text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Nov 12, 1968
|Filing date
|Oct 3, 1963
|Priority date
|Oct 3, 1963
|Publication number
|Kahoun John B
|Original Assignee
|Cons Papers Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (11), Classifications (12)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
J. B. KAHOUN Nov. 12, 1968 GAUGE MEANS FOR MEASURING CALIPER PROFILE OF TRAVELING WEBS Filed Oct. 3; 1963 2 Sheets-Sheet l B INVENTR. BY
GAUGE MEANS FOR MEASURING CALIPER PROFILE OF TRAVELING WEBS Nov. '12, 1968 2 Sheets-Sheet Filed Oct. 3, 1963 7794 VERSE CH! /PER SOUQCE I NVEN TOR.
United States Patent ()fi ice Patented Nov. 12, 1968 3,411,075 GAUGE MEANS FOR MEASURING CALIPER PROFILE OF TRAVELING WEBS John B. Kahoun, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., assignor to Consolidated Papers, Inc., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., a corporation of Wisconsin Filed Oct. 3, 1963, Ser. No. 313,476 12 Claims. ('Cl. 324-34) The present invention relates to gauge means for determining the characteristics of materials having large surface areas, and particularly, to improved gauge means for determining the caliper (thickness) or variations in caliper occurring across the width of sheet materials, especially traveling webs of sheet material.
In several industries, notable among which is the paper industry, continuous webs of sheet material are formed and/or processed at high speed. To determine the characteristics of the material being formed and/ or the effect of process steps being performed thereon, it is necessary to make several measurements. Preferably, these measurements are made directly on the web as it travels through the forming or processing machinery to afford an immediate determination of the factor or factors sought to be known. However, some tests or measurements cannot be made on the traveling web, but must be made in a laboratory on a segment of material removed from the web.
For example, in the paper industry where book papers are formed in continuous webs several feet in width at speeds up to 1800 feet per minute, it is customary to flatten the sheet by passing it through the nip of a calender, or through several calender nips. During this operation, the rolls of the calender deflect such that pressures may not be applied evenly across the sheet at the nip. Consequently, the paper machine calender stack may produce an uneven cross-machine caliper profile. This is true even when the sheet entering the stack has a uniform basis weight and moisture profile. Variations in cross-machine sheet caliper are, of course, disadvantageous and have a significant etfect on paper quality. For example, when paper having uneven thickness due to variations in calendering is coated, the coating is absorbed in a manner related to the caliper before coating. The final result is variation in the printing quality of the paper. Also, hard and soft spots in rolls of paper can be traced to the base sheet caliper profile; and such hard and soft spots present problems during supercalendering, winding, printing, or other're-running of the web. According, an ability to measure crossmachine caliper profile would provide a guide to improved quality performance of the paper machine.
For many years, the need has been expressed for a continuous method of measuring caliper profile directly during the manufacture of paper and other materials in web form. In order to measure the thickness of paper to accuracies within plus or minus 1%, a criterion of commerical practicality, it is necessary to make measurements in the order of .00003 inch, based on a paper thickness of .003 inch. Instruments heretofore available for measuring paper thickness with the above degree of accuracy are comparable to a machinists micrometer; that is, they require a rigid method of mounting similar in effect to the frame of a micrometer. When considering thickness measurements on a web of paper 15 feet wide, the frame of a tuitable micrometer would have to be of monstrous proportions if the measurements were to be made on the paper machine with suitable accuracy. For this reason, crossmachine caliper measuring equipment has heretofore been in the form of a laboratory instrument necessitating removal of a segment from the web, i.e., complete severance of the web at a point downstream from the base sheet machine calender stack, removal of a full width sample of the web, and re-threading of the web through the components of the paper machine downstream of the calender. This sample then had to be removed to the laboratory, the cross-machine caliper profile measured and graphed, and the graph returned to production personnel for analysis. By the time the graph was available the machine frequently was running a different basis weight so that the graph had become, at best, merely .academic. The difiiculty, expense and delay in obtaining the profile mitigated against practical commercial use of the criterion in machine control; and while the desirability of and need for the measurement was well recognized, no practical way of obtaining the measurement was available.
The particular object of the present: invention is to provide improved gauging means facilitating on-the-machine measurement of cross-machine Web characteristics, especially the cross-machine caliper profile of webs of paper and other web materials.
In the first instance, the invention provides caliper or thickness measuring means for non-magnetic sheet materials, for example paper, comprising a caliper head containing an electromagnetic reactor or inductor for contact with one side of the sheet, and a permeable shoe for contact with the other side of the sheet and for completing the magnetic circuit of the reactor whereby the thickness dimension of the sheet forms a reluctance gap between the reactor and the shoe. Associated with the reactor is an electric circuit for energizing the reactor and for measuring a variable proportional to the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. Depending upon circuit design of element constants and variables, the variable quantity to be measured directly or indirectly may be any one of the following values; impedance of the reactor, the voltage drop across the reactor or the current flowing through the reactor, whereby to measure a quantity that varies in proportion to the variations in reluctance, and thus sheet thickness, to afford a measurement of sheet caliper.
The caliper measuring apparatus alfords the advantages that the head and shoe do not require rigid mounting relative to one another, the two can have light contact with the sheet material to mitigate damage thereto, the same are easy to calibrate and maintain, and yet the apparatus atfords accurate measurement of sheet thickness. Elimination of the requirement for absolute alinement and rigid correlation of the measuring components in turn leads to substantial advantages in the ability of the apparatus to be moved transversely of the web to determine the crossmachine profile. For example, the head and shoe may be hand held on each side of the paper and produce very precise measuring accuracy. Consequently, the physical requirements imposed on machinery for moving the head and shoe transversely of a web are greatly reduced.
However, it must be borne in mind that the measuring components have to be moved into and out of contact with the web, have to engage flush against the web and have to have suflicient contact pressure to sense only the thickness of the web; yet must not damage the Web or engage it with such pressure as to cause tearing or other disruption of the web. The latter requirement is most serious, spelling the difference between failure and success. Two particular problems are presented, namely, movement into and out of contact with the web such that there is no damage to either the measuring apparatus or the web, and maintenance during traverse of proper engagement between the measuring apparatus and the web without exerting excessive pressure on the web.
As to the former, it is an object of the present invention to provide a carrier for the caliper head for moving the same into and out of engagement with the web; the carrier supporting the head with relative freedom for floating movement in the direction normal to the web and in such manner that when the head is separated from the web the trailing or downstream end of the head tilts toward the Web. Consequently, as the carrier moves the head slowly toward the web, the downstream end of the head initially engages and floats on the web, and then becomes free to swing into flush but floating engagement with the web. In this manner, the head is applied gradually and gently to the web and does not create any sudden impact or jamming force between itself and the web which might tend to tear the Web or damage the head.
As to maintenance of proper engagement between the head and the web during traverse, it is an object of the invention to provide improved means for yieldably, urging the head and the shoe toward one another to confine the web therebetween and to hold both members flush against the web. According to the invention, said means is characterized by application of the biasing force substantially at the plane of the web whereby to reduce or eliminate moment arms that might tend to induce or accommodate tilting of the apparatus due to frictional engagement with the fast moving web, and/or that might tend to accommodate separation of the measuring components from the web due to dynamic forces at the surface of the web, e.g., variations in the effective force of the boundary air on the traveling Web occurring with variations in web speed.
More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide improved means for yieldably holding the measuring components flush against the opposite sides of the traveling web comprising a magnet on one component and a permeable second component, whereby the two components are engaged with the web by virtue of magnetic forces acting at and through the plane of the Web.
While the biasing force may be of predetermined fixed magnitude, it is a further object of the invention to provide a readily variable biasing force to facilitate adaptation of the gauging means to varying conditions, matetrials and web thicknesses, and specifically to provide means as aforesaid comprised of an electromagnet and power supply means capable of varying the magnetic force thereof.
While the objects of gently engaging the measuring head with the traveling web and of maintaining proper engagement between the head and the Web during traverse were specifically devised in relation to the caliper head above described, it is to be appreciated, in retrospect, that these features and advantages of the invention are equally applicable to any measuring device that is to be physically applied to a traveling web. Moreover, the concept of applying the holding force at and through the web, as by use of magnetic forces, is applicable to many testing techniques and is not limited to measurements taken on traveling webs.
With the foregoing in mind, it is also an object of this invention to provide an improved caliper measuring device for non-magnetic materials generally, the device being characterized by a first magnetically permeable member for engagement with one side of the material, a head for engagement with the other side of the material, an electromagnetic reactor in the head having pole pieces engageable with the material, and a magnet in the head for attracting it to said first member. Thus, said first member serves to complete two magnetic circuits, i.e., the reactor circuit and the head holding circuit.
A still further object of the invention is the provision of improved measuring apparatus of the character described of sturdy construction and low cost that is readily adapted to web forming and processing machinery and affords commercially practical measuring accuracy.
In its preferred embodiment, as will presently be de scribed, the invention provides means for automatically determining the cross-machine caliper profile of paper webs and the like as they are being produced, and for making an instantaneous graphic portrayal of the profile to inform the paper-making crew of the cross-machine caliper uniformity of the paper and to afford the crew a prompt analysis of the results of any machine changes or adjustments made by them, whereby to enhance quality performance of the machine and the crew and to atford an accurate basic measurement for elimination of the sources of many customer complaints.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent in the following detailed description.
Now, in order to acquaint those skilled in the art with the manner of making and using the gauge means of my invention, I shall describe, in connection with the ac companying drawings, a preferred embodiment of the caliper gauge and the preferred manners of making and using the same.
