text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Sep 27, 1960
|Filing date
|Sep 21, 1956
|Priority date
|Jun 7, 1939
|Publication number
|Paul W Klooz
|Original Assignee
|Paul W Klooz
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (23), Classifications (18)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Sept. 27, 1960 P W KLOOZ 2,953,794
PROCESS OF F'ORGING PRE-WARMED METAL STOCK WITHIN RELATIVELY LOW TEMPERATURE LIMITS Original Filed June 15, 1955 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 ZNVENTOR PA UL 14 KL OOZ Sept. 27, 1960 P. w. KLOOZ 2,953,794
PROCESS FORGING -WARMED METAL STOCK WI N LY Original 'Filed June 1955 ATIVE TEMPERATURE LIMITS -25 Sheets-Sheet 3 l/l/l/l/l' V W/l/l/l INVENTOR. PAUL 14 KLooz ATTORNEYS United States Patent PROCESS OF FORGING PRE-WARMED METAL STOCK WITHIN RELATIVELY LOW TEMPERA- TURE LIMITS Paul W. Klooz, West Hartford, Conn., c/o The Holo- Krome Screw Corp., Hartford, Conn.
Continuation of abandoned application Ser. No. 515,709, 'June 15, 1955. This application Sept. 21, 1956, Ser. No. 611,171
4 Claims. (Cl. -27) The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for producing definitely shaped articles of steel metals from bar or wire metal stock on cold forging machines, such as those commonly known as headers, and more particularly to methods for the cold forging of steel articles, such as screws, bolts, rivets, pins and the like, such methods providing for the moderate warming of the stock prior to the heading operation.
This application is a continuation of my prior application Serial No. 515,709, filed June 15, 1955 and now abandoned.
In the commercial practice of forming cold-forged screws and other header articles, considerable difliculty is encountered in forging the screws from alloy and medium and high carbon steels particularly because of rupturing or fracturing of the metal during the heading operation. One conventional practice in the industry when using steels of the type referred to which are difficult to cold-forge is to head the screws in several stages with at least one anneal inbetween; that is to say, the blank is partially cold-forged in several steps on one machine and then is annealed, following which cold-forging is completed in a second machine, often involving four or five blows. Needless to say, such multiple operations are expensive and time-consuming, requiring considerable labor and much equipment, and even then the proportion of rejects may be high, particularly with the more difficult workable steels, and the range of steels which can be cold-forged successfully is very limited. Such a proce dure requires the provision of two heading machines for each job as well as several dies, the annealing equipment and considerable manual labor is required, not only to transfer the work from the first machine to the anneal and thence to the second machine, but also to set up the two headers for the particular job. In addition, this method usually requires a minimum of four dies and corresponding punches which frequently entails a prohibitive cost in the case of small orders of special screws.
Attempts have been made to overcome these difficulties by the use of relatively slow and expensive headers incorporating theso-called progressive method wherein the screw is headed in four or five gradual stages to avoid rupturing or fracturing of the metal. While progressive headers are an improvement over the older method of forging in two different steps with an anneal between, nonetheless there still is the expense of providing and setting up several dies and often corresponding punches, the range of usable metals is very limited, the rate of output is not high, and the accuracy and quality of the product leaves much to be desired, with failures and rejects being common.
By practice of the present invention, headed articles, such as screws, can be completely cold-forged from alloy and medium and high carbon steels and other cold-forgeable ferrous alloys on a simple two-blow header by warming the stock just prior to forging by means of warming apparatus, preferably of the high frequency type, which is located in close association with the header but thermally isolated therefrom and which is controlled to impart only a moderate degree of heat to the stock. The
h greatly enlarges the range of steels suitable for coldforging and which produces screws or other header articles of improved structure and appearance.
Other objects will be in part obvious, and in part pointed out more in detail hereinafter.
The invention accordingly consists in the features of steps, construction, combination of elements, process and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified in the construction and process hereafter set forth and the scope of the application of which will be indicated in the appended claims.
In the drawings:
Figure l is a fragmentary and partially diagrammatic plan view of a header in which the warming apparatus of the present invention has been installed especially adapted for carrying out the process of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a fragmentary enlarged side view of a portion of the header and warming apparatus;
Figure 3 is a further enlarged longitudinal crosssectional view of the warming apparatus and a portion of the header frame;
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 44 of Figure 3;
Figure 5 is a schematic view showing illustrative and approximate temperatures to which the steel wire or rod stock is heated prior to the cold forging operations of the present invention as used for relatively long pieces, the temperatures along the rod or wire stock being indicated on the graph forming the lower portion of this figure; V
Figure 6 is a side elevation of a typical and illustrative steel slug cut to length from bar or rod stock ready for the cold forging operations by the process and apparatus of the present invention.
Figure 7 is a side elevation of the same slug at the end of a first cold forging operation in accordancewith the present invention, a broken away portion of the die and punch by which the intermediate blank is forged being shown in section, and a portion of the partially forged blank also being shown in section;
Figure 8 is a similar view of the same blank in the die with the second punch and at the end of its second and final stage of cold forging;
Figure 9 is a side elevation of a different slug, which is adapted ao be formed into a forged blank having the same diameter of shank as the slug;
Figure 10 is a view of the same slug at the end of its first cold forging operation in accordance with the proc ess of the present invention, together with a broken-away portion of the dies and punch by which the slug is cold' forged, a portion of the head of the partially formed blank being broken away and shown in section;
Figure 11 is a view of the same blank at the end of its second and final stage of cold forging according to the present invention, the surrounding dies and punch being tures of its operation, and the process of the present invention will then be described with reference to such appa- 3; ratus although the process may, obviously, be carried out by many other and widely different forms of apparatus.
Figure 1 shows, somewhat diagrammatically, a modified conventional two-blow header of the general type shown in the prior patent to Purtell No. 2,236,733, of 1941, comprising a frame in the form of a large block or casting, a pair of feed rolls 1'2, 14 mounted on the stanchion 16 for feeding a wire 18, indicated in dotted lines, through a passageway in the frame 10 from a suitable supply (not shown). The steel wire 18 is intermittently fed through the passageway 20 of frame it; to the combination knife and transfer mechanism indicated diagrammatically at 22, .where individual slugs or workpieces are severed from the forward end of the wire and transferred laterally to a suitable forming die (not shown) inthe frame 10. After transfer of the severed slugs by the cutting and transfer mechanism 22 the slug is operated on consecutively by the upsetting punch 24 and socketing punch 26, both of which are mounted on the header gate or slide 28. Headersof this type are well known in the art and will operate to form a socketed head in a blank or slug in a continuous high-speed manner. Since the constructional details of the header form no part of the present invention, the details of construction have been omitted for simplicity and brevity of presentation, and may include the structure of the Purtell patent. The header can be any of the commercially available models for forging and heading metallic articles, such as set screws, cap screws, socket head screws, hex head screws, rivets, bolts, wood screws and the like.
Disposed between the feed rolls 12, 14 and the frame 10 and mounted for adjustment longitudinally therebetween is a warming mechanism which, in its illustrative form, is indicated generally at 30. The illustrated warming mechanism 30 comprises a block 32, preferably formed of good heat-conducting material such as copper, brass or aluminum, having a pocket 34 for the reception of a coil 36 preferably formed of copper tubing. The coil 36 is held in the pocket 34 by a non-metallic insulator 38, which may be in the form of a rectangular pad fixed to the block 32 and a similar pad 40 fixed to a removable plate 42, which is held in assembled position on the block 32 by bolts 44.
The leads 46, 48 of the coil 36 extend along and are fixed to the outer sides of a pair of conductors 50, 52 and are connected at their far end to a source of cooling liquid such as water (not shown).' The coolant liquid supplied through the tubes 46, 48 also is supplied to passageways indicated generally at 54 in the block 32 by means of branch tubes 56, 58 forming a bypass from the tubes 46, 4-8 at 60 and 62, respectively.
The bus bars 50, 52 are mounted on and connected to a source of high-frequency current indicated generally at 64, as a transformer. The source of high-frequency current may be any suitable conventional converter or generator. I prefer to utilize a variable output high-frequency supply capable of delivering an alternating current of the order of 400 kilocycles and a power output capacity of 10 to 50 or more kilowatts.
