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Persons with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have demonstrated subtle impairments in IADLs including financial abilities, although the underlying brain changes related to these IADL impairments is poorly understood. The purpose of this investigation was to better understand how brain atrophy in MCI as measured by MRI volumetrics could impact IADLs such as financial abilities.
Controlled, matched sample, cross-sectional analysis regressing MRI volumetrics with financial performance measures.
University medical and research center.
Thirty-eight MCI patients and 28 older adult controls.
MRI volumetric measurement of the hippocampi, angular gyri, precunei, and medial frontal lobes. Participants also completed neuropsychological tests and the Financial Capacity Instrument (FCI).
We performed correlations between FCI scores and MRI volumes in the MCI group. Patients with MCI performed significantly below controls on the FCI and had significantly smaller hippocampi. Among MCI patients, performance on the FCI was moderately correlated with angular gyri and precunei volumes. Regression models demonstrated that angular gyri volumes were predictive of FCI scores. Tests of mediation showed that the relationship of angular gyri volume with FCI score was partially mediated by measures of arithmetic and possibly attention.
Impaired financial abilities in amnestic MCI correspond with volume of the angular gyri as mediated by arithmetic knowledge. The findings suggest that early neuropathology within the lateral parietal region in MCI leads to a breakdown of cognitive abilities that impact everyday financial skills. The findings have implications for diagnosis and clinical care of patients with MCI and AD.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical construct that denotes the transitional phase between normal cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)1. Diagnostic criteria for MCI indicate that these patients have "generally intact" activities of daily living2, although investigations of instrumental activities of daily life (IADLs) in MCI have revealed mild impairments in both informant reported IADLs3 and laboratory-assessed IADLs4, 5. By definition, IADLs such as financial capacity6, medication management, and driving are the skills that are necessary for independent living and autonomy of older adults in this society. Financial capacity comprises a broad range of conceptual, pragmatic, and judgment abilities, ranging from basic (e.g. identifying and counting coins and currency) to more complex skills (e.g. paying bills, managing a bank statement, and exercising financial judgment)7. Declines in financial capacity are some of the earliest IADL changes noted in cognitive aging and dementia8.
Our group has systematically investigated financial capacity deficits in the amnestic variant of MCI as well as in patients with AD. Patients with amnestic MCI have been shown to be impaired on the Financial Capacity Instrument (FCI), a direct assessment measure of financial capacity, specifically on domains measuring financial concepts, bank statement management, financial judgment, and bill payment4, all of which represent relatively complex aspects of financial capacity. The neurocognitive predictors of financial abilities in patients with amnestic MCI include measures of attention9, visuomotor tracking9, and written arithmetic ability10.
The presence of complex IADL deficits in MCI suggests that brain networks underlying the neurocognitive underpinnings of daily activities are becoming non-functional in the context of brain changes that occur in amnestic MCI. Brain changes are observable on PET, structural MRI, and fMRI in patients with amnestic MCI, and these neuroimaging markers are often indicative of neuropathological changes related to AD11. For instance, the importance of arithmetic to financial abilities suggests that pathology within the angular gyrus may be related to declines in financial capacity12; attention and executive function as predictors of financial abilities could implicate pathology within the midline cortical regions such as the posterior cingulate/precuneus and medial superior frontal lobes13–16. Although measures of episodic memory are not primary predictors of FCI performance in amnestic MCI patients9, 10, the prominence of hippocampal/medial temporal lobe pathology in these patients17 suggests that atrophy of these regions may also play a role in cognitive and mental status declines affecting FCI performance.
An important gap in neurodegenerative disease research is the identification of links between brain changes, cognitive change, and changes in IADLs; this gap exists despite advances in neuroimaging and in the assessment of IADLs. Only a few studies have attempted to use brain imaging techniques to examine how brain changes in AD and MCI can influence the everyday functional abilities of older adults18–22. Unfortunately, such studies have generally relied on informant report of IADLs rather than direct-assessment measurements. The reliance on informant report is concerning as studies have suggested that informant ratings of IADLs may be unreliable23, 24.
Of the available neuroimaging technologies, structural MRI volumetrics is a potentially useful tool to examine IADL changes in MCI as it is sensitive to atrophy in patients with MCI25, is correlated with cognitive function in MCI26, and has generally good correspondence with AD pathology at autopsy11, 27.
The current study investigates MRI volumetrics of four structures suspected to play a role in financial abilities in persons with amnestic MCI: the medial prefrontal lobes, the hippocampi, the medial parietal/precunei, and the angular gyri. As discussed below, these structures were chosen because they are brain regions known to be affected in MCI and AD, and given their prior association with cognitive abilities that could influence financial abilities. We sought to identify which regions contribute to FCI performance, in patients with amnestic MCI. We additionally sought to explore the neurocognitive mechanism(s) that might mediate the relationships of brain atrophy to FCI performance in patients with amnestic MCI.
Sixty-six participants were included in this study, of which 38 patients had amnestic MCI and 28 were age-matched healthy older adult controls. Patients with amnestic MCI were community-dwelling older adults who presented for clinical evaluation to the UAB Memory Disorders Clinic, a tertiary care outpatient clinic. They were subsequently recruited into the UAB Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) and an associated study of functional change in amnestic MCI (Cognitive Observations in Seniors, or "COINS"). All participants underwent a research assessment comprised of neurological evaluation, neuropsychological testing, capacity testing, and laboratory blood work. The diagnosis of amnestic MCI was made in a consensus diagnostic conference using original Mayo criteria2. Informant or patient report of subjective memory impairment was determined through clinical examination as well as an informant interview conducted separately from the patient's ADRC exam. Neuropsychological tests used to fulfill criteria for amnestic MCI included the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Edition (WMSR) Logical Memory28, the California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II)29, DRS Memory, and 10/36 Spatial Recall. Impairment was determined by the ADRC neuropsychologists in reference to appropriate age-based norms and clinical judgment regarding change from prior/premorbid level of function. Overall cognition was assessed through performance on the Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2)30 and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)31. Activities of daily living (for diagnostic purposes) were assessed by informant report using a standardized interview format relevant to MCI and early AD.
At the time this study began, the UAB ADRC was using the original Mayo criteria for amnestic MCI2. Retrospective examination of the frequency of cognitive impairment in our ADRC amnestic MCI cohort revealed that approximately 2/3 of the participants would likely meet criteria for amnestic MCI - multiple cognitive domains involved32.
Exclusion criteria for the amnestic MCI group included a diagnosis of exclusively non-amnestic MCI, evidence of another neurodegenerative disease, history of stroke, another chronic debilitating neurological illness (i.e., MS or cerebral palsy), severe organ disease, autoimmune disease, cancer (except skin cancer), alcoholism, or a terminal condition with less than 12 months to live. Participants were also excluded if they had untreated major depression or any other severe psychiatric disorder.
Control participants were 28 volunteers recruited from the community into the ADRC through newspaper advertisements or health fairs. These participants underwent ADRC neurological evaluation and neuropsychological testing to ensure the absence of medical and psychiatric conditions that could compromise cognition, and well characterized as cognitively normal following ADRC diagnostic consensus conference. Controls in the ADRC also met the exclusion criteria listed above for amnestic MCI participants.
All participants gave informed consent according to UAB Institutional Review Board guidelines.
The FCI is a standardized psychometric instrument developed to directly assess the financial abilities and performance of older adults4, 33. The FCI assesses financial abilities based upon a three-level conceptual model of the financial capacity construct: specific financial abilities, broader financial activities, and overall financial capacity4, 33. The development, reliability, and validation of the instrument have been described elsewhere33. Participants were administered the FCI by a trained technician who then scored performance on the items based upon standardized criteria. In this study, only the FCI domains of financial conceptual knowledge (Domain 2), bank statement management (Domain 5), financial judgment (Domain 6), and bill payment (Domain 7) were used because of prior evidence demonstrating that these domains discriminate best between healthy controls and amnestic MCI patients4, 9. Participants' scores on these domains were summed to create an abbreviated FCI Total Score. The prior experience of our participants with the financial skills measured by the FCI was determined by self-report and/or informant report. This information was then used to correct for lack of prior experience in any applicable financial tasks and domains following our previously described method4.
