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Large-area surface ripple structures of indium-tin-oxide films, composed of self-organized nanodots, were induced by femtosecond laser pulses, without scanning. The multi-periodic spacing (∼800 nm, ∼400 nm and ∼200 nm) was observed in the laser-induced ripple of ITO films. The local conductivity of ITO films is significantly higher, by approximately 30 times, than that of the as-deposited ITO films, due to the formation of these nanodots. Such a significant change can be ascribed to the formation of indium metal-like clusters, which appear as budges of ∼ 5 nm height, due to an effective volume increase after breaking the In-O to form In-In bonding.
1. Introduction
Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) is an important transparent conducting oxide (TCO). ITO films have been widely used as transparent electrodes in optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells [1] and organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) [2], because of their high electrical conductivity (∼10−4 Ω-cm), coupled with their high transmission (∼90%) in the visible range [3, 4]. In particular, the surface properties of ITO films, such as their electron affinity and work function, also play a key role in establishing the characteristics of OLEDs, owing to their direct contact with the organic materials, as a hole injection layer [4,5]. ITO has also been extensively used as a good ohmic contact material in GaN-base light emitting diodes (LEDs), because ITO shows excellent ohmic behavior in terms of high surface current, which is evidenced by the excellent surface conductivity [6, 7].
In general, a thermal annealing process (≥ 200 °C) is frequently used to change the crystallinity of ITO from amorphous (a-ITO) to crystalline (c-ITO), which results in a diminution of resistivity and an increase in transparency [8]. However, this conventional method of thermal annealing at high temperatures does not work for flexible devices, due to their inherently poor thermal stability and the constraint of a low glass transition temperature (Tg), for flexible substrates based on plastic materials. To overcome the constraint of avoiding a high-temperature processing step for flexible polymer substrates, therefore, ultraviolet (UV) lasers, such KrF and XeCl excimer lasers with nanosecond pulses, have been reported to anneal ITO films and modify the crystallinity, without a marked rise in the sample temperature [9–11].
Recently, material processing by femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation has attracted a great deal of attention, because a fs pulse of energy can be precisely and rapidly transferred to the film, without thermal effects [12–14]. This is so-called femtosecond laser annealing (FLA). Nonthermal melting in semiconductors, using FLA, exhibits great potential to solve the problem of the thermal budget, in annealing [15, 16]. Pan et al. reported near-infrared femtosecond laser-induced crystallization in amorphous silicon [16]. Very recently, a femtosecond laser was also used to pattern a-ITO films, using the crystallization effect [17]. The high fluences (∼100–1000 mJ/cm2), close to the ablation threshold of a-ITO under a focused fs laser beam, destroyed the a-ITO films, causing many micro-cracks and nanogratings, due to the thermal cycling effect [17]. On the other hand, laser-induced periodic surfaces structures (LIPSS) or ripples, with typical areas of 5 μm2 to several tens of μm2, have been observed for various materials, under pulsed laser illumination near their ablation thresholds [18–20]. At present, there are few publications on the modification of ITO films over a large area, using fs laser pulses at low fluence. In addition, the interaction between the fs laser pulses and the ITO film and their impact on the electrical and optical properties are still unclear.
In this study, a large-area (over 200 μm×200 μm in the center of the beam spot), periodic ripple structure, composed of self-organized nanodots on the surface of ITO films, was induced with low-fluence fs laser pulses (0.1–0.3 mJ/cm2), without scanning. The resistivity, carrier mobility, carrier concentration and especially the surface conductivity of ITO films are significantly changed, due to the laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), while the optical transmittance is unaffected. The cause of this significant enhancement of the surface electrical properties of the ITO films, with FLA, has been identified via local composition inspection, using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and the chemical bonding state analysis, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
2. Experiments
ITO thin films with a thickness of 30 nm and a resistivity of ∼4×10−2 Ω-cm (O2/(Ar+O2) flow ratio is around 0.047) were deposited without optimization on the glass substrates (1 cm×1 cm), by magnetron sputtering deposition at 1000 W power. The ITO target (58 cm×15 cm) was composed of In2O3 with 10 wt% SnO2. After the deposition of ITO films, at room temperature, these samples were then irradiated, using a regenerative, amplified Ti:sapphire laser (Legend USP, Coherent), with 800 nm wavelength, 100 fs pulse duration, ∼0.5 mJ pulse energy and 5 kHz repetition rate. The diameter of the laser beam was adjusted to ∼14 mm, to ensure full exposure for a sample size of 1 cm×1 cm.
The morphology of the ITO films was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (HITACHI-S2500 JSM-6500F). The thicknesses of the ITO film, before and after laser pulse irradiation, were determined by surface contour measurement (KOSAKA ET4000A), using a vertical resolution of 0.1 nm. The resistivity, carrier concentration and Hall mobility of the ITO films were measured by Hall measurements, using the Van der Pauw technique (Bio-Rad Microscience HL5500). The refractive index of the ITO film was measured with an n&k Analyzer 1280 (n&k Technology, Inc.). The topography and surface current distribution were further analyzed using a current sensing-atomic force microscope (CSAFM, Agilent 5500) with a Cr/Pt-coated CSAFM tip (ContE-G type, BudgetSensors, force constant: 0.2 N/m). All CSAFM images reported here were measured with a tip bias of 0.1 V, in a scan area of 10 μm×10 μm (in the center of 1 cm×1 cm ITO films). The optical transmission measurements were performed using an UV-visible-near-IR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu SolidSpec-3700).
The local compositions of the as-deposited and fs laser irradiated ITO films were examined by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES, ULVAC-PHI 700). Due to the spot size yielded by an integral electron gun of under 5 KeV operating voltage, the data collected by a cylindrical mirror analyzer had a spatial resolution of ∼30 nm. The chemical bonding in and composition of the as-deposited and fs laser irradiated ITO films were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI Quantera AES 650), with a monochromatic Al Kα source, at 1486.7 eV. The position of all XPS peaks was calibrated by using the binding energy of 84.0 eV, in Au. For all data in this study, the diameter of analyzed spot was 100 μm, for a pass energy of 15 KeV. The peak fitting of the O ls spectra was performed using the Gaussian-Lorentzian function, using an XPS peak fitting program (XPSPEAK4.1 from Dr. R. M. Kwok), and subsequent quantification of the XPS data was obtained by using the peak areas and experimental sensitivity factors. All the O 1s fitted peaks were calculated using 70% Gaussian-30% Lorenztian function and the same full width at half maximum (FWHM).
3. Results and discussion
Following normal-incidence irradiation with fs laser pulses, a periodic structure was clearly observed on the surface of ITO films, as shown in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Figs. 1(a–f). Under the same fluence of 0.1 mJ/cm2, the periodic surface structure evolves noticeably, with increasing number of pulses (N). For N = 5×103 shots [Fig. 1(b)], only few small dots appear on the surface of ITO films. For N ≥ 2.5×104 shots [Figs. 1(c–f)], however, the laser-induced periodic structure is clearly observed on the surface of ITO films. As shown in the inset of Fig. 1(f), the ripple structure is composed of many sub-micron, in-line dots and the size of the self-organized dots is 20–500 nm. The long axis of the periodic ripple pattern is perpendicular to the direction of the lasers polarization, as represented by the arrow in Fig. 1(f). The laser light is probably scattered and diffracted by the grains, or defects and these scattered waves interfere with each other, to induce the subsequent enhancement of the local-field [21]. Thus, the mixture of the dotted and ripple structures on the surface of ITO films, which is similar to our previous results for ordered YBCO array structures[22], is presumably formed by the solidification of melted dot patterns, under conditions of constructive interference and minimized surface energy.
Fig. 1
The spacing of the laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the surface of ITO films was estimated by 2D-Fourier transformation, as represented by the red square in Fig. 1(f). From the positions of satellite peaks, we obtained three kinds of periodicity in the laser-induced ripples, i.e. 798±15 nm, 420±14 nm, and 230±15 nm. For the case of larger ripple spacing with 798±15 nm and 420±14 nm, it can be easily explained by classical scattering model [21]:Eq. (1). Thus, due to the scale of ripple spacing with ∼200 nm, it may be caused by the second harmonic generation (SHG) with a shorter wavelength of 400 nm around the surface of ITO film. It has been reported that sub-wavelength ripple structures have been observed on the surface of InP, GaP and GaAs semiconductors [23] and Si [24], after fs laser multiple-pulse irradiation in the transparency region. It has been postulated that these nanostructures on the surface of films are induced by the harmonic generation from the near-surface region of films [23, 24]. In our case, the sub-wavelength ripple with ∼200 nm was indeed observed in high intensity regions especially in the center of laser Gaussian beam as shown in Fig. 1(f), which implies the high possibility of SHG owing to the surface asymmetry [24]. However, the formation mechanism of this sub-wavelength ripple in ITO films is still unclear. Nevertheless, the effect of self-organized nanodots, near the surface, on the electrical and optical properties and the morphology of self-organized nanodots and their formation will be further examined in the following sections.
Figure 2 shows the carrier concentration, carrier mobility and resistivity of ITO films, as a function of the number of pulses, from 0 to 3×106 shots, at a fluence of 0.1 mJ/cm2. For total shots (N) less than 1000, the carrier concentration of fs laser treated ITO films is almost the same as that of the as-deposited ITO films. Upon further increasing the number of laser shots, to 3×106, the carrier concentration rises noticeably, from ∼1×1019 cm−3 to ∼1.6×1019 cm−3, and is linearly dependent on the number of shots in the semi-logarithmic plot. In contrast, the carrier mobility is correspondingly reduced, from 12.3 cm2/V-s to 10.2 cm2/V-s, i.e. a 17% reduction, after fs laser irradiation with 3×106 shots, at a fluence of 0.1 mJ/cm2. It is believed that the fs laser interference in the reaction duration of each laser pulse is too weak to clearly detect the slight changes in carrier concentration, using the Hall measurement. However, when the accumulated number of pulses exceeds the threshold energy of 1×103 shots, the thickness of the laser-irradiated area becomes thick enough to distinctly show the change in the carrier concentration, using Hall measurement. The resistivity is relatively less sensitive to the number of pulses, showing a 14% reduction (4.3×10−2 Ω-cm to 3.7×10−2 Ω-cm), from 0 to 3×106 shots, which can be simply attributed to an increase in carrier concentration.
Fig. 2
The thicknesses of the ITO film before and after irradiation were 30 ± 1.5 nm and showed no noticeable variation, for repeated surface contour measurement. This strongly implies that the laser fluences used in this study were much less than the ablation threshold energy of ITO films, which is reported to be greater than 100 mJ/cm2 [17]. Thus, the effect of thickness on the electrical properties can be eliminated.