In the drawings:
FIGURE 1 is a front (i.e,. cross-machine) view of a preferred embodiment of the gauge means of the invention;
FIGURE 2 is a side view of the preferred embodiment of the caliper head and shoe component-s of the gauge;
FIGURE 3 is a vertical cross-section of the head and shoe taken substantially on line 33 of FIGURE 2;
FIGURE 4 is a schematic vertical longitudinal section of the head and shoe on an enlarged scale showing the magnetic circuits thereof;
FIGURE 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of one control circuit for the head;
FIGURE 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of an alternative output circuit for the head; and
FIGURE 7 constitutes comparative graphs of the transverse or cross machine caliper of a web of paper made by (a) the apparatus of this invention and (b) a conventional laboratory caliper.
Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG- URE 1, I have shown a gauging device comprised of a measuring head 10 and a complementary shoe 12 adapted to be engaged with the opposite sides of a traveling web W, and to be moved transversely across the Web. To move the members, a traversing mechanism is provided which may suitably comprise a pair of vertically spaced parallel beams 14 and 16 disposed respectively above and below the web at right angles to the direction of web travel. Each beam slidably' supports and guides a carriage 18 and 20, respectively, for movement transversely of the web. An electric motor 22 disposed adjacent one end of the lower beam 16 drives, through the intermediary of a change speed transmission 24, a pulley 26 over which an endless belt 28 is wound, the belt being supported adjacent the opposite end of the beam by an idler pulley 30 and being connected to the lower carriage 20 for reciprocating said carriage along the lower beam.
Dead-ended onto the lower carriage is a second belt 32 running from the right side of the carriage 20 to a pair of vertically spaced pulleys 33 at the right side of the lower beam, back across the machine beneath the web to a pair of vertically spaced pulleys 34 at the left side of the beams and above the web to the left side of the upper carriage 18; then from the right side of the upper carriage across the machine above the web to a pair of vertically spaced pulleys 35 at the right side of the beams, back across the machine adjacent the lower edge of beam 16 to a pulley 36 at the left end of the lower beam. and then to the left side of the lower carriage 20, whereby the upper carriage is coupled to the lower carriage and is caused to duplicate the movements of the lower carriage. The illustrated mechanism is but one known means of traversing the detector assembly.
The upper traverse carriage 18 mounts thereon a reciprocating air motor 40 which supports the detector or measuring head 10 for vertical reciprocation relative to the carriage and the web, the motor being under the control of a solenoid-operated air valve 41. The lower traverse carriage 20 in turn pivotally mounts, on an axis parallel to the beams, a rod 42 which at its upper end carries the detector shoe 12 and which at its lower end is cooperable with a shoe guiding cam (not shown).
The traverse mechanism is remotely controlled from a cabinet location convenient to the paper machine operator. Only two controls need be available to the operator, namely, a selector switch and a push button. The operator selector switch has automatic-ofi-man'ual selection available. In the automatic position, a traverse will be made at every closing of an automatically operated switch, which may be operated either by a timer or some mechanism correlated to paper production for causing periodic measurements to be made. Holding this switch closed would cause continuous traverses to be made until the switch were opened. Placing the operator selector switch in the manual position allows the system to make one complete traverse every time the push button is pressed. Electric circuits for the stated purposes are obvious to those skilled in the art, and none is shown herein.
Between traverses, the detector assembly of head and shoe 12 is located in a safe or sheltered position to one side of the web as shown in FIGURE 1, with the measuring detector or head 10 in a raised position above the bottom detector shoe 12. When a traverse is initiated by the automatic switch or by the operator push button, the traverse motor 22 is energized to drive the top and bottom traverse carriages 18 and 20 to a position located about two to six inches in from the side of the Web. During this movement, the rod 42 engages a cam which causes the detector shoe 12 to be lowered below the web W as the shoe passes the edge of the web and then to be raised into contact with the lower surface of the web. When the carriages are at the point indicated, the lower carriage 20 engages a limit switch 44 which operates to stop the traverse motor 22 for about 5 seconds and to close the solenoid-operated valve 41. The air cylinder 40 then operates to lower the measuring head 10 onto the web, at a location aligned with the shoe 12, While the two carriages are stopped adjacent the edge of the web.
At the end of said time delay, the traverse motor 21 starts again and a caliper record is made by simultaneously moving the carriages 18 and 20 from adjacent the left side to adjacent the right side of the web while the head 10 and shoe 12 are engaged with the web. The traverse stops at a point about two to six inches in from the right side of the web by virtue of the carriage 20 engaging a limit switch 45. The switch 45 operates to de-energize the solenoid valve 41, causing the head 10 to be lifted off the web, and to reverse the traverse motor 22 causing the mechanism to be moved quickly to the left side of the machine. The traverse cycle is stopped when the limit switch 46 is operated by the carriage 20.
Should a paper break occur while a traverse is being made, a paper break switch is provided to automatically separate the detector elements 10 and 12 from the web. Such switch may suitably be operated by the photocells which are normally available at several locations on a paper machine to sound an alarm when a break occurs.
The foregoing apparatus is not illustrated or described in further detail in this application as traversing mechanisms and controls of the general character are known in the art.
Referring now to FIGURES 2 and 3, the detecting head 10 and shoe 12 constituting the crux of the present invention will be described in detail. As shown, the shoe 12 is comprised of an inverted generally U-shaped body 50, the legs 51 of which are apertured to facilitate pivotally adjustable mounting of the body on the support rod 42. If desired, the body could be formed of a unitary piece of magnetically permeable material, such as soft iron. However, to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the measurements to be made, I prefer to form a rectangular hole in the bight portion of the body and to mount therein parallel laminations 52 of a material having a high magnetic permeability. These laminations preferably run in the direction of web travel to minimize resistance and the possibility of damage to the web. The laminations are suitably clamped in the body by means of a plurality of set screws 53 which confine the laminations between one side of the opening and a backing bar 54. Preferably, after the lamina tions are locked in place, the entire web engaging surface of the shoe is machined to a perfectly flat smooth surface and a thin coating of wear and corrosion-resistant material is applied thereto. This coating may be chromium or the like, or may comprise a thin layer of Teflon or a similar material having an extremely low coefiicient of friction whereby to reduce to a minimum the frictional engagement between the shoe and the web. Also, the edges of the shoe are smoothly curved to mitigate the possibility of damage to the web.
The head 10 in its preferred embodiment comprises a magnetically permeable body 60, such as a soft iron cylinder, and the same is provided with two recesses concentric with one another and the axis of the body, namely, a cylindrical central recess 61 and a surrounding annular recess 62. Both recesses open to the web engaging face of the body, and this face merges into smoothly curved edge portions, whereby the body is generally of cup-shape.
Mounted within the central recess 61 is an electromagnetic reactor or inductor 63 and .mounted Within the outer recess 62 is an electromagnet coil 64. The reactor 63 is suitably comprised of a plurality of parallel E laminations 6-5 and a coil 66 wound about the center leg of the E. The E laminations are set on their sides so that the ends of the legs of the E merge or are substantially co-planar with the lower surface of the body 60, with the laminations 65 parallel to the laminations 52 in the shoe 12.
The reactor 63 and coil 64 are preferably secured within the respective recesses by an epoxy cement or the like, after which the lower face of the body and the ends of the E laminations are machined down to a perfectly smooth planar surface. Thereafter, a thin coating of wear and corrosion-resistant material, such as chromium or Teflon, is applied to the cup-shaped surface of the body 10 and the ends of the laminations 65, the same as the body 50. Preferably, the coating on both bodies is as thin as practicable to avoid loss or diminution of measuring accuracy.
The reactor coil 66 is energized from an alternating current source and the electromagnet coil 64 from either an alternating current or direct current source preferably the latter as by way of conventional. rectifier means 67 connected between the AC source and the coil 64 (FIG. 5). With both coils energized, and the head 10 and shoe 12 contacted with opposite sides of a non-magnetic web, such as a web of paper, the effect is as illustrated in FIGURE 4. Specifically, the soft iron body of the head 10 forms part of the flux paths for the electromagnet coil 64, which paths are completed through the laminations 52 of the shoe 12 as indicated by flux lines hf in FIGURE 4, whereby the magnet comprised of coil 64 and head 10 exerts equal magnetic forces about the full circle of the coil uniformly attracting the shoe to the head and vice versa, so that the shoe and head are held in opposed relation to one another in flush faceto-face engagement with the opposite surfaces of the web. The degree of this holding force is readily varied by varying, in any conventional manner, the current ap plied to the coil 64; for example, by means of a variable resistor 68 in series with the coil as shown in FIGURE 5.
At the same time, the detector or reactor coil 66 being energized from an AC source creates a magnetic circuit through the E laminations which is completed through the laminations 52 of the shoe 12, as indicated by flux lines d in FIGURE 4. In this circuit, the space or gap between the laminations 65 and 52, being occupied by the non-magnetic web W, constitutes a high reluctance path, the reluctance of which varies in proportion to the width or thickness of the gap. The change in the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is reflected as an inductive change in the reactor 63, whereby the inductance of the coil 66 is proportional to the thickness of the web W since the web in essence defines the reluctance gap.
As shown in FIGURE 5, the detector or reactor 63 is comprised of resistance R and inductance L which together make up the circuit value determining the impedance of the device per the formula:
Z=\/R1 +(21rfL,)
Z is the reactor impedance; R is the reactor resistance; f is the frequency of the applied current; and L is the inductance of the reactor. The impedance is thus proportional to the inductance, so that if the other factors in the above formula remain reasonably constant, reactor impedance is proportional to the width of the gap between laminations 65 and 52, and thus to the thickness of the web W.
