text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 29, 2000
|Filing date
|Sep 26, 1997
|Priority date
|Mar 28, 1996
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Lukas W. Snyman, Herzl Aharoni, Monuko DuPlessis
|Original Assignee
|University Of Pretoria
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (55), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of copending application International Application Ser. No. PCT/EP96/01357 filed on Mar. 28, 1996 and which designated the U.S.
THIS invention related to indirect bandgap semiconductor technology (such as silicon integrated circuit technology) and more particularly to discrete and monolithically integrated opto-electronic devices produced from these semiconductor materials.
The present known solid state light emitting devices comprise complex structures of composite direct bandgap semiconductor materials from the Group II, III, V and VI elements, for example galium-arsenide-phosphide. These devices are expensive, are not operationally compatible with the signal processing circuitry found on silicon integrated circuits and cannot monolithically be integrated with the existing silicon integrated circuit technology.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an optoelectronic device and a method of producing same with which the applicant believes the aforementioned disadvantages may at least be alleviated.
According to the invention there is provided an optoelectronic device comprising a visibly exposed region of a suitable material adjacent to a surface region of a layer of a doped indirect bandgap semiconductor material, to provide a first junction region close to the surface region; the first junction region, in use, being reverse biased, to cause the device to act as an optoelectronic device, either by emitting light outwardly beyond the surface region or to detect incident photons impinging on the device from beyond the surface region.
In a first form the visibly exposed region may comprise a highly, but oppositely doped region of the indirect bandgap semiconductor material and said layer comprises an epitaxial layer; the highly doped region being embedded in the surface region of the epitaxial layer.
The indirect bandgap material may be silicon or any other suitable indirect bandgap material.
The said highly doped region may comprise n+ doped silicon and the epitaxial layer p- type silicon. It will be appreciated that complementary doping may be utilised to provide a complementary p- in n-based silicon structure.
A guard ring structure of lighter doping than the said highly doped region may be provided to circumscribe the said highly doped region and to extend deeper into the epitaxial layer than the highly doped region.
In a first embodiment of the first form the highly doped region may be planar and continuous. It may typically be 0.3 μm deep, so that the first junction region is located in the order of 0.3 μm below the surface region of the device.
The defect state density in the said highly doped region is preferably much higher than the defect state density in the epitaxial layer, which layer preferably is substantially defect free. The defect density in the highly doped region is preferably uniformly distributed.
The said highly doped region may be imbedded in a base layer of the same, but higher doping concentration as the epitaxial layer, to reduce the avalanche breakdown voltage of the device.
In another embodiment the said highly doped region may be in the form or shape of a grid embedded in the epitaxial layer so that the first junction region periodically extends up to the surface region of the device, thereby to increase the surface area of the first junction region and to decrease the distance between the first junction region and the surface region.
The grid-like highly doped region may define square regions through which the epitaxial layer or base layer, as the case may be, extends.
In yet another embodiment the said highly doped region may be in the form of a plurality of concentric rings embedded towards the surface region of the epitaxial layer. The concentric rings are inter-connected by resistive doped regions of the same dopant type. A highly, but oppositely doped current feed region may be provided at a centre of the concentric rings, to be in electrical contact with the epitaxial layer and base layer.
Control gates may be provided between the said current feed region and an adjacent ring as well as between successive rings, to induce inversion of minority carrier towards the surface region, thereby to vary the magnitude of avalanche breakdown current and light emission. The control gates are isolated from the semiconductor surface by an isolation layer.
The gates may be resistive gates, extending radially outwardly, so that voltage profiles may be generated in a radial direction in the gates, thereby to facilitate control of uniformity of light emission and the spatial location of the light emission region.
The device may be produced by utilising standard CMOS, BiCMOS and bipolar production techniques. It may be integrated with other components on the same chip or may be produced on its own chip for use as a discrete component.
In a second form the visibly exposed layer may comprise a transparent layer of conductive metal to provide a Schottky-type configuration.
Typical applications of the device include on chip displays, electro-optical coupling interfaces to and from external components, internal electro-optical coupling where a device according to the invention on a chip may act as a light emitting device and another similar device on the same chip may act as a photo-detector. In this case the aforementioned guard ring structure preferably defines suitably positioned windows. The windows or interruptions in the guard rings cause breakdown in these regions rather than along a bottom plane of the junction, to enable light to propagate, laterally in the chip. The highly doped region may be made to extend deeper into the epitaxial layer for better lateral emission,
In the devices hereinbefore defined in this specification, the carriers causing light emission are the result of a mere reverse current of minority carriers drifting across the said first junction from a region immediately adjacent the depletion region about the junction region. These carriers are then multiplied in the junction region and are thereafter recombined, causing photon generation as a result of the recombination processes.
The invention also provides an optoelectronic device comprising a first layer of a suitable material adjacent a second layer of a doped indirect bandgap semiconductor material, to provide a first junction region at a metallurgical interface between said first layer and said second layer, the first junction region, in use, being reverse biased to beyond avalanche breakdown to cause the device to act as a light emitting device, the light emission being caused by a reverse current drifting across said first junction region, the device further comprising means for providing additional carriers in said first junction region, thereby to enhance the emission of light by the device.
The means for providing additional carriers in the first junction region may be separately controllable.
In one embodiment it may comprise at least one means for injecting additional carriers into the first junction region. The means for injecting additional carriers into the junction region may comprise a second, but forward biased pn junction region.
In another embodiment the means for providing additional carriers in the first junction region may comprise means for injecting photons into the first junction region where they are absorbed causing additional electron-hole pairs to be formed.
The means for injecting photons into the first junction region may comprise a second pn junction as hereinbefore described, but reverse biased to beyond avalanche breakdown.
Thus, in the said another embodiment, the device is controlled by an electrical signal applied to the reverse biased second junction region, and which signal is converted into an optical control signal, causing injected photons to control the light emission by the first junction region. The photons may also originate from an external optical source.
The intensity of the optical output signal is a function of the electrical signals applied to the control terminals, the distance of the second or injection junctions from the first junction and the spatial placement of the injection junctions relative to the said first junction.
A control gate, for example a MOS gate, may be provided between the second junction and the first junction, and the gate may overlap the metallurgical interface of the first junction so that when a voltage is applied to the gate, the breakdown voltage may be controlled as well as the spatial position of the recombination and light emitting region in the first junction region.
Alternatively or in addition, the breakdown voltage may be lowered by providing reachthrough regions in the device structure. The reachthrough regions may extend laterally and/or vertically into the structure.
A plurality of second junctions or injection junctions for generating additional carriers in the first junction may be provided on the same chip. It will be appreciated that with these second junctions separately controllable, signal mixing and processing of multi-input formation can be performed to yield an optical output signal carrying the processed information.
Similarly a plurality of first junction regions may be provided for cooperation with a single second junction region by appropriate biasing of the junctions.
The invention also extends to a method of producing an optoelectronic device. The method comprising the steps of:
providing in contact with a suitably doped layer of an indirect bandgap semiconductor material a second layer of a conductive material or an oppositely doped layer of the indirect bandgap semiconductor material, to form a junction region;
visibly exposing the second layer;
providing electrical contacts to enable reverse biasing of the junction region;
so that when the junction region is reverse biased, in use, the device acts as an optoelectronic device.
The invention further extends to an optoelectronic device as hereinbefore defined monolithically integrated in a chip of indirect bandgap semiconductor material, together with other electronic components.
The invention will now further be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrams wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a first embodiment of the device according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the device in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the wavelength distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the device when it operates as a light emitting device;
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a second embodiment of the device according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is a SEM-BBIC image showing leakage current in the depletion region before avalanche breakdown;
FIG. 6 is a similar image showing large densities of current filaments in the depletion region at avalanche breakdown;
FIG. 7 is a micrograph of the light emission from a device as shown in FIG. 4 fabricated with n+ ion implantation on a p ion implanted non-epitaxial substrate;
FIG. 8 is an illustration of the light intensity distribution when the device is fabricated utilising a more structural defect free p-epilayer substrate;
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a third embodiment of the device according to the invention;
FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a fourth embodiment of the device according to the invention;
FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a fifth embodiment of the device according to the invention;
FIG. 12 is a view similar to FIG. 11 wherein the gate is a resistive gate;
FIG. 13 is a sectional representation of a sixth embodiment in the form of a Schottky-type configuration falling within the scope of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a sectional representation of a first embodiment of a multi-terminal optoelectronic device according to the invention;
FIG. 15 is a similar view of a second embodiment of the multi-terminal device;
FIG. 16 is a similar view of a multi-terminal device also comprising a MOS control gate;
FIG. 17 is a similar view of a device according to the invention illustrating vertical and lateral reachthrough regions in the structure of the device;
FIG. 18 is a more detailed illustration of a three terminal device according to the invention and associated circuitry utilising lateral carrier injection to enhance light emission;
FIG. 19 is a sectional view of a device illustrating vertical carrier injection from two buried layers into the light emitting junction; and
FIG. 20 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating signal mixing and processing with a multi-terminal optoelectronic device according to the invention.
