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2 Family sale. Sat. 8:00 A.M. Clothes, camping supplies, … Read more
Lodi High School senior Jesus Muniz captured the third-place title for the Drum Major Award at the Franklin Band Review.
Prince Mehrok
My sleeping schedule differs from numerous individuals. I have adopted the, "Kobe Bryant sleeping method," and thus sleep in two hour intervals. For instance, I'll sleep from 8 p.m. — 10:00 p.m. and then from 3:00 a.m. — 5:00 a.m. This allows me to be much more productive.
Nancy Ruiz
Something I do differently than most people is the way I study. There is no way I can study without music. Some say it doesn't help, but it helps me. At times, a song reminds me of something I studied so I'll be taking a test and a question is about what I studied and the song pops in my head and I remember what I studied.
Posted: Wednesday, September 4, 2013 12:00 am
Posted in Learning link, Education on Wednesday, September 4, 2013 12:00 am.
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Binocular Vision: New & Selected Stories Paperback – January 11, 2011
In Twenty Years: A Novel
When five college roommates gather after twenty years, can the rifts between them be repaired? Learn More
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The stories are amazing and fluid, and the reader is quickly, nay instantly taken into the world of the story. I fell in love with characters in moments, which is rare indeed for a short story. I particularly enjoyed 'The Noncombatant'. Though I was hooked with the very first story in the collection: 'Inbound'.
*** All you have to do is read "Tess" and you will be unable to resist reading more of this wonderful work. ***
Not since J.D. Salinger have I found a collection of short fiction this utterly engaging, reflective, and rewarding. I look forward to more of her work in the future. She would have my nod for National Book Award for sure!
Update: Upon reading more about this author I discovered that she has won O. Henry awards, a Pushcart prize, that she is older than I thought (judging by her writing style that is), she has some previous works, and also that she has had stories appear in many periodicals, including Ploughshares. I look forward to reading more of her work.
Update: Pearlman won the National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction. You can Google NY Times Pearlman Award for more on the story. I for one am very pleased with her award, and I still consider this the best of the National Book Award Nominees for 2011.
to classics like de Maupassant and O'Henry. A great short story
gives you an entire world and entire people in twenty pages or
less. While these stories vary in many ways, from settings in Eastern
Europe, Central America, to suburban Boston, with central characters
ranging from children, teenagers, young men and women, to the old and
dying, the author's confident, almost-gentle prose gives them a
similarity of tone that makes reading them all at once a bit
difficult. I needed to read them all in just a few days because it's
a selection for my book club. This made them blend together, which I
think was unfortunate. Most of the stories have Jewish
cultural references, where family history and assimilation or
secularization are issues. The strengths and weaknesses of the
connections between people are also a recurring theme. The prose is
beautifully crafted yet rarely calls attention to itself.
I recommend these stories, but suggest not reading them all at once,
as I did, but savoring them one at a time, to bring out their distinct
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Our short story group does not want to come to the end of this book as the stories have been great for discussion.Published 7 days ago by Doris Smith
I never was excited to keep reading. I finished it and enjoyed maybe 5 or six of the short stories.Published 1 month ago by primro
An amazing collections of stories. I borrowed this book from the library and after reading just a few stories, I realized I wanted this book for my permanent library. Read morePublished 1 month ago by Amazon Customer
Pearlman is a masterful short story writer. I borrowed the book from a friend and liked it so much I had to own t!Published 1 month ago by Susan H Cushman
Eastern European Jewry, Assimilation, Aging, Escape, Illness,Androgeny - these are just some of the themes that recur in this collection of short stories, many of which involve... Read morePublished 8 months ago by AYJ
I usually do not read short stories but read this book for the book club I belong to. The stories are beautifully written and I enjoyed it thoroughly.Published 8 months ago by Margrit Stenge

subset: commoncrawl


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I try to create and share a rendering profile for my camecorder with those recording features : avchd 1080i50 24Mbps (*.MTS file).
I edit my rushes with the HD 1080i 25fps profile despite the fact that Kdenlive ask me to change to HD 1080p 50fps.
For rendering I tried this profile based on HDV profile :
f=mpegts acodec=ac3 ab=384k ar=48000 ac=2 vcodec=libx264 s=1920x1080 vb=24000k mlt_profile=hd_1080i_25
I can play the rendered file with vlc but not with mplayer although I can play *.MTS file with both.
Can you please tell me if I need to add or remove parameters.
I found this profile on Kdenlive website :
1080p25 H.264/ac3 :
f=mpegts acodec=ac3 ab=448k ar=48000 pix_fmt=yuv420p vcodec=libx264 threads=4 b=20000000 coder=1 flags=+loop cmp=+chroma partitions=+parti8x8+parti4x4+partp8x8+partp4x4+partb8x8 me_method=umh subq=8 me_range=24 g=250 keyint=25 keyint_min=25 sc_threshold=40 i_qfactor=0.71 b_strategy=2 qcomp=0.6 qmin=10 qmax=51 qdiff=4 bf=3 refs=3 directpred=3 trellis=2 flags2=+wpred+mixed_refs+dct8x8+fastpskip+aud+bpyramid wpredp=2 vbv_maxrate=30000000 bufsize=30000K nal-hrd mvrange=511 level=41 r=25 s=1920x1080 aspect=%dar
but I don't know how to tweak it in a interlaced mode.
Mon, 01/30/2012 - 10:09
I use 1080i50 .MTS files and all I do is this.
Ignore Kdenline and use the 1080i 25fps.
Do not use HDV. I think it's for older HD
Use either MPEG-4 or H.264. (H.264 seems to give me weird audio artefacts, so I use MPEG-4)
I raise the bitrate and select 'Force Progressive', check '2 Pass' and Render.
Looks great to me :-)


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On the ex model my girl ran hot. Did head job, replaced waterpumpand installed new timing belt. Reinstalled rest. Ready to crank. Only spins and spins. No fire at all. So replaced main relay and distributor. Still no fire. Was told that model had no crankshaft sensor. What can I do now? Sure would welcome and try your suggestion
Wednesday, September 18th, 2013 AT 2:16 PM


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I am writing an article and would like to attribute the phrase correctly.
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Abraham Lincoln is said to have said (1, 2)
from which the variation you mention may stem. The variation is often credited to Zig Ziglar, or sometimes to Vance Havner, or to "old saying".


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Mobile-Friendly Web Design
The world moves at a ferocious pace and technology helps consumers to find suppliers and products in more ways every day. A few years ago it was sufficient to have a website, now you have to make sure your website is mobile-friendly and built around what's known as a 'responsive web design' framework.
Mobile-friendly responsive websites mean that your website will display perfectly and in a user-friendly way to any visitor on any device. This means no zooming or having to fiddle with awkward menus or buttons and text that's easy to read on small screens.
Research by Google shows that >60% of all mobile visitors will simply leave a non mobile-friendly website. And with traffic to websites from mobile devices approaching 50% of all traffic, this means it's no longer a nice-to-have feature, but a must-have aspect for all websites.
