at Boston University before enjoying a 13-year NHL career with five different teams. His most recent coaching job was with the Buffalo Sabres as an assistant...
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 3, 1999
|Filing date
|May 27, 1998
|Priority date
|May 27, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Howard C. Kirsch, Chih-Yuan Lu
|Original Assignee
|Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (38), Classifications (19), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
(1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to processes for the manufacture of semiconductor devices and more particularly to the design of wordlines in high density memory integrated circuits.
(2) Background of the Invention and Description of Prior Art
High density memory integrated circuits, in particular dynamic random access memory(DRAM) circuits and non-volatile memory circuits such as flash or read only memory(ROM) contain large rectangular arrays of cells, each of which represents a single bit of memory storage. Digital information is written to and read from these cells by peripheral circuitry which addresses each cell through wordlines and bitlines. In a typical DRAM, each storage cell consists of a polysilicon gate metal oxide silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET) and a capacitor. A wordline comprises a continuous band of gate level polysilicon passing alternately over field oxide and over the channel regions of access MOSFETs in the string of memory cells addressed by the wordline. Switching a voltage signal on the wordline from a low to a high voltage turns the access MOSFETs on (for n-channel MOSFETs) and electrically connects the cell's storage capacitor to a bitline for sensing (i.e. accessing the cell). Switching from the high down to the low voltage ends the access. Hence, taking the wordline from low to high or from high to low is the critical path for cell access times. The performance of the DRAM array is dependent upon the speed with which these voltage transitions take place. That speed in turn depends upon the RC(resistance-capacitance) time constant of the wordline.
In order to achieve high performance, the resistive component R must be as small as possible. As a conductor, polysilicon, even heavily doped, cannot compare with other metals such as for example aluminum. Various silicides were pioneered in DRAM gate polysilicon technology (e.g. WSix, TaSix, MoSix) to reduce the sheet resistance and improve wordline speed. These silicides typically had 8-15 Ω/□(ohms per square) sheet resistances. Unfortunately, the much lower sheet resistance in-situ formed silicides/salicides(TiSix and CoSix) turned out to be difficult to apply to DRAM wordlines because the high temperature steps involved in DRAM cell formation caused their conductance to degrade.
As requirements on DRAM speeds became more demanding and arrays became larger, the need for reducing the resistivity of wordlines becomes even more important. A solution which has met with considerable success is the strapping of the polysilicon wordlines with bands formed in a superjacent metal level, for example aluminum or tungsten. The selected metallization level may be any wiring level above the polysilicon wordlines except the level used to form bitlines (if metal bitlines are used). Practically, in order to avoid unnecessary interconnections, the next available higher level is preferred.
The sheet resistances of the metal bands are tens to hundreds of mΩ/□(milliohms per square) making them very effective in reducing the RC time constant of wordlines. The strapping is accomplished by forming a metal line in a metallization level lying directly over and running parallel with the polysilicon wordline and spaced from it by an insulative layer. Periodic contacts between the lines direct most of the current flow through the low resistance metal lines.
A simple case of wordline strapping in a memory cell array 10 is shown in FIG. 1. In this example the metal lines 12 are formed in a single metallization level, for example a first aluminum level. The metal lines 12 are stitched to underlying polysilicon word lines(not shown) which lie directly below the metal lines 12, by means of interlevel contacts 14. Alternate metal lines 12 are directed to two banks of row decoder circuitry 16, 18 located at either side of the cell array 10. The pitch of the metal lines P1, is defined as the distance between one point on a line and a corresponding point on an adjacent line, in other words, the periodicity of the lines.
As the density of memory arrays increases the pitch of the wordlines decreases. The corresponding decrease in pitch of the metal lines has also driven a decrease in the design rule for the metal lines. The rate of decrease in the metal line design rule has exceeded the rate of design rule decrease for the polysilicon wordlines. This causes depth of field(DOF) problems in the metal line lithography wherein topographical steps occur between the cell array and the peripheral circuitry. These effects are discussed in an article by Saeki, T., Kasai, N., Itani, T., Nishimoto, S., and Fukuzo, Y. in IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 9, No. 1, Feb. 1996, page136ff. A Boosted Dual Wordline(BDWL) design scheme is described which relaxes the design metal design rule and improves the circuit yield. However, the design requires additional sub-wordline drivers and drive lines. Images in the peripheral circuits are governed by looser ground rules than those in the array and are therefore less affected by DOF problems. However, this does not apply to wordlines and bitlines traversing the step from the array to the peripheral circuits.
Mazzali, U.S. 5,644,526 cites a variation of the single metallization strapping method wherein the straps are interrupted on the metallization level such that only portions of the subjacent wordlines are re-enforced by conductive straps. The interruptions are in staggered patterns with the purpose of reducing the incidence of shorts caused by defects. In the effort to reduce the incidence of shorts, wordline speed is sacrificed by reducing the amount of upper level metal conductivity enhancement.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional representation of a wafer 20 with a portion of the memory cell array 10 along the line 2-2' of FIG. 1. The polysilicon wordline 26 passes alternately over regions of field oxide isolation(FOX) 22 and silicon active area 23. The interlevel contacts 14 form the stitching between the polysilicon wordline 26 and the first level metal line 12 directly above it on the planarized inter level dielectric layer(ILD) 28. The break 30 in the cross section indicates that multiple FOX/active region pairs may be present between the two adjacent contacts 14 of the cross section 2-2'.