An optoelectronic device according to the invention is generally designated by the reference numeral 10 in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The device 10 comprises a substrate 12 in the form of a standard single crystal silicon wafer. A p-type epitaxial layer 14 is provided on substrate 12. A highly and oppositely doped planar and continuous region 16 is fabricated by means of ion implantation and defect curing in a region towards the surface 14.1 on the epitaxial layer facing away from the substrate. The region 16 and the epitaxial layer meet in a metallurgical interface or a junction region 15.
A guard structure 18 is provided in the junction region 15 along the sides of the region 16 to circumscribe the region 16. The guard ring structure 18 has a smaller doping concentration than the region 16 and extends deeper into the epitaxial layer 14.
An isolation ring 20 is also provided about the region 16, but spaced laterally outwardly from the guard ring 18. The isolation ring 20 also has a smaller doping concentration than the region 16 and the guard ring structure 18. The purpose of the isolation ring is electrically to isolate the region 16 from adjacent devices (not shown) integrated with the device 10 on the same chip. By reverse biasing the isolation ring 20 it acts as a collector of minority carriers (electrons in FIG. 1), thus preventing minority carriers originating from adjacent devices to reach the junction region 15, or minority carriers from junction region 15 to reach adjacent devices.
Appropriate electrical contacts (not shown) are provided in known manner to reverse bias the junction region 15. This may be accomplished by means of standard metal feed tracks on field oxide on the top surface 14.1 of the structure and with one large metallized layer on the opposite face of the structure, or, ohmic contacts to the epitaxial layer 14.
The device 10 may be realised by means of virtually all standard integrated circuit technologies presently used. If, however, the device is produced using CMOS technology, which is presently the most common fabrication technology, the device can be integrated with other devices without significant adaptations to the standard methods and procedures. In other embodiments the device may be fabricated monolithically on a chip and utilised as a discrete device.
When appropriate voltage potentials are placed on the aforementioned electrical contacts, so that the n+ junction 15 is reverse biased, a depletion region is formed at the n+ p junction 15. Minority carriers drift from the n+ and p-epilayer sides through this region and absorb large amounts of energy from the electrical field. These carriers subsequently multiply through avalanche multiplication processes in the depletion region and create large densities of excess electron hole pairs. It is believed that a series of highly energised conductive paths are formed in the depletion region in which the excess electrons and holes recombine and cause light radiative processes. It is further believed that the exact region of light generation is more towards the p-epilayer side of the metallurgical junction 15, in a region where both the electron and hole concentrations are equally high and the probability of high energy radiative process are the most probable. Since structural defects are important nucleating agents for minority carriers and the initial drift processes, it is important that the defect density in both the n+ layer 16 as well as the p-epilayer 14 region are as uniformly distributed as possible. The purpose of the lower doped guard ring structure 18 on the periphery of the planar n+ region 16, is to prevent preferential and localised breakdown and emission on the periphery of the n+ region 16 and to enforce an even avalanche breakdown across the bottom, planar n+ p-epilayer interface 15. Special fabrication measures have to be taken so that the n+ light emitting region 16 is either directly exposed to free air, or if passivation is necessary, the passivation layer material and thickness are chosen to ensure optimum emission from the light generation zones to the external environment beyond the surface 14.1. To achieve a shallow n+ p junction 15 with a high electric field in the depletion region, use should be made of a very shallow doping profile with a steep concentration gradient of dopant impurities. This can be achieved by low energy implantation of the dopant followed by low temperature annealing (450� C.) in an inert atmosphere for a couple of hours. The defect region of the implant will be deeper than the n+ p metallurgical junction and due to the low temperature anneal, the defect density will be higher than for high temperature annealing, although full electrical activation of the implanted junction is achieved. Using arsenic as dopant material will lead to a steep concentration gradient and higher electric field in the depletion region.
A graph illustrating the wavelength distribution of light emitted by the device 10 when it operates as a light emitting device, is shown in FIG. 3.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the device can also be realised using opposite and complementary doping levels for realising a p+ on n-based structure.
The planar n+ p light emitting interface 15 may have any suitable shape. For example, it may be circular to be compatible with an external optical fibre (not shown).
In FIG. 4 there is shown a second embodiment 22 of the device according to the invention. The device comprises a 0.3 μm thick n+ layer 24 embedded in a p-substrate 26 with light emitting from the depletion region about the n+ p interface 28. The metal voltage/current feed layers 23, field oxide layers 25 and glass passivation layers 27 are well known in the art and do not require further description.
The device can be realised by using the FORESIGHT 1.2 micron double poly metal n-well and p-well CMOS process of Orbit Semiconductor Inc. The following design procedures or building principles can be used as building blocks for realising the device:
using a silicon epitaxial layer on a Czochralski or float zone grown wafer as a substrate 21;
using the p-well definition of the above process for providing a p-type epitaxial layer 26 for the structure. The doping concentration is typically in the order of 7�1015 cm-3 ;
using the normal MOSFET n-active region definition for providing the n- region 24 of the structure. The doping concentration is typically in the order of 2�1019 cm-3 ;
using the n-well definition for providing the guard ring structure 29. The doping concentration is in the order of 2�1010 cm-3 ;
using the field oxide definition to ensure electrical insulation 25 of the metal tracks 23 from the surface;
using the so-called "metal 1" definition for providing the metal tracks 23 to the region 24 and to the p+ contacts to region 26;
using the contact hole definition to provide a hole 29 through the field oxide to the upper face of region 24 to permit contact between the track 23 and the region 24 and to the p+ contacts to region 26;
using the glass passivation mask definition and placing it over region 24 in order to facilitate etching of the final surface passivation layer 27 over the region 24, thereby to leave the region 24 exposed.
The density of current filaments at the junction 28 can be increased by using processing procedures that would increase the defect state density present in the n+ layer 24. This can typically be done by reducing the defect during annealing time after ion implantation. During strong reverse bias of the junction, the leakage current through the n+ p junction 28 can be substantially increased by the extra defect states so created. These defects act as sources for higher densities of excited minority carriers, consequently increasing the leakage current through the junction 28 during a reverse bias and consequently also substantially increasing the density of plasma conduction current filaments during junction breakdown. The higher density of current filaments drastically increases the light generation from the junction 28.
Uniformity in optical emission from the junction 28 can be increased by using a more structural defect free p-substrate 26. This phenomenon can be explained by means of hot carrier recombination and photon emission which favour shorter wavelength emission in a more intra band state free semiconductor when minority carriers drift from the n+ layer 24 through the depletion layer to the substrate 26. Any defect states present in the drift region after minority carrier generation will result in multiple transitions from the conduction band via defect state energy to valence band with the result of a successive longer (not visible radiation) emissions from the junction. A defect free crystal in the drift region of the minority carrier results in higher energy transitions from conduction to valance band with shorter wavelength emissions in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
In FIG. 5 there is shown a SEM-EBIC image of leakage current in the junction region 28 before avalanche breakdown. In FIG. 6 a similar image is shown for after breakdown. The white regions depict higher current regions and higher light emission intensity.
In FIG. 7 there is shown a photograph of light emission distribution from a device fabricated with n+ ion implantation on a p ion implanted substrate with no epitaxial layer. When comparing this photograph to that shown in FIG. 8, clearly better uniformity and higher light emission are achieved with a more structural defect free p-epilayer which produced the light shown in FIG. 8. The area of the light emitting surface in FIG. 7 is 0.64 mm2 and the current is 70 mA. In the case of the photograph in FIG. 8 the area is 0.35 mm2 and the current is 20 mA.
In FIG. 9 there is shown a third embodiment of the device according to the invention designated 30. Also in this case the substrate 31, metal voltage/current feed layers 33, field oxide layers 35 and glass passivation layers 37 are well known in the art.
The heavily doped n+ region 32 of this device is in the form of a grid 34. Accordingly, the surface area of the n+ p junction region 36 has been increased compared to that of the embodiments hereinbefore described. Furthermore, the distance from the n+ p junction 36 to the surface 38 of the device has been reduced, resulting in less optical absorption in the near surface regions and thus increased emission of generated light.
