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NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: VINEGAR HILL; The 2d Battle of Vinegar Hill
By AMY WALDMAN
Published: February 1, 1998
Once an enclave for Irish immigrants, Vinegar Hill is named for a battle site in Ireland. That seems appropriate, given that during the last five months, this tiny, cobblestoned waterfront district between the Manhattan Bridge and the old Brooklyn Navy Yard has been shaken by a battle of its own.
On its face, the combat has been over whether to change zoning in the area, where quaint, historic residences coexist with manufacturers and warehouses, from primarily manufacturing to primarily residential, as the City Planning Department proposes. But the combatants say it raises larger issues about the city's future: how to balance livelihoods and quality of life, whether to focus on residential space or manufacturing, and how to preserve history and character while protecting and promoting commerce.
Vinegar Hill is roughly nine square blocks, with perhaps 225 residents and about 19 commercial or manufacturing buildings, as well a sprinkling of mom-and-pop stores. A year ago, the neighborhood was named a historic district, a move that followed the destruction of several local historic buildings by businesses wanting the lots for commercial purposes. One particular demolition, of a 135-year-old church by Tocci Brothers, a waste-treatment company, angered residents.
''We are in danger of losing the neighborhood to the waste industry,'' said Margo Hirsch, who, like most Vinegar Hill residents, supports rezoning.
Paul Tocci, the president of Tocci Brothers, said he thought he was doing the neighborhood a favor when he tore down the abandoned, decaying church. He now uses the lot for equipment storage, but city officials said the rezoning was motivated in large part by the fear that Tocci Brothers would start treating waste on the lot, across the street from a row of historic houses.
Mr. Tocci said he felt residents were trying ''to impose their will on our properties.'' Other business owners expressed concern that the rezoning would limit their ability to expand and limit the resale potential of their properties.
On Jan. 21, the City Planning Commission voted in favor of a modified rezoning plan that redrew the boundary slightly and created a manufacturing island in the center, removing several businesses from the residential zone. Mr. Tocci's lot was left in the residential zone.
''We bent over backward to accommodate business concerns,'' said Joseph B. Rose, the City Planning Commissioner. The goal, Mr. Rose said, was to ''maintain the balance that has historically existed in this community, which mixes residential and industrial uses in a harmonious way.''
Last week, however, neither side seemed particularly happy with the compromise. Some residents said they were disappointed by the residential zone's smaller dimensions.
The rezoning plan must still be approved by the City Council. Mr. Tocci said that should the Council approve the plan, he would consider filing suit to stop it. AMY WALDMAN
Photos: A year ago the nine-block neighborhood was named a historic district. A proposed rezoning has raised larger issues in Vinegar Hill. (Photographs by Ruby Washington/The New York Times)

subset: commoncrawl


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Two powerful earthquakes have killed at least 220 people and injured around 1 500 in north-west Iran, Iran's state news agency has reported.
Mohammad Khatami said on Wednesday trial confessions by moderates accused of fomenting post-election unrest were invalid.
A senior Iranian official said Tehran was ready for negotiations with the West on its disputed nuclear programme, according to reports on Tuesday.
The West must be held to account for stoking Iran's post-election unrest, the president said on Sunday, as a third mass trial got under way.
Iran put dozens of moderates and a French citizen on trial on Saturday for taking part in unrest after a disputed June presidential vote.
At least 17 people were killed and 23 injured when a passenger aircraft veered off the runway and hit a wall while landing at Mashhad airport.
A Tupolev passenger aircraft crashed in north-western Iran on Wednesday, killing all 168 people on board, Iranian media reported.
Iran is running more than 5 000 centrifuges for enriching uranium, its president was quoted as saying on Saturday.
Iran will not give up its rights in the face of Western pressure, its supreme leader said on Sunday, two days after major powers said they would make a new offer to convince Tehran to halt its nuclear plans. Ayatollah Ali Khomenei did not explicitly mention Iran's nuclear activities, which Western powers suspect are aimed at making bombs.


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The Greater North Texas Orchid Society (GNTOS) is dedicated to the culture, protection,and appreciation of orchids all over the world. GNTOS brings together people interested in the culture and propagation of orchids, and also serves an educational function in disseminating information about orchids to the public.
We have regular monthly meetings (the first Sunday of every month) in which we have a featured speaker. There is also an orchid table show and plant raffles. Our meetings are located at North Haven Gardens, 7700 Northaven Rd., Dallas, TX 75230. More details and a map are located here.
Whether you are an expert grower or just got your first orchid, we welcome all to visit our monthly meetings and events!
Our speaker for August had to cancel, so there will be no meeting this month. All events will resume as usual in September. Hopefully, it will begin to cool down by then!
Upcoming Regional Orchid Shows & Events
(click on the links for more information)
Houston Orchid Society's 37th Annual Summer Workshop August 5-6
Kansas Orchid Society Fall Orchid Show & Sale November 5-6
Acadian Orchid Society's 56th Annual Short Course December 3


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Design of Urban Stormwater Controls, MOP 23McGraw-Hill Education 2012; US$ 146.00 US$ 127.75
Innovative Techniques for Designing Urban Stormwater Controls Fully updated to address the paradigm shift in the way stormwater is viewed and managed, Design of Urban Stormwater Controls focuses on consolidating technologies to foster a convergence between traditional stormwater controls and green infrastructure. This authoritative resource explains... more...
Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations, Fourth EditionMcGraw-Hill Education 2012; US$ 167.00 US$ 146.12
Solve chemical engineering problems quickly and accurately Fully revised throughout with new procedures, Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations , Fourth Edition shows how to solve the main process-related problems that often arise in chemical engineering practice. New calculations reflect the latest green technologies and environmental engineering... more...
Aerosol Technology In Hazard EvaluationElsevier Science 2012; US$ 72.95
Aerosol Technology in Hazard Evaluation is the fifth in the series of books on the subject of aerosol technology. This series is organized into nine chapters that cover the properties, sampling, and respirable activity of aerosol. After briefly describing the nature of an inhalation hazard, the book examines the properties, measurement, and significance... more...
Air Pollution MeteorologyElsevier Science 2014; US$ 85.00
Written by a distinguished international scientist, who has made fundamental contributions on the climatic relationship between air pollution and meteorology, the book provides a compendium of realistic examples of air pollution behaviour. After commencing with a general survey he takes us through a study of diffusion mechanisms including pollution... more...
Carbon Dioxide ChemistryElsevier Science 2014; US$ 290.00
This book derives from a workshop held in Sweden to examine the environmental implications of the dramatic increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere in the last 50 years and to find ways of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This multi-disciplinary approach makes it essential reading not only for chemists but for all engineers, biologists... more...
Standard Handbook Oil Spill Environmental ForensicsElsevier Science 2016; US$ 250.00
Standard Handbook Oil Spill Environmental Forensics: Fingerprinting and Source Identification, Second Edition, provides users with the latest information on the tools and methods that have become popular over the past ten years. The book presents practitioners with the latest environmental forensics techniques and best practices for quickly identifying... more...
Sustainable DevelopmentWorld Scientific Publishing Company 2016; US$ 260.00
Since the emergence of climate and global warming onto the international agenda, research in sustainability has been underpinned by the development in energy and environmental science. Highlighted 30 years ago by the Brundtland Commission, "sustainable development" was defined as: meeting the needs of the present without compromising the... more...
Air Quality and Ecological ImpactsElsevier Science 2009; US$ 225.00
This work reviews the characterization of air quality as it pertains to specific emission sources and their environmental effect. Since emissions from multiple sources impact the same location, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to relate atmospheric processes to terrestrial vegetation. As global industrial expansions continue, air quality is... more...
Economic Growth Versus the EnvironmentPalgrave Macmillan 2002; US$ 175.00
Judith A. Cherni presents a critical text of interdisciplinary research and a theoretical argued case for analyzing a physical/social problem with a political economic approach. The author identifies the convergence of global economic growth trends and the localization of environmental and health risks. Backed by scientific findings, she challenges... more...
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This book provides a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution. The review addresses: factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human exposure and the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies to identify and measure the... more...