The narrow pitch p1 required of metal level lines formed in a single metal level limits their practical width and thereby limits their resistivity. By stitching the polysilicon wordlines alternatively to two levels of metallization, the pitch can be doubled as is shown in the plan view of FIG. 3. The metal lines 12 are formed in a first metallization level while the lines 24 are formed in a second metallization level. The pitch p2 on each metallization level is twice the pitch p1 when only a single metallization level is used. Doubling the pitch allows, not only relaxation of the design rule, but also permits broadening large portions of the lines on each level (broadening not shown), thereby lowering their resistance.
The broadening of the metal lines 12, 24 is not shown in FIG. 3 because the overlap would confuse the plan view. However, the effect can easily be visualized and comprehended in the cross section 4-4' shown in FIG. 4. The lines in the second metallization level 24 overlie a second intermetal dielectric(IMD) layer 30 and access the subjacent polysilicon wordlines 26 through vias 32 and contacts 14. The design rule relaxation is realized in the spacing d1 between the lines. Stitching polysilicon wordlines to two metallization levels in the manner just described to improving wordline performance has several major drawbacks which relate to their necessity to fit into an existing process.
A first drawback is that both metallization levels must have identical specific resistances in order for the wordlines 12 and 24 to render equivalent performance. The metallization levels available for stitching the wordlines are dictated by the design of the process and often are not identical. For example, the first available level might be tungsten having a resistivity of 300-500 mΩ/□, while the second metal might be aluminum with a resistivity of 30-60 mΩ/□.
Another problem with this method is that one of the available metallization levels may not be globally planarized and therefore may not be capable of extending across the boundary between the cell array an the peripheral decoder circuitry because of a step at the boundary. The step height generally exceeds the depth of field required by the high resolution stepper to resolve lines on both sides of the step.
Kim. et.al., U.S. 5,631,183 form wordlines which are folded in half, thereby using a single wide superjacent metal line over the folded gate electrode. The cells in the folded gate string are stitched in pairs to the metal strap. In this arrangement the pitch of the metal lines is half the pitch of the subjacent wordlines and the metal strap is half the overall length of the wordline.
Many modern DRAMs avoid wordline stitching entirely in order to avoid tight metal pitches in the array. Instead they rely on splitting the wordlines into many individually driven sections called sub-wordlines. These sub-wordlines are short enough (e.g. 256 to 1024 cells) so that they do not require stitches to achieve sufficient speed. However, the individual drivers occupy valuable chip area. It is therefore desirable to have as many cells as possible on a given sub-wordline.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a design and a method for increasing the pitch of metal lines to which polysilicon wordlines are stitched.
It is another object of this invention to provide a design and a method for reducing the resistance of metal lines to which polysilicon wordlines are stitched in order to lower overall wordline resistance.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a design and a method for relaxing the design rule of metal lines to which polysilicon wordlines are stitched thereby improving yield.
These objects are accomplished by stitching said polysilicon wordlines to straps formed by connecting alternating segments of metal lines formed in two or more metallization levels. Each strap comprises a continuous metal line passing alternatively from one metal layer to another in a selected sequence. The sequence segments in each strap is never in phase with the sequence of its next nearest neighbor but may be in phase with a second nearest neighbor. The total length of each metal in each strap is the same in all straps. This arrangement allows the use of metals having different resistivities in each strap with all the straps having identical overall resistance. The metals used in the two or more levels may also have different minimum design rules without compromising the identical overall performance of all the straps.
In addition, being out of phase, adjacent straps will not have adjacent metal segments on the same metallization level. The latter condition doubles the metal pitch in all regions except directly at the metal interconnections. This permits, significant widening of the line segments but also allows relaxation of minimum design rules for the metal spacing.
It is another object of this invention to provide a design and a method for doubling the number of cells in a polysilicon sub-wordline connected to a sub-wordline driver in a sub-wordline section of a DRAM memory cell array without compromising its performance.
This object is accomplished by doubling the number of cells in said polysilicon sub-wordline and forming a metal strap in a metallization level above said polysilicon sub-wordline and connecting said strap between the center of said polysilicon sub-wordline and a sub-wordline driver.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a memory cell array showing a prior art pattern of stitched wordlines.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a polysilicon wordline stitched to a parallel metal line.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a prior art stitched wordline configuration using two levels of metal to achieve a relaxed metal line pitch.
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a prior art stitched wordline configuration using two levels of metal to achieve a relaxed metal line pitch and broad wordlines.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a DASH DRAM memory cell configuration.
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view showing a prior art DRAM memory cell configuration.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a DRAM cell array showing wordlines stitched to two levels of metal according to the teaching of this invention.
FIG. 8 through FIG. 11 are cross sectional views of process steps used in forming a first embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 12 is a plan view of a conventional sub-wordline section in a DRAM cell array.
FIG. 13 is a plan view of a sub-wordline section in a DRAM cell array formed according to a second embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 14 is a cross sectional view of a portion of a sub-wordline section in a DRAM cell array formed according to a second embodiment of this invention.
The embodiments of this invention are employed within the framework of conventional DRAM fabrication, adhering as closely as possible with established processing methods. The features of the invention begin to be incorporated at the stage in the DRAM manufacturing process when the basic components of the DRAM memory cell have been formed using processing steps well known in the art. However, provisions must be made in the mask designs used in the formation of these basic components to allow stitching paths from upper metal layers to polysilicon wordlines when such stitching is required.