Impedance, applied voltage and current flowing through the coil 66 are interrelated in accordance with the formula:
Z is impedance;
E is voltage; and
I is current flow. Consequently, variations in the gap between laminations 65 and 52 produced ba variations in the thickness of the non-magnetic web W will produce a proportional variation in the inductance of the reactor, which will in turn produce a proportional variation in impedance, and that in turn will produce proportional change in at least one of the voltage drop across and the current flowing through the reactor coil 66. It does not matter whether the variations be of linear or functional proportion, or be directly or inversely proportional, it sufiices for purposes of this invention that the variations are in proportion to one another.
From this discussion, it is apparent that an inductance variation caused by change in the reluctance gap between laminations 65 and 52 may be determined by selecting a measuring quantity and appropriately devising the circuit in manners obvious to those skilled in the art so that the selected quantity will have a significant variation proportional to variations in the gap of the magnetic circuit of the reactor or detector 63. The measuring quantity could be any of:
(A) The voltage drop across the detector.
(B) The impedance change of the detector.
(C) The current flowing through the detector.
(D) The voltage drop across a resistor in series with the detector.
(E) The phase relationship of the voltage across the detector.
It is suggested that the most readily measured quantities are variations in current flow under constant voltage, and variations in voltage under constant current. The latter condition is readily established (or reasonably nearly so) by connecting in series with the reactor a resistor R of large magnitude compared to inductor impedance, where-by changes in the reluctance gap caused by change in the thickness of the web W may be measured as a function of the change in the voltage drop across the inductor, as indicated by the term output signal in FIG- URE 5.
Alternatively, the output signal may be derived .as a compensated signal, or as a signal correlated to a base reference, by utilization of an output bridge such as shown in FIGURE 6. In this circuit, the variations occurring in the detector 63 are compared to or compensated by a reference or compensating device 69, which may suitably in the form of a second reactor be comprised of resistance R and inductance L the resistance R in series with the reactor 63 being balanced by resistance R in series with the compensator 697 In a physical embodiment of the invention that has proven successful in determining the caliper profile of book paper, the shoe 12 has been of rectangular form having a face about 4 /2 inches long (in the direction of web travel) and about 3% inches wide, with the lamina tions 52 occupying an area about 2 /2 inches square in the center of this face. For cooperation with this shoe, I have used a head 10 about 3% inches in diameter and inches thick. The central recess 61 is inch in diameter and 9 inch deep, and the annular recess 62 has an inner diameter of 1 inch, an outer diameter of 1 inch, and a depth of about /2 inch. The wall surrounding the latter recess is preferably about /o, inch thick so as to provide a total magnetic face area about 2 inches in diameter for cooperation with the 2 /2 inch square lamination area of th shoe. The remaining area of the head provides, as shown in FIGURES 2 and 3, smoothly curved edge portions facilitating relative travel of the head and the web.
By virtue of provision of a 2 /2 inch shoe dimension cooperable with a 2 inch magnetic head dimension, the mechanical tolerances imposed on the traverse mechanism are minimized. Also, since magnetic forces hold the shoe and head flat on a sheet with intimate contact, inaccuracies in the traverse beams or carriage guides are readily tolerated.
The ability of the above described device to measure thickness using the electrical principle involve was confirmed early. The application of this to a moving web of paper, however, was problematic. The necessity of contacting both sides of the sheet presented great concern as to runa-bility, sheet damage and method of application. Tests established that the bottom shoe or support plate 12 could be brought into contact with th sheet without any problem. Setting the top detector 10 on the moving web, supported by the bottom shoe, constituted the real problem. Specifically, the top detector must be applied without breaking the web and must then remain in intimate contact with the web throughout the entire traverse.
Although it is important that the inertia of the detector or head 10 be kept low, it is also necessary to have the head large enough to insure that it will lie flat on the web and produce a reliable signal. Consequently, the head must have at least a fairly significant dimension in the direction of web travel, which poses the problem that the frictional resistance between the fast moving web and the head will tend to tilt the head to bring its leading edge portion forcibly into engagement with the web thereby causing jamming, tearing of the sheet and damage to the head. Further to complicate the problem, the head should have some degree of relative freedom for movement normal to the web to afford compensation for variations in web thickness, particularly since the paper-making machine is required and periodically adjusted to make different weights of papers.
Considering the head applied to the web as shown in FIGURES 2 to 4, the moment arms that would tend to permit the head to tilt relative to the web must be maintained at a minimum, yet a biasing force must be applied to the head to hold it flush or flat against the web and to hold the web flat against the shoe 12 so that the surfaces of the two detectors are parallel and spaced apart essentially only by the thickness of the web. At the same time, this biasing force must be a yieldable force to permit the head to rise and fall in accordance with variations in web thickness. To attain these objectives, I provide according to this invention biasing means disposed substantially at the plane of the web or as close thereto as possible. In some embodiments of the invention, I have provided leaf biasing springs for the head 10, the springs being disposed generally parallel to, and as close as possible to, the lower face of the head. For certain uses, this appears quite practical. For other uses, I might employ a coil compression spring or a pneumatic or hydraulic dashpot acting directly and uniformly on the marginal edge portions of a thin web contacting plate. For porous materials, I have conceived the use of vacuum holding means, for example, the combination of an imperforate or non-porous measuring or detecting head and a supporting shoe comprising a vacuum box of smaller dimensions than the head exerting a vacuum force through the sheet or web for holding the head and shoe in face-to-face relation in flush engagement with the opposite surfaces of th sheet. However, for non-magnetic sheet materials, I have found the magnetic holding means herein illustrated to be the most practical and effective. Consequently, the latter has been illustrated as the preferred embodiment of the invention, particularly where, as here, the characteristic of the sheet to be ascertained is determined or measured by magnetic principles and a single laminated shoe 12 accommodates plural magnetic paths for (l) determinative flux df and (2) holding flux h f.
The magnetic holding means of the preferred embodiment of the invention affords the distinct advantages that the holding force is exerted directly at and through the web, whereby to minimize the possibility of tilting, and that the holding force is readily adjusted by appropriate control of the power supplied to the electromagnet coil 64. These factors are particularly important in measuring the caliper profile of rapidly moving webs of paper in paper making machines where web thickness may be changed periodically to supply customer demand. However, where web thickness is not subject to substantial change and/or the web is not readily susceptible to tearing due to excessive contact pressure, a permanent magnet or a non-adjustable electromagnet could be substituted for the adjustable electromagnet means herein illustrated and/ or other of the above described holding means could be adopted. Also, it is to be appreciated that these holding arrangements can be applied to gauging means other than a caliper measuring reactor if so desired.
In addition to the above, the soft iron body 60 of the head in the preferred embodiment affords the advantages that it comprises a holder for the electric components, a flux path for the electromagnet, and a magnetic shield for the reactor 63 to insure accurate measurement by the latter. Thus, the illustrated head and shoe provide for precise caliper profile measurement on non-magnetic webs.
However, there remains the problem of applying the head 10 to the web without tearing or breaking the web, without damage to the head and without disturbing the ability of the head yieldably to rise and fall with variations in web thickness. To these ends, I provide the head carriage means depicted in FIGURES 2 and 3. As shown, the head 10 includes a cover element 70 of inverted cupshape nested over the upper central portion of the body 60 and detachably secured thereto by screws 71. On an axis parallel to th lower surface of the head and perpendicular to the E laminations of the reactor, the element 70 is provided with a pair of outwardly extending trunnions 72 defining a pivot axis between the head and a supporting bail 73. The bail, which is of two part construction to facilitate its assembly on the trunnions, is generally of inverted U-shape having relatively long legs within each of which is provided a slot 74 extending in a direction normal to the web to be measured. In the illustrated embodiment, the slots extend longitudinally of the legs and slidably and pivotally receive therein the trunnions 72, whereby the head 10 .is mounted on the bail for relative pivoting movement and with freedom for floating movement in the direction normal to the web.
The bail 73 is secured at the center of its bight portion to the vertically reciprocable piston rod 40a of the air motor 40, and this motor is adjusted so that when the rod 40a is fully extended and the head 10 is engaged with the web, the trunnions 72 are disposed at approximately the mid-point of the slots 74, whereby the head is free to float on the web except for the holding force of the magnet 64.
A wire spring 75 of light spring force is wrapped loosely about the piston rod 400 and secured to the head cover 70 in such manner as to exert a very slight downward biasing force on the trailing edge portions of the head 10, i.e., the downstream portions of the head relative to the direction of web travel. When the head is removed from the web and its trunnions engaged in the bottom of the slots 74, the spring 75 positions the head in a slightly inclined or tilted condition relative to the web. Consequently, as the head is slowly lowered by the air motor 40 toward the moving web supported by the shoe 12, the trailing edge of the head first gently engages and floats on the web. Because of the inclined position of the head, no moments tending to tilt the same in the opposite direction into a jamming condition with the web are present, so that the initial contact does not result in sudden impact or any other disruptive forces on the head or the web. Secondly, the spring 75 serves to dampen pivotal movement of the head about the trunnions 72 thus preventing the head from bouncing away from the web upon initial contact. At the same time, due to its slidable mounting on the piston rod 40a, the spring is enabled to accomplish the above purposes without causing variation in the forces exerted in the direction normal to the web, such as might otherwise result from misalignment of the traverse beams. The head is free to float up and down on its carriage means without variation in the contact pressure on the web.
After initial contact of the head with the web, the head is brought flush against the web by virtue of the magnetic attraction between the head and the shoe to confine the web flat between the opposed faces of the head and shoe. It is only in the presence of this magnetic force that any significant pressure is applied to the web, and the pressure is applied over a sufficient area to mitigate damage to the web.