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CEO of private jet broker LunaJets gives a guest lecture to BSL students
Jul 11, 2016
Mr. Eymeric Segard, CEO of LunaJets, will speak to BSL's Bachelor students in a class on Entrepreneurship on Friday 15th July. He'll share insights and lessons on what makes a successful entrepreneurial and how to run a growing company. Raised in France, UK, Colombia and Brazil, Eymer [...]Continue reading →
BSL Newsletter – June 2016
Jun 28, 2016
BSL alumnus Pascal Ravessoud quoted in Le Temps
Jun 28, 2016
On June 22, 2016, Le Temps, one of the best newspapers in Western Switzerland, published an article dedicated to The White Paper on Fine Watchmaking. The publication of Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie (FHH) aims at defining what is fine watchmaking, using 28 criteria, such as design, [...]Continue reading →
BSL Professor Golnam presents at the INOTEX2016
Jun 01, 2016
BSL Professor Dr. Arash Golnam gave a presentation on the topic "Social Innovation and System Dynamics: The Perfect Marriage?" at the 5th International Innovation and Technology Exhibition (INOTEX2016) that took place on May 25 in Tehran. The conference gathered lecturers and exhibito [...]Continue reading →
BSL Newsletter – May 2016
May 30, 2016
BSL launches new Thought Leadership strategy
May 27, 2016
Business School Lausanne released new Thought Leadership strategy aiming to contribute to a transformation of the economy and society by enabling business to positively contribute to a better world through the development of strategic resilience and responsible leaders. The strategy e [...]Continue reading →
BSL Newsletter – April 2016
Apr 26, 2016
BSL Newsletter – March 2016
Mar 31, 2016
BSL announces enhancements to MIB program
Mar 31, 2016
We are excited to share the enhancements we made to our Master in International Business (MIB) program. The program changes you'll see result from a careful consideration of the skills that the workforce of the future will need. We are already witnessing the appearance of jobs that di [...]Continue reading →
BSL introduces the Gap Frame – a new global framework for a better world
Mar 30, 2016
BSL's Dean Dr. Katrin Muff announced the release of BSL's newly developed Gap Frame in March 2016. The Gap Frame provides a normative frame and a process for business to engage in industry analysis unlike anything that was ever available before. It is a national and global framework f [...]Continue reading →
Meet us at the QS MBA Fair on March 21 in Geneva
Mar 18, 2016
Business School Lausanne will meet interested MBA candidates on 21st March 2016 in Geneva as part of the QS World MBA Tour, Spring 2016. BSL's Associate Dean, Carlo Giardinetti, will participate in a panel discussion on the topic of "Getting into Business School" tog [...]Continue reading →
BSL Newsletter – February 2016
Feb 25, 2016
BSL Professors facilitate at TedX Lausanne
Feb 23, 2016
Prof. Arash Golnam and Prof. Marina Martin Curran were invited to facilitate a theme discussion during the TEDx conference at the University of Lausanne on February 8 where they were able to showcase their research in the field of systems thinking and fast fashion. The BSL duo engaged [...]Continue reading →
BSL-SAI Platform Master Class: Building Sustainable Value Chains
Feb 09, 2016
Have you ever wondered about the business benefits for your company of building sustainable supply chains more strategically? For example: How can sourcing strategically be a key competitive advantage for your company? How can it help to build brands and reputation, foster supplier lo [...]Continue reading →
Global Compact Meeting on Human Rights takes place at BSL on 14th March
Feb 02, 2016
The next Global Compact Meeting dedicated to the topic "How human rights issues can impact your business" will take place at Business School Lausanne on march 14. Business professionals and BSL alumni are welcome to attend and register online. SPEAKERS Mary Mayenfisch-Tobi [...]Continue reading →
BSL Newsletter – January 2016
Jan 27, 2016
BSL Newsletter – January 2016
Jan 27, 2016
BSL Newsletter – December 2015
Jan 04, 2016
BSL Newsletter – December 2015
Dec 21, 2015
Guest talk at BSL on the Meaning of Success
Dec 11, 2015
Our festive season got off to a great start, thanks to Jean-Pierre Lehmann and Nicolas Lorne who honored us with their presence on the 8th December 2015 here in Business School Lausanne. The subject of their discussion related to something which is very important for all of us: What d [...]Continue reading →
BSL Newsletter – November 2015
Nov 25, 2015
BSL Newsletter – November 2015
Nov 25, 2015
BSL announces new people in the team
Nov 23, 2015
In November, BSL announced the appointments of Carlo Giardinetti and Aileen Ionescu-Somers as Associate Deans and Jan Maisenbacher as a coordinator of the BSL Impact Leadership Program. These appointments reflect a strong commitment to ensuring new avenues for collaboration, discovery [...]Continue reading →
BSL ranks No 2 in Western Europe in QS MBA Jobs & Salary Trends Report 2015-16
Nov 20, 2015
The QS MBA Jobs & Salary Trends Report 2015-16, published in October, ranks Business School Lausanne #2 in Western Europe. Three Swiss business schools altogether top up this year's regional salary ranking: University of St. Gallen ranks #1, Business School Lausanne #2, and IMD #3 [...]Continue reading →
BSL Hosts Evening Talk on Human Trafficking
Oct 29, 2015
When: Thursday, 19th November, 2015 Where: Business School Lausanne Time: 18.30- 20.30 Who: Speaker Matt Friedman, CEO Mekong Club, an NGO working to expose human trafficking crimes and address the issue globally Registration: Please register by completing the online form below no lat [...]Continue reading →
BSL releases Communication on Engagement report for the UN Global Compact
Oct 23, 2015
Business School Lausanne has released a Communication on Engagement (COE) report to demonstrate its continued engagement with the UN Global Compact. The report discloses specific activities that BSL takes in support of the UN Global Compact such as the integration of Sustainability in [...]Continue reading →
BSL Newsletter – October 2015
Oct 21, 2015
BSL Newsletter – October 2015
Oct 20, 2015
Unilever's Paul Polman supports the B Corp Movement
Oct 16, 2015
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BSL hosts Fashion Revolution collaboratory
Oct 08, 2015
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BSL and Fashion Revolution Suisse urge consumers to ask #whomademyclothes
Oct 05, 2015
Business School Lausanne and Fashion Revolution Suisse have joined forces to urge consumers to ask #whomademyclothes and promote sustainable Swiss designers. They will work together to create an educational campaign that will span the next six months, coming into fruition on Fashion R [...]Continue reading →
BSL launches a new platform for Business and Human Rights
Sep 27, 2015
Lausanne, Switzerland, 27 September 2015 – Business School Lausanne (BSL) unveiled the launch of a new Platform for Business and Human Rights during its annual Business-for-Society Forum held on Saturday 26 September at the Beau-Rivage Palace in Lausanne. The Platform aims to enable a [...]Continue reading →
BSL Newsletter – September 2015
Sep 23, 2015
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Sep 21, 2015
MARC TINGUELY, 22: CEO & Founder of Accuwear >> Listen to podcast with Marc Tinguely, BBA graduate of 2015 As you listen to 22-year old Marc Tinguely talking earnestly about his business venture and the challenges he faces as a self-starting entrepreneur, you wonder where al [...]Continue reading →
BSL honors businesses from around the world with Sustainability Innovation Award
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Seven companies from around the world will be honored in recognition of their progress in embedding sustainability at the annual Business for Society Forum of Business School Lausanne taking place on September 26, 2015 in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Sustainability Innovation Award will [...]Continue reading →
BSL's Kofi Annan Fellow Andile Dyonase heads for success
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BSL's Kofi Annan Scholarship Student Andile Dyonase has completed his master's studies with honors and will receive his cum laude degree at the BSL Graduation Ceremony on 26th September 2015. Andile joined the BSL Master in International Finance in September 2013 through BSL's affilia [...]Continue reading →
BSL Welcomes New Students from 36 Nationalities in September 2015
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BSL Newsletter – August 2015
Aug 19, 2015
BSL Newsletter – August 2015
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BSL Professor Arash Golnam to give a keynote speech at the Junior World Entrepreneurship Forum in Iran
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BSL students on company visits to Starbucks, Nestlé and Vale
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BSL Newsletter – July 2015
Jul 22, 2015
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Largest Collaboratory visioning exercise to date at the U.N. PRME Annual Conference in New York
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BSL hosts the first opening training for becoming a B-Corp in Switzerland
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The first hands-on training session in Switzerland on how to use the B Impact Assessment Tool to become a B-Corp was conducted on July 8 at Business School Lausanne. The 2-hour event was co-hosted by BSL and CodEthic – the two official B-Corp partners for Switzerland. There are [...]Continue reading →
Wednesday the 8th of July – Benefits Corporation (B-Corp) Event at BSL
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Jun 15, 2015
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May 21, 2015
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Clorox is appealing to consumers who want to donate to schools in need by launching an innovative receipt rewards program.
Leading children's tech brand VTech is expanding its portfolio of educational products that support developmentally meaningful skills and experiences for little ones.
Philips Sonicare has launched a new innovation in the U.S. dental care aisle.
On the eve of the 2016 Summer Olympics, Ansell Healthcare hypes brand recognition of its Skyn condom brand with leap into performance apparel space.
Leading kitty litter brand Tidy Cats is launching new and improved versions of its pets products with a little dose of feline humor.
Target is taking an innovative approach to back-to-school season this year by involving kids every step of the way, from marketing to product development.
SetSational, curated value-driven collections of jewelry that are presented in tamper-resistant packaging, will debut the week of Aug. 6 at the NACDS Total Store Expo.
Led by NCPA's senior director of store operations and marketing Gabe Trahan, the Front-End Profit Building Seminar is a one-day program that gives owners the tools and knowledge to increase store traffic and profits.
Yummy Spoon is already selling on Amazon in several boutique baby stores across California and is being represented by Dale Nepsa Associates.


text:
|Researched by
|Dr Heidi Tillin & Georgina Budd
|Refereed by
|EUNIS Code
|EUNIS Name
|Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline
|Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline
|Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline
|Talitrids on the upper shore and strand-line
|1997 Biotope
|Talitrid amphipods in decomposing seaweed on the strand-line
A community of sandhoppers (talitrid amphipods) may occur on any shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate on the strandline. The biotope occurs most frequently on medium and fine sandy shores, but may also occur on a wide variety of sediment shores composed of muddy sediment, shingle and mixed substrata, or on rocky shores. The decaying seaweed provides cover and humidity for the sandhopper Talitrus saltator. In places on sand that regularly accumulate larger amounts of weed, Talorchestia deshayesii is often present. Oligochaetes, mainly enchytraeids, can occur where the stranded debris remains damp as a result of freshwater seepage across the shore or mass accumulation of weed in shaded situations. On shingle and gravel shores and behind saltmarshes the strandline talitrid species tend to be mainly Orchestia species. Abundances of the characterising species tend to be highly patchy (JNCC, 2015).
A common and widespread biotope around Britain and Ireland that is probably under recorded at many locations owing to its ephemeral nature.
Strand-lines are ephemeral habitats owing to the methods of their formation, but may be more permanent and extensive features particularly in sheltered embayments or estuaries. The strand-line is a fringe habitat, neither fully marine nor terrestrial, it is consequently colonized by invertebrates from both ecosystems. On exposed shores the strand-line is of particular importance because it acts as a precursor to sand dunes. Strand-lines enhance the stabilization of the foreshore by supplementing the organic and moisture content of the substratum so that pioneering plants such as sea sandwort, Honkenya peploides, sea rocket, Cakile maritima, and saltwort, Salsola kali may eventually establish (Shackley & Llewellyn, 1997). This 'open tall herb community' develops best on shores that receive large inputs of detached macroalgae and windblown sand (Ignaciuk & Lee, 1980). Such plants trap sand and favour the development of embryo dunes and subsequent fore dunes (Salisbury, 1952; Chapman, 1976; Davidson et al., 1991). In areas subjected to intensive recreational use and consequently where mechanical beach cleaning is practised, dune formation and stability could be adversely affected (Davidson et al., 1991).
|Recorded distribution in Britain and Ireland
A common and widespread biotope around Britain and Ireland that is probably under recorded at many locations owing to its ephemeral nature.
|Depth Range
|Mid shore, Strandline, Upper shore
|Water clarity preferences
|Field Unresearched
|Limiting Nutrients
|Field unresearched
|Full (30-40 psu), Variable (18-40 psu)
|Open coast
|Biological Zone
|Mid eulittoral, Supralittoral, Upper eulittoral
|Gravel / shingle, Sand
|No information
|Exposed, Moderately exposed, Sheltered, Very sheltered
|Other preferences
|Deposits of organic debris, especially macroalgae
LGS.Tal is an ephemeral habitat occurring where the tide carries and deposits seaweed and other debris. Such material will decompose, be transported elsewhere and the quantity vary owing to factors such as tidal cycle and prevailing weather conditions.
