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Skip to comments.Weekly Garden Thread Volume 23 June 6, 2014
Posted on 06/06/2014 12:39:39 PM PDT by greeneyes
The Weekly Gardening Thread is a weekly gathering of folks that love soil, seeds and plants of all kinds. From complete newbies that are looking to start that first potted plant, to gardeners with some acreage, to Master Gardener level and beyond, we would love to hear from you. This thread is non-political, although you will find that most here are conservative folks.
No matter what, you wont be flamed and the only dumb question is the one that isnt asked. It is impossible to hijack the Weekly Gardening Thread. There is no telling where it will go and... that is part of the fun and interest. Jump in and join us!
NOTE: This is a once a week ping list. We do post to the thread during the week. Links to related articles and discussions which might be of interest are welcomed, so feel free to post them at any time.
Peas are surviving in the pots of potting mix. This is the longest they have survived. Squirrels turned over a couple of pots, so I had to put them back - those may not revive.
Corn is at least knee high. New seedlings were only 50% germination which is better than the zero I got last time, so a combo of less than vital seeds and jiffy mix I guess.
Peanuts in a combo of jiffy mix and potting mix all germinatied 100%.
I have been processing Strawberries this week. Made some syrup/juice, jam, and will be dehydrating some fruit leather tonight. I love to eat fresh strawberries for breakfast and snacks during the day, so my taster is happy happy happy.
I have a sourdough starter going. Will be making some biscuits for supper tonight. About 1/4 of the flour is from wheat that I grew and processed in an extra coffee grinder.
Gardening chores have taken a back seat this week, due to my feankiplumlego. This involves the feet, ankles, hips, lumbar spine, and legs primarily on the right side.
Was not able to put any weight on the right foot at all. Last time it struck, it took a couple of months to get back to where I could walk well with a cane. Hoping it's a light spell this time. Seems to be. Am able to walk with the cane and about 50% weight on the carpeted areas, so progress has been better so far.
I got the rubber mats back down in the kitchen (spring cleaning went too slow) and dug out some slip on tennis shoes and added 3 way arch supports, and staying off my feet as much as possible.
I was planning on starting a weight lifting program to strengthen my body, but that's on hold, and the walking program has been discontinued for a while.
With all my chores taking longer, I have been off the computer except to search for washing machine repair. I'll be backtracking through the rest of last week's thread today.
Hope you all had a great week. Have a great weekend. God Bless.
do ya do hops, climbing roses, buddha belly bamboo, etc???
Dick.G: AMERICAN!
Pinging the list.
This last winter has made it clear that one should only buy plants that can easily survive in the zone where you live. We have pulled out many conifers that just couldn't hack it. Joe Bastardi is predicting next winter to be as bad or worse in our area (upper midwest). Meanwhile, down in Madistan, the big nursery has sales people suggesting that, due to global warming, you can easily go one or even two zones toward the warmer climes...idiots!
I do not personally do those, but I have seen mention of such by others on the ping list.
Personally I would advise going 1 or 2 zones colder. Since the new zone chart from the government has reclassed us as zone 6, and zone 5 plants bit the dust last winter.
Was not able to put any weight on the right foot at all. Last time it struck, it took a couple of months to get back to where I could walk well with a cane. Hoping it's a light spell this time. Seems to be. Am able to walk with the cane and about 50% weight on the carpeted areas, so progress has been better so far.
I'm so sorry. I hope that you're better soon!
I am about to give up. Had a tomato plant that already had a baby tomato on it. All I had to do is water the thing. Muerto. My yellow squash, had 6 gorgeous plants. Over knee high and had beautiful flowers. No fruit. My 12 string bean plants yeilded a total of 12 string beans. Have a strawberry plant in the ground. Hasn't gotten bigger in 3 months.
And on and on. Heck, I can't even grow grass and that is with the no-fail kits. But everyone around me perfect lawns. Maybe I will put in zeroscape out front and just grow herbs. They are the only thing producing for me.
We couldn't agree more.
Even though the charts claim that we are zone 6, I try to grow only those plants that are good for zone 3 or 4. I've had both zone 5 and 6 plants die here.
If we can stay away from the really hot weather for a few more weeks, I think this is going to be a good year.
I have lived on my current street in the Philly burbs for six years and this winter finally killed off a couple of fig trees in a neighbor's yard that were well-established when I arrived.
Watching the Omaha Beach footage and the carnage was a very stark reminder of how costly that war was. I just want to say thanks to any of our remaining Veterans from then as well as all the wonderful people who have served since then.
It is a reminder of just how incredible things happen when we are united in purpose.
Sorry to hear about the health problem. Not being able to walk normal really puts a crimp in life.
I pray that you recover quickly.
Wow hope you can get over the little spell of attacks to your legs and joints. Bad time of the busy year to hit—well its never a good time is it. Surprised with all the rains recently in MO. you only had a little bit come your way.
Ever try cut strawberries directly into the pancake mix?
Yum yum....
Thanks, I am not sure what exactly it is, but I do know that walking around the basement without shoes and standing in the kitchen with out rubber mats seems to agravate it.
My practioner told me a long time ago, that there was a limited number of things that could cause it, and all of them would be treated with adequate orthotic support, so we didn't really do any xrays or anything.
Whenever it strikes, I just get religious about wearing shoes and getting rubber mats placed in appropriate standing area in the kitchen.
Nothing is going to get done until I get better.
Our tomatos are a bust for this year. Two don't want to fruit due to extreme heat, the rest of the 10 plants were attacked by squirrels or birds while we were away last weekend and took half of our crop. We did get a few lemon drop grape tomatos to munch on yesterday.
My peppers are entirely different. Have lots of very large banana peppers and jalapenos, cayenne are doing good, chiltepins are covered with peppers, ghost peppers are doing well.
I am sorry for your discouragement. I would investigate the soil first. Have you tested your soil? Have you tried raised beds with good dirt and plenty of organic material added?
Our soil in the front yard does the same thing, but the soil in the back yard does great. Just because your neighbors are growing stuff, doesn't mean that your soil is just as good.
Observing D-Day in Remembrance of our brave veterans who gave all.
We have those rubber mats in our kitchen. They're very helpful for my bad knees and my husband's bad ankle.
I do have some zone 5 stuff, but I put it under cover.
I forgot to mention we appear to be having trouble with climbing cut worms. They got 2 blueberry bushes this week, and a honey dew. If anywone knows how to get rid of them, please let me know. These are not the kind that you can discourage with card board around the base of the stem.
Hang in there Andy-—'grow or die' we gardeners know what a crapshoot it all is. One bit of advice from our pal tobacco /johnny is to have a good amount of backup plants. Glad I took that advice this year as I had to do a 2nd round of replacement 'maters and also about half my pepper seedlings either died, stunted or rotted at the stem base. backups to the rescue and i didnt even do enough of those but still an adequate amount for my small plot. My arugula is like a weed its so hardy whereas I cant grow any spinach for squat— a complete bust. Sometimes you win and other times you lose in the world of greens.