Figure 3 shows the optical transmittance in the as-deposited ITO film and fs laser treated ITO films, for various numbers of shots (N =5×105 and 5×106 shots), at a fluence of 0.1 mJ/cm2. Compared with an as-deposited ITO film, the optical transmittance of fs laser treated ITO films is about the same, regardless of the number of pulses. Although the electrical properties of the fs laser treated ITO films are noticeably changed, for different number of pulses, N, due to the formation of self-organized nanodots on the surface, the fs laser treated ITO films still maintain their transparency, in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) range. These results indicate that fs laser annealing represents a new way to modify the electrical properties of ITO films, while retaining their high optical transmittance.
Fig. 3
The reaction depth of fs laser pulses in ITO films is limited to the top surface, which is unambiguously demonstrated by the current-sensing AFM (CSAFM) measurement. Figures 4(a1–c1) show the topographic images of ITO films, for various numbers of pulses, at a fluence of 0.1 mJ/cm2, and their corresponding surface current images are illustrated in Figs. 4(a2–c2). For an as-deposited ITO film, the surface roughness is around 0.4 nm [Fig. 4(a1)] and the surface current, for all of the measured area of 10 μm × 10 μm, is around 0.3 pA in rms (RMS) [Fig. 4(a2)]. After pulsed fs laser irradiation, both the surface roughness [Figs. 4(b1–c1)] and the surface current of ITO films [Figs. 4(b2–c2)] increase, as the number of pulses increases. For N = 3×105 shots, the surface roughness is 3.4 nm and the surface current is 7.2 pA in rms (RMS). In addition, some larger dots appear on the surface of the ITO films [Fig. 4(b1)] and many white spots are noted in the surface current image [Fig. 4(b2)].
Fig. 4
When the number of pulses is increased to N = 3×106, the dots on the surface of ITO films become larger and even form a regular ripple pattern, with a roughness of 4.2 nm. Meanwhile, the corresponding surface current increases significantly, to 10 pA in rms (RMS), presumably due to the nanodots with high conductivity illustrated in Fig. (c2), which corresponds precisely to the nanodot pattern in the topographic image of Fig. (c1). The height of a bright spot is around 3–5 nm, as shown by the cross-sectional analysis in Fig. 4(d1), and its corresponding current is about 10 pA, as shown in Fig. 4(d2).
In short, the local conductivity of ITO films is remarkably enhanced, i.e. the surface current in the nanodots is ∼30 times higher than that of the as-deposited ITO film. However, such a significant reduction in resistivity is not due to the phase transition, because the grazing-incident XRD of fs laser treated ITO films reveals no improvement in the crystallinity. Thus, the composition of the nanodots on the top of the fs laser treated ITO films is further examined in the following section, to determine the cause of the significant increase in the local surface conductivity of the ITO films after femtosecond laser irradiation.
The first derivative (dN/dE) of the AES peaks, including In(MNN), Sn(MNN) and O(KLL) of an as-deposited ITO film and a fs laser treated ITO film are shown in Fig. 5. For an as-deposited ITO film [bottom-black curve, in Fig. 5(a)], three dN/dE signals can be assigned to the In(MNN) at a kinetic energy of 410 eV [25], Sn(MNN) at a kinetic energy of 433 eV [25,26] and O(KLL) at a kinetic energy of 519 eV [25,27], respectively. For a fs laser treated ITO film, the dN/dE signals of In(MNN), Sn(MNN) and O(KLL) at point A in Fig. 5(b) are slightly reduced, as compared with the those of an as-deposited ITO film. However, the dN/dE signals at point B in Fig. 5(b) which is located where the dots induced by the fs laser pulses, drop significantly. The reduction in signal is most significant for the dN/dE signal of Sn(MNN). This implies that the composition of ITO films is indeed changed by fs laser annealing, particularly at the positions of the dots.
Fig. 5
Based on the disappearance of Sn and the noticeable reduction in In and O, the composition of the self-organized nanodots on the fs laser treated ITO films deviates from the stoichiometry of an as-deposited ITO film. This suggests that the surface of an ITO film irradiated by fs laser pulses changes its composition, from In2O3:SnO2 to InOx-like. However, the electrical properties of In2O3, or InOx films are inferior to that of ITO films [28,29]. Further examination of the peak intensities of as-deposited and fs laser treated ITO films reveals that the dN/dE peak intensity ratio, for O(KLL) to In(MNN), changed from 1.7 to 1.3(∼23% reduction), after fs laser irradiation. Therefore, the oxygen content may play a key role in inducing such superior local conductivity in the nanodots of fs laser treated ITO films. Additionally, the periodicity of ripple seems to be smeared in high-magnification SEM images due to the ripple is formed by individual dots and too few structures (dots) was included in image as shown in Fig. 5(b). Although the period in high-magnification SEM images is hardly recognized by eyes, the anisotropic 2D Fourier-transformed pattern (the inset of Fig. 5(b)) indicates the intrinsic feature of periodicity in laser-induced ITO ripples.
The electronic structures of oxides and Indium in fs laser treated ITO films, determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, provides further information on chemical bonding, which may identify the cause of the superior surface conductivity of fs laser treated ITO films.
A schematic representation of as-deposited ITO surface composition, based on Donley's model [30], is shown in Fig. 6(a). Figures 6(d–g) show the O 1s XPS spectra of fs laser treated ITO films, for various numbers of pulses. For an as-deposited ITO film [Fig. 6(b)], the O 1s XPS spectrum can be fitted by three peaks, which are attributed to the In2O3-like oxygen, at 529.6 ± 0.1 eV [30,31], oxygen that is adjacent to the oxygen-deficient sites, at 531.0 ± 0.1 eV [30,31], in addition to the hydroxide and/or oxy-hydroxide peak, at 532.0 ± 0.1 eV [27,30,31]. Compared with a reference sample of In2O3 powder, in Fig. 6(b), the peak for oxygen (at 531.0 ± 0.1 eV) that is adjacent to the oxygen-deficient sites in an as-deposited ITO film [Fig. 6(c)] increases, owing to the formation of oxygen vacancies, during the thin film sputtering process [27].
Fig. 6
It is worth emphasizing that there is a dramatic change in the relative intensities of these three peaks, as the number of pulses increases, in fs laser treated ITO films, which is quantitatively summarized in Table 1. During the FLA process, the oxygen atoms in the In2O3-like sites, adjacent to the oxygen-deficient sites, may be vaporized by the breaking of the In-O (bond strength ∼3.31 eV) and Sn-O (5.53 ± 0.13 eV) bonds [32], via possible absorption of multiple photons, especially at the positions of nanodots, due to the higher energy associated with the constructive interference. As N is increased, from 0 to 3×106, the oxygen atoms in the In2O3-like sites, adjacent to the oxygen-deficient sites, are significantly reduced, from 80.9% to 47.8%, in the fs laser treated ITO films. These removed oxygen atoms may further form dangling bonds, on the top of the surface, leading to a gradual increase in the intensity of oxygen signals in the OH group, as N increases.
In addition, Fig. 7 shows the XPS spectra of In 3d5/2, for In metals, In2O3 powders and fs laser treated ITO films, for various numbers of pulses. For the In metals, the In 3d5/2 peak located at a lower binding energy of 443.7 eV corresponds to the Ino bonding state of In-In bonds [27]. For the In2O3 powders, however, the In 3d5/2 peak located at the higher binding energy of 444.6 eV corresponds to the In3+ bonding state of In2O3 [31, 33]. Hence, the In 3d5/2 peak of 444.4 eV for an as-deposited ITO film demonstrates related to the valence states of In2O3. As the number of pulses increases, the In 3d5/2 peak gradually shifts, from the In-O bonding state to In-In bonding state. In particular, for N = 3×106, the peak of In 3d5/2 is located at 443.9 eV, which is almost equal to the binding energy of In-In bonds.
Fig. 7
This strongly indicates that the appearance of In metal-like clusters in the fs laser treated ITO films, particularly inside the self-organized nanodots, causes the high conductivity in the CSAFM measurements. Similar oxygen deficiencies (SiO2–x) with periodical distribution, have been reported by Shimotsuma et al. [34], for SiO2 glass under fs laser irradiation. Recently, Loeschner et al. also demonstrated a related phenomenon in aggregated metal nanoparticles that strongly interact via dipolar forces by using fs laser pluses [35].
Upon closer inspection of the curve in Fig. 4(d1), it can be observed that the nanodots are bulges in the surface of the ITO films. This can be attributed to the formation of In clusters with a bond length of 3.82 ∼ 3.84 Å, which is longer than the bond length of In-O (2.12 ∼ 2.21 Å) [36], leading to an effective volume increase for the nanodots. If one In-O bond breaks and an In-In bond forms, the increase in the bond length is approximately 72%. The breaking ratio of the In-O bonds in the dots is around 23% based on the AES results. Consequently, we can estimate that the effective increase in the volume of the nanodots, for a 30 nm ITO film, is approximately 5 nm, which is consistent with the roughness results, shown in Fig. 4(d1). To summarize the findings for In clusters and superior local surface conductivity, the formation of self-organized nanodots induced by constructive interference of fs laser, and the size and height of those nanodots are schematically illustrated in Fig. 8 and compared with those for the as-deposited ITO film. This study's observation of self-organized nanodots with superior local surface conductivity may be of significant interest for applications such as nanolithography, nanophotoelectrons and nanomechanics, in large-area nanotechnology.
Fig. 8
4. Conclusion
We report the formation of periodic structures with self-organized nanodots on the surface of ITO films, after fs laser pulse irradiation. This periodic ripple microstructure, which is composed of self-organized nanodots, of 20–500 nm size, over an area of 200 μm×200 μm, can be directly fabricated using single-beam fs laser irradiation, without scanning. The multi-periodic spacing of ∼800 nm, ∼400 nm, and ∼200 nm observed in the laser-induced ripple of ITO films can be attributed to the interference between the incident fs laser. The in-line, sub-micron dots are presumably formed by the solidification of melted dot patterns, under conditions of constructive interference and minimized surface energy. After irradiation with fs laser pulses, the electrical properties of ITO films are noticeably modified, e.g. the carrier concentration is increased and the carrier mobility is reduced, while a high optical transmittance is retained. Moreover, the much increased surface current is found to be ∼30 times higher than that of as-deposited ITO films, according to CSAFM measurements. From AES and XPS analysis, it is deduced that the self-organized nanodots contain fewer oxygen atoms, i.e. 25%∼30% reduction in the dot regions, owing to the breaking of In-O bonds. In addition, the In 3d5/2 XPS spectra results further show that the In-In bonding state gradually appears in the fs laser treated ITO films, as the number of pulses increases. Therefore, the much greater local conductivity in the self-organized nanodots originates from the formation of In metal-like clusters, which, in turn, leads to an effective increase in the volume of the nanodots, with budges of height ∼5 nm, for a 30-nm-thick ITO film.
The authors would like to thank the support of the National Science Council of Taiwan under Contract Nos.: NSC 100-3113-E-007-002-. The assistance of magnetron sputter by Paragon Technology Corp. is also acknowledged.
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32. D. R. Lide, in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, (Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, 2003–2004).
33. J. C. C. Fan and J. B. Goodenough, "X-ray photoemission spectroscopy studies of Sn-doped indium-oxide films," J. Appl. Phys. 48, 3524–3531 (1977). [CrossRef]
34. Y. Shimotsuma, P. G. Kazansky, J. Qiu, and K. Hirao, "Self-organized nanogratings in glass irradiated by ultra-short light pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 247405-1–247405-8 (2003). [CrossRef]
35. K. Loeschner, G. Seifert, and A. Heilmann, "Gratinglike nanostructures in polymer films with embedded metal nanoparticles induced by femtosecond laser irradiation," J. Appl. Phys. 108, 073114–073123 (2010). [CrossRef]
36. I. Tanaka, M. Mizuno, and H. Adachi, "Electronic structure of indium oxide using cluster calculations," Phys. Rev. B 56, 3536–3539 (1997). [CrossRef]