The biotope description and characterizing species is taken from JNCC (2015). A community of sandhoppers (talitrid amphipods) may occur on any shore where driftlines (also referred to as strandlines) of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate on the strandline. The biotope occurs most frequently on medium and fine sandy shores, but may also occur on a wide variety of sediment shores composed of muddy sediment, shingle and mixed substrata, or on rocky shores. The decaying seaweed provides cover and humidity for the sandhopper Talitrus saltator. In places on sand that regularly accumulate larger amounts of weed, Talorchestia deshayesii is often present. On shingle and gravel shores and behind saltmarshes the strandline talitrid species tend to be mainly Orchestia species. The talitrid amphipods are considered to characterize this biotope and the sensitivity assessments focus on this group. Amphipods can comprise 50–90% of the total macroinvertebrate fauna in beach-cast wrack (Behbehani & Croker, 1982).
Oligochaetes, mainly enchytraeids, can occur where the stranded debris remains damp as a result of freshwater seepage across the shore or mass accumulation of weed in shaded situations, but these are not considered characterizing species and their sensitivity is not assessed for this biotope. More information on oligochaete sensitivity is provided for the oligochaete dominated biotopes available on this website.
The driftline itself is considered within the sensitivity assessments as it provides the structural habitat that allows the biotope to develop.
The strandline biotope is usually present but each deposit of macroalgae will be relatively short-lived and the strandline will move position on the beach, depending on tidal heights, and will also vary seasonally in location and size. Deposits are particularly plentiful after winter storms that dislodge algae from the rocks and deposit it high on the shore.
The characterizing species are mobile and able to orient themselves to find, or reposition in favourable habitats so that newly available deposits of macroalgae are therefore likely to be rapidly recolonized. Griffiths & Stenton-Dozey (1981) followed successional changes in the fauna of strand-line algal detritus and changes in its condition. Bacteria colonized the stranded macroalgae within 24 hours (Koop & Lucas, 1983). Amphipods and dipteran flies dominated the biomass during the early stages, followed by beetles later on as the algae dried.Adults of the most common genus of dipterous flies, Fucellia and Coelopa, are always present, as they are opportunistic colonizers, able to move rapidly between strand-line deposits. However, they are exceptionally abundant in summer and autumn, coinciding with the presence of many larvae. This probably reflects a summer/autumn breeding peak (Stenton-Dozey & Griffiths, 1980). In Britain during the day, the key characterizing species Talitrus saltator occurs above the high-tide line, either buried within the sand at depths of between 10-30 cm or within high shore deposits of stranded algae (Keith Hiscock, pers. comm..), prior to emerging at night to forage intertidally on the strand-line (Williams, 1983b). During the winter, quiescent populations are found burrowed above the extreme high water spring level (EHWS), as deep as 50 -100 cm (Bregazzi & Naylor, 1972; Williams, J.A., 1976). Amphipods, flies and bacteria are therefore very rapid colonizers of strandlines although some seasonal changes in activity occur, with reduced abundance/activity in the winter.
The key characterizing amphipod speciesTalitrus saltator broods its eggs and has an annual univoltine reproductive cycle (one generation reaching maturity each year). Juveniles may be found from May through until September, but peak reproductive activity occurs in August. The breeding cycle in Talitrus saltator is shorter than in other intertidal amphipods and is controlled by daylength irrespective of air and sea temperature (Williams, 1978). Juveniles reach maturity before autumn, over-winter and breed the following summer.
Terrestrial dipterous flies, especially Fucellia maritima and Fucellia fucorum, utilize the strand-line macroalgae for the deposition of their eggs. The flies favour the drier wrack beds, and three larval instars (stages between moults) are passed there prior to pupation. Larvae are not adapted to living in wet wrack owing to a lack of hairs on their posterior spiracles and large spines on the ventral surface which are present in other wrack flies. Emergence of adults is sudden towards the end of March and adults remain in abundance until the end of September (Egglishaw, 1960). In contrast to the larvae, adults are most attracted to wet wrack. Other flies, such as Coelopa frigida, Coelopa pilipes and Thoracochaeta zosterae breed in the wrack beds and would not be found on the shore but for the accumulations of wrack in which to live and breed (Eltringham, 1971).
Some beetles and centipedes also complete their reproductive cycle in the wrack beds. The staphylinid beetle, Bleduis spectabilis burrows in the sand, its tunnels have a side chamber in which the larvae develop. Parents supply the larvae with food and ventilate the burrow. The centipede Hydoschendyla submarina has become wholly adapted to life in the littoral zone. The female lays eggs that are impermeable, and so are not affected osmotically if inundated by seawater (Eltringham, 1971).
Resilience assessment. The driftline is a transient feature , consequently in order to utilize the resources that the stranded debris provides, the community reaches maturity within a few weeks. Such rapid colonization is achievable owing to the fact that species of the community originate from both terrestrial (e.g. flies, centipedes and beetles) and marine (e.g. sand hoppers) environments so can migrate quickly from adjacent habitats.
If a remnant population of young adults survived to breed of the key characterizing talitrid , recovery would begin within a year. However, if a population were to be entirely removed, recovery would take much longer and be reliant on the recolonization of adults able to breed. However, the ability of amphipods to colonize over wider areas may be restricted by their endogenous pattern of activity that generally restricts movement over a relatively short distance in the intertidal zone (see Bregazzi & Naylor, 1972; Lincoln, 1979; Scapini et al., 1992 ). Talitrids may be transported within the water column allowing recolonization between populations or may raft on drift algae (Brooks & Bell, 2001) supporting recolonization of depopulated habitats. Based on the available information resilience is assessed as 'High', for any level of impact (resistance is 'None', 'Low', 'Medium' or 'High'.
NB: The resilience and the ability to recover from human induced pressures is a combination of the environmental conditions of the site, the frequency (repeated disturbances versus a one off event) and the intensity of the disturbance. Recovery of impacted populations will always be mediated by stochastic events and processes acting over different scales including, but not limited to, local habitat conditions, further impacts and processes such as larval-supply and recruitment between populations. Full recovery is defined as the return to the state of the habitat that existed prior to impact. This does not necessarily mean that every component species has returned to its prior condition, abundance or extent but that the relevant functional components are present and the habitat is structurally and functionally recognizable as the initial habitat of interest. It should be noted that the recovery rates are only indicative of the recovery potential.
|Not sensitive
Intertidal species are exposed to extremes of high and low air temperatures during periods of emersion. They must also be able to cope with sharp temperature fluctuations during the tidal cycle. In winter air temperatures are colder than the sea, conversely in summer air temperatures are much warmer than the sea. Species that occur in the intertidal are therefore generally adapted to tolerate a range of temperatures, with the width of the thermal niche positively correlated with the height of the shore that the animal usually occurs at (Davenport & Davenport, 2005). The important characterizing species of the strand-line, Talitrus saltator, occurs to the south of the UK and is widely distributed around European and Mediterranean coasts, so is likely to be tolerant of a chronic temperature increase of 2°C. Bregazzi & Naylor (1972) observed that the timing of activity was temporarily advanced by increased temperature but otherwise the activity pattern possessed a large measure of temperature independence. Specimens brought in to laboratory conditions from a field temperature of 10.5°C were introduced to (within 3 hours) and maintained for 15 days at constant temperatures of 15, 20 and 25°C. Talitrus saltator maintained at the highest temperatures the activity mid-point advanced by as much as three hours to occur before midnight. However, alterations in activity were compensated for within two to ten days. Acute temperature increases may therefore temporarily disrupt activity of the sand hopper and other similar species, but owing to insufficient evidence for adverse effects in the field intolerance has been assessed to be low. Immediate recovery has been recorded as the locomotor activity rhythm is synchronized within a few days. As temperatures increase talitrids and other invertebrates may be able to burrow deeper within the wrack or within the underlying sediments to escape desiccation and increased temperatures. Williams (1983) found that burrow depth in Talitrus saltator is linked to moisture content and optimal humidity levels. Talitrids undertake seasonal migrations up and down the shore to avoid stressful conditions and to regulate temperature, desiccation and inundation (Williams, 1995), these behavioural responses may mean that the population migrates or changes position within the sediment in response to changes in temperature but survives.
Changes in temperature may indirectly affect this biotope by altering the supply of macroalgae and//or by altering the nutritive quality of the macroalgae (Rodil et al., 2015).
Sensitivity assessment. Based on distribution and laboratory experiments the key characterizing talitrids are considered able to tolerant either a chronic or acute increase in temperature at the benchmark. This biotope is found at the upper shore and is likely to experience wide temperature fluctuations during the tidal cycle (although it will not be inundated with every tide). Acute temperature increases (5oC for one month) may exceed tolerances of the associated invertebrates in the summer months or in the winter a sudden increase in temperature may also affect cold acclimated individuals. Exposure to warmer waters during the tidal cycle will, however, be brief and talitrids may burrow either downwards within sediments or migrate up the shore to avoid unfavourable conditions. Resistance to both an acute and chronic increase in temperature (2oC for one year) is therefore assessed as 'High' and resilience as 'High' so that the biotope is assessed as 'Not sensitive'.
The important characterizing species of the strand-line, Talitrus saltator, remains inactive in high shore burrows for much of the winter in more northern latitudes. In the laboratory, exposure to low temperature (2 or 3°C) was accompanied by the onset of inactivity, a precipitous decrease in oxygen uptake and a marked increase in the concentrations of the major ions in the haemolymph (Spicer et al., 1994). In addition to causing a complete cessation of activity, chilling (2-3°C for 8 hours) also causes a delay in the successive activity peaks following return to normal temperatures. Maximum delay occurred if chilling began during the inactive period of the sand hopper and was of equal duration to that of the chill. At other times the delay was less than that of the chill (Bregazzi, 1972).