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I AM GROOT! Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)
A group of intergalactic misfits are forced to work together to stop a fanatical warrior from destroying everything in his path. Will they be able to overcome their... Learn more
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July 9 · 9:00 PMKeep up with the Joneses! INDIANA JONES AND THE LAST CRUSADE (1989) Rated PG-13
When Dr. Henry Jones Sr. suddenly goes missing while pursuing the Holy Grail, eminent archaeologist Indiana Jones must follow in his father's footsteps! Indiana Jones vs... Learn more
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FEMALE ALIENS VS. FEMALE HEROES! The North Bay Drive-In Presents: ALIENS (1986) SPECIAL EXTENDED EDITION Rated R, Running Time: 154 min. Our theme of GIRL POWER cranks... Learn more
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The North Bay Drive-In Presents: BUFFY THE VAMPIRE SLAYER (1992) Rated PG-13, Running Time: 1hr 26min. Our theme of GIRL POWER continues with Joss Whedon's early foray... Learn more
June 4 · 8:30 PM'TERMINATOR 2: JUDGMENT DAY' (1991, Rated R) 8:30PM
The North Bay Drive-In Presents: TERMINATOR 2: JUDGMENT DAY (1991) Rated R, Running Time: 2hr 17min. Our theme of GIRLS KICKING ASS continues with James Cameron's huge... Learn more
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Detention, submitted by Red Dog. I don't know about you, but I have the hardest time finding Snape/Harry Potter gay fanart. The web is so innidated with information like medical advice and historical facts that it can get really hard to find what you are looking for. Well I know I'm not alone in my Potterverse cravings, so here is a website for all your Snape kissing Harry Potter fantasies. One point for that Griffon house thing!
Of course not only is this slash fan art, but also pedophilia because Harry is underage. Of course every anime fan will argue to the death that drawings of underage girls and boys isn't pedophilia, they just like to wack off to the thought of fucking children. Oh that makes everything alright then. I think what kills me the most every time I see on of these sites is the talent that these people have. They could be putting their artistic ability into making great works of art, but instead they are drawing a wizard molesting a young boy. Ahhhh the Internet.
It's just a little confusing, is all.
The good news is the republican convention is over. The bad news is if I can escape this police car how do I anull a marriage??
Title of this one pretty much says it all. If it's what you're looking for, then uh, look no further
There is literally nothing sexier than eye contact.
A dandy fop dog gets a rhino piss party and ant enema in the Jungle. Weldcome to Hell.
Awful Links of the Day spotlights the worst and weirdest websites on the internet. And we're not talking "weird" in a good way either.
Copyright ©2016 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


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Select Local Merchants
Cauble Creek VineyardRead MoreVines sprout from the red soil, twisting along their supports and craning toward the sun. Bunches of native Muscadine grapes weigh these gnarled vines down until they are harvested by a member of the Cauble family. Generations of Caubles have recreated this scene, overseeing 36 acres of land that is watered by natural underground springs. With the native grapes, the Caubles create exquisite varieties––such as the semi-dry Phyllis Ann, the floral Rosetta, and the barely peppery Monroe––to suit any meal or palate. Guests swing by the vineyard for tastings, art exhibits, and yoga classes held amid the vines. Each year, the setting also hosts numerous weddings as well as a concert series featuring local and nationally renowned artists.700 Cauble Farm RoadSalisbury, NC US


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Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles
"Throughput Analysis of Dynamic Hybrid Active Reliable Multicast (DHARM)"
by Dharmendra Chourishi 'Maitraya', Sridevi Seshadri, Dhruvendra Chourishi
in the Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, (ICCSIT 2009), August 2009, pp. 570-574
After careful and considered review of the content and authorship of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.
This paper contains significant portions of original text from the paper cited below. The original text was copied without attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper title) and without permission.
"AMRHy: Hybrid Protocol for a Reliable Multicast Transport in Active Networking Environments"
by Lakhdar Derdouri, Congduc Pham, Mohamed Benmohammed
in the International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol.8 No.10, October 2008, pp. 66-78
In recent years active reliable multicast protocols have gained popularity. However, the existing active reliable multicast protocols are based on receiver-initiated approach for loss recovery. Our approach, named DHARM, distributes the responsibility of loss recovery between the sender and the receivers. It helps to solve the scalability problems like acknowledgement implosion, recovery load balancing etc. In this paper, we present the throughput analysis of our protocol. The analysis shows that DHARM provides better solution than DyRAM for unreliable network environments.


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University City, NC
Home to The University of North Carolina at Charlotte founded in 1946, University City is a prime college town. The area is quickly flourishing since the school is growing drastically. UNC-Charlotte offers 79 Bachelor degree programs, 64 Master's degree programs and 21 Doctoral degree programs.
The University Research Park is one of the largest research parks in the state and is located here. With over 30,000 employees it is the second largest employment center within the second largest retail center in the region.
An area residents and students love to go around the university is called the Shoppes at University Place. It is located across from campus and features restaurants, shopping places, the Hilton Hotel and apartments.
For fitness lovers, Mallard Creek, Clark's Creek and Toby Creek greenways link the research park with University Place, Town Center, and UNC-Charlotte's campus. With almost 12 miles of paths, exploring University City just got a little easier.
PNC Music Pavilion is a couple miles down the road from the college, making it a huge concert success during the summer months. Another great business that brings people to the area is the store IKEA which is well known for its furniture, appliances and accessories.
Just around the corner is the town of Concord. With many attractions such as Concord Mills, Great Wolf Lodge and Charlotte Motor Speedway, residents never have a problem finding activities to do in free time.
University City is only about a 15 minute drive to uptown Charlotte, making it a quick commute to everything the city has to offer, whether it is professional sports games or the night life. Come see why residents and students love the university area!