Thanks. It really makes getting in shape tough too. Docs encourage excercise, but be careful and take it slow. Even then, something always seems to happen to interfere.
If it's not better soon, I'll be going to the swimming pool for excercise.
Sorry that you are not well. Guess we are a couple of sick puppies.
I have another pint of cherry tomatoes ready to pick from Mr. indoor tomato.
They really are! I need to get a couple of more down though as I still have a couple of areas where I stand often that just has vinyl glued to concrete.
Good afternoon gardeners. My tomato plants are all doing very well and I will need to stake them soon. After all my tomatoes were planted I decided to add some sweet peppers and zukes. I have had very limited success in growing zukes or any other type of squash. But I keep trying.
I thought I would follow up on the report of my first visit to the VA clinic that I made in last weeks gardening thread.
My local VA clinic sent me the results from my first visit to the local VA clinic. It is a six-page letter detailing all of the blood work results plus the X-ray results of my right hip. I have some mild osteoarthritis in my hip and they are to schedule me for a MRI. My blood panel tests indicate that I have a low B-12 level and need to have monthly B-12 injections. I am being sent the B-12 and needles in the mail. I am instructed to bring the B-12 and needles to the Clinic so a nurse can give me the injection. All my cholesterol levels are normal and very good. I was offered medication for my hip pain during this visit, which I declined at that time. I have changed my mind and have decided to see if the medication will help. Over all I guess I am in fairly good health except for the right hip problem.
Sorry for the deviation from gardening discussions.
Have you ever tried growing spinach in mushroom compost? I did that one year, and it produced 100% better than any other combo.
The cold weather really did in my fig trees here in Mississippi. No new growth on the old established branches (dead wood) but all three have started new growth from the roots and are looking very healthy right now.
Funny you mentioned mushroom compost— I saw it at Home Depot and remembered your post on the subject. Didn't buy it but I added my own homemade compost to the clay soil and tried both seeds and transplanted spinach seedlings but zippo. My gal pal she buys her spinach plants and has better success when transplanting. So maybe next time I'll use your mushroom compost suggestion—hey maybe for the Fall planting. Maybe the swiss chard will work well too in it since mine went the spinach bust route too. Danke....
That's fine. Keep us updated on your status, and the VA performance.
I also have had hip problems and pain during the past few years. I found that a heated rice sock really helped, and allowed me to get by without heavy duty painkillers.
Rice socks are easy to make. Just get a really long tube sock. Take a big bag of rice and fill the sock up about 3/4 of the way.
Then tie a knot in the end. Put in Microwave for aabout a min. It will smell like rice for a week or so, but then it will stop smelling. Sometimes I have several going at once.
Put it on any joint that bothers you. It's a really good neck support which is another place where I have some pains.
Walmart sells a moist pad with "beads" that feels really super too and it heats up in the micro wave, but gives you a moist heat. My mother's doctor advised moist heat for her osteo arthritis.
I also read in my alternative medicine books that the increased heat will bring the body's own healing elements to that area and help your own system to work better.
Hope you get to feeling better.
I bought some from Home Depot to try too, but haven't had a chance to do it yet.
The M.R. Compost I had been using came from Walmart, and it was different brand. So I'll have to see what the Home Depot stuff does too.
Suckeroos when your all not feeling well. prayers of health and wellness for all of our WGT FReeps who are illin' out there....
Appreciate every single one.... Thanks Vets too.
Suppose you used a tin can with both sides opened? I guess that wouldn't work with a bush, unless you cut down the side with tin snips, and then duct taped it back together, perhaps. Or lined the cardboard with aluminum foil? Would either of those options work?
We have been getting fresh beans and some tomatoes. Sure taste better than the stuff you get in the store.
Carrots should be ready to pull this next week. They are doing really well this year.
I'm sorry to hear that you're ill. I hope that you're feeling better soon.
Did they offer you Celebrex for the arthritis or tramadol for orthopedic pain? Both may help greatly if your arthritis is mild.
Sorry to hear you guys are under the weather. Prayers tfor a speedy recovery.
My tromboncinos are going great guns, My only 2 cucuzzi are well, except I noted some leaf miner damage on the bottom leaf of one cucuzza this am. Dug up some red potatoes yesterday. They were'nt that big, but snails or something had decimated the foliage. Tomatoes are starting to come in. I pick up about 6 a day of the lemon boys, and romas, and about two of the mystery tomatoes. My gypsy, and mucho nacho peppers are doing good. I pulled up most of my swiss chard, and lettuce, but haven't decided what to plant there.
I found a Japanese beetle in my greenhouse this am. I've never had a Japanese beetle ever here, and I've been in this house 30+ years. I've seen them on roses in Alabama,and they were horrible, and destructive, and hard to kill, so I hope they haven't moved in around here. Ants that look like fire ants, but aren't so "bitey" ate my ginger. I pulled up some ginger root, and it was just a hollow skin. The ants havent't gotten into my potatoes, tomatoes or anything else. Found a few stink bug looking suck holes on a couple of my lemon boy tomatoes.
It is starting to feel like summer here after our too short spring. It's in the low 70's in the mornings when I go out to do the garden chores.
Tomatoes are languishing, as temperatures again drop into the 50s & low 60s for the last several days. No; not at nigh, but as HIGHS. Freshly set out sweet potato slips don't think much of it, either.
This cool snap, after a week of highs in the upper 80s & low 90s for about a week has caused the Egyptian walking onions to bolt; been chopping their heads off, and Mrs. AR has been using the buds in the kitchen: very hot, but also with a great, strong onion flavor. At least the rest of the cool season stuff likes it.
All the bare root transplants are doing great.
At 8, Not The Helper seems to be slowing down. She is still getting her full share of mice & voles, but we've never seen so many young cottontails still running around this late, though we have seen her with a couple of them, Last week, she offered a fresh one to Mrs. AR, while she was out pulling weeds.
The winter rye is now about 4' tall, and recovered from the lodging...then was blown down again day before yesterday, when yet another thunderstorm rolled through with 50-70 MPH gusts. At least no real damage, and everything is staying watered without having to use what's tanked.
Thanks for the sympathy and good wishes.
The reason I declined the offer for the pain meds for my hip was I thought that the pain was warning me to rest it. I only have pain when having to walk up slight up hill grades or for long periods of time. Like walking around in a Wal Mart super store. I figured the pain meds would let me just ignore the pain and let me do more damage to my hip. The pain goes away if I set down and rest for a few min.
Your rice in a sock sounds like a good idea. I guess it could be used as a cold pack also?
They did not offer any specific meds just said medication.
I believe these are climbing cut worms, since the damage is typically a foot above the ground. I have read that they ignore all such stuff around the base. I have only tried cardboard so far.
I'll need to recon after dark around midnight to see if I can find whatever it is for sure.
We have a bunch of radishes. Hubby got some seeds that had the word cabbage, but they turned out to be radishes. I'll use some in salads, but there is not way to use them all that way.