As a consequence of the initial tilting of the head and the holding force exerted between the head and the somewhat larger shoe, the traverse mechanism need only (1) move the head and the shoe to the correct position over the web, (2) engage the shoe with the web and slowly lower the head onto the moving web at a point aligned with the shoe, (3) maintain with relative accuracy the aligned position of the head over the bottom shoe during traverse, and (4) lift the head otf the moving web at the end of the traverse. Thus, the device of this invention is not reliant upon and does not require a precision traverse mechanism, yet affords precision measurement of the cross-machine caliper profile of a paper web as it is being formed.
Specifically, in FIGURE 7, I have compared the crossmachine caliper profile obtained by the apparatus of the present invention on a traveling web directly in a paper making machine (curve A) with the laboratory measured profile of paper from the same run (curve B). There is no noticeable difference in a practical. sense between the two. Curve A of FIGURE 7 was traced directly on graph paper at the paper machine operators station on a conventional X-Y recorder connected in a conventional manner to the signal output of the reactor circuit and calibrated to a selected scale (both abscissa and ordinate) facilitating intelligent analysis of the profile. In FIGURE 7, curve B is a four sheet laboratory profile, i.e., the profile obtained from a composite comprised of four sheets or plies of the web material, and curve A was correlated to curve B by appropriate calibration of the recorder to facilitate analysis of the profiles obtained by the apparatus of this invention.
Multi-ply caliper measurement has been adopted as a standard laboratory technique so as to provide an average profile with automatic compensation for defects or flaws in individual segments of the web material. With the apparatus of my invention, an even more comprehensive averaging out is automatically obtained by virtue of the amount of web material scanned by the head 10 in a single relatively slow traverse across a high speed web. For example, with a reactor inch in diameter traversed at a speed of ten feet per minute across a web traveling at 1000 feet per minute, a given longitudinal line on the web is scanned over a length of 6% feet during the /8 of a second required for the reactor to cross that line. Consequently, the profile recorded directly on the graph paper of the XY recorder is very reliable.
Thus, an accurate cross-machine averaged caliper profile is instantaneously available to the machine operator at his will and directly at his machine station to facilitate judgment of what changes or adjustments, if any, might be desirable in the machine to enhance the paper quality and/or its subsequent runability. Even if positive corrective measures could not be made to compensate for poor profile, knowledge of the profile reduces or eliminates ineffective machine changes. Consequently, the present invention is a most valuable aid in making paper and other web materials.
In an immediate application, the device of my invention has been installed downstream from the base sheet calender stack in a paper making machine operating at speeds in the order of 1000 feet per minute. The caliper profiles obtained reveal the condition of the calendered base sheet and facilitate (a) calender nip adjustment to compensate for poor profile, (b) upstream adjustments to compensate for uneven sheet formation (particularly if caliper profile of the calendered sheet is correlated to basis weight and moisture content measurements taken upstream of the calender), (c) downstream adjustments, e.g., at the coating apparatus and/or winders, and/or ((1) elimination of attempted adjustments that would not improve paper quality. Many traverses have been made on a variety of basis weights at a variety of machine speeds, yet paper breaks due to the calipering device run less than 1% of the traverses. There has been no detectable marking of the web by the device, and caliper profiles on all weights have been extremely accurate, even on test traverses at web speeds up to 2000 feet per minute. Addi' tionally, by reducing the holding force, such characteristics as wrinkles in the web can readily be detected should such detection be desired.
The apparatus of the invention is, of course, applicable to areas of paper making machines other than the calendared base sheet, and are further applicable to substantially any area of any apparatus that handles or processes non-magnetic traveling webs.
To the extent of present use in the paper industry, it has been sufificient for the device of the invention to reveal simply the cross-machine caliper profile (not the actual thickness) of the paper web, and the devices have been devised for this elemental purpose. However, by calibrating the device to known thickness dimensions,
correlating the XY recorder to the calibrations and utilizing appropriately graduated recorder graph paper, the device is equally applicable to precise determination of the actual thickness dimension of the web at all points across its width, even though the relationship between reactor output and thickness is not perfectly linear.
Moreover, the determination of caliper or caliper profile as afforded according to this invention, when appropriately correlated with basis weight and moisture content determinations available from known devices,
provides means for calculation or determination of web density and quite possibly web porosity, additional important factors in paper making that heretofore have not been ascertainable directly on the machine, but only on a laboratory basis.
From the foregoing, it is thus apparent that the present invention provides significant advantages in the gauging of traveling webs and other sheet materials, and particularly provides means for obtaining the cross-machine caliper profile of non-magnetic traveling Webs in a most efficient manner. It is believed, therefore, that all of the objects and advantages of the invention have been shown herein to be attained in a convenient, economical and practical manner.
While I have shown and described what I regard to be the preferred embodiments of my invention, it is to be appreciated that various changes, rearrangements and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.
I claim:
1. In a device for determining caliper of non-magnetic sheet materials, a caliper head member containing an electromagnetic reactor for contact with one side of the material, a permeable shoe member for contact with the other side of the material, said members being aligned with one another in the direction normal to the plane of the material for confining a portion of the material therebetween and for forming a magnetic circuit in which the material constitutes the reluctance gap, means independent of said reactor acting substantially at the plane of the material for urging said members toward one another to hold the members in contact with the opposite sides of the material and to confine a portion of the material therebetween, a power supply for said reactor, and means for measuring the impedance of said reactor.
2. In a device for determining caliper transversely of a web of non-magnetic sheet material, a caliper head member containing an electromagnetic reactor for contact with one side of the material, a permeable shoe member for contact with the other side of the material, said members being aligned with one another in the direction normal to the plane of the material for confining a portion of the material therebetween and for forming a magnetic circuit in which the material constitutes the reluctance gap, means independent of said reactor acting substantially at the plane of the material for urging said members toward one another to hold the members in contact with the opposite sides of the material and to confine a portion of the material therebe tween, means for moving said members simultaneously across the web with said members in contact with the material and progressive portions of the material therebetween, a power supply for said reactor, and means for measuring variations in the impedance of said reactor as said members are moved across the web.
3. In a device for determining caliper transversely of a traveling web of non-magnetic sheet material, a caliper head member containing an electromagnetic reactor for contact with one side of the material, a permeable shoe member for contact with the other side of the material, said members being aligned with one another in the direction normal to the plane of the material for confining a portion of the material therebetween and for forming a magnetic circuit in which the material constitutes the reluctance gap, means for moving said members into and out of contact with the material including means for initially contacting the downstream end of one member with the material, means acting substantially at the plane of the material upon contact of the members with the material for urging said members toward one another to hold the members in contact with the opposite sides of the material and to confine a portion of the material therebetween, means for moving said members simultaneously across the web with said members in contact with 13 the material and progressive portions of the material confined therebetween, a power supply for said reactor, and means for measuring variations in the impedance of said reactor as said members are moved across the Web.
4. Caliper means comprising a pair of magnetically permeable bodies having substantially planar faces opposed to one another, carrier means for one of said bodies, trunnions on said one body defining a pivot axis transversely of said body substantially parallel to said faces, slots in said carrier means generally normal to said faces within which said trunnions are slidably and pivotally engaged, spring means between said carrier means and said one body engaged with at least one portion of said one body spaced transversely from said pivot axis for normally tilting said one body relative to the planar face of said other body, means for moving said carrier means to move said bodies toward and away from one another, magnet means in one of said bodies adjacent said planar faces thereof for urging the two bodies toward one another and for bringing their faces into juxtaposed parallel relation, and an electromagnetic reactor in one of said bodies having pole pieces exposed at said planar face thereof.
5. In a device for determining caliper of non-magnetic sheet materials, a caliper head member containing an electro-magnetic reactor and electro-magnetic coil means independent of said reactor, said caliper head member being for contact with one side of the material, a permeable shoe member for contact with the other side of the material, said caliper head and shoe members being aligned with one another in the direction normal to the plane of the material for confining a portion of the material therebetween and for forming a magnetic reactor circuit in which the material constitutes the reluctance gap, a power supply for said coil means, said coil means producing a magnetic flux between said caliper head and shoe members through the material for urging said members toward one another to hold the members in contact with the opposite sides of the material and to confine a portion of the material therebetween, and means for measuring the impedance of said reactor.
6. In a device as set forth in claim 1, said means acting to hold the members in contact with the material comprising means acting through the plane of the material for yieldably urging said members toward one another and into engagement with the opposite sides of the material.
7. In a device as set forth in claim 6, said means comprising magnetic means completing a magnetic circuit between said members through the material.
8. In a device as set forth in claim 7, said magnetic means comprising an electromagnet carried by one of said members and variable power supply means for said electromagnet, said variable power supply means serving to permit adjustment of the holding force produced by said magnetic means for holding the reactor and shoe members in contact with opposite sides of the material,
such adjustment being independent of said power supply for said reactor.
9. In a device as set forth in claim 7, said caliper head having a pair of recesses therein, said electro-magnetic reactor being mounted in one of said recesses and said magnetic means being mounted in the other of said recesses.
10. In a device as set forth in claim 7, said caliper head comprising a circular magnetically permeable body having a substantially planar face and smoothly curved edge portions merging with said face, a pair of recesses in said body concentric with one another and said body and opening at said face, said electromagnetic reactor being mounted in one of said recesses and having pole pieces exposed at said face and merging therewith, said magnetic means comprising an electromagnet coil in the other of said recesses adjacent said face.
11. In a device as set forth in claim 1 for determining the caliper of a traveling web, one of said members being movable into and out of engagement With the web and having a significant dimension in the direction of Web travel, and carrier means mounting said member for floating movement normal to the web, said carrier means when said member is separated from the web tilting the downstream end of said member toward the Web, whereby the downstream end of said member is initially contacted with the web as the member is moved toward the web and the member thereafter floatingly engages flush against the web.