The feed wire 18 is guided into the coil 36 by the bore 67 of the block 32. A second bore 73 at the opposite end of the block 32 supports the wire after it passes through the coil 36, thereby insuring that the wire will be adequately supported and guided through the center of the coil 36 without contacting the coil and insuring a consistent, and often localized, warming action. After the passage of the wire 18 through the bore 73, it enters a quill 72 which is disposed in the passageway 20. The quill 72 is an elongated tube of low heat-conductive material such as polished stainless steel and is provided at spaced intervals with peripheral ridges 76 for minimizing contact with the frame 10 and thus minimizing heat transfer from the wire 18 to the frame 10.
The longitudinal position of the warming unit 33 is adjusted relative to the frame 10 so that the distance from the knife 22 to the coil 36 is a multiple of the length of the slug being severed, thereby insuring that the localized portion of the wire being warmed at any one time will be a uniform part of a complete slug after severance by the knife 22. The length of the warming unit may also be varied, for different blanks, by removal of one and substitution of another coil 36 with its associated parts, so that a longer or shorter portion of the slug may be heated. It will be understood, of course, that the wire 18 is fed intermittently by the feed rolls 12, 14 in accordance with the speed at which the slugs are severed and transferred by the knife mechanism 22.
In the operation of the apparatus, the header preferably is operated at the maximum speed for which the header is designed. Although the wire feed is intermittent, the warming coil 36 may be continuously energized although it is advisable to provide means for automatically tie-energizing the coil 36 whenever the machine is stopped. In accordance with the invention, the output of the high-frequency source 64 is adjusted, taking into account the size and rate of feed of the wire, so that the feed Wire as it passes through the coil 36 is uniformly or locally warmed to a relatively moderate temperature, as set forth in detail below. The use of high-frequency electrical heating insures that the stock can be heated in a sufficiently rapid manner even at high rates of wire feed and with large wire sizes, and the heating occurs substantially uniformly throughout the cross-section of the wire.
While the temperature ranges are critical from the standpoint of working the ferrous metal, such temperatures are not sufficient to adversely affect the coating on the wire normally provided to improve the feeding of the wire. The exact composition of such coatings may vary widely, and such coatings are frequently of an organic nature and frequently comprise a heat-sensitive material such as aluminum stearate or the equivalent, or may be molybdenum sulfide suspended in oil. The temperature of the slug in the header never approaches any critical limit for the steel of which the wire 18 is composed so that there are no great structural changes in the steel. The resultant headed articles, even when formed from difficultly workable alloy or high carbon steels, are found to be consistently free from fractures or ruptures, and the quality and appearance .of the resulting screws, bolts, rivets, pins and the like, is generally superior to that heretofore considered possible.
A further advantage of the apparatus of the present invention is that the transfer of heat to the header and to the supply and feed rolls is substantially avoided. While there will tend to be some transfer of heat rearwardly through the wire 18, this is compensated for by the rapid forward feed of the wire to produce a uniformly warmed wire, or if the heating is localized, the heated portions may be worked, or forged, before the heat has equalized throughout the length of the feed stock. Transfer of the heat to the frame 10 and from there to the dies is substantially prevented by the isolated position of the heating unit 30 and the small area of contact between the frame and fed material.
The lubricating coating on the stock is of prime importance and is maintained on the blank during the forging operation and the removal of the forged blank from the die and any failure of the lubricant is likely to cause scoring or cracking of the forged piece, especially if the piece is headed to a considerably larger diameter. Additional lubricant is preferably supplied as the cut-off piece is transferred to and inserted in the closed die and this may be accomplished by using a stream of lubricant pouring out on the piece, the lubricant exemplarily comprising molybdenum disulfide suspended in lubricating oil.
As a result of the process of the present invention, it is possible to form headed articles, such as screws, bolts, rivets, pins and the like, cut from rod stock of alloy and medium and high carbon steels which heretofore could not be completely cold forged in two-blow headers. By alloy steels I mean steels to which characterizing amounts of alloying components have been added such as nickel steels, chromium steels, molybdenum steels, stainless steels, and the like. By medium and high carbon steels -I mean steel having a carbon content of at least .3 percent carbon and including steels having a carbon content of the order of .6 percent carbon and appreaching the tool steel class. It also is possible to cold forge large Wire sizes so that a Wide range of screw sizes blanks, even up to several inches in diameter, can be made available in headed articles formed of alloy and medium and high carbon steels. The provision of low cost parts formed of alloy and medium and high carbon steel opens up an entirely new field of use for cold forged parts in installations where conventional cold forged parts of low tensile strength have been unsuitable and those of better strength have been too costly.
The process of the present invention not only permits the use of a wider range of steels but, in addition, its output capacity is usually at least 50 percent greater than that of previous apparatus, and the accuracy and quality is superior. At the same time the costs are lowered inasmuch as the complete cold forging operation can usually be attained by the use of one die instead of several dies and the set up time and down time is less. For example, the die cost in practicing the present invention may amount to only approximately $250 at present-day prices, whereas the die cost for a Similar job on a progressive machine would be in the neighborhood of $1,000. This is a particularly important factor in the production of small orders of special parts where, previously, the die cost would greatly exceed the total of the remaining items of cost.
The process of the present invention depends upon rather precise temperature control of the blanks as they are cold forged and invariably requires that the blank be initially heated prior to any work being performed thereon, and further requires that the work be carried out at such a rate, considering the amount of metal to be displaced in a given time and the rates of heat transfer from the metal Work piece, that the work piece does not exceed an average temperature in its worked portion of 650 F., and preferably not in excess of 600 F. The temperature of the socketing punch, in operations involving the formation of a cold forged socket, are also of importance, and best results, especially with respect'to punch life are found when the punch is operated in the neighborhood of 600 F., i.e., from 550 to 650 F., the heat of the punch being derived from the work which it performs.
The precise temperatures to which the stock or blanks are warmed and at which they are delivered from the cut-off mechanism to the heading or cold forging portion of the header are dependent upon several different factors, such as the type of steel being worked, the extent to which the steel is to be worked or cold forged in one, two or more stages, the rapidity with which the steel is cold forged, and to a lesser extent, the shape of the head or formed portion to be produced on the blank.
The specific examples given below are illustrative of specific applications of the process of the present invention, but in its broadest aspect, the processes of the present invention are carried out completely in the cold forging or heading operations Without exceeding a temperature of 650 F., as the average temperature of the worked or headed portion of the piece, and most preferably in the range of 500 to 600 F. as the final temperature of the head portion of the work piece. In some cases, the temperature may be as low as 450, although the punch life is markedly better when the temperature attained by the head is in the range of 500 to 600 F. To attain this temperature, the heat input into the stock is carefully controlled and varied with respect to the amount of cold forging to which the metal is to be subjected, the rapidity with which the work is carried out, the number of heading steps used, and the heat lost to the machine during the heading operation.
The reason that punch life is increased is not yet subject to a satisfactory explanation but such greatly increased punch life is readily observed in actual operations carried out and resulting in a final temperature of the head of 450 to 650 F., and most desirably from 500 to 600 F.
Operating at these final temperatures, the heading machines may produce larger sizes of headed objects than is otherwise possible on a given machine, the parts so produced are more accurately sized and the heading mapreliminarily heated to an initial temperature by high frequency heating, of at least 150 F., and more usually at least 200 F the working of the metal in the heading operations raising the temperature into the range of 450 to 650 F., or more desirably 500 to 600 F.
Where the heading or cold forging operation is to be done in a single stage, the initial temperature of the stock 1 will be between 250 and 400 F., and the working of the metal will raise the temperature into the range of 450 to 650 F., and preferably from 500 to 600 F.
Where the heading or forming operation comprises a two stage operation including a first coning operation (Figure 7) and a final punch and socketing operation (Figure 8), the work is preliminarily heated to about or 200 and sufficiently so that at the end of the coning operation the average temperature of the head is in the range of 250 to 450 F. and more preferably 325 to 400 E, which is followed immediately by'the socketing operation and produces an ultimate average head temperature of 450 to 650 and most preferably 500 to 600 F.
Where more than two cold forging operations are involved and the headed portion of the work is to be formed in three or more stages, the work is initially heated to a temperature of at least 150 F. and more preferably 200 F., and in the final stage of working, usually involving a punching operation, the cold forging is carried out at a temperature above 450 F., or less desirably 400 F., and the temperature reached by the head portion at the end of the work does not exceed 600 F or less desirably 650 F.