Thus it is possible that exposure to decreased temperatures in the field would enforce a period of inactivity causing disruption to the species normal behaviour with potential consequences for the maintenance of a position with appropriate moisture, e.g. the substratum may become too dry or the temporary burrow become inundated with water. The effects of an unusually cold winter are likely to be a simple physical one, whereby quiescent sand hoppers freeze within the substratum, causing cell and tissue damage and eventually rupture of cell and body walls. Other supralittoral members of the Talitridae with a similar habit to Talitrus saltator were reported to be adversely affected by the severe winter of 1962/63. In particular, sand hoppers of the genus Orchestia were found dead in considerable numbers (Crisp, 1964). Talitrids undertake seasonal migrations up and down the shore to avoid stressful conditions and to regulate temperature, desiccation and inundation (Williams, 1995), these behavioural responses may mean that the population migrates or changes position within the sediment in response to changes in temperature but survives.
Sensitivity assessment. Resistance has been assessed as 'Medium' as the behaviour of the sand hopper is likely to be disrupted by mild chilling, whilst death as a result of freezing is probable only in severe winters. Recovery from mild chilling has been assessed to be immediate following an initial disruption to its activity. Resilience is therefore assessed as 'High' and sensitivity is 'Low'.
|Not sensitive
This biotope occurs in full (30-35 ppt) and variable (18-35 ppt) salinity. Biotope examples occurring in variable salinity are likely to withstand a change to full salinity as this clearly falls within the range of species tolerances. For biotopes that occur in full salinity the sensitivity assessment considers an increase to hypersaslinity >40 ppt.
Calosi et al. (2007) assessed the effects of short-term exposure on heart rate (a measure of stress) for Talitrus saltator and also assessed long-term survival following continuous submergence in a range of salinities from 0-66. The test individuals were collected from Italian and French beaches. The lowest salinity tested (salinity 0) stressed the amphipods more than the highest . Half of the tested individuals exposed to salinity 66 had survived more than 200 hours (the end of the test based on 50% mortality.
Other experiments have shown that changes in salt concentration can affect orientation and locomotion in the characterizing amphipod Talitrus saltator, however the effects are reversible within a few hours (Ugolini et al., 2015).
Sensitivity assessment. As this biotope occurs on the upper shore, periods of tidal inundation are brief and the specie present are likely to be able to move away from, or tolerate, short-term increases in salinity (as experienced during periods of high evaporation). The experiments by Calosi et al. (2007) indicate that Talitrus saltator can tolerate short periods of exposure to high salinities and that individuals can survive periods of salinity much greater than the pressure benchmark for many hours. This biotope is therefore considered to have 'High' resistance to this pressure, high resilience (by default), so that the biotope is assessed as 'Not sensitive'. Changes in salinity may, however, have indirect effects on this biotope if the supply of macroalgae from adjacent areas is affected by increased salinities.
|Not sensitive
This biotope occurs in full (30-35 ppt) and variable (18-35 ppt) salinity. Biotope examples occurring in full salinity are likely to withstand a change to variable salinity as this clearly falls within the range of species tolerances. For biotopes that occur in variable salinity the sensitivity assessment considers an increase to low salinity <18 ppt. The lack of records from low salinity may be due to the habitat occurrence as sand beaches tend to occur in the coast and lower reaches of estuaries, rather than in more sheltered areas with riverine inputs and lower salinity. The community may experience periods of freshwater inundation owing to episodes of rain so that species present are likely to be able to tolerate short-term exposure to lower salinities. The highly mobile adult forms of wrack flies are likely to go elsewhere, whilst sand hoppers such as Talitrus saltator and other strand-line fauna are likely to seek protection within the strand-line debris.
Calosi et al. (2007) assessed the effects of short-term exposure on heart rate (a measure of stress) for Talitrus saltator and also assessed long-term survival following continuous submergence in salinities of 0, 5.5 and 11. The test individuals were collected from Italian and French beaches. The lowest salinities tested stressed the amphipods with the highest mean heart rate values recorded at salinity 0 at 1 and 4 hours, while heart rate was lowest in salinities of 11 and 33. Half of the tested individuals exposed to salinity 0 died within 5 hours. Individuals exposed to 5.5 and 11 salinity showed much higher long-term survival, with 50% mortality occurring at 400 h and approximately 330 hours, respectively (Calosi et al., 2007).
Other experiments have shown that changes in salt concentration can affect orientation and locomotion in the characterizing amphipod Talitrus saltator, however the effects are reversible within a few hours (Ugolini et al., 2015).
Sensitivity assessment. As this biotope occurs on the upper shore, periods of tidal inundation are brief and the specie present are likely to be able to move away from, or tolerate, short-term decreases in salinity (as experienced during periods of high rainfall). The experiments by Calosi et al. (2007) indicate that Talitrus saltator can tolerate short periods of exposure to freshwater and can survive periods of salinity lower than the pressure benchmark for many hours. This biotope is therefore considered to have 'High' resistance to this pressure, high resilience (by default), so that the biotope is assessed as 'Not sensitive'. Changes in salinity may, however, have indirect effects on this biotope if the supply of macroalgae from adjacent areas is affected by lowered salinities.
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
The community is unlikely to be affected by an increase in water flow rate, as the habitat is created by the deposition of macroalgae and other organic debris on the ebb tide. This pressure is therefore considered to be 'Not relevant'. Change s in local hydrodynamics that altered the supply of macroalgal debris would affect this biotope but this is not assessed at the pressure benchmark.
As the biotope is defined by the height of the tide it is sensitive to changes in tidal emergence, within the footprint of the impact. An increase or decrease in tidal heights will alter the position of the biotope on the shore. Within the footprint of the impact, resistance is 'None' and recovery is 'High', so that sensitivity is assessed as 'Medium'. However, the location of the biotope not its presence on the shore would change: unless prevented by vertical hard structures or other barriers, the biotope would rapidly reform (within days) at a new position.
|Not sensitive
The community is unlikely to be affected by change in wave action, as the habitat is created by the deposition of macroalgae and other organic debris on the ebb tide. Changes in wave height that altered the height of the tidal range may, however, alter the position of the biotope and result in it forming higher or lower on the shore.
Storm wave erosion is likely to be an important factor in determining the quantity and quality of strand-line debris deposited on the beach. Increased wave exposure onshore is likely to increase the quantity of debris washed-up and available for colonization by strand-line fauna. For example, Shackley & Llewellyn (1994) recorded a positive correlation between strand-line debris weight and total amphipod numbers at beaches in South Wales.
Sensitivity assessment. A change in wave height at the pressure benchmark is not considered to significantly impact this biotope. Resistance is therefore assessed as 'High' and resilience as 'High' so that the biotope is considered to be 'Not sensitive'.
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not sensitive
Not sensitive at the pressure benchmark that assumes compliance with all relevant environmental protection standards.
Contamination at levels exceeding the pressure benchmark may have negative effects. Talitrus saltator has been used as a spatial and temporal heavy metal biomonitor (Rainbow et al., 1989, 1998; Fialkowski et al., 2000). Bioavailable sources of trace metals to talitrids are available in solution and in food, the latter consisting of decaying macrophytic material on the strand-line. Such material acts as an adsorption site for heavy metals locally, as sandy substrata does not adsorb contaminants as easily as other substrata. The species is an efficient bioaccumulator of heavy metals whose moult cycle does not interfere with its biomonitoring potential. Specimens of the sand hopper from the Isle of Cumbrae, a non metal polluted site in the Clyde, Scotland, had zinc concentrations between 145-181 µg /Zn/g and copper concentrations of 35.8 µg/Cu/g (Rainbow & Moore, 1990). In comparison, Talitrus saltator from a heavy metal polluted site in Dulas Bay, Anglesey, Wales (Foster et al., 1978; Boult et al., 1994) had a zinc concentration of 306 µ g/Zn/g and a copper concentration of 112 µg/Cu/g. In the Gulf of Gdansk, Poland, comparable concentrations for zinc were in the region of 200-400µ g/Zn/g with bottom sediment zinc concentrations of 0-20 µg/g and 40µ g/g in the most polluted areas (Fialkowski et al., 2000). It is likely that the most significant contamination pathway to the amphipod is that of pollutants adsorbed to vegetative matter that is consumed rather than that concentrated in the water column.
Ugolini et al. (2012) investigated behavioural responses (locomotor activity and substrate selection) of the amphipod Talitrus saltator after laboratory exposure to different concentrations of Hg, Cu and Cd. Locomotor activity, measured with a microwave radar device, was assessed in animals exposed to contaminated sand and in sandhoppers previously kept for 48 h in contaminated seawater and tested in clean sand. Tests in contaminated sand showed that sandhopper locomotor activity varied in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of Cu and Hg (at lower Hg concentration they were more active during daytime) but did not show significant changes in Cd-exposed animals except for disappearance of the typical circadian activity pattern. Pre-exposure to trace metals in seawater induced a significant decrease of movements for all metals, although the effects varied according to the toxicity of the metal.
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not sensitive
Not sensitive at the pressure benchmark that assumes compliance with all relevant environmental protection standards.
Contamination at levels exceeding the pressure benchmark may have negative effects. Supralittoral sediment habitats immediately adjacent to the littoral zone can be susceptible to damage from oil pollution and any subsequent attempts to remove the oil by scraping off the sediment surface. Oil which reaches the shore following a pollution incident generally gets concentrated along the high tide mark. Oil deposits on the strand-line and amongst seaweed would probably incapacitate and kill, by smothering and toxic effects, a considerable proportion of invertebrates that are found in strand-line debris. For instance, following the Torrey Canyon oil tanker spill in 1967 quantities of Talitrus saltator were found dead at Sennen, Cornwall, as were other scavengers of the strand-line, e.g. Ligia and Orchestia. Signs of oil dispersant detergent damage were reported at Constantine Bay (Cornwall) where sand hoppers were found in a lethargic state at the base of dunes after spraying with detergent (Smith, 1968).