Each participant was administered a battery of neuropsychological tests by a trained technician. From this battery, we selected the following measures for inclusion in this study because of their prior association with FCI performance in MCI9, 10:
Attention was measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale - Third Edition (WMS-III) Spatial Span subtest34.
Visuomotor tracking was measured by Trail-Making Test A35.
Arithmetic ability was measured by the Wide-Range Achievement Test - Third Edition (WRAT-3) Arithmetic subtest36.
The raw scores from these measures were used in the statistical analyses.
MRI images were obtained using a Philips Intera 3 Tesla MRI system with a quadrature TR head coil to measure gray matter volumes from our regions of interest (ROI). These imaging sequences consisted of 1) multi-slice sagittal, axial, and coronal T1 FFE scout sequences acquired using TR/TE=11.1/4.6 ms, 256 × 128 resolution, and 10 mm slice thickness (for the purpose of image alignment) and 2) multi-slice sagittal T1 FFE acquired using TR/TE=9.3/4.6 ms, 240 × 240 resolution, and 2 mm slice thickness.
After the MRI images were obtained, they were transferred to a workstation running SPM5 (www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm5). Tissue segmentation was derived in SPM5 and involved segmentation/normalization/modulation of the brain and smoothing of the resulting gray and white matter images37. The T1 image set was first skull stripped and the origin of each scan manually set to the anterior commissure. Next, a combined normalization/segmentation process was implemented on the scan using the prior probability templates provided with the SPM5 program. These tissue probability maps are modified versions of the ICBM Tissue Probabilistic Atlases. The results of this modulated segmentation/normalization process are gray matter, white matter, and CSF images for each subject normalized to the same stereotactic space37. Finally, gray and white matter images were smoothed using an 8 mm Gaussian kernel.
We first used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore the predictive ability of brain voxels within the MCI group upon FCI scores. Voxel-level data were then analyzed for clusters associated with FCI score, with a threshold of 10 voxels per cluster. Associations were then corrected for multiple comparisons, with significance set at P < 0.00025. Voxel clusters that predicted FCI score variance past this threshold were identified by the MNI coordinate system38.
The ROI for volumetric analyses were then identified using an automated pickatlas routine in SPM5. This method is based upon an anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI Single-subject brain38 and has the advantage of requiring no trained user interface to reliably obtain volumetric masks from any of 45 cortical and subcortical ROI (each hemisphere) after modulated MRI images are segmented and normalized in SPM5. Similar methods have been shown to have good reliability with manual traces of the hippocampus in patients with dementia39. Based upon this method, we derived bilateral volumes of the following ROI (see Figure 1):
Superior Frontal Gyri, Medial - this region was defined on the medial aspect of the frontal cortex and included all of the superior frontal gyrus to a posterior border of the supplementary motor area and cingulate, with an inferior border at the line of the anterior-posterior commisure, at which point the orbital portion of the superior frontal gyri occurs38.
Hippocampi - this region consisted of the gray matter in the region of the temporal ventricular horns including the dentate gyrus, uncus, and hippocampus proper, limited caudally by the parahippocampal ramus of the collateral fissure38.
Precunei - this region is defined on the medial cortical surface of both hemispheres with posterior boundaries of the parietooccipital sulcus, dorsally by the marginal sulcus, and ventrally by the subparietal sulcus38.
Angular Gyri - this region was defined anteriorly by the angular sulcus and caudally at the occipitoparietal line38.
All ROI were derived for both hemispheres. Given that asymmetries were not observed in these structures at the group level, hemispheric ROI volumes were summed to obtain a bilateral ROI volumes, a procedure that also effectively reduced the number of statistical tests performed. We adjusted for the influence of sex and age on MRI volumes using multiple regression analyses based on the control participants40. The regression equations were then applied to the volumes of MCI participants and the predicted variance was removed from the observed volumes. The result is a residual score that removes variance due to body size and aging. The z-score transformations of adjusted volumes were then computed based upon the control group's mean adjusted volumes.
Demographic data were compared using independent samples t tests or Chi-square (for categorical data). Group differences on neuropsychological, FCI, and MRI measures were tested using independent samples t tests. Within the MCI patient group, we first ran Pearson correlations to examine the associations among neuropsychological test scores, MRI volumes, and FCI performance (approximating a 5-1 subject-to-variable ratio). VBM analyses were then conducted as previously described above. We then performed a forward stepwise multiple regression (probability of F to enter = .05; probability of F to remove = .10) to determine which of the four MRI volumes best predicted FCI Total Score. This stepwise multiple regression was subsequently repeated with an initial predictor block entered to account for overall cognition (MMSE score) and demographic variables prior to the stepwise block. Finally, models of mediation using MRI volume(s) as the predictor variable(s), FCI score as the dependent variable, and neuropsychological variables as the mediator(s) were investigated using the method described by Sobel41. A two-tailed alpha level of .05 was adopted for all analyses.
Demographics, dementia staging, and clinical characteristics are presented in Table 1. As expected, our matched samples showed no significant differences in terms of age, education, race, or gender. Staging using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)42 scale was different: all MCI patients had CDR scores = 0.5 and all controls had CDR = 0.0. Almost 40% of the MCI patients were taking a cholinesterase inhibitor for memory loss.
Neuropsychological test performance is also shown in Table 1. Controls performed significantly above MCI patients on the MMSE, Spatial Span, and Trails A. There was a trend observed (P = .069) towards lower performance on WRAT-3 Arithmetic in the amnestic MCI patients.
Comparison of FCI score performance is also shown in Table 1. Variance was not equal between groups (Levene's Test = 21.86, P < .001). We thus applied a t value that does not assume equality of variances. Comparison of the FCI Total Score demonstrated that controls performed significantly better than patients with amnestic MCI.
The regression of brain voxels onto FCI scores showed a positive association with one cluster of voxels with maxima located at MNI coordinates −54, −48, 44 (uncorrected P = .015) (posterior parietal cortex in the area of the angular gyrus), although this association became a trend and did not reach significance when the multiple-comparison correction was applied (corrected P = .081) (see Figure 2). A second cluster of voxels with maxima located at 18, 12, −24 (right ventral frontal region) showed a trend prior to correction (P = .053), although after correction this finding did not approach significance (corrected P = .262).
MRI volumes from the four ROIs are displayed in Table 2. The hippocampi were significantly smaller bilaterally in amnestic MCI patients compared to controls. A trend was observed (P = .064) towards smaller medial frontal lobe volume in the amnestic MCI patients. The percentage of MCI patients with adjusted z-score volumes below −1 SD was greatest in the hippocampi (47%), followed by angular gyri (34%), and then the medial frontal (29%) and precunei (29%).
Table 3 shows the correlations among the neuropsychological tests, MRI volumes, and the FCI Total as obtained within the MCI group. MRI volumes were highly correlated with each other (significant r values ranging from .48 to .80) and also showed correlations with neuropsychological variables. The medial frontal lobe volume was correlated with WRAT-3 Arithmetic. Angular gyri volume was correlated with WMS-III Spatial Span and Arithmetic. The precunei was correlated with Spatial Span, Trails A, and Arithmetic. The hippocampi volume showed no correlations with neuropsychological test scores within our amnestic MCI group.
The FCI score showed correlations with all three of the neuropsychological variables (r values ranging from −.56 to .74). The FCI score was correlated with the angular gyri ROI (see Figure 3), but not with the other three ROIs.