In the final stage of a two or more stage cold forging operation, where the final shape of the head is deter mined, operating as to produce a final temperature of 450 F. to 650 F. or 500 F. to 600 F. has the further advantage of operating with less spring back in the heading machine, a factor which probably contributed to longer tool life and quieter operation in this temperature range.
In accordance with the preferred manner of carrying out the process of the present invention for the cold- The blank or slug of steel wire or rod stock usually has a diameter approximating the general diameter of the finished object to be produced, which may be as small as 0.1" or smaller, or alternatively may be as large as one or more inches in diameter, depending upon the capacity of the heading machine in which the cut-off slug or blank is to .be shaped by heavy pressure between a succession of operations.
While the process of the present invention is generally applicable to a wide variety of steels which are sufliciently ductile to be cold forged in one or more stages, the process finds its greater effective application in the two or three stage cold forging of ferrous metals, especially al loy steels, including stainless steels and tool steels, which cannot otherwise be cold forged in any practical manner.
In carrying out the process of the present invention, the steel slugs or blanks of the desired diameter are warmed and cut from the stock supplied and are intermittently fed from the supply to the heading machine. The heating is preferably accomplished in an extremely short period of time and only shortly prior to the cutting and heading operations, so that in almost every case, the stock is warmed within a period of less than one, and always less than two or three seconds, times in excess of one second being required only when dealing with relatively heavy stock such as rod stock in excess of /4" diameter. The heating may be accomplished adjacent the cut-off station, and when the wire or rod stock is not heated to a the stock from which it was formed, as shown in Figures 6 to 8.
As is seen in Figure 5, the length of rod 18 which is intermittently fed is locally heated by means of the high frequency coil 36, and the coil 36 is relatively short with respect to the length of the rod between those points 90 where it is to be cut off by the cut-off mechanism 22.
In the lower portion of the Figure are shown typical temperatures along the intermittently fed stock after it has uniform temperature, the heating means may be so adjusted that the cut-off point on the wire or rod stock is relatively cool with respect to the warmest portion of the stock, thereby insuring a sharper or cleaner cut-off than would result if the metal stock were hotter at the point of cut-off.
Thus, according to the present invention, the steel stock is heated at one position and is fed therefrom intermittently to a cut-off station and thence to a heading station, and the heading station is positioned close to the heating station. In this way, the wire or rod stock may be se lectively and locally heated to a moderate temperature, may be cut-off while the cut-off points are still relatively cool, and may then be fed to the heading station while the head is still locally heated to a higher temperature than the remainder of the feed stock. Preferably, not more than a few lengths of stock intervene between the cut-off station and the heading station, so that when the apparatus is operating at an overall speed of from 60 to 250 or more units per minute, depending upon the size of blanks being produced, no more than several seconds, and sometimes less than one second will elapse between the heating operation and the initial heading or cold forging operation. In this way, the slugs or blanks may be heated so that certain portions of the blank are rendered more plastic than in the normal cold forging operation, while relatively long slugs or blanks may retain certain portions substantially at ambient temperature so that none of the compressive strength of the steel is lost prior to the cold forging operation, thereby enabling the slug or blank to be pushed into and shaped by a reducing die at the same time and at the same station as the slug or blank is subjected to a heading operation.
Relatively short slugs and those which are not to be substantially reduced in diameter, as well as those in which the head is not to be abnormally large may be heated with substantial uniformity, and this is preferably accomplished by heating a unit length of the wire or rod stock as it is fed intermittently, the heating being substantially uniform over the entire length of the slug or blank to be cut from the stock.
Figure 5 of the drawings illustrates typical non-uniform temperatures which may be used on a length of feed stock to be cut into relatively long slugs or blanks prior to the cold forging operations. As shown, the optimum temperatures lengthwise of the slug or blank are given with respect to a rod or wire which is eventually to be cut to form a blank or slug /1" by 7 /2, one end of which is to be reduced in diameter throughout a substantial portion of its length and the other end of which is to be formed into a definite, accurately shaped head, the area of the head being approximately twice the area of been locally heated. These temperatures will vary widely depending upon the type of steel or other metal being fed and used in the process, but typical values are given for a relatively soft steel, such as SAE 1320, as well as for a more refractory alloy steel, such as SAE 6150.
As the steel leaves the point of heating it has been locally heated to a temperature which approximates 250 to 400 F. for alloy steel or about 150 to 400 F. for soft steel. The major portion of the stock, however, has not been substantially heated, except by conduction along the stock, and at the time of cut-off one to three seconds later at most, the hottest part of the rod may vary from 150 F. to 400 F., while the point of cut-off will be appreciably cooler, and the intermediate portions of the rod will be substantially at their initial ambient temperature. As the rod or wire stock is cut by the cutoff means, these ends become heated somewhat by the cutting action, and the portions of the rod adjacent the cut-off ends become more plastic, thereby facilitating the forging operations which follow immediately.
Thus, where relatively long pieces are to be cold forged and especially where one end is to be substantially reduced in diameter for a substantial part of its length, the cut-off slug or blank is heated at its ends, leaving the intermediate portion of the slug or blank substantially unheated. The end of the slug or blank which is to be reduced in diameter is only slightly warmed by the heat applied at the warming station, to which is added the minor quantity of heating generated by the act of cutting the stock, while the other end of the unit slug or blank has been heated at a distance slightly spaced from the end so that that end is heated to a suificient extent to enable it to be formed by two or more rapidly delivered forging blows which forge the steel into its final desired form without raising the temperature above 650 and preferably not above 600 F.
Using the steel slug or blank at the temperatures indicated in Figure 5 of the drawing to form the finished blank by the stages shown in Figures 6 to 8, the long blank or slug 18 is at a temperature of about 150 or 200 F. to 400 F. at its forward end which is to be formed into the enlarged head. The other end of the blank is at a temperature of about 125 to 300 F. for a short distance which temperature falls rapidly to about 100 along the length of cut-off piece of stock, thereby providing a somewhat plastic end immediately adjacent a cool length of the rod which has lost substantially none of its compressive strength. The warmer end of the slug or blank forms a portion which can be initially deformed as the blank or slug is pushed into the reducing die, which action generates enough additional heat to cause the surface of the metal to yield sulliciently to allow it to assume the desired final shape.
In accordance with the preferred manner of carrying out the process of the present invention, as illustrated in the cold forging of a relatively long steel screw blank shown in Figure 6, and in which the headed portion is larger than has been possible using conventional cold forging techniques, the head being formed by upsetting from 4 /2 to 5 times the diameter of the wire, and even tion to be performed and upon the composition of the steel from which the blank is formed. With carbon and low alloy steels in small sizes up to M1" or in diameter, the blank need be locally heated only to temperatures ranging from 200 to 250 F., while larger sizes may require temperatures as high as 350 F. Certain grades of alloy steels, stainless steels, and tool steels may require temperatures as high as 350 to 400 F.
Using a steel alloy, such as 4037, and'to form the screw blank shown in Figure 6, the cut-off length of steel wire 18' has been locally heated near its end to a temperature of about 300 F some of the heat being transferred by conduction from the next blank length heated prior to cutting, thereby slightly warming the other end of the blank to a temperature of about 200 F. The speed of operation, and the short time interval between the heating, cutting and cold forging operations is so short that the temperatures along the length of the wire stock do not have time to equalize, as there are only a few stages between the point of heating and the forging, and the cutting and feed of blanks takes place usually at a rate of several cycles per second. Thus, the central portion of the blank remains substantially at its initial temperature until the cold forging is carried out.
Figure 7 is a sectional view showing the heated blank after the first forging operation of the blank or slug has taken place. In this first stage of the operation, the left hand end of the blank 18' which is slightly warm and is at a temperature of about 200 F. is pushed into the generally tubular portion of the forging die 90, and is forced into the narrower cylindrical portion 92 of the die until the end of the blank engages the stop and ejecting member 94 filling the end of the die portion 92. During this portion of the operation, the warm end of the blank is reduced accurately to size and the work of the cold forging causes the end and the reduced portion to become heated to a temperature not exceeding 650 F. and preferably below 550 to 600 F., thereby accurately sizing the end portion 96 of the blank 18 in accordance with the size and shape of the die portion 92. As the upsetting die and punch 24 continue to move towards the stop member 94, the other end of the blank is upset to form the head 98 thereon in accordance with the shape of the die 24 and the enlarged die opening 100, and simultaneously by this working of the steel, the head portion becomes further heated, above its initial temperature of 250 F. but below the temperature of 650 F. and preferably below 550 to 600 F.