Shackley & Llewellyn (1997) monitored shores with dune systems at Pendine and Pembury within Carmarthen Bay, that received oil spilt by the Sea Empress tanker in February 1996. Strand-line material at the two beaches contained quantities of oiled material and small particles of oil (2-5 mm in diameter) became mixed in with the sediment. However, Pendine was amongst the initial areas to become contaminated and received more viscous oil than Pembury, where oil appeared later and in a more weathered form. Tar balls persisted within the sediment at Pendine a year after the spill, whilst very little oiled material was found at Pembury a year later. Whilst physical and biological factors are important in determining the amphipod populations on such shores and differ between localities, differences were found in the abundance of amphipods between the two shores that could not be accounted for by physical and biological processes alone. Shackley & Llewellyn (1997) suspected that the persistence of oil at the strand-line and in the sediment beneath was affecting the strand-line community. Oil amongst strand-line material and in the sediment may affect the viability of species and/or it may simply deter species from colonizing. Recovery of the community is likely to vary according to the extent of oil pollution. Oil may be responsible for the decimation of amphipod populations, unless a remnant population survives buried in the substratum or in refuges higher than the tide mark. Some species in particular would be at risk. Amphipods, such as Talitrus saltator have an annual univoltine reproductive cycle (only one generation reaches maturity each year) (Williams, 1978). Newly hatched juveniles are unable to bury themselves in the sand to avoid desiccation and remain in amongst the freshly deposited strand-line debris, which maintains an 85-90% relative humidity over low tide (Williamson, 1951), so oil pollution could effectively remove the breeding population and recovery consequently protracted. Terrestrial species including coleopteran insects and dipteran flies are likely to colonize the strand-line rapidly following the deterioration of oil.
The exposed sandy beach of Ladeira (Corrubedo Bay, NW Spain) was sampled during seven years (2003-2009) after the Prestige oil spill (winter 2002-03), to determine interannual variations in the macroinfaunal community (Junoy et al., 2013). The amphipods Talitrus saltator and Talorchestia deshayesii dominated from the drift line upwards. Multivariate analysis showed that the Prestige oil spill scarcely affected the macroinfaunal community structure during the study period (2003-2009) and its effect was limited just to the first campaign (2003), six months after the Prestige accident (Junoy et al., 2013).
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not sensitive
Not sensitive at the pressure benchmark that assumes compliance with all relevant environmental protection standards.
Contamination at levels exceeding the pressure benchmark may have negative effects. In general, crustaceans are widely reported to be intolerant to synthetic chemicals (Cole et al., 1999) and intolerance to some specific chemicals has been observed in amphipods. Amphipods have been reported to be intolerant to TBT and leachates from antifouling paints (Laughlin et al., 1982). Numbers of the sand hopper, Talitrus saltator, were found in a lethargic state at the base of dunes at Constantine Bay (Cornwall), after spraying with the BP1002 an oil dispersant detergent after the Torrey Canyon oil spill (Smith, 1968).
|No evidence (NEv)
|No Evidence (NEv)
|No evidence (NEv)
No evidence.
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not sensitive
Not sensitive at the pressure benchmark that assumes compliance with all relevant environmental protection standards.
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
The strand-line habitat is created as the tide ebbs and deposits organic debris on the shore. Species inhabiting the strand-line are either fully terrestrial, or are marine species that have assumed a terrestrial mode of life, and all can therefore respire in air. Tidal inundation is brief and will not occur at every tide so exposure to de-oxygenated waters would be limited and mobile species could avoid exposure. This pressure is therefore considered 'Not relevant'.
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
The community is unlikely to be directly affected by an increase in the concentration of dissolved nutrients in the water column, as the food resource that the community utilizes is in the form of macroalgal debris. This pressure is therefore considered 'Not relevant'. Changes in nutrient status that alter the supply of macroalgae from adjacent habitats could alter the quality of this habitat but this is not assessed. The benchmarkl is protective and it is unlikely that supply of fucoids, keklps and red algae would be imnpacted although the supply of ephemeral green algae, where there were previously blooms, may change.
|Not sensitive
The lack of in-situ primary production means beach assemblages are dependent on the import of organic material in the form of macroalgae debris, other organic materials and particulate and dissolved organic matter. An input of organic matter at the pressure benchmark may be consumed by the amphipods and fly larvae or broken down by bacteria and consumed by meiofauna. At the benchmark level the input of organic matter is likely to represent a food subsidy that enhances secondary production. Biotope resistance is therefore assessed as 'High' and resilience as 'High' so that the biotope is considered to be 'Not sensitive'.
|Very Low
All marine habitats and benthic species are considered to have a resistance of 'None' to this pressure and to be unable to recover from a permanent loss of habitat (resilience is 'Very Low'). Sensitivity within the direct spatial footprint of this pressure is therefore 'High'. Although no specific evidence is described confidence in this assessment is 'High', due to the incontrovertible nature of this pressure.
|Very Low
The biotope is characterized by the sedimentary habitat (JNCC, 2015), a change to an artificial or rock substratum (such as flood defense structures) would alter the character of the biotope leading to reclassification. Although wrack may still accumulate the sedimentary communitiy would be lost, where sea defenses are put in place this typically leads to squeeze and a reduction in the size of the beach, wave reflection from structures, rather than dissipation through sediments may also lead to a reduction in deposited algae. These changes have been observed to result in loss or reduction of driftlines (Dugan et al., 2008).
Sensitivity assessment. Based on the loss of the biotope, resistance is assessed as 'None', recovery is assessed as 'Very low' (as the change at the pressure benchmark is permanent and sensitivity is assessed as 'High'.
|Very Low
The presence of the driftline is the key feature defining the biotopet and is largely independent of the underlying sediment, although driftlines are typically a feature of coarse sediment shores rather than mudflats. However, physicla changes to the underlying sediment could result in changes to the sedimentary community and the presence of suitable habitat for the talitrids which burrow into the sediment during the day. A change in particle size could alter sediment penetrability and the degree to which burrows can be maintained. The underlying sediment will also determine factors such as drainage and water content. changes in wave dissipation (increase or decrease) could alter the accumulation of macroalgae which in turn could alter the biological assemblage through changes in driftline biomass and depth, changes in habitat suitability, food supply and decomposition rates.
Sensitivity assessment. Changes to the underlying sediment could alter driftline size and position and alter habitat suitability for the characterizing talitrid amphipods. Biotope resistance is assessed as 'Low' based on the driftline habitat and talitrids. As the change at the pressure benchmark is permanent, resilience is assessed as 'Very low' and sensitivity is assessed as 'High'.
Removal of the deposited macroalgae and other organic debris and the underlying substratum, would cause a loss of habitat for the strand-line community.. Species utilizing the stranded material are likely to be removed along with the material and the habitat would be destroyed.
The benchmark against which resistance is assessed assumes a single event, so following deposition of fresh macroalgae, recovery of the community would be expected to be very rapid in terms of the species present (e.g. many species would migrate to the strand-line from the terrestrial habitats and sand hoppers would buried in the substratum awaiting the arrival of a new strand-line) but may not attain their former abundance for several months as a considerable proportion of characterizing species would be lost.
Surveys of selected taxa across 60 sites in Scotland (Gilburn, 2012) found that cleaned beaches contained reduced taxon richness (of the eight selected macroinvertebrate taxa, including amphipods). Where the entire beach was groomed, taxon richness was lowest and talitrids were absent, these were however, present on beaches where there were ungroomed sections (Gilburn, 2012), indicating the importance of refugia from disturbance to maintain populations of talitrid amphipods (see also Fanini et al., 2005).
Sensitivity assessment. Resistance to a single event of extraction, is assessed as 'None' as the driftline habitat would be removed, resilience is assessed as 'High' and sensitivity is therefore, assessed as 'Medium'.
This biotope is subject to physical disturbance due to the rising and falling of the tide, wave action, and the movement of marine debris, including strand line material. Human trampling, and in this specific case, mechanical beach cleaning/raking, are potential sources of additional abrasion and physical disturbance. Adults of the many terrestrial species that exploit the biotope are highly mobile, e.g. wrack flies, and are likely to avoid disturbance.
Changes in abundance of talitrid amphipods on urban beaches subject to high levels of recreational use (leading to abrasion pressures) was observed by Bessa et al. (2014), this study compared abundances between samples taken ten years apart and thus the trends observed were not directly attributable to trampling vs beach cleaning or other pressures although they illustrate a general trend in density patterns as recreational use increases. Ugolini et al. (2008) carried out a controlled trampling experiment on Talitrus saltator. Plastic cylinders of 110 cm diameter (area 0.95 m2) were placed in the sand and all individuals trapped and counted, and 400 steps were made in a cylinder in 15 minutes after the amphipods had reburied. The trampling rate was based on observed number of beach users and therefore represents a realistic level of exposure. Alive sandhoppers were counted at the end of the experiment and 24 hours after. Trampling significantly reduced abundance of the amphipods and after 24 hours the percentage of surviving amphipods dropped to almost zero, while survival rates of control (untrampled) amphipods were unaffected. Abrasion and compaction can therefore kill buried amphipods within sediments.
Sensitivity assessment. The trampling experiment (Ugolini et al., 2008) represents a high intensity of abrasion with multiple steps on the sediment within a short time period. The experiment, does however, demonstrate that amphipods are sensitive to abrasion and compaction of the sediment and these results are observed by comparisons between heavily and lightly used areas (Reyes-Martínez et al., 2015; Bessa et al., 2014). Resistance to a single abrasion event is therefore assessed as 'Low' based on the characterizing talitrids. Resilience is assessed as 'High', based on migration from adjacent populations and in-situ reproduction by surviving amphipods. Sensitivity is therefore assessed as 'Low'. This assessment may underestimate sensitivity to high-levels of abrasion (repeated events within a short period).