Anyone have any other recipes or ways to use radishes? I know they are considered a good cover crop, so when all else fails there's the compost heap.LOL
Tramdol blocks the pain, but doesn't do anything for the inflammation. It also contains Acetaminophen, and that's not always explained very well by the docs, so people sometimes get too much by taking tramdol and Tylenol.
I am a real wuss when it comes to pain, but I have avoided taking anything for years by using the heat treatments where ever it hurts. Recently headaches have caused me to take aspirin alternated with Tylenol, and I use that very sparingly.
My doc told me to take a product containing glucosimine chondroiton like osteo bi flex to help reverse or slow down osteo arthritis and osteoporosis, and he usually doesn't have much positive to say about supplements. I checked it out, and research supports a benefit from glucosimin chondroiton to help build cartilage. If you get the kind that has MSM, that is also supposed to help relieve pain.
So many options to try. One benefit of modern medicine.
Potatoes seem to be my best crop so far this year.
Your weather pattern sounds similar to ours. I haven't had to use much of our stored water either. What I did use has been replenished.
This is good, since our supply is not as good as we felt we needed due to the leak in the swimming pool. That was about 1500 gallons that we had to go ahead and use/drain off to repair the leak.
Since then we have only collected about 1000 gallons to get us through the regular summer drought.
I wondered if it was something I'd done to my figs as they're doing the exact same thing. All the above ground limbs are dead and they're coming up at the base from the roots.
Good to know it's not something I'd done. I'll try to remember to mulch them next winter and see if that makes a difference and maybe cover if it gets below 15F.
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Photos of my immediate family members that had passed away were sent to me with vile messages -- some blaming me for their deaths. I was tweeted pictures of my house, along with messages asking if I would rather be shot or stabbed.
Read Whole Story
Nintendo's plan to bring games to your iPhone might end up being the worst.
When I was seventeen years old, I became one of the highest ranked World of Warcraft players in North America. Below are some of the most powerful lessons I learned on my quest for Internet fame and success:
Would Swedish actress and Casablanca star Ingrid Bergman have made a good producer or director?
Hollywood movie fans may not know much about the Sca...
The best advice I received is from my father who ran a small business in Germany for more than 25 years. He strongly believes in team-effort and achievements, and that a strong team leads to success. This is what we are always trying to apply to our team at Play-Asia.com.
Needless to say, Monty Oum will be missed. His presence in the animation scene was a powerful one, and his impact at Rooster Teeth is long lasting.
Here's proof that there really is a special place in hell for people who use selfie sticks.
Ready for something weird? Nintendo sure hopes so.
The most refreshing part about The Catch's approach to the dating app world is its focus not on the quantity of matches, but the quality of the ones you're ultimately paired with. When it comes to dating, wouldn't you rather go on one promising date than a dozen meh meet-ups?
Go to any tech conference these days and you are likely to hear plenty of talk about platforms, software development kits (SDKs), and application programming interfaces (APIs).
A handful of gamers can now join the "Call of Duty" frontlines with 24-karat gold controllers in hand.
For students who love video games, life can be a constant battle between making it to the next level and doing something more productive. At least tha...
The story of the main character you play, a college senior who recently came out of the closet to his two goofy but loving roommates, seemed extremely compelling to me. There was so much potential to make something endearing, comical, and erotic.
Some people will just never have enough video games.
That shiny Nintendo 3DS you or your kid got for Christmas is about to be eBay fodder.
E3 is where it's at for gaming these days, but Marty Sliva from IGN says there's still a lot to see at CES this year.
The televisions, he says, are...
If anything's more outdated than a physical video game disc, it's a video game rental.
Got a stack of old VHS tapes in your basement? Your brand new video game discs might be joining them sooner than you'd think.
2014 was one of the most tumultuous years ever for women in gaming culture: Here's how we improve.
Here's an excuse to never again engage with that "friend" who constantly sends you "Candy Crush" invites on Facebook: Tell them you've got a whole cro...
Welcome to the latest generation of computer games. They don't so much help you escape reality as insert you back into it at a different angle.
When Hironobu Sakaguchi created "Final Fantasy" for the original Nintendo Entertainment System in 1987, he helped kickstart a trend in role-playing co...
It seems there's still work to be done when it comes to sexism in the video game industry.
Once upon a time, there was a popular slogan in the Catskills that summed up the reason why most residents living the antithesis of the American Dream in the region favored the building of casinos in the once renown resort area.
The current firestorm of harassment aimed at women who work in video games occurs at a remarkable time when women are driving growth in the gaming market in players and in spending.
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Black Donald is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places and incidents either are the product of the author's imagination or are used fictiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.
The Scottish folklore of Black Donald can be found through appropriate research and although this story is based on that folklore, it bears no resemblance to any actual events associated with Black Donald and therefore is purely a fictional story.


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Drugs! Gangs! Terrorist Attacks!
class=img_thumbleft>St. Paul Mayor Randy Kelly's budget speech yesterday garneredfront-page headlines
because he proposed raising property taxes for the first time in a dozen years. If the Mayor gets his way, the three-percent bump in the levy will primarily be used to hire 25 additional cops next year.
But neither daily paper took note of another curious aspect of Kelly's speech: the over-the-top crime hysteria. At times he was downright Bush-ian in his rhetoric.
The Mayor's initial foil was the city's "massive crisis of methamphetamines"--the drug currently being blamed for all of society's woes. According to Kelly, meth use is leading to "sights never before seen by law enforcement." (The crack epidemic apparently bypassed St. Paul.)
But Kelly reserved his most lurid warnings for the city's gang problems. The Mayor detailed the threat of an emerging, multi-national gang with roots in El Salvador dubbed MS-13 (also known as Mara Salvatrucha). He stated that these gangsters have been known to engage in beheadings and grenade attacks, and likened the organization to Al-Qaeda. Kelly claimed that there are currently 13 of these gang members operating in the state of Minnesota.
Naturally he then went on to invoke the attacks of 9/11. "The idea that it can't happen here has to be replaced with the understanding that it might happen here," he warned.
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Marine in Tutu Beats Up Disabled Vet Thinking He Was Wearing a Disabled Vet Halloween Costume
Christopher Dabney certainly isn't feeling like one of the few and the proud this morning. The 22-year-old Marine was arrested in Gainesville early this morning while wearing a pink tutu after beating up a man he thought was dressed in a Halloween costume poking fun at disabled veterans.
According to The Gainesville Sun, the incident happened at 2:30 a.m, outside of a Pita Pit restaurant. Dabney spotted 35-year-old Daniel Priotti and just assumed he was wearing a disabled vet costume complete with a wheelchair. He started calling Priotti a fake and hit him twice. The blows were so hard they knocked Priotti out of his wheelchair. Priotti, who is paralyzed from the chest down, was unresponsive for at least ten seconds after the attack.
Pita Pit employees had to jump over the counter to stop the attack, and afterward Dabney attempted to leave.
"As he was leaving I stopped him and said, man, you have to own up to this. You just hit a handicapped person twice. You made him fall over," witness Alejandro Lemoine told The Sun. "Another guy came out -- there were enough people that he didn't get away with it."