12. In a device as set forth in claim 11, trunnions on said member defining a pivot axis transversely of said member substantially parallel to the web, said carrier means having slots therein generally normal to the web within which said trunnions are slidably and pivotally engaged, and spring means between said carrier means and said member engaged with at least one portion of said member spaced transversely from said pivot axis for normally tilting said member relative to said carrier means.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,872,351 8/1932 Schaake et al. 32437 1,989,037 1/1935 Brown 324-34 2,637,115 5/1953 Watson 324--34 2,665,333 1/1954 Dunipace et al. 32434 2,923,150 2/1960 Imboden et al 73-159 2,116,119 5/1938' Loewenstein 32434 2,162,710 6/1939 Gunn 32434 OTHER REFERENCES Hart, John A.: Magnetic Caliper Guages for Papers. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, November 1951 pp. 102-104 and p. 118. Copy in 162-263.
RUDOLPH V. ROLINEC, Primary Examiner.
R. I. CORCORAN, Assistant Examiner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 20, 1930
|Aug 16, 1932
|Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co
|Third-rail shoe
|Apr 5, 1926
|Jan 22, 1935
|Firestone Tire & Rubber Co
|Thickness gauge
|Oct 4, 1935
|May 3, 1938
|Alfred Loewenstein
|System for electrically measuring the thickness of metallic walls, sheets, and the like
|Aug 5, 1936
|Jun 20, 1939
|Ross Gunn
|Apparatus and method for detecting defects in metallic objects
|Apr 3, 1950
|May 5, 1953
|Christensen Machine Co
|Magnetic calipering device
|Nov 30, 1950
|Jan 5, 1954
|Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co
|Apparatus for measuring thickness of sheet material
|Dec 16, 1957
|Feb 2, 1960
|American Viscose Corp
|Tension measuring apparatus
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 21, 1972
|Aug 6, 1974
|Wennerberg G
|Apparatus for measuring a predetermined characteristic of moving sheet material which accommodates both tilting and changes in thickness and vertical location of the material
|Aug 1, 1979
|Aug 25, 1981
|Ppg Industries, Inc.
|Method of determining optical quality of a laminated article
|Jan 16, 1981
|Feb 1, 1983
|Ppg Industries, Inc.
|Method of determining optical quality of a shaped article
|Dec 29, 1987
|Dec 24, 1991
|Accuray Corporation
|Sheet-contacting thickness gauges
|Apr 18, 1997
|Aug 17, 1999
|Gerber Systems Corporation
|Media feed apparatus for an imaging device
|Jun 3, 1997
|Mar 28, 2000
|Gerber Systems Corporation
|Automated media transport device and method of using the same
|Dec 27, 2006
|Sep 8, 2009
|Sonoco Development, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for measuring waviness of sheet materials
|Dec 27, 2006
|Jul 3, 2008
|Sonoco Development, Inc.
|Apparatus and Method for Measuring Waviness of Sheet Materials
|Feb 28, 1978
|Oct 19, 1978
|Measurex Corp
|Oct 9, 2002
|Apr 17, 2003
|Abb Inc.
|Non-contact sheet sensing system and related method
|Oct 9, 2002
|Apr 22, 2004
|Abb Inc
|Non-contact sheet sensing system and related method
|U.S. Classification
|324/231, 162/263, 162/203
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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|"Thomas Mueller (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] [Commented] (OAK-138) Move client/server package in oak-mk to separate project
|Wed, 13 Jun 2012 10:09:42 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/OAK-138?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=13294318#comment-13294318 ] Thomas Mueller commented on OAK-138: ------------------------------------ The data store that is currently in oak-mk (org.apache.jackrabbit.mk.blobs) can be re-used in other mk implementations. So I guess we should also create (at least) oak-mk-datastore or oak-mk-blob. Similarly, the jsop part shouldn't be part of oak-mk. We could move it to oak-commons or create a new project oak-commons-jsop. I guess the same goes for the cache implementation (oak-commons or oak-commons-cache). > Move client/server package in oak-mk to separate project > -------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: OAK-138 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/OAK-138 > Project: Jackrabbit Oak > Issue Type: Improvement > Components: core, it, mk, run > Affects Versions: 0.3 > Reporter: Dominique Pfister > Assignee: Dominique Pfister > > As a further cleanup step in OAK-13, I'd like to move the packages o.a.j.mk.client and o.a.j.mk.server and referenced classes in oak-mk to a separate project, e.g. oak-mk-remote. > This new project will then be added as a dependency to: > oak-core > oak-run > oak-it-mk -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. If you think it was sent incorrectly, please contact your JIRA administrators: https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/ContactAdministrators!default.jspa For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
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The document is archived and information here might be outdated
As clause removed from variant ReDim
Visual Studio .NET 2003
In Visual Basic 6.0, a variable of the Variant data type could be changed to an array of a different data type using the ReDim keyword with an As clause.
When a Visual Basic 6.0 project is upgraded to Visual Basic .NET, any Variant variables are converted to the Object data type; you cannot define an object as a different data type using the As clause.
The following example shows the usage of the ReDim keyword:
' Visual Basic 6.0 Dim V As Variant ReDim V(10) As Integer ' After upgrade to Visual Basic .NET Dim V As Object ' UPGRADE_WARNING: As Integer was removed from ReDim V statement. ReDim V(10)
What to do next
- Modify your code so that the variable is initially declared as an array of the correct data type:
' Modified code Dim V() As Integer ReDim V(10)
- Search your code to see if the variable is used anywhere else, and make sure that the data type is correct for each occurrence. Assign new variables if necessary for any additional data types.
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Verification is the final decision stage in many object recognition processes. It is carried out by evaluating a score for every hypothesis and choosing the hypotheses associated with the highest score. This paper suggests a grouping-based verification paradigm, relying on the observation that a group of data features belonging to a hypothesized object instance should be a "good group". Therefore, it should support perceptual grouping information available from the image by grouping relations. The proposed score, which is the joint likelihood of these grouping cues, quantifies this observation in a probabilistic framework. Experiments with synthetic and real images show that the proposed method performs better in difficult cases
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Broadcom accuses Emulex of patent infringement
Emulex hasn't heard the last from Broadcom after all.
Broadcom, which unsuccessfully tried to acquire Emulex this year, Monday filed a lawsuit charging that the HBA vendor infringed on 10 of its patents for storage and networking technologies. The chipmaker is seeking monetary damages and injunctions to stop Emulex from using the technology.
The patents include Fibre Channel, FCoE, TCP offload engine, remote direct memory access (RDMA), and serializer/deserializer (SerDes) technologies.
"As we developed our plans for the Fibre Channel over Ethernet market, we discovered that Emulex is infringing multiple Broadcom patents in an effort to use Broadcom technology to compete against both our existing and future products," Broadcom VP for intellectual property David Rosmann said in a statement. "We believe Emulex is infringing a broad range of Broadcom patents; we are concerned that Emulex's infringement is pervasive."
Emulex released a brief statement, claiming: "Emulex is reviewing the patents associated with the complaint filed today by Broadcom. Emulex has a policy of vigorously defending the company against assertions of this kind."
Stifel Nicolaus Equity Research analyst Aaron Rakers maintains the suit is a reaction to Emulex fighting off Broadcom's hostile takeover attempt. He says it also indicates Broadcom is now looking to develop its own FCoE technology rather than trying to acquire a company with the technology.
"This is not a move against Emulex to reconvene discussions on a possible combination," Rakers wrote in a note to clients.
Rakers also wondered if Broadcom found any patent infringements against Emulex rival QLogic, but when he brought this up to a Broadcom representative he was told Broadcom has not looked at QLogic's product portfolio.
Broadcom successfully sued its rival Qualcomm several years ago for violating patents, and Qualcomm agreed to pay Broadcom $891 million in a settlement earlier this year.
Oracle set to make hardware splash with Sun-based Exadata
It began with a full page ad from Oracle in the Wall Street Journal last week, throwing down the gauntlet for server hardware giant IBM, and the first definitive statement from the company in the midst of its $7.4 billion acquisition of Sun Microsystems about the fate of Sun's hardware product lines.
Speculation has been widespread since the acquisition was revealed that Oracle wants Sun for its Java and Solaris software IP and planned to do away with the Sun's server and storage hardware business. Instead, Oracle followed the WSJ ad with an invitation sent to press earlier today:
Oracle launched a database machine with Hewlett-Packard hardware a year ago. There is no indication about the fate of that partnership in light of this announcement.
Also, while the Sun/Oracle Database Machine will contain storage, as the HP/Oracle version does, the fate of Sun's data storage-specific product lines — including disk arrays as well as tape libraries acquired with StorageTek — has yet to be settled one way or another. The merger between Sun and Oracle itself remains hung up in European Union regulatory review.
One thing's for sure–Sun storage hardware competitors aren't waiting for an answer before they pounce.
EMC replaces Donatelli with Intel exec
Hewlett-Packard Co (HP) poached EMC Corp. storage division head David Donatelli earlier this year, and now EMC has nabbed one of Intel's top executives to take over running EMC's storage products division.
Patrick Gelsinger, who heads Intel's core chip business, has been named President and Chief Operating Officer, EMC Information Infrastructure Products, overseeing Information Storage, RSA Information Security, Content Management and Archiving and Ionix IT management divisions, according to an EMC press release. EMC also promoted Howard Elias, 52, to president and COO, EMC Information Infrastructure and Cloud Services.Wrapped up in this announcement is the first specific indication from EMC CEO Joe Tucci of when he plans to retire. In an interview with the Wall Street Journal, Tucci indicated he plans to step down in three years, when he's 65. According to the Journal piece, Tucci considers Elias, Gelsinger and CFO David Goulden potential candidates to succeed him in the CEO position.