Two stepwise regressions were computed to determine the key predictors of the FCI score. The first stepwise regression was computed to determine the key MRI volume predictor of FCI score, with all four ROI considered for the regression. The regression entered the angular gyri ROI, and explained 19% of the variance in FCI scores: F (1, 36) = 8.44, P < .01.
As demographic variables and overall mental status could help explain variability in FCI scores within our patient group, we performed a regression analysis of FCI score that first force-entered MMSE score, age, education, and sex in one block, and subsequently entered the four MRI volumes in a second stepwise block. After the initial block was force-entered, the angular gyri was the only ROI that met entry criteria for the model, uniquely accounting for 12% change in the variance above and beyond the covariate block: F (1, 32) = 7.61, P < .05.
Both the Spatial Span measure and WRAT Arithmetic met the initial assumptions for mediation43. As detailed above, angular gyri volume was correlated with both neuropsychological measures and the neuropsychological measures were in turn correlated with FCI score.
The first mediator model tested whether the relationship of angular gyri volume to FCI score is mediated by the Spatial Span score. The Sobel equation was computed with the unstandardized coefficients of the correlation of angular gyri volume with Spatial Span (B = .88, SE = .38) and the correlation of Spatial Span with FCI score, when angular gyri volume is also accounted for (B = 2.63, SE = .78)41. The test statistic (1.93) just missed our significance level (P = .054); the Beta for the relationship of angular gyri volume with FCI score changed from .44 to .26 (P = .07) after accounting for Spatial Span score, suggesting a partial mediation.
The second mediator model tested whether the relationship of angular gyri volume to FCI score is mediated by the Arithmetic score. The Sobel equation was computed with the unstandardized coefficients of the correlation of angular gyri volume with Arithmetic (B = 1.36, SE = .64) and the correlation of Arithmetic with FCI score, when angular gyri volume is also accounted for (B = 2.18, SE = .38). The test statistic (1.99) was significant (P < .05), indicating that the relationship of angular gyri volume with FCI score is carried by the Arithmetic score; the Beta for the relationship of angular gyri volume with FCI score changed from .44 to .17 (P = .18) after accounting for Arithmetic score, indicating a partial mediation.
There are three main findings of interest from this study. First, MRI volume of the angular gyri, one of the posterior cortical regions known to be implicated in the early neuropathology of AD, was moderately correlated with a direct assessment measure of financial abilities in patients with amnestic MCI. Second, angular gyri volume was shown to be a unique predictor of financial abilities after accounting for overall mental status and demographic variables. Third, the relationship of angular gyri volume with financial abilities was shown to be partially mediated by arithmetic ability. These findings have implications for understanding the pathway by which early declines in financial abilities can occur in amnestic MCI patients.
To our knowledge, the current study is one of the first to link brain measures in areas other than the hippocampus with IADLs in patients with amnestic MCI, demonstrating that structural brain measures are sensitive not only to cognitive and clinical impairments but also to emerging deficits in cognitively demanding IADLs such as financial capacity. Patients with amnestic MCI are known to experience brain volume changes that have implications for cognitive function and prognosis. Hippocampal atrophy in amnestic MCI corresponds to memory impairment26 and disease progression25, and is predictive of risk of later "conversion" to AD44. However, volumetric abnormalities also occur in other cortical regions in patients with MCI, such as the posterior cingulate45 and angular gyrus46, 47. Our data generally correspond with these prior findings: the hippocampal volumes were significantly smaller in amnestic MCI compared to controls. While the other ROIs did not reach significance, they were smaller in patients compared to controls in all instances, and in the case of the angular gyrus over 1/3 of the MCI patients showed emerging volumetric abnormalities (values below −1 SD).
Furthermore, these data suggest that angular gyri volume, and the neural networks that it is a part of, is a specific neurocognitive substrate by which financial capacity is influenced. The first evidence supporting our conclusion is that, despite high intercorrelations among the volumetric ROI in our sample, other brain volumes including the hippocampus were meagerly correlated with FCI performance, whereas the angular gyri volume showed a reasonably robust correlation. An exploratory VBM analysis showed a strong trend for a cluster of voxels located in the posterior parietal cortex in the area of the angular gyrus to predict FCI scores. Additionally, regression demonstrated that the volumetric predictor of FCI in our MCI patient sample was angular gyri volume. The third evidence in support of a specific relationship between angular gyri volume and FCI performance is the more stringent regression model that accounted for overall mental status, age, education, and sex (factors that would plausibly influence performance on financial abilities). Despite adjustment for these covariates, the angular gyri volume remained a key predictor of FCI performance, uniquely accounting for 12% of variance in scores. It could be argued that the relationship of MRI volumes with financial abilities and IADLs is simply a proxy for the effects of global cognitive change on IADLs. However, our data suggest that there is a specific relationship between financial abilities and angular gyri volume in patients with amnestic MCI.
Another key finding is the demonstration that arithmetic abilities, and to some extent attention, mediate the relationship of angular gyri volume with financial abilities in patients with amnestic MCI. The amnestic MCI patients in this study were impaired relative to the matched controls on performance of the FCI, consistent with our prior reports4, 9. The Arithmetic score was the primary neurocognitive predictor of overall financial abilities in a prior study using a larger amnestic MCI sample and the full FCI instrument10. Our findings add further confirmation of the importance of arithmetic ability to financial abilities by demonstrating the link with brain volumetrics of the angular gyri. Prior studies have demonstrated a role for the angular gyri in calculation abilities48–50, and a recent study linked regional metabolic abnormalities of the angular gyri with dyscalculia in AD12. Our data add to the literature by demonstrating an association between angular gyri volume and calculation ability in amnestic MCI patients, and extending this finding to everyday financial tasks. Attention is also possibly a mediator of the relationship of the angular gyri volume with FCI in our patients. In a prior study, an attention composite score that included Spatial Span was predictive of FCI domain scores in MCI patients9. Posterior lateral cortical regions such as the angular gyri have been implicated in attention deficits in patients with AD13.
Brain structures that show changes in early AD and MCI, such as the angular gyrus and posterior cingulate, are components of larger neural networks that are responsible for neurocognitive processes51, 52. In turn, changes in these neurocognitive processes likely result in impairment in complex daily activities. One such critical network that has received increasing attention is the default mode network, in which abnormalities have been detected in patients with AD53 and MCI54. This network has been implicated in executive function55, memory56, and goal directed behavior57, and as such is likely a primary neural system mediating cognitive functions subserving complex daily activities. Thus, the current findings are an initial effort to identify brain structures that underlie neural network degradation associated with changes in complex daily activities.
One potential issue to address is the amount of overlap between the FCI and the WRAT-3 Arithmetic score. Both measures are strongly correlated (.74) and the Arithmetic measure predicted 55% of the variance in FCI scores. The financial domains measured by this version of the FCI were financial conceptual knowledge, bank statement management, financial judgment, and bill payment. Of these, only the financial conceptual knowledge domain directly involves calculations (i.e., figuring percentages on tax). The other domains assess abilities such as demonstrating knowledge regarding financial affairs (i.e., bank statements, bills, taxes), locating information on bank statements and bills, organizing bills, and exercising financial judgment in fraud scenarios. In an exploratory analysis of correlations with domain- and task-level performance on the FCI, we found that angular gyri volume is correlated with both conceptual tasks as well as pragmatic tasks requiring calculation (data not shown). Certainly, application of written arithmetic problems such as those measured by the WRAT-3 requires not only calculation abilities but conceptual knowledge regarding calculations (i.e. division, fractions, percentages), visual scanning, and working memory (for instance, see the correlation of Arithmetic scores with Spatial Span in Table 3). We previously reported that performance on WRAT-3 Arithmetic was impaired in patients with AD, who showed a variety of errors such as operation substitution (addition rather than subtraction) that indicate possible degradation of semantic knowledge regarding calculations, as well as digit substitution and other inattentive errors58. One possible implication is that the angular gyri are important not only for performance of calculations, as well as reading and writing50, 59, but also for knowledge of mathematic operations and financial concepts as well. Such a supposition would certainly require further study.