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|Yuki Morishita <mor.y...@gmail.com>
|Re: Cassandra 1.2 TTL histogram problem
|Tue, 21 May 2013 21:13:50 GMT
> Why does Cassandra single table compaction skips the keys that are in the other sstables? because we don't want to resurrect deleted columns. Say, sstable A has the column with timestamp 1, and sstable B has the same column which deleted at timestamp 2. Then if we purge that column only from sstable B, we would see the column with timestamp 1 again. > I also dont understand why we have this line in worthDroppingTombstones method What the method is trying to do is to "guess" how many columns that are not in the rows that don't overlap, without actually going through every rows in the sstable. We have statistics like column count histogram, min and max row token for every sstables, we use those in the method to estimate how many columns the two sstables overlap. You may have remainingColumnsRatio of 0 when the two sstables overlap almost entirely. On Tue, May 21, 2013 at 3:43 PM, cem <email@example.com> wrote: > Hi all, > > I have a question about ticket > https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3442 > > Why does Cassandra single table compaction skips the keys that are in the > other sstables? Please correct if I am wrong. > > I also dont understand why we have this line in worthDroppingTombstones > method: > > double remainingColumnsRatio = ((double) columns) / > (sstable.getEstimatedColumnCount().count() * > sstable.getEstimatedColumnCount().mean()); > > remainingColumnsRatio is always 0 in my case and the droppableRatio is > 0.9. Cassandra skips all sstables which are already expired. > > This line was introduced by > https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-4022. > > Best Regards, > Cem -- Yuki Morishita t:yukim (http://twitter.com/yukim)
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About this Business
From Our Editors
Fino's from the Hill lures passersby into its unassuming storefront with an aromatic selection of Italian deli items. The family-owned eatery's staffers load up bread with gourmet fillings such as prosciutto, provel cheese, red pepper marinade, and green olive dressing, and they also simmer pots of fresh, homemade soup every day. Daily soup, pasta, and dessert specials keep regulars on their toes, enticing them to swing in and try exotic eats—such as blueberry mascarpone cake or spinach-artichoke turnovers—that aren't listed on the regular menu or the FBI's Most Wanted off My Dinner Plate list.


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Most Recent Articles In Fashion
Latest Fashion Articles
- The Met's Costume Institute Plans 'Masterworks: Unpacking Fashion' for This Fall
- 'Equity' Costumer Designer on Dressing the Wall Street Woman
- Mayhoola Takes Full Control of Pal Zileri Premium
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Alanna Whittaker can attest to the merits of Facebook stalking. After spotting the wide-eyed blonde in another girl's photo, model agent Chantale Nadeau put her social-media skills to work. "[Nadeau] went to my Facebook page and started creeping," the now 21-year-old says. "She sent me a message like, 'Hey, have you ever thought about modeling?'" Just over two years — and some brief skepticism — later, Toronto native Whittaker is now at home in New York, where she is repped by Ford Models. WWD recently sat down with her for a quick chat.
WWD: You recently returned from Tokyo. How was that?
Alanna Whittaker: I love Tokyo — I have a love-hate relationship. I love the city and I love the people I meet, but it's a very stressful market. You'll get picked up at 5 a.m. and you'll go to castings 'til 10:30 at night. But I do like it.
WWD: What were some of your jobs?
A.W.: Oh God, you do everything. A lot of magazines — I did Numero a few times, and I did Vogue Japan. The Vogue shoot was probably the worst shoot that I've ever done, but also the best. They had, like, a greenhouse in a white studio with windows as the ceiling and walls. The sun was shining in, and I just stood against the wall as the sun was shining on me all day. Then they had two mimic suns made out of lights also shining on me. I had to look at them all day, and by the end of it I was almost crying because my eyes were burning so bad. But I was like, "It's for Vogue, it's worth it."
WWD: What is the biggest culture shock over there?
A.W.: You're pretty tall over there — especially if you're walking in heels. Then they'll stop and take pictures of you.
WWD: Are you excited to be back in New York for the summer?
A.W.: I don't know. It's going to be hot!
WWD: What are some of your favorite New York activities?
A.W.: I would say going to Central Park is number one. That would be my main hot spot. I'm from Canada, and I live in the country, so it's nice to kind of get away to where there are not so many people and be away from it all.
WWD: How often do you go home to Toronto?
A.W.: It's so easy to go back and forth, because it's an hour flight and not that expensive, so I go home at least once a month. I used to take the bus back and forth, thinking it was cheaper. That was a dumb idea.
WWD: How long is that ride?
A.W.: It's 12 hours there and 12 hours back. I think I made that trip at least 12 times.
WWD: Any nightmare bus stories?
A.W.: I always try to sit toward the front because the creepers head toward the back. There are some people that are a little weird, and you have to go through the border. That's kind of entertaining sometimes, because you're like, "What's going on?" and they're going through all of these people's stuff. Some people are a little sketchy with their stories. But yeah, not taking the bus anymore. That was a mistake. Live and learn.


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Refine your real estate search in Kensett, AR by price, number of bedrooms, bathrooms, property type (including townhomes, condominiums and single-family homes) , and more. Use our interactive Kensett home price map to view real estate activity across Kensett ZIP codes and in other cities nearby Kensett. See local real estate trends, and compare your home to recently sold homes in Kensett and to similar homes for sale in Kensett, . View our Kensett real estate guide to see average listing prices, sale prices and information for local school districts. Join Kensett, community to get in touch with Kensett real estate agents, real estate brokers and other real estate sellers and buyers. Compare Kensett mortgages from multiple lenders and mortgage brokers to finance your home purchase. Not ready to buy yet? Find and compare Kensett Apartments for rent.
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Ireland's Leading Independent Food & Hospitality Guide
An appealing daytime spot in the centre of Kinsale, Tracy Keoghan's lovely Lemon Leaf Café is an oasis of calm in an already cool enough town. It's casual and relaxing, with lots of comfortable seating to choose from and a bright glass-roofed cou ...
The Edwards family are over 40 years in business at this characterful old place in the heart of Kinsale, which is known for its atmosphere and the consistent quality of the hearty food served in both bar and restaurant. Its cosy pub atmosphere is emphasised by "o ...
Prosecco on tap is one of the more unusual features of Kinsale's latest restaurant, a relaxed venue in the heart of Kinsale where Helen Noonan and chef patron Paul McDonald offer an outstanding food experience, even for this foodiest of towns. Paul brings experience in ...
A picturesque 18th century coach house in the heart of Kinsale provides the perfect setting for this relaxed and atmospheric wine bar. Opened in 2013, in a town already well supplied with good casual eating places, it hit the ground running - which says a lot about owner ...
Dating back to 1978, Philip and Joss Horgan's characterful restaurant high up over the harbour is one of Kinsale's longest-established. It is also one of the most popular and, housed in a series of rooms, it has great atmosphere and a garden terrace, which makes a ...
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Register today to participate in TIPRO's Summer Conference!
Read the new edition of TIPRO's magazine, Upstream Texas -- now available online! To access the latest issue of the publication, please click here.
Formed in 1946, the Texas Independent Producers & Royalty Owners Association (TIPRO) advocates to preserve the ability for independents to explore for and produce oil and natural gas. The association is one of the oldest and largest oil and natural gas advocacy non-profit organizations in the state of Texas. TIPRO's more than 3,000 members include small family-owned businesses and the largest publicly traded independent producers, in addition to large and small mineral estates and trusts. Day-in, day-out, TIPRO continues to serve as one of the most effective and respected organizations representing the Texas oil and natural gas industry, providing a slate of annual programs, member communication, market intelligence, and extensive legislative and regulatory resources.