The n+ region 32 is embedded in a higher doped p ion implanted base layer 40 than the p- epilayer 44 in order to reduce the avalanche breakdown voltage voltage and thus to induce light emission at a lower operating voltage.
The n-well guard rings 42 prevent light emission from the lateral peripheral regions of the n+ region 32 and facilitate uniform distribution of electric field at the n+ p junction across the grid 34.
It has been found that a typical device according to the third embodiment operates at about 7.5V which is compatible with general CMOS maximum operating voltages which vary between 9 to 15V. The device tested yielded 1 nW visible light over a 65 micron diameter circle at 7.5 volt and 10 mA.
In FIG. 10 there is shown a fourth embodiment of the device according to the invention designated 50. Also in this case the structure and function of the substrate 51, metal voltage/current feed layers 53, field oxide passivation layers 55 and glass passivation layers 57 are well known in the art.
The n+ region 52 of this device comprises a plurality of radially spaced concentric rings 54.1, 54.2 and 54.3. At the origin of the circle there is provided a p+ region 56. The rings 54.1 to 54.3 and p+ region 56 are embedded in a p-base region 58, to lower the avalanche breakdown voltage and accordingly the operating voltage of the device. The rings 54.1 to 54.3 are inter-connected by n+ regions (not shown) causing a potential gradient from the inner to outer n+ concentric rings when breakdown has occurred. The p-base region is embedded in a p- epitaxial layer.
The placement of the n+ and p+ regions designated 52 and 56 respectively and the geometrical layout of these regions in specific radial configurations with respect to each other are chosen such that potential gradients on both the current feeding n+ regions and current feeding p- -p substrate regions are minimised. If appropriately designed with correct respective doping levels of the various regions, it would ensure a non-preferential and even onset of avalanche multiplication and light emission over the whole of the n+ region 52, or with preferential onset of breakdown at the n+ regions nearest in the centre 56, but easily spreading radially outwards to the outer n+ rings.
The overall effect of this structure is to create plasma conduction current and light generating filaments parallel to the device surface 59 with current filaments generated right up to the surface of the device. This minimizes the absorption of the optical photons in the surface region and ensures the maximum possible emission of light from the device. The device therefore operates on a surface breakdown mechanism.
A typical device according to the aforementioned fourth embodiment has been tested to yield about 10 nW of optical power over a 20 μm diameter circular area at 4.5V and 10 mA.
In FIGS. 11 and 12 there is shown a fifth embodiment of the device according to the invention and which is designated 60.
The device is similar to the fourth embodiment shown in FIG. 10, but further comprises a controllable circular conductive gate 64 between the centre p+ region 62 and the concentric n+ circles 66. The gate is located on an oxide layer 61.
Referring firstly to FIG. 11, with the n+ and p+ regions (designated 66 and 62 respectively) reverse biased via terminals 70 and 68, and with a positive voltage applied to terminal 72, majority carriers from the substrate 74 are attracted towards the surface 76, to increase the doping level of the surface region between the n+ and p+ regions. This results in a lowering of the avalanche breakdown voltage. Since the gate electrodes 64 induce surface inversion, depletion or accumulation only and draw no current, they may be used as controlling terminals for switching on the light emission between the n+ and p+ regions. By application of an appropriate voltage to the gates 64, the magnitude of avalanche current and light emission can be controlled enabling analogue amplification possibilities of signals.
The gate 64 may be made of a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide.
As shown in FIG. 12, an additional contact 76 may be provided on the gates 64 to form resistive gates extending in a radially outward direction. Voltage profiles may thus be generated in the gates in a radial direction, enabling and facilitating control of the uniformity of the light emission and furthermore, the spatial location of the emission may be shifted in a lateral direction.
In FIG. 13 there is shown another light emitting device 80 falling within the scope of the present invention.
The device 80 has a Schottky-type structure and comprises a lightly doped indirect bandgap semiconductor layer 82. In a window 84 defined in an oxide layer 86, there is provided a transparent conductor 88. When the junction between transparent conductor 88 and semiconductor 82 is reverse biased to beyond avalanche breakdown, light is transmitted through the transparent conductor 88 and beyond the transparent conductor as shown at 90.
A diagrammatic representation of a multi-terminal device according to the invention is generally designated by the reference numeral 100 in FIG. 14.
The device 100 comprises a first highly doped n+ silicon region 102 embedded in a p-type epitaxial layer 104. Also embedded in layer 104 is a second n+ region 106. The epitaxial layer 104 is located on a n+ substrate 108. Terminal T1 is connected in known manner to layer 104, terminal T2 is connected to first n+ region 102, terminal T3 is connected to second n+ region 106 and terminal T4 is connected to substrate 108.
In use, the junction J1 between first n+ region 102 and epitaxial layer 104 is reverse biased to beyond avalanche breakdown via terminals T1 and T2, so that a depletion region 110 is formed about the metallurgical interface 112. Second junctions J2 and J3 are forward biased via terminals T1, T3 and T4.
The forward biased second junctions J2 and J3 inject minority carriers (electrons) into the first junction J1. With the junctions J2 and J3 located within approximately one minority carrier diffusion length from the depletion region 110, the injected electrons are swept into the high field region of the first junction J1 where they multiply. The advantage of this arrangement is that the source of carriers causing light emission is not limited to the small reverse current associated with the first junction region J1, but is much larger due to the carriers injected into the first junction region J1 by forward biased injection junctions J2 and J3.
Junctions J2 and J3 are electronically controllable via their terminals so that electronic signal modulation of the optical output signal is possible.
Junction J3 stimulates light emission from the surface area along the perimetry of junction J1. This area is marked A in FIG. 14. Junction J2 stimulates light emission from a region marked B in FIG. 14, which is deeper into the bulk material. Junction J2 causes light to be emitted in a spatial pattern similar to the overlapping areas of J1 and J2. For a circular layout of J1, a circular filled light pattern is emitted externally. Junction J3 causes light to be emitted from that peripheral region of J1 facing the junction J3. If, for example, J3 completely surrounds J1, the light pattern emitted externally would be in the shape of a doughnut or ring.
The spectral content of the two light emission patterns as controlled by J2 and J3 may also differ. Region A is closer to the surface of the device 100 and emission from this region therefore contains more short wavelengths than the light controlled by J2. Due to the deeper region B, the shorter wavelengths will be absorbed in the bulk material before reaching the surface. In this way the spectral and the spatial characteristics of the emitted light by the device can be controlled by controlling junctions J2 and J3. The spectral content of the emitted light can thus electronically be varied without the use of optical filters. The forward biased currents passing through the junctions J2 and J3 modulate the light intensity of emission from junction J1, but the intensity of emission may also be varied by the distance between injection junctions J2 and J3 respectively and emitting junction J1, as well as the spatial layout of junction perimeters (J3 relative to J1) and areas (J1 relative to J2).
By using more than one controlling junction J2 and J3, the light being emitted from J1 can be modulated by more than one electrical input signal, thus facilitating mixing of signals and the performing of logical functions.
In FIG. 15, there is shown a diagrammatic representation of a second embodiment of the multi-terminal device according to the invention designated 120. The general structure of the device 120 is similar to that of the first embodiment 100 described with reference to FIG. 14. The main difference is that the junctions J2 and J3 are reverse biased via terminals T1, T3 and T4 to beyond avalanche breakdown, so that light or photons are emitted by junctions J2 and J3. The photons from these sources are absorbed in junction J1 and electron-hole pairs are generated in junction J1. These photon-generated carriers are multiplied in the high-field of junction J1 and eventually the carriers recombine to generate optical emisson from junction J1. The optical output 121 of the multi-terminal device 120 is thus controlled by an electrical signal, which is then converted to an optical control signal, thus causing injected photons to control the light emission. The photons may also originate from an external optical source 122, thus facilitating the photonic control of the light emission process.
Under reverse bias conditions of junctions J2 and J3 photons are injected from the junctions J2 and J3 into the bulk material and will generate electron-hole pairs throughout the bulk material. Some of these photon-generated electrons diffuse to the depletion region 124 of junction J1, or will be generated within this depletion region. The injected electrons are swept into the high field region of the depletion region and multiply. The reverse biased junctions J2 and J3 thus increase the carrier densities in the recombination region of junction J1 by photonic means, thus effectively controlling the light intensity emitted from junction J1.
The spatial patterns of the emitted light and the spectral content will be very similar to that for the controlling junctions as discussed with reference to FIG. 14. The multi-terminal control options or applications like analog modulation, signal mixing and logic function operation are also similar to that referred to with reference to FIG. 14.