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Microtel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Christiansburg/Blacksburg, Christiansburg
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi, and free parking
Main amenities
- 86 smoke-free guestrooms
- Fitness center
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Front desk safe
- Laundry service
- Meeting room
- TV in a common area
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- Heart of Christiansburg
- Christiansburg Aquatic Center (2.7 mi / 4.3 km)
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Microtel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Christiansburg/Blacksburg, Christiansburg
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $51
- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Room, Accessible
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- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed, Accessible
- Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 86 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 1 PM-4 AM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Free self parking
- Free RV/bus/truck parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast daily
- Fitness facilities
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
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- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Microtel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Christiansburg/Blacksburg, Christiansburg's small print
Also known as
- Microtel Inn Wyndham Blacksburg
- Christiansburg Microtel
- Microtel Inn Wyndham Blacksburg Hotel
- Microtel Inn Wyndham Blacksburg Hotel Christiansburg
- Microtel Inn Wyndham Christiansburg Blacksburg
- Microtel Inn Wyndham Christiansburg/Blacksburg Hotel
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- Microtel Christiansburg
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 10 per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.7 /5 from 540 reviews
Nice and clean and breakfast simple but good. Easy to get to and safe.
The bathroom seat had scratches and scrapes, bed sheet had burnt holes in it.
clean, quiet, friendly staff
Great staff. Very quiet. Close to main street. Wifi was the only problem
We were staying one night on a road trip. Wanted a reasonable place for a good price. It exceeded our expectations. Room was clean and the building was in good condition overall. The location felt very safe. No frills but had everything we needed.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Jason visits the Champions at the St. Paul Figure Skating Club!Posted by The Jason Show on Wednesday, March 16, 2016
July 15-17, 2016 - Richfield Ice Arena
Register by June 27th
New Events:
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June 13 - Sept 2
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Mar 31, 1970
|Filing date
|Dec 22, 1967
|Priority date
|Aug 22, 1966
|Publication number
|Seitz Edward Lamonte Jr, Travis Allen Edwin
|Original Assignee
|Amp Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (18), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
March 31; 1970 s -rz, JR" ET AL 3,503,119
METHOD FOR APPLYING A cLosuRE DEVICE TO AN END OF A FLEXIBLE CONTAINER Original Filed Aug. 22, 1966 United States Patent US. Cl. 29-509 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method for applying a U-shaped closure device to an end of a flexible container comprises bending a long leg of the U-shaped closure device after the end of the flexible container has been placed in the closure device until an outer section thereof is substantially parallel with the bight of the closure device, and bending a free end of a short leg of the closure device into an arcuate configuration with the free end being in engagement with the outer section of the long leg.
CROSS REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION This application is a division of US. application, Ser. No. 574,091, filed Aug. 22, 1966, now Patent No. 3,369,277.
This invention relates to a closure device and more particularly to a closure device for closing an end of a flexible plastic container or a container having the characteristics of flexible plastic.
The use of flexible plastic containers to carry material therein such as, for example, food, motor oil, explosives, etc. in an air-tight and water-tight environment is on the increase and, to all intents and purposes, is likely to keep on increasing. The plastic containers generally take the form of a bag filled with the desired material and having one end closed or of a continuous supply flexible container material having a desired length fed to station whereat one end of the desired length is closed to form a container member, material is placed within the container member and the other end of the container member is closed. Other Ways of supplying containers of flexible material, filling them and closing them are known. Such containers are very economical, easy to ship and readily disposable.
Closing the end or ends of the flexible containers to effect air and water-tight closures is an important part in using these containers, and it has to be done quickly, easily, cheaply and effectively. Many types of closure members used heretofore have not been satisfactory since they frequently do not provide an effective seal even though they can be applied quickly, easily and cheaply.
An object of the invention is to provide a closure device to close the ends of flexible containers in a quick, easy, cheap and effective manner.
Another object is the provision of a closure member that is crimpable onto ends of flexible containers.
A further object is to provide a closure member having inwardly-directed ribs defining spaced sealing areas.
An additional object is the provision of a closure member having inwardly-directed ribs of different heights.
Still a further object is to provide a closure member having a plastic coating on the surface to engage the ends of flexible containers to be sealed.
A still additional object is the provision of a closure member having locking means to lock the closure member in place.
Other objects and attainments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which there are shown and described illustrative embodiments of the invention; it is to be understood, however, that these embodiments are not intended to be exhaustive nor limiting of the invention but are given for purposes of illustration in order that others skilled in the art may fully understand the invention and the principles thereof and the manner of applying it in practical use so that they may modify it in various forms, each as may be best suited to the conditions of a particular use.
The foregoing and other objects are achieved by a preferred embodiment of a closure member of flexible but stiff rnetal comprising a body member having a first leg, a second leg and a bight connecting the legs together as a unitary member, the first leg having a length about twice thatfof the second leg, at free end of the first leg having a bent area, and inwardly-directed rib means extending along substantially the length of the body member.
In the drawing:
FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a closure device;
FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of a closure device of FIGURE 1 in position on the end of a flexible container member;
FIGURE 3 is a front elevational view of die members to effect the closure of the closure device onto the end of the container member;
FIGURE 4 illustrates the crimping dies in a closed position with the closure device crimped onto the end of the container member;
FIGURE 5 is a view taken along lines 55 of FIG- URE 4;
FIGURE 6 is a view taken along lines 6-6 of FIG- URE 5;
FIGURE 7 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the closure device; and
FIGURE 8 is a cross-sectional view of the closure device of FIGURE 7 in a crimped position onto the end of a container member.
Turning now to the drawings and especially FIGURES 1 through 6, a closure device CD is illustrated which comprises a body member 1 having a first leg 2, a second leg 3 and a bight or base 4 connecting the legs together as a unitary structure. As can be discerned, leg 2 is equal to or about twice the length of leg 3. The free end of leg 2 has a bent area 5 which is bent inwardly at an angle of from 45 to with respect to leg 2. Inwardly-directed ribs 6 extend substantially along the length of body member 1 in a spaced and parallel manner. Ribs 6 terminate inwardly from the free end of leg 3 and at bent area '5 in leg 2. Also, ribs 6 are interrupted at an area 7 in leg 2. The height of one of the ribs is slightly larger than the height of the other of the ribs. Section 8 in legs 2 and 3 and bight 4 is bent in an Outward manner. The highest rib is preferably located adjacent sections 8. As can be seen from FIGURE 3, legs 2 and 3 form two obtuse angles with respect to bight 4 prior to being crimped onto the end of a container member.
The closure device is susceptible to mass production by automatic machinery and is conveniently formed by shaping a sheet metal blank or strip of a suitable metal such as copper, brass, bronze, aluminum or the like in successive forming steps. The metal is suflicientlyhard and resilient to impart thereto a spring-like character yet it is sufficiently malleable to permit crimping of the closure device onto the end of a flexible container.
A coating or liner 9 is applied to the inner surface of closure device CD and this coating can be polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, polypropylene, polyethylene or any other suitable material that will accomplish the desired result. Coating 9 can be applied in any conventional manner such as by spraying, gluing, vacuum deposition or the like. The coating is preferably applied to the metal before the metal is subjected to the stamping operation to form the closure device in strip form.