The DRAM design used to illustrate the embodiments is one of a stacked capacitor(STC) type, having bitlines formed of metal silicide below the capacitor plates. There are a great number of variations of DRAM cell designs. Some have the bitlines formed over the cell capacitor plates and others below. Many efforts have been made to maintain a large plate area of the cell capacitor while accommodating the shrinking available projected area. These have led to a variety of cell capacitor designs and methods of fabrication which are well know to those in the art. The current embodiments use, as an example, an integrated circuit design and process for the manufacture of a diagonal active stacked-capacitor with a highly packed storage node(DASH) cell DRAM. It should be understood that the principles and features of the current invention may be equally applied to other memory cell designs and processes.
Referring to FIG. 5, a top view of a DASH cell DRAM cell array is shown. The active silicon regions 48, are diagonally disposed to the perpendicular wordlines 46 and bitlines 44. The bitlines contacts 45 and of the capacitor storage plates contacts 49 to their respective silicon active regions are shown.
A cross sectional view of the cell features taken along the line 6-6' of FIG. 5 is shown in FIG. 6. Two storage capacitors 60, are shown formed on a silicon wafer 40. The lower, storage plates 54 contact the silicon active area 48 of two adjacent metal oxide field effect transistors (MOSFET)s whose gates 46 comprise polysilicon wordlines. A bitline 44 connects to the common silicon active area 48 of the two MOSFETs. The polysilicon wordlines 46A located over field oxide regions 42 service other MOSFETS located in the array above and below the plane of the page. Inter-polysilicon-insulator (IPO) layers 43 and 52 support and insulate the large area portions of the capacitors 60 above the wordline/bitline array. The capacitor dielectric, typically, a composite layer of SiO2 /Si3 N4 /SiO2 (ONO) 55, is covered by the upper cell plate 56 which spans a plurality of cells.
An inter-level-dielectric (ILD) layer 58 insulates the upper cell plate 56 from a subsequently deposited metal layer, which becomes a first wiring level. The processing steps for forming the DRAM cell configuration up to the point shown in the plan view of FIG. 5 and in cross section by FIG. 6 are well known to those in the art and will not be detailed in the discussion of the embodiments of the current invention.
In a first embodiment of this invention a DRAM cell array is formed having polysilicon wordlines stitched alternately to interconnected line segments formed in two layers of metal. Wordline decoders are placed on opposite sides of the array and the alternately stitched wordlines are formed so that the line segments which pass over the transition region between the peripheral wordline decoders and the cell array are all formed from the same layer.
Referring to FIG. 6, a p-type monocrystalline silicon wafer 40 is provided. Field oxide isolation regions 42 are formed on the wafer by the well known local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS). A gate oxide 41 is formed, preferably by thermal oxidation, and a polysilicon wordlines 46, 46A are formed by first depositing a polysilicon layer using low pressure chemical vapor deposition(LPCVD) methods, doping the layer by ion implantation, and patterning the layer by well known photolithographic methods and reactive ion etching(RIE). The polysilicon wordlines 46, 46A may also be of composite construction, for example, having a deposited layer of a metal suicide over the doped polysilicon.
The source/drain regions 48 of the MOSFETs are next formed by implanting n-type ions, for example, arsenic or phosphorous, into the silicon. A layer of inter-poly oxide(IPO) is next deposited by LPCVD and openings for bitline contacts 45 are patterned and etched. A composite layer comprising doped polysilicon and a refractory metal silicide, for example WSix is next deposited over the wafer 40. The composite layer is then patterned and etched forming bitlines 44. A second IPO layer 52 is next deposited. This layer 52, preferably of a borophosphosilicate glass(BPSG), is then flowed at between 600� C. and 800� C. to bring about a local planarization its surface.
The storage capacitors 60 are next formed by procedures well known in the art. First access openings to the silicon active areas 48 are etched. Doped polysilicon is deposited and patterned to form a storage plate 54. An ONO dielectric layer 55 is next deposited followed by a doped polysilicon layer which is patterned to form the upper cell plate 56. An (ILD) layer 58 preferably of BPSG is the deposited over the wafer 40 and planarized over the cell array region, preferably by re-flow or by RIE etchback techniques. These procedures are well known in the art. Partial chemical mechanical polishing(CMP) techniques are currently unreliable but may find future use in this application.
The cell array, at this stage of processing is essentially complete. The next sequence of processing steps form wiring interconnections to the DRAM peripheral circuits. The wiring metallization levels are also used to form the metal straps to which the polysilicon wordlines are stitched. In the current embodiment, contact openings are etched by RIE, in the insulative layer over the peripheral devices, exposing the elements of the devices. Tungsten plugs are then formed in these openings by depositing a conformal blanket layer of tungsten and etching the tungsten layer back to the insulative layer surface by RIE or by CMP. By patterning the tungsten layer with photoresist, tungsten interconnects between contacts may also be formed. The formation of tungsten interconnects is well known by those in the art and will not be examined in detail here.
Referring now to FIG. 7 there is shown a plan view of the wordline strapping arrangement 70 as taught by this invention. The tungsten contact/interconnect metallization level is used by the current embodiment to form the strap segments 72 (un-shaded portions) of the first of two metal layers to which polysilicon wordlines are stitched. The aluminum level, which forms further interconnections of devices in the peripheral circuits of the DRAM, is used by the current embodiment to form the second set of strap segments 78 (shaded portions). The interlevel contacts 76 connect the metal segments forming a continuous wordlines and also form the stitching connections to the subjacent polysilicon wordlines.