As shown in the diagrammatic representation in FIG. 16, the depletion region 140 of the emitting junction J1 can be modified at the surface of the device by using a MOS gate control electrode 132, as shown in respect of device 130. The gate 132 is separated from the semiconductor surface by an oxide layer 131. By varying the voltage on electrode 132, the semiconductor surface can be placed in accumulation (depletion region 134), flat band (depletion region 138) or inversion (depletion region 136). The voltage on electrode 132 can thus control the electric field in the depletion region 140 at the surface, and thereby control the breakdown voltage as well as the spatial position of the carrier multiplication region and recombination radiation region. An additional forward biased control junction J3 is also shown in FIG. 16 from where electrons are injected into the depletion region to increase carrier densities, as explained hereinbefore with reference to FIG. 14.
The gate electrode 132 may be made to overlap the control junction J3, resulting in a MOS transistor with J1 the drain and J3 the source of the transistor. In this device, the junction J3 may now be reverse biased and when gate 132 is pulsed higher than the MOS threshold voltage, electrons are emitted from J3 into the transistor channel (at the surface of the semiconductor material beneath the gate 132) and if the channel length from J3 to J1 is short enough, avalanche multiplication due to the high electric field at the drain takes place and light will be emitted near junction J1.
Low breakdown voltages to get operating voltages of the device according to the invention compatible with existing silicon integrated circuit technology and to minimize heat generation may be achieved by using shallow junctions and using the reduced surface breakdown effect of the spherical or cylindrical junction curvature at the surface. The pn junction depletion region 140 at the surface can further be modified by using a control gate 132 (MOS structure) overlapping with the pn junction, thus varying the breakdown voltage and depletion region electric field. In the case where the emitted light has to be transmitted externally, the gate material should be manufactured from transparent conducting material, such as indium tin oxide.
Low breakdown voltage can be achieved by choosing proper doping levels, specialized structural designs and promoting preferential surface and near-surface breakdown.
As shown in FIG. 17, another way to get low breakdown voltage is to manufacture reach through structures 150 and 152 preferably in thin epitaxial layers 154 for better uniformity. These structures may be in the form of n- diffusion depletion region 151 reaching through a p layer 154 to a p- region 158. Such a reachthrough structure can be vertically integrated as shown at v or laterally integrated as shown at x in FIG. 14.
In FIG. 17, the emitting junction J1 is reverse biased and the depletion region 151 of J1 will spread into the p type material. As te voltage is increased and as soon as the depletion region reaches a highly doped p+ region, the electric field increases and breakdown occurs. The breakdown voltage junction of J1 will be lowered by this reachthrough process. Lateral reachthrough in region x results in light generation near the surface of the device which is more suitable for externally emitting devices. Vertical reachthrough in region v results in light generation deeper in the bulk of the device which may be more useful for internally emitting devices. The breakdown voltage is a function of the distance between the n- emitting junction 156 and the p- regions 158 and 160, as well as a function of the doping level in the p region 154. This breakdown voltage reduction technique may be combined with other methods for lowering breakdown voltage.
Both reachthrough structures as described with reference to FIG. 17 may be used in conjunction with the electronic or photonic control injection junctions as described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15 respectively.
The operation of a light emitting device (LED) with lateral carrier injection can be described with reference to the diagrammatic representation in FIG. 18.
With switch S1 closed and switches S2 and S3 open, application of reverse breakdown voltage Vg between terminals T2 and T1 with the indicated polarity results in carrier multiplication of the reverse junction current components. Upon quantum transitions (recombination) of these carriers, light is emitted into all directions from the emitting junction EJ. In FIG. 18 only two directions C and D are indicated. The intensity and spectrum of emitted light depend upon the density of the multiplied carriers which originate from the reverse leakage current.
With switches S1 and S2 closed and switch S2 open, application of forward bias voltage VF between terminals T3 and T1 across the injecting junction IJ causes an injection of carriers (mainly electrons in this case) from the IJ into the depletion region 172 of junction EJ, and while moving through the depletion region these carriers are multiplied as well, increasing the light generation. The amount of additional carriers and the resultant light depend on the doping levels within the semiconductor, the value of VF, the distance between junctions EJ and IJ and many other factors.
With switches S1, S2 and S3 closed, application of time dependent signal source VS via coupling capacitor C modulates the density of the injected carriers, resulting in light modulation. This modulated light carries information (represented by VS) which can be optically coupled to a detector 170. The detector 170 may be embodied in the same chip or may be external to the chip.
RS and RL determine the currents in the respective circuits. S1, S2 and S3 are shown as switches in FIG. 18 but they may be representing switching, driving and signal processing circuits, as well as other circuits.
In FIG. 19 buried n- layers 180 and 182 in a p epitaxial layer 184 are shown for the purpose of demonstrating the possibilities of vertical injection. First injection junction IJ1 is intended to induce light generation from the extended depletion region spreading more towards the epitaxial layer contact T1 of the emitting junction EJ. Second injection junction IJ2 is intended to induce light generation from an area between the emitting junction EJ and the injection junction IJ2, as well as from the perimeter of the emitting junction EJ. Other buried layer positions may be utilized in order to enhance light generation from other regions of the device.
The light generation occurs as soon as the n+ buried layer potential is made more negative than the p epitaxial layer 184, thus forward biasing the injection junctions IJ1 and IJ2 via terminal T1 and T3. This placement of the terminal T1 will cause the depletion region 183 to extend laterally more towards the T1 contact than in the other lateral directions, thus increasing the overlap with the IJ1 junction and increasing near-surface light generation. Under such conditions a forward biased n- p junction inject carriers (mainly electrons in this example) which move towards the high field space charge region or depletion region 183 of the emitting junction EJ, where they participate in the multiplication action.
Signal mixing and processing is possible if both laterally and vertically spaced junctions are injecting carries into the space charge region 183 of the emitting junction EJ. Each of the above injecting junctions, as well as other added junctions, may also be operated at reverse bias avalanching action as hereinbefore described. This then supplies photons for carrier generation in the depletion region 183 of EJ, leading to carrier multiplication and light generation in the emitting junction EJ.
Devices where both electronic and photonic control of the light emission are performed can also be realized where one IJ junction is forward biased (electronic carrier injection to EJ) and another IJ junction is reverse biased (photonic injection to EJ).
A signal processing unit comprising several injection junctions IJ and an emitting junction EJ may be electrically isolated from other signal processing units on the same chip by isolation diffusions 186, shown in FIG. 19 or micromachined etching of the silicon surface shown at 188 in FIG. 19. The micromachined etching can also act as light reflecting surfaces to isolate devices optically in the lateral direction, since the etched surfaces will reflect lateral light towards the back of the semi-conductor wafer. By leaving windows in the isolation etching, lateral light emission can be directed in selected directions (where etching was not performed) within the bulk material from the emitting junction EJ. The buried layers 180 and 182 shown in FIG. 19 may also be used as optical waveguides to transmit light in the silicon structure.
Multi-junction operation can be achieved in several ways, which can be described with reference to the diagram in FIG. 20.
Several injecting junctions IJ1 to IJn are produced in the vicinity of an emitting junction EJ. A diagrammatic illustration which shows the top surface of the silicon chip is presented in FIG. 20.
Under conditions where the junctions are connected to circuitry that reverse biases the EJ at or near V0 and forward biases the various injecting junctions IJ1 to IJn, the EJ receives additional carriers injected from these forward biased injection junctions IJ to IJn. As a result, signal mixing and processing of multi-input information can be performed resulting in an optical signal output carrying the desired information.
The structural configuration and the distances D1, D2, Dn of the injecting junctions IJ1 to IJn from EJ may be identical or different according to the specific use. The areas of the injecting junctions IJ1 to IJn facing the EJ may be similar or different and depend on the anticipated strength of the respective signals and mixing or signal processing characteristics. Similarly, the areas of the EJ facing the various injecting junctions IJ1 to IJn may be similar or different.
The injection junctions IJ1 to IJn and the emitting junction EJ may be interchanged by simply biasing them with opposite polarities.
It will be appreciated that there are many variations in detail in the device and method of producing same according to the invention without departing from the scope and spirit of this disclosure.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 8, 1998
Owner name: OCTROOIBUREAU KISCH, N.V., A CORP. OF NETHERLANDS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PRETORIA, UNIVERSITY OF;REEL/FRAME:008901/0870
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Owner name: PRETORIA, UNIVERSITY OF, SOUTH AFRICA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:OCTROOIBUREAU KISCH, N.V., A CORPORATION OF THE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES;REEL/FRAME:008901/0838
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SNYMAN, LUKAS W.;AHARONI, HERZL;DUPLESSIS, MONUKO;REEL/FRAME:008901/0846;SIGNING DATES FROM 19971118 TO 19971124
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Rest In Power.