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I put gas in the car and it does not register correctly. could this be a sensor problem?
The gas gauge is not working all the time what can I check for this?
on 2005 GMC Envoy
Get Your Car Fixed at a RepairPal Certified Shop.
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3 answers 1 comment
recomend you have fuel tank droped and change out fuel level sensor. It a common problem with these GM SUV. there is a recall out for this problem.
yes the recall is for level sensors contact wear.
i have a 2005 envoy the fuelguage sensor is bad.part number 19178477. thiss si a recall by gmc .
more than likley its the sending unit in the gas tank but a lot of times you have to get the whole unit with fuel pump which could get expensive


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Green Wave Cafe in Plantation Is a Vegan's Delight
Raw food continues to grow in popularity, even though its South Florida contingent is small. But Green Wave Cafe, a Plantation kitchen and organic market that serves raw, vegan lunches, may change that. Chef Lisa Valle takes wholesome, organic produce and creates a small menu that changes daily. Grab a seat at the wide orange tables or long countertop and Valle's delightful and knowledgeable staff will serve you fun, raw dishes such as lettuce wrap tacos with walnut and sun-dried tomato pâté. The crisp lettuce, clean-tasting salsa, and accompanying cashew "cheese" sauce are flavorful without getting heavy. A hummus sandwich atop raw onion bread is more of an acquired taste, as the thin bread made of onion and flax is chewy. Each plate costs $12 and includes daily-made soup, the only nonraw item on the menu (the vegetarian bean is remarkably bold and, well, meaty). Valle and crew teach free classes on raw food at night — a monthly schedule is posted on their website. Sign me up for the class on chocolate ice cream, a completely raw and vegan marvel that satisfies in ways few dairy-based custards can.
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Jesse Hill's Funeral Set
A funeral has been scheduled for Jesse Hill, a prominent Atlanta civil rights leader and businessman who died Monday at the age of 86. As a civil rights leader, Hill helped collect bail money for incarcerated demonstrators, worked in voter registration initiatives and was a co-founder of the Atlanta Inquirer — Atlanta's first black newspaper.
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Search Results For "Norah Jones"
Norah Jones - More Than This
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Scramble is on for alternative energy around West
Utah officials fielding 15 proposals for geothermal, solar, salt-cavern projects
Stuart Johnson, Deseret News
Want some solar energy with your geothermal?
In Utah, state officials are fielding various combinations of energy proposals, a list that includes solar and geothermal installations and an energy storage project that would turn salt caverns into a kind of giant battery. The caverns would hold compressed air when they're not storing natural gas.
Together, the 15 projects in the works, planned or being talked up amount to "a land rush of alternate energy" projects, said John Andrews, the No. 2 official at Utah's trust-lands administration, which manages about 5,500 square miles of land left over from a federal grant at statehood.
It's a land rush across much of the West, which offers an abundance of wide-open public lands, steaming geothermal resources, blazing sunshine and unconstrained wind corridors.
Scores of projects — some speculative, others well-funded and a few quirky — have surfaced with energy companies eager to take advantage of loan guarantees and tax breaks being promoted by President Barack Obama:
In Nevada, the National Guard is planning to install solar-power panels that would serve double duty as carports at its installations, shading vehicles from the sun. This concept is called "solar parking." In addition, Nevada is looking at powering state prisons with their own solar installations.
With both projects, "we're just trying to get something on the ground quickly," Robert Nellis, supervisory land agent for the Nevada Division of State Lands. "This is low-hanging fruit. It seems like a no-brainer."
In Arizona, the Phoenix-area utility Salt River Project will dedicate the state's first wind farm Oct. 12 near Snowflake, a project developed by the Scottish company Iberdrola Renewables Inc. Fully developed, the Dry Lake Wind Project will sprawl across state, federal and private lands.
"We have 16 more projects in the queue, mostly solar-based with a wide variety of technology," said Jamie Hogue, Arizona's deputy land commissioner, who is making plans for a series of auctions next year for lease of some of the state's 14,500 square miles of trust lands. "There's a lot of speculation going on, as well as companies that are really interested."
Geothermal — a time-honored source of continuous power — is ramping up in California and Nevada, already the country's leading producers of steam-powered electricity.
Other companies are rushing to exploit Utah's unrealized geothermal potential on an edge of the Great Basin desert, where boiling water circulates a few thousand feet under the barren landscape.
"Geothermal is the lowest cost base-load power available today," said Shuman Moore, chief executive of Reno-based Oski Energy LLC, which snapped up a state lease in Utah on a decommissioned geothermal site. "Nobody can build a coal or nuclear plant for a cost production any lower or even close to geothermal."
Oski Energy controls about 5.5 square miles of state, federal and private lands near Cove Fort, with enough "elbow room" to ensure competitors can't siphon off underground reserves of hot water.
A Utah company, Provo-based Raser Technologies Inc., got a jump on a nearby geothermal field earlier this year, taking just six months to fire up a modular plant.
"It's our crown jewel," Dick Clayton, Raser's chief executive, said of the so-called Thermo field. It turned out to contain so much hot water, Raser plans to bump its 10-megawatt development to ultimately 230 megawatts, a "huge leap up."
Raser is adding more and deeper wells to boost the field's output. California utilities are taking all of the power.
Utah also is quickly adding wind farms. First Wind, based in Newton, Mass., is erecting 97 turbines in Utah's west desert, near Milford. It's Utah's second commercial wind farm; another project catches winds that blow down Spanish Fork Canyon, near Provo, like clockwork at night.
Another half-dozen wind farms are in the application stage at Utah's trust-lands administration.
The agency, meanwhile, has awarded a lease to Access Solar Ltd. of India, a manufacturer of solar modules, for a utility-scale project near Beryl in the state's southwest corner. Five other solar farms are in the application stage.
"It's a healthy new business opportunity for us," said Andrews, chief lawyer for the trust-lands agency, which manages assets worth nearly $100 million. It still gets most of its money from oil and gas leasing.
Across the West, many energy companies are capitalizing on state mandates for alternative energy. Nowhere is the demand greater than in California, where Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed an executive order last month requiring utilities to obtain a third of their power from renewable sources by 2020.
"As long as California wants energy that's not coal or oil, there's going to be this boutique energy industry," said Dave Hebertson, secretary for the Western States Land Commissioners' Association. "But it's going to take years to develop it."
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Today, my husband told me that he's letting his mother move in with us. He told her it was alright without even consulting me first. I hate my mother-in-law so much that I'm contemplating divorce rather than living with her. FML
by kayt240 / 05/04/2011 at 1:41am / Canada (Alberta) / Miscellaneous
Today, I realized that the black leggings I wear quite often become see-through when I bend over. I have been showing the world my ass as well as my thong for over a month now. FML
by ChrissySoltys / 05/02/2011 at 2:39am / Canada (Alberta) / Miscellaneous
Today, during a major argument with my girlfriend, I shoved a door open, which then rebounded and hit me in the face. I'm not sure which is more pathetic: that I was savaged by a door, or that I made up a story about kicking a mugger's ass to explain the huge black eye to my coworkers. FML
by Anonymous / 04/14/2011 at 8:53pm / Canada (Alberta) / Love
Today, my high school guidance counselor tried to convince me NOT to go to college, mainly because it's been so long since someone from my high school went to college, that she got rid of all the college information she used to have. FML
by CollegeBoy / 04/13/2011 at 9:07am / Canada (Alberta) / Miscellaneous
Today, I saw my unemployed 29-year-old son, who still lives with us, reading the work section of the newspaper and prayed that he was looking for a job. He was looking for the comics. FML
by JT / 04/12/2011 at 10:19am / Canada (Alberta) / Kids
Today, I bought myself a brand-new 52" flatscreen. It was only in my house for 2 hours before my toddler had a tantrum, threw a toy right into the screen and wrecked it beyond repair. I paid to have a nice TV for 2 hours. FML
by ac32 / 04/11/2011 at 12:05pm / Canada (Alberta) / Kids
Today, I woke up to a beautiful sunrise, the smell of bacon in a frying pan, and some dickhead trying to pick the lock on my front door. FML
by Kingspin / 03/30/2011 at 12:14pm / Canada (Alberta) / Miscellaneous
Today, I found out that using a certain hand sanitizer as masturbation lube will put you in the hospital and result in having to wear an adult diaper for a week. FML
by JJMan217 / 03/29/2011 at 2:28am / Canada (Alberta) / Intimacy
Today, I got a call from my 8 year old son's teacher. Apparently, my kid has been charging girls a quarter to touch his "special area." FML
by omg / 03/24/2011 at 8:43pm / Canada (Alberta) / Kids
Today, my cab driver told me about the time he tried to commit suicide by driving off a bridge... while we were crossing a river. FML
by phantomdriver / 03/24/2011 at 6:51pm / Canada (Alberta) / Transportation
Today, I was at work as a grocery store cashier. I felt a hand slap my ass. Turning around I saw an old man winking at me and I screamed. When my manager came to deal with the problem she didn't believe me and gave the man a $25 gift card for 'the trouble' I caused. FML
by Cashier / 03/09/2011 at 12:36am / Canada (Alberta) / Work
Today, I found out that if you see a picture in your boss's office of a extremely good looking, big breasted woman kissing him on the cheek, not to comment. Because that extremely good looking, big breasted woman, just might be his daughter. FML
by st00pid / 03/04/2011 at 1:07am / Canada (Alberta) / Work
Today, I desperately tried to explain to my boyfriend why he shouldn't talk about the bible during sex. He honestly doesn't understand. FML
by Clare / 02/21/2011 at 6:15pm / Canada (Alberta) / Intimacy