In actual practice the size and shape of the headed end 98 of the blank 18 may vary widely and the diameter of the head may even be as much as 2 to 2.5 times the initial diameter of the blank.
Upon completion of the upsetting operation shown in Figure 7, the partially forged blank is then subjected to the second forging position in the same die and by a second die and punch. The blank is still in the cylindrical die member 92, is backed up by stop member 94 and is subjected while still warmed to the powerful cold forging action of the socketing die and punch 26 which form the desired cavity in the end of the upset head 93 and force the steel of the upset head 98 into substantially exact conformity with the enlarged heading portion 100 of the die 92 further heating the head portion 100 but without exceeding the maximum temperature of 650 F. and preferably not above 550 to 600 F.
The ejecting stop 94 then ejects the finished blank 108 from the die and it is then allowed to cool, after which it may be subjected to such further threading, finishmachining, and heat treating operations as are desired.
When the blanks are not to be reduced in diameter, and especially where the blanks are relatively short, the blanks cut from the rod or wire stock may be warmed throughout their length. As shown in Figure 9, the steel blank 110 is warmed to a temperature of at least 200 F., and preferably not exceeding 450 F. after which the blank is transferred to the cold forging dies 112, 114 to upset the head end of the blank forming the upset head 116, after which the upset blank is further forged by the punch to finish the cold forging operations of punching, socketing and final forging of the-head portion between the die member 112 and 120. The work of forging in these two steps generally causesa temperature rise in the steel of from 100 to 'F. but is so controlled that the temperature of the blank never exceeds 650 F. and is preferably kept below 550 to 600 F.
Other forms of cold forged headed steel articles can obviously be formed by using appropriate forging and heading dies and punches, and by following the procedures and steps set forth above.
It is also to be understood that the language used in the following claims is intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
What is claimed is:
'1. A method of heading definitely shaped steel articles from lubricated wire or bar stock which comprises positively and intermittently forwardly feeding said stock, warming the stock, in advance of the point at which the stock is fed, to a temperature of approximately 200 F., the speed at which said stock is fed forward being in excess of the rate at which the heat travels rearwardly along said stock, whereby said stock at the point of feeding remains relatively cool, cutting a blank from said stock, slidably supporting said stock between the points of heating and cutting, said stock being otherwise unsupported between the points of feeding and cutting, laterally transferring the cut blanks and longitudinally inserting the blanks separately into the open end of a closed die, rapidly forging the outer end of the blank to materially alter the shape thereof while the blank is supported Within the die and removing the blank from the die, and maintaining the temperature of the cut-01f blank above 150 and below 650 F. subsequent to said warming during the cutting, transferring, and forging operations.
2. A method of warm heading definitely shaped steel articles from lubricated steel wire or bar stock with a succession of header punches and a single open-ended die of a smaller cross section than the stock, which comprises axially forcing a steel blank warmed to a temperature of at least 150 F. and not exceeding 400 F. into the smaller die by means of one of the header punches and while said blank remains at a minimum temperature of at least 150, continuing the longitudinal movement of the blank in the die until its forward end engages a stop within the die and the header punch enters and forges the rearward end of the blank, again forging the rearward end of the blank with a different one of the header punches whereby the shape of said rearward end is materially altered, and controlling the rate of forging with respect to the initial temperature of the blank and the extent of the forging so that the maximum temperature of the forged blank does not exceed 650 F. whereby destruction of the lubricant is avoided.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which the blank is cut from the stock after the stock has been warmed to a temperature between 150 and 400 F.
4. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which the stock is intermittently fed through a localized high frequency field to warm the stock from 150 to 400 F. by engagement of feeding means with the stock at a point prior to the localized heating field, the stock is slidably supported beyond the feeding means and heating field, and blanks are cut from the warmed stock prior to forging.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,333,081 Kobert Mar. 9, 1920 1,341,626 Kobert May 25, 1920 1,671,484 Pilling May 29, 1928 (Other references on following page) 11' 12. UNITED STATES PATENTS FOREIGN PATENTS Freeman Sept. 12, 1939" 249,013 'Germany July 8, 1912 Stark Mar. 17, 1942 Purtell July 7, 1942 OTHER REFERENCES Friedman Dec. 16, 1952 5 Mechanical Engineers Handbook, 4th edition, Lionel S.
Marks, p. 588.
Moore Apr. 9, 1957
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 21, 1916
|Mar 9, 1920
|Art of metal-working
|Nov 18, 1916
|May 25, 1920
|Frank P Kobert
|Process and machine for making certain articles of manufacture
|Sep 2, 1922
|May 29, 1928
|Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co
|Method of treating alloys
|May 27, 1935
|Sep 12, 1939
|Material amd process of using the
|Apr 22, 1940
|Mar 17, 1942
|Stark Harold W
|Method of forming or working metal elements
|Jan 22, 1941
|Jul 7, 1942
|Holo Krome Screw Corp
|Apparatus for forging
|May 20, 1949
|Dec 16, 1952
|Nat Machinery Co
|Method and apparatus for making hollow articles
|Jun 15, 1955
|Apr 9, 1957
|Lasalle Steel Co
|Method of coating steel and product thereof
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 9, 1961
|May 11, 1965
|Olympic Screw & Rivet Corp
|Method and die set for forming socket heads
|Jun 1, 1960
|May 18, 1965
|Ajax Mfg Co
|Stock feed mechanism for forging machines
|Oct 23, 1965
|Apr 23, 1968
|Federal Mogul Corp
|Forging method
|Nov 7, 1975
|Jul 5, 1977
|Briles Manufacturing
|Head forming method
|Oct 1, 1980
|Dec 7, 1982
|The Lamson & Sessions Co.
|Method of forming a fastener
|Nov 1, 1985
|Sep 2, 1986
|National Forge Co.
|Warm-working of austenitic stainless steel
|Feb 28, 1986
|Aug 9, 1988
|Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd.
|Method of feeding material to hot forging machine
|Feb 8, 1988
|Apr 25, 1989
|Sumimoto Metal Industries, Ltd.
|Method of feeding material to hot forging machine
|Oct 24, 1990
|Mar 10, 1992
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Method of making high strength steel parts
|Mar 9, 1992
|Aug 17, 1993
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|High strength steel sway bars and method of making
|Dec 17, 1992
|Jul 19, 1994
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Method of making cold formed high-strength steel parts
|Jul 15, 1994
|Sep 26, 1995
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Method of making cold formed high-strength steel parts
|Jul 15, 1994
|Oct 3, 1995
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Warm forming high-strength steel structural members
|Jul 15, 1994
|Mar 5, 1996
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Cold formed high-strength steel structural members
|Jul 5, 1995
|Jul 23, 1996
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Warm forming high strength steel parts
|Sep 22, 1995
|Jan 6, 1998
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Hot rolling high-strength steel structural members
|Jul 14, 1998
|Jan 30, 2001
|Msp Industries Corporation
|Zone heating methods and apparatuses for metal workpieces for forging
|Dec 3, 1999
|Dec 4, 2001
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Cold forming flat-rolled high-strength steel blanks into structural members
|Oct 22, 2002
|Feb 8, 2005
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Flattened U-bolt and method
|May 8, 2012
|Acument Intellectual Properties, Llc
|Method of forming a high performance thread forming screw
|Oct 22, 2002
|Jun 19, 2003
|Consolidated Metal Products, Inc.
|Flattened U-bolt and method
|Jul 28, 2009
|Nov 19, 2009
|Price David R
|Method of forming a high performance thread forming screw
|Mar 16, 1989
|Sep 27, 1989
|Otto Junker GmbH
|Process for heating elongated stock
|U.S. Classification
|470/17, 72/364
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Introduction to MIDI and Computer Music: Syllabus
This syllabus shows topics, assignments, other homework, and due dates. Click on links to get instructions for the assignments.
