text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 4, 2010
|Filing date
|Oct 17, 2007
|Priority date
|Sep 3, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas A. Jones, David E. Clark, Lirio Quintero
|Original Assignee
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (40), Classifications (29), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/541,860 filed Oct. 2, 2006, which is a divisional application from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/218,822 filed Sep. 2, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,134,496 that issued Nov. 14, 2006, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/606,959 filed Sep. 3, 2004.
The present invention relates to methods and compositions for reducing or removing wellbore skin damage, invert emulsion drilling fluid and filter cake deposition during and after oil well drilling, and more particularly relates, in one non-limiting embodiment, to methods and compositions for reducing or removing invert emulsions and bridging particles using nanoemulsion, miniemulsions, microemulsions systems in equilibrium with excess oil or water, or both (Winsor III), single phase microemulsions (Winsor IV), or single phase microemulsions formed in-situ.
Drilling fluids used in the drilling of subterranean oil and gas wells along with other drilling fluid applications and drilling procedures are known. In rotary drilling there are a variety of functions and characteristics that are expected of drilling fluids, also known as drilling muds, or simply "muds". The drilling fluid should carry cuttings from beneath the bit, transport them through the annulus, and allow their separation at the surface while at the same time the rotary bit is cooled and cleaned. A drilling mud is also intended to reduce friction between the drill string and the sides of the hole while maintaining the stability of uncased sections of the borehole. The drilling fluid is formulated to prevent unwanted influxes of formation fluids from permeable rocks penetrated and also often to form a thin, low permeability filter cake which temporarily seals pores, other openings and formations penetrated by the bit. The drilling fluid may also be used to collect and interpret information available from drill cuttings, cores and electrical logs. It will be appreciated that as defined herein, the term "drilling fluid" also encompasses "drill-in fluids" and "completion fluids".
Drilling fluids are typically classified according to their base fluid. In water-based muds, solid particles are suspended in water or brine. Oil can be emulsified in the water. Nonetheless, the water is the continuous phase. Oil-based muds are the opposite or inverse. Solid particles are suspended in oil, and water or brine is emulsified in the oil and therefore the oil is the continuous phase. Oil-based muds which are water-in-oil macroemulsions are also called invert emulsions. The oil in oil-based (invert emulsion) mud can consist of any oil that may include diesel, mineral oil, esters, or alpha olefins. Brine-based drilling fluids, of course are a water-based mud in which the aqueous component is brine.
It is apparent to those selecting or using a drilling fluid for oil and/or gas exploration that an essential component of a selected fluid is that it be properly balanced to achieve the necessary characteristics for the specific end application. Because drilling fluids are called upon to perform a number of tasks simultaneously, this desirable balance is not always easy to achieve.
Filter cakes are the residue deposited on a permeable medium such as a formation surface when a slurry or suspension, such as a drilling fluid, is forced against the medium under pressure. Filtrate is the liquid that passes through the medium, leaving the cake on the medium. Cake properties such as cake thickness, toughness, slickness and permeability are important because the cake that forms on permeable zones in a wellbore can cause stuck pipe and other drilling problems. Reduced hydrocarbon production can result from reservoir or skin damage when a poor filter cake allows deep filtrate invasion. In some cases, a certain degree of cake buildup is desirable to isolate formations from drilling fluids. In open hole completions in high-angle or horizontal holes, the formation of an external filter cake is preferable to a cake that forms partly inside the formation (internal). The latter has a higher potential for formation damage. It will be appreciated that in the present context the term "filter cake" includes any emulsion or invert emulsion part of the filter cake, and that the filter cake is defined as a combination of any added solids, if any, and drilled solids. It will also be understood that the drilling fluid, e.g. invert emulsion fluid, is concentrated at the bore hole face and partially inside the formation. Further, an open hole completion is understood to be a well completion that has no liner or casing set across the reservoir formation, thus allowing the produced fluids to flow directly into the wellbore. A liner or casing may be present in other intervals, for instance between the producing interval and the surface.
Many operators are interested in improving formation clean up after drilling into reservoirs with invert emulsion drilling fluids. More efficient filter cake and formation clean up is desired for a number of open hole completions, including stand-alone and expandable sand screens as well as for gravel pack applications for both production and water injection wells. Skin damage removal from internal and external filter cake deposition during oil well reservoir drilling with invert emulsion drill-in and drilling fluids is desirable to maximize hydrocarbon recovery, particularly in open hole completions.
Further, it is often desirable in the destruction and removal of invert emulsion filter cake to not do so quickly, but rather to delay the destruction and removal of the filter cake. Without control of the destruction rate, massive brine losses may occur quickly and before the work string can be safely pulled out of the open wellbore.
It would be desirable if compositions and methods could be devised to aid and improve the ability to clean up filter cake, and to remove it more completely, without causing additional formation damage. It is also desirable to control the rate of destruction and removal of the filter cake.
There is provided, in one non-limiting form, a method of removing a majority of OBM filter cake particles from a hydrocarbon reservoir wellbore that involves drilling a wellbore in a hydrocarbon reservoir with an OBM (defined herein to include a drill-in fluid as well). A filter cake of OBM particles is formed over at least part of the wellbore. The oil-based fluids and filter cake are contacted with at least one surfactant and a polar liquid to form nanoemulsions, miniemulsions, and/or microemulsions in equilibrium with excess oil or water or both (Winsor III) and/or single phase microemulsions (Winsor IV) in situ. Any of these in-situ fluids include a filtration control additive that may be solid particulates and/or water-soluble polymers. This may be accomplished without circulating the well. The altered filter cake may then be removed with production, injection, acid treatment, or displacement.
An acid may be optionally used to solubilize the particles in the filter cake. The acid may be a mineral acid and/or an organic acid, and in one non-limiting embodiment may be a polyamino carboxylic acid (PACA).
Further, there is provided in another non-restrictive embodiment a method for open hole completions that involves drilling to total depth with oil-based drilling fluids, which fluids comprise acid-soluble weighting and/or bridging agents and the forming of a filter cake. At total depth a short trip is made into the casing above the open hole, and further involves running a work string back in the open hole (RIH) to the bottom and chemically conditioning the drilling fluid to optimize displacement, as necessary. A base oil spacer is pumped to scour the external filter cake in the wellbore. A viscosified, weighted push pill is pumped, where the push pill includes at least the OBM or invert emulsion drilling fluid. Next, a solids-free OBM or invert emulsion drilling fluid is pumped into the open hole and at least partially into the casing above the casing shoe and above the open hole. Once the leading edge of OBM or solids-free invert emulsion fluid is positioned above the casing shoe, the bottom of the work string is pulled up into the casing shoe. At this time the original drilling fluid is circulated across appropriately sized shaker screens so that the larger solids in the drilling fluid are removed and the particles remaining will not plug completion screens. Subsequently, the work string is pulled out of the hole to surface and the completion screen is run to the bottom of the open hole. The completion screen, a sand control device, may be of any type but typically is either an expandable, stand-alone or gravel pack screen. With the sand control screen safely on bottom, the solids-free OBM or invert emulsion drilling fluid is displaced out of the open hole and partially into the casing and above packer assembly with the single phase microemulsion. Next the work assembly or expandable tools are tripped out of the hole and preparations are made to run in the hole and set the packer. Once the packer is set and the open hole is isolated from the casing interval, the single phase microemulsion is allowed to penetrate filter cake and decompose the filter cake components without circulating the well. Again, the single phase microemulsion, nanoemulsion, miniemulsions or microemulsions systems in equilibrium with excess oil or water, or both (Winsor II) include a filtration control additive that may be solid particulates and/or water-soluble polymers. Finally, when surface preparations are complete and the wellbore has been reentered, water is injected to charge the reservoir to produce hydrocarbons. Acid is an optional component of the single phase microemulsion.
Additionally, there is also provided in another non-limiting embodiment, a method for removing a majority of OBM filter cake particles from a hydrocarbon reservoir wellbore that includes drilling a wellbore in a hydrocarbon reservoir with an OBM. A filter cake is formed of OBM particles over at least part of the wellbore. During the gravel packing operation, the gravel pack carrier fluid is treated with the single phase microemulsion, which may contain the filtration control additives herein. Once the gravel is in place, the carrier fluid containing the single phase microemulsion resides in the inter-granular spaces. The single phase microemulsion is allowed to contact the filter cake for a time after the gravel is in place, without circulating the well. At least a majority of the filter cake is removed. Furthermore, in a separate operation, an optional acid soak may be placed inside the gravel pack sand screens and allowed to penetrate the gravel to the acid soluble bridging material remaining on the reservoir face. After the acid soak, water injection operations can proceed.