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What are the best WordPress image settings for SEO?
Specifically, what do I type into each of the below boxes for SEO?:
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text: Hello: I am trying to use pymol to view the pes for an RNA-Protein complex. But, I want to use two different dx maps: one for RNA and one for the protein. Here is what I did: 1) I read into pymol the pdb file for the entire RNA-protein complex. It looks good. 2) I then read in a protein.dx map hoping that it would overlap with the protein segment. It didn't work. Can someone please help me with this? The reason for the two pes maps is that the RNA and protein have different characteristics, and I want to manipulate them separately. Thanks for all your help in advance. Kind regards, Angelo


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Illinois Public Media News
In-depth reporting from WILL, NPR, the Associated Press, and other sources
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Odds Against Him, Obama Still Betting On Sequester Deal
(Marcio Jose Sanchez/AP)
March 01, 2013
Administration Asks Supreme Court To End Calif. Gay-Marriage Ban
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Skydiver Luke Aikins Sets Record For Highest Jump Without Parachute
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Hidden Panties And Explosives: Army Releases Bizarre Details About Dallas Shooter
Larry The Lobster, Saved From Stockpot, Dies In Styrofoam Instead
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Nov 23, 2010
|Filing date
|Jun 1, 2006
|Priority date
|Jun 2, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Alan Steven Howarth, Wesley Howard Bateman
|Original Assignee
|Alan Steven Howarth, Wesley Howard Bateman
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (2), Classifications (15), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Harmonic studies of frequency sets related to nature, natural events (phenomena), elements, astronomy, mathematics, and human form have been useful in identification of vibrations related to science, mechanics, medicine, psychology and human functions.
Two common aspects of frequency sets are music and musical scales.
The standard musical frequency for the fourth octave of 'A' in musical instruments such as the piano is presently 440 Hz (Hz=cycles per standard second). Equal temperament into a 1/12th interval is the way that all modem keyboard instruments are manufactured. This standard has been in use throughout the 20th century. However, this choice is not necessarily correct or harmonically tuned to nature.
Scientific author, Isaac Asimov, has stated that music is made of musical intervals. (octaves, fourths, fifths, etc.) The exact frequency and exact harmonic sets are not the basis of music; it is the alternation of intervals that is perceived as a melody and harmonic chord structure. The choice of A=440 Hz for the calibration of music is to a degree arbitrary.
Composers and performers of the past had no such standards. A Mozart or Bach would simply listen to a note and intuitively decide that it sounded 'right' to them with the choice made; they would have all the players of the ensemble adjust to the chosen tuning. This method was satisfactory for most early instrumental families. The introduction of polyphonic keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord and later the piano presented a new problem with intuitive tunings. The numerous individual strings were too difficult to adjust quickly, and therefore the need for standard tuning arose. To facilitate the need for standards, we use A=440 Hz today.
But, what of tunings that seemed natural to these composers of centuries ago? Many other cultures do not use western methods of tuning. Was there something lost with the creation of modern standards? Remember, music is defined by intervals not necessarily frequency. Is there a 'right or correct' note?
In 1975 researcher Wesley H. Bateman began studies of many ancient building sites world wide, particularly the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. This work has spanned the last 25 years, from which he has rediscovered the mathematical system used by the original architects in defining the measurements of all aspects of the ancient structure. He has titled this system The Ra System ((�1987) and the units of measure derived from it the 'Rods of Amon Ra' (�1987), named for the ancient Egyptian sun god 'Amon Ra.' In fact the Ra System of mathematics has proven to be the natural system of mathematics which nature uses to describe itself. Among the mathematical properties contained in the 'Ra System' are formats of frequency and resonance that relate to nature and natural events. These are mathematically perfect sets that are used by nature. Presently, we know of nine Ra mathematical formats. Each format has its own version for all of the known mathematical constants such as: Pi, Phi, Balmer constant for hydrogen, Rydberg constant for hydrogen, and the speed of light—to name just a few.
In the fall of 1975, while engaged in e.e.g. biofeedback research Bateman came upon a scientific paper written by Drs. C. Polk and F. Fitchen of the University of Rhode Island. The paper was titled: 'The Schumann Resonances of the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity—Extremely Low Frequency Reception at Kingston R.I.' The report can be found in the Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards—D Radio Propagation—Vol. 66D, No. 3, May-June, 1962.
That paper described the instrumentation that was used at the time to receive and record extremely low frequency electromagnetic wave trains (elf waves) that are a by-product of lightning strikes occurring all over the Earth. The elf waves are contained within the natural resonance cavity (wave-guide) composed of the surface of the Earth and the 'D' layer of the ionosphere. The resonance cavity of the Earth is analogous to the resonance cavity of a guitar or violin.
His interest in lightning generated elf waves was heightened when he realized that the waves had the same frequencies, frequency averages and wave shapes (envelopes) as do human brain waves. The frequency range of the elf waves is between 0.02 cycles per second (Hz) and 13.5 Hz. The most frequently occurring elf wave frequency is 10.6 Hz. The frequency of 10.6 Hz is very important to the present invention.
The human brain produces 4 distinct brain wave patterns that are named after letters from the Greek alphabet. These brain wave patterns along with their frequencies are described below:
Delta: 0.02 Hz up to and including 3 Hz. A person who is either asleep or unconscious produces delta brain waves.
Theta: 3 Hz up to and including 7 Hz. A person who is either asleep or unconscious also generates Theta waves. Theta waves have been linked to the state of dreaming that is accompanied by 'rapid eye movement' (REM sleep). Hyperactive children have been known to produce Theta waves while awake.
Alpha: 7 Hz up to and including 13.5 Hz. Alpha brain waves are generated when a person is relaxed or in a state of meditation.