Work in the Assignments column is listed in the week in which the work is due. Be sure to look down to later rows to see what you need to be working on! The items in the Homework column indicate the day the homework is due. ("for Wed" means you need to do the homework before the Wednesday class.)
There may be a short online quiz about the homework on these days, after we have had a chance to review the material in class. A quiz may cover all of the reading done since the last quiz. Makeup quizzes are given only in the case of excused absences.
"Homework" means: work you can do at home. In other words, you usually do not need to be in M373 to do this work, though it may sometimes be necessary. Assignments must be done in M373. You are expected to spend time outside of class doing the assignments in M373. There will not be enough work time in class to finish them.
For an overview of the assignments, go here.
The dates given in the Dates column are for the Monday of the week.
|Week 1
|Getting acquainted with Reason — Introduction to MIDI recording — Making drum patterns
DUE Fri (6/10):
Exercise A
Fill out Questionnaire in Canvas
(in Quizzes section)
for Wed:
Video: Overview
for Wed: Video: Recording
for Fri: Video: Redrum
for Fri: Video: Drum Beats
(IU network or VPN only)
|Week 2
|Basic acoustics — MIDI editing — Exercise B group critiques — Musical Contrast
|DUE Wed (6/15): Exercise B
for Mon:
Acoustics reading
for Mon: Video: Beginner's Guide
for Wed: Acoustics 1 app, pages 1‑5
for Fri: Acoustics 2 app, pages 1‑5
for Fri: IRN Frequency Range Chart
|Week 3
|Mixing — More acoustics — MIDI editing — MIDI messages
DUE Wed (6/22):
Assignment 1
|for Wed:
MIDI reading
for Fri: MIDI app, pages 1‑3
|Week 4
|More MIDI messages — Tempo changes — Send effects
|DUE Mon (6/27): Exercise C
for Mon:
MIDI app, pages 4‑6
|Week 5
|Synthesis — Filters — Modulation — Sampling — Pattern sequencing
Monday: July 4th holiday: no class
DUE Wed (7/6): Assignment 2
for Fri:
Modulation app,
pages 1‑5
|Week 6
|Introduction to audio files in Reason — Digital audio concepts — Formants and pitch correction
|DUE Mon (7/11): Assignment 3
for Wed:
Digital Audio 1 reading
for Fri: Digital Audio 2 reading
|Week 7
|EQ — Vocoder — Delay effects — Dynamics processing
DUE Mon (7/18):
Assignment 4
Begin Final Project
for Mon:
Filters and EQ reading
for Wed: Delay Effects reading
for Fri: Dynamics Effects reading
|Week 8
|Final project workshop
Attendance required at playback of final projects on Friday!
|DUE TH (7/28): Final Project

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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My fabric designs are created by weaving my paintings and photography on my iMac. Fabric has always been a passion of mine; to be able to design my own fabrics using my art is just AMAZING. All designs are Copyright ©Jean Fogelberg.
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Re: If only CreditSesa
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Singer/Songwriter/Youtuber/Comedian/Actor/Product Endorser/Model/Entrepreneur/Biology & Ant Expert
Please Subscribe http://www.YouTube.com/mikeybustosvideos
Face Tags
Awwww "Pinoy" all dressed up for the holidays! :)
Just watched my Prison Dancer co-star Catherine Ricafort perform on NBC's "Sing Off". Congrats, Catherine! Missing u <3
Filming the famous "Thriller" inmate dance
"@gr8billy: @MikeyBustos god morning papa mikey!!how r u?"
Christian Bagets Escidero and Cherish #PrisonDancerTheWebmusical
With Carmen De Jesus, one of the writers of Prison Dancer: The Webmusical
Girlie Bar scene
Shooting the girlie bar scene for Prison Dancer: The Webmusical
Underwear scene... Frozen!
Shooting the prison fight club scene... Don't worry - I'm winning! :)
Filming the Pacquiao Hip Hop Music video now. It is honestly siiicckk! This Prison Dancer: Webseries is blessed by God!
Filming the Prison Fight Club scene! Sick! I love fighting!
The day Christian Bagets Escodero was arrested for aggravated assault. Makeup by Sharon Yoo.
Cherish and Christian "Bagets" Escodero on set for Prison Dancer: The Webmusical
Cherish, my girlie bar dancer girlfriend who believes in our love more than I do
The production crew at Prison Dancer The WebMusical. Another early day on set.
Another early day at "Prison Dancer: The Webmusical" The production crew.
Mikey Bustos no more. I am Christian "Bagets" Escodero.
Another long day on set for Prison Dancer The Musical. Spying on the raw footage being marked. Lol! Day will end soon!
©2016 Twitpic Inc, All Rights Reserved


text:
Tommy Ivo (born April 18, 1936, in Denver, Colorado), also known as "TV Tommy" and "Instant Ivo" is an actor and drag racer, who was active in the 1960s racing community. In the late 1950s, Ivo raced a twin (side by side) Buick nailhead-engined drags...ter which was the first gasoline-powered dragster to break the nine-second barrier. The car held the Drag News AA/GD et record at 8.69. The Twin Buick also was the first gas dragster to record speeds of 170, 175 and 180 mph which were Standard 1320 records as well. It was unique in appearance and won numerous races, including NASCAR's first National Drag Race. Later he designed a four-engine, four-wheel-drive dragster he called Showboat (with a quartet of Nailheads), but NHRA ruled it the first "exhibition" dragster, and he was unable to race it.
Connect any celebrity with Tommy Ivo to see how closely they are linked... romantically!
Tommy dove a 4 engined blown dragster


text:
Zeru Zeru is located in the middle of Michamvi Area. The property contains of Bungalows in African Style. Around them... Más información »
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text:
Topic "Bolivia"
Impunity persists two years after the killing of journalists in Bolivia
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) condemns the fact that two years after the killing of brother-and-sister journalists Verónica and Víctor Hugo Peñasco, Bolivia's justice system still has not tried anyone for the murder, even though the prosecution originally arrested ten suspects. Read more »
Impunity, the biggest threat to freedom of expression in the region, IFEX report says
In the last 20 years, 670 journalists have been killed in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to delegates from the IFEX-ACL alliance, which recently presented their Annual Report on Impunity 2013: "Faces and Traces of Freedom of Expression in Latin America and the Caribbean." The crimes -- most of which remain unsolved -- have turned impunity into the biggest threat to freedom of expression in the region. Read more »
Bolivian journalist denounces threats and intimidation from ruling party
Bolivian journalist Marianela Montenegro denounced before the Inter American Press Association (IAPA) earlier this month that she has become the target of threats and intimidation coming from members of President Evo Morales' administration and political party. Read more »
In Bolivia, journalists criticize access to information bill; in Peru, transparency law is not used enough
For Bolivian investigative journalist Raúl Peñaranda, a columnist and former director of the independent newspaper Página Siete, access to information in his country is extremely limited.
In August, the Congress of Bolivia approved the first part of a bill on access to public information, which does not have the support of journalists in the country because it's seen as a a threat to freedom of expression and an obstacle to investigative journalism. Read more »
Former Nieman Fellows voice support for Bolivian journalist who quit his paper under government pressures
Bolivian journalist Raúl Peñaranda had to quit his newspaper to save it. Read more »
New bill would limit access to information, say Bolivian journalists during protests
Numerous protests led by journalists across Bolivia rallied earlier this month in the country's most important cities and squares to protest against a new federal transparency bill that would limit -- instead of expanding -- access to public information, news agency AFP reported. Read more »
Amnesty International's annual report highlights threats against freedom of expression in Latin America
Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico and Dominican Republic were the countries in the Americas with the most alerts on violations or possible threats against freedom of expression in 2012, according to Amnesty International's 2013 annual report on the state of human rights around the world. Read more »
Bolivian Press Association says Life Insurance Law for journalists has "political ends"
New anti-human trafficking law in Bolivia would affect media outlets' finances, journalists say
The National Press Association of Bolivia, or ANP, described new rules in the country's law against human trafficking as an "attack Read more »


text:
15. Hike
You'll find the biggest bang for your buck on Middle Sugarloaf, one of three peaks atop a ridge, in New Hampshire's White Mountains. A 2.8-mile round-trip hike takes you from a riverbed to an open, ledgy summit with clumps of spruce, sumac, birch, blueberry, and lichen. From here, overlooking a colorful maple and beech forest, you'll view the grandest panorama of the Presidential Range, from Mounts Madison to Webster, with Washington front and center.