The arrangement shown overcomes the problems incurred by the stitched wordline scheme shown in FIG. 3. All of the wordline straps have the same proportionate length of each of the two metal levels, thereby having the same resistance and consequently yielding identical performance. Thus two metals having markedly dissimilar resistivities are effectively combined to form identical wordlines.
The pitch of the individual segments on each metallization level is twice the pitch of the polysilicon wordlines, thereby relaxing the minimum design rule and improving yield by lowering defect critical area.
By alternating the segments of each wordline between two metallization level as taught by this invention, it is possible to breech the transitional step between the cell array and the peripheral circuits with the same metal on each wordline strap. In the current embodiment, the aluminum level is used to make this transition. The wordline strap connections to row decoder 16 and those made row decoder 18 are by aluminum segments 78. The advantage of this feature will become clear in a later section wherein the formation of the metal strapping lines will be presented with reference to cross sectional views.
Referring now to FIG. 8 there is shown a cross section of the wafer 40 taken along the length 8-8' of a wordline in FIG. 7. The cross section runs perpendicular to that shown in FIG. 6. The polysilicon wordline 46 is shown as it traverses from one cell to the next alternately over active silicon areas and regions of field oxide 42. The bitlines 44 are shown running perpendicular to the plane of the page. bitline contacts with the device active areas are made at points above and below the plane of the page. As can be observed in FIG. 6, the storage capacitors 60 project over the wordlines over field oxide 46A. These projections into the plane of the cross section in FIG. 8 through FIG. 11 are represented by the rectangles 62. The insulative layer 64 is the composite of the insulative layers 43, 52 and 58 of FIG. 6. The processing sequence for forming the metal strapping arrangement will now described.
Contact openings 71 are patterned and etched though the insulative layer 64 exposing the subjacent polysilicon word line 46. An adhesion/barrier layer of Ti/TiN (not shown) is typically applied into the contact openings 71 and over the surface of the wafer prior to tungsten deposition. A tungsten layer 72 is next deposited by well known CVD techniques. The layer is patterned with photoresist 80 to protect a tungsten stripe which is to become a segment of the wordline strap. This photo step is an added process step required only to define the tungsten straps in the cell array. Tungsten interconnects, which are similarly defined, may be used in the peripheral circuits. Although tungsten may be used in the peripheral circuitry topological concerns prohibit it's usage at the array edges. Normally the blanket deposited tungsten is merely etched back to the insulative layer 64 leaving tungsten plug contacts in the openings of the peripheral devices.
Referring next to FIG. 9 the exposed tungsten layer 72 is etched back to the surface of the insulative layer 64 leaving the tungsten plug 79 and the tungsten strap 72 connected at both ends to the polysilicon wordline. The processing is performed by RIE using well known tungsten etchants. Tungsten plugs are simultaneously formed in the peripheral circuits by these process steps. The photoresist layer 80 is then stripped, preferably by oxygen plasma ashing or by conventional liquid strippers.
Referring to FIG. 10, an insulative layer 82 is deposited. This layer 82, preferably of BPSG is globally planarized over the wafer, preferably by CMP. Via openings 86 are then patterned and etched into the insulative layer 82 exposing the ends of the tungsten segment 72 and the tungsten plug 79. A layer of aluminum 78 is deposited filling in the vias 86 with metal. The aluminum layer 78 is then patterned with photoresist 84 and etched by RIE to form the aluminum strap segments of the wordline. The completed wordline strap is shown in FIG. 11.
Aluminum is used as the second metallization layer in the embodiments of this invention. It should however, be understood that the invention is not restricted to the use aluminum for the wiring level or levels above the tungsten level but other metals, for example an aluminum alloy, copper, and a copper alloy, may also be employed in this application without departing from the spirit of the invention.
The first aluminum wiring level of the peripheral circuitry is concurrently formed in these process steps. The aluminum interconnective wiring accesses the subjacent tungsten plugs through vias patterned in the insulative layer 82 over the peripheral devices (not shown).
FIGS. 8 through 11 show wordline stitches (connections to the polysilicon wordline) occurring at four bitline intervals. This interval is used for illustrative purposes only. It is to be understood that the stitches may be many more bitlines apart. It is also to be understood that a single wordline strap segment of either metal may have multiple stitches to the polysilicon wordline.
In a second embodiment of this invention a sub-wordline array is formed with metal straps derived from a metallization level above the polysilicon wordline which make connection to the center of the polysilicon wordline. This embodiment employs only a single metallization level and requires only a single wordline stitch. By connecting the highly conductive strap to the center of the polysilicon wordline, the wordline length can be doubled without compromising its performance.
FIG. 12 is a plan view of a sub-wordline cell array 100 by conventional design where the polysilicon sub-wordlines 102 are not stitched to an upper level of metal. The maximum number of cells than can be supported by such a sub-wordline without compromising its design performance is determined to be, for example, 1024 cells.
In FIG. 13 there is shown a sub-wordline cell array 110 wherein each polysilicon sub-wordline 112 has 2048 cells. A metal strap 114 formed from on a first aluminum metal level and extending over the array is connected to the center of each polysilicon sub-wordline by a single contact 116. The performance of the sub-wordlines 112 is effectively the same as that of the 1024 cell sub-wordline 102 in FIG. 11 having two 1024 cell branches from a central contact point 116.