Our study represents one of the first to directly link structural brain measures in amnestic MCI with a direct-assessment measure of financial abilities. A grossly neglected area of research has been investigations of the neuroanatomical basis of changes in IADLs in older adults using neuroimaging. Only a few such studies have been reported, and none to our knowledge with a clinically-diagnosed population of amnestic MCI patients. In one study MRI volumes of cortical gray matter and the hippocampus were predictive of contemporaneous clinician ratings of IADLs based upon caregiver interview in healthy individuals and patients with AD18. Another study using an informant-based rating of IADLs (IQCODE) examined the correspondence of these ratings with hippocampal volume and white matter hyperintensities in a mixed group of English and Spanish speakers, some of whom were cognitively impaired based upon psychometrically-defined thresholds21. The uniqueness of the current study compared to these other reports is the focus on direct assessment of a specific IADL, investigation of several ROIs, and study of a clinically-diagnosed group of patients with amnestic MCI. Additionally, our focus on MRI volumes within the MCI group likely influenced the lack of findings in the hippocampus, as both prior studies included imaging data from cognitively normal individuals in their statistical analyses. Other authors have indicated that hippocampal volumes in patients with AD may fail to correspond with behavioral measures as an artifact of the extensiveness of hippocampal atrophy and more widespread effects to other brain regions60. Such factors may plausibly be at play in patients with MCI as well.
The clinical and future research implications of the current findings are grounded in the importance of understanding IADL changes for clinicians and families. Decline of IADLs is the phenomenological "face" of dementia to patients with AD and their families, as they typically require increasing oversight and engagement of family members in the care of these patients. Changes in IADLs such as financial capacity moreover have public health significance, as such changes can be important markers of disease progression in MCI and are a crucial diagnostic criterion for clinically detecting conversion to dementia. Although it has been increasingly appreciated that cognitive changes in MCI can lead to changes in IADLs, we do not yet understand how neurodegeneration of key neural pathways lead to deficits and declines in IADLs. Such knowledge would be important for researchers to develop comprehensive models of IADL declines and will assist in early identification and care as well as inform diagnosis and support instrument development.
Limitations of the current study should be acknowledged. Our approach to volumetric analysis may not correspond directly with volumetrics derived from manually traced volumes, and results obtained using such methods may not be directly comparable. Other findings have suggested that SPM-based approaches have high correspondence with manual tracing39. Persons with amnestic MCI in this study are undergoing longitudinal follow-up as part of their participation in the UAB ADRC. As the current paper is a cross-sectional study, the ultimate clinical and neuropathological status of these participants is unknown. Our Center's observed rates of conversion to AD from amnestic MCI is consistent with the conventional annualized 15% rate of risk61, indicating that a majority of the participants in this study will likely clinically manifest AD in the future. Correspondence of findings in a sample of mild AD patients would also be desirable.
In conclusion, we present findings supporting a relationship between MRI brain volumes and IADL deficits in patients with amnestic MCI. Financial abilities showed a robust relationship with volume of the angular gyri, and this relationship was partially mediated by a measure of arithmetic abilities and possibly also by attention. These findings hold promise for further investigation of IADL declines in amnestic MCI and mild AD using neuroimaging techniques in order to increase our knowledge of how brain atrophy and corresponding pathology and cognitive change may place these patients at high risk for changes in complex daily activities such as financial capacity.
This study was funded by grants from the National Institute on Aging (Alzheimer's Disease Research Center - 1P50 AG16582-10: Marson, PI); (1R01 AG021927-05: Marson, PI) & Alzheimer's of Central Alabama (Griffith, PI).
Sponsor's Role: None
Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the authors and has determined that the authors have no financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this paper.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Short Communication
Methods for Equine Preantral Follicles Isolation: Quantitative Aspects
Version of Record online: 16 SEP 2013
DOI: 10.1111/rda.12234
© 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Reproduction in Domestic Animals
Volume 48, Issue 6, pages e85–e87, December 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Leonel, E., Bento-Silva, V., Ambrozio, K., Luna, H., Costa e Silva, E. and Zúccari, C. (2013), Methods for Equine Preantral Follicles Isolation: Quantitative Aspects. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 48: e85–e87. doi: 10.1111/rda.12234
Publication History
- Issue online: 11 NOV 2013
- Version of Record online: 16 SEP 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: 13 AUG 2013
- Manuscript Received: 16 APR 2013
Funded by
- Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
The aim of this study was to test the use of mechanical and mechanical-enzymatic methods, saline solution (SS), and PBS solution for the manipulation and isolation of mare ovarian preantral follicles (PAFs). The ovaries were subjected to mechanical isolation (mixer) alone or in association with enzymatic digestion (collagenase). Incubation times of 10 and 20 min were employed. In the first group, 4.1 ± 4.9 PAFs were harvested with the mechanical-enzymatic method vs 71.1 ± 19.2 with the mechanical procedure, showing a significant difference between methods; using SS and PBS, these numbers were 35.7 ± 34.3 and 39.6 ± 39.6, respectively, with no significant difference between solutions. In the second group, there was significant difference between methods, with 7.1 ± 10.6 follicles harvested with the mechanical-enzymatic method vs 63.2 ± 22.9 with the mechanical procedure; using SS and PBS, means were 35.5 ± 36.4 and 34.9 ± 31.1, respectively. The mechanical method proved more effective than the mechanical-enzymatic approach. Both SS and PBS can be used as a media for equine PAFs preparation.

subset: commoncrawl


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Celebrity Pictures in Designer Jeans
Halle Berry in Black Orchid
Halle Berry was spotted going through security at LAX International Airport in Los Angeles, California a few days ago. She chose to wear the jeans that she is obsessed with at the moment and always spotted in, her Black Orchid Crystal wash skinnies. I have to say, as much as Black Orchid doesn't suit me, it does look great on Halle!
Halle has always been a fan of the brand and she owns quite a few of their jeans. It would be good to see her in another brand at some point though, it's always fun to blog about the other denim companies. You can buy Black Orchid jeans at Singer22.com.
Images courtesy of Stefan/INFdaily.com
Vanessa Hudgens in Current/Elliott Shorts
Vanessa Hudgens was seen getting something to eat at Le Pain Quotiden in Studio City, California yesterday. She wore an outfit true to her style and opted for a pair of Current/Elliott high rise denim shorts with a black tee, a mink coloured cardigan, a back hat and some boots.
I actually love this outfit on Vanessa! I think the perfect way to wear high rise shorts is just like this, wearing something long to cover the butt area because high rise can make your butt look elongated and it's not very flattering. I'm still kind of upset that Zac and Vanessa broke up, I thought they made the perfect couple. Their dress sense always complimented each other too! Buy Current/Elliott at Singer22.com.
Zac Efron in Levi's Denim Cut-Offs
As the weather warms up, the denim shorts are back and weather here in California has definitely been warm. So no surprise that the trend from last year is being picked up again this year.
Zac Efron was spotted going to get a bite to eat in West Hollywood, California. He chose to wear a pair of cuffed Levi's 501 Cut-Off Shorts in Karma. I really like the wash of these. They also fit Zac very well. Zac seems to be into knit sweaters lately. He has been spotted in a couple of styles now. I think pairing this particular sweater with the shorts makes him look a bit confused about which season he is in. Though I do like how they look on Zac, I'm still not a fan of this trend personally. I don't know, I just don't like the style. Not every trend is for everyone I guess. I do like his sunglasses though. You can click here to purchase these shorts at Levi's for $98.