Black On Black.
In Our Feelings.
Die Harder.
Got Dope?
Never Scared.
this was the best diss out of the 4 but drake will never reply..Buddens a joke to him
Nigga you Brazy!! Stay Bool balm & Bollective
dissed Joe on record first. Number 2: Drake called Joe out in front of 30,000 people in Dallas and then dropped this song. Therefore, anyone saying Joe is looking for attention is either a Drake dickrider or delusional. Sorry fuckboys...quit being apologists for Drake.
drake fans lack balls, bunch of faggs


text:
Top Definition
A males reproductive organ. Also known as a Penis, a Bazange is a slang term used to lesson the strong effects of the word it dissguises.
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pompompom Dream On - Aerosmith
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text:
The NFL Draft begins Saturday and I thought: "Hey! How about a projection of how the first round of the draft will play out?"
It's a novel idea, no? I call it a "mock draft."
Jonathan Fickies/Getty Images
Sorry, Jake, the weather is the only good thing in Miami right now.
The Dolphins already signed Michigan offensive tackle Jake Long. But in recent weeks I have seen respected NFL experts predict that the Dolphins would possibly take everyone from Jake Long and Chris Long to Matt Ryan, Glenn Dorsey and Vernon Gholston with the first pick. So with Jake Long already in the fold, if they can manage to also get the other four here at No. 1, they'll have done pretty well for themselves.
Pick: Jake Long, OT, Michigan
2. St. Louis Rams
With the player they most coveted, Jake Long, off the board, the Rams will go with the "best player available" route. That will be Glenn Dorsey. Oh, I should mention that I had Vernon Gholston going here in my earlier mock draft, so due to a domino effect, please note that my originally projection for who would go 243rd overall (Fernando Velasco, C, Georgia) has now been changed to Joe Jon Finley, TE, Oklahoma. Just thought you would want to know.
Pick: Glenn Dorsey, DT, LSU
3. Atlanta Falcons
The Falcons want to address the defensive side of the ball, but with Dorsey gone, they may target Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan. However, I think they'll take Vernon Gholston. The Falcons believe the 6-foot-4, 255-pound pass rusher will be able to play well in Atlanta, even though Ohio State players tend to struggle mightily -- and, granted, somewhat hilariously -- when competing in SEC country.
Pick: Vernon Gholston, DE, Ohio State
4. Oakland Raiders
Some teams have soured on Darren McFadden because he has fathered two children with two different women. The Raiders won't care about that. They just want to win umm, baby. Plus, by bringing in McFadden, Oakland can challenge hated rival Denver to see which team's starting running back can out-sire the other.
Pick: Darren McFadden, RB, Arkansas
5. Kansas City Chiefs
The Chiefs have the most picks in the draft with 13. They can add another one here if they accept New England's standing offer to move up in exchange for the seventh and 31st overall picks. (It's not a bad deal, Kansas City! You should consider it.) But I think the Chiefs will stay put and decide to address a need position here at No. 5.
Pick: Chris Long, DE, Virginia
6. New York Jets
The Jets have needs on the defensive line, at wide receiver, in the defensive backfield, and at linebacker and running back. But, as you can see, they are also in dire need of a building operations manager. So that's where they'll probably go in the draft.
Pick: Cliff McGillicutty, building operations manager, Secaucus Business Park
Paul Spinelli/Getty Images
Domo arigato Mr. Roboto!
The Patriots may trade this pick. But if not, look for them to address their aging linebacking corps by taking Derrick Harvey out of Florida. And Harvey, an anthropology major at Florida, will enjoy being on the Patriots, where he can study whether Bill Belichick is a human or an emotionless robot sent from outer space to steal our wives and destroy our new national pastime.
Pick: Derrick Harvey, DE/LB, Florida
8. Baltimore Ravens
If Matt Ryan is still on the board when the Ravens are up, I encourage you to flip over to the NFL Network to hear their new analyst Brian Billick -- never one to mince words -- rip into the Ravens' former regime for its pathetic inability to develop a single decent quarterback in nine years.
Pick: Matt Ryan, QB, Boston College
9. Cincinnati Bengals
As always, the Bengals need help on defense. And it's important they select the defensive player who is most ready to contribute immediately. Because once Cincinnati's defensive coaches get their hands on him, he's not going to get any better.
Pick: Keith Rivers, OLB, USC
10. New Orleans Saints
The Saints can always use another big offensive lineman whose back Reggie Bush can run into before bouncing the play in the opposite direction it was designed to go.
Pick: Branden Albert, G/OT, Virginia
11. Buffalo Bills
The Bills want a wide receiver and likely will decide on Michigan State's Devin Thomas. He is used to playing near Canada and probably already understands how, like, Toronto is totally cool and everything.
Pick: Devin Thomas, WR, Michigan State
12. Denver Broncos
The Broncos have several areas to address on both sides of the ball, but conventional wisdom is that they'll take an offensive lineman to help protect Jay Cutler. I don't think so. I visited Jay Cutler's official Web site, and he doesn't appear to need any protection.
Pick: Sedrick Ellis, DT, USC
13. Carolina Panthers
The Panthers have a hole at left tackle and say they desperately need someone to protect Jake Delhomme's blind side. Hmm interesting. Blind side. I never knew that about Delhomme. You'd think an NFL quarterback who is partly blind would be a bigger story. Get on the ball, media!
Pick: Ryan Clady, OT, Boise State
14. Chicago Bears
Chicago will look to address the offensive line, making it three consecutive linemen coming off the board. The Broncos, Panthers and Bears are nothing but chubby chasers.
Pick: Jeff Otah, OT, Pitt
Leon Halip/Getty Images
"Seriously, if it weren't for the postgame spreads I would have quit."
Oh, hardy-har-har. The Matt-Millen-drafting-a-wide-receiver jokes are a bit old now, people. Come up with something new already. The Lions won't draft a wide receiver this year. They will draft an offensive tackle by the name of Chris Williams and then they will try to convert him into a wide receiver.
Pick: Chris Williams, OT, Vanderbilt
16. Arizona Cardinals
Arizona will address a need here by taking the best cornerback available: Leodis McKelvin from Troy. But after the Matt Leinart hot tub fiasco, the team will make it very clear to McKelvin that there is to be no celebrating his entrance into the NFL. Do you hear that, Leodis?! No celebrating! No merriment! If a young, shapely woman in a bikini comes near you, immediately leave the premises! Remember: You are only young once! You can spend time with beautiful women when you are old and dying, and maybe you'll get lucky enough to have a fairly attractive nurse change your bedpan!
Pick: Leodis McKelvin, CB, Troy
17. Kansas City Chiefs
The Chiefs just got this pick from the Vikings in the Jared Allen trade. Big rip-off trade for the Vikings, because they were just going to let the time elapse again and skip the pick anyway. Way to go, Chiefs, you dummies.
Pick: Mike Jenkins, CB, South Florida
18. Houston Texans
The Texans will be ecstatic to take Rashard Mendenhall if he falls this far. And if he does fall, unlike Houston's other running backs, he probably won't get injured in the process.
Pick: Rashard Mendenhall, RB, Illinois
19. Philadelphia Eagles
Despite signing Asante Samuel, the Eagles still have a need at cornerback. So they will take Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie out of Tennessee State. Expect the pick to, at first, be widely panned by the Eagles' faithful until they sober up sometime around early May and come to the realization that, despite his first name, Rodgers-Cromartie is not a woman.
Pick: Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, CB, Tennessee State
20. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
With Joey Galloway and Ike Hilliard getting up there in years, the Buccaneers could use a young receiver. In fact, they could use several young receivers. It would really help the flow of practice if all 17 of the quarterbacks on Tampa's roster had at least one receiver to throw to. Galloway and Hilliard are tired of getting hit with six or seven passes at once. It's no wonder they're aging quickly.
Pick: James Hardy, WR, Indiana
21. Washington Redskins
The Redskins still would like to deal this pick to Cincinnati for Chad Johnson. But regardless of whether this pick ends up being held by Washington or Cincinnati, whomever is chosen 21st is going to an organization with such inept ownership that he'll never win a championship. Sorry, guy.