There is additionally provided in an alternate embodiment a thermodynamically stable, macroscopically homogeneous, single phase microemulsion that includes a polar phase; a nonpolar phase; a filtration control additive; a surfactant; and a polyamino carboxylic acid (PACA).
It has been discovered that post drill-in treatment and alteration of a majority of filter cake particles can be accomplished by changing the OBM into a nanoemulsion, a miniemulsion, a microemulsion (Winsor III) and/or single phase microemulsion, such as Winsor IV or similar chemistry, as will be described in more detail. As defined herein these emulsion fluids may be pre-formed prior to use and/or may be formed in situ at or near contact with the OBM and/or OBM particles. Single phase microemulsions may be defined as bi-continuous, O/W and W/O. In one non-limiting explanation of the inventive phenomenon, an o/w single phase microemulsion contacts the oil-based mud and filter cake and forms a water continuous (oil-in-water) microemulsion. It has been surprisingly discovered that this contacting may be accomplished without circulating the well, by which is meant pumping fluid through the whole active fluid system, including the borehole and all the surface tanks that constitute a primary system. The literature generally describes these microemulsions as single phase microemulsions.
Further, in many cases, particularly in open hole completion operations, when the destruction and removal of OBM filter cake is desired, most operators require a delay in the destruction rate. Without a control of the destruction rate, massive brine losses may occur quickly and before the work string can be safely pulled out of the open wellbore. In an alternate embodiment of the methods and compositions herein, a Winsor IV microemulsion (or similar type of fluids) may be formulated in a manner such that the reversal of filter cake wettability actually changes the filter cake components to a water-based filter cake with fluid loss control. The control mechanism is such that brine losses may be controlled for a sufficient period of time that rig personnel are able to pump the microemulsion spot solution down a workstring across the interval of interest and have time to pull the workstring out of the open hole section before massive brine losses occur. In one non-restrictive version, an important factor contributing to the development of a water-based filter cake during wettability changes is the addition of a water-soluble filtration control additive, including, but not necessarily limited to, a water-soluble starch and/or solid particulates.
The use of these fluid systems (single phase microemulsion, nanoemulsion, miniemulsions, or microemulsions) in equilibrium with excess oil or water, or both (Winsor Ill) or similar chemistry in open hole completion optionally allows the direct contact of a chelating agent, such as an acid and/or an acid blend mixed in conventional brine completion fluids, without causing a high viscosity oil continuous emulsion (sludge) and formation blockage. The action of the single phase microemulsion alters the deposited filter cake which allows a chelating agent such as an acid or a salt of an acid, such as a polyamino carboxylic acid (PACA) and/or a mineral acid or salt thereof, e.g. hydrochloric acid or an organic acid or salt thereof, e.g. acetic acid, or other acid, to solubilize the bridging and formation particles, such as calcium carbonate, hematite, ilmenite, and barite. Bridging particles composed of manganese tetroxide (in one non-limiting embodiment) may be treated with a single phase microemulsion/acid blend, providing the acid is an organic acid in one non-limiting embodiment. It has been found that PACAs perform relatively better in an alkaline environment as the salt of these acids, which further differentiates them from the more common acidic acids and salts thereof.
For instance a salt of PACA dissociates barium sulfate from the calcium carbonate treated; the PACA takes on the cation. In a non-limiting example, a Na or K salt of PACA when contacting calcium carbonate contacts and dissolves the barium salt through cationic exchange. The salt form of PACAs performs relatively better than the plain acid form, but the non-salt acid form still performs the functions and achieves the desired results of the methods and compositions herein. The plain acid form works somewhat better at relatively low pH.
The net effect of such a treatment system will improve an operator's chance of injecting water in a reservoir to maintain reservoir pressure (for example, for injection wells), and improve production rates in producing wells. In either case, skin (filter cake) alteration is accomplished by circulating and placing the single phase microemulsion across the injection/production interval. The single phase microemulsion may be used for open hole expandable and non-expandable screen applications or other various open hole operations. With the optional employment of a filtration control additive, also called an additive for delay or AD herein, the skin removal rate may be controlled for operational flexibility.
In brief, one non-limiting embodiment OBM or invert emulsion filter cake clean up technology herein, also referred to as "one-step" filter cake clean up, utilizes single phase microemulsion and optional chelating agent techniques and optional filtration control additives in a single blend to change the emulsion of an OBM or invert emulsion filter cake to a microemulsion and simultaneously decompose its acid soluble components. Altering the filter cake using single phase microemulsions facilitates solubilization of solids by preventing a sludge that could form between the chelating agent and OBM or invert emulsion cake and making soluble particles unavailable to unspent chelating agent.
It will be appreciated that it is not necessary for all of the particles to be removed from a filter cake for the inventive method and its compositions to be considered successful. Success is obtained if more particles are removed using the single phase microemulsion than if it is not used, or if more particles are removed using a single phase microemulsion together with a chelating agent, as compared to the case where no microemulsion and/or chelating agent is used. Alternatively, the methods herein are considered successful if a majority of the filter cake particles are removed. In general, of course, it is desirable to remove as much of the OBM or invert emulsion and corresponding filter cake as possible. One non-restrictive goal is to remove filter cake particles to obtain 90% injection or production permeability.
Of particular interest is the ability to drill into a reservoir having massive shale sections with an OBM or invert emulsion drill-in fluid and gravel packing the same wellbore using brine as the carrier fluid for the gravel pack sand. For this technique to be effective, shale stability must be maintained and there must not be unwanted sludge created between the brine carrier fluid and OBM or invert emulsion filter cake during or after the gravel pack.
The wellbore clean up technology described herein has a wide range of applications. By combining the chemical aspect of wellbore (filter cake) clean up with displacement techniques, it is believed that gravel packing disadvantages after drill-in with OBMs or invert emulsion fluids and gravel packing with brine carrier fluids can be significantly reduced or eliminated.
The methods and compositions herein have the advantages of reduced formation skin damage to the wellbore, and consequently increased hydrocarbon recovery, and/or increased water injection rate, as compared with an otherwise identical method and composition absent the nanoemulsion, miniemulsions or single phase microemulsions and/or any of these type of fluids including a chelating agent and/or absent any of these fluids including a filtration control additive. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, macroscopically homogeneous mixtures of at least three components: a polar phase and a nonpolar phase (usually, but not limited to, water and organic phase) and a surfactant. Microemulsions form spontaneously and differ markedly from the thermodynamically unstable macroemulsions, which depend upon intense mixing energy for their formation. Microemulsions are well known in the art, and attention is respectfully directed to S. Ezrahi, A. Aserin and N. Garti, "Chapter 7: Aggregation Behavior in One-Phase (Winsor IV) Microemulsion Systems", in P. Kumar and K. L. Mittal, ed., Handbook of Microemulsion Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1999, pp. 185-246.
The referenced chapter describes the types of microemulsion phase formulations defined by Winsor: Winsor I, Winsor II and Winsor III. A system or formulation is defined as: Winsor I when it contains a microemulsion in equilibrium with an excess oil phase; Winsor II when it contains a microemulsion in equilibrium with excess water; and Winsor III when it contains a middle phase microemulsion in equilibrium with excess water and excess oil. The author also describes Winsor IV as a single-phase microemulsion, with no excess oil or excess water. Although not wishing to be limited by any one theory, it is believed that the microemulsions formed in the methods and compositions herein are of the Winsor IV type, which means the entire system is a microemulsion phase. The thermodynamically stable single phase Winsor IV microemulsion could evolve by a change in formulation or composition into the formation of a miniemulsion or nanoemulsion, which is a two-phase system with submicron size droplets which could be stable for long period of time, but not permanently stable as a microemulsion, as explained in reference J. L. Salager, "Emulsion Phase Inversion Phenomena" in Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, J. Sjobl�m Ed., 2nd Edition, Chap. 4, pp. 185-226, Taylor and Francis, London (2006).
Surfactants suitable for creating the single phase microemulsions herein include, but are not necessarily limited to nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants and in particular, blends thereof. Co-solvents or co-surfactants such as alcohols are optional additives used in the microemulsion formulation. Suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not necessarily limited to, alkyl polyglycosides, sorbitan esters, methyl glucoside esters, amine ethoxylates, diamines ethoxylates, polyglycerol esters, alkyl ethoxylates, polypropoxylated and/or ethoxylated alcohols. Suitable cationic surfactants include, but are not necessarily limited to, arginine methyl esters, alkanolamines and alkylenediamides.