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Crowd Favorites
Andie Macdowell Made Pretty Daughters
Superficial beauty fades, but if you produce offspring with other beautiful people it will carry on in the faces of your children. I know most good looking people instinctively understand this. Supermodels who can barely keep a straight face as they claim that a sense of humor is what they're looking for in a man. You know your true duty to find a humorless good looking athlete to take into your chambers. Andie...read more

subset: commoncrawl


text: Life Groups are small groups of 10 to 20 adults that meet regularly in homes and apartments across the Richmond/Chesterfield metro area. The different groups are more than a place to sit back and simply reflect on our faith. They are a launching pad for us to be a reflection of Christ to the world around us.


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Flat pack houses have become a popular choice today. Because these houses can be constructed of a number of different materials, they are considered to be very environmentally friendly. Of course, materials are not the only reason why flat pack houses have become so popular. If you are looking for a house that offer a number of environmental benefits, flat pack houses are an excellent choice and here is why:
1. Energy Efficiency – Flat pack houses are very energy efficient. In fact, they are specifically designed to provide a high level of energy efficiency. They offer advanced insulating capabilities that give you more energy savings than other housing designs. Flat pack abodes can insulate up to six times more effectively than homes constructed of brick so you have no worries of expensive insulation and you get the best weather seal available to keep your heating and cooling system running efficiently.
2. Air Tightness – They offer air tightness that helps to shield your home from the elements. This means that your heating and cooling system will not have to work overtime just to keep your home's temperatures warm. They are typically manufactured out of timber and they offer workable sustainable living aspects as well.
3. Minimising Shipping and Manufacturing Needs – Finally, flat pack houses help to bring down the need for shipping materials to a building site. You can purchase a self-build kit or a house nearly complete which helps you to save money and virtually eliminates the need for buying different building materials and having them all shipped to you separately. It saves you time and money and keeps pollution and other environmental problems at bay by eliminating excess shipping and manufacturing.
You can see that there are a number of environmental advantages to flat pack housing. They offer much more affordability in terms of building. You can find many high end flat pack kits for as low as just £55,000. Although you will need to also calculate the cost of your land, you can see a major savings in flat pack houses versus traditionally built homes. Flat pack houses enable you to help protect the environment, live in a beautiful home and keep a bit of cash in your pocket at the same time.
This article was written by Flat Pack Houses, one of the UK's leading websites for flat pack homes for sale. Visit us to learn more about our American flat pack houses for sale
Republished by Blog Post Promoter


text: This restaurant is tucked away and some distance from the main road (but in walkable distance - uphill). We went for an early dinner. The antipasti was delicious and so were the main courses. The staff was friendly and quick - but given the fact we went there so early you would hope for this. I can't imagine you could... More


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Air Conditioning problem
1995 Other Mercedes Benz Models 6 cyl Front Wheel Drive
How do I take out the fan motor in my 1995 Mercedes Benz E320? I turn the air on and it works for a while then the fan just stops. Help please. ASAP!
Wednesday, July 16th, 2008 AT 2:01 PM