Denise Richards in Current/Elliott
Denise Richards was spotted taking her daughters, Sam Sheen and Lola Rose Sheen, to Maddy's Market for some food supplies in Calabasas. Denise is reportedly so disgusted with her ex-husband Charlie Sheen's behaviour that she has decided not to let him anywhere near their two daughters. I wonder how the children will react to that?
Denise looked absolutely stunning in a pair of Current/Elliott boyfriend jeans, which she was seen in before back in 2009, flip flops and a tee. I think she is so pretty and she knows how to look great even when the outfit is completely casual. I always wanted a pair of the boyfriend jeans from Current/Elliott but I found they just didn't suit me very well. Buy these jeans at Singer22.com.
Images courtesy of Larsen/Skippy/INFdaily.com


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WHOPPERTUNITY - 11 acres of commercial real estate located on Highway 290 East of
Fredericksburg right in the heart of the Texas Hill Country Wine Trial, and near the Wild Seed Farm, Trade Days, and
the new brewery! This property offers over 30,000 square feet under roof that includes a flea market, antique shop,
15 small apartment/cabin rentals and storage buildings. This property is already making a good monthly income and
has plenty of room to grow or to make your own mark with a wine tasting room or other business venture. With a good
monthly cash flow already in place your imagination is the only limit. Now that is a whopper of an opportunity!
Priced at $2,850,000
Ask For Mike Starks
E-mail: email@example.com
Phone: 830-990-8708
Fax: 830-990-8906
Mobile: 830-456-3532
Kusenberger CLHMS, GRI, CRS
Office: 830-990-8708
Cell: 830-456-6327
Fax: 830-990-8906
Commercial property in the most sought after real estate area in the Texas Hill
Country. This prime 290 frontage property consists of 27 acres along a beautiful live creek with huge cypress
and cedar elm trees with some excellent soils for vineyard/orchard. It also includes a successful Bed and
Breakfast complex (6 units) and an awesome canvas for more, 2149 sq.ft. residence, 2 commercial/retail
buildings, and an orchard. Two wells, which are 200 & 45 GPM. If you are looking for a solid investment with
huge potential, this is the property you have been waiting for. MLS: 70556. Contact Sharon for
Sharon Armstrong
Office: 830-990-8708
Cell: 830-998-6262
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
IN THE HEART OF THE WINE COUNTRY, this 32+ acre tract will have 300' of
frontage on US HWY 290 East between Fredericksburg and Stonewall, mostly rich fertile soils but will have a bit
of area on the western boundary that is treed. Land in this part of the county does not become available very
Kusenberger CLHMS, GRI, CRS
Office: 830-990-8708
Cell: 830-456-6327
Fax: 830-990-8906
PRIME COMMERCIAL CORNER on the NW corner of State Hwy 16 South and South Milam, this 18.47 acres
is one of the largest undeveloped commercial tracts within the city limits. Zoning is a combination of C-1 & C-2. A 200'-deep
strip (approximately 2 acres) fronting on Hwy 16 is C-2, which will allow most any commercial venture and would be ideal for several fast food locations. Balance is C-1; projects such as apartments are acceptable here, just across the street from the hospital and Fredericksburg High School, it is all about location. With a conditional use permit, duplex, condos, townhomes
may be built. Even mini storage, boat and RV storage can work with a conditional use permit and would be a great location close to downtown. City water is in place, city sewer is available and fronts the property on Hwy 16 S. Seller will may be willing to divide, contact Dennis for details, 830-456-6327 or
firstname.lastname@example.com The listing price for the entire tract is $1,490,000.
The offering includes all of the furniture, fixtures, and equipment with the exception of a few personal items of
decoration that have personal value to the owners. The inventory to be adjusted at time of closing and handled as
an out of contract item. The kitchen is the heart of the operation, and is equipped with modern equipment, which
is designed to get the job done in a professional manner.
LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION, you hear those words a lot but this big .039 acre lot
delivers! The C-2 zoning allows for multiple possibilities and the location just off Main Street and right across
for the post office makes this a highly visible, yet easily assessable, lot. Just a few of the permitted uses for
the C2 zoning include: Business/administrative offices, Auto repair/sales, convenience store, veterinarian office,
multi-family residential, and a lot more! So check it out today!
Priced at $129,500.
Click on photos for larger view.
MASON COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITY, this 14,000 SF metal building is 100% per climate controlled. An ideal
setup for light manufacturing with ample room for executive offices, conference areas, quality control and inspection areas, break rooms and restrooms.
Even has 2 mezzanine areas for raw/finished product storage. Design of the building is such that you could use a part and lease out a couple of other spaces.
How about converting the entire property in climate controlled warehouse space, the HVAC is already there! 2-12' tall OHD and several personnel doors. Lots of extra land to expand.
You could take some of the extra land and build other commercial lease space or mini storage units. City water and sewer serve the property. Location is just over one mile east of downtown on Hwy 29 towards Llano. Priced at $450,000. Contact Dennis at 830-456-6327 or email@example.com for a showing appointment for MLS #65648


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HTML Audio
HTML Audio, to add audio is only possible with HTML5 before this we can only add audios with the help of some flash plugin.
Read article: HTML Audio
HTML Video
HTML Video, to add video is only possible with HTML5 before this we can only add videos with the help of some flash plugin.
Read article: HTML Video
HTML Media Introduction
HTML Media means multimedia like sounds, videos animations etc.
Media define in various categories like pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more.
Read article: HTML Media Introduction
HTML5 Elements
HTML5 introduces many form elements like , , etc.
Some of these are:
is used for predefined options for input controls
is used for key pair generator field
is used for the result of the calculation
Read article: HTML5 Elements
HTML5 Tags
Many new tags were introduced in HTML5 such as article, aside, details, dialog, header, footer, figure etc.
Main New HTML5 Tags Are article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, main, mark, nav, section, summary, time
Read article: HTML5 Tags
HTML5 Introduction
HTML5 is a core technology markup language of the Internet used for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web.It is the latest and most enhanced version of HTML.
Read article: HTML5 Introduction
HTML Form Elements
There are different types of form elements from that you can collect user data.
Text input field
Password input field
Radio Box
Select menu
File Upload
hidden field
Simple button
Submit and Reset Button
Image Button
Read article: HTML Form Elements
HTML Forms
HTML forms is used collect and transfer user data from user side like email address,name,phone no etc through various form elements like text fields,textarea,checkbox,radio buttons atc.
Read article: HTML Forms
HTML Javascript
HTML Javascript is used to add interactivity on the webpage like alertbox or show hide the div or element.The script can be written using Javascript or VBScript.
Read article: HTML Javascript
HTML Style
Style attribute is used to change the apperance of HTML elements like text color,background color,font-size etc.
Cascading Style Sheets(CSS) is used to give styling to HTML elements you can apply plenty of different style attribute to HTML elements
Read article: HTML Style
Submit your News here


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- I'm done, close this
Enter Our Ultimate Summer Tech Giveaway!
That's right - we are giving away a Summer Tech Package that includes a high-tech Fuego Element grill, Monster Superstar Backfloat waterproof speaker, and a mobile charging bank from iFrogz! Head on over to our giveaway page in order to enter. Good luck!
Tuesday February 5, 2013 6:39 pm
Mophie Juice Pack Helium arrives to keep iPhone 5 charged
Posted by Andru Edwards - Categories: Accessories, Apple, Cell Phones, Handhelds
The iPhone 5 launched four months ago, and power users everywhere have been waiting for a compatible Mophie Juice Pack--the wait is over, as the Juice Pack Helium for iPhone 5 has arrived, supporting the new Lightning Connector. Packing a 1,500mAh batter, the Juice Pack Helium more than doubles the battery life of the iPhone 5. This means you get 6 more hours of talk time, or 6 more hours of web browsing. Like the older models, you can charge and sync the iPhone with the Juice Pack Helium on it through micro USB. Mophie is taking orders now, and the $79.95 Juice Pack Helium should ship later this week.