By providing the metal strap 114 in the first aluminum level according to the current invention, the number of sub-wordline decoders can be halved, freeing up valuable space on the chip. In addition, the straps 114 benefit from a relaxed pitch at the metal level of twice that of the polysilicon sub-wordlines. Using the aluminum level instead of the tungsten level for forming these straps is preferred because of the higher conductivity of the aluminum and the avoidance of the DOF problem caused by the step. Cell array structures are formed in the same manner as in the first embodiment except that the step of patterning the tungsten layer is unnecessary and therefore eliminated.
The wordline strap structure is formed by a process nearly identical to that used in to form the first embodiment of this invention. A silicon wafer is provided. A DRAM cell array is formed according to the process steps of the first embodiment and with reference to FIG. 6 until the components of the cell array as shown in FIG. 6 have been formed. The cell array, at this stage of processing is essentially complete.
The next sequence of processing steps form wiring interconnections to the DRAM peripheral circuits. The wiring metallization levels are also used to form the metal straps to which the center portions of the polysilicon sub-wordlines are connected.
Referring to FIG. 14 a cross sectional view of the section along the line 14-14' of FIG. 13 is shown. The view extends into the peripheral region of the array showing an element of a peripheral device 118 which is a component of a sub-wordline decoder to which the metal wordline strap 114 is connected. The topographic step 120 on the insulative layer 64 between the array and the peripheral region is also shown.
In further processing the second embodiment, contact openings 115 are etched by RIE, in the insulative layer 64 over the peripheral devices 118, exposing the elements of these devices. In the same RIE step a contact opening 116 is formed exposing a portion of the polysilicon sub-wordline 112 at its midpoint. Tungsten plugs 79 are then formed in these openings by depositing a tungsten layer over the wafer and etching it back to the insulative layer surface by RIE.
An insulative layer 82, preferably of BPSG, is then deposited over the wafer 40 and globally planarized, preferably by CMP. Via openings 115 and 116 are patterned and etched in the insulative layer 82 by RIE to access the tungsten plugs 79. After stripping the photoresist, an aluminum layer is deposited and patterned with photoresist and etched to form the metal strap 114 completing the conductive path between the midpoint of the polysilicon sub-wordline and the device 118 in the sub-wordline decoder.
As an alternative to the formation of conductive vias of aluminum to connect the tungsten plugs 79 to the metal strap 114, tungsten plugs may be first formed in the openings 115 and 116 by the deposition/etchback technique used to form the tungsten plugs 79. The metal strap 114 is then formed by depositing and patterning the aluminum layer over the tungsten plugs.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 1986
|Aug 9, 1988
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and structure for a high density VMOS dynamic ram array
|Aug 20, 1993
|Feb 7, 1995
|Kim; Hong S.
|Method of making dynamic random access memory
|Jun 7, 1995
|Jul 30, 1996
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Process for making and programming a flash memory array
|Jun 7, 1995
|May 20, 1997
|Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
|Method of reducing word line resistance of a semiconductor memory
|Oct 2, 1995
|Jul 1, 1997
|Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics S.R.L.
|Integrated circuit with improved immunity to large metallization defects
|Saeki et al. "Yield Enhancement Effects of Boosted Dual Word-Line (BDWL) Scheme for High Density DRAMs" IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, vol. 9, No. 1, Feb. 1996, p. 136ff.
|Saeki et al. Yield Enhancement Effects of Boosted Dual Word Line (BDWL) Scheme for High Density DRAMs IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, vol. 9, No. 1, Feb. 1996, p. 136ff.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 15, 2001
|Sep 24, 2002
|Silicon Storage Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for strapping a plurality of polysilicon lines in a semiconductor integrated circuit device
|Apr 1, 2002
|Aug 26, 2003
|Atmos Corporation
|Twisted wordline strapping arrangement
|Sep 26, 2001
|Jan 20, 2004
|Infineon Technologies Ag
|Unit-architecture with implemented limited bank-column-select repairability
|Mar 26, 2002
|Jul 6, 2004
|Halo Lsi, Inc.
|Stitch and select implementation in twin MONOS array
|Dec 13, 2002
|Jul 5, 2005
|Micron Technology Inc.
|Method for stabilizing or offsetting voltage in an integrated circuit
|May 17, 2000
|Nov 15, 2005
|Sony Corporation
|Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing
|Dec 13, 2002
|Sep 19, 2006
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Integrated circuit memory with offset capacitor
|Sep 1, 2004
|Oct 3, 2006
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Capacitor for use in an integrated circuit
|Feb 19, 2004
|Oct 10, 2006
|Halo Lsi, Inc.
|Stitch and select implementation in twin MONOS array
|Aug 1, 2006
|Dec 2, 2008
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Memory devices having reduced coupling noise between wordlines
|Jan 5, 2010
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Multi-resistive integrated circuit memory
|Jan 12, 2010
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Integrated parallel plate capacitors
|Nov 7, 2006
|Jan 12, 2010
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Semiconductor memory device and word line addressing method in which neighboring word lines are discontinuously addressed
|Jan 13, 2006
|Dec 28, 2010
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Additional metal routing in semiconductor devices
|Nov 25, 2009
|Jan 10, 2012
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Multi-resistive integrated circuit memory
|Jan 1, 2013
|Infineon Technologies Ag
|Compact memory arrays
|Feb 19, 2013
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Chip inductor with frequency dependent inductance
|Dec 11, 2012
|Aug 6, 2013
|Infineon Technologies Ag
|Compact memory arrays
|Dec 17, 2010
|Mar 18, 2014
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Additional metal routing in semiconductor devices
|Feb 20, 2013
|Sep 2, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|On chip inductor with frequency dependent inductance
|Jan 10, 2013
|Oct 14, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|On chip inductor with frequency dependent inductance
|Jan 6, 2012
|Nov 4, 2014
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Multi-resistive integrated circuit memory
|Mar 26, 2002
|Nov 14, 2002
|Tomoko Ogura
|Stitch and select implementation in twin MONOS array
|Dec 13, 2002
|May 15, 2003
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Integrated circuit memory with offset capacitor
|Dec 13, 2002
|May 15, 2003
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for stabilizing or offsetting voltage in an integrated circuit
|Feb 19, 2004
|Aug 26, 2004
|Halo Lsi, Inc.