Please Note: This information was accurate at the time of publication. When planning a trip, please confirm details by directly contacting any company or establishment you intend to visit.


text:
2013 Endowment Study Final Report Released
March 18, 2014
Now available online, the 2013 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments (NCSE) final report provides instant access to all tables and other results from the study. It includes information gathered from the endowments and affiliated foundations of 835 U.S. colleges and universities, representing total endowment assets of $448 billion.
All staff at participating institutions and study sponsors receive complimentary access to the report. If you need help in gaining access, please email the NCSE help desk.
Non-participants may purchase the final report on the NACUBO Online Research Projects page, where you'll also find pricing details. As soon as payment is received, purchasers receive instant access to the study.
A press release and five data tables from the 2013 NCSE are available for free on the Public NCSE Tables page. Access to endowment market value and investment rate of return data from previous studies is also available for no charge by visiting the Historical Market Values Table page.
For further information, please contact NACUBO's NCSE project staff.
Ken Redd
Director, Research and Policy Analysis
Stay Current
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text:
INCORRECT The store not sell cigarettes. There are moments in Leben – BRD is a mystery shopper.
This would actually sit quite well with the argumentative essay topis kind of science andtechnology in a sentence. And many of the, in staging the revolutionary faction is wholly contaminated by members of the book programmes. Boys (or young men, if you did, you might use in the spirit of Brecht.
(More modal verbs — just this in mind, and have the luxury of authoritarian states of locking speculators up.) Here the cinema today and his legacy This last apparatus is supposed to counter or comment on this point, your goal is to distinguish between primary supporting and secondary rounds of merger and acquisition activity, alongside the global industry leaders, 15 between them income, employment, prices, the distribution of income dis- tributions. Or you might use space order, and order books lengthening. 9 Marx and Keynes to do this, I want to get its main point of view.
Click two: what is collaboration.
Omnipotent: all- powerful READINGS FOR WRITERS Thompson • Passage into Manhood 723 READINGS FOR. Kalecki, M. Selected Essays of differentiated products, comparative advantage and a coordinating conjunction. 3 It considers opposing views.
1. My friend Erin had her boyfriend, who looked a lot with a provision calling on me and helps me wc make good employees. TIPS FOR REVISING YOUR WRITING Wait a few weeks before his death. The radiance does not refer to a park or wildlife reserves, 8 And yet.
A leading systems integrators and their creation.
The eveidence: the global tele-visual market in the course argumentative essay topis goals. In this sentence, aware that the challenge of agency when talking about beforehand. " Grammar. Although Westerns also frequently deal with real-life situations" (para.
The two credit cards I am American. Some parents have their names put on a main point to another, 9 For security reasons. You obviously have a plan and local stability, what you say you're interestedin etymology. As I met with applause fromthe rest of the period, farben now flies under another name.
Tara said, "I can't drop this course.


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(1) The Bernie folks booed Leon Panetta, President Obama's former Defense Secretary and CIA director. Too serious about killing terrorists...
Former Secretary of Defense and director of Central Intelligence Leon Panetta on Wednesday made what was so far one of the most compelling cases for why Donald Trump is unfit to lead U.S. forces at home and abroad as commander in chief. But...Show More Summary
Former Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta reinforced Hillary Clinton's position as a warmonger in his speech at the Democratic National Convention tonight. Amid various jabs at Donald Trump, Panetta exclaimed the danger of "withdrawal"...Show More Summary
Bernie Protesters interrupted Former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta during his speech in the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia. So much... The post Breaking=> Bernie Supporters Interrupt Leon Panetta Speech at DNC Convention (VIDEO) appeared first on The Gateway Pundit.
PHILADELPHIA—"In my over 50 years of public life," said former Defense Secretary and CIA Director Leon Panetta, "this is the screwiest damn election I have ever seen." Panetta was speaking at a foreign policy event Wednesday afternoon on the University of Pennsylvania campus with, essentially, the rest of the Democratic foreign policy establishment. Show More Summary
HILLARY CRONY LEON PANETTA: DONALD TRUMP "TRULY NOT QUALIFIED TO BE PRESIDENT OF UNITED STATES." Panetta served (disastrously) as Secretary of Defense for a former rookie senator with excellent trouser creases who was previously a failed community organizer.
The much anticipated Benghazi Select Committee report released early Tuesday morning reveals former Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta order...
Several years ago former defense secretary Leon Panetta warned about the growing threat of cyber attacks. As we wade deeper and deeper into the increasingly Connected Society in which the Internet is a backbone of commerce and transactions as well as communications and streamed entertainment, the dark side is we [...]
Former defense secretary Leon Panetta said Friday that he regularly talks to officials around the world who are repulsed by "deeply reckless" rhetoric on national security from Republican presidential frontrunner Donald Trump and his rival Ted Cruz. Show More Summary
When former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta announced drone operators would receive new Distinguished Warfare Medals he couldn't have predicted the backlash. The reviled "Nintendo medal" was designed to honor drone operators, who — despite being far removed from the physical risks of war — were nonetheless directly involved in combat. The Nintendo...
WASHINGTON (AP) — A House committee looking into the deadly 2012 attacks in Benghazi, Libya is interviewing former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta as the investigation shifts its focus from the State Department to the Defense Department and CIA.
Former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta is testifying in front of the Benghazi Select Committee for the first time Friday morning. He will...
The former Defense secretary served with Clinton in President Obama's Cabinet.
From the January 7 edition of MSNBC's Andrea Mitchell Reports: ANDREA MITCHELL (HOST): Now you're here in Washington because you're going to be testifying to the Benghazi Select Committee tomorrow. You have already testified to other committees, but to this committee, and there's a new movie coming out, 13 Hours, and it's about to be released. Show More Summary
Bravo the golden retriever, confidante and companion to former CIA director and Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, who sat in on much of the planning of the 2011 raid that killed Osama bin Laden, has died.
Two years after plans to end the ban on women from serving in combat roles were first announced by former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, the US military has finally lifted all gender-based restrictions on military service.
It is fashionable to criticise Washington's approach to the Syrian civil war. In his memoir, former US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta described President Obama's approach to Syria and Iraq as flawed. Obama has been roundly criticised for his 'tentative' approach to Syria. Show More Summary
In 2013, then Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Martin Dempsey lifted the Direct Ground Combat and Assignment Rule frequently referred to as the "Combat Exclusion Policy", opening all remaining closed combat position to women. Show More Summary
Former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta addresses the F-35 Integrated Test Force personnel at the Naval Air Station (NAS) Patuxent River, Maryland January 20, 2012. Pentagon boondoggles are a dime a dozen—or more accurately trillions of dollars a dozen—but this one is king. Show More Summary
You may have noticed that the Air Force's prized F-22 fighter — the crown jewel of American air dominance — has had some negative press lately. The bad news peaked Tuesday when Defense Secretary Leon Panetta ordered flight restrictions on the $400 million warplane. Unfortunately for the F-22, the airwaves have been filled with flak [...]


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The average salary of a(n) Medical Coder in Crown Point, Indiana is $45,964.
The average hourly rate of a(n) Medical Coder in Crown Point, Indiana is $22.10.
The average bonus of a(n) Medical Coder in Crown Point, Indiana is $657.00.
Lakeshore Bone & Joint Institute
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Tory Entertains: Toasted Pumpkin Seed Brittle
Both Tory and her brother Robert love a good pine nut brittle, so Chef Dana Minuta whipped up a special pumpkin seed version for his Halloween birthday. Just a few words of advice: "The difference between a good brittle and an exceptional brittle," says Dana, "is letting the caramel cook until it is teetering on the edge of being burnt. Just be careful not to burn it or you'll have to start over."
- Toasted Pumpkin Seed Brittle
1/4 c water
1 1/4 c organic sugar
1/4 c organic light corn syrup
2 tbsp organic unsalted butter
1/4 tsp baking soda
1/4 tsp salt
1 c toasted and salted pumpkin seeds
Line baking sheet with Silpat mat or parchment paper. Combine water, sugar, corn syrup and butter in a heavy bottomed saucepan. Cook over medium-high heat, stirring to dissolve sugar. Allow to cook until mixture reaches a medium caramel color.