Beta: 13.5 Hz. to 27 Hz. A person produces Beta waves when awake and totally aware of the world around them. Brain waves above 27 Hz. are known to occur on occasion and are called 'High Beta.'
The most frequently generated Alpha brain wave produced by a meditating person is 10.6 Hz. As stated above, 10.6 Hz is also the most frequently occurring lightning generated elf wave. In addition, the last frequency of Alpha brain waves and the first ceiling frequency of the elf waves are in both cases 13.5 Hz. In October 1975, Wes Bateman discovered a relationship between these frequencies and the mathematical constant Pi (3.1415926). The ratio of 10.6 Hz to 13.5 Hz is 0.785185185. The ratio 0.785185185 is almost directly proportional to Pi (3.1415926), i.e., 0.785185185�4=3.1407407. This relationship demonstrates that brain wave frequencies are Pi-based.
Similar to the relationship between alpha brain wave/elf wave frequencies and the mathematical constant Pi, Wes Bateman also discovered a proportional relationship between the last frequency of Alpha brain waves or the first ceiling frequency of the elf wave phenomenon (which is in both cases 13.5 cycles per n.s.t.) and the mathematical constant Phi. When 13.5 cycles per n.s.t. is multiplied by 12 the result is 1.62. This result is very close in value to the number 1.61803389 (Phi). Phi and its associated Fibonacci ratios are found in the proportions and shapes of every living thing, including humans.
The above proportional relationships led Mr. Bateman to the conclusion that our brains function on the order of Pi and our bodies are proportioned on the order of Phi. Knowing that both Pi and Phi are well known constants that relate to the geometry of the Great Pyramid of Giza, Mr. Bateman under took a full time 25-year study of the ancient structure. This long term study led to the discovery of the Ra System of mathematics.
The Nine Known Ra Formats
While studying the geometry of the Great Pyramid of Egypt Wes Bateman encountered several numbers that were close in value to the square root of 2. These numbers were: 1.41371666 - - - and 1.414710633. Note that 1.41371666 - - - �1.414710633=2. These numbers were arbitrarily named Red and Blue numbers. The actual value of the square root of 2 is 1.414213562. This value was then named a Green number; Red, Blue and Green being the basic constituents of the color white. After considerable research it was realized that the Ra System of Mathematics consists of at least 9 formats. The names of the nine known Ra formats and their related values of Pi are as follows: Omega Major; Alpha Major; Hydrogen Major; Blue; Green; Red; Hydrogen Minor; Alpha Minor; and Omega Minor. There is a relationship between each of the mirror image formats (Omega Major/Omega Minor-Alpha Major/Alpha Minor-Hydrogen Major/Hydrogen Minor-Blue/Red) and the central format (Green).
For the sake of brevity 5 values for the square root of 2 and five values for Pi are seen in the chart below:
# 2
1.41371666 . . .
1.4222 . . .
3.141592 . . .
The names corresponding values of Pi for each of the nine Ra formats are as follows:
Note: Omega Minor Pi�Omega Major Pi 9.87654321 (Green Pi squared) or Red Pi�Blue Pi=9.87654321 (Green Pi squared). The Green format is the central format.
From the list above, the ratios that relate one format to another can be easily calculated by multiplying the corresponding related values (i.e., Major/Minor or Blue/Red) and comparing the number to the square of Green Pi.
In the Ra system of mathematics, the units of measurement are the Ram (which approximates the meter in size), the Ra foot (⅓ of a Ram), and Ra inches ( 1/12 of a Ra foot and 1/40 of a Ram). As will be explained below, there are different Rams for each Ra format.
When dealing with frequencies one is dealing with time (cycles per second). Mr. Bateman's studies led to the realization that nature uses a unit of time—or natural second of time (n.s.t.)—that is slightly longer in duration than the standard second we presently employ. In the Ra System of Mathematics, the speed of light is 300,000.00 Omega Major kilorams per n.s.t. The speed of light in kilometers has been measured and found to be 299,792.456081 kilometers per standard second (+/−1 m). Therefore the duration of the n.s.t. is 1.000692286 standard seconds in length. This ratio is used to convert Ra musical frequencies from cycles per n.s.t. to cycles per standard second of time.
Using this conversion from standard seconds to n.s.t., the average Alpha brain wave or average elf wave frequency is 10.602875 cycles per n.s.t. Employing the same relationship to Pi demonstrated above, the ratio of 10.602875 cycles per n.s.t. to 13.5 Hz=0.7853981481—and—0.7853981481�4=3.141592592.
The numbers: 10.602875 and 3.141592592 - - - are Red numbers. In fact, as will be described more fully below, 106.02875 cycles per n.s.t. (about 10 times the average Alpha brain wave or average elf wave frequency) is the second octave of Red 'A'.
The Ra formats apply not only to frequencies, but to electronic waves, broadcast frequency, computer systems, wave structures, biorhythms, brain waves, bio-electrical functions, botany, Earth and astronomical sciences. Other possible applications include artificial intelligence, computer sciences, broadcast, entertainment, space-time, human and veterinary medicine, chemistry, biology, botanical-agriculture (both land and sea), mining, manufacturing, aviation, air, sea and space navigation, communications—terrestrial/space, Earth and astronomical sciences. The relevance of each application is still to be determined. These discoveries are truly 'Universal'.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a unique process to convert frequencies of standard musical notes into frequencies having a greater appeal to a listener.
It is a further object to provide a device incorporating this process.
This present invention comprises an electronic device—called the 'Pyramid Processor'—and a corresponding method that converts musical notes from standard frequencies to Ra format frequencies. The conversion of standard musical notes measured in cycles per standard seconds to Ra musical notes measured in cycles per standard seconds is based on two very important factors:
1. The ratios that exist between the various Ra formats that raise the converted music to a higher level of mathematical harmony and listening pleasure (evident either as a single Ra format or when the same note of 2, 3 or more different Ra formats are layered and heard simultaneously). This is a unique change from standard tone music which has only 1 frequency for each note on the standard 'A-440' scale.
2. The unique electronic functions built into the Pyramid Processor that assure that the converted standard musical tones are a true representation of the Ra tones measured in cycles per standard seconds and thus identical to Ra tones that could otherwise be measured exactly in natural seconds.