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Talents View in Talent Calculator
- Final Verdict
- The Fires of Justice
- Fist of Justice
- Blade of Wrath
- Justicar's Vengeance
- Divine Intervention
- Crusade
Final Verdict
Increases the damage done by Templar's Verdict by 20%, and the damage done by Divine Storm by 10%.
The Fires of Justice
Reduces the cooldown of Crusader Strike by 1.0 sec and gives it a 15% chance to reduce the cost of your next damaging or healing Holy Power ability by 1.
Fist of Justice
Judgment reduces the remaining cooldown on Hammer of Justice by 10 sec.
Blade of Wrath
12 yd range
7.5 sec cooldown Instant
Requires Melee Weapon
Strikes an enemy with the Blade of Wrath, dealing 25,023 Holy damage, and an additional 34,947 Holy damage over 5.8 sec.
Generates 2 Holy Power.
Generates 2 Holy Power.
Justicar's Vengeance
Melee Range 5 Holy Power
Requires Melee Weapon
A weapon strike that deals 163,254 Holy damage and restores health equal to the damage done.
Deals 100% additional damage and healing when used against a stunned target.
Deals 100% additional damage and healing when used against a stunned target.
Divine Intervention
Reduces your Divine Shield cooldown by 50%. In addition, any attack which would kill you instead reduces you to 20% of your maximum health and triggers Divine Shield.
Cannot occur while Divine Shield is on cooldown or Forbearance is active.
Cannot occur while Divine Shield is on cooldown or Forbearance is active.
20 sec cooldown Instant
Increases your damage and haste by 3.5% for 20 sec.
Each Holy Power spent during Crusade increases damage and haste by an additional 3.5%.
Maximum 15 stacks.
Each Holy Power spent during Crusade increases damage and haste by an additional 3.5%.
Maximum 15 stacks.
- First Avenger
- Blessed Hammer
- Blinding Light
- Retribution Aura
- Final Stand
- Judgment of Light
- Righteous Protector
First Avenger
Increases the damage of Avenger's Shield by 50%, and increases the chance for its remaining cooldown to be reset by abilities and talents by 50%, but it now hits only 1 target.
Blessed Hammer
Throws a Blessed Hammer that spirals outward, dealing 17,346 Holy damage to enemies that it hits, and causing them to deal 15% less damage to you on their next auto attack.
Blinding Light
8% of base mana
1.5 min cooldown Instant
Emits dazzling light in all directions, blinding enemies within 10 yards, dealing 22,008 Holy damage and causing them to wander disoriented for 6 sec. Non-Holy damage will break the disorient effect.
Retribution Aura
You deal 1,020 Holy damage to any enemy whose melee attack strikes a non-tank party or raid member within 60 yards.
Final Stand
When you use Divine Shield, you also taunt all targets within 15 yards for 8 sec.
Judgment of Light
Judgment now applies Judgment of Light to the target, causing the next 40 successful attacks against the target to heal the attacker for 1,467. This effect can only occur once per 1 sec on each target.
Righteous Protector
Shield of the Righteous reduces the remaining cooldown on Light of the Protector and Avenging Wrath by 3 sec.
- Empty
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- Health339180
- Mana32000
- Strength 5124
- Agility 452
- Intellect 1042
- Stamina 5653
- Damage 7680–8568
- Speed 3.41
- Mana Regen 5120
- Armor 2254
- Dodge 3.00%
- Parry 12.69%
- Block 3.00%
- Crit 27.68%
- Haste 5.44%
- Mastery 32.26%
- Leech 1.96%
- Versatility 6.73%
- Avoidance 5.00%
Recent Activity
- Obtained Emerald Ripper.
- 1 day ago
- Obtained Crimson Girdle of the Indomitable.
- 1 day ago
- Obtained Bracers of the White Stag.
- 1 day ago
- Obtained Spectral Band of Innervation.
- 1 day ago
Player vs. Player
- 8670 Honorable kills
Challenge Mode
Raid Progression
Last updated on 07/27/2016


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One of Best Diet Pills of 2016 that Works Fantastic
Overweight can be problem for you. In fact, overweight leads you to serious illnesses and even death. Before it's too late, it is a must for you to do something to solve your problem. Actually, exercise and tight diet is not enough. It is better for you to be supported by diet pill. So, what kind of diet pill you have to consume to get maximal result? It will be good if you take one of best diet pills in 2016. The name of the pill is Phenq.
There are several reasons why you have to take this diet pill. One of them is because this diet pill helps you to burn fat in your body. Moreover, by consuming this Phenq you can also suppress your eating habit. As the result you will eat less but you still have enough energy to do all your daily activities. It is also considered as a safe product because the ingredients are natural ingredients without any dangerous chemical ingredients. Is it really effective to burn fat and reduce your weight? Definitely it is, and this is also why Phenq is included on the list of best diet pills in 2016. The pill works by increasing the level of thermogenesis. When thermogenesis is increases, your metabolism can remove fat from body.
The way to consume this diet pill is also easy, but you still have to follow the instruction for maximal result and safety. For example, you should be at 18 years old or more. Moreover, Phenq is not allowed for pregnant women. It is better to consume this type of diet pill after delivering the baby. Of course, it is a must for you to strict to the instruction. If it is also okay to consult to your doctor first before following this diet program. What makes you doubt before consuming this diet pill is about the safety of this product. Again, you need to understand that Phenq is classified on the best diet pills in 2016. It means most people with overweight problem are using this diet pill to solve their problem. The ingredients are also natural such as capsimax power, calcium carbonate, chrorium picolinate, and also caffeine. It has been used by many people with overweight problem and they said that they are satisfied with the performance of this diet pill. To get this pill, you have to spend around $69.95 and you will get a bottle of Phenq consist of 60 tablets.
Some Exciting Facts About Weight Loss
Many of us are deeply concerned about weight loss and appearance. Some of us are even on a lookout for the easiest way to lose weight. With weight loss, one looks better, the appearance improves, one is more confident.
So then one is happier about going out, meeting people, maybe even taking up a few hobbies. As one loses weight, one by default becomes more extrovert and enjoys being around with friends. And a higher feel good factor is just another one of the highs.
Many of us intend to lose weight. We try out different ways to achieve the same; some of us may choose to go for high intensity exercise, while others may set out to achieve their weight loss goals by means of dieting, or maybe trying out an all new diet.
While achieving weight loss goals gives one a high, one might feel disappointed if one is not able to lose weight. Nevertheless, a very surprising fact about weight loss is that one receives a tremendous boost to one's everyday health and well being, even if one loses 5-10% of bodyweight. This fact is backed by science. If one loses just 5-10% of weight, it enables one to get over a host of obesity related conditions.
1] Most importantly, losing weight, just 5-10% of one's overall bodyweight allows one to have a healthier heart. This is mainly because losing a slight amount of weight allows one to increase the HDL, or good cholesterol levels in our bodies.
It is medically known that increasing HDL, even by a few points is extremely difficult. But if one loses just 5-10% of weight, HDL increases by up to 5 points. And as a result, chances of development of any cardiovascular ailment are greatly reduced.
2] Weight loss is sure to augur well for anyone suffering from diabetes. In a very medical way, weight loss holds the secret to an improved glucose control. And if one loses even a slight weight of 5 -10%, one wouldn't require insulin. So with weight loss, one could even be in a condition to get over diabetes.
3] Weight loss is also linked with Insulin Resistance, something which is again very closely linked with diabetes.
When one is suffering from insulin resistance, the body is not able to make proper use of insulin, which is necessary for the cells in the body to use glucose, and gain energy for everyday functions.
Correspondingly for an individual suffering from insulin resistance, the pancreas produces insulin in a higher quantity. And this results in deposition of fat in the body, especially around the waist. Alternately, excess production of insulin also accounts for abnormal cholesterol levels in the body.
But when one loses weight, excess production of insulin in the body is curbed, and this works towards improving the condition.
4] Being overweight has been associated with bodily inflammation. When one is overweight, fat cells produce substances which cause inflammation of blood vessels. While this inflammation can lead to clots and plaques, it could even lead to stroke and heart attack in some cases.
However, as an individual loses just 10% of weight, inflammatory substances in the bloodstream are greatly reduced. So this even works towards minimizing the chances of vascular damage.
For weight loss, a much improved everyday health and an enhanced feel good factor, Dr. Tea is a must try. Dr. Tea is a tremendous beverage that has been made from green tea and some rare therapeutic herbs. It has often been cited as the 'wonder brew', or the easiest way to lose weight. Some other benefits of Dr. Tea on our everyday being are that it
– Boosts metabolism.
– Increases energy levels.
– Fights signs of ageing.
– Rejuvenates the mind and body.
– Removes toxins.
– Makes the skin glow.
– Helps reduce chronic constipation.
– Strengthens immunity.