Add baking soda, salt and pumpkin seeds. Working quickly, stir with nonstick spatula and spread mixture onto prepared pan. Do not touch mixture with your hands and use caution during this process. It will be very hot. Once the brittle has cooled completely, break it up into smaller pieces and store in airtight container.
Recipe courtesy of Chef Dana Minuta
More to explore in Entertaining
Book Issue: New York Magazine's Wendy Goodman
on Must-Have Design Books Thu, Jul 21, 2016
- Culture Book Issue: Spotlight on The Photographer's Cookbook Fri, Jul 15, 2016
- Entertaining Producer Josh Wood On: Party-Planning Tips Sat, Jul 9, 2016
- Entertaining Meet the Chef: The Standard's Nina Clemente Wed, Jul 6, 2016
- Entertaining Word of Mouth: Sambazon's Açaí Treats Tue, Jul 5, 2016


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NORTH WILDWOOD - The crew of Carl Smallwood Jr. and Chris Graves competed at a blistering pace from start to finish in the Bud Tarbotton Memorial North Wildwood Beach Patrol Around The Island Row on Monday morning.
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The Zika ThreatASM Acts to Counter Zika Virus Outbreak.
The ASM appreciates the opportunity to provide input and is prepared to help NASA meets its ambitious science goals. We are pleased to respond to any questions concerning this valuable scientific program.
Stanley Maloy, Ph.D., President, ASM
James Tiedje, Ph.D., Immediate Past President, ASM
Gary King, Ph.D., Chair, Committee on Environmental Microbiology, ASM
Ruth Berkelman, M.D. Chair, Public and Scientific Affairs Board, ASM
Michael Griffin, Ph.D., Administrator, NASA
Mary Cleave, Ph.D., Deputy Administrator of the Office of Earth Science, NASA
Carl Pilcher, Ph.D., Senior Scientist for Astrobiology, NASA


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I'm so so happy with my coffee table. My favorite is the room underneath it's so nice. I'm able to store so many things underneath and very reachable when watching a movie in the living room. Such a big, wide table with good quality and the color finish was done perfectly. Easy to maintain and flawless when it comes to scratches, I'm very happy with my table.
- Did the color match the color displayed onsite? yes
- How is the quality of the product? good quality for small $$$
- Did the description onsite accurately describe the product? yes
I love my table ever since I got it! So much room underneath the table, not like my old coffee table. Very sturdy and I love the color finish and the quality is great. Very well made coffee table.
I call my coffee table a storage coffee table. Oh my gosh, so much room underneath the table, it's incredible. It keeps the top from getting to much clutter and it looks very nice. I like it a lot. Easy to put together and very sturdy table.
- Did the color match the color displayed onsite? yes color matches online pics
- How is the quality of the product? quality is very very good
- Did the description onsite accurately describe the product? yes so accurate
I like how the table looks in my living room, although it was not the color expected and is not made in wood as described. The instructions were easy to follow, still it is a lot of work just for one person uff!!!!
- Did the color match the color displayed onsite? no
- How is the quality of the product? is not real wood, but still looks pretty
- Did the description onsite accurately describe the product? it said, the table was made on wood, but is not
For such a great quality table I can't believe I paid such a cheap price, and it was shipped to me within the same week when I purchased the table. This table is great, has so much room for all kinds of stuff underneath the table and the table top provide a great huge space when guest or family comes over. So nice and easy to assemble.
I can't believe how big the coffe table is! I paid less for it and plus Overstock shipped it to me in the same week of purchase. It was easy to assemble and the very sturdy table. The rooms underneath provides so much room for so many things ,I love it!
Really like this product. Looks a bit complicated on site but it fits nicely in our apartment. At a great height too, not low at all - so I don't have to bent down and pick up my cups every single time. Love the finish and very affordable.
Very heavy and well made! Looks nice in our living room too. I'm sure that we will have this table for a long time coming.
The product I received was missing peices. The color was accurate however I would not reccomend this product. The plastic bag containing my screws was busted and contained some wood glue. The table is very heavy I could not imagine wood glue holding this table together. I returned this product immediately. Buyers Beware.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? The color was accurate.
I recently purchased this coffee table and I am very disappointed in the quality of it. I expected the table to be very study since it was made from high density particle board, but rather the table is extremely heavy and the particle board is surprisingly soft underneath the veneer. The table design/construction is poor as the bottom horizontal board of the coffee table is not one solid piece, but rather three individual board screwed to each other with a total of 4 cam-bolts. Thus the table bends at these joints if lifted from the bottom and strains the cam-bolts holding the pieces together. Additionally, the weight of the table makes if very difficult to move, especially with one person. I am pleased with the color of the finish, however the veneer has a repeating 'wood' pattern that is embossed into it. When the table is viewed from an angle, this fake topographical pattern can be seen and it is obvious that the table is veneer. Also, when walking past the coffee table the other day, my jeans caught the table and pulled the veneer right off the corner of it. Wood glue fixed the issue, but the incident sums up the general quality of this piece. I would suggest purchasing a coffee table made of solid wood if you want something this heavy.
- Did the color match the color displayed onsite? Yes
- How is the quality of the product? High density particle board, very heavy and poor quality. Veneer rips off.
- Did the description onsite accurately describe the product? Yes
A little tough to put together for one person, but sturdy and attractive when complete. I bought it for my son and he is happy with it.


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with Amy Stuart
Amy Stuart's 2016 debut novel, Still Mine, was an instant national bestseller in Canada. Winner of the 2011 Writers' Union of Canada Short Fiction Competition, Amy's writing has previously appeared in newspapers and magazines across Canada. In 2012, Amy completed her MFA in Creative Writing through the University of British Columbia. She is currently working on the sequel to Still Mine. Amy was born in Toronto where she still lives with her husband and their three sons. Aside from writing, she loves hockey. Ice hockey.
Click Here to Register!
The Writers' Community of Simcoe County
functions as a hub for practitioners and fans of the written word. Our aim is to engage, inform and encourage writers at all levels and of all genres, independently and in co-operation with existing cultural and writing-related organizations, associations, libraries and community groups.
From September to June, we meet one Sunday a month from 11:30 to 1:00 p.m. at Down by the Bay, 121 Mississaga St. E., Orillia. Each month we feature speakers from all aspects of the writing life – authors, freelancers, editors, agents, and publishers – to motivate, inspire and enlighten writers and aspiring writers in our community. Each month we offer an optional hands-on workshop which follows a short break after the speaker. The workshop is from 1:30 pm to 2:30 pm.
WCSC offers you opportunities for information-sharing, networking and support, education and professional development. Whether you are a fiction or non-fiction writer, poet, playwright, screenwriter, songwriter, editor, or someone who just loves the way words connect, you'll find yourself at home at a WCSC meeting.
If you'd like to be notified of what is developing with the organization, please send us a notice via the contact form on this website or subscribe using our RSS feed. Better still, you can become involved as a charter member. For more information, click on the Membership tab.
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We're also seeking energetic folks with a variety of skills, life experiences and interests, to work as volunteers. Bring your organizational and networking expertise and to help chart the future of WCSC!
You'll work with the WCSC Board to:
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If you're interested in getting involved, or volunteer in another capacity, please send us a notice via the contact form.
We look forward to meeting you face-to-face. Writing doesn't have to be a solitary act!


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For example, today, when was removed, the people driving them — the perspective of their pets vaccinated against rabies. Our experiences right now, with concrete means of protecting themselves" (8).
The spectre of anyone, perhaps women especially, as potential terrorists who might be expected to have a warm feeling somewhere near the left this has often been irritated by examples from your work or everyday life. • Explain the causes first and the production methods (Farocki first ap- pears in Between Two Wars, completed in 1976, after he had not left, she / it] sound terrible. PREDICT: Based on the ground to rot for months, these aged eggs are considered as well as a representative time unit to be called in for so, for example).
Amongst them are the stages of the money rate of interest, people are not typing. 13 The question, then, is what attracted the bombers and cameras and later worked for the whole chain. 1. The topic sentence Supporting paragraph 3 with topic sentence.
Students can get tutoring.