Pick: Aqib Talib, CB, Kansas
22. Dallas Cowboys
The Cowboys decided to give up a fourth-round pick for a man who has a criminal history who never even made a single Pro Bowl. So expect them to be willing to unload their first pick in a second if they can acquire Ray Lewis or O.J. Simpson with it.
Pick: Felix Jones, RB, Arkansas
23. Pittsburgh Steelers
Ben Roethlisberger says he wants a big receiver. But from pictures I saw on the Internet recently, Santonio Holmes appears to be plenty big. So the Steelers will instead address their troublesome offensive line with this pick.
Pick: Gosder Cherilus, OT, Boston College
Paul Spinelli/Getty Images
Everyone, look out! Vince is gonna throw it!
Titans, there is a player available with a track record of being able to catch Vince Young's "passes." For the love of all that is sacred and holy, do not let him go! Not just anybody can catch a football catapulted through the air end over end toward no discernible target.
Pick: Limas Sweed, WR, Texas
25. Seattle Seahawks
Trust me. From the looks of Mike Holmgren, he absolutely loves mayo.
Pick: Jerod Mayo, OLB, Tennessee
26. Jacksonville Jaguars
The Jaguars need help along the defensive line, and at this stage of the first round, Phillip Merling of Clemson is a great value pick. I don't really know what a "value pick" is, but I hear the term a lot and wanted to sound like I know what I'm talking about. Also, Merling has a "great motor," "good knee bend" and an outstanding "subprime mortgage."
Pick: Phillip Merling, DE, Clemson
27. San Diego Chargers
The Chargers might use their first-round pick on a running back to play behind LaDainian Tomlinson. Obviously, they're pretty stacked. In fact, the only thing the Chargers could really use is a large animal expert to hit Philip Rivers with a tranq dart whenever he gets unruly.
Pick: Jonathan Stewart, RB, Oregon
28. Dallas Cowboys
Look for the Cowboys to address their aging receiving corps by selecting Cal receiver DeSean Jackson here. Jackson weighs only 169 pounds, but could very well be closer to 200 once camp opens (thanks to his recent purchase of a bulletproof vest for safety in light of Pacman Jones being around).
Pick: DeSean Jackson, WR, California
29. San Francisco 49ers
Wow! The 29th pick. I didn't remember the 49ers being that good last year. Wait, what's that? They got this pick in a trade with the Colts? Oh. Sorry, 49ers fans. Your team apparently still stinks, just as I originally thought. So you should just pick the best player available to fill one of your multitude of holes.
Pick: Dan Connor, LB, Penn State
30. Green Bay Packers
Expect Roger Goodell to stride to the podium, clear his throat and announce: "With the 30th pick in the 2008 NFL Draft, the Green Bay Packers select ... someone who is not Brett Favre ... waaaaaaah!" and then instantly crumple to the stage floor, crying and wailing. And then everyone the world over will join in with heartfelt tears of their own as we continue to come to terms with the exit of this god amongst us.
Pick: Brandon Flowers, CB, Virginia Tech
XX. New England Patriots
The Patriots lost the 31st overall pick because everyone is totally jealous they're not as good as the Pats and they're just a bunch of haters and taking draft picks away from the Pats is the only way to give the rest of the teams even a chance of winning and that camera thing was so long ago, so get over it already and it's not like everyone else isn't doing it, too, and Eric Mangini is a rat and Matt Walsh is a total loser and a liar and anyway what kind of guy chooses to play golf in Hawaii for a living when he could be a low-level staffer on the Pats and live in Boston and Wes Welker is the greatest receiver ever and
Pick: Pick forfeited
31. New York Giants
You are the reigning Super Bowl champions, Giants. Everyone is gunning for you. Drafting players as though you have holes to plug only suggests you are weak and are concerned that your Super Bowl victory was nothing but a fluke. Stay strong!
Pick: Pass
DJ Gallo is the founder and sole writer of the sports satire site SportsPickle.com. He is also a regular contributor to ESPN The Magazine and has written for The Onion and Cracked. His first book: "SportsPickle Presents: The View from the Upper Deck": is on sale now.
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The 2008 draft lasted 14 hours, 26 minutes. Michigan offensive tackle Jake Long (above), selected by Miami, was the No. 1 overall pick. This year's Mr. Irrelevant -- the last pick in the draft -- is David Vobora, a linebacker from Idaho selected by St. Louis with the 252nd pick.
Round-by-round, team-by-team picks• Round: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
• AFC East: Buffalo | Miami | N. England | NY Jets
• AFC North: Baltimore | Cinc. | Cleve. | Pitt.
• AFC South: Houston | Indy | Jax | Tennessee
• AFC West: Denver | K.C. | Oakland | San Diego
• NFC East: Dallas | NYG | Philadephia | Wash.
• NFC North: Chicago | Detroit | G.B. | Minnesota
• NFC South: Atlanta | Carolina | N.O. | Tampa
• NFC West: Arizona | S.F. | St. Louis | Seattle
Inside Radio City Music Hall• Panoramic views
Commentary/Features• Wickersham: Bears, Ravens take opposite turns
• Williamson: Remembering Heath Benedict
• Yasinskas: Falcons should be patient with Ryan
Day 2
• Clayton: Six draft trends
• Chadiha: 10 great marriages
• Walker: NFC East draft review
• Sando: NFC West draft review
• Willamson: NFC North draft review
• Yasinskas: NFC South draft review
• Sando: AFC East draft review
• Williamson: AFC West draft review
• Walker: AFC North draft review
• Yasinskas: AFC South draft review
Day 1
• Clayton: Day 1 winners and losers
• Williamson: Davis couldn't resist McFadden
• Walker: Ravens had to work for Flacco
• Sando: Long addresses Rams' D-line needs
• Chadiha: AFC East hustle continues on draft day
• Yasinskas: Ryan gives Falcons hope, identity
Mel Kiper• Kiper's team-by-team draft grades
• Day 1 good, bad moves: Questionable Titans
News• 2008 breaks previous trade record
• Jets sign NCAA career rushing leader Woodhead
• Lions pick Smith with first pick of second day
• Miami, Long make it official | NFL Local
Video• Green: First-round pick instant analysis
• Complete draft analysis
• One-on-one with Jake Long
• One-on-one with Chris Long
• One-on-one with Matt Ryan
• One-on-one with Darren McFadden
• One-on-one with Glenn Dorsey
• One-on-one with Vernon Gholston
• Ed Werder on Cowboys
• Norv Turner interview
• Fantasy Spin
Audio• Jake Long | Chris Long | Matt Ryan
• Darren McFadden | Vernon Gholston
• Glenn Dorsey | Keith Rivers | Chris Williams
• Lawrence Jackson
SportsNation• Vote: Best first-round pick? | Potential busts?
• Grades: How did your team fare?
Scouts Inc.• Analysis: Round 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
Cheat Sheets: RB | DL | DB | LB | OL | REC | QB
• McShay: Seven-round mock draft
• Revisiting the 2005 draft | 2005 re-draft


text:
The Lakeview Gators football team has a home non-conference game vs. St. Mary on Thursday, September 1 @ 7p.
MaxPreps is looking for one person to be the Official Scorer! This person will provide LIVE play-by-play for fans to follow along during the game.
If you have any corrections for the Lakeview football schedule please contact Support.