In one non-limiting embodiment the suitable anionic surfactants include alkali metal alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfonates, alkyl sulfonate, branched ether sulfonates, alkyl disulfonate, alkyl disulfate, alkyl sulfosuccinate, alkyl ether sulfate, branched ether sulfates.
In another non-restrictive embodiment, the microemulsion formulation contains a co-surfactant which is an alcohol having from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, in another non-limiting embodiment from about 4 to about 6 carbon atoms. A specific example of a suitable co-surfactant includes, but is not necessarily limited to butanol.
In one non-limiting embodiment, the single phase microemulsion contains non-polar liquid, which may include a synthetic fluid including, but are not necessarily limited to, ester fluids; paraffins (such as PARA-TEQ™ fluids from Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids) and isomerized olefins (such as ISO-TEQ™ from Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids). However, mineral oils such as Escaid 110 (from Exxon) or ECD 99-DW oils (from TOTAL) can also be used as a non-polar liquid in preparing the fluid systems herein.
It will be appreciated that the amount of single phase microemulsion-forming components (polar, nonpolar and a surfactant) to be used is difficult to determine and predict with much accuracy since it is dependent upon a number of interrelated factors including, but not necessarily limited to, the brine type, the bridging particle type, the temperature of the formation, the particular surfactant or surfactant blend used, whether a chelating agent is present and what type, etc. Nevertheless, in order to give some idea of the quantities used, in one non-limiting embodiment, the proportion of non-brine components in the single phase microemulsion may range from about 1 to about 50 volume %, from about 5 to about 20 volume %, and in another non-limiting embodiment may range from about 5 to about 20 volume %.
It is expected that brine will be a common component of the single phase microemulsion, and any of the commonly used brines, and salts to make them, are expected to be suitable in the compositions and methods herein.
In the non-limiting embodiment where the single phase microemulsion contains at least one chelating agent, the chelating agent should be capable of solubilizing or dissolving the bridging particles that make up the filter cake. The chelating agent may be an inorganic acid or salt thereof including, but not necessarily limited to, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and/or an organic acids including, but not necessarily limited to, an organic agent or salt thereof, e.g. acetic acid, formic acid and mixtures thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment, the acid may be only one mineral acid or only one organic acid.
In most embodiments, the microemulsion may contain at some point a chelating agent that is a polyamino carboxylic acid (PACA) or a salt of PACA. Suitable PACAs include, but are not necessarily limited to, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′,-tetraacetic acid monohydrate (CDTA), diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), dioxaoctamethylene dinitrilo tetraacetic acid (DOCTA), hydroxyethylethylenediamine triacetic acid (HEDTA), triethylenetetramine hexaacetic acid (TTHA), trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane tetraacetic acid (DCTA), and mixtures thereof.
The concentration of chelating agent in the single phase microemulsion has a lower limit of about 1 volume %, alternatively of about 5 volume %, and an upper limit of about 30 volume %, alternatively about 20 volume %, and in another non-restrictive embodiment up to about 15 volume %.
There are various ways by which the chelating agent may be delivered according to the inventive procedure. The chelating agent may be added to the filter cake with the single phase microemulsion; or may be added after the single phase microemulsion treatment; or may be added to the microemulsion soak solution once it is in place before removing the majority of the filter cake particles and OBM or invert emulsion and combinations thereof.
Typical or expected bridging particles expected to be useful in the methods herein include, but are not necessarily limited to, calcium carbonate, hematite, ilmenite, manganese tetroxide, manganous oxide, iron carbonate, magnesium oxide, barium sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
In the embodiment where a gravel pack is introduced, the single phase microemulsion is created in carrier brine containing sized gravel (sand) where the gravel is sized to bridge the formation to inhibit or prevent the production of sand. The gravel pack embodiment will be discussed in further detail below.
With further specificity, the methods and compositions herein may concern one-trip clean up spotting fluids designed to physically change an OBM filter cake and acidify the acid soluble components on the cake. The inventive method not only physically changes the nature of the deposited filter cake, the resulting oil components of the original filter cake which are micro-emulsified, allow for ease of water injection, in the case of injection wells, or ease of production through completion screens, in the case of production wells. With the conversion of the external oil to internal microemulsified oil in water, plus the optional decomposition of minerals (e.g. bridging particles e.g. calcium carbonate and other acid-soluble components) by chelating agents, most of the filter cake is either removed or micro-sized to the extent that only a minimal or reduced amount of damaging components remain on a reservoir face.
In one non-limiting embodiment, the compositions and methods herein utilizes a microemulsion or other in-situ fluid and a filtration control additive (fluid loss control additive), such as a polymer and/or solid particulates such as sized salts, to convert an OBM cake to a water-based filter cake. The benefits of such conversions are several. When an OBM filter cake is oil wet and poses compatibility problems for certain completion operations, such as water injection and gravel packing, a water-based filter cake is naturally compatible with injection water and brine-based gravel pack carrier fluids. Additionally, a water-based filter cake is ideal for damage remediation (filter cake destruction) when mineral acids, organic acids, oxidizing agents, water soluble enzymes (catalysts) and in situ acid generators are spotted in a wellbore after (or during) the filter cake reversal process.
This non-restrictive method may use a polymeric filtration control additive, such as but not limited to a non-ionic starch or other cellulosic additives, such as, but not limited to HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose). When one of these fluid loss control additives is pre-solubilized in the water phase of a microemulsion blend, the fluid loss control additive retards the disintegration of the filter cake that happens when the oil is solubilized into the water phase. The filter cake becomes water-wet, but maintains a compact consistency for a longer time when compared to the treatment without fluid loss additive in the microemulsion treatment fluid. The solid particulates that once comprised the OBM filter cake, such as sized calcium carbonate and barite, or any other particulates, are still in place after the conversion. The fluid loss control additive found in the microemulsion soak solution is deposited in and around pre-existing particulates to redevelop a water-based filter cake. It should be recognized that this process, reversal of an oil wettability (OBM) to water-based wettability, including the deposition of the water-based fluid loss control additive occurs in a single step.
As the an OBM filter cake is converted with the aforementioned water-based filtration control additive, the microemulsion or in situ fluid soak solution may also contain acids, barite dissolvers (chelants) or other precursor additives that can dissolve the acid-soluble particles or dissolve the barite and break down the fluid loss additive (polymeric or otherwise). The value of such a conversion using a single soak solution with all its functional components is that the OBM filter cake may be converted to a water-based filter cake containing dissolvable particulates and fluid loss control additives that may be removed in a single operational step. In addition, if immediate destruction is not required, a one-step soak solution may be formulated such that the water-based filter cake maintains its integrity until destruction is required.
For the embodiment where the microemulsion contains a filtration control additive, the microemulsion may be Winsor III or Winsor IV. The fluid loss additive that regenerates a filter cake during the wettability change may include solid particulates, including, but not necessarily limited to, sized salts, hematite, ilmenite, manganese tetroxide, and mixtures thereof, the water-soluble polymers such as natural and synthetic polymers and copolymers including, but not necessarily limited to, xanthan gum, simple starches, carboxymethylated starch and other modified starches, crosslinked starches and mixtures thereof. By sized salt in the context of the filtration control additive, the sized salt may include, but is not necessarily limited to NaCl, NaBr, KBr, HOCOOK, HOOGNa, and combinations thereof.
Modified starches may be used. A modified starch usually refers to a carboxymethylated starch, although the starch may be modified in other ways. One or more carboxymethyl groups may be grafted on to a simple starch to give it additional temperature stability as well as improved rheological properties. Starches may also be crosslinked, such as with agents including, but not necessarily limited to, epichlorohydrin, polyvinyl alcohol, boric acid, glyoxal, succinic acid, urea/formaldehyde, and combinations thereof.
Generally, the sized salts are used to replace the calcium carbonate in the OBM. These sized salts may then be dissolved with undersaturated water when desired. The sizes of the sized salt are specified in microns. Usually we specify the blended size as a D50 (average or 50%) diameter in microns of the blend as measured on a particle size analyzer. The blended sizes are also given D90 and D10 designations. D90 refers to 90% of particles being smaller than a measured micron size. Likewise, a D10 refers to 10% of the blended salt particles are less than a certain measured micron size.
