text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 27, 2001
|Filing date
|Nov 8, 1999
|Priority date
|May 13, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jouko Kurki
|Original Assignee
|Nokia Networks Oy
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (18), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates generally to optical data transmission, particularly to an optical add/drop device used in an optical data transmission system.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is an efficient way of multiplying the capacity of optical fibre. In wavelength division multiplexing, several independent transmitter-receiver pairs use the same fibre. FIGS. 1a and 1 b illustrate the principle of wavelength division multiplexing, using as an example a system having four parallel transmitter-receiver pairs. Each of the four information sources (not shown in the figure) modulates one of four optical transmitters, each of which generates light at a different wavelength (λ1 . . . λ4). As will be seen from FIG. 1a, the modulation bandwidth of each source is smaller than the distance between the wavelengths, and thus the spectra of the modulated signals do not overlap. The signals generated by the transmitters are combined onto the same optical fibre OF in a WDM multiplexer WDM1, which is a fully optical (and often passive) component. At the opposite end of the fibre, a WDM demultiplexer WDM2, which is also a fully optical (and often passive) component, separates the different spectral components of the combined signal from one another. Each of these signals is detected at a discrete receiver. Hence, a narrow wavelength window is assigned for the use of each signal in a given wavelength range. A typical practical example might be a system where the signals are in the 1550 nm wavelength range for example in such a way that the first signal is at the wavelength 1544 nm, the second signal at the wavelength 1548 nm, the third signal at the wavelength 1552 nm and the fourth signal at the wavelength 1556 nm. Nowadays a multiple of 100 GHz (approx. 0.8 nm) is becoming the de facto standard for the distance between wavelengths.
In order to enable a given wavelength channel to be branched off a transmission link using wavelength division multiplexing or a given wavelength channel to be added thereinto, an element called an add/drop filter has been developed. The task of an optical add/drop filter is (1) to direct off a selected narrow-band channel (wavelength) from the optical aggregate signal that passes in the fibre incoming to the filter (drop function) and/or (2) to add to the fibre outgoing from the filter a narrow-band channel (add function). The signals (wavelengths) that have not been selected for dropping pass through the add/drop element from the incoming fibre to the outgoing fibre. Thus a desired narrow-band channel is added or dropped in the filter without otherwise affecting the spectrum of the optical aggregate signal in any way.
FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of a known three-port add/drop filter OADE. References L1 . . . L3 denote port-specific lenses and reference F an interference filter. The incoming fibre is connected to port A, through which a number of wavelength channels (λ1 . . . λ4) arrive. One of the wavelength channels (in this example λ1) passes through the interference filter F (and lenses L1 and L2) to port B. The remaining wavelength channels also pass through lens L1 but are reflected from the interference filter (through lens L3) to port C. The wavelength of the channel entering port B is a fixed, filter-specific constant.
The filter operates in both directions, and hence the adding function is achieved in such a way that the existing channels are fed to port C and a channel to be added to port B, and hence all channels are obtained from port A.
A three-port filter of the kind described above is manufactured for example by Optical Corporation of America, U.S.A.
The present-day optical telecommunications systems based on wavelength division multiplexing are point-to-point transmission systems, but optical transmission technology is being constantly developed to implement the lowest layers of broadband network architectures in the form of fully optical systems by means of which the transmission of high-capacity information streams can be handled fully optically (by means of an optical cross-connect). After point-to-point systems, optical networks suitable for add/drop operations—such as ring networks—constitute the next phase in this evolvement path. To make it possible to flexibly configure such networks in accordance with traffic needs, add/drop filters are replaced by network elements in which the wavelengths to be dropped/added can be selected. Such a network element will be termed an add/drop device in the following. In other words, an add/drop device is a network element that can be so configured that the wavelengths to be dropped/added are selectable.
One optical ring network and the add/drop device used therein is disclosed in European Patent Application 0 651 520. Since the add/drop device in accordance with the present invention is also used in a corresponding optical ring network, such a ring network will be briefly described in the following with reference to FIG. 3. In the exemplary case of FIG. 3, the network is used for the transmission of SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) signals, but the type of the signal carried by each wavelength may naturally vary. The signal may also be for example a PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) signal or an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) signal.
The ring network in this exemplary case comprises four nodes consisting of add/drop devices OADM1 . . . OADM4. An optical transmission connection is provided between the nodes, said connection being implemented with optical fibres OF, and the above-described wavelength division multiplexing is used in each one-way link between any two nodes. In this example, four wavelengths (λ1 . . . λ4) and one management wavelength (λm) are used, but it is to be understood that the number of wavelengths used in the network may vary and can also be much greater. Each add/drop device may have an interface to the control system ONC of the device and/or of the entire optical network, through which the configuration of all add/drop devices in the network can be set.
The management system is otherwise located in the SDH equipment, but the configuration of the add/drop multiplexers can be handled through the optical network management system. The optical signal arriving from an SDH device is connected to the ring network at the desired wavelength. In accordance with traffic needs, the desired number of wavelengths is set between the nodes. In other words, the routing configuration of the signals corresponding to the different wavelengths can be altered in accordance with the traffic situation. By means of a management signal travelling at the management wavelength, the nodes are configured in such a way that the desired wavelengths are dropped/added in each node. As is shown in the figure for node OADM1, a drop element MCD can be dedicated for the management wavelength of the node in each transmission direction, said element dropping the management channel operating at the management wavelength Am into the node control unit CU, which again converts the signal into electrical form and controls the add/drop part AD of the node as indicated by the management signal in such a way that the desired channels are dropped into the SDH equipment and the desired channels are added from the SDH equipment. In addition to the drop element, each transmission direction has an add element MCA that adds the management channel arriving from the control unit CU to the outgoing signal leaving the node.
Node management may also take place directly via a local management interface (optical or electrical) in such a way that the management of each node is performed separately through a local interface, or both a local management interface and a network management channel can be used for node management in such a way that a signal can be connected via the local management interface onto the network management channel.
At every wavelength, for example an STM-N (Synchronous Transport Module) signal, such as an STM-16 signal (N=16), can be transported. In the example of FIG. 3, it has been simply presumed that wavelength λ1 corresponds to SDH device SDH1, wavelength λ2 corresponds to SDH device SDH2, wavelength λ3 corresponds to SDH device SDH3 and wavelength λ4 corresponds to SDH device SDH4.
The ring network may further comprise a protection system implemented with optical switches, so that when there is a failure on a link between two nodes, a transmission connection can be established through the remaining ring.
In the European patent application referred to above, in the add/drop device serving as a node in the ring network, incoming fibre is connected to an optical demultiplexer that separates each incoming wavelength onto a discrete optical conductor. The output side of the device has an optical multiplexer, and several optical conductors each transferring a specific wavelength are connected as inputs thereof. The multiplexer combines the incoming wavelength channels onto the outgoing fibre.
One drawback of such an add/drop device is that it does not allow flexible implementation of changes in the system, such as addition of wavelength channels. This is due to the fact that the wavelength channels are separated in the same demultiplexer component and are combined in the same multiplexer component, in which the number of wavelengths and the wave length values are preset parameters. Hence, the multiplexers and demultiplexers of the add/drop devices must be changed for example when it is desired to add one channel to the system.
It is an object of the invention to remove the above-described drawback and to provide an add/drop device having a basic structure that enables changes in the system, such as adding of channels, to be implemented with maximum simplicity and flexibility.
This object is achieved with the solution defined in the independent claim.
The idea of the invention is to place several simple filter units dropping/adding a fixed wavelength channel in succession in such a way that some of them serve as drop units and some as add units forming pairs with the drop units, each pair operating at a specific wavelength. Furthermore, the idea is to use optical switches that can be steered between two positions in such a way that in its first position, a switching element switches the branched channel of the drop filter unit directly to the branched channel of the corresponding add filter unit, and in its second position switches the branched channel of the drop filter unit to the receiver means and the transmitter means to the branched channel of the corresponding add filter unit. In this way, a node device that can be flexibly changed and configured is achieved.
On account of the solution in accordance with the invention, channels can be added to the system by adding one or more filter units or pairs of filter units to the filter unit chain of the add/drop device. The number of pairs is preferably the same as the number of traffic wavelength channels to be transported in the system in each case.
Since the filtering off and combination of wavelength channels does not take place within the same demultiplexerlmultiplexer component, it is also simpler to maintain the crosstalk from the neighbouring wavelength channel at a low level.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the filter unit chain first comprises all drop filter units in succession and thereafter all add filter units in succession. In this way, the level of crosstalk between an added and dropped channel at a given wavelength will be made as low as possible, since said filter units are physically removed from one another.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, each added/dropped wavelength channel has a dedicated transmitter/receiver unit. This will increase the modularity of the device and thereby its flexibility in change situations.
An additional advantage of the solution of the invention is that the device can be implemented with simple, inexpensive and reliable components.
In the following, the invention and its preferred embodiments will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 4 . . . 6 in examples in accordance with the accompanying drawings, in which
FIGS. 1a and 1 b illustrate an optical transmission system using wavelength division multiplexing,
FIG. 2 shows a known add/drop filter that can be used for adding/ dropping one wavelength,
FIG. 3 illustrates a known optical ring network,
FIG. 4 shows an add/drop device of the invention,
FIGS. 5a and 5 b illustrate the two different positions of the switches of the device of FIG. 4, and
FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the add/drop device of the invention.
The add/drop device of the invention utilizes a three-port filter unit OADE as shown in FIG. 2. The filter unit may be for example an interference-filter-based device of the kind described above, but any similar three-port unit realizing the adding and dropping functions is possible. Such units are placed in succession as a group in which the branched channel of each unit of the same type (dropping or adding) has a specific wavelength value differing from those of other units of the same type.
In the following, an add/drop device of the invention will be described with reference to FIG. 4, using as an example the transmission direction from the left to the right in the figure.
The add/drop device OADM of the invention has a total of 2N filter units OADE, (i=1 . . . 2N) for payload signals, the filter units being grouped in the exemplary case of FIG. 4 in such a way that first N drop filter units are located in succession so as to form a first filter group G1, and thereafter N add filter units in succession so as to form a second filter group G2. In each group, the branched channel of the i:th filter unit has the same wavelength value (in the first filter unit λ1, in the second filter unit λ2, etc.), since one serves as a drop unit and the other as an add unit at said wavelength. In the case shown in the FIG., N=4, i.e., there is a total of eight filter units, four (OADE1 . . . OADE4) on the drop side and four (OADE5 . . . OADE8) on the add side.
The optical fibre OFi entering the add/drop device is first connected to a drop element MCD for the management wavelength, which drops the management channel operating at the management wavelength λm into the control unit CU of the device. The remaining wavelengths are connected to port A of the first filter unit OADE1 of the first filter group G1.
Port C of an individual filter unit of the first filter group is connected to port A of the next filter unit in the group, and port A of an individual filter unit in the second filter group is connected to port C of the next filter unit in the group.
The add/drop device of FIG. 4 also comprises N optical switches SWi (i=1 . . . N), which in this case are known 2�2 switches (2 inputs and 2 outputs). Each switch has a through-connection position in accordance with FIG. 5a, in which the switch switches input K to output M and input L to output N, and a cross-connection position in accordance with FIG. 5b, in which the switch switches input K to output N and input L to output M.
The switches are so configured that in the through-connection position the i:th (i=1 . . . N) switch in the switch group (SWG) switches the second port (B) of the i:th filter unit in the first filter group to the second port (B) of the i:th filter unit of the second group, and in the cross-connection position the second port (B) of the i:th filter unit of the first filter group to the receiver means and the transmitter means to the second port (B) of the i:th filter unit of the second filter group.
Furthermore, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention the add/drop device is modular in such a way that a dedicated transmitter TSi (i=1 . . . 4) and receiver RSi is provided for each wavelength. In the through-connection position of the switch, the transmitter is connected directly to the corresponding receiver.
The add/drop device preferably comprises as many filter unit pairs as the system has wavelength channels (traffic channels) to be transported. In such a case, an arbitrary number of wavelength channels can be selected in each node as dropped/added channels. If it is possible to define in advance from among all wavelength channels a subgroup from which the dropped/added channels can be selected, the number of filter unit pairs can be smaller than the number of wavelength channels to be transported. In the latter case, the first and second filter group are connected in succession by connecting port C of the last filter unit in the first group to port C of the first filter unit of the second group. This connection should preferably be removed to prevent crosstalk if the number of filter unit pairs is equal to the total number of (traffic) wavelength channels to be transported in the system, in which case all wavelength channels pass through the switches.
On the management channel, information is sent on which wavelength channel(s) is(are) desired to be dropped into the node. On this basis, the node control unit CU directs the corresponding optical switches into the cross-connection position, and thus said wavelength channel(s) can be dropped into the corresponding receiver unit(s) RSi, and respectively said wavelength channel(s) can be added from the transmitter unit(s) TSi among the wavelength channels passing through the device. The control unit supplies the management channel signal to an add filter unit denoted with reference MCA. The drop and add elements for the management channel can be similar filter units as the filter units OADEi for the traffic channels.
The receiver unit RSi may be any known unit that is capable of receiving the relevant wavelength and the signal contained therein. The transmitter transmitter unit TSi can also be implemented in any known manner so that a signal can be sent to a desired filter unit at the wavelength corresponding to that filter unit.
FIG. 4 shows a first embodiment of the add/drop device of the invention, in which the filter units are placed in succession in such a way that first come all drop units and thereafter the add units. The advantage of such an alternative is that crosstalk at a given wavelength is at minimum, as the dropped and added channel are physically as far apart from one another as possible.
FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment in which the filter units are placed in a different order in such a way that first comes a drop unit and thereafter the corresponding add unit. Hence, the example of FIG. 6 first shows a drop filter unit OADE1, thereafter the corresponding add filter unit OADE5, thereafter again a drop filter unit OADE2 and the corresponding add filter unit OADE6, etc. The advantage of such an arrangement is that filter unit pairs operating at the same frequency can be directly appended to the end of the chain.
The optical switches are switches known per se, such as electro-mechanical switches. Such switches are manufactured for example by JDS FITEL Inc., Canada. It should be noted that the switches need not necessarily be 2�2 switches, but the same functions can be constructed from larger switches as well. Thus, the size of the switches is not an essential factor, as long as they operate in the above-described manner.
As is apparent from FIGS. 4 and 6, when the solution of the invention is used all signals need not be filtered off at the network node point on the input side of the node and all signals need not be combined on the output side of the node, but only those signals need to be filtered off that are dropped into the node. Moreover, an arbitrary number of the wavelength channels can be dropped into the node. Since the filtering off and combination are not performed within the same demultiplexer/multiplexer component, crosstalk from the neighbouring wavelength channels will also be minute. An additional advantage is that all wavelengths have substantially the same attenuation through the device, particularly when the number of filter unit pairs is equal to the total number of (traffic) wavelength channels transported in the system.
Even though the invention has been described in the following with reference to the examples in accordance with the accompanying drawings, it is obvious that the invention is not restricted thereto, but it can be modified within the scope of the inventive idea set forth in the appended claims. For example, several optical fibres can run in parallel. In principle, it is also possible that a channel at a given wavelength is dropped into the node but no channel is added or a channel at a different wavelength is added, or that a channel is added from the node but no channel is dropped. Very often the equipment also includes an optical amplifier that amplifies the input and output signal.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 26, 1993
|Mar 19, 1996
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Optical fiber transmission system and supervision method of the same
|Feb 16, 1995
|Feb 10, 1998
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Optical wavelength division multiplexed network system
|Feb 21, 1996
|Mar 10, 1998
|France Telecom
|Optical add-drop multiplexer using optical circulators and photoinduced Bragg gratings
|Aug 26, 1996
|Sep 8, 1998
|Arroyo Optics, Inc.
|Wavelength selective optical couplers
|Oct 15, 1997
|Mar 30, 1999
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Article comprising a Bragg reflective Mach-Zehnder filter of reduced coupled dependence
|Dec 31, 1996
|Jun 22, 1999
|Mci Communications Corporation
|Method of and apparatus for detecting and reporting faults in an all-optical communications system
|Jan 21, 1997
|Jun 22, 1999
|Massascusetts Institute Of Technology
|Wavelength-selective optical add/drop switch
|Jun 20, 1996
|Oct 17, 2000
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Add/drop multiplexer node
|Oct 29, 1993
|May 4, 1995
|Siemens Ag
|Transparent optical ring network with optional switching-through or injection and extraction of signals in the ring nodes
|Oct 20, 1994
|May 3, 1995
|Plessey Semiconductors Limited
|Control arrangements for digital radio receivers
|Feb 26, 1996
|Sep 4, 1996
|France Telecom
|Add-drop optical multiplexer comprising optical circulators and photoinscripted Bragg-gratings
|May 14, 1996
|Nov 20, 1996
|France Telecom
|Transmission ring network with wavelength multiplexing
|Feb 19, 1997
|Sep 24, 1997
|Institut Francais Du Petrole
|Method for sulfurizing unsaturated fats with elemental sulfur in presence of amine compounds
|Sep 22, 1995
|Mar 28, 1996
|United Technologies Corporation
|Efficient optical wavelength multiplexer/de-multiplexer
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 13, 1998
|May 14, 2002
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Customer premise network equipment and data communication method based on single ring configuration
|Dec 15, 2000
|May 20, 2003
|Multi-channel, multi-mode redundant optical local loop having a bus topology
|Feb 1, 2002
|May 30, 2006
|Ciena Corporation
|Method and system for suppressing ASE on a WDM network
|Dec 3, 2001
|Aug 21, 2007
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Optical routing using star switching fabric with reduced effective switching time
|Mar 18, 2005
|Jul 29, 2008
|Fujitsu Limited
|Optical transmission device
|Jan 21, 2005
|Oct 7, 2008
|Fujitsu Limited
|Optical network and optical add/drop apparatus
|Nov 10, 2009
|Fujitsu Limited
|Delivery method and delivery system of contents information, and central station thereof
|Mar 14, 2001
|Oct 4, 2001
|Shinji Sakano
|Optical network
|Jun 26, 2001
|Feb 7, 2002
|Yukihiko Suzuki
|Data signal transfer method with simplified switching
|Dec 15, 2000
|Jun 20, 2002
|Alcatel Usa Sourcing, L.P.
|Multi-channel, multi-mode redundant optical local loop having a bus topology
|Jan 31, 2001
|Apr 8, 2004
|Carl-Johan Arbeus
|Method and system for transmission in an optical network
|Mar 18, 2005
|Aug 4, 2005
|Fujitsu Limited
|Optical transmission device
|May 31, 2005
|Nov 24, 2005
|Yasuo Suzuki
|Delivery method and delivery system of contents information, and central station thereof
|Jan 21, 2005
|Mar 30, 2006
|Fujitsu Limited
|Optical network and optical add/drop apparatus
|Sep 28, 2009
|Jan 21, 2010
|Truechoice Solutions, Inc.
|System to Quantify Consumer Preferences
|Sep 23, 2013
|May 8, 2014
|Fujitsu Limited
|Transmission device and transmission method
|Sep 30, 2013
|May 21, 2014
|Transmission device and transmission method
|Jan 24, 2005
|Apr 5, 2006
|Fujitsu Limited
|Optical network and optical add/drop apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|398/9, 385/10, 385/37, 385/129, 385/24, 385/43
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 19, 2000
Owner name: NOKIA NETWORKS OY, FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KURKI, JOUKO;REEL/FRAME:010552/0476
Effective date: 19991216
|May 5, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 22, 2007
Owner name: NOKIA CORPORATION, FINLAND
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:NOKIA NETWORKS OY;REEL/FRAME:019993/0011
Effective date: 20010130
Owner name: SCHOFIELD TECHNOLOGIES LLC, DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NOKIA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:019993/0596
Effective date: 20070625
|Mar 26, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 18, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Book Boogie is a special three-week session during our Let It Snow: READ Winter Reading Program.
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text:
Origin joke is on me, says Woods
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The 25th volume of The Complete Peanuts collects the very final year-plus of the defining comic strip of the 20th century, which ran for nearly 18,000 strips and for 50 years after its debut in 1950. This masterpiece includes all of 1999 through the final Feb.…
|October 19, 2004
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Our second volume begins with "Peanuts' third full year and a cast of eight: Charlie Brown, Shermy, Patty, Violet, Schroeder, Lucy, the recently born Linus, and Snoopy. By the end of 1954, this will have expanded to nine. Linus still doesn't speak (except, on a…
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This box set collects the 25th and 26th (final!) volumes of the perennial, best-selling series.
by Charles M. Schulz
|February 23, 2010
Book & Toy
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Sixty years after the debut of the Peanuts® comic strip, this kit commemorates the enduring friendship of Snoopy and Woodstock. They share a love of ice hockey, ice cream, and so much more. Woodstock chirps out birdspeak, a one-of-a-kind language that Snoopy…
|October 14, 2008
$50.18 online
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With intros by John Waters and Mo Willems! The Complete Peanuts 1967-1968 is a particularly Snoopy-heavy collection. In addition to seeing the beagle adopt multiple personas, this volume also sees the appearance of what would be Schulz's most controversial major…
|November 10, 2015
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Charlie Brown is asked to the Sweetheart Ball and Snoopy gets his driver's license in this gift set.
$6.99 online
Based on the comic strips of everyone's favorite canine, this book reminds the kid in all of us that we can be anything! From an astronaut to a lawyer or a World War I Flying Ace to just plain cool, the many faces of Snoopy serve as inspiration. This…
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This book collects all of Schulz's rare, non-strip Peanuts art: storybooks, comic book stories, single-panel gags, advertising art, book illustrations, photographs-even a recipe! With close to 1000 Peanuts images included, all created by Schulz himself, no true…
|September 25, 2012
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The classic holiday show A Charlie Brown Christmas is now a whimsical snow globe ornament featuring those beloved characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy beside their famed Christmas tree. Also includes a 32-page book featuring full-color illustrations
|November 11, 2014
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The Complete Peanuts: 1991-1994 is the 21st and 22nd volume (of 25) of the perennial, best-selling series that collects every single one of the 18,000-plus Peanuts newspaper comic strips created by Charles M. Schulz, from its debut in 1950 to its end in 2000. In…
|September 5, 2000
$16.16 online
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"Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Linus, Lucy . . . how can I ever forget them. . . ." --CHARLES SCHULZ How could any of us ever forget them? For fifty years, Charles Schulz and the whole Peanuts gang have delighted millions of readers around the world. Now, in…
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Protester catches on fire trying to stomp out burning flag
There's a whole lot more mischief going on at the DNC than there was at the RNC!
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Israel's Kadima Party Votes to Withdraw From Netanyahu Coalition
Israel's Kadima party, the biggest in parliament, voted to withdraw from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's coalition after failing to agree on legislation for drafting ultra-Orthodox men into the army.
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Four functions of choline in the organic metabolism and the growth of animals and poultries
1. Choline can be transferred into betaine and provides unsteady methyl or formed methionine combined with homocysteine.
2. As an important component of lecithin, choline plays an important role in the prevention of tibial dyschondroplasia of poultries and limb expansion of pigs.
3. Choline can promote fat transport in lecithin form or prevent abnormal fat accumulation by improving fatty acids utilization rate of the livers, thus it plays a key role in liver fat metabolism.
4. It participates in neural conduction. Choline is the precursor of a neurotransmitter named acetyl choline and an important component of serums sphingomyelin. Choline chloride has significant effectiveness on promotion the growth and development of animals and poultries, improvement of meat and eggs qualities, and reduction of feedstuff consumption.
Application of Betaine Hydrochloride, Betaine HCL
1. Methyl donor
Betaine hydrochloride, betaine HCL can be used as methyl donor to provide methyl. As an efficient methyl donor, betaine hydrochloride, betaine HCL can replace part of methionine and choline chloride which are used to supply methyl in body, thus lowering the feed cost. The methyl supplying efficiency of betaine hydrochloride, betaine HCL is 50%, which is 1.8 times than choline chloride and 2.6 times than methionine.
2. Participating in lipometabolism
It can participate in lipometabolism and promote the synthesis of protein. Adding betaine hydrochloride, betaine HCL in the pig feed can increase the loin eye area, reduce the thickness of backfat, and improve the lean meat percentage and the carcass quality. Adding betaine hydrochloride, betaine HCL in the chicken feed can improve the carcass quality and the breast muscle, reduce the deposition of abdominal muscle and lower the feed conversion ratio.


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10 Things You Don't Know About Jude Law
| December 6, 2011 - 2:06 pm
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Collection Panoramic Maps
Results: 1-2 of 2 | Refined by: Part of: Panoramic Maps Remove Subject: New York (state) Remove Original Format: Photos, Prints, Drawings Remove Contributor: Bachmann, John Remove
Photos, Prints, Drawing
Bird's eye view of New-York & Brooklyn
1 print : lithograph ; 63 x 82 cm (image with accompanying text) | Bird's-eye view of New York City and Brooklyn showing Battery Park and Governors Island in the foreground; prominent features numbered with key below image.
- Contributor: Bachmann, John
- Date: 1851
Photos, Prints, Drawing
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text:
STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 2,925 this week
Anne Fontaine (I)
Anne Fontaine was born on July 15, 1959 in Luxembourg as Anne Sibertin-Blanc. She is a writer and actress, known for Adore (2013), Coco Before Chanel (2009) and Chloe (2009). She is married to Philippe Carcassonne. They have one child. See full bio »
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text:
Skip to comments.Porn filmmaking shut down after performer tests HIV positive - (Los Angeles)
Posted on 08/29/2011 2:34:34 PM PDT by Beaten Valve
An adult film performer has tested HIV positive, prompting a temporary shutdown Monday of adult film productions across Los Angeles until further testing can confirm the results, an industry trade group said.
Until we know for sure, weve asked the industry to have a moratorium on production, said Diane Duke, executive director of the Free Speech Coalition, a Canoga Park-based porn industry trade group.
Dukes group became aware of the possible HIV case Saturday, according to a statement released to porn industry media. Duke would not say how her group learned about the possible HIV case.
She said she notified adult film production companies across the San Fernando Valley on Monday morning that a performer had tested positive and urged them to temporarily halt productions until further tests were completed.
Duke said company officials she spoke with -- including those at well-known studios, such as Hustler and Evil Angel -- agreed to the temporary shutdown.
Duke said she could not release the performers name, age or gender. Further testing will likely be completed within a week, she added. Her group will notify performers who had sex with the potentially infected person so they can get tested.
(Excerpt) Read more at latimesblogs.latimes.com ...
Obama's next excuse for lower employment figures.
HIV in the porn business? I'm shocked!
This is probably one industry that hasn't been affected by the downturn...
It's always affected by a downturn, that's why they
have "fluffers".
Damn. Guess it will be re-runs for the next month.
Okay, now I have to clean the spray off my screen -- LOL!
Will we get refunds?
o gee they're such responsible corporate citizens from hell.
It will be interesting to see if it is a Gay or Straight "actor/actress".
They have a pill for that now.
This is because for men the money is in making GAY porn; guys start out making straight porn for kicks, then go full pro, but observe the HUGE supply of studs who will work for free. Then they want more money, and turn to this other weird(er) stuff.
Same thing for guy strippers; at first it's bachelorette parties, what a rush, and then they start offering way more money for dancing for DUDES....!
I have no sympathy for these idiots. They are the black stain on humanity.
Fluffer: adj
Not ready for prime time.
Also: See Barack Hussein Obamah.
the industry has been hit hard by the free sites across the internet
My money is on a male bi-sexual.
I hear they do not routinely test the gay porn idjits.
0bama small wad?
Sinclair goes down?
Zer0's a Dick-tater load?"
Except for other porn stars and a few politicians no one should be concerned.
Good call!
Patient Zero is reportedly a crossover performer...perhaps Gay for Pay.
These guys test positive the first time they work in straight porn.
HIV Testing every 30 days is the straight porn SOP, condoms optional.
Gay Porn SOP, condoms mandatory w/ No HIV Testing!
Ongoing battle in Los Angeles County over mandatory condoms on porn sets.
AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF) is pushing hard for mandatory condoms on all porn sets in LA County.
Just another case of gay rights organizations pushing the majority around to guarantee special rights for gay performers.
Note: No Gay HIV Testing=HIV+ performers working on porn sets.
So, damn the public health for special protection for HIV+ Gay porners.
What's wrong with this picture?
It used to be that Political Correctness was a thorn in the side...then a Natl Security Issue, now thanks to AHF and their allies, it's becoming a Public Health Issue
The porn industry trade group is called "The Free Speech Coalition"? They have sex with goats and they're worried they might not get to give a speech to support a Democrat politician? Free speech is pornography? I guess free speech also includes the right to not tell your fellow porn movie participants that having sex with you is lethal.
One out of six is the best they could do?
I'm pretty sure that's a dude.
What does illicit screwing have to do with free speech? Good grief...we really are to blame for allowing so many activist (read commie) judges to be appointed and/or confirmed.
I can't believe no one has posted "this thread is worthless without pics" yet?
The White Crib is infected with the Muslim Brotherhood. Can we shut that down, too?
Everything they do is a "re-run." They really shouldn't need new production. They must have enough inventory for the next 500 years.
Yeah, probably. The black guy (or is he a babe) on the right looks scared to death. I wonder if he's worried.
LOLOLOL!!! Next time, warn a feller, okay?? Fell right off my chair!!
Clueless. A fool and his life soon part.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
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Valid California license with good DMV driving record. Required license or certification:. Full-time positions available for Class A w/ Doubles endorsement,...
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text:
Alberto Allende
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User Bio
He studied BA in philosophy at the University of the Claustro de Sor Juana, the master at the Universidad Iberoamericana. In 2005 he worked for the National Arts Centre as a copyeditor. Has contributed to several publications like NYLON MAG Mexico, Replicante, Complot, DF, MARVIN, among others, making notes on chronic and film, literature and art. In 2006 he was part of the faculty at the University of the Claustro de Sor Juana in the careers of Philosophy, Literature, Humanities and Communications.
As audiovisual formed the Mexican Cartel Art label with which she produced the short film " Brackets ", which won the award for best short film at the Festival of Mexico City in 2005 . In 2011 he received honorable mention for the short film " All the luck in the world" in the FIC of Puebla. He has made music videos for national and international bands and UN institutional videos and UAM .
As a museum researcher participated in the Forum Museum León, Guanajuato in 2008, in 2010 both the Museum of Tequila and Mezcal as the Museum of the Revolution.
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Muses Radio Player
Live MP3/OGG/AAC Flash Player for Icecast and Shoutcast. It has some interesting and necessary features like reconnect on network errors to make sure users never get silence and cache management to avoid memory memory consumption. Works with Flash 10.1 and newer.262 weekly downloads
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text:
Bob Margolin
When Muddy Waters tears the roof off the Winterland with "Mannish Boy" during The Last Waltz, Martin Scorsese's film of the Band's 1976 farewell concert, Bob Margolin is standing right next to him. Consequently, you see almost as much of him as the Crawlin' Kingsnake during the number. It's a fairly symbolic visual because Margolin spent most of the '70s in Muddy's band and is one of today's prime players carrying on the traditions of electric Chicago blues. Initially enamored with the music of Chuck Berry, the young Margolin followed the riffs back to their blues roots while playing in a series of groups as singer/guitarist before joining the Waters fold. After touring through much of the '80s, he began releasing records, starting with the aptly titled The Old School. Recently, he gathered a group of the genre's elder statesmen -- including Howlin' Wolf guitarist Hubert Sumlin, Waters pianist Pinetop Perkins (still playing at 90!), Waters drummer Willie "Big Eyes" Smith and Chi-town harp legend Carey Bell for All-Star Blues Jam (Telarc), a rip-roaring, energetic release of covers and Margolin originals. He's also producing reissues of Waters's late-'70s catalog, continuing his work for the legend he refers to in song as "The Man." Though his own solid career is often overshadowed by his connection to Waters, Margolin is as "Steady Rollin'" as his famous nickname.
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Here's the rough Agenda; 6:00 - 6:45 Navigating Startup Legal Issues w/Curt Handley 7:00 - 8:00 Keynote from Brad Keywell, Co-Founder
Echo Global Logistics,
MediaBank and Managing Partner,
Lightbank. Brad will share insights on growing a business from Idea > Revenue > Scale, as well as the emergence of the Midwest as a technology hub. With the massive scale that Brad's team have achieved, this should be a very enlightening discussion. Brad, along with Eric Lefkofsky founded
Lightbank earlier this year which will invest up to $10MM annually and take an active role in helping early stage Chicago-based entrepreneurs turn ideas into successful businesses. 8:30 - 9:00 Startup Showcase (we're looking for 2 startups to present, so please get in touch if you're interested). 9:00 + Networking and Cocktails Please RSVP early, we had a lengthy waitlist last time around. I'm opening 100 seats for now until we figure out the venue situation. At that point hopefully we'll open another 100, but try to get in the first round to be sure you're accomodated. If you haven't lately, stop by the Meetup page and visit our generous sponsors. We'll need a few more for this event, let me know if you're interested. Thanks, Look forward to seeing you there! Justyn
I thought it was very informative.
0 · August 21, 2010
Great local focus, turnout, engagement.
0 · August 20, 2010
Speakers were excellent.
Description didn't say there would be food, so I had something on the way over, which probably didn't help with the leftovers. With delayed events it might get a better estimate to create a new event for the new date.
0 · August 20, 2010
Really great legal info from Curt. Glad Brad was able to pull through and deliver a great talk as well.
0 · August 20, 2010
Enjoyed the structured conversation / presentations. I think we need to be more proactive in enhancing the pre and post presentation mingling / development.
0 · August 20, 2010
Great Meetup. We definitely need more of these! Thanks to Justyn et al for organizing it and to Curt, Brad, Jaime and Jason for great speeches. Brad is doing great things for Chicago with Lightbank and the incubator/support ecosystem he and his partners have set up – it's wonderful that they care about Chicago and the Chicago tech community to this extent. Oh and congratulations on the Groupon-Gap deal. Good luck to Jaime with Mineful and Jason with A Space Apart. Can't wait until the next one!
0 · August 20, 2010
Awesome keynote!
0 · August 20, 2010
Thanks to all! I hope to be invited to speak again in more detail on other topics like Open Source use considerations and Software Licensing. Thanks again!
0 · August 20, 2010
Hey all! Thanks to Justyn, Jason, Columbia, and all that helped put this on! Definitely proof that Chitown is a becoming the premier tech hub!
Thanks to those who attended and for the kind comments regarding my presentation. FYI... for those of you looking for software patent attorney, turns out we already have one in our midst... Mr. Bob Brill.
If you have any further questions from last nite, just email me at [masked].
0 · August 20, 2010
Great presentations by speakers and interactions among attendees as community.
0 · August 20, 2010
Great job hosting Justyn and Jason. Thank you for your talks Brad and Curt.
0 · August 20, 2010
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Sesame Street Season 46
Sesame Street's 46th season officially began Saturday January 16 on HBO. After you see the new episodes, post here and let us know your thoughts.
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Is john riggins currently married? Does he live alone?
kgb answers » Sports » Football » Is john riggins currently married? Does he live alone?
Tags: john riggins, lisa marie
Thursday, February 02 2012
Source: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1013927/bio
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Okay so I finally installed it. However I get this error now:
ASProxy component has insufficient privilege. Please reinstall the program.
Anyone know whats wrong here?
Search Criteria
Package Details: astrill 3.2.0-0
|Git Clone URL:
|https://aur.archlinux.org/astrill.git (read-only)
|Package Base:
|VPN configuration tool for Astrill's servers
|Upstream URL:
|Last Packager:
|First Submitted:
|2015-09-05 15:20
|Last Updated:
|2016-05-20 08:38
Dependencies (0)
Required by (0)
Sources (1)
Latest Comments
CSYates_98 commented on 2016-07-14 12:54
Okay so I finally installed it. However I get this error now:
tellmi commented on 2016-07-12 13:34
1) download that file manually, eg. https://www.astrill.com/downloads/astrill-setup-linux64-3.2.rpm
2) open the target folder in your terminal
3) md5sum astrill-setup-linux64-3.2.rpm (or however the downloaded file is named)
-> you'll get a hash sum like this:
b833e6b006686101d444831eb8c2f276 astrill-setup-linux64-3.2.rpm
4) copy that hash sum
5) yaourt -S astrill
6) edit the PCKBUILD with nano
7) find the line
if [ "${CARCH}" = 'x86_64' ]; then
and change the md5sums to the new value (b833e6b006686101d444831eb8c2f276)
Now it should work! But for me it stops later with that error message:
Missing Package-Metadata in/tmp/yaourt-tmp-xxxx/PKGDEST.gSi/astrill-setup-linux64-3.2.rpm
Any ideas to solve that problem?
CSYates_98 commented on 2016-07-12 01:46
Whenever I try to install it it tells me that validating the source files with md5sums failed. Any pointers?
tellmi commented on 2016-07-07 14:34
Does anyone else gets this weird error message:
Astrill Error #901:
Your Astrill Installation is damaged. Please download Installer from https://www.astrill.com and reinstall the program.
I just followed the PCKBUILD. I even restarted the computer, deleted the settings in my home folder and reentered the login data. Still the same.
Could anyone give me a hint, please?
yair commented on 2016-04-18 13:35
ill probably re-try with this.
build() {
cd ${srcdir}
rm -Rf *
msg "Connecting to GIT server ..."
git clone $_gitroot
cd $_gitname
make -f Makefile
package() {
cd $srcdir/$_gitname
mkdir -p $pkgdir/usr/bin
install -m a+rx mx5500 $pkgdir/usr/bin/
yair commented on 2016-03-28 08:06
packge() section is wrong, it should probebly invoke install into /opt
yair commented on 2016-01-17 13:47
megahertz, can this be fixed in pkgbuild?
megahertz commented on 2016-01-17 12:44
kumazemi, you need to run Astrill as a root for the first time.
kumazemi commented on 2015-10-23 23:03
Fails to start with a message "ASComponent does not have the necessary permissions. Please reinstall the package."


text:
3 Reviews
You have to have chef skills to complete this ***** written recipe! It does not tell u what to do with the butter or the tomatoes in the ingredient list. Luckily for me I know how to make Alfredo sauce and was able to conjure this recipe up just using my head. The instructions ****, so I would say this recipe is just to give you an idea of what goes into this dish and u have to figure out how to put it together yourself. Overall tho since I have the skill , it came out AWESOME - however I also did 1/2 the ingredients for the sauce and it was still ALOT of sauce!
So rich and so good! I got 9 manicotti rolls out of this (the others ripped too much) but it was plenty for DH and I and leftovers for lunch. I also decreased the parmesan cheese to 1/2 cup, the heavy cream to 2 cups and the milk to 1 cup and it was the perfect amount. I loved the flavor of the shrimp and the green onions on top, left out the tomatoes for DH. Made for PAC Fall 2011.
Super yummy! Even better than at the Olive Garden! Only thing is recipe makes WAY too much sauce. I cut the sauce recipe in half and there is still plenty to go with each manicotti.


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X (The Band) - The Unheard Music
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Morgan makes the most of the band's Hollywood vibe. Stylized segments feature guitarist Billy Zoom (part Buck Owens and part Gorgeous George); singer Exene Cervenka (a rag doll with Bette Davis eyes); and singer-bassist John Doe and drummer D.J. Bonebrake (both blessed with leading-man looks).
"Unheard Music" covers some band biography ("Billy put an ad in the Recycler ...") but mostly it's X performing amid a blitzkrieg of images that range from Edsel ads to death squads shooting up El Salvador. A ghostly night scene shows a house transported across a freeway bridge as the title song plays. How L.A. How X.
The 1986 film, shot in 16mm, looks decent aside from persistent speckling. DTS and stereo audio options sound fine, but the Dolby 5.1 had a weird effect that sent vocals to the rear speakers. The Image Entertainment DVD offers no extras.
Exene Cervenka (referring to the song "Real Child of Hell"): "I think it's gonna be a hard song for people to understand the words."
John Doe: "F--- 'em."
And there you go. Sadly (yet proudly), X has always been somehow too poetic and "artsy" for some to consider punk, yet too defiantly punk to break through into the mainstream.
In the parallel universe that I live in, John Doe is a much bigger star. And to my twisted ears, no one in punk has ever sung so tunefully out of tune as Exene Cervenka (although Rancid's Tim Armstrong comes close). There's something so gosh-danged MUSICAL about the way she can coyly circle around a note, getting close but not quite close enough to hit it.
Plus, the supposed "supporting" players are such fascinating people themselves and are real multi-instrumental virtuosos (Ladies and Gentlemen, I give you: Mr. Billy Zoom on the clarinet! Mr. Bonebrake on the vibraphone!).
Thankfully, this beautiful film has forever etched out and preserved some magical moments in time, capturing X at their peak in the early to mid-80's. And, fan-leanings aside, I cannot emphasize enough how great this movie is, regardless of any affiliation or affinity one may or may not have with the band itself.
This film is so exquisitely and painstakingly pieced together that in the end it was not a surprise for me to see four editors listed in the credits.Read more ›
support the band not Martin W. Greenwald & Image Entertainment ($97,000,000 in revenue last year).
Most Recent Customer Reviews
Surprised hubby with this doc on punk music origins. I am in love with this band! I am now obsessed with watching everything that John Doe has ever been affiliated with. So fun!Published 11 months ago by laura l. eastman
This is a great movie. Seeing them in a live performance feels so good. It's obviously pure nostalgia, but there was a place in the country where energetic performers and spirited... Read morePublished on July 19, 2014 by HCM
this is an interesting video, shot in a peculiar (but appropriate to X) way... I wanted to see more of the behind the scenes X interactions, backgrounds on the song (it has some... Read morePublished on October 5, 2013 by customer
I love this movie. It is a fairly standard format rock biopic of a very unusual band. The part of the movie with the record executive talking about why X was not a band he could... Read morePublished on March 29, 2011 by John Verlenden
X may be the most important band to come out of the LA punk scene (IMHO). This is a fun, whimsical look at their formation, daily lives and some great concert shots. Read morePublished on April 24, 2010 by M. Sterling
Wow! This DVD is great. A must for any X fan..and for music fans in general. Sooooo much good early footage of the band. Billy Zoom cutting up and acting goofy! DJ playing vibes! Read morePublished on August 5, 2009 by Dan Martin
I won't go into details about X and their influence etc but I will say this is a great film/documentery. Read morePublished on January 1, 2008 by Magdalene Kellett
They made this back when I used to see them play in L.A. This is a great story of any band trying to make it in Los Angeles.Published on August 6, 2007 by David Trafford
I viewed this years ago, and purchased on a whim. It is a must buy for any X or punk fan.Published on October 29, 2006 by John F. Lindsay
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text:
06-09-16 - NCAA Outdoor Track & Field Championship
06-09-16 - NCAA Outdoor Track & Field Championship
04-16-16 Texas Invitational
04-16-16 Texas Invitational
4-19-14 War Eagle Invitational
4-19-14 War Eagle Invitational Anthony Hall
4-5-14 Tiger Track Classic: Day 2
4-5-14 Tiger Track Classic: Day 2
2015 Outdoor:
Qualified for the NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships in the 400mH ... Posted a career best in the 400mH at the NCAA East Preliminary Round with a time of 57.34 ... Finished fourth at the Border Clash
2015 Indoor:
Competed in five events in the 2015 Indoor season ... Finished fourth and also set a personal best in the 60mH at the Vanderbilt Indoor Invitational with a time of 8.46 ... Set a personal best in the 200m at the Tyson Invitational with a time of 24.47
2014 Outdoor:
Advanced to the semifinals of the 400mH at the NCAA East Preliminaries in Jacksonville, Fla. ... Ran a 59.35 in the 400mH to finish eighth at the SEC Outdoor Championships ... Runner-up in the 400mH at the Tennessee Challenge ... Claimed the 400mH title at the War Eagle Invitational with a time of 58.98 ... Placed fourth in the 400mH at the Border Clash.
2014 Indoor:
Competed in five meets running the 60mH and 200m ... Placed fourth in the 60mH at the Husker Invitational with a time of 8.58 ... Ran a personal-best 8.48 in the prelims of the 60mH at the Tyson Invitational ... Debuted at the Auburn Indoor Inviational, running a 8.90 in the 60mH ... Finished 21st in the 200m at the Husker Invitational ... Ran an 8.50 at the SEC Indoor Championships in the 60mH.
Prior to Auburn:
Attended Alpha Academy in Kingston, Jamaica ... Competed primarily in the 100m and 400m hurdles ... Finished third at the 2013 Penn Relays in the 400m hurdles with a personal-best mark of 1:00.13 ... Seasonal best of 13.96 in the 100m hurdles in Jamaica in March 2013 ... Also owns a personal ... Career best of 57.87 in the 400 meters ... Won bronze in 4x100m at 2012 Penn Relays.
Born January 20, 1994 ... Daughter of Neville and Jacqueline Brown ... Has three siblings Jarija (18), Nevina (10) and Mlkhalia (8) ... Majoring in marketing and human resources management.
|Brown's Personal Records
|60mH Indoor
|2014 Tyson Invitational
|100m Indoor
|Kingston UWI Invitational
|100mH Outdoor
|13.69 (w)
|2014 War Eagle Invitational
|100mH Outdoor
|2014 Tiger Track Classic
|200m Indoor
|2014 Husker Invitational
|400mH Outdoor
|2014 War Eagle Invitational


text:
Developing Story
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1-25 of 29
April 28, 2014, Harold Trinkunas
April 2014, Harold Trinkunas
September 18, 2013, Harold Trinkunas
August 13, 2013, Diana Villiers Negroponte
June 6, 2013, Vanda Felbab-Brown
May 24, 2013, Diana Villiers Negroponte
April 9, 2012, Ted Piccone
January 9, 2012, Emily Alinikoff and Ted Piccone
July 18, 2011, Greg Michener and Carlos Pereira
March 18, 2011, Mauricio Cárdenas
March 17, 2011, Vanda Felbab-Brown
March 16, 2011, Mauricio Cárdenas, Kevin Casas-Zamora, Daniel Kaufmann, Diana Villiers Negroponte and Carlos Pereira
March 15, 2011, Carlos Aramayo and Carlos Pereira
February 8, 2011, Mauricio Cárdenas
October 2010, Hakan Altinay
April 9, 2010, Kevin Casas-Zamora
March 5, 2010, Abraham F. Lowenthal
May 2008, Pedro da Motta Veiga
May 2008, Ricardo Ubiraci Sennes and Thais Narciso
The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent research and policy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s), and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars.
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This Hampton Inn is new, very clean, and well run. The price was a bit high for the quality of the room, and the breakfast was the standard for low end properties ... what appeared to be powdered eggs, gravy and biscuits reconstituted from frozen, juice, cereal, oat meal which was empty when I went to the breakfast bar, coffee, etc. The room was small and had a nice TV but no coffee machine. The bed was comfortable and the room and bathroom were very clean.
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- Hampton Inn And Suites New Braunfels


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Order byAlphabetical order The most visited
Porto Belo Market
Inspired by the famous Portobello market in London, the Porto Belo Market happens every Saturday in the emblematic Carlos Alberto Square, located in (...)
Relógio Market
The Relógio Market is one of the most popular markets and with greater affluence in Lisbon. Here, every Sunday, along the Avenida de Santo (...)
Feira de Espinho - Espinho Market
The Espinho Market is one of the largest weekly markets in the country, it happens every Monday and occupies a large stretch of Avenida 24. Here you (...)
Funchal Flea Market
Once a month, on the first Thursday of the month, the Flea Market takes place at the Mercado dos Lavradores, in Funchal. This is a market that (...)
Neopop Festival
From the 4th to the 6th of August will take place one of the largest electronic music festivals in Portugal: the Neopop, which takes place in Viana (...)
Pirate Week
Sailors and festival-goers: a Pirate Weekend will strike the Bay of Armação de Pêra. Across the Avenue, visitors will enter a new era with markets, (...)
Mercado Fusão - Martim Moniz
This event is for fans of good food and party in the street! In the first weekend of each month, chefs and stars of the street food scene in (...)
Antique Fair of Viana do Castelo
Always held on the first Saturday of each month, the Antique Fair of Viana do Castelo offers a bit of everything: books, antique clocks, statues, (...)
Bimonthly Market of Beja
The Biweekly Market of Beja is a public market located in Beja. Here in the first and forth Saturday of each month, sells a wide range of (...)


text:
Top Definition
A term that can mean many things. Generally meaning good sex.
A: She's being a bitch, what should I do?
B: Hit her with the dick.
B: Hit her with the dick.
de blackandyellowsd 06 Martie 2014
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