text: Jack Reed T.F. Green Airport Starts Upgrades By Flo Jonic • Jul 30, 2013 Catherine Welch / RIPR An ambitious four-year plan to upgrade T.F. Green Airport has finally gotten underway. Monday one of the airport's two runways was shut down to make way for the removal of a hangar. Next month work begins on a new de-icing fluid treatment plant. Peter Frazer, general counsel to the Rhode Island Airport Corporation, said none of this should inconvenience travelers. Reed's student loan interest limit fails again By Scott MacKay • Jul 10, 2013 Rhode Island Sen. Jack Reed has failed again in his attempt to hold down college student loan rates. The Senate has once again failed to pass Democrat Reed's legislation that would keep federal student college loans from doubling in interest. Reed's bill failed on a procedural motion by a vote of 51 to 49. Sixty votes were needed to end the Republican filibuster. RI Reactions to SCOTUS Decision on DOMA By Catherine Welch • Jun 26, 2013 Congressman David Cicilline is calling this a good day for equality, reacting to news of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision striking down a provision of a federal law denying federal benefits to married gay couples. "No longer will people be discriminated against because of who they love," said Cicilline, "and all marriages will be respected and people will be treated equally under the law. That's a great victory." A RI taxpayer giveaway to Electric Boat? By Scott MacKay • Jun 24, 2013 At this time of the RI General Assembly session every year, when the State House gets as hot as a sauna and the rhetoric boils over, lawmakers are confronted with money items tucked into the arcane language of the state budget that don't seem to have received much discussion but have an impact on state taxpayers. One that for the most part has dropped below the media radar is what appears to be some very favorable treatment for a huge defense contractor that doesn't really need state financial help, the Electric Boat division of General Dynamics. Reed Hopes to Keep Student Loan Interest Down By Catherine Welch • Jun 6, 2013 RIPR FILE On Capitol Hill Thursday the Senate will vote on a bill by Senator Jack Reed that blocks a rate hike on student loans. What's called "The Student Loan Affordability Act" would keep the interest rate on federal student loans from doubling for two years. Reed said that's how long it will take Congress to come up with a long-term solution. The Push to Turn Blackstone Heritage Corridor into a National Park By Catherine Welch • May 31, 2013 Catherine Welch / RIPR The U.S. Secretary of the Interior was in Rhode Island Friday touring parts of the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor. The visit highlighted a push to make the corridor part of the National Park System. Rhode Island Congressmen Voice Disapproval of IRS By Flo Jonic • May 28, 2013 Rhode Island's two U.S. senators are weighing in on the IRS scandal. The agency charged with collecting taxes has been targeting conservative groups for special attention in their applications for tax-exempt status. Sen. Jack Reed Proposes Changes to Student Loan Interest Rates By Catherine Welch • May 10, 2013 Staring down a July 1st deadline, lawmakers on Capitol Hill are looking at ways to control the costs of federal student loans. Senator Jack Reed is behind a measure that would overhaul how student loan interest rates are calculated. Reed and a handful of democrats in Congress are pushing legislation that offers adjustable rates and caps the maximum interest rates on federal loans. The bill also allows borrowers stuck with high interest rates to refinance. Scott MacKay Two-Way with Senator Jack Reed By Scott MacKay • May 7, 2013 RIPR A bill allowing states to charge sales tax for online shopping (passed/failed) in the senate. Rhode Island senator Jack Reed supported the bill, and he sat down with Rhode Island Public Radio's Scott MacKay to talk about a variety of issues including the impact online sales have on Rhode Island's economy. May Breakfast with Jack Reed and 1,000 of his friends By Scott MacKay • May 6, 2013 If ever there was a Rhode Island tradition that never wanes, it is `May Breakfast,' that old fixture where church fellowship meets scrambled eggs, bacon and coffee. It has an old-timey feel, even when it resembles a political ``time'' as any gathering of pols was once referred as, especially when the eats were accompanied by a campaign dollar or two. Rhode Island Republicans Eye Reed's Seat By Ian Donnis • Apr 30, 2013 The state Republican chairman says the GOP plans to field a candidate when Senator Jack Reed seeks re-election next year. A fundraiser on Monday, featuring Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren, helped pour even more money into Reed's campaign war chest. Reed is considered to have one of the safest seats in the US Senate, and he's sitting on a war chest of about $2 million. Reed, a Democrat, plans to seek his fourth term next year. Smiley: RI GOP Intends to Field a Candidate Against Reed Next Year By Ian Donnis • Apr 29, 2013 Ian Donnis / RIPR State GOP chairman Mark Smiley says his party "absolutely" intends to run a candidate against US senator Jack Reed next year. A few politically active Republicans privately say they consider a challenge against Reed -- or the other Democrats in Rhode Island's congressional delegation -- an utter waste of time. Resources would be better used, they say, in trying to build the 11-member GOP presence in the 113-member General Assembly. Tracing the Long Road to Same-Sex Marriage in Rhode Island By Scott MacKay • Apr 29, 2013 Change happens slowly in politics. Except when it doesn't. Rhode Island Public Radio political analyst Scott MacKay explains the forces behind Rhode Island's reversal on gay marriage. The Ocean State is poised to become the 10th state in the nation to recognize same sex marriages and join our five New England neighbors in the vanguard of the movement for equal treatment for gay citizens. Chafee: Internet Sales Tax a Matter of Fairness By Flo Jonic • Apr 23, 2013 Senator Jack Reed and Governor Lincoln Chafee are urging Congress to pass the Marketplace Fairness Act. The bill would require online merchants to pay state sales taxes. Chafee and Reed say it's a matter of fairness. Reed and Chafee stood side by side in a West Warwick furniture store to urge Congress to allow a vote on the Marketplace Fairness Act. Chafee said the bill – which would require online merchants to pay state sales taxes – would add $70 million a year to the state treasury. Sen. Jack Reed Approves of Federal Investigation of Boston Bombing Suspect By Flo Jonic • Apr 22, 2013 U.S. Senator Jack Reed says he approves of the way federal investigators are handling the interrogation of the Boston bombing suspect, including their decision not to read him his Miranda rights. Reed said the Boston Marathon bombing is an extraordinary case which requires special handling by prosecutors. He supports their decision not to inform the surviving suspect, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, of his right to an attorney and to remain silent. Pages« first ‹ previous … 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 next › last »


text: New Yorkers line up for food Add to ... AP Video Published Friday, Nov. 02, 2012 4:20AM EDT Last updated Thursday, Feb. 07, 2013 4:57PM EST Food is in short supply for many East Coast residents, along with power and water following Superstorm Sandy. Long lines formed as food was handed out in Manhattan's Alphabet City on Thursday. Watch More Video: So hot our belt buckles burn us: Chefs on working in the heat in hot kitchens Watch as lightning hits Empire State Building McDonald's under pressure New York, Maryland, Massachusetts sue Volkswagen over emissions cheating 'Make American one again': Giuliani revs up RNC in Cleveland Video: B.C. entrepreneurs stir up a fresher tasting Caesar Video: Hamilton duo believe in fair wages and fresh-baked goodness How Staten Island is trying to bridge the gap between the police, the black community Thousands wait in lineups amid food crisis in Venezuela Poutine corn dogs and other delights found on this year's Stampede menu What would you do if you found orphaned wildlife in your backyard? Strong job report sends S&P near record high B.C. man to spend two months living with wolves on remote island Twinkies maker Hostess to go public Snap, crackle and pop-up: Kellogg's opens cereal cafe in Times Square What's the right way to split a bill at a restaurant? Empire CEO warns of more sales weakness ahead Nanaimo magically transformed into New York for new TV-movie 'We were humanized in there': Stonewall Inn dedicated U.S. as national landmark How winning MasterChef Canada has changed everything for Mary Berg Comments AA More Related to this Story Video: Cars damaged by Sandy being shipped for re-sale in Canada Video: Superstorm turns New York into ghost town as damage mounts


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Klaipedos Nafta, Oil Terminal, Sales Fall 12% in October
Klaipedos Nafta AB, Lithuania's oil terminal on the Baltic Sea, said sales decreased 12 percent in October from the same period last year.
Sales fell to 10.1 million litai ($3.8 million) in October from 11.4 million litai last year, the Klaipeda-based company said in a statement to the stock exchange today. Revenue for the first 10 months of the year was 110.8 million litai, an 8 percent drop on year, the company said.
October sales "were significantly impacted by major maintenance at Mozyr oil refinery in Belarus and scheduled maintenance works at Russian oil refineries that are exporting their product through Klaipeda," the company said. The terminal reloaded 544,000 tons of oil products during October, 15 percent less than a year ago, the company said.


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Ibiquity has a list of stations with licensed HD Radio technology and notes those on the air now. IBOC by state looks at various states and lists the stations making the transition. There are 59 stations in the Wolverine State broadcasting 107 HD Radio channels.
Aug. 4, Columbia, Mo.
Aug. 5–15, local chapters
Aug. 9–11, Atlanta
Aug. 10-11, Austin, Texas
Shannon to Host Marconi Awards
Cumulus' Smithers Returns to Toledo
Cut-and-Paste Challenges the Authority of News
The State of AoIP Compatibility
Technicolor Experience Center to Tackle VR, AR
Report: U.K. Viewers Want Relevant TV Ads
Integrators Get Creative Control in Massive New Displays
Vaddio Named USAV Preferred Manufacturer Partner
Historic Fantasy Film Center Reopens with Meyer Sound Cinema System
AT&T Files For Title II Re-Hearing
Sinclair Pays $9 Million-Plus to Settle FCC Retrans Investigation
NAB: FCC Maintaining Crossownership Ban Is Inexplicable


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(25 arviointia)
Ilmoitus julkaistu 26. loka 2007
Puhutut kielet: tanska, englanti, saksa, Norja, espanja, ruotsi
It is located on the border between the regions el Bages, and Bergueda and Lluçanès. Here lies the heart of nature between the hills and woods and here is a peaceful atmosphere. It is quite unique, that you can view the massif Montserrat from the house and the swimming pool area. Montserrat is the unofficial symbol of Catalonia and a place for pilgrimage for nearly a millennium. Montserrat is also sort of surronding the city of Barcelona. In the evening when the sun goes down, this is a particularly beautiful sight!