Read More | Mophie
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- accessories, apple, battery case, battery pack, cellphones, iphone 5, iphone 5 charger case, juice pack, juice pack helium, lightning, lightning connector, mophie, mophie juice pack, mophie juice pack helium, smartphones
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you are viewing a single comment's thread.
You are right, at the height I had 2.5M shares of EBIG, but I am down to under 1M shares now. Those 1M are mostly "on the house" now as I learnt over the years to sell shares when we have those 2 to 3 increases per year. At this point I will not sell anymore shares until we hit .25c, which I believe will happen within the next 12-24 months. I have learnt to be very, no extremly patient with this stock!
Sentiment: Hold
a lot of people here could benefit from your strategy----good luck---our thinking on ebig is not that much different
Sentiment: Buy


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Google announced a bunch of new features today. Let's dive in:
Real-time integration
See the latest tweets, blogs, news etc. You can click on "Latest results" in the search results or the "Latest" link in the Search Options panel in order to get more results for a given keyword/phrase.
Hot Topics on Google Trends
This feature is similar to "trending topics" on Twitter. This is not the same as "Hot Trends" launched in September. That included a Google graph at the bottom of search results if you happened to search one of the top 100 hottest trends in Google search on a given day. This new feature is viewable simply by visiting Google Trends.
Oh yeah, and Google Trends is now out of Labs.
Search by Voice in Japanese
Searching by Voice is available on Google search apps for smartphones. So far, it has understood English and Mandarin. Now, Japanese is added to the mix.
"What's Nearby?" on Google Maps
Find local businesses near where you are. Available for Google Maps for Android on versions 1.6 or higher. In coming weeks, browsing to google.com on iPhone or Android phone and then clicking "Near me now" will give you the same option.
Google Goggles Launches into Labs for Android
This lets users search by taking pictures of products, works of art, and locations they're interested in instead of typing in a query. There is a reason this in Labs, as not all things are ready for primetime including animals, plants, cars, etc. You can help the process along by using the new tool.
via Official Google Blog and Google Mobile blog
Related reading
Four key digital transformation trends you must pay attention to right now
Last week ClickZ Intelligence held its webinar on The What, Why and How of Digital Transformation in association with Marketo.
Google launches imported call conversions
If the internet killed the phone call, the smartphone has revived it.
Will Pokémon GO become a marketing platform for local businesses?
Nintendo's Pokémon Go, a free augmented reality (AR) mobile game, is on fire.
Five most interesting search marketing news stories of the week
Welcome to our weekly round-up of all the latest news and research from around the world of search marketing and beyond.


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Monster House Cheats for GameBoy AdvanceHome / GameBoy Advance /
This page contains Cheats for Monster House organized by sections for GameBoy Advance. This game has "Action Adventure" as genre, made by Artificial Mind And Movement, released on Jul 18, 2006. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
- Developer: Artificial Mind And Movement
- Publisher: Thq
- Genre: Action Adventure
- Release: Jul 18, 2006
- ESRB: Everyone
If you know cheats, secrets, hints, glitches or other level guides for this game that can help others leveling up, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights and experience with other gamers.
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
How many levels are there in thou art dead?...
Posted on: 08-07-2014
On the 3rd floor there is a locked room. How do I get in. I went to every room but one...
Posted on: 12-04-2013
How do you get to the 1st boss? its so freaking hard!!! >:(...
Posted on: 09-03-2012
I cant find the 2nd boss...
Posted on: 06-23-2012
How could i use the elevator???? and get to the basement 2,3 and in the furnace...
Posted on: 03-21-2012
I need to know how to get the fuse to get to the third basement so i can fight the 3rd boss...
Posted on: 11-09-2011
There is a puzzle on floor 1 that i can not understand. it`s in a small room with no monsters in it. the only thing in it is a vase, a pot, and a bucket. help!!!!!...
Posted on: 07-05-2011
Konjiki No Gashbell!! Yuujou No Dengeki Dream Tag Tournament - Gameplay Video
- Nov 10, 2014, Views: 340
Densetsu No Starfy - Densetsu no Starfy Review Trailer
- May 25, 2014, Views: 469
Fortress - Intro
- May 25, 2014, Views: 153
The Legend Of Stafi - Densetsu no Starfy Review Trailer
- May 25, 2014, Views: 551
- Deus Ex: Mankind Divided, (PS4)
- The Journey: Bob's Story, (PC)
- Mafia 3, (PS4)
- Forestry 2017 - The Simulation, (XONE)
- Tayutama 2: You're The Only One, (PC)
- Call Of Duty: Infinite Warfare, (PS4)
- God Eater Resurrection, (PC)
- Ginger: Beyond The Crystal, (PS4)
- Quatros Origins, (MAC)
- Kubic, (iOS)
- Guild Of Dungeoneering, (iOS)
- Dead Shell: Roguelike RPG, (iOS)
- Quell Zen, (iOS)
- Lanota, (iOS)
- Maquis Board Game, (iOS)
- Day Of The Tentacle Remastered, (iOS)
- Tiki Taka World Soccer, (iOS)
- Battlefleet Gothic: Leviathan, (iOS)
- Out There Chronicles, (iOS)
- Cops - On Patrol, (iOS)
- Dead Venture, (iOS)


text:
Seeking to put God's love into action, Hancock County Habitat for Humanity brings people together to build homes, communities and hope.
Employment Opportunities -
We currently have two employment openings: PT Bookkeeper/Administrative Assistant and PT ReStore Sales & Donation Assistant (applications accepted until June 11th or until the positions are filled).
Please check out our "Employment Opportunities" (click here) page for complete details prior to applying. Incomplete applications will not be considered. No phone calls, please. Printed copies of our formal application are also available at our ReStore/main office (218 Downeast Hwy., Ellsworth), but no drop-in interviews will be granted.
Winter Newsletter & Annual Appeal - [Click here.]
You don't have to lift a hammer to help! Please join us in supporting our mission!
Volunteer Opportunities -
Looking for a way to help out other than volunteering on a job site or at our fabulous ReStore? Please consider joining our Board of Directors. To RSVP prior to a meeting, please email Kelley at firstname.lastname@example.com . Also, if you're interested in helping at the ReStore, check out our October 22nd timeline post on Facebook to see how dedicated and enthusiastic our volunteers are!
Meet Our 19th Partner Family -
Click here for Holly, Winter and Hunter's story. We hope that you'll be involved in supporting their dream of a simple, decent place to call 'home', with building set to begin in 2016.