|Stitch and select implementation in twin MONOS array
|Sep 1, 2004
|Apr 28, 2005
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Capacitor for use in an integrated circuit
|May 10, 2005
|Oct 6, 2005
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method for stabilizing or offsetting voltage in an integrated circuit
|Apr 20, 2006
|Sep 7, 2006
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Multi-resistive integrated circuit memory
|Aug 1, 2006
|Dec 7, 2006
|Kim Tae H
|Memory devices having reduced coupling noise between wordlines
|Nov 7, 2006
|Jul 5, 2007
|Ji Ho Cho
|Semiconductor memory device and word line addressing method in which neighboring word lines are discontinuously addressed
|Jan 13, 2006
|Jul 19, 2007
|Mcdaniel Terry
|Systems and methods for forming additional metal routing in semiconductor devices
|Jan 13, 2006
|Aug 16, 2007
|Coolbaugh Douglas D
|Integrated parallel plate capacitors
|Mar 18, 2010
|Jan Otterstedt
|Compact Memory Arrays
|Mar 25, 2010
|Baker R Jacob
|Multi-resistive integrated circuit memory
|Sep 23, 2010
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Chip Inductor With Frequency Dependent Inductance
|Dec 17, 2010
|Apr 14, 2011
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Additional metal routing in semiconductor devices
|Mar 26, 2002
|Oct 9, 2002
|Halo Lsi Design and Device Technology Inc.
|Stitch and select implementation in twin monos array
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 27, 1998
Owner name: VANGUARD INTERNATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION,
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text:
The consensus outlook for the U.S. economy is, to put it mildly, pretty bleak. The boomers are retiring, the debt-fueled consumer-spending binge of the 2000s has ground to a halt with nothing to replace it, and American manufacturing workers are trapped in a brutal competition with hundreds of millions of cheap, eager workers from all over the developing world.
Worst of all, as middle-income Americans get squeezed, the very richest Americans are amassing wealth as never before. And they are deploying it to lock in their advantage. The chances of a young American from a lower- or middle-income family moving up the economic ladder are now poorer than in most major industrialized countries. A nation with our traditions should be deeply ashamed.
But the gloom can be overdone. Opinion-makers were similarly depressed at the start of the 1990s, which turned out to be one of the most productive and high-growth decades in the country's history. The key development, the advent of the internet, seemed to come out of left field. Even Bill Gates didn't see it coming, although the government had been working on it for a long time. It was the kind of game-changer that transformed business productivity in fundamental ways.
To get out of today's impasse will require another such deus ex machina—some new large-scale development that could generate a step-change in American...
Links[1] https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/user/login?destination=print/32886
[2] https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/subscribe-Commonweal


text:
Re: Chase (2) Personal Cards in one day?
The Chase Freedom is currently at $3,000 I have not asked for a CLI though. I have two other cards with a $5,000 CL and then an AMEX with $3,000 a Citi with $4,000 and my lovely Capital One at $500.
Garden Mode... kind of... sort of (•‿•)
(2,475 Views)


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When Bryn Haebe looks back at her collegiate running career, both in cross country and track, it was a pretty good experience. Maybe it wasn't as good as she would've hoped and she didn't run as fast as maybe she would've liked, but it was still enjoyable.
There's one resembling the Statue of Liberty, another covered in stars and stripes. There's a calico-cat version and one resembling a soccer ball. These small rubber ducks were the competitors in the duck races hosted Monday by the Holiday Bar in downtown Morrison.
Dave and Yvonne Killingsworth, who have owned the bar the past 10 years, started the duck races about six years ago to provide entertainment when large crowds are downtown.
"Just people wanting to do fun stuff," Dave said.
Participants in the annual Freedom Run on July 4th included an assortment of people from all walks of life — from 2 months old to 86, from serious runners to families with strollers. And some brought their dogs, from golden retrievers to Chihuahuas.
About 930 racers enjoyed the cool morning air as they traversed the Hiwan subdivision to run or walk the 5K from Evergreen Middle School to Nick's Pro Fitness. It was the 35th annual run to benefit Mount Evans Home Health Care & Hospice.
(Reprinted from July 2, 2008)
It is sad to report that the song sparrow nest met with ill fate.
On Sunday, June 22, Linda called me to say there were three young in the nest. We were all thrilled at the news, although I am still confused about when the eggs were laid. Apparently, they were laid earlier than we had thought. The female diligently fed the young that day, but on Monday, June 3, the young were gone from the nest. Only two unhatched eggs remained.
Local artist John Scott, a renowned sculptor and landscape painter, is known as much for his resilience as his talent, a man whose passion for his art and the outdoors remained intense over a half-century of creativity.
Scott, whose studio still stands atop a peak in Kittredge, and who was just a month shy of his 97th birthday, died Tuesday, June 28, of a sudden heart attack.