The apparatus for converting the frequency of standard musical notes to a corresponding frequency of Ra format musical notes comprises a processor having a signal input port and a signal output port, means for converting the frequency of standard musical notes to a corresponding frequency of Ra musical notes, means for selecting a Ra format natural harmonic resonance, and a frequency analyzer. The means for converting may comprise a software program or a hardware configuration containing all Ra format natural harmonic resonances. The means for selecting a Ra format natural harmonic resonance may comprise means for selecting two or more Ra format natural harmonic resonances and may comprise a switch, a dial, or multiple buttons having positions corresponding to each of the nine Ra formats. The apparatus may be connected to an audio device, i.e., a tuner or a computer, for transmission of a signal of standard musical notes and receipt of a signal of converted Ra format musical notes. The apparatus may also comprise means for recording an output signal, i.e., tape recorder, CD burner, computer hard drive.
The process for converting standard musical notes to Ra format musical notes comprises inputting a signal of standard musical notes, each note having a frequency, analyzing the frequency of each note in the signal of standard musical notes, selecting a Ra format natural harmonic resonance, converting the frequency of each note in the signal standard musical notes to a frequency of Ra format musical notes corresponding to the selected Ra format natural harmonic resonance, and outputting a signal of Ra format musical notes consisting of each of the converted notes. The process may further comprise a step of analyzing the frequency of each of the converted notes prior to the outputting step. The input signal may be either analog or digital, but an analog signal should be converted to a digital signal before converting the notes to a Ra format. The process may involve the conversion of signals of standard musical notes consisting of two or more audio channels which are each converted to a Ra format. The two or more audio channels of an output signal of Ra format musical notes may be layered as different audio channels are commonly layered, i.e., stereo, surround, etc.
Where as the two factors are essential for the hardware of the Pyramid Processor to electronically convert standard note music frequencies to Ra standard note music frequencies—no other variation of these factors will permit the Pyramid Processor or another device to do so. These factors form the basis for either a hard wired program or a software program that provides the same data to any variation of the Pyramid Processor.
The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention. In such drawings:
In the case of Ra music there are 9 frequency values for the 'A' musical tone, 9 values for the 'B' musical tone etc. That is: Red 'A', Green 'A', Blue 'A', Omega Major 'A', Omega Minor 'A', Hydrogen Major 'A', Hydrogen Minor 'A', Alpha Major 'A', and Alpha Minor 'A'. The frequency of Red 'A'�the frequency of Blue 'A' equals the frequency of Green 'A' squared. This rule is true for any 2 mirror format values of 'A' or for any other Ra musical tones which are located in their respective mirrored formats.
When Johann Sebastian Bach laid out the even-tempered clavichord he intuitively separated the notes by Ra value ratios. Therefore Bach's ratios are perfectly valid for the 9 Ra musical scales. The Bach Ratios are:
A to B -
B to C -
1.0666 - - -
C to D -
D to E -
1.111 - - -
E to F -
1.0666 - - -
F to G -
The conversion of standard musical notes measured in cycles per standard seconds to Ra musical notes measured in cycles per standard seconds is based on two very important factors:
1. The ratios that exist between the various Ra formats that raise the converted music to a higher level of mathematical harmony and listening pleasure (evident either as a single Ra format or when the same note of 2, 3 or more different Ra formats are layered and heard simultaneously). This is a unique change from standard tone music which has only 1 frequency for each note on the standard 'A-440' scale.
2. The unique electronic functions built into the Pyramid Processor that assure that the converted standard musical tones are a true representation of the Ra tones measured in cycles per standard seconds and thus identical to Ra tones that could otherwise be measured exactly in natural seconds.
Using the Ra System of mathematics and the formulas described above, the conversion ratios presented in
Omega Major
Alpha Major
Hydrogen Major
Hydrogen Minor
Alpha Minor
Omega Minor
Then, the Bach ratios described above may be used to convert the 'A' in Ra format to any other note, i.e., 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', or 'G'.
The above conversion ratios are determined by calculating the frequency of a note as defined in the Ra system and generating the ratio for ease of repeatability. Calculating the frequency of a note as defined in the Ra system is accomplished in the following manner.
To calculate the frequency for each note in a Ra format, one must roll out a Pi wheel having the corresponding Ra format unit diameter as depicted in
For example, as shown in
The corresponding distances traveled for each of these degrees of rotation for each of the nine Ra formats are shown in
Each successive octave is obtained by multiplying the frequency of the previous octave by 2, i.e., 1st octave Red 'C' is 63.61725 Hz and the 2nd octave Red 'C' is 127.2345 Hz. In addition, each successive octave may be calculated by multiplying the degrees to obtain the successive octave, i.e., the second octave of 'C' is 145.8� (72.9��2) and the third octave of 'C' is 291.6� (145.8��2). However, due to the large number of decimal places, calculating successive octaves by the later method increases mathematical error.
The 4th octave of 'D' is 656.1 (2^3�82.0125) degrees of rotation. There are 656.1 Ra milli-microns in the Balmer m3 spectral line of hydrogen (visible).
The 6th octave of 'D' is 2624.4 (2^5�82.0125) degrees of rotation. There are 2624.4 Ra milli-microns in the Brackett m3 spectral line for hydrogen (deep infra red).
The 3rd octave of 'E' is 364.5 (2^2�91.125) degrees of rotation. The Balmer Constant is 91.125.
The 1st octave of 'F' is 97.2 degrees of rotation. There are 97.2 Ra milli-microns in the Lyman m4 spectral line of hydrogen (visible).
The 2nd octave of 'F' is 194.4 (2^1�97.2) degrees of rotation. There are 194.4 Ra milli-microns in the Brackett m8 spectral line of hydrogen (deep infra red).
The 3rd octave of 'F' is 388.8 (2^2�97.2) degrees of rotation. There are 388.8 Ra milli-microns in the Balmer m8 spectral line of hydrogen (visible).
The 1st octave of 'G' is 109.35 degrees of rotation. There are 109.35 Ra milli-microns in the Paschen m6 spectral line of hydrogen (near infra red).
The 4th octave of A is 486 (2^3�60.75) degrees of rotation. There are 486 Ra milli-microns in the Balmer m4 spectral line of hydrogen (visible).
The 2nd octave of A is 121.5 (2^1�60.75) degrees of rotation. There are 121.5 Ra milli-microns in the Lyman m2 spectral line of hydrogen (ultra violet). The most intense spectral line of hydrogen is 121.5 Ra milli-microns. The related Red 'A' frequency of 106.02875 approximates the average alpha wave produced by a meditating human being and the most frequently occurring elf wave generated by lightning. This is the Ra base line frequency from which all other harmonious Ra musical tones are derived.