In one non-limiting embodiment, the proportion of filtration control additive in the microemulsion ranges from about 0.1 to about 10 lb/bbl (about 0.7 to about 29 g/liter). Alternatively, the upper proportion range of the filtration control additive may be about 2.0 lb/bbl (about 5.7 g/liter). The exact or desired proportion of filtration control additive in the microemulsion will depend upon a number of interrelated factors, including, but not necessarily limited to, the type of filtration control additive, the type of microemulsion and type and proportion of components therein, as well as the nature of the OBM filter cake being contacted.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the salts suitable for use in creating the brine include, but are not necessarily limited to, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium bromide, calcium bromide, sodium formate, potassium formate, cesium formate and combinations thereof. The density of the brines may range from about 8.4 lb/gal to about 15 lb/gal (about 1 to about 1.8 kg/liter), although other densities may be given elsewhere herein.
The method of operation for an open hole completion deploying either expandable or non-expandable screens and changing the filter cake, including removing oil and decomposing the mineral fraction may be as follows, in one non-limiting embodiment:
17. Prepare to inject water or produce hydrocarbons.
The single phase microemulsion or in-situ fluid treatment may be composed of different brine and oil blends, depending on the required density of the fluid for the well. The optional filtration control additive and optional acid or PACA chelating agent concentration may be varied as needed, including the type of additive or acid or chelating agent. One important new feature is that the microemulsion optionally contains a chelating agent (acid or salt thereof) or PACA chelating agent that dissolves solids contained in the OBM filter cake, and clean up a wellbore. Another important feature is that the microemulsion or in-situ fluid may optionally contain a filtration control agent or additive for delay to help lengthen the time that the filter cake is removed.
This technology does not require or discriminate against any OBM. In other words, the single phase microemulsion can be applied to filter cake clean up for any OBM fluid system regardless of base oil type or emulsifier used to formulate the mud. This versatility allows an operator flexibility to formulate the drilling fluid based on wellbore needs. This is not the case in some prior methods whereby highly specific amine emulsifiers are needed because they require acid protonation to reverse the wettability. In the inventive technology, the chelating agent is only used for removal of acid soluble bridging components. In one non-limiting embodiment the methods and compositions are practiced in the absence of amine emulsifiers, such as resin amines and/or amine emulsifiers of the formula R—N—[(CH2CH2R′A)xH]2, such as those defined in U.S. Pat. Appln. Pub. No. 2004/0147404.
Another important feature relative to other OBM filter cake removal methods is that the oil phase of the OBM is micro-emulsified into the single phase microemulsion or in-situ fluid. The inventive treatment process reduces the energy necessary for the microemulsion to form when compared to previous methods. This efficiency reduces the number of pipe trips and decreases the time required to complete the well. Further, the methods and compositions herein permit the filter cake to be maintained and then destroyed and removed over a controlled time period, particularly when a filtration control additive is included.
The invention will now be further discussed with respect to actual implementation of the invention in Examples which are not intended to limit the invention, but simply to further illustrate it.
A number of laboratory tests have been performed using the inventive single phase microemulsion or in-situ chemistry and Baker Oil Tools' acid treatment packages on filter cakes deposited by an OBM consisting of a 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter) synthetic-based mud (SBM). Tables I, II, and III show permeability data after tests performed on 10 and 20 μm ceramic discs and Berea sandstone in a Disc-Sandpack Permeameter and a Hassler Permeameter. As the data below illustrates, the chemical techniques of removing filter cake damage and avoiding sludge damage has been demonstrated by performing a series of water injection tests. Water injection testing was chosen because this type of test mimics a "worse case" scenario and more easily exposes incomplete clean up results.
Phase I: Testing the Concept with a "Two-Step" Soak Procedure (Soak Without Acid Followed by Conventional Acidification Process)
The first phase of testing consisted of filter cake deposition on 3, 10, and 35 μm ceramic discs followed by treatment with a formulation, such as Exp-298 and DFE 734, a concentrate used to form the in situ single phase microemulsion. Both Exp-298 and DFE 734 are proprietary surfactants blend from Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids that contains a blend of surfactant with co-surfactants and water.
The first part of the test was the measurement of initial permeability. After establishing the initial seawater injection permeability, a mud-off was per-formed to deposit a filter cake for subsequent destruction by the soak solution. The cake deposition time for these tests was 3 hours. The purpose of a 3-hr mud-off, at 140� F. (60� C.), 150� F. (66� C.) or 194� F. (90� C.) and 500 psi (3.4 MPa) was to have a filter cake that had a reasonable thickness to "break", in order to verify the efficacy of the single phase microemulsion technology. Typical mud cake appearance after mud-off at 150� F. (60� C.) and 500 psi (3.4 MPa) is shown in the
After the disc was removed from the cell, the filter cake was observed and photographed (
TABLE I Water injection Permeability Test Results DFE 734/in situ Single Phase Microemulsion Sandpack Permeameter/three-hour mud-off on ceramic disc/leak-off valve closed Test without acid Initial Final % Injection Permeability Permeability Permeability Test #1 - 20% DFE 734 in 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter) CaCl2 20 hours soak at 140� F. (60� C.) and 360 psi (2.5 MPa) on 3 μm disc 277.9 314.7 113.2 Test #2 - 15% DFE 734 in 9.3 ppg NaCl 20 hours soak at 150� F. (66� C.) and 360 psi (2.5 MPa) on 20 μm ceramic disc 280.7 mD 253.8 mD 90.4
Conclusions of "Two-Step" Soak Procedure (Soak Without Acid Followed by Conventional Acidification Process)
Phase I results suggest (94 to >100% water injection permeability) that the single phase microemulsion alters the filter cake (
The results in Tests 1 and 2 indicate that after the application of soak solution, the damage is removed as evidence by the high % injection permeability. The baseline test using only brine as a soak resulted in 0% injection permeability.
In summary, a two-step treatment consisting of an in situ microemulsification followed by an acid package (such as that previously identified in one non-limiting embodiment) will prepare a reservoir for water injection.
Phase 2: Testing the "One-Step" Soak Concept in the Sand Pack Permeameter
The second phase of the testing consisted of soaking the OBM filter cakes with blends of DFE 734 and an acid in brine. Tests were conducted with KCL, NaCl, HCOOK and NaBr. Examples using the blend of DFE 734 and acetic acid in CaCl2 brine are shown in Table II and III.
The final density of the brines used in the tests of Table II and Table III were 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter).
The first part of the test is the measurement of initial permeability. After establishing the initial seawater injection permeability, a 3-hour mud-off was performed to deposit a filter cake for subsequent destruction by the soak. After removing the mud from the cell and verifying that a good filter cake was deposited on the disc, the soak solution was carefully added and allowed to destroy the cake. The overbalanced pressure on the cake was 360 psi (2.5 MPa). A few pore volumes of filtrate were collected. Then, the solution was allowed to soak overnight with the valve closed. The next morning, the valve was opened in order to collect all of the filtrate. Next, seawater was pumped through the cell, forcing the residual soak solution through the disc. When the flow volume became stabilized, the test was terminated and the final water injection permeability was calculated.
Table II show the results of injection permeability performed with 20% DFE 734 and 10% formic acid in 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter) calcium chloride brine. Table III show the results of injection permeability using a blend of 10% Acidgen HA (acetic acid generator)+2% CS GBS-1 (catalyst) to generate acetic acid in 20% DFE 734 in 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter) calcium chloride brine. Both Acidgen HA and CS GBS-1 are available from Cleansorb LTD. This is an example of acetic acid being generated in situ in accordance with one optional embodiment of the method herein.
Water injection Permeability Test Results
DFE 734/in situ Single Phase Microemulsion
Sandpack Permeameter/three-hour mud-off
on ceramic disc/leak-off valve closed
Test #3 - 20% DFE 734 and 10% formic acid in 10 lb/gal
CaCl2 (1.2 kg/liter) 20 hours soak at 140� F. (60� C.)
and 360 psi (2.5 MPa) on 3 μm disc
Test with 10% formic acid
% Injection
201.4 mD
TABLE III Water injection Permeability Test Results DFE 734/in situ Single Phase Microemulsion Sandpack Permeameter/three-hour mud-off on 20 μm ceramic disc and leak-off valve open Test #4 - 20% DFE 734 with in 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter) CaCl2 formulated with an in situ acid generator. Soak at 194� F. (90� C.) and 360 psi (2.5 MPa) on 20 μm disc Test with leak-off valve open Test with 10% Acidgen HA + 2% CS GBS-1 Initial Final % Injection Permeability Permeability Permeability 684 mD 661.5 mD 96.7
Conclusions of "One-Step" Soak Procedure
Phase 2: Conclusions
Phase 2 demonstrated an important concept for the inventive methods herein. The "one-step" in situ single phase microemulsion soak solution composed of completion brine, 20% of the DFE 734 and 10% acid is compatible and works simultaneously to prepare a sand face for injection or production
Other Considerations
Screen Applications
The "in-situ fluid" technology herein may be applied to filter cake clean up for stand-alone and expandable screen applications where an operator desires improved production or water injection. The advantage to this inventive method is that completion brine can be placed across the reservoir after the screens are in place and without the concern of producing unwanted sludge. The fact that OBM filter cake alteration and acidizing takes place simultaneously adds to a user's flexibility while saving time and money.