Gelsinger reportedly got to know Tucci when he worked with EMC to transition between proprietary IBM microprocessors in earlier models of the Symmetrix high-end disk array to Intel chips with the release of Symmetrix V-Max earlier this year.
Financial analysts noted that the move could quell speculation that EMC might be a takeover target. "While the [Journal] story notes that this announcement could ease some investor sentiment that EMC would be a takeout candidate, we view this announcement as a positive as the company looks to further deepen what has been a very strong executive management bench," wrote Stifel Nicolaus equity research analyst Aaron Rakers in a note to investors Monday morning.
09-10-2009 Storage Headlines
Stories referenced:
(0:23) Texas Memory Systems acquires storage virtualization IP
(2:06) Adaptec blows hot and cold for SSDs
(3:38) Hitachi Data Systems adds midrange NAS, courtesy of BlueArc
(5:00) VMworld 2009: Storage vendors showcase new vSphere 4 products
VMWorld 2009: storage vendors continue vSphere 4 product updates
VMware Site Recovery Manager to add support for NFS, multi-site failover
2009: VMware and Cisco support distance VMotion
VMworld 2009: Storage admins grapple with growing VMware deployments
(8:00) Iron Mountain Digital to add e-discovery features to PC cloud data backup service
Seeding the clouds
When we all get around to writing up those "Look ahead to next year" stories in a few months, there no doubt will be lots of wondering if 2010 will be The Year of the Cloud in storage. It's obviously too soon to tell if 2010 will indeed by a big year for storage clouds, but it's becoming clear that late 2009 is The Half-Year of Setting the Table for Cloud Storage.
Whether it's Hewlett-Packard acquisition of clustered file system vendor Ibrix, NetApp finally getting out its scale-out version of Data Ontap, or the EMC-Cisco-VMware VCE cloud alliance – not to mention the much rumored EMC-Cisco joint venture – the major storage vendors are putting their cloud strategies on the table.
When will customers flock to the cloud for storage? Carpathia Hosting CTO Jon Greaves, whose company launched its storage cloud last April, is banking on that happening next year.
"This is the year everybody wants to talk about the cloud and put their toe into the water," Greaves said. "Next year will be a key year for the cloud, and storage is the onramp to the cloud for a lot of customers, particularly in the enterprise space because the storage cloud is low risk."
Carpathia is still putting together its own pieces for its storage cloud product. The hosting service has used ParaScale Cloud Storage (PCS) for NAS since launching its cloud service, and two weeks ago added more pieces for its storage cloud by acquiring security hosting services company ServerVault. Greaves says ServerVault will provide compliance and security for Carpathia's storage cloud.
"Now we can take the cloud and treat it as a compliance solution," Greaves says. "We'll add compliance services by the end of the year."
Adaptec blows hot and cold for SSDs
As solid state drives (SSDs) gain more play in enterprise storage, the emphasis shifts from the drives themselves to the software used to control data on SSDs and hard drives.
That management capability was the impetus for Texas Memory Systems' acquisition of Incipient's storage virtualization IP, and for intelligent data placement software that EMC and IBM have pledged to deliver.
That is also the key to the MaxIQ SSD Cache Performance Solution that Adaptec rolled out today. Billed as a hybrid SSD-hard drive system by Adaptec, it is actually Adaptec's MaxIQ SSD caching software combined with a 32GB Intel X25-E SATA SSD.
The software serves as a higher-performance cache by copying frequently accessed "hot" data directly into the SSD cache to improve performance. I/O for the hot data comes from the SSDs, while "cold" data goes to spinning disk.
"Our controller is an agnostic piece in the middle of the data traffic and does all the monitoring," Adaptec marketing director Scott Cleland says. "If a read request meets the threshold of hot data, it gets copied to the MaxIQ SSD and subsequent requests come from the MaxIQ SSD."
Adaptec claims it can deliver more than five times the IOPS of disk arrays. It also uses NAND flash instead of DRAM to keep down costs, much like NetApp did with the Performance Acceleration Module IIit launched last month.
MaxIQ will be delivered mostly through distributors and resellers, and Cleland says a MaxIQ SSD Cache Performance Kit costs $1,295 for a 32GB X25-E Extreme with the caching software.
Hitachi Data Systems adds midrange NAS, courtesy of BlueArc
Hitachi Data Systems today put its brand on the midrange NAS system first launched by its OEM partner BlueArc in July.
The Hitachi NAS 3080 and 3090 are rebranded BlueArc Mercury 50 and 100 systems. The vendors claim the 3080 performs at more than 60,000 IOPS per node and the 3090 at over 100,000 IOPS per node. The 3080 scales to 1 PB, and the 3090 hits 2 PB.
Like BlueArc, HDS bills the new platform as a midrange system for commercial applications rather than a high performance computing (HPC) NAS system. Street pricing begins at $70,000 for an entry-level configuration. Besides price, the biggest difference between the 3080/90 and the HDS 3100 high-end systems is the size of the clusters they support. The 3080 supports two-node clusters, the 3090 clusters four nodes and the 3100 and 3200 scale to eight nodes. HDS sees the 3080/90 as a companion to its Adaptable Modular Storage (ASM) midrange SAN platform and the 3100/3200 continuing to accompany its Universal Storage Platform (USP) enterprise SAN arrays.
On top of the BlueArc hardware, HDS adds the Hitachi Data Discovery Suite to search and index data across all HDS storage and Hitachi Content Archive Platform (HCAP) for policy-based file migration and tiering. "We're trying to make intelligent file tiering, or HSM, cool again," said Fred Oh, HDS senior product marketing manager for NAS, "We're bringing what's been popular on the high end to the midrange."
You can certainly argue that HSM never was cool or popular, but at least BlueArc and HDS have clustered name space for scale out NAS. That's cool, at least for NAS administrators. "One of our nearest competitors in the NAS space is still trying to solve this problem," Oh said, jabbing NetApp for its long delay in adding support for scale-out NAS clusters to its Ontap operating system.
VMWorld 2009: Reporter's Notebook and photos
View of the Moscone Center where VMWorld 2009 was held.
Speculation swirls about EMC / Cisco joint venture
According to widespread reports, most recently an anonymously sourced report in the Wall Street Journal, Cisco and EMC Corp. are brewing up a joint venture to more easily bundle up EMC storage with Cisco's UCS.
Judging by the amount of buzz, there probably is something happening; EMC storage was also exhibited as part of Cisco's gigantic UCS demo at the show. According to one of my sources, who also requested anonymity, a joint venture would be a way for the companies to jointly market UCS with EMC storage without doubling up on the commission paid to separate sales forces.
If this deal happens, I think it would probably put the kibosh on the longstanding Cisco/EMC merger rumors, which date back at least as long as I've been in the storage market. Should they spin off a joint venture, I think it would be an indication that both organizations have gotten too large and complex to fully merge.
It would also be part of a general trend of alignment between companies whose products live at the top of the data center stack – apps, networking, and servers – and middleware/networking/storage counterparts, whether through acquisition a la Sun/Oracle or partnership as with Dell/Brocade.
Cisco and EMC have declined comment.
Always amazed at the scale of this show…Exhibit A
Exhibit B: the "feed lot" for meals, in a space remeniscent of an airplane hangar.
Exhibit C: Hands-on labs were jumping at all hours. This is first thing in the morning, and the line has already stretched out the door…
Asigra on the difference between cloud and online backup
And yes, there is a difference, at least according to Asigra executive vice president Eran Farajun—portability of data.
"Online backup is the closest thing to the cloud, but it still has one foot in the distributed-computing era," he said. If users want to switch service providers, they pretty much have to orphan data or receive it back in raw format that can be labor-intensive to reassimilate behind the firewall. Asigra had been focused on service providers for years before the cloud computing buzzword became hot, and Farajun said that because Asigra is already set up for multi-tenancy and virtualizes the media server on the service-provider end (the customer has a backup "master" server that collects new data on-site), customer workloads can be shifted directly from one partner to another. It's an interesting and helpful distinction to make, the kind of thing we need more discussion about as the cloud phenomenon gains steam.
VMware CEO Paul Maritz gives a keynote speech on Monday morning.
VMware acquires SpringSource
I was curious about this acquisition since the description of SpringSource's rapid-deployment capabilities for new servers and virtualized applications sounded somewhat similar to the company EMC acquired earlier in the week, FastScale. But according to VMware CEO Paul Maritz in a Q&A session on Tuesday, "the two are only loosly in the same space. SpringSource is a level above [FastScale], thinking in terms of applications, rather than how they're deployed in the infrastructure. They are complementary."
Seanodes says it's buddying up with IBM in Europe
Seanodes CEO Frank Gana says the iSCSI SAN vendor is in the midst of deployment with European customers on IBM's BladeCenter servers. Keep an eye on this pairing – IBM has some iSCSI offerings, but nothing to directly compete with HP/LeftHand running on HP BladeSystem, which HP began offering this week as a VDI reference architecture.
Some analysts I ran into on the show floor noted with interest that this was Sun's only presence at the show…
Xsigo usurps Cisco in VMworld show floor demos?
An interesting new addition to demo hardware this year was "What's under my hood?" signs next to the roaring machines in show floor booths. The one at VMware's booth consisted of EMC storage, MDS servers, and…Xsigo I/O virtualization interconnects, rather than the more-hyped VCE approach. Cisco was hardly inconspicous, though. Massive UCS racks greeted attendees as soon as they came down the Moscone Center escalators to get to breakout and general sessions (photo below).