As shown in FIGURE 2, a flexible container 10 of any suitable plastic such as, for example, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride or other synthetic material or natural flexible material, such as intestine, weasand, or paper is closed and sealed by gathering the material comprising the neck of the flexible container into a tight compression and surrounding it with closure device OD which is deformed into position on the end of the flexible container by die members 11 and 12 illustrated in FIGURES 3 and 4 to deform the closure device into a substantially rectangular configuration in cross section.
Die member 11 comprises flat surface 13 on which bight 4 rests as illustrated in FIGURE 3. Die member 12 comprises side surfaces 14 and 15. Side surfaces 14 and 15 merge into beveled surfaces 16 at on end. An inner flat surface 17 is connected to side surfaces 14 and 15 via arcuate surfaces 18 and 19. Arcuate surface 18 merely connects side surface 14 with flat surface 17 as a radius therebetween whereas arcuate surface 19 is radiused inwardly beyond flat surface 17. Side surfaces 14 and 15 and surface 17 form three sides of a rectangle while flat surface 13 forms the fourth side of the rectangle. Side surfaces 14 and 15 from surfaces 16 to arcuate surfaces 17 and 18 are slightly tapered.
In operation, a closure device CD is placed on flat surface 13 of die member 11 and the end of container 10 is introduced within the closure device. Die member 12 is moved toward die member 11 and bent area of leg 2 engages beveled surfaces 16 which moves leg 2 inwardly and as leg 2 moves along side surface 14, this tapered side surface moves leg 2 in a further inward direction. As leg 2 is moving along side surface 14, leg 3 engages beveled surfaces 16 and begins to move along side surface 15 which moves leg 3 inwardly. As leg 3 begins to move into engagement with side surface 15, bent area 5 begins to engage arcuate surface 18 and, when bent area 5 moves into engagement with inner front surface 17, leg 2 begins to bend about area 7. The upper part of leg 2 then begins to move along flat surface'17 which surface, as die member 12 continues. in its movement toward die member 11, bends leg member 2 toward leg member 3 with the end of container being compressed within the collapsing closure device. Flat surface 17 moves leg 2 to an almost parallel position with respect to bight 4 and bent area 5 is disposed adjacent leg 3 whereupon arcuate surface 19 begins to bend the free end of leg 3 toward leg 2, and, as die 12 moves to its final crimp height position tightly compressing the end of container 10 within the deformed closure device, leg 3 engages bent area 5 bending the bent area inwardly and the free end of leg 3 is bent into an arcuate configuration conforming to that of arcuate surface 19 and the free end of leg 3 is brought into engagement with leg 2 to apply continuous pressure thereto,
Inwardly-directed ribs 6 apply pressure sealing points at spaced locations instead of over the entire area or length of the closure device. As the crimping pressure on the end of the container is building up to its final amount, the crimping pressure is greatest within the areas delimited by ribs 6 instead of over the entire area of the closure device and the parts of the container within the areas of ribs 6 extrude longitudinally on each side of ribs 6. Thus, the areas on each side of ribs 6 define extrusion areas into which a crimped portion of the container collect to permit the crimping pressure to be properly distributed along the closure device to efiect an air-tight and watertight seal therealong.
Coating 9 also serves to distribute crimping pressure since the coating acts as a cushion and will flow out from under the highly compressed areas which are within the areas of the ribs into th extrusion areas resulting in a redistribution and equalization of the compression throughout the closure device.
Sections 8 form a bell mouth after the closure device has been crimped into position on the end of the container to prevent a sharp edge on the closure device from cutting the container. Since the ribs are of different heights, a tapered crimp is obtained which provides areas of progressively increased compression to effect a better seal. Since ribs 6 provide sealing at spaced points over small areas, effective crimping is obtained by less crimping pressure because sealing does not have to be along the entire length of the closure device. The reduced crimping pressure does not work harden the metal of the closure device and the wear and tear on the crimping dies and machinery to operate the crimping dies is substantially reduced.
The substantially rectangular cross-section of the closure device in its crimped condition provides a more satisfactory sealing member than an arcuate surface. Any attempt of one of the corners or surfaces to widthdraw or springback will cause a substantial tightening on the corresponding sides.
FIGURES 7 and 8 illustrate another embodiment of the invention which illustrates a closure device CD similar in configuration to closure device CD except that bent area 5' is bent in an outward direction at substantially right angles with respect to leg 2', and leg 2 is also prebent at area 7 in which no part or ribs 6' are located so that the inner part of leg 2 from bight 4' to area 7' is bent in a direction away from leg 3 while the upper part of leg 2 is bent inwardly toward leg 3. The inner surface of closure device CD may have a coating in the same manner as closure device CD.
Closure device CD is crimped onto the end flexible container by die members 11 and 12 in the same manner as closure device CD except that the free end of leg 3 is curved around bent area 5' to secure the ends of the closure device together by overlapping of the free ends of the legs thereby preventing it from being removed from the end of container 10 except by using a tool to free leg 3 from bent area 5'. The reason that leg 2' is prebent is to permit outwardly-bent area 5 to clear the beveled surfaces 16 of die member 12.
Die member 11 has been disclosed as stationary while die member 12 moves relative thereto, however it is obvious that the opposite action therebetween can be performed to obtain the same end result. A complete disclosure of the machine for applying the closure devices to the ends of containers is set forth in U.S. Patent application, Ser. No. 574,090 filed Aug. 22, 1966. The coating may or may not be used on the closure devices and this depends upon the application to be performed and the type of material to be used.
As can be discerned, there has been disclosed a unique and novel closure device to close the ends of flexible containers and to provide an air-tight and water-tight seal if the material of the flexible container can provide such.
It will, therefore, be appreciated that the aforementioned and other desirable objects have been achieved; however, it should be emphasized that the particular embodiments of the invention, which are shown and described herein, are intended as merely illustrative and not as restrictive of the invention.
The invention is claimed in accordance with the fol lowing:
1. A method of applying a metal closure device to an end of a flexible container, said closure device having a base and legs with one leg being about twice longer than the other and with parallel inwardly-directed ribs extending along said base and substantially along the length of said legs and transverse to a longitudinal axis of the closure device, a free end of the longer leg having a bent area, said method comprising the steps of placing the end of the,
flexible container within the closure device, bending the long leg at an area opposite a free end of the short leg so that a first section of the long leg is disposed substantially parallel to the short leg and a second section is disposed parallel to the base, and bending said free end of said short leg into an arcuate configuration with this free end being bent into engagement with the second section of said long leg While reversely bending said free end of said long leg by engagement with said short leg so that said closure device surrounds an area of the end of said flexible container under compression and areas within said inwardlydirected ribs are under higher compression.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the free end of said long leg is bent inwardly.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the free end of said long leg is bent outwardly and said arcuately-bent free end of said short leg engages the outwardly-bent free end to lock the legs together.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS FOREIGN PATENTS 3/1963 Great Britain.