One non-limiting generalized procedure for using the "in-situ fluid" cake clean up technology is as follows.
The in situ microemulsion or other in situ fluid technology herein also has an application in gravel pack operations after a reservoir is drilled with an OBM. Most of the procedures would be the same as outlined above with expandable and stand-alone screens. Solids-free and solids-conditioned OBMs are left in the open hole and casing respectively until screens are placed on bottom and the packer is set. After the packer is set, the casing above the packer is displaced to brine and the casing is cleaned. When rigged up to pump casing, a series of push and cleaning pills are used to replace the open hole to brine and scour the filter cake. The gravel pack carrier brine can be formulated as a miniemulsion, microemulsion, nanoemulsion or single phase emulsion, formed in situ, and allowed to change the OBM of the filter cake after the gravel is in place. The concentration may be adjusted to speed up or slow down the reversal. If acidizing is desired, acid may be placed inside the screens and allowed to diffuse toward the formation to decompose acid soluble components.
One advantage of this procedure is that massive shale or other troublesome shale sections are protected with an OBM until just before the gravel is pumped. A second advantage is that the carrier fluid may form an in situ fluid (e.g. microemulsion) for total contact with the filter cake. A third benefit is that the solids-free and conditioned muds temporarily left in the hole while the screens are run to bottom can be recycled into the OBM. Finally, using the "in situ microemulsion" removing OBM/acidizing technology or using the in situ microemulsion separately allows the operator to base his OBM formulation on reservoir needs because the single phase microemulsion technology is applicable to all OBM filter cakes.
Typically, PACA additives dissolve calcium carbonate and barium sulfate minerals slowly. Laboratory studies indicate that 24 to 48 hours are required to dissolve at least 50% of a given quantity of barium sulfate as shown in Table IV. Also, this Table shows that at least 24 hours are required to dissolve 100% of calcium carbonate. The PACA additives used to prepare the data in Tables V and VI were EDTA and DTPA.
Table V shows injection permeability results after soaking a 10.0 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter) oil-base filter cake with a soak solution containing PACA. The test below achieved 38% return injection permeability after only a 20-hour contact of the soak solution with the filter cake. The sample without PACA achieved 3% of injection permeability after the 20-hour test. This percentage of injection permeability is acceptable considering only a 20-hour exposure time. Higher injection permeability may be achieved by extending the soak time which will dissolve a greater amount of calcium carbonate and barite.
Solubilization of Barium Sulfate
and Calcium Carbonate Using PACA
Barium Sulfate
Calcium Carbonate
Solubilization, %
Solubilization, %
TABLE V In-situ Microemulsion Soak/Injection Permeability Test Results DFE 734/PACA Single Phase Microemulsion Soak Disc-Sandpack Permeameter Test #12 - Two-Hour Mud Off on 20 μm Ceramic Disc 10.0 lb/gal Oil-base Mud with Barite and 50 lb/bbl Calcium Carbonate One-Step Soak Init. Perm Final Perm % Inj. Perm 15% DFE 734 and 27% PACA 352 mD 133.8 mD 38 in NaCl brine.* 15% DFE 734 in NaCl brine.* 335 mD 10.05 mD 3.0 *Soak time 20 hours. The test which included the PACA resulted in an improvement in injection permeability over the base-line test.
Filtration Control Additive Embodiment
Three different Single Phase Microemulsion in situ soak solutions (A, B, C) were prepared using three different brine salts and two different DFE-734 or EXP-298 concentrate to form the in situ fluid. The formulations are given in Table VI. The AD (additive for delay) in these Examples was a modified starch, although other filtration control additives may be used.
The test conditions were as follows: Filter cake deposition was conducted onto a 20-micron ceramic disc using 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter) SBM over 3 hours at 150� F. (about 66� C.) and 500 psi (3.4 MPa), then followed by treatment soak conditions of 200 psi, 150� F. (about 66� C.), with the leak-off valve open. The results are plotted on
Shown in
Shown in
Similarly, shown in
Also, as shown in
TABLE VI Formulations Used in Filtration Tests DFE 734 in EXP 298 in EXP 298 in EXP 298 in 10 lb/gal 10 lb/gal 10 lb/gal 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/ (1.2 kg/ (1.2 kg/ (1.2 kg/ Additives liter) CaCl2 liter) NaBr liter) HCOOK liter) CaCl2 Sodium — 21.8 — — bromide, wt % Potassium — — 33.7 — formate, wt % Calcium 23.1 — — 23.1 chloride, wt % Water, wt % 56.9 61.5 49.6 60.3 *EXP 298, — 16.7 16.7 16.7 wt % *DFE 734, 16.7 wt % *16.7% of DFE 734 and 16.7% of EXP 298 by weight are equivalent to 20% by volume
Test Conditions:
Cake deposition in 20-microns disc: 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/liter) SBM, 3 hour at 150� F. (60� C.) and 1000 psi (6.9 MPa).
Soak conditions: 200 psi (1.4 MPa), 150� F. (60� C.), leak-off valve open
In summary, a number of conclusions may be reached.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, and has been suggested as effective in providing effective methods and compositions for removing filter cake particles from a hydrocarbon wellbore. However, it will be evident that various modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. For example, specific combinations of single phase microemulsion forming components, chelating agents, acids, filtration control additives, solvents, non-polar liquids, etc. and proportions thereof falling within the claimed parameters, but not specifically identified or tried in a particular composition to improve the removal of filter cake particles herein, are anticipated to be within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the methods and compositions of this invention may find utility in other applications besides screen applications, gravel pack applications and the like.
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|International Classification
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|Oct 17, 2007
Owner name: BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:JONES, THOMAS A.;CLARK, DAVID E.;QUINTERO, LIRIO;REEL/FRAME:019975/0823
Effective date: 20071012
Owner name: BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED,TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:JONES, THOMAS A.;CLARK, DAVID E.;QUINTERO, LIRIO;REEL/FRAME:019975/0823
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|Oct 9, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Distribution of Indo-Pacific Myzostoma and Host Specificity of Comatulid-Associated Myzostomida
Abstract:About 113 species of Myzostoma, induding at least 26 undescribed ones, are recorded from the non-austral parts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Most of these are Pacific; only seven species are Indian Ocean endemics and 12 occur in both oceans. Three Indo-Pacific species also confidently occur in the Atlantic. The most diverse collections have been made in the Philippines (30 species), Japan (27), the Moluccas (26), Queensland (20), and the Northem Territory (17). The distribution of some species-groups and of 21 relatively well-sampled species is analysed. Some North Pacific species are amphiboreal or have amphiboreal affinities. The species assemblages in Japan, Micronesia, and the Northern Territory overlap comparatively little with the widespread Indo-West Pacific fauna of the Indian Ocean, Philippines, Moluccas, Queensland, and Fiji. Worldwide, 136 comatulid species are known to be myzostome hosts (70 new records), but taxonomically they are not distributed evenly. The Comasterida, Mariametrida, and some subfamilies of the Antedonidae are the most prone to infestation. Usually one to three but up to seven myzostome species infest a given comatulid species. Some well-sampled myzostomes are host-specific at the species, genus, or family level, but others have up to 10 taxonomically diverse hosts. Therefore, myzostomes may be only partly reliable biological tags for crinoid populations.
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: July 1, 1990
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text:
Individuals interested in sponsoring the event are encouraged to contact Fr. David Shewczyk, STOTS Class of '75 and a member of the Tournament Committee. Please click here for more information on sponsorships."By God's grace there are many wonderful and exciting things happening at the Seminary," Fr. David said. "We ask you to consider making a donation to this fundraiser for the Seminary, which has been coordinated by supporters of the Seminary for the last 18 years. Please understand that all donations go directly to the Seminary. No donation money is used for Tournament costs."Hole sponsorships are available for a donation of $100. Other sponsorship levels exist, and all donations will be welcomed and acknowledged in a Tournament Ad Booklet. Please make checks payable to St. Tikhon's Seminary and return by August 15, 2016 to Fr. David Shewczyk, 401 E. Main, St. Wilkes Barre, PA 18705.
SOUTH CANAAN, PA [STOTS Communications] – St. Tikhon's Seminary is pleased to welcome Fr. Ignatius Gauvain in the role of Director of Student Life. He began serving in this role on July 1st.