A prisoner in the Jeffco jail died early Tuesday, the Sheriff's Office confirmed.
According to sheriff's spokesman Mark Techmeyer, 53-year-old Patrick O'Day, who had been booked into the jail at 5:45 p.m. Monday, was found unresponsive at 1:30 a.m. Tuesday in a holding cell in the booking unit. He was pronounced dead at the jail.
Hi again. I'm back.
Nine months ago, I didn't envision a return to Evergreen Newspapers and Landmark Community Newspapers, Inc. Working in Boulder had given me a more regular work schedule, not as far of a drive from my Arvada home and a sense of being back in the operations of a daily newspaper. It also, however, reminded me of what I was missing.
Jack Hudd's not fooling himself. He understands that he's not a strikeout pitcher. When the rising Evergreen senior takes the mound, his objective is simple — induce ground balls and trust his defense.
He did both of those things in the opener of the 17U Evergreen Cougars' doubleheader with Arena Baseball on June 22 at Evergreen High School. Hudd scattered six hits while striking out only four, but six EHS runs in the first two innings backed him up in a 9-0 win.
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Canyon Courier is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Evergreen, Colo, and the surrounding area.


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I'm a self taught software developer, system administrator and all-round code-guy.
I've been doing software development, QA, developer support and system and even some graphic design work for as long as I can remember (going back 30 years), both on commercial projects as well as open source and free software, and I enjoy both.
Coding is fun, that's why it is worth doing - I hope it never becomes a chore :-)
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In an effort to organize the content on Channel 9 we have created a wiki which you can access at http://channel9.msdn.com/sql.
Over the next few months this will be converted to a Tag Center once the Beta version of Channel 9 goes Gold. In the meantime I will be maintaining the wiki by hand.
If there are specific interviews or screencasts that you would like to see related to SQL Server and Business Intelligence just let me know.


text:
iHerb 顾客评论
节省: ¥8.72 (9 %折扣)
Caffe Sanora is the Best!
5398817154136110349发表于 Apr 12, 2013
This signature roast is much like their breakfast blend, which is fantastic as well! The roast appears dark, but has a medium smooth taste. The rich color may be due to their exclusive healthy roast process which retains more nutrients. I have tried a lot of medium roast organic coffee and this company seems to have perfected it. I highly recommend it!
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Excellent in quality and services. Took two days only to reach Hong Kong. Thanks.
5318591792145200117发表于 Feb 24, 2014
Simply delicious, smells gorgeous as well.
Disgusting coffee
5149650258184106068发表于 Mar 14, 2016
I feel like people are giving this coffee good reviews purely because it's organic or something. I drink all kinds of coffee and this was really gross. The taste is bitter and has little flavor. It's not moist, very dry, and was so bad I didn't even finish the whole bag. I wouldn't recommend this at all.
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text:
Her Jungle Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Her Jungle Love
Film poster
|Directed by
|George Archainbaud
|Produced by
|George M. Arthur
|Written by
|Gerald Geraghty
Curt Siodmak
|Dorothy Lamour
|Ray Rennahan
|Edited by
|Hugh Bennett
|Distributed by
|Paramount Pictures
Release dates
Running time
|81 minutes
|United States
Her Jungle Love is a 1938 American adventure film directed by George Archainbaud and starring Dorothy Lamour.[1] Portions of the film were shot at Palm Springs, California.[2]:168–71
- Dorothy Lamour as Tura
- Ray Milland as Bob Mitchell
- Lynne Overman as Jimmy Wallace
- J. Carrol Naish as Kuasa
- Virginia Vale as Eleanor Martin (as Dorothy Howe)
- Jonathan Hale as J.C. Martin
- Archie Twitchell as Roy Atkins
- Edward Earle as Capt. Avery
- Sonny Chorre as Guard
- Tony Urchel as Guard
- Richard Denning as Pilot
- Phil Warren as Pilot (as Philip Warren)
- Jiggs (chimpanzee) as Gaga
- ^ Nugent, Frank S. "New York Times: Her Jungle Love". NY Times. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
- ^ Niemann, Greg (2006). Palm Springs Legends: creation of a desert oasis. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-932653-74-1. OCLC 61211290. (here for Table of Contents)
External links[edit]
- Her Jungle Love at the American Film Institute Catalog
- Her Jungle Love at the Internet Movie Database
|This article about an adventure film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Space shuttle to make 12-mile trek on L.A. streetsBreaking News
In its 25 missions spanning nearly two decades, the space shuttle Endeavour circled the Earth more than 4,600 times, spending a total of 299 days in space.
It carried the crews that assembled the first U.S. component of the International Space Station, and would go on to dock at the station a dozen times. By the time Endeavour completed its last mission a year ago, the shuttle had logged nearly 123 million miles beyond Earth.
But the shuttle's final journey — a measly 12 miles — might just be its most memorable.
Officials Wednesday unveiled some of the details surrounding the 170,000-pound shuttle's carefully coordinated move from Florida's Kennedy Space Center to its permanent home at the California Science Center in Exposition Park. After arriving at LAX on the back of a Boeing 747, the shuttle will make a two-day trek through the streets of Los Angeles, the first time a space shuttle has been moved through the heart of a city....
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Broadcaster Waters dies at his home
Voice of local radio began, ended his career at WHKP
Published: Wednesday, December 1, 2010 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, November 30, 2010 at 11:04 p.m.
On Tuesday morning, a former longtime voice of WHKPs radio station was silenced when Richard Waters passed away while cooking breakfast at his home off Fruitland Road. He was 75.