CHARLIE T. MOON, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 8, 1907
|Feb 21, 1911
|Frank Dutcher
|Torpedo-clipping machine.
|Oct 21, 1929
|Dec 15, 1931
|Delco Remy Corp
|Conductor splicing machine
|Aug 6, 1953
|May 19, 1959
|Globe Company
|Apparatus for sealing containers
|Jul 24, 1958
|Feb 28, 1961
|Howard Kelem
|Casing tie and making same
|Sep 11, 1964
|Aug 16, 1966
|Rheem Mfg Co
|Method of applying clips
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 28, 1975
|Dec 7, 1976
|Anton Hulek
|Process of manufacturing wrought-iron lattices
|Apr 13, 1976
|Nov 1, 1977
|Albert Konrad
|Apparatus for producing a connection between two overlapping band sections of a package strip and improved closure seal for use therewith
|Aug 19, 1977
|Dec 12, 1978
|Hutchison Charles L
|Sealing device
|Dec 10, 1979
|Jun 30, 1981
|Hutchison Charles L
|Sealing devices
|May 29, 1987
|Nov 7, 1989
|Emc-Tamaco A/S
|Method, a binder and a binding machine for closing hose or bag shaped packings, primarily tubular foodstuff packings
|Jun 8, 1993
|Aug 23, 1994
|Kabushiki Kaisha Mihama Seisakusho
|Band-clamping apparatus
|Sep 29, 1995
|Sep 16, 1997
|Suzuki Latex Industry Co., Ltd.
|Balloon clip fastening device
|Apr 4, 1997
|Mar 31, 1998
|Pfaff; Kathleen Sue
|Method of sealing a balloon after it is inflated
|Jan 15, 1996
|Dec 29, 1998
|Poly-Clip System Corp.
|Chain of closure clips and device and process for closing its clips
|Jul 2, 1996
|Sep 21, 1999
|Poly-Clip System Gmbh & Co., Kg
|Magazinable strip of clasps of flexible tubes and bags
|Jul 8, 1999
|Jun 25, 2002
|Axya Medical, Inc.
|Devices and methods for securing sutures and ligatures without knots
|Jun 30, 2000
|Jul 23, 2002
|Axya Medical, Inc.
|Sharp edged device for closing wounds without knots
|Jul 20, 2010
|Tornier, Inc.
|Coupling member for knotless sutures and ligatures
|Jun 15, 2006
|Sep 20, 2011
|Poly-Clip System Corp.
|Clip closure system
|Apr 13, 2007
|Feb 28, 2012
|Poly-Clip System Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Closure clip and process for the production thereof
|Jun 15, 2006
|Dec 21, 2006
|Eggo Haschke
|Clip closure system
|Apr 13, 2007
|Oct 18, 2007
|Poly-Clip System Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Closure clip and process for the production thereof
|Nov 7, 1991
|Feb 1, 2000
|Tamaco Pac A/S
|Method, a binder and a binding machine for closing hose or bag shaped packings, primarily tubular foodstuff packings
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
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"As far as I know, the intersection of those who are distinguished composers and those who have published in Science contains one member: the author of this book. If you are interested in tonality in music, you must read it, because it describes by far the most comprehensive theory of what makes tonal music work." --Philip Johnson-Laird, Stuart Professor of Psychology, Princeton University
"A Geometry of Music is an epoch-making publication in music theory and will certainly stimulate other new and innovative work in the field. Tymoczko has produced an outstandingly original synthesis of new music theory that unifies quite a large number of separate subfields and realizes the theorist's dream of finding the rational basis for tonality and tonal-compositional practices in music." --Daniel Harrison, Allen Forte Professor of Music Theory and Chair, Yale University Department of Music
"A provocative and ingenious melding of music, geometry, and history that promises to change the way that composers, music theorists, and cognitive scientists view music." --
Gary Marcus, Professor of Psychology, New York University and author of Kluge: The Haphazard Evolution of The Human Mind
"Tymoczko's A Geometry of Music is an appealingly written, substantial treatise on tonal harmony. The author introduces his original concepts with clarity and fearlessness. Musicologists, musicians, and listeners with an analytical bent will find plenty of ideas to chew on in this intriguing, rewarding book." --Vijay Iyer, musician
"Tymoczko confronts with apparent relish the daunting challenge of selling his ideas to a broad audience of theorists, composers, musicians, and students, and his ability to capture the intricacies of complex material while presenting it clearly and comprehensibly is praiseworthy...If the author's way of doing music theory or promulgating his results is not quite like most of the music theory that we have learned and taught, that is hardly a sufficient reason why we should not give his powerful ideas the attention they deserve." --Music Theory Online
"A tour de force, a rich and suggestive summation of an exciting new perspective, -a jumping-off point for further explorations. His geometric diagrams provide new kinds of spatialized representations of the aural facts of tonal experience. They may help composers and musicians to 'see' new possibilities within that intricate labyrinth, as well as to bring the old ones to life anew." --Times Literary Supplement
"Formidable...The strongest aspect of Tymoczko's book is the case that he gives for voice-leading in the common practice." --Reason Papers
About the Author
Dmitri Tymoczko is a composer and music theorist who teaches at Princeton University. His 2006 article "The Geometry of Musical Chords" was the first music theory article published in the 127-year history of Science magazine, and was widely covered in the popular press. His music has been performed by ensembles throughout the country, and he has received a Rhodes scholarship, a Guggenheim fellowship, and numerous other awards.
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The geometrical space defined (not "discovered," as the author claims in this book) in the journal Science is the underlying rationale for the "Geometry of Music" mentioned in the title. This "first music theory article in the history of the journal Science" could best be seen as an attention-getting stunt, and attention it got: magazines in many disciplines having little in common with music theory decided that the author's claims to have discovered the true underlying order of music -- "why music sounds good" in popular accounts and in this book -- must be true, since he was the only music theorist they had ever heard of. This book is the fleshing out of this theory, and it is obviously marketed to take advantage of the exposure in other academic disciplines.
But does it live up to its grandiose claims? There is actually quite a bit to be said for some of the research done in this book, which illuminates a number of fundamental questions in music theory. In particular, the statistical analyses of various trends in musical structure shed a great deal of light on the history of music, challenging some assumptions (or, rather, stereotyped straw-man assumptions that no actual music historian believes) about the breaks in musical style occurring before and after the so-called Common Practice Period (roughly 1700 to 1900). Similarly, statistical analysis of progressions in standard repertoires such as Bach chorales and Mozart piano sonatas provide some new insight into how this music works (and how it may differ in some intriguing ways from the way traditional music theory says it does). Unfortunately, whenever statistics are cited, the methodology is often not explained in detail or the highlighted parameters presuppose the existence of a structure similar to that which is already presumed to be there; nevertheless, there are certainly a number of provocative and novel claims to be found in this evidence. The author is to be commended for his initiative in doing this sort of brute-force stylistic analysis, which is incredibly time-consuming.