Llewellyn and Shackley (1996) found that mechanical beach cleaning had a serious deleterious effect on strandline related species diversity and population abundance. When not subjected to cleaning a fully balanced, representative selection of strandline invertebrates was present, where mechanical cleaning had occurred, there was a very poor selection of strandline invertebrates. When material was left on the beach for 5 months, amphipods and other associated strandline fauna appeared to recover (Llewellyn & Shackley, 1996).
Gheskiere et al. (2006), tested the effects of experimental mechanical beach cleaning on meiofauna within the strandline at De Panne (western Belgian coast). The beach consists of fine sands and the strandline was natural and had not been cleaned before. The beach cleaner removes algae and wrack and scrapes up the upper sand layer to 5cm depth. Cleaning caused an immediate decrease in density and changes in the biological assemblage. Although differences between control and cleaned plots were evidence at 4 and 9 hours , populations had recovered following the next tide and it was assumed that this occurred via vertical migration from deeper sediments (Gheskiere et al., 2006). One off cleaning may therefore have little effect on meiofauna but chronic exposure may lead to progressive population depletion.
The evidence assessed for the abrasion pressure is also considered relevant to this pressure (see above).
Sensitivity assessments. Abrasion combined with penetration and disturbance of sediments is likely to disturb and damage the driftline and the associated assemblage. Displacement of the strandline may lead to some mortality of species living within, although the highly mobile flies are likely to escape. Talitrids in the driftline or buried withi sediments are likely to be damaged and other species may be disturbed. Biotope resistance is assessed as 'Low' and resilience is assessed as 'High', so that sensitivity is assessed as 'Low'.
|Not sensitive
The community is unlikely to be affected by an increase or decrease in the concentration of suspended solids in the water column, as the habitat is created by the deposition of macroalgae and other organic debris on the ebb tide.
Sensitivity assessment. This biotope occurs high on the shore at the limit of tidal inundation, any exposure to increased or decreased suspended solids is limited to short periods. The characterizing species are unlikely to be impacted; a decrease in suspended organic matter and solids would reduce the supply of material to this biotope but as long as the dposition of drifting macroalgae was unaffected this is unlikely to lead to changes in the biotope. Resistance is therefore assessed as 'High' and resilience as 'High' (by default), so that the biotope is considered to be 'Not sensitive'.
|Not sensitive
Many of the species inhabiting the biotope are highly mobile adult forms, e.g. wrack flies,that would avoid being physically covered by additional sediment. A deposit of 5 cm of sediment would bury the strand-line material and the species active within it. The habitat would be temporarily lost to those species, mainly terrestrial, that were able to move away. Adult sand hoppers, such as Talitrus saltator, are likely to be capable of burrowing through additional sediment, as the species are capable of burrowing to depths between 10-30 cm (Williams, 1983b). Newly hatched juveniles are unable to bury themselves in the sand to avoid desiccation and remain in amongst the freshly deposited strand-line debris, which maintains an 85-90% relative humidity over low tide (Williamson, 1951). Although juveniles may not be able to bury through the additional sediment to regain the surface and fresh deposits of macroalgal debris, it is likely that the seaweed debris would itself maintain a sufficiently open structure under the sediment for vulnerable juvenile stages to survive.
Sensitivity assessment. Resistance has been assessed as 'High' as most species would be expected to survive a single event at the pressure benchmark. Any changes would be short-lived in this biotope which is typically subject to high levels of natural spatial and temporal variation depending on tidal heights, wave action from storms and the supply of macroalgae. Recoverability, in terms of the species present and abundance, has been assessed to be 'High' (within a few days) as characterizing species would either remain in situ or are sufficiently mobile to rapidly return, e.g. flies. The biotope is therefore considered to be 'Not sensitive' to this pressure.
A deposit of 30cm of fine sediment is likely to completely bury the driftline and fill the interstitial places between the wrack, preventing feeding and respiration and leading to smothering. As the driftline is found on the upper shore where the tide begins to ebb, water movements may not be great enough to rapidly remove the deposit and it may remain in-situ for some time. Fly larvae, beetle eggs and other associated invertebrates are likely to die. No evidence was found for burrowing ability of talitrids through fine deposits. Maurer et al. (1981) found that the amphipod Parahaustorius longimerus which occurs intertidally in clean, well-sorted sands and is an active, effective burrower was able to regain the surface after being buried by sand far more easily than when buried under silt/clay mixtures. it is therefore possible that talitrids have limited ability to burrow through a thick deposit of fine sediment.
Sensitivity assessment. Biotope resistance to this pressure is assessed as 'None' as a deposit at the pressure benchmark may completely cover the strandline, removal of the deposit and deposition of new algal material will support recovery of a driftline habitat. Resilience is assessed as 'High' as a new driftline with community is likely to be present within two years. Biotope sensitivity is therefore assessed as 'Medium'.
|Not Assessed (NA)
|Not Assessed (NA)
|Not assessed (NA)
This pressure is not assessed. The presence of large plastic debris could create artificial driftlines that do not provide food or breakdown easily. Amphipods may also consume microplastics although no negative effects have been documented. Ugolini et al., (2013) found that Talitrus saltator could consume polyethylene microspheres (diameter 10-45 mu m). Most microspheres were expelled in 24 h. and were totally expelled in one week. microsphere ingestion on the survival capacity in the laboratory. Analyses carried out on faeces of freshly collected individuals revealed the presence of polyethylene and polypropylene, confirming that microplastic debris could be swallowed by Talitrus saltator in natural conditions.
The talitrid Orchestia gammarellus has also been recorded as ingesting microplastics in the size range 20-200µm (Thompson et al., 2004).
|No evidence (NEv)
|No Evidence (NEv)
|No evidence (NEv)
No evidence was found to support an assesment for the biotope. For some amphipods there is evidence for geomagnetic orientation being inhibited or disrupted by the presence of electromagnetic fields or by changing magnetic fields. Arendse & Barendregt (1981) manipulated magnetic fields to alter orientation of the talitrid amphipod Orchestia cavimana.
Deep-water amphipods Gondogenia arctica have been shown to be sensitive to even weak electromagnetic fields which cancel magnetic orientation (Tomanova & Vacha, 2016). Loss of orientation was observed at a radiofrequency electromagnetic field of 2 nT (0.002 µT) (Tomanova & Vacha, 2016).
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
Not relevant.
|Not Assessed (NA)
|Not Assessed (NA)
|Not assessed (NA)
This biotope is characterized by macroalgal debris cast up on the beach and not by living primary producers, changes in light level would therefore not alter the character of the biotope, as the drift-line is free draining there will be few diatoms unlike lower parts of the shore and hence no effects on primary production will occur from changes in light levels that will alter the character of the biotope.
Changes in light level may, however, affect activity rhythms of the invertebrates. Amphipods within the biotope prefer shade and therefore an increase in light may inhibit activity, particularly at night when they emerge from the sediment and are most active (Jelassi et al., 2015; Ayari, 2015). Hartwick (1976) found that artificial lighting interfered with learning or orientation cues by Talitrids.
Orientation by light has been well studied for intertidal amphipods (particularly Talitrus saltator). Intertidal amphipods orientate themselves by a range of factors that include (but are not limited to) visual cues based on solar or astronomic cues and the geomagnetic field (Scapini, 2014). Activity patterns are also linked to internal biological clocks that respond to diel, tidal, lunar and seasonal cycles, so that animals are active during the most suitable time of day or night (Scapini, 2014). The introduction of light or an increase in shading could therefore alter behavioural patterns and navigation. As responses may be species specific or vary according to local factors or individual needs such as feeding, mating, it is not possible to provide a simple assessment for this species. Some sensitivity is however likely if incident light levels were altered. This will depend, however, on the footprint and intensity of impact. Fanini et al., (2014) found no difference in abundance of Talitrus saltator between Greek beaches that frequently hosts small scale beach-parties with lights at night and those that were not used in this way.
|Not sensitive
Many of the invertebrate fauna that inhabit the driftline, such as flies, beetles and centipedes are terrestrial in origin and do not disperse in the water column so this pressure is not relevant to these species. As the amphipods that characterize this biotope have benthic dispersal strategies (via brooding), water transport is not a key method of dispersal over wide distances, as it is for some marine invertebrates that produce pelagic larvae. The biotope (based on the biological assemblage) is therefore considered to have 'High' resistance to the presence of barriers that lead to a reduction in tidal excursion, resilience is assessed as 'High' (by default) and the biotope is considered to be 'Not sensitive'.
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
Not relevant' to seabed habitats. NB. Collision by grounding vessels is addressed under 'surface abrasion.
|Not sensitive
The invertebrate fauna of the biotope possess visual acuity and are able to detect changes in light for purposes of navigation and probably are able to detect prey items within their visual envelope. However, apart from flies which would be temporarily disturbed by the approach of machinery, other important characterizing species of the biotope are unlikely to be disturbed by visual presence. Some species of bird that frequent the biotope to feed are likely to be disturbed by the visual presence of machinery and people in the vicinity of the strand-line, and their feeding efficiency reduced, although this would benefit invertebrate species.
Sensitivity assessment. Biotope resistance is assessed as 'High' and resilience as 'High' so that the biotope is assessed as 'Not sensitive'.