NetApp offers $1 million storage challenge
Building off their 50% storage reduction guarantee for VMware environment (see full story, including fine print), NetApp was offering customers $1 million worth of storage equipment in exchange for a chance to prove they can achieve the 50% reduction. NetApp Chief Marketing Officer Jay Kidd said in this case, the customer agrees to be a public reference for NetApp if the deal works out.
Photos from VCE Distance VMotion session
VMware senior staff engineer Shudong Zhou, EMC VP of VMware technology alliance Chad Sakac, and Cisco manager of product marketing Balaji Sivasubramanian fill attendees in on the finer points of VMotion support.
Chad Sakac, aka Virtual Geek, previews EMC's active-active storage plans
Just part of the VCE distance VMotion test bed config.
Read the news story here.
A must-see T-shirt was a big hit at the show: newScale's WILL PROVISION FOR FOOD. The full story behind it was blogged here. More pics available on Flickr.
More storage news from VMWorld 2009:
- VMWorld 2009: storage vendors continue vSphere 4 product updates
- VMWorld 2009: VMware and Cisco support distance VMotion
- VMware CTO drops storage hints in futures keynote
- VMworld 2009: Storage admins grapple with growing VMware deployments
- VMware Site Recovery Manager to add support for NFS, multi-site failover
- EMC acquires FastScale, deepens connection with VMware
- VMworld 2009: Storage vendors showcase new vSphere 4 products
VMware CTO drops storage hints in futures keynote
VMware Inc. CTO Steve Herrod (above) dropped hints about what's to come from VMware's vSphere and VMware Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) products in a keynote that opened VMworld's Wednesday sessions.
Among the storage-related items:
- VMware is working with storage vendors to put virtual desktop root disks into high-speed cache on storage arrays for faster boot-up times.
- Based on a new OEM relationship with RTO Software announced today, virtual desktops can be given individual personalities while their operating systems are managed centrally. This will simplify patching, since each virtual desktop OS doesn't need to be separately patched, while saving storage space by using a "golden" OS copy. Without the ability to have patches proliferate from the golden copy (which is the case when using space-efficient snapshot environments within storage arrays), users face a choice between patching each copy, potentially exploding storage capacity requirements, or redeploying virtual desktops.
- VMware and Visa demonstrated mobile device virtualization during the keynote. VMware is developing products that can let mobile devices run applications with data centralized at the corporate data center rather than residing on each endpoint device.
- VMware's Distributed Resource Scheduler, which today VMotions virtual machines between physical servers based on power consumption and processing load, will also take into account disk and network I/O. "DRS will combine with tiering algorithms on the storage side to match the application with hardware," Herrod said.
- Similarly, VMware's vApp, which encapsulates multi-tier applications with policy information, will include disaster recovery recovery time objective (RTO) information as well as availability requirements in policy profiles.
Another topic getting a lot of buzz at the show this year is distance VMotion–stay tuned for more on that front.
EMC buys Kazeon to integrate e-discovery platform
EMC's second acquisition this week is less surprising than the first.
A day after buying application image management vendor FastScale Technology on the opening day of VMWorld Monday, EMC today said it would acquire e-discovery software vendor Kazeon Systems. While FastScale is more of a server virtualization play, Kazeon is a mainstream storage product and gives EMC a path to integrating its SourceOne archiving software platform.
When launched in April, EMC's SourceOne consisted of Email Management (formerly EmailXtender) for email archiving, Discovery Manager for discovery and legal holds on email archives and Discovery Collector to automate data collection in multiple repositories. Discovery Manager and Discovery Collector were separate products, although EMC's marketing reps suggested they could be integrated over time.
That's where Kazeon comes in. Lori McKellar, a marketing manager for EMC's Content Management and Archiving Division division, says EMC bought Kazeon because it handles end-to-end e-discovery.
"It addresses the full e-discovery process," she said. "It has the ability to cull and review information as well as collect information, and handle litigation hold. It's the most complete offering."
EMC already sells Kazeon to add e-discovery capabilities to its Centera CAS and Celerra NAS storage systems. McKeller said Kazeon will become part of the SourceOne platform when the deal closes later this quarter.
EMC currently uses Kazeon rival StoredIQ for its Discovery Collector, but that will almost certainly change. StoredIQ sent word via email after the acquisition news broke that it "still maintains a partner relationship" with EMC and will "continue to work on opportunities" but it appears that relationship and those opportunities will not be the same.
"Kazeon is our primary vendor now [for e-discovery]," McKellar emphasized.
Kazeon has about 80 employees and 275 customers, raised $60 million in funding and signed an OEM deal with EMC rival NetApp during its early days. EMC did not disclose the purchase price, but CEO Aaref Hilaly of Kazeon competitor Clearwell Systems — either playing reporter, or trying to set a price for his company — wrote on his blog the Kazeon price tag was $75 million.


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In cases such as [第二次全世界戦争]{だいにじぜんせかいせんそう} or [第二次]{だいにじ}スーパーロボット[大戦]{たいせん}, is [次]{じ} effectively just acting the way a number followed by st/nd/rd/th would in English?
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Yes, it is and and it is always preceded by both a 「[第]{だい}」 and a number.
In my own words, 「第N[次]{じ}」 is used to describe the ordinality of an unpredictable event of the same kind like a war or a boom.
We use 「第N[回]{かい}」 to describe the ordinality of a planned event of the same kind, such as an annual event.


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- Stephen Malkmus shares his favorite music with Amazon customers. See all artists' picks on our Music You Should Hear page.
Stephen Malkmus
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OK, it isn't a classic. But it's best record I can imagine Stephen Malkmus making right now. Considering it's a solo debut following the breakup of the 90's best band AND it's the best record I've heard in a few years AND SM is obviously still moving forward in an artistic sense... don't under estimate it when you listen to it and simply say, "What a great record."
Some people won't like this record for a bunch of predicatably bad reasons. Don't believe it. This record is the sound of being simultaneously optimistic, intelligent and playful. And hey, not everyone fits that description.
Which is a long-winded way of saying that, for better and worse, the breakup of Pavement isn't the biggest deal in the world, as Stephen Malkmus simply picks up where the band left off. In many respects, this album is far better than Terror Twilight, an album which, while including a few moments of that twisted Pavement alt-pop glory ("Spit on a Stranger," "Carrot Rope," "Major League"), was way too dull for my taste. After re-invigorating indie rock and tossing off two of the greatest albums of the '90's (if not the rock era) -- Slanted & Enchanted and Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain -- Pavement went steadily downhill.Read more ›
Most Recent Customer Reviews
So great. I don't know why it took me so long to purchase this album, but I'm glad I did.Published on April 16, 2014 by B. Miskin
This is just a plain well crafted album that I have to skip nothing on. When I'm in the mood to listen to it, I play it right through. Read morePublished on March 2, 2008 by T. B.
I think that this is a fun CD. I saw Stephen Malkmus live when he toured with the Jicks and the show was playful. Read morePublished on August 2, 2007 by _____________________
Terror Twilight sounded like Malkmus was alone alot, but still had the yoke of the group and Spiral Stairs upon him. Read morePublished on July 26, 2006 by CONN-sumer
Lets just make this really simple. There are two SM camps, those who like the more structured stuff, starting mostly with Brighten The Corners, and ending with his solo career. Read morePublished on April 21, 2006 by xman
I love this album. Absolutely love it. That said, it doesn't hold a candle to the "good" Pavement records. S&E, CRCR, Wowee Zowee can't be touched. Read morePublished on October 31, 2005 by Brent Chapman
This was the last disc by Stephen Malkmus that I bought out of his three solo disc's with The Jicks by his side. Read morePublished on September 1, 2005 by Steve Stokl
..but more pop-esque than experimental.
From terror twilight to this it is clear that the frontman was on his way to a solo career. Read more
Has ther ever been a greater band than Pavement? No. Has ther ever been a greater frontman than Steven Malkmus? No. Has ther ever been a better CD than this? Certainly. Read morePublished on May 2, 2005 by G. Katz


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- I'm done, close this
Enter Our Ultimate Summer Tech Giveaway!
That's right - we are giving away a Summer Tech Package that includes a high-tech Fuego Element grill, Monster Superstar Backfloat waterproof speaker, and a mobile charging bank from iFrogz! Head on over to our giveaway page in order to enter. Good luck!
Friday June 25, 2004 5:02 pm
Meet Your Next Date In BEDD
Posted by Andru Edwards - Categories: Cell Phones, Software, Wireless / WiFi
The latest 'meet and greet' trend over in Singapore is an inexpensive service called BEDD. For approximately $0.57 per month users have unlimited access to the program, which is one of many "social network" technologies available via cell phone. So how does BEDD differ?
Users download the program, and fill out a short survey similar to a personality profile. From there, BEDD takes over. Using Bluetooth, the technology runs on your phone searching for other BEDD users within range (about 67 feet). If it finds someone, you are alerted and can then view their profile. From there, you can text message and decide if you want to meet face to face.
A good concept, but is 67 feet really a good enough distance to expect to meet someone that you are even remotely interested in? In a large city with tall buildings, BEDD just wouldn't work - however, there are over 1,000 members of the service in Singapore.