However, the two central claims of the book need to be evaluated separately. (1) Music of the past millennium all fits into an "extended common practice" of tonal music that can be effectively described by five constraints (conjunct melodic motion, acoustic consonance, harmonic consistency, limited macroharmony, and [tonal] centricity). (2) This extended common practice is effectively modeled within a complicated geometrical space (described in the aforementioned Science articles) that often extends into n dimensions and has interesting topological properties.
First is the claim of the "extended common practice." Without even getting into the details of the chapter surveying the history, one thing is readily apparent: only a single example dates from before 1500. The author claims that we should expand our tonal common practice by 800 years, changing it from the period 1700-1900 to the period from the year 1000 to the present. Yet he provides just one example from the 11th century and then skips to the 16th, omitting the details of 500 out of the 800 years he wishes to add. Such a move should be immediately suspect to a reader with any knowledge of music history. Moreover, the example from the 11th century fails to interact with the author's five constraints on tonal music in any meaningful way, particularly once we consider the contemporary standards of tuning and the constraints already placed on the scale -- not because of the author's theory, but because of a rather arbitrary superimposition of ancient Greek scale systems onto Western chant that occurred in the late first millennium.
If anything, the author perhaps demonstrates some sense of an extended common practice from about 1500 to present -- which is not new. Scholars for the past century have pointed out a number of developments in the late 15th and early 16th centuries that led to a use of sonorities and progressions which begin to sound much more like Western tonal music, though still constrained within the earlier modal system. And no music historian would dispute that there is some continuity to the tonal progressions of late Romanticism when compared with the developments in 20th-century jazz, as the author claims. At best, then, these historical claims are well-known, rather than the groundbreaking revisionist history the author imagines himself writing.
Within the author's 5-constraint definition of tonality, however, these claims are quite trivial. Of the five constraints, three are inherited from the structure of Greek scales as reinterpreted and used for polyphony in the medieval period -- namely acoustic consonance, limited macroharmony, and centricity. Harmonic consistency is obtained by the desire to make use of acoustic consonance within these scales (though the emphasis on consonance is a bit odd, given that the true arrival of the proto-tonal common practice music in the late 15th century came about at a time when dissonance, not consonance, was first being regulated by detailed principles). Conjunct melodic motion at first seems to be the only mildly interesting claim here, except as the author himself shows, if we use his definition of "voice crossing," such a claim is trivially part of most voice-leading within the diatonic and then chromatic scale in use since the predominantly triadic sonorities became common and began to resemble modern progressions around 1500. (Despite the supposed fascination with voice-leading, the author rarely engages with the specific types of voice-leading that actually drive progressions in chords before 1800, like tendency tones and stereotypical uses of dissonance that are outside the bounds of his theory, which focuses on the "chord" as fundamental, a view more indebted to Rameau and the history of music theory than to the way most standard tonal progressions are actually driven by counterpoint.)
I say such claims are trivial because, although they may describe some aspects of tonal music, they are largely well-known, and even if they are accurate, they are far from sufficient to describe the syntax of tonal music. If anything, they seem to be tailored to support the author's own compositional style, which makes use of a kind of tonality described by these constraints, rather than features that are important to define historical styles. Moreover, they derive not from the author's geometrical theories nor any topological properties thereof, but mostly from acoustical properties defined in scalar systems by the ancient Greeks, who did not even consider vertical harmony to be important, even though vertical harmony ("chords") is the primary component of the author's geometrical model. Thus, from a historical standpoint, it is impossible for the author's model to be "why tonal music sounds good," since the scales and properties that created the author's defining constraints came from an ancient system developed by Greeks (who thought it sounded good) but which has no relationship to the author's model.
(As an aside, many of the author's claims about chordal structure in his geometrical model depend fundamentally on the existence of 12-tone equal temperament or some approximation thereof. The chapter on the construction of scales in the book, while intriguing, says little about why a 12-note chromatic scale came into existence in the first place. Nor does it acknowledge the significant role played by this historical development and how geometrical models of tonal space such as the author's only became possible once composers forgot about tuning their own instruments and embraced an enharmonically equivalent 12-tone ET in the 19th century.)
This brings us finally to the question of the geometrical model that is the basis for the title of this book. In simple terms, it is completely unnecessary for almost all analytical claims made. For example, the author often points to the E minor prelude of Chopin as a quintessential application for his theory. The author claims that a 4-dimensional representation of the chords in this piece is the best way to understand it, and, oddly, that Chopin therefore must have implicitly understood higher dimensional spaces better than mathematicians in the early 19th century. (For an author with training in philosophy, this requires a very strange idea of epistemology and causality -- just because a model might describe something doesn't make understanding of that model a necessary condition for that thing's creation, particularly when the model is deliberately, according to the author's own claims, much more broad and complex than any previous theory of music.)
In Chopin's case, the author himself gives a reasonable, simple algorithm involving changing certain notes in the chord that adequately and accurately describes exactly what the voice-leading does. It involves only concepts like "within the 4 notes of the chord, move one at a time by half-step." Why the heck do we need a 4-dimensional hyperspace with wacky topology if we can describe this piece so simply? The answer, quite simply, is that we don't, anymore than we need the apparatus of the real number system as defined in college analysis classes to explain how a 4-year-old counts from 1 to 10. The question is not whether we *could* model the child's simple counting within college level math, but whether we gain any insight at all into how the child thinks or what the child is doing when counting by invoking the complexity of such a system. In that case, as in the case of the author's geometrical space, we gain absolutely no new insights. In the case of Chopin, there is something interesting going on in the voice-leading, but we don't need 4 dimensions to describe it.
In sum, we don't need the author's geometry of music at all. While there are many analytical insights offered in the book, none of them really benefit from a projection into a complicated geometrical space, and the few that seem to could often be improved by much simpler and straightforward geometries that the author seems to overlook or discount. There are some theoretical insights about the most consonant chords which supposedly relate to this system, but the properties within the system are again not sufficient to uniquely define the consonant chords or to throw out less consonant ones -- despite the author's bizarre parable about God handing off a "suitcase of chords" with the author's properties (a story whose implicit deification would highlight the author's arrogance if it didn't sound more like a drug deal in a bathroom than a rationale for why we should accept the truth of a multidimensional chordal space).
On a final note, the sheer egomania of the author's claims are apparent in the grandiosity he attributes to them himself, but it is unfortunate that he also feels the need to denigrate his colleagues (and entire styles of music that he doesn't like and clearly doesn't understand) in sometimes subtle and sometimes outrageous ways throughout the book. Once the author has claimed that the faculty who taught at his undergraduate institution, Harvard, "knew nothing about, and cared little for" music outside of a few avant-garde modernist composers, there is no amount of back-pedaling and claims later in the book that he is not judgmental that will make up for it. The author here impugns the names of some of the greatest scholars in music theory and musicology, whose breadth of knowledge speaks for itself in their publications. If this book indeed begins a new epoch in music theory, I hope that this unprofessional and unscholarly rudeness and arrogance is not part of it.