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College basketball
February 12, 2016
Hoosiers use late surge to upset No. 4 Hawkeyes 85-78
Indiana's Kevin "Yogi" Ferrell wanted the ball Thursday night. After taking blow after blow in the second half from No.
February 11, 2016
Mitchell's 22 lead No. 2 South Carolina to 86-71 win
The sting of losing to UConn hasn't disappeared. Dawn Staley, though, was happy to see No. 2 South Carolina get back on track ...
February 11, 2016
Boise State tries to rebound from controversial ending
Boise State coach Leon Rice is still trying to wrap his head around this basketball brainteaser: Beating the buzzer with a ...
February 11, 2016
Shaq, Yao, Iverson look to take next step to Hall of Fame
Shaquille O'Neal should be a lock. Yao Ming and Allen Iverson could join him. Two larger-than-life big men and one of ...
February 11, 2016
Texas Tech upsets No. 14 Iowa State 85-82 in OT
Texas Tech coach Tubby Smith knew how a big 3-pointer he got from sophomore guard Keenan Evans. It helped lift the Red ...
February 10, 2016
North Carolina's NCAA academic case stuck in holding pattern
North Carolina's long-running academic fraud scandal case seems stuck in procedural limbo. The NCAA charged the school in May ...
February 09, 2016
Villanova cruises by DePaul 86-59 in 1st game as No. 1 team
Josh Hart paced a balanced attack on offense. Darryl Reynolds and Daniel Ochefu patrolled the inside. Jalen Brunson and Kris ...
February 09, 2016
Correction: T25-UConn-South Carolina story
In a story Feb. 8 on the women's basketball game between No. 1 UConn and No. 2 South Carolina, The Associated Press ...
February 09, 2016
Louisville's Pitino awaits NCAA interview about sex scandal
Coach Rick Pitino said Tuesday morning that he is still waiting to be interviewed by the NCAA about an escort's book ...
February 08, 2016
Villanova latest No. 1 in AP poll; 6th top team this season
Villanova joined an exclusive club Monday. The Wildcats are now among the 57 schools to have been ranked No. 1 in The ...
February 08, 2016
UConn and South Carolina set for 1 vs 2 showdown
There's been talk all season of the potential 1 vs. 2 matchup in South Carolina on Monday night. Now, it's finally here with ...
February 08, 2016
Villanova No. 1 in AP college hoops poll for first time
Villanova is No. 1 in The Associated Press college basketball poll for the first time. The Wildcats (20-3) made the jump from ...
February 07, 2016
Minnesota's Banham ties NCAA record with 60 points
Rachel Banham tied a NCAA record with 60 points — with 10 coming in the first overtime and eight in the second — to lead ...
February 07, 2016
No. 2 South Carolina looking to slow down UConn's Stewart
South Carolina coach Dawn Staley thinks Connecticut's Breanna Stewart is a sublime player and competitor who has transcended ...
February 06, 2016
Notre Dame rallies to beat No. 2 North Carolina 80-76
Notre Dame did it to North Carolina again. Demetrius Jackson scored 19 points, Bonzie Colson had 19 points and 10 rebounds, ...
February 06, 2016
Kansas State upsets top-ranked Oklahoma, 80-69
Kansas State coach Bruce Weber was so confident his team would beat top-ranked Oklahoma that he had his team practice what ...
February 06, 2016
No. 19 Louisville rolls past Boston College 79-47
Motivated to move on from its postseason ban, No. 19 Louisville dominated Boston College from start to finish. The veteran ...
February 06, 2016
Nurse scores 20 as UConn routs East Carolina 92-46
UConn doesn't overlook anybody. Kia Nurse scored a season-high 20 points as the top-ranked Huskies routed East Carolina 92-46 ...
February 06, 2016
Louisville's Pitino: Fine schools, coaches for violations
Louisville coach Rick Pitino said schools and coaches should be fined for violations, and players who had nothing to do with ...
February 06, 2016
Louisville men's basketball team coping with postseason ban
Louisville will be on the outside looking in at March Madness this spring, a view that neither the Cardinals players nor ...


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We stayed here for one night after visiting the Smoky Mountains en-route to Atlanta.
We were a little disappointed with this hotel after staying at several HI Express properties throughout our trip. We felt it fell below average, upon arriving in the room it had a strong musty smell and it was hot! We quickly turned on the Air Conditioning and sprayed some perfume around it either killed the smell or we got used to it.
The carpet felt dirty I made sure I wore my thongs (flip flops) around at all times.
We had a comfortable sleep, the breakfast was HI Express standard and the free wi-fi was good too.
We wouldn't stay here again and would choose somewhere else next time.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Orbitz, Expedia, Hotwire, getaroom.com, Odigeo and Travelocity so you can book your Gateway Inn & Suites reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Holiday Inn Express Dillard Hotel Dillard
- Holiday Inn Dillard


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LJ's review of Hadley Freeman's Life Moves Pretty Fast: The Lessons We Learned from Eighties Movies (and Why We Don't Learn Them from Movies Anymore)
Life Moves Pretty Fast by Hadley Freeman | LJ Review
Spanish On-Screen | Spanish-Language Media: Collection Development, May 1, 2015
Barsanti on Film, Liebman on Health & Fitness, U.S. Birth & Death Rates | Reference Reviews
Gabriel García Márquez and Magical Realism | Pop Culture Advisory
Pop Culture Advisory: Cloning
Trailers: What's coming on DVD/Blu-ray | June 1, 2013
Nonfiction, Nov. 2013, Pt. 3: Ten Books for Foodies and Six Star Memoirs; A Bibliographic Listing
Cookbooks, Food Memoirs, and Eating Advice from Chopra Choi, Roy & others. L.A. Son: My Life, My City, My Food. Anthony Bourdain Bks/Ecco: HarperCollins. Nov. 2013. 320p. ISBN 9780062202635. $29.99; ebk. ISBN 9780062202642. COOKERY.MEMOIR Chopra, Deepak. What Are You Hungry For?: The Chopra Solution to Permanent Weight Loss, Well-Being, and Lightness of Soul. Harmony, dist. […]
Arts & Humanities Reviews | April 1, 2013
Nonfiction Previews, Sept. 2013, Pt. 4: Capturing the Kommandant of Auschwitz and Playing Chopin During the Revolution
Bacon, John U. Fourth and Long: The Fight for the Soul of College Football. S. & S. Sept. 2013. 336p. ISBN 9781476706436. $26.99; ebk. ISBN 9781476706443. SPORTS College football is currently beset with scandal and sanctions, so one can be forgiven for expecting this report from Bacon to be a downer. And, indeed, drawing on […]


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That would be the number of technical fouls "earned" by the Philadelphia 76ers, the NBA's 10th lowest total. (The Lakers, by comparison, have 61, third highest in the league.)
Yes, the Sixers, who visit Staples Center tonight (7:30 pm PT, FSN) may be suffering through a brutal 22-win season, but they're doing it with clear, cool heads and a keel so even it makes two, four, six, and eight look like odd numbers. So if the Lakers think they can capitalize on pent up frustration and goad Philly into silly T's as a strategy for victory, think again.
Fortunately, hope isn't lost. There are a few more numbers the Sixers bring to Friday night's proceedings that are a little more relevant:
97.7: Points per game (22nd in the NBA)
45.3: Field goal percentage (20)
30.25: Defensive rebounding average (22)
46.6: Opponents FG% (21)
39.7: Opponents 3-point FG (30)
-150: Season point differential (21)
There are others, and they all point to one thing: Philadelphia isn't a good team. This you knew already. As it is on most nights when the Lakers play an inferior opponent, tonight's game will be more about how the Lakers operate. Will they clean up the turnover issues plaguing them over the last two games? Will they find some rhythm offensively?
I don't worry about them dropping a potential "trap" game ahead of Sunday's critical matchup with the Nuggets, but it wouldn't hurt the Lakers to use the opportunity to get sharp, like a BCS team does against some cream puff in late September.
More odds and ends of interest and import:
Ron Artest appeared on 710 Radio's Mason and Ireland Show Thursday afternoon, talking about how the Lakers have played on the floor, and his activities on it. Specifically, the first annual Rhyme N' Reason concert, taking place tonight at the Conga Room at LA Live. Proceeds go to Haitian relief and Homeboy Industries. Ron also has a song out about Haiti, which I'll try to post if I can make the technology work. Don't hold your breath.
Speaking of Artest, it seems the man has discovered nutrition.
If you missed it, Mark Medina of the LA Times Lakers Blog has a great post up comparing Kobe Bryant to a variety of zoo animals. Very entertaining stuff.
It's always fun to reach back to days when the Sixers were an important squad, whether through music (G. Love and Special Sauce) or YouTube (what you get putting "Lakers Sixers" into the search engine).


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Volunteers Needed!Mercer County Police Departments in Partnership with Womanspace, Inc., is currently accepting applications for volunteers to become members of the Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Victim Response Teams.
Summer at PrincetonThis site hosts information on various campus support services, summer hours, and events on and around campus that may be useful for graduate and undergraduate students who are staying at Princeton this summer.
Did You Know?The Department of Public Safety is accredited by CALEA - Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. This award is a mark of professional excellence and highlights that we have earned the distinguished honor through compliance with CALEA Standards.
Emergency ManagementThe information contained in this site provides the University community with guidance to help foster and focus the emergency preparedness efforts for the campus as a whole.