The ratio of a n.s.t. to a standard second is used to convert Ra musical frequencies from cycles per n.s.t. to cycles per standard second of time. Musical instruments may be tuned to standard Ra tones in order to produce pleasing musical renditions. In addition, vintage musical recordings of any type may be processed (translated) to Ra tones per standard second seconds electronically by the Pyramid Processor and then re-recorded for repeated listening.
The Green Ra Tone Scale—Natural and Standard
The Ra formats relate to many aspects of nature and science. One relationship to be estimated is musical notes and their conversion to natural frequencies. In the Green Ra format, the following 1st octave frequencies have been calculated per natural second of time (n.s.t.):
53.0330086 cycles per n.s.t.
59.6621347 cycles per n.s.t.
63.6396103 cycles per n.s.t.
71.5945616 cycles per n.s.t.
79.5495129 cycles per n.s.t.
84.8528137 cycles per n.s.t.
95.4594155 cycles per n.s.t.
In the Green Ra format, the following 1st octave frequencies have been calculated per standard second of time (s.s.t.):
52.9963197 cycles per s.s.t.
59.6208597 cycles per s.s.t.
63.5955836 cycles per s.s.t.
71.5450315 cycles per s.s.t.
79.4944795 cycles per s.s.t.
84.7941115 cycles per s.s.t.
95.3933754 cycles per s.s.t.
Another method to find the tonal frequencies for the other Ra formats is to use the ratios that are evident when the Pi values of each format are mathematically compared to the Pi value for the Green format. For example, standard Green 'A' is 52.9963197 cycles per second. The ratio of Red Pi to Green Pi is 3.141592�3.142696805 and that value multiplied by 52.9963197 cycles per second equals 52.977699 cycles per second. The standard Red 'A' is 52.977699 cycles per second.
Method for Producing Musical Frequencies in All 9 Ra Formats
Having determined the natural values of the frequency of notes in standard seconds, the following will convert a composition or other series of musical notes into a Ra format based composition.
Starting Frequency of note 'A'
in standard cycles per second.
Frequency of an Omega Major note 'A'
In natural cycles per standard second.
Percentage of change
Percentage of change converted to tuning
−53 cents
change in 'cents' (a cent is 1/100th
of a Semitone, a semitone is 1/12th of an
This conversion can be precisely demonstrated for all the values of the musical notes in the various Ra format scales. The table in
The Pyramid Processor itself consists of 2 main parts: 1) a uniquely designed electronic device that recognizes standard forms of musical notes (frequencies) that were previously recorded on any type of existing recording medium; and 2) a hard wired or software program containing all Ra frequency scales.
The Pyramid Processor allows a user to select a single or any combination of compatible Ra frequency scales i.e., Green, Red, Blue, Red-Blue, and Red-Blue-Green, etc. It has been found that the formats of Red, Blue, and Green, in any combination or individually produce, the most pleasing sounds to a human being, although any of the nine Ra formats will operate under the present invention.
During processing under the present invention, the frequencies of notes in standard music are converted into Ra frequencies as illustrated in the flowchart of
The means for converting 22 may comprise either a software program containing conversions and/or frequencies for all Ra format natural harmonic resonances or hardware containing all Ra format natural harmonic resonances. The means for selecting 18 a Ra format natural harmonic resonance may comprise a switch, a dial, or multiple buttons having positions corresponding to a single Ra format or combinations of multiple Ra formats. As described above, the Pyramid Processor 10 may be configured to convert multiple audio channels into multiple corresponding Ra formats.
The signal input port 14 may be connected to a microphone for receiving a real time audio signal or may be connected to an audio device, i.e., a stereo receiver, for converting an audio signal from a non-real time event, i.e., prerecorded tape, compact disc, computer file, etc. The signal output port 16 may likewise be connected to another audio device, i.e., stereo receiver, for reproduction of the converted signal through the stereo speakers or re-recording of the converted signal. The means for recording may comprise a tape deck, CD burner, or other known recording device.
As shown in
Original Signal=>Conversion Module=>Converted Signal
With reference to
In modern audio production and reproduction, the signal path is anywhere from a single signal path to multiple signal paths or channels, i.e., right, left, center, surround, etc. This is to provide separate signal paths for each audio component. Therefore a conversion system would have multiple signal paths and processing as shown below:
Original signal 1=>Conversion Module 1=>Converted Signal 1
Original signal 2=>Conversion Module 2=>Converted Signal 2
Original signal 3=>Conversion Module 3=>Converted Signal 3
Original signal 4=>Conversion Module 4=>Converted Signal 4
Original signal 5=>Conversion Module 5=>Converted Signal 5
Original signal N=>Conversion Module N=>Converted Signal N
This would be true for 'N' numbers of channels that are necessary for any application.
Although an embodiment has been described and illustrated, it should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 26, 1989
|Jun 2, 1992
|Kawai Musical Inst. Mfg. Co., Ltd.
|Tone pitch changing device for selecting and storing groups of pitches based on their temperament
|Aug 3, 1988
|Aug 15, 1995
|Werner Mohrlock
|Method of and control system for automatically correcting a pitch of a musical instrument
|Sep 30, 1996
|Jun 24, 1997
|Ivl Technologis Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for changing the timbre and/or pitch of audio signals
|Sep 16, 1996
|Oct 7, 1997
|Hewlett; Walter B.
|Method for encoding music printing information in a MIDI message
|Feb 6, 2003
|Oct 25, 2005
|Florida State University Research Foundation
|Dynamic microtunable MIDI interface process and device
|Feb 3, 2000
|Dec 27, 2005
|Faith, Inc.
|Data reproducing device, data reproducing method, and information terminal
|Jun 2, 2005
|Feb 20, 2007
|Alan Steven Howarth
|Frequency spectrum conversion to natural harmonic frequencies process
|Jun 2, 2005
|Dec 8, 2005
|Howarth Alan S
|Frequency spectrum conversion to natural harmonic frequencies process
|wikipedia.org-"Musical tuning," viewed Aug. 1, 2010.
|wikipedia.org—"Musical tuning," viewed Aug. 1, 2010.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 17, 2014
|Apr 28, 2015
|Charles Jianping Zhou
|System and method for creating audible sound representations of atoms and molecules
|Oct 17, 2014
|May 14, 2015
|Charles Jianping Zhou
|System and method for creating audible sound representations of atoms and molecules
|U.S. Classification
|84/619, 84/445
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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