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Studies of multiple stellar systems – III. Modulation of orbital elements in the triple-lined system HD 109648
Version of Record online: 4 APR 2002
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03592.x
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume 317, Issue 2, pages 375–384, September 2000
Additional Information
How to Cite
Jha, S., Torres, G., Stefanik, R. P., Latham, D. W. and Mazeh, T. (2000), Studies of multiple stellar systems – III. Modulation of orbital elements in the triple-lined system HD 109648. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 317: 375–384. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03592.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 4 APR 2002
- Version of Record online: 4 APR 2002
- Accepted 2000 March 22. Received 2000 February 29; in original form 1999 September 27
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Young scouts hike on snow ПеревестиПодробнее
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Posted 1. Янв 2014
World thinking Day activity activity pack is available on www.wagggs.org Every year WAGGGS prepare an activity pack and promote a Millenium Development Goal to girls. This program is relevent to work on World Thinking and Founder day . ПеревестиПодробнее
Posted 31. Дек 2013
Asfa scouts winter camping. TR Günday TIF Tutkey scouting Center. Seben lake bolu aladağ Main activities was map and compass training, Sledge rally, Hikes, air ,fle range, Archerry (Traditional) Nite Hikes and a Donkey Safari 32scots and 7 leaders ПеревестиПодробнее
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There were many small village school. now most of them closed. Because Goverment pays for transportation to central schoos. So some of them are i,n use as small scout centers
I am fine very busy promoting Global Youth activities maüinly UN YUNGA Challenges Перевести
This year we had international yesr of food waste and this is a good exanple to follow up. ПеревестиПодробнее
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The clean up the world weekend is an annual environmental campaign. It is held together with the UN Environment Programme, and an estimated 35 million and 130 countries participate. ПеревестиПодробнее
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by Frank Ewald
When talking with Steve about his car you can sense the passion he has for his STi but also for amateur motorsport. Our discussions went on and on as we chatted about the car, friends we have met at the track, the challenges of building a car that performs how you want it to, and the joy of volunteering and seeing newcomers get inspired by track events. The heart of this story, however, is this 2004 STi which, when you get right down to it, has had almost every component and body panel modified in the pursuit of performance. And boy has it worked!
by Khiem Dinh
Joining the 2011 model year lineup from Nissan was this funky little subcompact crossover SUV. It had polarizing looks, but a spunky and fun personality universally liked. Underneath the quirky exterior laid a real performance foundation starting with a turbocharged 1.6L gasoline direct injection engine and handling more befitting of a sport compact. Throw in optional AWD and the Juke presented an interesting performance package.
By Mike Kojima
I am old enough to have been around during what I consider to be the golden era of American road racing in the 80's. In this time we saw the rise of IMSA with the outrageous GTP prototypes and the exotic sort of production based GTO and GTU cars. SCCA had Trans Am and even CART Open wheelers were sporting awesome technology rivaling Formula One but with closer more exciting racing. I was lucky enough to have been a fan during this time and later on in the decade a participant.
by Sarah Forst
Formula Drift returned to Wall Speedway for Round 4 and gives new meaning to smoking (in) a bowl. The 33 degree bank has a gravitational force that can pull a car onto its can opener guardrail and "speedbumps" in the infield crossover that toss a car so haphazardly it can cause the driver to over-rotate or lose drift. If timed perfectly, it can also launch a car into a wicked flawless angle around the final sweeper for a win. Who is going to take this battle?
by Erik Jacobs
When Joshua was 12 years old he won his first karting championship. The "Champion" moniker stuck. Every venture since has had it in the name. Father (Randy Hora) and son (Joshua Hora) have done lots of things together, and a trip to Bonneville gave them the crazy idea to go land speed racing. The Champion ATM 240SX is the result of that teamwork.
by Mike Kojima
Last November we had the chance to drive and evaluate NASA's NP01 Prototype built by Elan. We loved the car and eagerly awaited its availability. Fast forward a few months and our friends at StopTech were able to get one of the first NP01 kits. Since StopTech's facility was undergoing expansion it was agreed that the car would get built at the palatial MotoIQ mega shop and that we could do a series of articles on what it takes to build a winning NP01.
JMS Racing is no stranger to AWD performance, having been in the Mitsubishi Evo game for some time. They also have been around the block when it comes to drag and other straight-line racing, having built the first 9-second Evo in Texas. At a customer's request they turned their attention to Subaru mile performance racing and built this 200+ MPH capable beast.
A lot of people like to go fast. For many, a quarter mile is just not enough. The need for speed has bred the standing mile competition. The power levels have gotten so high that the RWD cars have stream rollers for rear tires. Many others have gone to AWD cars for more traction. And then there are guys like Hussain Alsowaigh who puts all the power down through a single tire.
One of our traditions while at the Long Beach Grand Prix, is to get a close look at the latest factory BWM racers with the Rahal Letterman Lanigan team. The latest car that BMW is campaigning is an M6 in IMSA's GTLM class.
The current engines used in today's GRC Rallycross racers are some of the highest stressed production based engines in all of Motorsports. Only Import Drag Racing engines see more stress and perhaps no production based race engines not even Time Attack engines are stressed for as long a period of time as Rallycross powerplants.
Breathing through a 45mm restrictor that limits power to "around" 550 hp, the mountune Ford Duratec puts out 625 lb/ft of torque. Because of the restrictor, the Garrett Turbo pumps in 45 plus psi absolute of boost to make that power, generating an amazing 3200 psi of cylinder pressure. To put this in perspective, this is more cylinder pressure than the Audi LMP1 Diesel!
MotoIQ Proudly Presents Our Partners:


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Instaserfs II: "Chipolte Strikes back" or "Seriously, in the sharing economy no one can hear you work" Either tagline works for our second installment in our future of work series. Andrew (our ToE instapoder) continues with his task of working for as many San Francisco sharing economy companies as he can stand this month. Plus Susie Cagle (cartoonist, journalist, and freelancer) explains why the tech community prefers not to talk about the worker.
ALSO In two weeks, after part three of Instaserfs drops, we're hosting an online discussion party for ToE fans. Sign up at spoken.am


text:
Topic: T-mobile
How Steve Harvey Survived His Miss Universe Debacle, and Came Out the Real Winner
And why his T-Mobile Super Bowl ad almost fell apart
By Jason Lynch on May. 15, 2016 - 8:00 PM EDT
It was the gaffe heard round the world—and all over social media. While hosting the Miss Universe pageant in December, Harvey made headlines everywhere after he incorrectly announced that Miss…
Drake's 'Hotline Bling' Video Gets Completely Butchered in T-Mobile's Humorous Super Bowl Ad
Publicis Seattle's latest work
By Katie Richards on Feb. 2, 2016 - 10:48 AM EST
This year we can all count ourselves #blessed because rapper Drake is starring in a Super Bowl commercial for T-Mobile. In the 30-second ad titled "Restricted Bling," Drake is filming his…
Sprint Names a New CMO, Promoting Its Head of Hispanic Advertising to the Role
Roger Solé was also president of ops in Puerto Rico
By David Gianatasio on Dec. 11, 2015 - 12:33 PM EST
After seven months on the job, Kevin Crull is out as Sprint's chief marketing officer, replaced by Roger Solé, who has led the company's Hispanic advertising and acquisition efforts and…
Joel McHale Brings His Signature Snark to T-Mobile's Newest Ads
Comic wrote, starred in spots
By Kristina Monllos on Jul. 13, 2015 - 2:35 PM EDT
Joel McHale and Vanessa Bayer are the latest comedians to team up with T-Mobile—the brand has previously worked with Sarah Silverman, Chelsea Handler and Bill Hader—and they're really excited to…
Modern PSAs Shock or Amuse Where Classics Only Preached
The format can help jumpstart creatives' careers
By T.L. Stanley on Jun. 1, 2015 - 7:49 PM EDT
Imagine you're watching an X-rated version of Game of Thrones (you don't have to admit that out loud), and all of a sudden, up pops a message about testicular cancer. Believe…
UPDATE: T-Mobile Appears to Pull Twitter Ad After Backlash
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gl.glWindowPos2d(10, 20);
glut.glutBitmapString(GLUT.BITMAP_HELVETICA_12, DISPLAYED_TEXT);
However, I'm not sure how to set the color. (I can see the color changing as I move the camera around, looking at different models, but I'm not sure what causes it to change.)
I'm using JOGL.
How do I specify the color I want?


text:
Some reviewers have described the Krzr as an evolved Razr V3, and to all intents and purposes it is part of the Razr family. However, the Krzr represents a significant step forward for Motorola. It has an improved interface and keypad layout that make it much more enjoyable to use.