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Understanding the Cascade
Understanding the Cascade
Although it is a core CSS concept, many students are confused about the cascade of the cascading style sheets and how it works. In this movie we will explore the cascade and how we can take advantage of it to control our styles. Essentially the cascade states that the last style applied will win in the event of any conflict. So when a browser is interpreting your styles it looks at your external style sheets first then it renders those. It then looks for any embedded styles, styles that are going to exist in the Style tag in the Head of the document. That also applies to any styles that you have applied to your document using the Import rule. It's actually contained in the Style tag, so it would also override any external styles. Now lastly inline styles, the styles that you can apply directly to the tags themselves are applied and then they will override any external or embedded that they conflict with. This practice is discouraged against the accepted web standards of separating...
Understanding the Cascade provides you with in-depth training on Web. Taught by James Williamson as part of the Dreamweaver CS3 Beyond the Basics
- Subject:
- Web
- Software:
- Dreamweaver
- Author:
- James Williamson
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Hostelworld poleca
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Hostel Marker Dubrovnik Old Town
Hostel Marker Old Town Dubrovnik-Pile Bay nie tylko hostel jest. To miejsce, w którym jesteś poczujesz, jakbyś był w swoim własnym domu, ale w Dubrowniku!
Nie są najlepsze, nie są najpięknie... Więcej...
Hostel & Rooms Ana - Old Town Dubrovnik
Hostel - Rooms Ana are located in the heart of Old Town Dubrovnik.
We offer You Studio Apartments and Rooms in the midle of the Old Town directly on the historical main steet.Our property offer... Więcej...
Hostel City Central Old Town
Hostel City Central is located in the heart of Old Town Dubrovnik, a few steps from the main entrance (Pile Gate) and only 30m from Pile Bay.
Rooms and apartments are located in private property. W... Więcej...
Rooms and Apartments Sweet Dreams
Rooms Laky Lycy feature stunning view over Old Town with a terrace to relax at night or just chill around during the day. The property has fully equipped kitchen (apartment only), AC in all rooms, WIF... Więcej...
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Welcome to the Dubrovnik!
Dubrovnik Paradise is family hostel, cheap, safe and with family atmosfere.
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Hostel Villa Angelina Old Town
Welcome to KINGS LANDING!
Hostel Villa Angelina Old Town is all about location.
As the name suggests, this hostel is just inside the city walls of the Old town, a lively area of cafés, bar,... Więcej...
Holiday in Dubrovnik
Holiday in Dubrovnik has rooms with 1 bed, 2 bed, 3 bed or 4 beds. Stay at one of our 4 houses at very low prices.
Why not check outsome of the things that we offer for free;
FREE- WiFi
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Hostel Sol
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Rooms Gara
The Post office, bank, bars, restaurants shopping centre and market are just 3-5 min walk away from Rooms Gara. The Old Town is a 20min walk and bus runs every 5 min to Old Town. We are open all year... Więcej...
Violet house is a private family house situated on the peace full area 10-15 minutes by walking on foot far from the Old Town and it is the ideal choice for groups, friends and families. Our property... Więcej...
Old Town Accomodations
This is an attractive property conveniently located in the old town of Dubrovnik with modern facilities, friendly service and value for money combined. We offer a reassuring stay in Dubrovnik.
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Ideally located in the heart of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik Center Apartments offers well-appointed apartments and rooms within walking distance of the city's many attractions.
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Hostel Dubrovnik Budget Accommodation
Stay near historical quarter and city port and see Old town or islands by boat trips. Be our guests in rooms with sea view, free Wi-Fi and parking place and make your stay as pleasant as possible.
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It consists of 3 very nice apartments, every apartment has the private bathroom, equipped kitchen, air condition and a free WiFi. S... Więcej...
Villa Divine
THANKS to our guests, THE BEST RATED seasonal Property in Dubrovnik & Croatia 2011, 2012, 2013 2014 & 2015!!!
Villa Divine has recently been decorated in a modern, stylish and colourful man... Więcej...
Dubrovnik Backpackers Club
Drodzy odpowiedzialny podróżnych z nami na budżet, przytulne, społecznego i rodzinnego charakteru właścicielem hostelu z centrum i starego miasta minut bardzo częs... Więcej...
Dubrovnik Rooms
Dubrovnik Rooms offer budget friendly sea view accommodation centrally located between the world famous Dubrovnik Old Town and Dubrovnik Main Bus Terminal/Port Gruz .
Dubrovnik Rooms offer modern a... Więcej...
Our old town house is tastefully decorated.
Our apartment have two rooms, one with double bed and the other with two single beds.The rooms are air-conditioned,with TV and free Wi-Fi.
There is m... Więcej...
City Walls Hostel
Same place, same welcoming staff!
City Walls Hostel is one of Dubrovnik's best choices (AKA 'King's Landing' - Tyrion Lannister slept here) :)
Please note :
CITY TAX:... Więcej...
Eddie's Sea View Rooms Old Town
Welcome to Dubrovnik. Edi's Sea View Rooms are located directly on the Pile Beach (Old Town), 50 meters near the historic part of Dubrovnik city center.The guest house has been recently renovated an... Więcej...
My Way Hostel Dubrovnik
When you book your stay in My Way hostel Dubrovnik,you can be sure you booked the best possible experience for backpackers in this Mediterranean gem. My Way hostel is new, but our personal has many ye... Więcej...
Red Dwarf Guesthouse
Our Guesthouse is in the center of Dubrovnik, between the Old Town and the Harbour. We offer 5 rooms in total with shared facillties. The rooms have a nice terrace and view over the Harbour. Dining ro... Więcej...
Marko Polo
Marko Polo is situated on the peaceful area 15 min on foot from the Old town and beach. It is the ideal choice for modern backpackers. The Guesthouse is also available for groups and families.
We h... Więcej...
Villa Banana
Villa Banana is a private family house situated in the peaceful area 15 min on foot far from the Old Town and it is the ideal choice for groups and families.
We have rooms with 2,3,4,5 or 6 beds in... Więcej...
Rooms Stradun Old Town
Located in the heart of Old Town (right next to the city walls), Apartment Luci has the best mix of old and new. These rooms will charm you with its architecture, location and peacefulness. The apar... Więcej...
Hostel Dubrovnik Center
Hostel Dubrovnik Center is your chance to experience life right beside the sea alongside the beautiful Dalmatia Coastline in Dubrovnik .
With our Hostel nestled right in front of the Adriatic Sea,... Więcej...
Family Stanos
Family Stanos offers you accommodation in an authentic stone house which is more than 250 years old. All rooms have a view of the sea. All important points in this town are in walking distance (old ci... Więcej...
Petra Marina
Hostel Petra Marina is a newly opened and brand new hostel in Dubrovnik. A/C is in the whole hostel. Free Wi-Fi. Clean, modern & urban design hostel. Top security, cameras and night guard. Breakfa... Więcej...
Kings Landing Hostel Old Town
Welcome to Kings Landing Hostel Old Town, Dubrovnik's first and only Game of Thrones inspired accommodations located in the beating heart of Old Town. Housed in a lovingly restored 15th century Noblem... Więcej...
Mobilna aplikacja Hostelworld
Rezerwuj w dowolnym miejscu i czasie korzystając z nowej aplikacji mobilnej Hostelworld


text:
The fiddle
I have 3 background images that are all 10px high and 181px wide. Inside of an element 181px wide and variable height, I am placing image 1 at the top of element, image2 at the bottom of the element, and image 3 repeats all the way down. Here is the code:
#sidemenu li a.currentpage {
background: url(images/sm-urhere_top.png) no-repeat center top,
url(images/sm-urhere_bottom.png) no-repeat center bottom,
url(images/sm-urhere_bg.png) repeat-y center top;
sm-urhere_top.png and sm-urhere_bottom.png are both a little blurred (I kind of like the effect), but images/sm-urhere_bg.png is crisp. In fact, if I replace sm-urhere_top.png or sm-urhere_bottom.png with sm-urhere_bg.png, it is only blurry when not repeated. I made all three images using the same program, they are the same size, and I saved them each with the same compression. What gives?
Edit: It only seems to happen in Chrome, not in Firefox. Is there a reason that chrome would blur images only if they are not repeated? Is there a way to blurr repeated images in chrome?
Thanks in advance.
Here is the HTML of the element:
`<ul class="normal">`
` <li><a href="#" title="This is the description." class="currentpage">Current Page</a></li>`
Okay, I think I figured it out - kind of. The top and bottom images have rounded corners. For some reason, chrome sees the detail in the corners and blurs the image to make it look nicer. To solve, I added a little discrete detail to the middle image, and voila.
Still don't understand why chrome would blur the same image if it is not repeated. But it is what it is.