Read more on BEDD | Yahoo! News
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From the Back Cover
Build, test, and deploy highly efficient applications for Linux quickly and easily using this practical resource. Well-known Kylix expert Cary Jensen shows you everything you need to master this new hot RAD tool--from initial development steps to deploying Web-based applications. Get details on Kylix's RAD frameworks, database applications and datasets, extending the code editor, using Internet Direct to create socket clients and servers, and much more. You'll also get up to speed on the tools in the integrated development environment (IDE) and learn how to effectively use the CLX component library, work with forms and frames, module templates, and wizards. This definitive book contains seven chapters on database development, five chapters on Internet development, and contributions from Kylix R&D team members. If you are interested in learning how to create high quality, error-free Kylix applications--simply and efficiently--then Building Kylix Applications is the book for you.
*Create and debug both standalone applications and shared object libraries
*Work with TFields, the SQL monitor, and data-aware controls
*Get details on advanced features--including multithreaded applications and building your own components
*Maximize the powerful features of the CLX component library
*Write Web server extensions (CGI and Apache DSOs) using Web Broker
*Improve portability and ensure the compatibility of your applications
*Understand Internet Direct and its client, server, and support components


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UVa Hall of Fame Inductees
Former Cavalier standout Jim Dombrowski is one of 13 players who will be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame this year. He anchored Virginia's offensive line from 1982-85 and finished his brilliant college football career as UVa's first-ever unanimous All-American. In addition, he became only the fifth Cavalier to have his number (73) retired. A two-time winner of the Jacobs Blocking Trophy (recognizing the ACC's best blocker), he helped lead UVa to three straight winning seasons and a 27-24 victory over Purdue in the 1984 Peach Bowl, the school's first bowl appearance.
College Football Hall-of-Famers
Bill Dudley, halfback, inducted in 1956
Earle "Greasy" Neale, head coach, inducted in 1967
Tom Scott, defensive end, inducted in 1979
Frank Murray, head coach, inducted in 1983
Joe Palumbo, middle guard, inducted in 1999
George Welsh, head coach, inducted in 2004
Jim Dombrowski, offensive tackle, inducted in 2008
Virginia's NFL Hall-of-Famers
Bill Dudley, halfback, inducted Dec. 6, 1966
Earle "Greasy" Neale, head coach, inducted Sept. 13, 1969
Henry Jordan, defensive tackle, inducted July 29, 1995
Ralph Wilson, owner, inducted Aug. 8, 2009
UVA Athletics Information
In the NewsRecent Headlines News Archives
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Jeff White
Culture Change Under Way for UVA FootballFootball7/21/16Head coach Bronco Mendenhall, center Jackson Matteo and linebacker Micah Kiser represented Virginia at the ACC Football Kickoff on Thursday.Turner Embraces New Challenge at UVAMen's Lacrosse7/18/16Former UVA men's lacrosse standout Kip Turner is back at his alma mater as an assistant on new head coach Lars Tiffany's staff.Hunter Finds Comfort Zone at UVAMen's Basketball7/15/16The Virginia men's basketball team's freshman class includes De'Andre Hunter, a 6-7 forward from Philadelphia.
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A 1985 graduate of UVA, White worked at the Richmond Times-Dispatch until July 2009. He was honored six times as the state's Sportswriter of the Year.
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Jeff White: Culture Change Under Way for UVA Football
Football | 7/21/2016
Head coach Bronco Mendenhall, center Jackson Matteo and linebacker Micah Kiser represented...
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Football | 7/15/2016
Virginia wide receiver Olamide Zaccheaus has been named to the 2016 Paul Hornung Award Watch List.
Johns Earns Two Preseason Honors
Football | 7/15/2016
Virginia quarterback Matt Johns has been named to the Wuerffel Trophy Watch List and named an...
Mizzell Named to the Doak Walker Watch List
Football | 7/14/2016
Virginia running back Taquan Mizzell was named to the 2016 preseason Doak Walker Award Watch List...
Mizzell Named to the Bilentnikoff Watch List
Football | 7/13/2016
Virginia tailback Taquan Mizzell has been named to the preseason Biletnikoff Award Watch List,...
Kiser Named to the Butkus Award Preseason Watch List
Football | 7/12/2016
Virginia inside linebacker Micah Kiser has been named to the preseason Butkus Award Watch List.
Blanding Named to the Jim Thorpe Award Watch List
Football | 07/11/2016
Virginia free safety Quin Blanding and was named to the 2015 preseason Jim Thorpe Award Watch...
Blanding and Kiser Named to the Nagurski Trophy Watch List
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Virginia free safety Quin Blanding and inside linebacker Micah Kiser have been named to the 2016 ...
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When I use make into vim, with
:make it automatically jump to the first error, displaying a new buffer in the current tab if needed.
I use vim with multiple tabs, most of the time the error buffer is already opened in another tab. Because of that, using
:tabn or
:tabp doesn't work in my case.
:b# either... And the previous buffer could be the non last edited one.


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Written by Guest
"Bought for £99 and used about once a week. Stopped steaming and advised to run a vinegar solution..."
Written by Guest
"Well I have tryed very hard with this steamer because of the price I did phone the help line when..."
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"I had a sanyo vaccum but before this but this is amazing even better than all those I had tried i..."
Written by RogerSW7
"The Penguin proved almost useless at degreasing the cooker hood but I found its modest output exc..."
Written by Guest
"With ironing began well, then started to spit and spray steamy water wetting garments; leaking to..."
Written by SteamVet24
"I've used various models of steam cleaners by Polti for many years now. I've never had any probl..."
Written by tracycaldwell
"I bought one of these online about 18 months ago and it's totally transformed the way I clean. I..."
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"No even worthy of any stars!!!
I purchased this, was working for a few months, returned and got..."
Written by TW88
"Triplosimac EVT 500 purchased 5 years ago as we had new stone floors with underfloor heating and ..."
Written by Aileen419
"We had this machine for under a year. Used it a handfull of times and now it doesnt work. My mum ..."


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Bio: Asma Lmnawar, a Moroccan Arabic artist, born on July the 25th and raised in Casablanca city, entered the art-world to make it her own.
Asma's interest in music began at a very early age, she was only 12 years young when she made her first major appearance on TV and auditioned on the same year.
...See Full Bio


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- Lincoln, NE
- Philadelphia, PA
- Omaha, NE
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- Springfield, MO
For more than 20 years, Trinity Consultants has assisted facilities in the aerospace industry with regulatory compliance and environmental management issues.
Trinity has a long history of assisting facilities with their regulatory compliance and environmental management systems.
Trinity helps chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturers to achieve regulatory and environmental compliance.
Trinity has assisted clients with nearly 500 power-related projects, offering an array of services.
Due to their nature, "general manufacturing" facilities are often faced with reviewing a wide range of regulations to determine applicability.
Trinity provides a variety of services to government entities, including environmental permitting and compliance management.
Trinity Consultants has long been committed to assisting lime and aggregates facilities with their regulatory compliance needs.
Trinity takes pride in understanding the regulatory issues affecting our clients' facilities and their industry.
Oil and gas facilities must contend with a variety of regulatory compliance and environmental management demands.
Trinity helps petroleum refineries to achieve compliance with complex environmental regulatory requirements.
Trinity Consultants has long been committed to assisting cement facilities with their regulatory compliance and environmental management needs.
Trinity has extensive experience assisting the pulp and paper industry with its regulatory compliance and environmental management requirements.
Railroads are faced with rapidly evolving state, regional, and federal regulatory framework in the United States.
For more than 25 years, Trinity Consultants has assisted facilities in the semiconductor industry.
For nearly 30 years, Trinity Consultants has assisted facilities such as those in the highly regulated wood products industry.
On July 1, 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published an interim final rule in »
On June 30, 2016 USEPA published in the federal register proposed design details for the Clean »
On June 14, 2016 EPA published in the federal register a proposed rule to remove the affirmative »
Does your facility submit Form Rs or Form As for Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) reporting every »
If your plant operations include hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities »
On October 1, 2015, the USEPA revised the primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality »
On July 18, 2016, the USEPA took final action to determine that the San Joaquin Valley area has »
On June 10, 2016 the Utah Department of Water Quality (UDWQ) released the Draft 2016 Integrated »
On June 27, 2016, the Maricopa County Air Quality Department (MCAQD) proposed air dispersion »
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has finalized portions of a November 2015 »
Trinity's Environmental Quarterly (EQ) magazine covers environmental regulatory developments as well as topics related to corporate environmental performance.
all issues from 2009
This a digest of environmental regulatory actions were published in the U.S. Federal Register sorted by month. Select the hyperlink to view the complete Federal Register notice.
all summaries from 2011
These papers, presentations, and articles were authored by the staff of Trinity Consultants for presentation at various conferences.
all papers & presentations
Since its founding in 1974, Trinity has expanded its geographic footprint and breadth of services. We attribute our continued growth to a focus on cornerstone values of top-notch technical performance and excellence in client service.


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Electric Supply Company Tram No. 22 arrived at the Ballarat Tramway Museum in May 2009.
No. 22 was in service from 1913 – 1935, before being scraped. For the next 74 years it was mainly a home workshop on a property a mile or so from the Sebastopol terminus.
The "Sebastopol" type cross bench car was one of 3 constructed & becomes one of the last required to complete a representative collection of tramcars from 1887 – 1851.
It will now be restored to it's former glory!


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Qicheng Dongman Company is one of the top level China dezhou poker game machine manufacturers and suppliers, with professional factory we are able to offer you high-quality and CE best dezhou poker game machine at competitive price. Welcome to buy fashion or wholesale new products from us.
Dezhou poker features: in addition to the size of Wang Wai's 52 cards.Number of games: 2-9 people, 2 people can start the game, up to 9 people.Game mode - no limit mode (no limit in each game) is a challenge.Game mode of war.Than cards: with their own two cards and 5 pieces of public brand combined together to elect five cards, gather together into the highest card and with other players than size.