Our review sample came from T-Mobile, but it's also available from Orange, O2 and Vodafone, free on various monthly contracts. It's not available on pay as you go, but if you hunt around online for a SIM-free model, it'll set you back around £250.
The Krzr K1's mirrored front is a marked change from Motorola's previous designs. Made from a combination of blue hardened glass, metal and reflective plastic, the Krzr shines from the moment you take it out of the box. It also picks up fingerprints like a crime-scene investigator, but that's to be expected from a surface like this.
Measuring 42 by 103 by 16mm, the K1 is narrower and taller than the original Razr V3, but 1mm thicker when folded. It's also heavier at 100g, but as with the original V3, it feels well built and unlikely to break if you drop it.
On the right and left of the K1's hinge there are two gem-like blue dots. Alongside the dimples on the bottom section of the handset, they emphasise Motorola's attention to detail.
The left side of the phone houses a dedicated volume rocker and shutter button, and on the right side there's a softkey that gives you access to the voice-commands menu and recorder. Further down the right side is a mini-USB charging port that lets you connect to a PC via a USB cable and also doubles up as a headphone port.
The back of the phone is fairly bare, aside from a hole for the speaker at the bottom. The back feels rubberised and doesn't show up fingerprints as much as the front, prompting us to wonder why the entire phone wasn't made of the same material.
The battery cover is similar to the V3's, but rather than popping it off you need to slide it upwards. The microSD slot is hidden behind the cover, but you don't need to take the battery out to change it. Still, it would be less fiddly if it were accessible from the outside.
Opening up the K1 is as easy as opening up the V3, because the sides of the top and bottom section are curved, making it simple to slide your finger or thumb between them. Once the phone is open you see strong V3 influences in the K1. The screen keypad and general layout is like looking at a mini version of the inside of the Razr.
The most striking differences are the colour and size. The K1's interior matches the exterior, with a blue border around the colour screen and a flat, blue keypad.
The screen measures 30mm wide by 37mm tall -- a little on the small side. One of the standout features of the V3 was its large screen, and while the K1's screen does display 262,000 colours and is bright, it would be easier to view Web sites if it were as large as the V3's.
The keypad is slightly different to the original because it's much smaller and there's a cancel (or go back one page) button in place of the message button on the right of the navigation key.
The new cancel button is a significant addition, because on the old layout you had to reach for the top-left softkey to delete something in a text or go back one page, making it rather fiddly. The keypad feels strange to use at first if you're used to the size of keys on the V3, but after a while it's actually quite easy to press the keys correctly and it doesn't feel cramped.
There's a tendency with fashion-centric phones to think of style first and substance later. However, the Krzr K1 doesn't disappoint in the features department. One of the most important features is that the interface is more user-friendly than older Motorola phones, which had a reputation of being difficult to use.
One area where you notice a great improvement is in the text-input interface, which now offers a better predictive service. As you press each key it offers you a potential word that you might be trying to type, and with the new cancel button it feels more natural to correct your errors.
The K1 has a 2-megapixel camera that takes still pictures and videos. You can access the camera by pressing the shutter button on the left side. This also works with the K1 shut, using the external screen as a viewfinder.
Once you have taken a picture you can edit it, adjusting the picture's brightness, contrast and sharpness. You can rotate a picture, add a border or mirror effect and then send it to your friends via Bluetooth or MMS.
The music player plays MP3, AAC and AAC+ files, lets you create play lists and search through albums, songs, genres and artists. You can also put the player in shuffle or repeat mode.
Proprietary stereo headphones are provided in the box, but the K1 also supports stereo Bluetooth (A2DP), so you can use a stereo Bluetooth headset to listen to your music wirelessly. Using the expandable microSD slot you can store up to 1GB of songs or pictures, and the K1 comes with a USB cable so you can transfer data to or from your PC straight out of the box.
Other services include calendar, alarm, SMS and MMS messaging, a voice recorder, speakerphone mode, polyphonic ring tones, Java games and you can browse the Web using the WAP browser. It supports T-Mobile's Web & Walk service, too. The K1 has quad-band connectivity, so it will work anywhere that uses a GSM network (ie most of the world).
An interesting but somewhat curious feature is the voice-command service that at the push of a button and a spoken command lets you compose an email, voice memo or text message. This isn't always easy to access, as you need to speak clearly and be in a relatively quiet place. We're also not sure why you would want to use this system for anything other than a voice memo, since the text and email features require you to eventually type on the keypad, anyway.
The audio quality during calls is loud and clear and the speakerphone works as expected. The audio quality on the music player is clear too, but it would have been nice if there was an adaptor for a 3.5mm jack.
The picture quality from the 2-megapixel camera is as expected and great for MMS messages, but without autofocus some shots come out blurry. There's no LED light or flash, so shots in low light aren't possible.
Battery life is quoted at 300 hours standby and 6 hours talk time. We wouldn't dispute this -- we charged it after about two days of moderate to heavy usage.
Edited by Mary Lojkine
Additional editing by Nick Hide


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Welcome to Ripley Insurance Agency
Insurance exists for your financial stability and protection, and who advises you is just as important as who insures you.
Ripley Insurance Agency is a Mississippi Multi-Lines Independent Insurance Agency serving families, individuals and businesses throughout our region.
Through integrity and experience we are actively dedicated in helping people just like you find increased value and savings with insurance costs without just exposing you to the possibility of financial loss beyond your means or interests. And in today's world… that's really saying something.
Automobiles, Homeowners, Condominium Owners, Apartment Renters, Senior Drivers, High-Value Homes, Rental Properties, Business Owners and Commercial Properties, General & Excess Liability, Individual Health & Employee Benefits are just a few of the insurance coverages we provide.
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|"Wouter Cloetens" <wcloe...@raleigh.ibm.com>
|Re: Java Sevlet Implementation - Attachment
|Thu, 03 Aug 2000 06:07:10 GMT
On Thu, 3 Aug 2000 10:52:17 -0500, Steven J. McDowall wrote: >I have finished a PRELIMINARY Servlet version of rpcrouter.jsp. Good work. I'm especially happy with the Unicode support. :-) Hmm, why would you support the GET method in it? That can't deliver a SOAP payload. Only POST and PUT have content... Another problem with the JSP version that's still in the servlet version, is that the try block to catch SOAPExceptions and then return SOAP faults, does not extend over the part at the bottom that builds the response. That part can also throw SOAPExceptions, which will let the servlet engine send some HTML error page it generates itself. Even the SOAPException catch block doesn't always return a valid SOAP error response (just a message or a stack trace sometimes). bfn, Wouter -- http://www.workspot.net/~zombie/soap/ My opinions are irrelevant. They will be assimilated by my employer.
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Homeowners Shelly Owens, her fiance, Kevin Durham, and their children had their Council Bluffs, Iowa, home vandalized and then set ablaze in what police are referring to as a "hate crime," according to KETV 7.
On Tuesday, Owens and Durham were both at work and the children at school, when authorities say someone broke in to their residence, tore up their home, and then spray painted it. Firefighters reportedly reached Owens and Durham's home at about 2:30 p.m. Owens told KETV 7, "I'm very angry. They wrote the N-word all over my walls. This is against me, I guess, and it's a hate crime."
Watch news coverage of this incident in the video.
According to the police, the family lives in an area that is considered diverse, so incidents like the one involving their home are not commonplace, "We very rarely have anything that I can remember for quite a while that I would say is related to a hate crime over here," Sgt. Dave Dawson of the Council Bluffs Police Department told KETV 7. Dawson also insisted that his police investigators will be working hand-in-hand with the fire department to seek out the vandals responsible for the heinous and racially biased act.
According to Dawson, Owens and Durham's property was the only residence in the neighborhood that was targeted thus far.
Meanwhile, police are asking anyone with information about the racially charged crime to call the Council Bluffs CrimeStoppers at 712-328-4728.


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