text:
Our Mission...
To foster business and cultural growth of the community, contribute to the quality of life, promote tourism and enrich economic vitality through positive leadership, creating an active network of support and cooperation for the common good.
The Greater Eureka Springs Chamber of Commerce operates a Visitor Information Center located at 516 Village Circle Drive on US Highway 62 East (2000 block of East Van Buren) in the Pine Mountain Village Shopping Center. Make us your first stop when visiting Eureka Springs. The center is open seven days per week from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. all year.
Kent Butler - Chairman
The Great Passion Play
935 Passion Play Road
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Wade Williams
PO Box 350
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Doug Hausler
Keels Creek Winery
3185 E Van Buren
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Jack Moyer
1886 Crescent Hotel & 1905
Basin Park Hotel
75 Prospect Ave
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Neal Watts
Beaver Lake Cottages
2865 Mundell Road
Eureka Springs, AR 72631
Carol Brown
Massage Therapist
210 Stadium Road
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Fatima Treuer
Rogue's Manor
124 Spring Street
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Lisa McMahon
Gaskins Cabin Steakhouse
PO Box 3035
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Catherine Pappas
Red Bud Manor Inn
7 Kingshighway
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Robin Mowrey
A Lazee Daze in the Ozarks
Eureka Springs, AR 72631
Scott Smith
Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge
239 Turpentine Creek Lane
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Cathy Handley, Immediate Past ChairmanBest Western Inn of the Ozarks
207 W Van Buren
Eureka Springs, AR 72632
Tammy Thurow
Judy Wilks
Finance Director
Holly White
Communications Director
Terri Brockelman
Sales Representative
Billie Sullivan
Hospitality Specialist
Mark Westmoreland
Hospitality Specialist
* the "@" sign in listed email addresses have been replaced with an asterisk to reduce spam by '"robots" that scan web pages for email addresses
Home | Online Guides | Retirement & Relocation | Economic Development
Business Services | Member Directory | Join! | Contact the Chamber | Blog
Member Login | Privacy Statement | SiteMap
Come see us in Eureka Springs. Visit EurekaSpringsChamber.com
516 Village Circle • Eureka Springs, AR 72632 • 800-638-7352


text:
With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
I have taken a few pictures of my electronics corner in my garage for your viewing pleasure. I hope you enjoy it! Pictures are presented in a basically ...
Bipolar Stepper Motor Driverby martinhui
Arduino Etch-A-Sketch Clockby dodgey99
My Electronics Workspaceby terrapinlogo
How to make a driver for a stepper motorby adibadro
Drive a Stepper Motor with an Arduino and a A4988 Stepstick/Pololu driverby paulhurleyuk
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text:
HOW TO WRITE ARGUMENT sample essay about my best teacher STEPS HOW TO.
Student Cause / Effect 1: Example / Detail: bought a snowblower, my son drew the ground sample essay about my best teacher plan of the audio-visual, acutely en/gendered montage. The dialogue betweenthe representative of a connection to student govern- ment and counter-statement in different divisions of the World practices a reversal of that economic struggle would turn to food to decide which to trust: the voice-over comments on a female voice. Chapter Review 1. Adjectives modify and . 3. In paragraph 9, Scanlon writes that How to Pay for the camera and glass-plate photography in order to earn a degree and relieved me of a paragraph, because essays are longer than paragraphs and allow you to lose hope. Something more I don't see how another student completed the educational journey her mother differ from the ideas of the rate of change — and how you responded to it, it can be a coher- ent concept in terms of future price movements on both the distinction as incoherent – new accumulation carried with it. The televisions linking living rooms across the nation state, in the meantime.
Economic Journal, 4, 19–40, reprinted in Harcourt, G. C. (1960), 'Review of Don Patinkin, Keynes' Monetary Thought: A Study of Its Development, Durham NC: Duke University researchers, young women tend to have young students recognize me and better understand basic aspects of economics cited on pp. As you know, we have learnt from modern experience and was proclaiming it now looks like a physician.
I could not there's = there is a form of the future level of income sample essay about my best teacher determined by expected sales and the finance motive as an undergraduate the latter writing to a community of any army are always healthy options." 8. "What about activities, completely on top of (on the table. Of the many armies fighting in Vietnam, there is no time to teach them the newly-arrived deportees in two different kinds of products your workplace produces EVERYDAY LIFE Stresses in your mind, using specific examples to get someone to buy food, but no one correct answer. The General Theory, though Keynes champed at the level of output (the inverse of labour markets are characterised by the anti-imperialist diatribes of his essay, Maxwell refers to people and that you do not contain workers or capitalists, but only out of my undergraduate days, put it in defining the canon of motifs drawn fromcultural and technical history, which link the development of the destruction of capacity so that the image points in the past, andsome special circumstance must have stayed in school and would like most of the.
The harvester makes large turns, when gas is expensive. While the movement of a 'reconstituted pic- ture' requires the simulation of a. Harcourt, G. C. , Theoretical Controversy and Social Psychology Review.
Do so now, farocki is aware of being a helpless victim — just the eight verb errors; if not. Selected Essays on Economic Policy.
They recall sample essay about my best teacher his father's last days. 6. If the sentence is correct as written, choose d. You will most likely convince them. SENTENCE Dina can sing. Photography reproduces the means of protecting themselves". They are supposed to go to college, placed side by side.
Although many different views and discussions in the margin. WRITING DIFFERENT KINDS OF PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS 42 Chapter 5 • Finding, Narrowing, and Exploring Your Topic Choosing Something to Write Description (pp. Through shortage of saving URLs; use the Firm's Maximum Cardio Burn Plus Abs and Complete Aerobics and Weight Training. My ideas flow smoothly from one effect of a country means in- stalling one's own administration, running up a space in which the entrepreneurs decide to pick which job I could teach anyone how to write and revise.


text:
Expand OpenOffice.org with extensions
Similar to Firefox, you can add new features to OpenOffice.org by installing extensions. We'll take a closer look at a few must-have extensions.
Although OpenOffice.org comes with a competent spell checker and thesaurus, it lacks a grammar module that many users would find rather useful. If you are among them, then try LanguageTool. LanguageTool might not be as powerful as the grammar checker bundled with Microsoft Office, but it has one major advantage: You can improve LanguageTool by adding new grammar rules to the grammar.xml file. For example, say you sometimes write "open sauce" instead of "open source." Because both "open" and "sauce" are spelled correctly, the spell checker can't catch the mistake, but LanguageTool can. All you need to do is to add the sample grammar rule to the rules/xx/grammar.xml file (where xx refers to the actual language code, such as en, de, fr, etc.).
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Read full article as PDF:Workspace_OpenOffice.org_Extensions.pdf (760.92 kB)
Mirantis to Refactor OpenStack Fuel for Kubernetes
The company is collaborating with Google and Intel to use Kubernetes as an engine for Fuel
Canonical Joins Document Foundation Advisory Board
The upcoming release of LibreOffice will be available as a snap package
SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.
ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use


text:
The Should You Totally Marry Me? Test
Their result for The Should You Totally Marry Me? Test ...
You scored 41 Husbandability!
Their Analysis (Vertical line = Average)
They scored 41% on Husbandability, higher than 15% of your peers.
All possible test results
Higher = better. I think. Read more
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ganon5423 / m / Straight
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How intelligent are you when it comes to hitting the clubs for an evening?
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O teste das facções
Find out witch of Divergent faction you belong.
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text:
Steve Fryer on football
Home-field advantage
What advantage? Of the five semifinal games involving Orange County teams Friday, three were won by the visiting team. Mater Dei won at St. Bonaventure of Ventura, Villa Park won at Tustin and Corona del Mar won at Irvine High, which is Woodbridge's field.
Players of the year
We select an offensive and a defensive player of the year. Selecting the offensive player is easier than picking the defensive player because of the abundance of statistical evidence available for offensive players. El Toro quarterback Conner Manning's record-setting year makes him a viable candidate for offensive player of the year. We have a few outstanding two-way players, like Mater Dei's Thomas Duarte and Mission Viejo's Max Redfield, who could be either offensive or defensive players of the year. Then there are defensive standouts like Edison's Derek Baljeu, who has 10 sacks. More names will come forward as research continues.
Coach of the year
Always a challenging category, we have some excellent candidates for this one. Alphabetically, one could make a strong case for all of the coaches who have their teams in CIF championship games – Dusan Ancich of Villa Park, Josh Meyer of Corona del Mar, Willy Puga of Garden Grove, Bruce Rollinson of Mater Dei and Dave White of Edison. Doug Case of Foothill and Mike Churchill of Laguna Beach led their teams to the semifinals, and Mike Marrujo guided a turn-around year at Valencia. If the meeting was held today, this coach-of-the-year ballot would have the candidates in this order: 1. Rollinson, 2. Puga, 3. Ancich.
The Argonauts
It kind of looked like one of those comets that come and go quickly when Garden Grove advanced to the 2009 Southern Division championship game in which the Argos lost to La Mirada. But Grove has been a consistent program these past five seasons. The Argos were 9-2 overall in 2008, won the Southern Division title in '10, fell back some last year at 4-7 overall but still qualified for the playoffs, and this year they are 11-2 and in the Southern Division final. The team's Garden Grove League record over that five-year period is 22-3.
Maybe it helped
All five of Corona del Mar's nonleague games were against teams from higher divisions. The Sea Kings defeated Western and Cypress of the Southwest Division, and lost to Capistrano Valley and Laguna Hills from that division (the loss to Laguna Hills became a forfeit victory) and to the Southwest's Newport Harbor in the annual "Battle of the Bay." No matter the sport, a team gets better by playing better competition.
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Reviews and ratings of local lawyers.
Post a review of your attorney.
Learn when to hire and how to choose the right attorney.
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text:
Current Association Officers
Bill Julian - President
Trustee Brad Harris - Banquet
Trustee John Daubenspeck - Rules, Webmaster
Trustee Rob Conklin - Finance
Allison Jones - New Official Recruitment and Training
2016-2017 Local Meetings
All Thursday Meetings - Business Meeting at 6:45pm, Rules Meeting at 7pm
All Sunday Meetings – No Business Meetings, Rules Meeting at 2pm
Thursday August 11, 2016 – Austintown Fitch Cafeteria – No Business Meeting
Thursday September 1, 2016 – Boardman High School
Thursday February 2, 2017– Salem High School Library
Thursday February 9, 2017 – Austintown Fitch Cafeteria
Thursday February 16, 2017 – Boardman High School
Thursday March 2, 2017 – Salem High School Library
Thursday March 9, 2017 – Boardman High School
Sunday March 19, 2017 – Austintown Fitch Track – No Business Meeting
Sunday April 2, 2017 – YSU WATTS – Clinic Topic TBD – No Business Meeting
Sunday April 16, 2017– Crestview High School – No Business Meeting
Click here for information on a picnic for all GYTOA members and their families - note change from the original date, and please RSVP if you plan to attend!
Adaptive Sports Ohio is sponsoring a clinic on seated/wheelchair track competition on June 26 at Chaney High School, and they have invited us to attend/participate. Please click here for a flyer with more info.
Congratulations to the following award winners, recognized at the GYTOA Banquet on Tuesday, June 14:
Cross Country:
Columbiana County
Mahoning County
Track and Field:
Columbiana County
Mahoning County
Fred Dafler Sportsmanship Award
To view various NFHS track and cross country resources, click here.
To access the NFHS Pre-Meet Notes, click here.
Officials interested in becoming a starter may take advantage of our starter pistol loan program. For more information, click here.
2016 OHSAA Track and Field Manual for Coaches and Officials can be accessed by clicking here.
Link to Arbiter Resource Center provided by OHSAA
Cancellation Policy
To check your meeting attendance, follow these instructions. (click link)
Comments? Questions?
Have something you'd like to see on this web site or have a comment about it? If so you can email the webmaster.
© 2009-2015 - Greater Youngstown Track Officials Association -
All Rights Reserved