Fr. Ignatius (then Robert) completed coursework in Mathematics and Civil Engineering at the University of Alaska, before completing his Bachelor's Degree in Liberal Arts from St. Thomas Aquinas College in California in June 2000. He married his wife Elizabeth in July, 2001.
With his preliminary teaching certificate, Robert taught math courses, grades 9-12, for at-risk students. He completed a Teacher's Secondary Certificate in Mathematics at California State University in Northridge California (2005). While there he also tutored other students in math and science.
Before coming to St. Tikhon's Seminary, Fr. Ignatius attended St. Herman Church in Minneapolis, MN. While in Minnesota he served as Vice-President of the Watertown Chamber of Commerce in the midst of building his own computer business supporting individuals and businesses.
Fr. Ignatius came to St. Tikhon's Seminary in 2010 with his wife Elizabeth and their children: Alexei, Xenia, and Veronika. Anna and Maximos were born while they were at seminary. He worked part-time while taking slightly less than a full semester course loads. He also served as Mission Choir Member, traveling with the choir on many weekends during his years of study. Fr. Ignatius was ordained to the Holy Diaconate on May 25, 2013, and to the Holy Priesthood on February 2, 2014, by Metropolitan Tikhon.
While completing his studies, Fr. Ignatius began serving at St. Mary's Church, Coaldale. He graduated with his M.Div. Degree in May, 2014, and has since completed two years of pastoral service to this parish community. He also has served as Treasurer for the Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania. All during this time Fr. Ignatius continued to travel to St. Tikhon's, serving vigil and Divine Liturgy weekly, as well as assisting both the seminary and monastery with information technology support.
Fr. Steven, seminary dean, had the opportunity to work with Fr. Ignatius on information technology needs during these past two years. He noted: "Fr. Ignatius approached each situation with an unbiased sense of balance and resourcefulness that was most helpful in resolving even the most difficult challenges."
Fr. Ignatius shared a brief reflection in taking up his new responsibilities: "I and my family feel as if we have returned home, though in truth part of us never left; a piece of our hearts remained here even while we lived away. Brother and sisters, each of us can plant a small piece of our hearts like a seed in this fertile soil. Here that seed is tended by the saints and watered by the Spirit and yields much fruit. And for anyone whose heart is planted here, each return is a homecoming. Thank you for welcoming us home. May God bless us all!
Please join us in welcoming Fr. Ignatius. You can contact Fr. Ignatius by phone at 570.561.1818, Extension 103, or by e-mail at: firstname.lastname@example.com
Drs. David and Mary Ford, long-time professors at St. Tikhon's, recently returned home from an extended tour of the Great American Southwest. During their time there, they visited the OCA Monastery dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel near Canones, New Mexico. The setting there is spectacular, and the monks' hospitality and kindness, led by the abbot, Fr. Silouan, was heartwarming. And by surprise, a recent St. Tikhon's graduate, Fr. Zachary Lynch (2011), along with his Matushka, Natalia, and four of their five children, were staying there for several days - so the Fords had a wonderful reunion with them as well.
Then, on Saturday, June 25, Dr. David spoke after Vespers at the St. Job of Pochaev Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Los Alamos, New Mexico, on the theme, "The Home as a Little Church: The Wisdom of St. John Chrysostom." The priest there, Fr. Theophan Mackey, is another recent graduate of our Seminary (2014). The Fords also attended the Divine Liturgy there the next morning, and enjoyed reconnecting with the whole Mackey family.
The Fords then went to Phoenix, where they were hosted for several days by St. Tikhon's alumnus Michael Devich (2010) and his wife Heather. During their time there, on the morning of June 29, the Fords attended the Divine Liturgy at Saints Peter and Paul OCA Church in Phoenix for their patronal feast. Fr. David Balmer,(STS, 2006), is attached there. He and his wife, Mary, spent the afternoon catching up with the Fords.
Two days later, the Fords visited the Western Regional Family Life Conference of the Antiochian Archdiocese, also being held in Phoenix. There they held a book-signing, co-hosted by Dcn. Gregory Hatrak, another St. Tikhon's alumnus (1994) and former St. Tikhon's Bookstore Manager, now Manager of St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, and the Chancellor of St. Vladimir's Seminary, Fr. Chad Hatfield. The main book they were promoting is the newly released collection of essays and other materials on marriage entitled Glory and Honor: Orthodox Christian Resources on Marriage, published by St. Vladimir's Press, which the Fords both helped edit, as well as contributing articles to it.
During their time there, the Fords reconnected with six other St. Tikhon's alumni, all in the Antiochian Archdiocese: Fr. Nathan Thompson (2009) and his wife Mandy, Fr. Michael Habib (2009), Fr. John Christianson (2010) and his wife Barbara, Fr. David Sommer (2005), Fr. Matthew Howell (STS 2011, whom they had recently seen in Alaska!), as well as Fr. Gregory Horton (STS, 1987) and his wife Cindy.
The previous day, as the Fords visited St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery near Florence, Arizona, they were met there by the Hortons. We were all very warmly greeted by the former Victor Kouzemchek - now Fr. Theo - who used to work in the St. Tikhon's Bookstore.
All in all it was a tremendously rewarding and enriching trip - as we beheld such amazing natural scenery, visited important pilgrimage sites, and reconnected wonderfully with so many people who have been associated with our St. Tikhon's community through the years. Thanks be to GOD!
SOUTH CANAAN, PA [STOTS Communications] – At its May 27, 2016, the St. Tikhon's Seminary Board of Trustees adopted a new Strategic Plan for 2016-2020. You can find the Strategic Plan under the "About Us" tab, or simply by clicking here.
This plan includes input from a broad spectrum of seminary constituencies. You can read the story of our World Cafe session devoted to developing the strategic plan in October of 2015 here.
Fr. Steven Voytovich, Chair of the Board's Strategic Planning Committee, shared the following comment: "I am grateful to all who have contributed to the development of this new strategic plan that will be a core document for planning and assessment in the coming years toward advancing the mission of the seminary!
HistorySchedule of Services These Truths We Hold St. Tikhon of Zadonsk St. Tikhon of Moscow Contact
Books Icons Media Liturgical Items Gifts Contact


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This hotel was clean, front desk efficient, Breakfast plentiful. Nice large room with flat screen TV.
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- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
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LondonUnited Kingdom
Hometown: Hong Kong
May 27, 2013
Since I mainly study Korean by myself while I do not have any Korean friend and have never been to Korea, I want to have a chance to use and practise the Korean language I already know.
I am interested in contemporary Korean history, politics and popular songs.
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Bryan Smith
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A jack-of-all-trades, but a master of none, is my biggest weakness but also my greatest gift since I have some insight into the work of various people and organizations. I have been assisting many organizations and enjoy it immensely. A lover of information and multimedia, I have spent much of my life gathering information about various things.
Activism. A viewpoint that wants to take responsibility of the status of the world in stead of pointing fingers at other people and asking why people aren't doing anything. I enjoy taking part in youth work because of the importance of fostering a healthy self-image in the future of the world.
Adventure. I have not been to that many places if you compare me to some of my friends but where ever I am I seek to find the things that will amaze me and teach me more about me and life in general. (Wow this one sounds corny, but still is true)
Clowning! Yes, I learned from Juian the head clown of Circus Solar . And just so you know, clowning is more then meets the eye. The philosophy and effort amazes me to this day.
I have been in a Christian band and released a CD with 3 songs, but now I'm in the best known Gospel Choir right now in Iceland and have gotten then chance to sing with some really interesting people that me on my own I would not be crossing paths with because singing is still only a small part of my life. But we have performed on 2 DVD and many CDs and I just really loooove singing.
I study Education in the University of Education in Iceland. Big jump from studying graphic design in the Reykjavik Technical College because there I was free to study at my own pace
I help people travel to Iceland because I'm a member of couchsurfing.org and I try to help members get what they need when they are visiting Iceland--whether that be a place to stay, directions, or just a friend to party with. I want to have a friend living in every country so when I go on my "visit every country in the world trip" I might know somebody personally :-)
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I was driving my 1992 cadillac deville today. The problem that I noticed today is that their is a squeeling noise in either the left front tire or the left rear tire. I think it is at the front. When I drive it squeels. When I brake the noise goes away and when I let go of the brake it squeels any idea thanks.
Tuesday, May 29th, 2012 AT 6:26 PM


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Lonesome ValView In iTunes
To preview a song, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to buy and download music.