EDIT -- At some point after the appearance of my review, the author and his editor posted the Amazon "exclusive" interview which you can read above. The author addresses a few of my criticisms in a very broad and general way (e.g., the huge historical gap between his examples of early music from 1000-1500). I still stand by my original assessment.
Unfortunately, some previous reviewers seem to feel an animus toward the author and insist on using the book's dust jacket and introduction against him. But plainly OUP selected the blurbs it did to emphasize the book's potentially broader appeal, and it's hard to see how the author's account of his undergraduate music theory education in the introduction can be regarded as an affront to his alma mater. One has only to turn to the author's acknowledgments and read his copious footnotes to see that he has given ample credit where credit is due. The homoousian claims that most of the book is trivial, that much of the work has been purlioned, and that the remainder is useless are easily seen to be ludicrous. Reviewers who claim to have written books on "Algorithmic Computer Music" which don't seem to be available or claim that "[d]efining an all-encompassing numerical or spatial model is easy (and, honestly, trivial)" should make their works available for all to see. Perhaps their papers will appear in the journal Science - right after the next article on crafting a perpetuum mobile.
After using A Geometry of Music as the basis for teaching a course, I find myself in agreement with those previous reviewers who praised its strengths; however, I do have two criticisms to offer. The book's most significant shortcoming from my perspective is its paucity of exercises. Unfortunately, there are only 38 of them, and those are relegated to Appendix F. Of those exercises only eight relate to the entire second half of the book, and four of those concern one of the topics of Chapter 7. While I understand that the book is intended to serve as an introduction for music theorists, composers, and amateurs, it seems likely that its main audience is going to be music students. In order to better serve students future editions of this book should include many more exercises, and the exercises should appear as an integral part of the book, not in an appendix. More casual readers can skip the exercises as they see fit. Kostka's text on twentieth-century music seems like a good model for the breadth and depth of musical analysis exercises that I would like to see, and the workbook for Cadwallader and Gagne's text on Schenkerian analysis could serve as a model for the level of difficulty that would be appropriate for this book.
One other shortcoming of A Geometry of Music is its general avoidance of the underlying mathematics, even in the more technical appendices. I think many more computational examples and exercises should be included in a book at this level, and the general level of computational difficulty I would like to see in future editions would meet or exceed those of Straus's text on post-tonal theory. The material currently in Appendices A through E, together with additional examples and exercises, would enhance the body of the book. More technical appendices could then explore topics along the lines of the author's on-line supplements to his Science papers. This additional material would also demonstrate the falsehood of homoousian claims that the book is "trivial," that it lacks original ideas, and that topology adds nothing to our understanding of music.
All in all, I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in seeing where music theory is going in the twenty-first century.
The book is interesting, and besides being positively provocative it is especially stimulating because it points (by omission) to the elements that are actually missing in it and should be the focus of attention for a truly comprehensive theory of music.
I found chapter one, the introduction, an interesting one. It spells out a rational (the five features) for what constitutes "tonality" that, if far from complete, is simple and clear, and would constitute a great platform to build on.
Where I find the book less convincing is in its four claims, and in particular on the insistence on efficient voice leading, circular pitch class and the geometric space that emerges as a consequence. The main objection is that circular pitch class does not really describe how music sounds. Why? Just starting with chords: (1) contrary to the author claim, chord inversions do matter, because they do sound different. Western music from 1600 to this day treats voice leading in such a way to reach inversions or root position at certain crucial places in a composition. That is: composers treat inversion and root positions very differently, they have different functions, and their treatment and approach has consequences for the linear unfolding (counterpoint) of a piece. (2) A chord composed of any set of "pitches" (say just C, E and G) sounds very different depending on where the "pitches" are located in the 8 octaves or so available to our hearing. And that is so because the pitches are not the same: a C2, or a C3 or a C7 are very different objects. As a consequence Figure 3.5.3 is not a depiction of redundancy or inefficiency: in a piece of music each of those chord could represent and unique and vital part in the unfolding of the composition, and could not be confused with each other. Even assuming that (1) and (2) could be disregarded, because the aim is just a reductionist "harmonic analysis" of a piece, there is the problem that (3) Melody (the elephant in the room that is almost never mentioned in the book), does not work in circular pitch class. Any melody with a range of more than an octave (and there are of course millions of them in the repertoire) is completely obliterated by the little ant navigating through the Mobius strip induced by circular pitch space (Fig 3.2.1). Any melody subject to this treatment would be distorted to such an extent to be simply unrecognizable.
And finally (4) efficient voice leading seems something that frankly might happen in a lot of the inner voices of, say, a four-part counterpoint, but not in the outer ones. Take any string quartet, just in the classical period: yes maybe, occasionally, a second violin and a viola restrain their movements, but cellos and especially the violin (in its soprano-esque exuberance and being the instrument responsible for melodic exposition) do not. Not even remotely. The author seems aware of this problem (see the sub-chapter on 3+1 voice leading) but it only mentions it for the bass voice and completely misses the fact that in reality much instrumental (or vocal) music is written without any notion of, or any need for, "efficient" voice leading.
Because of these assumptions the impression is that the book constrains itself into a narrow horizon. There are a lot of interesting observations, but they mostly concern just reduced harmonies, and scales. Often such observations are mixed in with a bewildering amount of ad hoc jargon and a steady stream of some frankly unnecessary pseudo-mathematical-sounding definitions. But more fundamentally one wonders if the rather complex geometric apparatus used by the author really adds anything of substance to a type of analysis that can be achieved using traditional means with very little difficulty. It is already quite anticlimactic that when we finally reach some analysis they seem to boil down to the list of scales that Debussy, or Shostakovich, or the Beatles use. The lists explain almost nothing about the pieces, and in addition it is very questionable what they gain when they are depicted in a three dimensional lattice. A student learning about non-traditional scales could easily accomplish the same "analysis", and be utterly and completely lost in the obscure mappings used by the author. The same holds for the harmonics analyses, that are all carried out using standard chromatic harmony techniques, and then looked at as three dimensional projections: what is gained by this process is very unclear.
Far from "providing a comprehensive picture of the possibilities confronting composers" the book seems to just scratch the surface of how compositions work and are put together.
What is missing in the book, are a number of elements that make a piece of music what it is: the interplay of dissonance and consonance (which, contrary to the author somewhat restrained discussion of the topic, are real physical phenomena that determined how polyphony and tertian harmony developed in the west, and drive counterpoint much more than efficient voice leading), melody and the interplay between motives and melody, range, rhythm, texture, form and especially and first and foremost: the time oriented unfolding of those elements. With the exception of chapter 5 that uses a simplistic type of time analysis, and some even more trivial uses of "statistics", the book is just concerned with a couple of the bricks and mortar of music.
The book could be better titled "A geometry of Chords and Scales" and that title (once one accepts the simplifications forced by the use of circular pitch class), might be justified. But a piece of music is certainly not "analyzed" using the methods described in the book. Music is a very complex dynamical system. It is in movement in time and space; it exhibits memory, and recurrence, and direction and events (things happen in music, like in a novel!). A good theory, yet to be written, must describe and take those elements into account.


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