Waters had a broadcasting and journalism career that spanned more than five decades, and it all began when he started as an intern at WHKP.
He worked while he was still in high school at Hendersonville High. He graduated a year behind me, WHKP President and General Manager Art Cooley said.
WHKP Vice President and Sports Director Richard Rhodes said Waters practically grew up at the station.
His father, Orin Waters, was an engineer there, so Richard was always there, Rhodes said. He was a professional journalist.
Waters graduated from Hendersonville High in 1953 and then began working at the station full-time. After his stint at WHKP, he worked for two of the largest television stations in the state: WBTV and WSOC, both in Charlotte. From there, he worked for the Associated Press in the 1970s and 80s, covering NASCAR races and other sporting events.
After working for the AP for a long period of time, he went on to work for the Tire Industry of America in Washington, D.C., and was their official spokesperson, Cooley said.
In 1995, Waters retired and returned to Hendersonville, only to become associated with WHKP again.
He came back to us, and he was our news director up until 2009, when he suffered a stroke. After that, he couldnt communicate as well. The words were there, but he just couldnt say them anymore, Cooley said. But just recently he looked great. He was healthy as a horse.
Cooley and Rhodes both saw Waters at Cliff Shipmans funeral last week.
Art and I both spoke to him, and he was fine. When we heard the news today, it was a shock to us, Rhodes said.
WHKPs Chuck Hill said Waters was instrumental in his radio career.
When I came here, he was the person doing the afternoon show, said Hill, who hosts Chuck in the Afternoon weekdays. He taught me everything there is to know about the radio business. As years have gone by, all the advice hes given has been great advice.
Waters is survived by four sons, Ricky, Rodney, Todd and Trent Waters.
Funeral arrangements will be announced soon.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Lovely Bright Studio /6m29/
Maximální počet hostů6
Počet místností1
Velikost40 m²
Floor No.(with elevator)
- Klimatizace
- Internet/WiFi
- Ručníky
- Výtah v budově
- Kuchyně
- Televize
|Ferenc korut, 1095 Budapest, Maďarsko
|Typ nemovitosti
|Ident. objektu
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
Numerous shops, bars and restaurants can be found in and around the Corvin Plaza, the Ferenc Boulevard and the Jozsef Boulevard, which can easily be reached on foot or by public transportation. City's main cultural sights include the UNESCO-protected Buda Castle, Danube Bank and Andrassy Avenue. Liszt Ferenc International Airport is within 21 km from Grand Boulevard Apartments.
Late check-in (after 22.00) can be arranged for a fee 35€
Adittional services can be provided for a fee:
- Airport transfer by fix :) price.
Check-in possible till 22.00
|Maximální délka pobytu
|7 nights
|Příjezd po
|Check-in before
|Odjezd před
|Stornovací podmínky
|Středně přísné
It is well connected by public transport. Very good value for money. It was clean. Friendly treatment from the hosts
We have spent very nice time in Michael's flat in Budapest! There were everything that we needed to comfortable resting. We had 5 min to metro and tram stop. It was nice to have very fast wifi.
Estamos satisfechos con nuestra estancia, apartamento correcto , limpio, bien ubicado , necesita reparar el sofa.
Excelente! Todo muy limpio y los anfitriones muy agradables. Muy bien localizado, a 10 minutos del centro. Hemos estado encantados
Hi! Very nice and clean apartment. The renovation noise disturbet a bit. The driver didn't spoke English. The housekeeper was helpful again. Everything was still easy and worked well. Would take this apartment again next summer.
Amazing stay! The apartment was perfect and the communication with the owner superb. We even booked transportation from and to the airport in a very short period of time and they managed to arrange it. Absolutely no complains whatsoever!
It's ok
The apartment is in a great location and is pretty good inside.
Apartment is very cozy and pretty, we were realy lucky to spend time there! These people are very helpful, and we really reccomend their apartments. Thanks :)
A very comfortable apartment for a very low prize. Maybe need another shower if 8 people are in.
- Ověřenou kvalitu ubytování
- Prověření každého hostitele
- Bezpečné platby prostřednictvím SSL šifrování


text:
Hey guys, I am needing a graphic for my sister's blog.
I want a picture of a little girl with red hair in pig tails, possible crawling. I'm looking for what I would call a retro look.
If anyone has talents in this area, please contact me. I'm willing to pay for a good graphic that I use (I can't pay top dollars...).


text:
- Embedded Operating Systems (6)
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Top Apps
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Movino is a solution for streaming and broadcasting live video from smartphones10 weekly downloads
Azonto Messenger
Cross-Platform Mobile Messaging Application1 weekly downloads
Cross Platform Development in Basal
XML based programming language which is translated into other programming languages before being compiled. Derives its syntax from C style languages such as Java, C# & Flex. iPhone BlackBerry Windows Mobile Palm OS Symbian Linux J2ME Android
LIEL - Language Independent Ext. Library
LIEL (Language Independent Extension Library) is a language-agnostic library containing solutions to various programming problems and extending the capabilities of existing frameworks and code libraries.
OMMP - Open Mobile Mashup Platform
OMMP is a community driven open source platform for developing mobile mashups (aka moshups) for mass-market devices. With OMMP, you can create fully functional widgets/applications that work on almost all mobile devices within a few hours.
Tactical Sound Garden [TSG] Toolkit
The Tactical Sound Garden [TSG] Toolkit is a software platform for cultivating virtual sound gardens in urban public space.