Manhattanite Lonesome Val first came to national and critical attention in 1988, when her country- and folk-tinged tunes got her named Musician Magazine's Best Unsigned Artist of the Year. But Val went through a difficult breakup which left her musical career in shambles until she met Roches member Suzzy Roche. The two started playing together, and Roche helped Val make a demo tape. The Bar/None record label was impressed enough to ask for an entire album from Val, which Roche produced and played guitar on. The result, NYC, was released in the summer of 1994. ~ Steve Huey
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Top Definition
Hypnosis caused by receiving text messages from someone because the SMS message server sends them out of order.
Last night I was in textnosis when I congratulated Happy New Year to this girl, and her responses came out of order because the servers were jammed.
by guesswholaura January 01, 2009
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Book your room at Grand Mercure Apartments The Vintage Hunter Valley
Get an overview of this hotelLuxury apartment with full-service spa and golf course
Situated in Pokolbin, this luxury apartment is 1.2 mi (1.9 km) from Bimbadgen Estate and 2.4 mi (3.9 km) from Moorebank Vineyard. Tempus Two Winery and Brokenwood Wines are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Property Features
A full-service spa, a golf course, and a restaurant are available at this apartment. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include an outdoor pool, a fitness center, and a bar/lounge.
Room Amenities
All 11 apartments boast fireplaces and offer free WiFi and kitchens. Balconies or patios and sofa beds are standard, as are LCD TVs with cable channels.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Grand Mercure Apartments The Vintage Hunter ValleyCnr Vintage Road & McDonalds Drive Pokolbin NSW 2320
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to a full-service spa, Grand Mercure Apartments The Vintage Hunter Valley features a golf course and an outdoor pool. The apartment offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This luxury apartment also offers a fitness center, spa services, and barbecue grills. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Bar/lounge
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Concierge services
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Full-service spa
- Golf course on site
- Hair salon
- Luggage storage
- Outdoor pool
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Spa services on site
- Tennis on site
- Total number of rooms - 11
Family Friendly Amenities
- DVD player
- Free Wi-Fi
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Outdoor pool
- Separate dining area
- Separate living room
- Sofa bed
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Balcony or patio
- Bathrobes
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Cable TV service
- Free toiletries
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Desk
- Dishwasher
- DVD player
- Fireplace
- Free WiFi
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Hair dryer
- In-room massage available
- In-room safe
- Iron/ironing board
- Kitchen
- Microwave
- Minibar
- Separate dining area
- Separate living room
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size
- Stovetop
Where to Eat
Grand Mercure Apartments The Vintage Hunter Valley has a restaurant on site.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the apartment include a golf course, an outdoor pool, and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing on site
- Playground on site
Spa Services
Guests can indulge in a pampering treatment at the apartment's full-service spa.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at 6 PM
Special check-in instructions:
- Saturday - Thursday: 8 AM - 6 PM
- Friday - Friday: 8 AM - 8 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed (service dogs only)
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Only service dogs are allowed
No rollaway/extra beds available
- Resort fee
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: AUD 28.00 per person (approximately)
- Late check-out fee: AUD 100
- Cleaning/housekeeping/linens fee: AUD 142 per stay, varies per unit size
- Crib (infant bed) fee: AUD 20 per stay
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee
- Onsite credit card charges are subject to a surcharge
Hotel Name
- Grand Mercure Apartments Vintage Hunter Valley Rothbury
- Grand Mercure Vintage Hunter Valley Rothbury
- Grand Mercure Apartments Vintage Hunter Valley Pokolbin
We should mention
A resort fee is included in the total price displayed.
National Rating
This property has been awarded a star rating from the Australian Star Ratings Agency, Star Ratings Australia.


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Help our organization by clicking on the link below and entering a one time donation amount of your choice. A 501(c) organization, your donation is tax-exempt.
Cleveland Mighty Barons
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We will see you in September for the beginning of sled hockey in 2016!


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TaiguaraVer en iTunes
Para escuchar en vista previa una canción, pasa el ratón sobre el título y haz clic en reproducir. Abre iTunes para comprar y descargar música.
A very popular artist in the '70s in Brazil, Taiguara is still remembered affectionately for his sensitive interpretations (for successes like "Helena, Helena, Helena" and "Modinha") and compositions like "Hoje," "Universo do Teu Corpo," and "Viagem."
Taiguara came to Brazil at four with his family and they settled first in Rio and then in São Paulo. He debuted as a singer in university festivals when he was a law student. Abandoning the course, he joined the Sambalanço Trio in 1964. Taiguara recorded his first LP the next year. From 1966 on, he became more known for his participation in historic festivals. In 1966, he interpreted "Não de Morre de Mal de Amor" (Reginaldo Bessa) and "Chora, Coração" (Vinícius de Moraes/Baden Powell) in the I FIC (International Song Festival). In the next year, he presented his songs "Eu Quis Viver" (with Cido Bianchi) and "Cantar" (Roberto Menescal) in the I FIC. In 1968, he won first place in two festivals: the Brasil Canta festival with "Modinha" (Sérgio Bittencourt) and the II FMPB (Brazilian Popular Music Festival) with "Helena, Helena, Helena" (Alberto Land). In 1970, he recorded Viagem, with the title track ending up as one of his biggest hits. Having political problems with the military dictatorship in Brazil, Taiguara departed for a stay of one and a half years in London, England (where he recorded an album). Upon his return, he began a collaboration with Hermeto Pascoal in experimental projects as an orchestrator. The partnership yielded the LP Imyra, Tayra, Ipy, Taiguara (1975). Due to problems with censorship, he credited several of his songs to his wife, Ge Chalar da Silva.
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Nombre de nacimiento:
Taiguara Chalar da Silva
09 de octubre de 1945
Años de actividad:
'60s, '70s


text:
This week is the Society's Annual General Meeting.
It's the night of the year where we plan what we as a Society will be aiming for over the next 12 months.
The success of the Society is the direct result of the time and passion that our members put into it. Even your questions and ideas can be a great help in making the Society better.
This is an ideal time to get involved and help direct the future of the Society.
If you have any ideas or suggestions as to how the Society can continue to develop and how we can improve then please come along.
In addition to the meeting itself we shall be holding an auction of photographic items. Come along to pick up a bargain!
Hope to see you all there.
- Apologies for Absence.
- Minutes from 2015 AGM.
- Matters arising from said Minutes.
- Presidents Report.
- Programme Secretary's report.
- Competition Secretary's report.
- Treasurer's report.
- Election of President.
Break for refreshments
New President in the chair
- Election of officers
- First year of operating new Competition software.
- Equipment.
- Annual Subscription.
- Annual Exhibition.
- Summer Visits / summer social gathering on Wed in Pub.
- Venue
- Date of next meeting.
Meeting details
- Wednesday, 6th April; 7:30pm
- The Priory Hall – directions
- View this event on Facebook


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Mrs. - By Bernadette Zabrouski
These lolipops are adorable. They look good and taste good. I used them for a baby shower, and a children's party.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Nov 26, 1968
|Filing date
|Oct 10, 1966
|Priority date
|Oct 10, 1966
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Albert Myers James
|Original Assignee
|Stauffer Chemical Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (14), Classifications (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Nov. 26, 1968` J. A. MYERS 3,413,405
ELECTRICAL SHIELDING TAPE Filed OCT.. lO, 1966 www" ll I:'=V
mvENToR JAMES A. MYERS wuuw ATTORNEY United States Patent O 3,413,405 ELECTRICAL SHIELDING TAPE James Albert Myers, Toledo, Ohio, assignor to Staulfer Chemical Company, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware Filed Oct. 10, 1966, Ser. No. 585,436 6 Claims. (Cl. 174-36) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A tape product is provided which is particularly adapted for electrical shielding. In use, the tape prevents intermixing of signals in adjacent circuits. The tape structure is distinguished in that the conductor is in the form of a ribbon having two exposed areas extending the length of the tape and located one at either side of the tape and of the center line thereof making electrical contact when the tape is Wrapped, with overlapping, about an electric cable or the like.
This invention relates to an electrical shielding tape adapted for various applications.
In electrical and electronic communication and instrumentation it is manifestly important that signals in adjacent circuits do not become intermixed and that they be protected from the influence of outside magnetic fields. This is commonly accomplished by surrounding the insulated conductor with a wire mesh sleeving formed of a metal capable of conducting an electric current. Such means translates the magnetic field created about the conductor into an electric current which it conveys harmlessly to ground.
Heretofore the wire mesh sleeving has either been slippcd over the insulated conductor, simply wrapped therearound, or formed directly thereon by a braiding operation. In any case, the sleeving itself must be insulated either before or after it is applied to the conductor.