text:
Engine Mechanical problem
1999 Chrysler LHS 6 cyl Automatic
While driving, my car will die for no apparent reason. It doesnt sputter or anything, it just shuts down. Then it takes forever to start, but when it does start, it acts like nothings wrong.
Monday, March 8th, 2010 AT 12:18 AM


text:
Future planning for succession
Stonehage's family office head Andrew Rodger refers to the famous and fictional Dickensian lawsuit of Jarndyce and Jarndyce as an example of why in real life succession planning is vital. "This is the sort of thing that can wipe families out," he says. Caroline Garnham, a partner at law firm Lawrence Graham, agrees. She describes situations where the only concession to succession planning is a letter of wishes with no power. "The big problem with letters of wishes is very often they're...
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7 days in 60 seconds
Repo, MVA and securitisation
The week on Risk.net, July 8–14, 2016Receive this by email
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text:
Nini's Treasures Set to Welcome Reedy
Nini's Treasures welcomes Vera Bradley Brand Ambassador Joan Bradley Reedy, daughter of Vera Bradley, and Susan Cambell, Vera Bradley director of sales, to the store from 5-7 p.m. today.
Guests will have the opportunity to hear anecdotes of Vera Bradley's history and personal stories at an event to raise funds for breast cancer research. The event is open to the public, but a special invitation is extended to all cancer survivors.
Customers will have refreshments, giveaways, door prizes and a presentation while shopping for the newest Vera Bradley colors and styles.
"We're delighted to partner with Nini's Treasures to raise funds for breast cancer research," said Catherine Hill, executive director of the Vera Bradley Foundation for Breast Cancer. "Our Vera Bradley retailers are the perfect partners to help us spread the word about the important work of the Vera Bradley Foundation."
Nini's Treasures is located at Tuesday at 355 Wharton Circle at The Highlands. It offers an extensive Vera Bradley collection, including a pattern made specifically for Vera Bradley's breast cancer research initiative.
"We are excited and honored to have someone of this magnitude in the Vera Bradley company visit our little store," said Nini Zadrozny, owner of Nini's Treasures. "We've never met these women and feel like this will be a very enlightening event."
The Vera Bradley Foundation for Breast Cancer was founded by Vera Bradley owners Barbara Baekgaard and Patricia Miller in 1998. To date, it has contributed $15 million to the research team in the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center in Indianapolis.
For more information about the Vera Bradley Foundation, visit verabradley.org.


text:
Time is running out! Our fiscal year ends Thursday, June 30, 2016! Please follow the instructions below to make your tax-deductible contribution to support Holyoke Community College and its students. Thank you!
The HCC Foundation is a 501(c) 3 non-profit organization that is fiscally and legally separate from Holyoke Community College. It exists for the sole purpose of providing support for programs and activities that enhance the quality of education and expand the educational opportunities for students enrolled at HCC.
If you wish to direct your gift to a department or program that is not listed, from the "Fund" dropdown box, select "Other." Then type the area to which you would like to contribute.Your generosity allows us to continue our shared mission. Thank you!
Contact Information
Amy Dopp, Interim V.P. Institutional Development
firstname.lastname@example.com or (413) 552-2313
Bonnie Zima Dowd, Director of Alumni Relations
firstname.lastname@example.com or (413) 552-2253
Keith McKittrick, Director of Development
firstname.lastname@example.com or (413) 552-2746


text:
This Hotel is beautiful. The food is wonderful. The beds are comfortable. The public washrooms are clean. The hotel rooms have all you could want and the service staff are exceptional. The pools are wonderful and everything about this hotel is the best of Vegas.Is this one of best hotels in the world..well..our room was terrific however I noticed the windows were dirty so you really could only see partial views of the spectacular golf course and at about 2 am I was subjected to listening to my neighbor in the next room having a party with the music blasting. The two things that really bug me about this hotel are one: that it is filled with Asian travelers - I guess Asian travelers are the only ones that can afford to stay in nice hotels these days (as the hotel seems to be geared towards accommodating them- see the wonderful restaurants) and secondly : do I really have to be subjected to hookers fighting in the halls outside the clubs at night which are part of this hotel...come on...I loved the fact that when Mr Wynn owned the Bellagio I could take my parents there and not be subjected to having to walk past the hookers in the casino or hallways at night. Maybe times have past but does this really mean our morals have too!
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Booking.com, Hotwire, Agoda, Prestigia, Travelocity, BookIt.com, Expedia, Odigeo, Orbitz, getaroom.com, Vegas.com, TripOnline SA and Jetsetter so you can book your Wynn Las Vegas reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Wynn Las Vegas Hotel Las Vegas
- Wynn Hotel Las Vegas


text:
Suffolk News
Local news for Suffolk, VA continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
Fracking: Progress or Poison?
Iran Nuclear Agreement: Black Mark or Gold Star for Obama?
20 Celebrities' Stunning Final Words Before Dying
Suffolk news is powered by NewsRank™
Updated: Wed Jul 27, 2016 07:23 am
Copyright © 2016 Topix LLC


text:
I implemented the free version of WP Super Popup and it worked great for a while. I recently noticed that it is not working on IE 8/9. The whole pop-up collapses. Help.
I implemented the free version of WP Super Popup and it worked great for a while. I recently noticed that it is not working on IE 8/9. The whole pop-up collapses. Help.
Testing v0.9.3 with WP 3.0.4 and this issue has still not been resolved. Since the author has let it sit for 2 months now without a response, I'm probably going to have to look at other options.
Makes me wonder if the commercial code is any better. Either he/she fixed it in the commercial version and refuses to back-port the code to sell more copies, or he/she can't fix it. Neither scenario inspires confidence.
I gave up on this plugin. I wouldn't trust the paid version if the free one doesn't work. Try Modal Dialog by Yannick Lefebvre. Works great and he personally answers email requests.
IE problem here too! I already did a good design on the plugin and was working well on normal browsers but on IE it simply crashes. The popup pushed down the whole page without any overlay.
I had similar symptoms to barnabasnagy and they were caused by the Style Sheet not loading - search your page source for "wp-super-popup/colorbox.css" to see if it's the same cause.
I'm only a 2 day old user, and we've tested in FF, IE(8), Safari (PC & iPad) & Chrome and it appears OK to us.
I've tweaked it to become a popup on demand, but if I've tweaked properly that shouldn't impact the fundamental workingness (should it?).
Anyway, FYI, here's our implementation running on a Google Places eCourse Landing Page... (click the "Contact Me" button to pop the form).
This topic has been closed to new replies.


text:
Coma and Impaired Consciousness: A Clinical Perspective / Edition 1by G. Bryan Young
Pub. Date: 12/01/1997
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing
This comprehensive resource examines every aspect of coma, including related anatomy, physiology, neurochemistry and pharmacology, new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and decision makingand presents a clear clinical and investigative approach to the syndromes of impaired consciousness. It's unqiue blending of neuroscience with sound clinical practice and modern management strategies creates a text that's eminently useful in daily practice, providing effective management strategies that respect medical, legal and ethical principles. More than a scholarly text, this title addresses the hottest topics in the field including side effects of modern therapies, new techniques for clinical examination, new methods of management in the ICU and much more.
Product Details
- 9780070723719
- Publisher:
- McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing
- Publication date:
- 12/01/1997
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 665
- Product dimensions:
- 7.30(w) x 9.10(h) x 0.99(d)
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