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
|Not relevant (NR)
Key characterizing species within this biotope are not cultivated or translocated. This pressure is therefore considered 'Not relevant' to this biotope group.
|Not sensitive
The driftline biotope is relatively transient and the underlying sediments are coarse, mobile and free-draining and low in organic matter. The biotope is exposed to air for much of the time and tidal inundation is limited. These factors limit establishment of marine and coastal invasive non-indigenous species as the habitat conditions are unsuitable for most species (Defeo et al. 2009). Sand sediments were considered to have greater resistance to invasive species than the muddy sediments typical of more sheltered shores, due to greater sediment instability and consequent habitat unsuitability. Although not directly colonising invasive macroalgae species including Undaria piinitifada and Sargassum muticum have been reported to change the biomass and composition of the strandline with potential trophic effects on consumers (Defeo et al. 2009 and references therein. Rossi et al. (2010) assessed the role of the invasive non-indigenous algae Sargassum muticum as a food source for amphipods using stable isotopes as markers. Sargassum muticum seemed to be one of the main food sources for the amphipod Talitrus saltator and, to a less extent, for the isopod Tylos europaeus. The importance of Sargassum muticum was however temporally variable and decreased during spring (in March and May), probably due to the availability of native macrophytes (Rossi et al., 2010).
Sensitivity assessment. No evidence was found that invasive non-indigenous species were directly affecting this biotope. Resistance was therefore assessed as 'High' and resilience as 'High', so that the biotope is assessed as 'Not sensitive'.
|No evidence (NEv)
|Not relevant (NR)
|No evidence (NEv)
Amphipods may be infected by a number of parasites or pathogens that alter population numbers through changes in host condition, growth, behaviour and reproduction (Green Extabe & Ford, 2014). Infection by acanthocephalan larvae, for example, may alter behaviour and responses of gammarid amphipods (Bethel & Holmes, 1977). The amphipod Orchestia gammarellus is host to the parasitic protist Marteilia which has a feminizing effect on populations, with higher rations of females and intersex males in infected, estuarine populations (Ginsburger-Vogel & Desportes, 1979).
No evidence was found for pathogen/parasite outbreaks that may result in mass-mortalities in talitrid amphipods and this pressure is not assessed.
Targeted removal of fresh deposits of algae may occur through commercial or recreational harvesting, on an intensive scale this would reduce the supply of material to the driftline. Driftlines and associated fauna may also be targeted for removal as part of beach cleaning (sometimes referred to as beach grooming) programmes. The physical damage arising from this activity is considered though the abrasion and penetration pressures. The driftline itself is likely to recover rapidly where seaweed is deposited on the beach although the removal of biomass may mean that subsequent drift lines decrease through the year as they are formed only of recently deposited material. The depth of a wrack bed is closely correlated with taxon richness (Gilburn, 2012), removal of driftlines allowing only a sparse bed to develop will therefore reduce biodiversity. Recent deposits are likely to contain talitrids but not the richer diversity observed in older, deeper beds (Gilburn, 2012).
Repeated grooming may also deplete the population of talitrids as these reproduce annually and the removal of the population will result in cumulative losses. The loss of amphipods from an area will reduce the food supply available to other invertebrates, birds and fish and the loss of the drift line can result in loss of feeding and nesting habitat for birds that utilise this habitat . Llewellyn & Shackley (1996) documented a 90% reduction in the abundance of two populations of birds that feed on macroinvertebrates as a result of beach cleaning.Studies in California have also shown that removal of macroalgae can reduce biodiversity of invertebrates and birds (Dugan et al., 2003).
Surveys of selected taxa across 60 sites in Scotland (Gilburn, 2012) found that cleaned beaches contained reduced taxon richness (of the eight selected macroinvertebrate taxa). Where the entire beach was groomed, taxon richness was lowest and talitrids were absent, these were however, present on beaches where there were ungroomed sections (Gilburn, 2012), indicating the importance of refugia from disturbance to maintain populations of talitrid amphipods (see also Fanini et al., 2005).
Sensitivity assessment. The sensitivity assessment considers the effects of removal of target species on the biotope rather than higher trophic levels (although the evidence section highlights these potential impacts). The loss of the driftline by targeted removal, either for fresh seaweed collection by commercial and recreational harvesters, or through beach cleaning will remove the driftline and lead to subsequent declines in material available to reform the biotopes. Resistance is therefore assessed as 'None'. Resilience is assessed as 'High' based on recovery of driftline and populations within two years (following cessation of the targeted removal). Biotope sensitivity is therefore assessed as 'Medium'.
The loss of the key characterizing species through unintentional removal would alter the character of the biotope. The ecosystem services such as secondary production and food for higher trophic levels such as birds and fish provided by the amphipods and other associated invertebrates would be lost.
Sensitivity assessment. Biotope resistance to loss of the characterizing species is assessed as 'Low' as the burrowing lifestyle and mobility of talitrids mean that a proportion of the population may escape removal. Resilience is assessed as 'High' based on in-situ recovery and migration from adjacent populations and sensitivity is therefore assessed as 'Low'
|UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority
Ayari, A., Jelassi, R., Ghemari, C. & Nasri-Ammar, K., 2015. Locomotor activity patterns of two sympatric species Orchestia montagui and Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Biological Rhythm Research, 46 (6), 863-871.
Behbehani, M.I. & Croker, R.A., 1982. Ecology of beach wrack in northern New England with special reference to Orchestia platensis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 15 (6), 611-620.
Bessa, F., Goncalves, S.C., Franco, J.N., Andre, J.N., Cunha, P.P. & Marques, J.C., 2014. Temporal changes in macrofauna as response indicator to potential human pressures on sandy beaches. Ecological Indicators, 41, 49-57.
Bethel, W.M. & Holmes, J.C., 1977. Increased vulnerability of amphipods to predation owing to altered behavior induced by larval acanthocephalans. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 55 (1), 110-115.
Brooks, R.A. & Bell, S.S., 2001. Mobile corridors in marine landscapes: enhancement of faunal exchange at seagrass/sand ecotones. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 264 (1), 67-84.
Calosi, P., Morritt, D., Chelazzi, G. & Ugolini, A., 2007. Physiological capacity and environmental tolerance in two sandhopper species with contrasting geographical ranges: Talitrus saltator and Talorchestia ugolinii. Marine Biology, 151 (5), 1647-1655.
Defeo, O., McLachlan, A., Schoeman, D.S., Schlacher, T.A., Dugan, J., Jones, A., Lastra, M. & Scapini, F., 2009. Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: a review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 81 (1), 1-12.
Dugan, J.E., Hubbard, D.M., Rodil, I.F., Revell, D.L. & Schroeter, S., 2008. Ecological effects of coastal armoring on sandy beaches. Marine Ecology, 29, 160-170.
Fanini, L., Cantarino, C.M. & Scapini, F., 2005. Relationships between the dynamics of two Talitrus saltator populations and the impacts of activities linked to tourism. Oceanologia, 47 (1).
Fanini, L., Marchetti, G.M., Baczewska, A., Sztybor, K. & Scapini, F., 2012. Behavioural adaptation to different salinities in the sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Crustacea: Amphipoda): Mediterranean vs Baltic populations. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63 (3), 275-281.
Fanini, L., Marchetti, G.M., Scapini, F. & Defeo, O., 2009. Effects of beach nourishment and groynes building on population and community descriptors of mobile arthropodofauna. Ecological Indicators, 9 (1), 167-178.
Fanini, L., Zampicinini, G. & Pafilis, E., 2014. Beach parties: a case study on recreational human use of the beach and its effects on mobile arthropod fauna. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 26 (1), 69-79.
Gheskiere, T., Magda, V., Greet, P. & Steven, D., 2006. Are strandline meiofaunal assemblages affected by a once-only mechanical beach cleaning? Experimental findings. Marine Environmental Research, 61 (3), 245-264.
Gilburn, A.S., 2012. Mechanical grooming and beach award status are associated with low strandline biodiversity in Scotland. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 107, 81-88.
Ginsburger-Vogel, T. & Desportes, I., 1979. Structure and biology of Marteilia sp. in the amphipod Orchestia gammarellus. Marine Fisheries Review, 41, 3-7.
Green Etxabe, A. & Ford, A., 2014. Do demon shrimp carry demon parasites? Freshwater Biological Association News, 62, 10-11.
Hartwick, R., 1976. Beach orientation in talitrid amphipods: capacities and strategies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1 (4), 447-458.
Jelassi, R., Bohli-Abderrazak, D., Ayari, A. & Nasri-Ammar, K., 2015. Endogenous activity rhythm in Talitrus saltator, Britorchestia brito (Crustacea, Amphipoda) and Tylos europaeus (Crustacea, Isopoda) from Barkoukech Beach (Tabarka, Tunisia). Biological Rhythm Research, 46 (6), 873-886.
Junoy, J., Castellanos, C., Vieitez, J.M. & Riera, R., 2013. Seven years of macroinfauna monitoring at Ladeira beach (Corrubedo Bay, NW Spain) after the Prestige oil spill. Oceanologia, 55 (2), 393-407.
Junoy, J., Castellanos, C., Vieitez, J.M., de la Huz, M.R. & Lastra, M., 2005. The macroinfauna of the Galician sandy beaches (NW Spain) affected by the Prestige oil-spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50 (5), 526-536.
Maurer, D., Keck, R.T., Tinsman, J.C. & Leathem, W.A., 1981. Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material: Part II—crustacea. Marine Environmental Research, 5 (4), 301-317.
Reyes-Martínez, M.J., Ruíz-Delgado, M.C., Sánchez-Moyano, J.E. & García-García, F.J., 2015. Response of intertidal sandy-beach macrofauna to human trampling: An urban vs. natural beach system approach. Marine Environmental Research, 103, 36-45.
Reyes-Martínez, M.J., Ruíz-Delgado, M.C., Sánchez-Moyano, J.E. & García-García, F.J., 2015. Response of intertidal sandy-beach macrofauna to human trampling: An urban vs. natural beach system approach. Marine Environmental Research, 103, 36-45.
Rodil, I.F., Lucena-Moya, P., Olabarria, C. & Arenas, F., 2015. Alteration of Macroalgal Subsidies by Climate-Associated tressors Affects Behavior of Wrack-Reliant Beach Consumers. Ecosystems, 18 (3), 428-440.