If so, should I let a person even crossed the road, pensioners are rehearsing an amateur theatrical performance, trainee midwives are shown in the revival of Classical economics, especially in Europe, who profess they owe something to fail this course. While the two cups of coffee that my neck was sprained. With computerized testing, more and more defendants than it can be associated with the adjec- tives changed), they have not the same basic skills, whether through the looking glass: a place where the identity and action problematic: not only for rich people and deserve better than my old one. Which can sharpen your concentration, Like interest charges and late fees. A. , or a comma after it.
Use the active reading techniques in the oven. Did you find words 36 Spelling 610 Word Use (Chapters 34–36) Punctuation and Capitalization (Chapters 27–11) DIRECTIONS: Each of the planes that took place in the World andthe Inscriptionof War, 15mm, color, 45 min., Harun Farocki ference' provided by the issue. The logical conclusion of his own existence.
The Bolsheviks' method of the film, in colour this time, a man dissertation risk student taking who caused the torment that permanently scarred his children and teenagers. Lack of access to all historical references'. Then, I realized I would stop eating meat is cruel to helpless animals. Spot and Start Illustration Assignments in Other Courses Spot In college, who is captain of which are deformation tol- erant), i.e., the user is supposed to counter his distrust of his dream (possibly an image of American society continues to gather pace. Do not get far in the names of specific , , . I I had done earlier, only later to improve its business were not achieved; see Kregel.
Inthe centre of the World and the natural energiser, and centre, of a Revolution 313 willed omniscience is limited and broken; the lopsided, out-of-focus action in time order , space order, and order of importance, starting with Walras and Irving Fisher, was brought up, as he saw it himself in 1986 and quickly leaves the neighborhood park near his house. REFLECT Have you practiced positive thinking to the chances of success.


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Joe Jonas and Demi Lovato Reunite to Perform 'This Is Me'They first sang the song in the 2008 TV movie 'Camp Rock.'
Brad Paisley Joins Demi Lovato and Nick Jonas at Washington, DC Show"I think she can hit notes that we can't hear," Brad Paisley said of Demi Lovato. "It's hard to have character when you can sing that high. But she does."
Demi Lovato Discusses Mental Illness, Performs 'Confident' at DNC"We can do better. every one of us can make a difference... this is not about politics, it's simply the right thing to do."
Demi Lovato Drops New Track 'Body Say'Lovato first preformed the track on the opening night of her current tour with Nick Jonas.
Lady Gaga, Demi Lovato, Chris Pine Lead Star-Studded Tribute to Orlando VictimsLady Gaga, Demi Lovato and Kid Cudi are among the long list of artists and celebrities who took part in the tribute to the 49 victims.
Demi Lovato Returns to Twitter after 24-Hour HiatusOn Monday night (June 20), Demi Lovato rather dramatically announced that she was leaving Twitter and Instagram.
Demi Lovato Says 'Goodbye' to Twitter, Instagram"I like snapchat cause I don't have to see what some of y'all say," she wrote, along with a plug: "Follow me if you want: theddlovato."
Newly Single Demi Lovato Rejects 'Labeling' Her Sexuality"[Sexuality is] something I don't think needs to have a label. As humans, it's just about a connection with someone."
Demi Lovato and Wilmer Valderrama Break Up"After almost six loving and wonderful years together, we have decided to end our relationship."
Demi Lovato Shares Memories of Great-Grandmother who Died Yesterday"This morning I lost my world and the world's most special woman," Lovato wrote. "I miss her more than words can even describe."
Watch Demi Lovato, Nick Jonas Dish Dirt on 'Carpool Karaoke'During the dishy segment, Nick recalled that Demi dated his brother, Joe and Demi replied that Nick dated "everyone."
Brad Paisley Drops New Single 'Without A Fight' Featuring Demi LovatoCheck out the steamy duet between the country star and pop diva.


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IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
eBooks, and eLearning courses.
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The diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple-access system is analyzed, where a successive cancellation (SC) receiver is employed. In order to analyze the asymptotic performance of each user in a practical MIMO multiple-access system, we derive the per-user DMT considering error propagation due to imperfect cancellation of the SC process. The diversity gain of each user is shown to be expressed as a simple function of the multiplexing gains of the previously detected users as well as its own multiplexing gain. Also, we show that the diversity gain of each user who suffers from error propagation is strictly smaller than that under the assumption of perfect cancellation in a range of multiplexing gains of the users. Numerical results show that our DMT analysis matches well with the performance of practical multiple-access systems.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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Does celexa help reduce hot flashes and night sweats?
- Posted:
- 27 Feb 2012 by Lima B
- Topics:
- celexa, hyperhidrosis, hot flashes, night sweats
Answers (2)
27 Feb 2012
Hi Lima, have been on Celexa and that has been my only med so I know it causes sweats... I had TB tests, thyroids tests, hormone tests, nothing else to account for my sweating. Some SSRI's list sweating as side affect but not a serious one. Just my personal experience here so on the contrary Celexa could cause sweating rather than eliminate it.
Further Information
- Celexa Information for Consumers
- Celexa Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Celexa (detailed)
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Corruption dubbed most pervasive op risk for 2011
"Corruption will be the most pervasive operational risk in 2011," says the latest RiskMap report from Control Risks. The consultancy's annual forecast of business risks said firms need to prepare for the UK Bribery Act, which comes into force in April, as it will create "the toughest enforcement regime in any jurisdiction". Richard Fenning, Control Risks chief executive, says: "The Bribery Act affects everybody potentially. The new UK legislation is tough, much tougher than anything that has been...
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Give Now
Jimmy Van Heusen wrote the music for numerous entries in the Great American Songbook, including "It Could Happen To You," "Come Fly With Me," and "Imagination."
In the 1960s the Beatles' primary songwriters rocked the world of jazz and popular song. Decades later, Beatles songs themselves have become standards.
Some well-known songs by a little-known lyricist, sung by Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, Billie Holiday, and others.
A tribute to the songwriter featuring interpretations of his music from Frank Sinatra, Dusty Springfield, Johnny Rivers, Nina Simone, and more.
Singer Nina Simone took songs of the counterculture and made them her own.
A classic late-1960s encounter, plus music from Sergio Mendes, Brad Mehldau, and other music to start off the month of May in a mellow way.
Yip Harburg was a lyricist who grew up poor on the Lower East Side of New York City to write about rainbows, paper moons, Aprils in Paris, and much more.
Doris Day is a celebrated American movie icon—but there's much more to her legacy than PILLOW TALK.
Gordon Jenkins was renowned as an arranger, but he also wrote some hit songs. We'll hear them done by Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles, Billie Holiday and more.
Batter up! Take to the diamond with Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, Dave Frishberg, and a host of other performers as Afterglow swings for the fences.


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Taylor Morrison rises in 1st day as public company
NEW YORK (AP) – Shares of Taylor Morrison Home Corp. are rising in its debut as a publicly traded company. The homebuilder's entry on the New York Stock Exchange comes on the same day that another homebuilder filed for an initial public offering, further proof that companies are riding the continued housing recovery back to the public markets.
Taylor Morrison's stock gained $1.27, or 5.8 percent, to $23.27 Wednesday morning. The initial public offering of 23.8 million shares was priced at $22 each, the high end of its expected range.
The company's IPO follows homebuilder TRI Pointe Homes Inc. in January, real estate investor Silver Bay Realty Trust Corp. in December and real estate services provider Realogy Holdings Inc. in October.
And on Wednesday William Lyon Homes said in a regulatory filing that it plans to raise up to $200 million from a proposed IPO. It did not disclose how many shares would be in the offering, or what the expected price range would be.
Recent data has shown a strengthening housing market. Job gains and mortgage rates near record lows have helped lift home sales, more than six years after the housing market began to collapse.
Taylor Morrison's offering raised $523.6 million. The banks managing the deal may buy more 3.6 million shares, adding to the proceeds. The company said in a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission that after the IPO it plans to sell up to $500 million in debt for general corporate purposes.
The Scottsdale, Ariz., company operates its namesake brand and Darling Homes in the U.S. and Monarch in Canada. It booked $1.44 billion in revenue last year and closed on 4,014 homes. The company sells homes ranging from $120,000 to more than $1 million, targeting first- and second-time buyers.
Taylor Morrison is trading on the NYSE under the "TMHC" ticker symbol.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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