The 350m2 large holiday home can accommodate 20 (+5) people. The house standard setup is 8 bedrooms - four double rooms and four triple rooms, but most of the beds can be moved, so you before arrival can decide how you want the beds distributed. Casa Visal is therefor decorated in a way that it can be easily adapted to individual needs of each group. It is also possible to get 5 extra beds set up for the really large holiday group.
Casa Visal is modern decorated with fresh light colors and furnishings in light wood. It has 8 bathrooms, 5 of which are ensuite. There are several lounge areas with fireplace, TV, radio and DVD at the different levels of the three story house. There are also two kitchens, one located next to the very large roof terrace with BBQ, which is helpful when it comes to eating here. There are also two inside dining areas; one of them is big enough for everyone to eat here. Both kitchens are fully equipped including microwave, dishwasher and washing machine. There is also a cool cellar for storing wine and food.
The house is very privately situated and surrounded by grassy hills and forests, providing optimum conditions for relaxation and walks. In front of the house is a nice pool of 4 x 11 meters, with many sunbeds and superb views. The outdoor terrace has a large dining table. At the first floor is a second terrace and in the garden below the house, there is a third terrace area. There is also access to a game room with billiard and an Arab inspired cave. Outside there is football field and playground for younger children. There are also WI-FI in the house
A unique holiday home for the very large holiday group who wants privacy, beautiful surroundings, authentic Catalan atmosphere and a modern house but still be within a reasonable distance of Barcelona.
• 350 m2 of bright, modern furnished holiday
• Room for 20 (+5) Guests
• There are 8 rooms - 4 double and 4 triple, but the house can be easily upgraded
• Casa Visal have 8 delicious and modern bathrooms
• Several patio areas
• Pool area with views to the mountain Montserrat, which surrounds the city of Barcelona
• Two good modern kitchens
• Game Room with billiards and a lovely chill out area
In Navás 8 km. away, there are shops, supermarkets and some restaurants and cafés. Manresa 25 km. away is the nearest bigger town with large supermarket, shops and a fantastic winemaker, where you can visit the winery. From Navás, by motorway C-16 you can get to Barcelona or the Pyrenees in one hour.
|79 kilometriä
|25 kilometriä
|8 kilometriä
|1 viikko
|Minimi majoittumisaika
|08 heinä 2016
|19 elo 2016
|€ 3 300£ 2 762$ 3 629
|1 viikko
|19 elo 2016
|26 elo 2016
|€ 3 000£ 2 511$ 3 299
|1 viikko
|26 elo 2016
|01 tammi 2017
|€ 2 380£ 1 992$ 2 617
|€ 430£ 360$ 473
|2 yötä
|Alle 6 päivän majoittumisajalta, lisää € 745,00£ 623,64$ 819,28 viikonloppuyöpymiseltä(Perjantai, Lauantai).
|01 tammi 2017
|26 maalis 2017
|€ 2 100£ 1 758$ 2 309
|€ 383£ 321$ 421
|2 yötä
|Alle 6 päivän majoittumisajalta, lisää € 673,00£ 563,37$ 740,10 viikonloppuyöpymiseltä(Perjantai, Lauantai).
|26 maalis 2017
|07 heinä 2017
|€ 2 500£ 2 093$ 2 749
|€ 443£ 371$ 487
|2 yötä
|Alle 6 päivän majoittumisajalta, lisää € 745,00£ 623,64$ 819,28 viikonloppuyöpymiseltä(Perjantai, Lauantai).
|40 %
|Maksa loppusumma saapumispäivänä
|Palautettava takuuvuokra:
|Sisältyy hintaan
|Ei sallittu
|Lakanat ja pyyhkeet:
|Sisältyy hintaan
|Sisältyy hintaan
|Sisältyy hintaan
|Sisältyy hintaan
|Sisältyy hintaan
|Sisältyy hintaan
|Hyväksytyt maksutavat:
|Pankkisiirto, Käteinen saapuessa
|PLEASE NOTE: At Catalan holidays in low- and medium season supplements may apply. Please consult us.
The price includes 20 persons. There is also 5 extra beds available for 125 Euros/bed/week. Cots for babies available free of charge on request
Deposit: When booking the property, a deposit equal to 40% must be paid within 8 days to secure the booking. By cancellation more than 2 months before arrival, half of the deposit will be refunded. By cancellation less than 2 months before arrival, the deposit is not refunded.
Remaining payment: The remaining amount is to be paid to the property-owner when you arrive.
Included in the price:
Bed linen, towels, national taxes, electricity water and Cleaning by departure
Not included:
Catalan tourist tax: € 0,50/adult(+16)/night
|Arviointi :
|Kohde :
|Alue :


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What to eat and drink at the market in Centenary Square
Show of solidarity as landmarks around world show colours of Tricolore
The walk from one of Birmingham's Christmas markets to the other is different in 2015 thanks to the Paradise redevelopment works
Councillors have been accused of being slow to release details of road closures and bus route diversions
Find the best food and drink at Birmingham's German Market and Christmas Craft Fair
Get the best deal and stay safe when you are looking for somewhere to park in the run up to Christmas
Memorial Day Parade held in Centenary Square, while Princess Royal attended National Arboretum
Trams will only stop at Bull Street until the end of the year after Centro promised traders work would not take place during the Frankfurt Christmas Market
Lorries have arrived containing everything needed to turn Birmingham city centre into a haven of Christmas fun
Crowds turned out to remember those who fought for our freedom
Forty old members of 19 (Fighter) Squadron re-live memories
A look at how to pay your respects this weekend
City centre commuters say they were left confused by diversion after Paradise Forum closed to clear the way for the demolition of Birmingham Central Library
Demolition of Central Library draws closer as prominent walkway finally closes to the public
Find out why there is a German Christmas Market in Birmingham every year as the centrepiece of the festive calendar
The rock band played a free lunch time concert outside Library of Birmingham
West Midlands Police was called to the library as Defend Education Birmingham protested against opening hour and staffing cuts
The ice ring and wheel will return to Centenary Square alongside German Market
Looking for family days out that don't break the bank and melt the plastic? Here's some ideas on free places to go in and around Birmingham
Catch up on last night's big stories with our roundup of the most read from Monday, September 28
The cost, when they're running, how many trams, how frequent they'll be and a host of other answers
City hails a great success as series of huge events go smoothly
Our walkthrough shows how work is going on for the historic line extension
Wondering what's happening in Birmingham? We fill you in about Birmingham Weekender
Hippodrome presents Transe Express for Birmingham weekender
What to see and when at free arts festival in Bullring, Centenary Square, Victoria Square, Brindleyplace and the Mailbox from September 25, 26 and 27 2015
Our guide to the street food on offer over the free weekend of entertainment
The Birmingham actress is hugely different off-screen
On set with the Birmingham-made soap, going strong for 15 years
Our final guide on what to do with the kids in and around Birmingham in the last week of the school holidays
Are you already anticipating your annual fix of gluhwein, weissbier, bratwurst and pretzels? Find out when the Frankfurt Christmas Market and Craft Fair will be back in Birmingham for 2015
Ninety years ago the Hall of Memory was unveiled in Centenary Square that now stands as a poignant reminder to what we have to thank our ancestors for.
Spitfire gallery, Cadbury World and Jewellery Quarter Museum all offer something when weather is bad
Further cuts mean visitors can no longer get personal advice on what to do in city at Library of Birmingham and follows closure of offices at New Street and Birmingham Airport
To celebrate World Breastfeeding Week, we have picked some of the best places to breastfeed in Birmingham and nearby
Stuck for ideas on what to do this weekend? Here's our guide to things to do on Saturday August 1 and Sunday August 2 - some of them are FREE
England's three-day win over the Aussies at Edgbaston means no cricket for thousands of fans on Saturday. Luckily, there are a string of other attractions in Birmingham.
Saltfish fritters, whole coconuts and 'rasta pasta' are being dished up in Centenary Square from July 30-August 1
Simon Webbe, Geoffrey Boycott and Ladysmith Black Mambazo are also on their way to Birmingham
Technology company to offer free digital masterclasses for companies in major boost to flagship building
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