The present invention aims to provide a pre-formed tape which may be applied for the above indicated purposes and which greatly simplifies the shielding whether effected by the fabricator or in the field.
Other objects of the invention will be apparent from the following description which will proceed with reference to the accompanying drawings in which FIGURE l is a fragmentary, isometric sectional view illustrating a tape conforming to the invention;
FIGURES 2-4 are sections illustrating modified forms; and
FIGURE 5 is a view similar to FIGURE 1 but showing a further modification.
Referring rst to FIGURE 1, the numeral denotes the body of 'insulating material, preferably a plastic or elastomeric substance. Of the many available materials, silicone rubber has been found most advantageous, particularly silicone rubber which has been formulated to be self-adhering. In the event an insulating material is employed which does not possess this property, it is necessary according to the invention to apply a suitable adhesive to the tape before application of the same.
The insulation 10 has embedded therein (FIG. 1) a ribbon 12 formed of a conducting material. Such ribbon is continuous with the body of insulating material and is transversely distorted over its length to provide exposed areas 14 and 16 located one at either side of the center line of the tape. In the particular embodiment, the conductor 12, which includes a straight portion 18 mediate the portions 14 and 16, terminates in anchoring flanges 20, 22 extending downwardly and upwardly, respectively, into the body of the insulating material.
Portions or areas 14 and 16 are located at the opposite sides or faces of the tape so that on over-lapping Wrapping of the tape about the electric cable or the like required to be shielded the two areas make contact to provide continuity of electrical conductivity over the length of the wrapped tape which is connected to the common ground or return circuit of the system.
Going now to FIGURE 2, it will be observed that in such modification the conductor 12a embedded in the insulating material 10a is not distorted as the conductor 12. Rather, the areas 14a and 16a are exposed by channeling of the insulating material. The latter will be seen as having deposited thereon a raised guide line 24 located along the center line of the tape and serving to facilitate wrapping of the tape with the degree of over-lap necessary to assure electrical contact between the areas 14a and 16a.
It is to be recognized that in the interest of simplifying an understanding of the invention, FIGURE 2, as well as the other figures, are not drawn to true scale, which is to say that the thickness of the section is substantially enlarged. In the commercial embodiment, assuming the same were cut to afford a similar sectional view, the layers of plastic above and below the conductor would appear relatively quite thin. Thus, the mere wrapping of f the tape about an insulated lead as contemplated by the invention would insure sufficient flow of insulation in the areas of the channels to make certain positive electrical contact between the portions 14a and 16a of the conductor 12a.
The embodiment of FIGURE 3 again involves a conductor ribbon 12b which is not transversely distorted as the conductor 12. Here, the insulating material 10b is applied in two separate strips each of which has a width less than that of the conductor 12b. In this manner, the exposed areas 14b and 16b are provided. It is to be observed that each insulating strip terminates in a flange portion 26, as necessary for insulation of the edges of the conductor.
The modification of FIGURE 4 contemplates an application demanding a thickness of insulation greater than normal. Here, there is deposited in the channels corresponding to those shown in FIGURE 2, strips 30 of conductive material compatible with the particular insulation 10c. These strips are in contact with the areas 14C and 16C of the conductor 12e In FIGURE 5 there is shown a tape having feathered edges 32 and a guide line 34 which is flush with the adjacent surface of insulating material 12d. The conductor 12d corresponds with the conductor 12 in FIGURE l. Thus, it comprises anchoring flanges 20d and 22d serving just as the corresponding anges in FIGURE 1. The feathering of the edges of the tape and the guide line 34 facilitates wrapping of the tape with the over-lapping necessary to insure the required positive electrical contact between the areas 14d and 16d.
It is to be emphasized that the overall dimensions of the tape and the choice of insulating and conducting materials are determined by the mechanical, electrical, and environmental factors involved in the particular application. The use of self-bonding or self-adhering silicone rubber, hereinbefore stated as the preferred insulation, is most especially recommended where low frequencies and somewhat elevated temperatures must be dealt with. In such an application the conductor, with advantage, may be a flattened knitted sleeving formed of Monel metal.
Although reference has been made herein to overlapping wrapping of the tape, it should be evident that the tape may be laid longitudinally around electrical conductors or bundles of conductors. This, however, does not preclude definition of the tape in terms of its use as a helical or spiral wrap.
Shielding tapes conforming to the invention may be 3 manufactured by various methods. In a preferred procedure, the teachings of Skobel Patent 3,253,073 and U.S. application Ser. No. 536,161 filed March 21, 1966, in the name of Sylvester Meitinger are followed.
The invention claimed is:
1. An electrical shielding tape comprising a continuous ribbon of conductive material and an insulating substance, said ribbon having two areas extending the length of the tape and located one at either side of the ribbon and of the center line of the tape adapted to make electrical contact when the tape is wrapped, with over-lapping, about an electric cable or the like.
2. An electrical shielding tape comprising a plastic body portion having a continuous ribbon of conductive material embedded therein, said ribbon having two exposed portions of extending the length of the tape and located one at either side 'of the ribbon and of the center line of the tape to the end that on wrapping of the latter about an electric cable or the like such portions by overlapping of the tape are caused to make contact to provide continuity of electrical conductivity over the length of the Wrapped tape.
3. A tape according to claim 2 where the two said exposed portions are provided by transverse distortion of the ribbon over its length. v
4. A tape conforming with claim 2 where the plastic is silicone rubber.
5. A tape conforming to claim 4 where the silicone rubber is formulated to be self-adhering.
6. A tape conforming to claim 3 Where the plastic is silicone rubber formulated to be self-adhering.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,454,567 11/ 1948 Pierson 174-35 2,477,267 7/ 1949 Robinson 174-35 2,882,183 4/ 1959 Bond et al 174-110 3,051,771 8/1962 Lee 174-36 3,230,121 1/1966 Nitzsche et al 174-110 3,253,073 5/1966 Skobel 156-244 X LEWIS H. MYERS, Primary Examiner.
A. T. GRIMLEY, Assistant Examiner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 2, 1944
|Nov 23, 1948
|Jr Adrian A Pierson
|Radio shielding sealing gasket
|Jun 22, 1944
|Jul 26, 1949
|Bendix Aviat Corp
|Electrically conductive sealing gasket and method of making same
|May 21, 1956
|Apr 14, 1959
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive tape
|Jul 29, 1959
|Aug 28, 1962
|Int Standard Electric Corp
|Electrostatic shield for high voltage cables
|Mar 13, 1961
|Jan 18, 1966
|Wacker Chemie Gmbh
|Method of applying protective silicone rubber tape covering layer to hollow glass articles
|Apr 13, 1965
|May 24, 1966
|Stauffer Chemical Co
|Method and apparatus for making a stretchable tape product
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 30, 1969
|Jul 20, 1971
|Gen Cable Corp
|Pipe-type cable systems with reduced ac losses
|Apr 16, 1971
|May 9, 1972
|Anaconda Wire & Cable Co
|Coaxial cable
|Oct 21, 1974
|Sep 14, 1976
|Nitro-Nobel A.B.
|Device for fence consisting of a number of posts with electrically conducting conductors and a high tension unit
|Jul 27, 1977
|Jun 5, 1979
|Belden Corporation
|Leaky coaxial cable having shield layer with uniform gap
|May 4, 1981
|Mar 1, 1983
|Teltec, Inc.
|Process of making a multiple conductor flexible wire cable
|Mar 12, 1984
|Jun 24, 1986
|Neptco Incorporated
|Electrical shielding tape with interrupted adhesive layer and shielded cable constructed therewith
|Nov 9, 1978
|Oct 14, 1986
|Tel Tec Inc.
|Flexible wire cable and process of making same
|Feb 27, 1987
|May 24, 1988
|Neptco Incorporated
|Shielded electrical cable construction
|Jun 7, 1995
|Feb 24, 1998
|Weinberg; Martin J.
|Electrical insulation and products protected thereby
|Jun 19, 1997
|Aug 1, 2000
|Oy Iws International Inc.
|Flat cable and method for its manufacture
|Jan 3, 2008
|Sep 14, 2010
|Japan Aviation Electronics Industry Limited
|Extendable cable or extendable connecting member
|Jan 3, 2008
|Jul 24, 2008
|Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Limited
|Extendable cable or extendable connecting member
|Jan 13, 2012
|Jul 19, 2012
|Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.
|Flexible flat cable
|Jul 27, 2007
|Jan 11, 2012
|Flexible magnetization energy transfer ribbons and process for producing them
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification