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So…when does the healing begin?
Many people have commented on the statement that Kent Beck made in Snowbird around his purpose for the meeting. I wasn't there of course, so I am most likely paraphrasing, but the generally accepted representation was that he wanted to "heal … Continue reading
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I have written this barbaric script to create permutations of a string of characters that contain n (up to n=4) $'s in all possible combinations of positions within the string. I will eventually
.replace('$','(\\w)') to use for mismatches in a dna search sequence. Because of the way I wrote the script, some of the permutations have less than the requested number of $'s. I then wrote a script to remove them, but it doesn't seem to be effective, and each time I run the removal script, it removes more of the unwanted permutations. In the code pasted below, you will see that I test the function with a simple sequence with 4 mismatches. I then run a series of removal scripts that count how many expressions are removed each time...in my experience, it takes about 8 times to remove all expressions with less than 4 wild-card $'s. I have a couple questions about this:
Is there a built in function for searches with 'n' mismatches? Maybe even in biopython? So far, I've seen the Paul_McGuire_regex function:
Search for string allowing for one mismatch in any location of the string,
which seems only to generate 1 mismatch. I must admit, I don't fully understand all of the code in the remainining functions on that page, as I am a very new coder.
Since I see this as a good exercise for me, is there a better way to write this entire script?...Can I iterate Paul_McGuire_regex function as many times as I need?
Most perplexing to me, why won't the removal script work 100% the first time?
Thanks for any help you can provide!
def Mismatch(Search,n):
List = []
SearchL = list(Search)
if n > 4:
return("Error: Maximum of 4 mismatches")
for i in range(0,len(Search)):
if n == 1:
SearchL_i = list(Search)
SearchL_i[i] = '$'
if n > 1:
for j in range (0,len(Search)):
if n == 2:
SearchL_j = list(Search)
SearchL_j[i] = '$'
SearchL_j[j] = '$'
if n > 2:
for k in range(0,len(Search)):
if n == 3:
SearchL_k = list(Search)
SearchL_k[i] = '$'
SearchL_k[j] = '$'
SearchL_k[k] = '$'
if n > 3:
for l in range(0,len(Search)):
if n ==4:
SearchL_l = list(Search)
SearchL_l[i] = '$'
SearchL_l[j] = '$'
SearchL_l[k] = '$'
SearchL_l[l] = '$'
for el in List:
if el.count('$') < n:
List_RE = Mismatch('abcde',4)
counter = 0
for el in List_RE:
if el.count('$') < 4:


text:
In This Section
Journal Forum
A Meta-Analysis of High Resolution Audio Perceptual Evaluation - June 2016
2 comments
Synthetic Reverberator - January 1960
3 comments
Sound Board: High-Resolution Audio - October 2015
4 comments
AES E-Library
Frequency-Zooming ARMA Modeling of Resonant and Reverberant Systems
Discrete-time analysis and modeling of reverberant and resonating systems has many applications in audio and acoustics. The methodology of ARMA modeling by pole-zero filters for measured impulse responses was investigated. In addition to an overview of the standard AR and ARMA techniques, a spectral zooming technique is proposed, which is useful for resolving very closely positioned modes and high-density modal clusters. Application cases related to the analysis and modeling of room responses, loudspeaker room equalization, and the estimation of parameters for musical instrument modeling are studied.
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Steve Lavin misses game due to death of father
Updated: February 10, 2013, 3:12 PM ETAssociated Press
SYRACUSE, N.Y. -- St. John's played Sunday's game against Syracuse without head coach Steve Lavin after the overnight death of his father.
Lavin's 82-year-old father, Cap, died during the night and Lavin left Syracuse Sunday morning, according to St. John's spokesman Mark Fratto. Cap Lavin had been under hospice care in California.
Lavin told his staff around 9 a.m. and flew to New York City. Assistant coach Rico Hines was to coach the Red Storm against the Orange.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press
This story is from ESPN.com's automated news wire. Wire index
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First look »
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- Transfer List: Top 10 transfers, complete list


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Cowboy business opens in Temecula
Vail Ranch gets to work after being saved from demolition
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May 17, 2011
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Alert! Alert! The state of Maine is in trouble! No one knew it was this bad, but the northeasternmost state in the union, typically synonymous… Read More
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The district attorney in Decatur, Ga., says he will seek an indictment against a White police officer who shot and killed an unarmed Black U.S. Air… Read More
We are not "old Black" nor "new Black" we are ALL Black.
The Digest 50: The Top HBCU Moments of 2015 The Digest 50 is a collection of the top news stories and moments from historically… Read More
I will never forget hearing about the MOVE bombing for the first time. I was in eighth-grade and activist Romona Africa along with other members of… Read More
Earlier this week I joined President Obama and dozens of other gun violence survivors in the East Room of the White House as he announced new executive… Read More
What the women living in Baltimore public housing who were subject to the vulgar demands of workers in those buildings endured mustn't be viewed… Read More
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Although the first trial linked to the death of Freddie Gray resulted in a deadlocked jury and a frustrated city of Baltimore, second officer charged… Read More
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Justin Adu Explains African Amedia
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74 Ratings
Ghost Pines Winemaker's Blend Chardonnay
Wine Details
Winemaker's Notes
(From 2012 Vintage) Selected from three of California's most recognized Chardonnay appellations, Sonoma, Monterey and Napa, our Ghost Pines Chardonnay offers expressive, fruit‐forward characteristics. The artful combination of these three regions delivers baked apple, pear and lemon cream flavors, accented by an elegant finish of sweet vanilla.
Expert Reviews
Connoisseurs' Guide to California Wines7% Syrah; 2% Cabernet Sauvignon. Not much stands out as special in this wine at any stop-that is until it hits the back of the palate and there is also enough at each of those stops to like the wine overall. Its aromas are reasonably focused on varietal cherries, and it is decently smooth and supple on the palate while staying accessible all the way to the end. Our final conclusion: Try it; you'll like it.


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|Paizo Pathfinder® Paizo Games
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Pathfinder Adventure Path #100: A Song of Silver (Hell's Rebels 4 of 6) (PFRPG)
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Pathfinder Player Companion: Faiths of Purity (PFRPG)
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True heroes know that evil is not an abstraction, nor a concept to be debated. Rather, it is a relentless adversary, a dark tide that seeks always to roll over the world, turning the hearts of gentle souls with its claws and whispers. Against this onslaught stand a proud and pious few: those priests and soldiers who dedicate themselves in body and soul to the forces of light, ready to lay down their lives in defense of the innocent. Aided by the powers of their gods, these stalwart champions use sword and spell, faith and ferocity to protect all that they hold dear. For they know that if they do not—who will?
Faiths of Purity presents a player-friendly overview of the good-aligned religions of the Pathfinder campaign setting, along with new rules and information to help players customize pious characters in both flavor and mechanics.
Written by Colin McComb
Each bimonthly 32-page Pathfinder Companion contains several player-focused articles exploring the volume's theme as well as short articles with innovative new rules for social, magic, religious, and combat-focused characters, as well as traits to better anchor the player to the campaign.
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Paizo Blog: A Legacy Is So Much More Than Blood,
Clarification Request: Kapenia Dancer armor proficiencies,
Sacred Implement of Nethys in Occult Origins Doesn't Really Do Much?,
Blood of Shadows (Potential Errors),
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Store Blog: Come Now Miss Moneypenny!,
Hellknight Armor Training and Advanced Armor Training,
Four Paizo Employees Among Gen Con's Industry Insider Featured Presenters,
Vampire Hunter D: Message from Mars Comes to the World of Pathfinder,
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The Hallowed Hunt (Mass Market Paperbound)
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A magnificent epic tale of devotion, possession, obsession, and strange destiny from the author of the Hugo Award-winning
Paladin of Souls
Lois McMaster Bujold
The half-mad Prince Boleso has been slain by a noblewoman he had intended to defile -- and Lord Ingrey kin Wilfcliff must transport the body to its burial place and the accused killer, the Lady Ijada, to judgment. With the death of the old Hallow King imminent and the crown in play, the road they must travel together is a dangerous one. And though he is duty-bound to deliver his prisoner to an almost certain death, Ijada may be the only one Ingrey dares trust. For a monstrous malevolence holds the haunted lord in its sway -- and a great and terrible destiny has been bestowed upon him by the gods, the damned, and the dead.
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Diamond Laser Group
Scholarships and PhD Projects Available
Click here for current PhD Project Topics
Contact Rich Mildren. Try this questionaire to see whether you are likely to be eligible for Macquarie MQRES Scholarships..
Jul 2016: Our book chapter on Intrinsic Optical Properties of Diamond is now available on free download courtesy of Wiley.
May 2016: New ARC Linkage Grant (in collaboration with M-Squared Lasers UK) on high spectral brightness lasers just announced.
Dec 2015: New publications coming out on the important optical properties of diamond: Raman gain coefficients and the effects of in-grown stress.
Oct 2015: See our contribution to an historical piece on Dr Gisela Eckhardt's crucial role in the discovery of stimulated Raman scattering, published in Physics World. "Gisela Eckhardt and the Raman Laser" by V. Pasiskevicius, R. Mildren and D. Burman
Sep 2015: We have been accepted in the Postdeadline Session at Advanced Solid-State Lasers Conference in Berlin. Oliver Lux and Soumya Sarang present a novel method of single longitudinal mode operation.
Aug 2015: Diamond laser power increases by 20 times - see Laser Focus World article and Phys.Org article.
Jun 2015: Along with U of Strathclyde, we are highlighted for diamond laser achievements by Element 6 in Laser Focus World.
Jun 2015: New publications coming out on Raman amplifiers, ultrafast diamond, and 0.4 kW diamond lasers.
May 2015: Huffington Post have spotted our research on UV effects on diamond surfaces!


text:
We consider the accuracy of modeling ultrashort pulse propagation and supercontinuum generation in optical fibers based on the assumption of a material Raman response that varies linearly with frequency. Numerical simulations in silica fiber using the linear Raman gain approximation are compared with simulations using the full Raman response, and differences in the spectral, temporal and stability characteristics are considered. A major finding is that for conditions typical of many experiments, although the input pulses may satisfy the criteria where the linear gain approximation is valid, the subsequent evolution and breakup of the input pulse can rapidly lead to a situation where the linear model leads to severe inaccuracies. Numerical artifacts within the linear model inducing unphysical pulse collapse are also identified.
1. Introduction
Stimulated Raman scattering is a central process of nonlinear fiber optics, and has been extensively investigated since the early days of research in this field [1–3]. Raman scattering introduces a delayed contribution to the nonlinear response of the medium and, for ultrashort pulse propagation, leads to well-known effects such as the Raman soliton self-frequency shift and Raman induced soliton fission [4–7]. From a theoretical perspective, the effect of Raman scattering on pulse propagation in fibers can sometimes be described using coupled amplitude equations [8], but a more general approach is to incorporate the Raman response directly within a generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE) model [6,9,10]. This is particularly the case for broadband supercontinuum (SC) generation where Raman-induced effects strongly influence the spectral and temporal evolution and where accurate modeling of dynamics is essential for applications such as telecommunications [11,12].
Many GNLSE-based studies of Raman scattering model the Raman response using experimental gain measurements or accurate lorentzian approximations [13–15]. On the other hand, a convenient first-order linear approximation to the Raman response has also often been used, and applied to both theoretical and numerical investigations [16–28]. The analytic simplification of a linear approximation has led to important insights into many different propagation effects: the soliton self-frequency shift [5]; the formation of quasi-solitons that couple a NLSE soliton to a Raman tail described by an Airy function [16]; soliton-dispersive wave interactions [17]; novel classes of nonlinear localization [18]; and optical shock phenomena [19]. The linear Raman model has also been used in numerical simulations to provide additional important insights into nonlinear spectral broadening in fibers; this work includes early studies of the basic dynamics of spectral broadening in fibers [20,21] as well as more recent studies of the detailed mechanisms of supercontinuum generation [22–28].
The main objective of this paper, however, is to stress that whilst a linear gain approximation may possess significant advantage in analytical studies, its use in numerical simulations of SC generation must be considered with great care. Certainly there are parameter regimes where the linear approximation will capture the essential physics, but this is by no means guaranteed and the validity of the linear model in simulations needs to be examined very carefully on a case by case basis.
Here, we examine these issues in detail by comparing simulations of SC generation that assume a linear Raman response with simulations using the full experimental Raman response curve. We consider differences in the spectral, temporal and stability characteristics for excitation using pulses in the 50 fs–4 ps range, and we identify regimes where the linear Raman approximation predicts the output SC characteristics to good accuracy, and regimes where it does not. An important conclusion is that for conditions typical of many experiments, although the input pulse may satisfy the criteria appropriate for the use of the linear Raman gain approximation, the breakup of the input pulse through soliton fission or modulation instability can rapidly lead to the appearance of ejected solitons whose temporal width is so short that the subsequent propagation dynamics are inaccurately described by the linear Raman approximation. As Raman effects have recently been shown to be important in influencing the statistics of highly incoherent SC generation [29–31], we also compare the spectral characteristics predicted by the full experimental Raman response and the linear Raman response in this regime. Finally we comment on a particular form of numerical artifact associated with pulse collapse that we have identified when using the linear model.
2. Numerical modeling
We begin by reviewing the relevant nonlinear propagation equations. We use dimensional forms of the propagation equations following the normalization that is usual in nonlinear fiber optics [8]. Our numerical modeling is based on the GNLSE written as follows:
We now consider the two approaches used to include the Raman response within the GNLSE given by Eq. (1). The most realistic approach uses the experimentally-measured Raman cross-section to determine the frequency domain form of the finite-bandwidth response function given by = FT[hR(t)]. Here FT denotes Fourier transform. For fused silica, this experimental data (adapted from Ref. 13) is shown as the solid line in Fig. 1(a) . This curve exhibits the well known gain peak around ω/2π = 13.2 THz, with the response becoming negligible at frequencies greater than 30 THz. In what follows we refer to this for convenience as "the full model". Note that in our simulations, we use the experimental form of the response curve taken from Ref. 13, but nearly identical results are obtained using the multiple vibrational mode model of Ref. 15.
Fig. 1
The linear approximation to the frequency-domain Raman response function can be written as = 1 + iωΒ, where B is a slope parameter used to fit the measured Raman gain. Subject to this approximation and also assuming that the effect of shock term on the Raman response is negligible [32], the GNLSE then takes a simpler form [8]:
The characteristic Raman time scale TR is derived from the Raman gain slope using TR = fR B, and can be determined from the slope at ω = 0 such that TR assumes the interpretation as the first moment of hR(t) [8]. However, the linear approximation can be used to fit the experimental curve in other ways [33–35], and the dashed line in Fig. 1(a) plots the linear Raman response fitted over the region between the pump and the gain peak. In this case TR = 3.0 fs and this is the value used in all subsequent simulations. In what follows we refer to this approach described by Eq. (2) as "the linear model".
3. Soliton propagation and coherent supercontinuum generation
It is first instructive to consider the limitation of the linear model when describing the basic dynamics of the soliton self-frequency shift for solitons of different bandwidth injected into a fiber. To this end we consider the propagation of a fundamental N = 1 soliton in a fiber with only a constant dispersion coefficient β 2 = −4.10 ´ 10−1 ps2 km−1 and nonlinearity γ = 0.01066 W−1m−1, neglecting higher order dispersion and shock terms. These dispersion and nonlinearity parameters are typical of highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibers with zero dispersion wavelength around 1 μm (see below for further details of the fiber considered). For this case, Fig. 1(b) plots the rate of self frequency shift |dν/dz| as a function of the initial pulse spectral bandwidth. Note that the bandwidth of the soliton actually evolves negligibly in the absence of higher order dispersion, remaining constant with propagation distance. From this figure, we see how the rate of soliton self-frequency shift predicted by the linear model with TR = 3 fs is in good agreement with that obtained from the full model only when the pulse bandwidth is less that ~5 THz (corresponding to a pulse duration FWHM τ > 60 fs). As the bandwidth increases above 5 THz, it is clear that the deviation between the two models start increasing, with the linear model significantly overestimating the rate of self-frequency shift. As we shall see in what follows, it is this fundamental difference in the way in which the two models predict the soliton dynamics that imposes the main restriction on the use of the linear Raman model for SC simulations.
We are now in a position to compare the use of the two models to simulate the more complex process of SC generation. We focus on propagation dynamics near the fiber zero dispersion wavelength where Raman effects play a central role in both the initial stages of pulse break up and the subsequent extension of the spectrum to longer wavelengths through the soliton self-frequency shift [11]. We first consider simulations of SC generation under conditions of coherent spectral broadening [36]. We use parameters typical of experimental conditions, modeling propagation in a commercially-available photonic crystal fiber (SC-5.0-1040) with zero dispersion wavelength at 1030 nm. We consider hyperbolic secant input pulses at 1035 nm, and noise is included through a one-photon-per mode background. Note that accurate comparison with experiments under more general conditions may require more careful consideration of the noise source [37]. At a wavelength of 1035 nm, the fiber nonlinear and shock parameters are γ = 0.01066 W−1m−1 and τshock = 0.55 fs. The fiber dispersion curve was included directly in the numerical simulations in the frequency domain, but near-identical results can be obtained using dispersion coefficients (at 1035 nm): β 2 = −7.10 ´ 10−1 ps2 km−1, β 3 = 6.90 ´ 10−2 ps3 km−1, β 4 = −1.02 ´ 10−4 ps4 km−1, β 5 = 2.7 ´ 10−7 ps5 km−1, β 6 = −8.3 ´ 10−10 ps6 km−1, β 7 = 3.0 ´ 10−12 ps7 km−1, β 8 = −1.2´10−14 ps8 km−1, β 9 = 6.5′10−17 ps9 km−1, β 10 = −3.2´ 10−20 ps10 km−1.
We begin our discussion of the validity of the linear Raman model by showing in Fig. 2 selected results of simulations comparing SC spectra obtained using the linear model (red) with those obtained using the full model (black). We consider differences between the two models for input pulses with durations (FWHM) spanning over the range τ = 50 fs – 1 ps. As the pulse duration is varied, we adjust peak power to keep constant soliton number N = (γP 0 T 0 2/|β 2|)1/2 with T 0 = τ /1.763. For a meaningful comparison between results using different input pulses, we compare spectral characteristics after a propagation distance of z = 10 L fiss where the characteristic soliton fission distance is L fiss = L D/N with L D = T 0 2/|β 2| [11].
Fig. 2
It is clear from inspection of Fig. 2 that in all cases the linear model predicts a SC bandwidth greater than that predicted by the full model, and the discrepancy between the models increases for larger input soliton number and/or shorter pulse duration. Nonetheless, we note that for the results obtained using N = 5 input pulses, there is good qualitative agreement between the spectra predicted by both models, and for the 1 ps case in particular, there is also very good quantitative agreement. On the other hand, as the soliton number increases to N = 10, the degree of quantitative agreement decreases for the 1 ps case, and for the shorter pulse durations of 200 fs and 50 fs we see significant qualitative differences between the spectra predicted by the two models.
These observations can be explained by the fact that, in contrast to the full Raman model, the linear model does not impose any gain bandwidth limitation, leading to significant differences in the self-frequency shift dynamics of ejected solitons from the SC. Specifically, as we have seen above in Fig. 1(b), the linear model overestimates the rate at which solitons shift toward low frequencies. In fact, we can use the results in Fig. 1(b) to obtain quantitative insight into the differences between the SC simulations seen in Fig. 2 using the linear and full models. In particular, careful examination of the results in Fig. 2 (as well as others carried out over a wider parameter range) show that differences between SC spectra computed using the linear and full Raman models occur for cases when the first soliton that is ejected from the input pulse though soliton fission has a bandwidth approaching 5 THz, corresponding to a temporal FWHM τ ~60 fs. Moreover, since the duration of the first ejected soliton can be predicted from the FWHM of the input pulse and soliton number N using τ 1 ~τ / (2N −1) fs [6], we obtain a convenient quantitative condition describing the regime of validity of the linear model as: τ / (2N −1) > 60 fs. Thus, for large input pulse durations and/or small input soliton numbers SC generation may be modeled accurately by a linear Raman gain model. In this regard, we note that the soliton number-dependence of this validity condition allows the potential accuracy or inaccuracy of the linear approximation to be conveniently tested for different combinations of peak power and/or duration of the input pulses.
It is instructive now to consider in more detail the case where there is significant disagreement between results from the linear and full Raman models. To this end, Fig. 3 compares the simulations using both models for the case of a 50 fs, N = 10 input pulse [as in Fig. 2 (vi)], and we follow the dynamical evolution of the spectrum over a distance of 20L fiss. The figure shows also corresponding output temporal profiles and temporal spectrograms. There are clear physical differences between the field characteristics predicted using the different models: besides the significantly larger bandwidth predicted by the linear model, the most notable difference is that whilst the full Raman gain model predicts significant spectral content on both sides of the ZDW for the output spectrum, the corresponding spectrum predicted by the linear Raman model lies almost entirely in the anomalous dispersion regime.
Fig. 3
When we inspect the spectral evolution in the framework of the linear model as shown in Fig. 3(a), we see that whatever spectral energy that is initially present in the normal dispersion regime is in fact depleted with propagation. This can also be seen more clearly by inspecting the multimedia movie files linked to in the caption of Fig. 3 that follow the spectrogram evolution with distance for the two cases. We attribute this behavior to two effects: (i) the cross-phase modulation mediated interaction between the shifting soliton and dispersive wave [15,38] that results in temporal overlap of the components over the full propagation distance, and (ii) the fact that the absence of bandwidth limitation in the linear model actually allows the normal dispersion dispersive wave component to act as a Raman pump for temporally-overlapping anomalous dispersion regime components. This results in the continuous loss of energy of the dispersive wave component. In this context note that although the dispersive wave is of low amplitude, the Raman gain increases linearly and very significantly over the ~170 THz frequency interval between the edges of the spectrum. Moreover, the energy transfer from the dispersive waves to the solitons increases the rate of soliton self-frequency shift as well. Finally, we remark here on the very distinctive form of the time domain profile in Fig. 3(a) that is predicted by the linear model. As seen in the corresponding spectrogram this intensity profile consists of two distinct soliton peaks (labeled A and B), each peak associated with an extended lower amplitude pedestal on its leading edge. In fact, this structure is a well-known analytic solution to the NLSE with a linear Raman gain and anomalous dispersion (i.e. Eq. (2) with τ shock = 0, β 3 = 0, β 2 < 0 and T R ≠ 0) and consists of a quasi-soliton state of a hyperbolic secant pulse coupled to an extended pedestal described by an Airy function [16]. Such a pronounced Airy pedestal, however, is not observed in the time domain profile predicted by the full model. Note that simulations carried out over a much wider parameter range suggest that the condition of an initial ejected soliton bandwidth > 5 THz provides an extremely good indicator of when similar differences between the linear and Raman models will be observed in SC simulations. We further note that the differences in the observed dynamics also impact strongly on the initial soliton fission process itself under conditions when it is primarily induced by the Raman effect (pumping far from the zero dispersion wavelength for example). In particular, the fact that the linear model admits quasi-soliton solutions between a soliton and an extended Airy tail means that simulations using the linear model show a reduced number of ejected solitons at a given distance when compared to the full model.
4. Incoherent supercontinuum generation
The results above clearly show different dynamics using the linear Raman and full Raman gain models. And we have carefully checked that with the parameters used above, the effect of noise was negligible using both models. On the other hand, the shot-to-shot stability characteristics of SC generation have recently been receiving a great deal of attention in the context of analogies between optical field fluctuations and the emergence of giant oceanic rogue waves [27–29]. In this section, we consider how noise manifests itself in the incoherent SC regime using linear and full Raman models, focusing specifically on differences in spectral characteristics between the two cases.
Our simulations here use the same fiber parameters as above, but consider a 4 ps pulse at 1035 nm of 150 W peak power. In this case, we are in a high soliton number regime such that N ~107, and propagation would be expected to be highly incoherent with significant shot-to-shot spectral and temporal fluctuations. Figure 4 compares results from simulations using the linear Raman gain and full Raman gain models. The two models predict very different results, with the absence of gain bandwidth limitation in the linear model leading to significantly greater spectral broadening at the same propagation distance as shown in Fig. 4(a) for a distance of 15 m. In Fig. 4(b) we plot the outputs at two different distances such that there is comparable mean spectral broadening on the long wavelength side of ~200 nm at the −20 dB level relative to the residual pump. This level of broadening is reached after only 11 m of propagation with the linear model compared to the much greater propagation distance of 25 m when using the full model.
Fig. 4
The figure shows several important features. Firstly, we note that both models exhibit significant shot to shot fluctuations and, indeed, we have confirmed that both models yield near zero degree of spectral coherence across the generated spectra [11]. This is an important observation as it confirms that SC fluctuations can be observed irrespective of the particular Raman model used. On the other hand, the very significant differences in SC bandwidth at fixed propagation distance suggests that for a quantitative agreement with experiment in this regime, the full Raman model must be used because the linear Raman model greatly overestimates the spectral broadening. This is particularly the case when comparing experiments and stochastic simulations when spectral filtering is used to quantify the statistical fluctuations at particular wavelengths in the incoherent SC [29–31].
From a dynamical perspective, it is important to note that the differences between the two models in the long pulse regime at these higher soliton numbers again occurs because of the dramatic effect that Raman scattering has on the emergence of solitons from the initial phase of modulation instability (MI) [39]. In fact, although deterministic soliton fission does not occur in this long pulse regime, the temporal subpulses that appear on the modulated pulse envelope still possess characteristic bandwidths exceeding 5 THz such that significant differences occur between the dynamics predicted between the two models as these subpulses evolve into self-frequency shifting solitons. In addition, in the multi-soliton regime considered with these parameters, the unbounded linear Raman gain can also facilitate significant energy transfer between temporally overlapping spectral components. This results in a smaller number of emerging solitons of increased energy which undergo an enhanced rate of frequency-shift leading to the much increased spectral bandwidth as seen in Fig. 4. Such unphysical energy transfer is typically observed during soliton-soliton, soliton-residual pump and/or soliton-dispersive wave interactions.
The results above clearly show that for the case of long pulses in the picosecond regime, both the linear and full models yield similar results in predicting incoherent supercontinuum spectra. However, we stress again that the dynamics, spectral structure and bandwidths predicted by the two models are very different as is apparent from Fig. 4. These results also raise the natural question of how the two models compare in terms of predicting coherence for various cases. To investigate this, we performed additional simulations for shorter pulses of 100 fs and 200 fs duration, but for varying input soliton numbers in the range 5-40. For each case, the average degree of supercontinuum coherence <|g(1) 12|> [31] was calculated explicitly from an ensemble of 200 simulations using both linear and full models, and the results are shown in Fig. 5 . Here we plot the mean coherence evaluated across the broadened pulse spectrum. We see that for low soliton number N < 10 when noise-seeded MI plays only a minor role in the initial propagation dynamics [11], both models reproduce the expected coherent spectral broadening (<|g(1) 12|> ~1). On the other hand, for higher soliton numbers when noise plays an increasingly important role in the dynamics, we see that the linear model predicts increased decoherence (lower <|g(1) 12|>) when compared to the full model. This behavior can be readily understood because the coupling between the Raman and MI gain leads to an essentially unlimited bandwidth for noise amplification in the linear model that greatly overestimates the degree of decoherence compared to the full model.