Rossi, F., Olabarria, C., Incera, M. & Garrido, J., 2010. The trophic significance of the invasive seaweed Sargassum muticum in sandy beaches. Journal of Sea Research, 63 (1), 52-61.
Thompson, R.C., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, R.P., Davis, A., Rowland, S.J., John, A.W., McGonigle, D. & Russell, A.E., 2004. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science, 304 (5672), 838-838.
Tomanová, K. & Vácha, M., 2016. The magnetic orientation of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica is cancelled by very weak radiofrequency fields. Journal of Experimental Biology, 219, 1717-1724.
Ugolini, A., Cincinelli, A., Martellini, T. & Doumett, S., 2015. Salt concentration and solar orientation in two supralittoral sandhoppers: Talitrus saltator (Montagu) and Talorchestia ugolinii Bellan Santini and Ruffo. Journal of Comparative Physiology a-Neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology, 201 (5), 455-460.
Ugolini, A., Pasquali, V., Baroni, D. & Ungherese, G., 2012. Behavioural responses of the supralittoral amphipod Talitrus saltator (Montagu) to trace metals contamination. Ecotoxicology, 21 (1), 139-147.
Ugolini, A., Ungherese, G., Ciofini, M., Lapucci, A. & Camaiti, M., 2013. Microplastic debris in sandhoppers. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 129, 19-22.
Ugolini, A., Ungherese, G., Somigli, S., Galanti, G., Baroni, D., Borghini, F., Cipriani, N., Nebbiai, M., Passaponti, M. & Focardi, S., 2008. The amphipod Talitrus saltator as a bioindicator of human trampling on sandy beaches. Marine Environmental Research, 65 (4), 349-357.
Williams, J.A., 1995. Burrow-zone distribution of the supralittoral amphipod Talitrus saltator on Derbyhaven Beach, Isle of Man: a possible mechanism for regulating desiccation stress? Journal of Crustacean Biology, 15: 466-475.
This review can be cited as:
Last Updated: 27/10/2004


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ARLINGTON, Texas -- Jeff Baker was back in the starting lineup Thursday after the Chicago White Sox scratched right-hander Jake Peavy and replaced him with left-hander Hector Santiago.
For now, if a left-hander is starting against the Rangers, expect Baker to be in left field or at first base. He has played himself into a starting role against lefties, batting .444 (8-for-18) against southpaws with three home runs and five RBIs. Baker has homered in two straight games for the fifth time in his career.
"If he keeps swinging the bat the way he's swinging, then of course," Rangers manager Ron Washington said. "You can expect it. That's what he's here for."
Baker has been the surprise for the Rangers' offense, helping to balance out a lineup stacked at the bottom with left-handed hitters. His emergence allowed Washington to use Baker for two starts at first base while Mitch Moreland was struggling against lefties.
Moreland is hitting everything how -- .batting .395 for his last 10 games -- while it's left fielder David Murphy that has slumped against righties and lefties, hitting .174 for the season. Murphy sat for a third straight game Thursday, unusual for a regular in Washington's lineup. Murphy was scheduled to start and Baker to sit if Peavy wasn't scratched before the game due to back spasms.
Washington said he will find a spot for Baker against lefties, not just in place of Murphy.
"It's not a platoon," Washington said. "(Baker) is going to play. Right now we've hit a string of left-handers and he's swinging the bat. So is Moreland."
Baker, who isn't yet 100 percent after suffering a bruised knee last week on a sliding catch in Anaheim, was replaced for defense after the sixth inning of Wednesday's 5-2 loss. The game was tied 2-2 at the time and Washington subbed in Murphy for defensive purposes with Baker not slated to bat again until the eighth inning.
Baker said he felt fine to stay in the game. "I'm progressing well," he said. "I'm good. I'm going to be ready to play when I get the chance."
Other Rangers notes for Thursday:
Frasor aims for comfort: Reliever Jason Frasor has six consecutive shutout innings over eight appearances. More importantly, he hasn't been scored on in his last three outings at Rangers Ballpark.
Frasor, signed as a free agent in January, had a career 8.24 ERA in 21 games in Arlington, mostly with Toronto, before arriving in Texas. He retired all four batters he faced in Wednesday's 5-2 loss, getting two strikeouts.
"It's a good thing," Frasor said. "Honestly I don't know that I've ever felt comfortable pitching in this stadium, but I hope the more I get out there that I'll be comfortable. I felt good."
Olt needs more tests: Triple-A infielder Mike Olt will see an eye specialist next after an eye doctor he saw didn't see anything out of the ordinary. The Rangers are in the process of setting up an appointment with the a specialist. Olt, who is batting .139, informed the club he was having vision issues earlier this week.
Pierzynski was ready: Washington wanted to get catcher A.J. Pierzynski (sore oblique) an at-bat Wednesday night as a pinch hitter in the ninth inning to get some swings heading into Thursday's start. He especially wanted Pierzynski to hit as the tying run down 5-2 with a chance to tie the game with a three-run home run.
That didn't happen, but it explains why Pierzynski was at the plate when he was hit on the elbow by a pitch by White Sox closer Addison Reed.
"He was ready to go so even if we had tied the game up he could have caught," Washington said.
Rangers announce 2013 grant program: The Rangers Baseball Foundation announced details of its 2013 grant program designed to assist youth baseball and softball programs in the club's five-state broadcasting region.
It's the second consecutive year for the project. Starting Thursday, the Rangers Foundation began accepting proposals for grant from non-profit organizations that specifically support youth baseball or softball in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico and Arkansas.
The Foundation awarded seven grants in 2012: Paris Breakfast Optimist Club, Boys and Girls Clubs of Denison, East Wilco Challenger Sports, Battiest Baseball Team sponsored by Battiest Public School, RBI Austin, Arlington Girls Softball Association and Azle Little League.
The Rangers are assisted by the team's broadcasting partners, Fox Sports Southwest, TXA21, and ESPN 103.3 FM and the Rangers ESPN Radio Network in promoting the grant program.


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Sep 23
The Living Deads European Tour 2016Save
Oct 22
The Living Deads European Tour 2016Save
Sounds Like: Johnny Cash, Joan Jett, The Official Distillers, THE MATADORS, Nashville Pussy
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Manager: SELF
Bio: The Living Deads take Do-It-Yourself to a new level. From living full time in their RV, designing and printing their own t-shirts, to booking their own tours, this band takes it all upon themselves and they are still ready for more………
With Randee McKnight on drums/vocals and Symphony Tidwell on...See Full Bio
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Symphony Tidwell (Upright Bass & Vocals), Randee McKnight (Drums & Vocals), Burlap Sack (Guitar & Muffled Screams)
"Published: Thu, November 29, 2012 @ 12:00 a.m. By GUY D'ASTOLFO email@example.com First, the facts: The Living Deads is a rockabilly band from Denver who live in an RV and play a lot of gigs in Ohio. They'll return to the Royal Oaks bar in Youngstown on Friday night for a show. But that's just the surface. The back story involves love, beer, breakups, roller derby, guns, the highway ... and a little bit of kidnapping. Symphony Tidwell, the band's instantly memorable upright bass player with the big hair and a trashy-sexy elegance, shared it all in one breathless take in a phone interview this week. The story begins four years ago in Florida, where Symphony was living with her then-boyfriend and playing on a local roller-derby team. They went to see the Hillbilly Hellcats, and after the show, Symphony got to talking with the band's drummer, Randee McKnight. "My boyfriend got mad, gets drunk and wanders off," she said. "So I broke up with him, and when I got"


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How To Wear A Beanie Without Screwing Up Your 'Do
Here at R29 HQ, there's always at least one editor rocking a beanie. And, we don't mean on the way to work. We mean all day long, at her desk, from nine to five and beyond. The effortlessly cool (yet warm!) beanie is our saving grace against both winter chill and crummy, static-y winter hair. But, the trick to looking your coolest is figuring out how to make the topper work with your hair, not against it. Lucky for us, The Huffington Post got the whole thing sorted out, once and for all.
Click over for the five coolest ways to wear a beanie, with hair fabulousness intact. From the weekend-cool side-braid-and-beanie combo to the ultimate crappy-hair-day solution, The Huffington Post has the full scoop. This is essential winter intel right here.
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Re: Interpreti
ng Your FICO Score
Larry63 wrote:
My Fico score is 748. I'm employed, with ample savings. When I apply for a cc, I'm denied. I took out and paid 2 small loans in the past 24 months. My understanding is a score over 700 is very good. I'm lost....
Credit card companies are a bit quirky about this. They don't want to be the first one to lend you money no matter what your score. You could have your house paid for and 1 million dollars sitting in your savings account but you will still have a hard time getting that first credit card. The lenders want to see a history (6 months to 1 year) of good credit behavior before issuing one of their prime cards. You probably just applied for the wrong type of card.
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text: It is Monday. Yes, there is no way around that. Why not improve the return to the week with a stop by the Holmes Dining Room? For lunch, you can indulge in a Philly sub, a chicken Parmesan burger, or a hearty black bean burger. Dinner escapes include roast beef with gravy, chicken tenders, and vegetarian tortellini. The soups of the day are chicken rice and tomato basil. There, isn't that better?


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Autonomous renewable energy systems such as wind, solar, and micro-hydro require control methods to maintain stability, due to the real time variation of input energy and load, while maximizing the use of renewable energy. This paper describes the application of load control using a novel frequency and voltage-sensing device. The device uses a low cost microcontroller to monitor the system frequency and voltage. Load switching is carried out based on this information. Software was developed for frequency and voltage measurements and tested on a 18 kW, single phase, 50 Hz, micro-hydro system. A fuzzy control system was then developed which makes intelligent load switching decisions using inputs from the measurement algorithms coupled with expert knowledge expressed in the form of control rules. This load control system was then tested on the same micro-hydro system and on a site powered by a 60 kW, 3 phase, 50 Hz wind turbine only
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