Fig. 5
5. Pulse collapse in the linear Raman gain model
Finally in this section, we describe a particular form of numerical artifact that we have found can lead to a dramatic pulse collapse when using the linear Raman model to simulate SC generation. In fact, although we refer to this collapse process as an artifact because inducing it in simulations involves a particularly poor choice of numerical gridding parameters, it may well be possible that certain physical conditions may also yield the same type of behavior leading to dynamical instability and intermittence phenomena [40].
The collapse process is associated with the dramatic loss of energy of solitons ejected from the input pulse through soliton fission, and can be conveniently illustrated by considering the case of coherent SC generation in Fig. 3(a), but using simulations at lower computational time resolution. Figure 6 shows the results of simulations for the physical parameters of Fig. 3(a) but with different numerical resolution at the same timespan: the resolution in Fig. 3(a) was 1.46 fs/point but for Fig. 6 it is reduced to 2.93 fs/point. It is important to note that although the spectral window is reduced with the decrease in resolution in Fig. 6, it still spans from ~650 nm to ~2500 nm, a range large enough to accommodate the expected SC spectrum (see Fig. 3). This is an important point because it allows us to attribute the observed artifact to inadequate numerical time-resolution and to confirm that frequency domain boundary effects do not play a role.
Fig. 6
Figure 6 (a) illustrates the evolution of the energy of the first soliton ejected from the input pulse through soliton fission. The energy remains nearly constant as expected up to a distance of approximately 17L fiss. However, upon subsequent evolution the soliton undergoes an abrupt loss of energy which is associated with a sudden collapse of the soliton in the temporal domain [Fig. 6(b)]. Interestingly, inspection of the spectrogram representation [Fig. 6 (c)] reveals that during the collapse the energy lost by the soliton is in fact transferred into the normal dispersion regime into the vicinity of the trapped dispersive wave. A link to a movie of the evolution in Fig. 6 is provided in the caption.
We associate the collapse with the way in which the bandwidth-unlimited linear Raman gain is influenced by insufficient temporal resolution in the computational grid. More specifically, extensive numerical simulations for a wide range of input parameters show that the collapse occurs when the intensity profile of the soliton is associated with features whose period is larger than the Nyquist frequency 1/(2 Δτ) of the simulation grid. This situation typically occurs when two spectral components whose frequency separation exceeds the Nyquist frequency temporally overlap. For example, in the particular case shown in Fig. 6 the frequency separation of the soliton and the corresponding trapped dispersive wave is approximately 171 THz which is larger than the Nyquist frequency of the simulation grid (170 THz in this case). In conjunction with the unbounded gain of the linear Raman model this violation of the Nyquist criterion yields significant aliasing of the Raman response part of the nonlinear operator which is the numerical mechanism that eventually leads to the collapse of the soliton. We have been unable to reproduce the collapse shown in Fig. 6 using the full model with finite Raman gain bandwidth although other forms of well-known numerical instability can of course be observed with poorly gridded simulations [11].
6. Conclusion
Understanding the effects of Raman scattering on ultrashort pulse propagation in fiber is essential to obtain a clear picture of the complex interactions that can occur during broadband SC generation. The main conclusion of this paper, however, is that the use of a linear approximation to the Raman gain curve in numerical studies may well result in inaccurate prediction of the expected temporal and spectral characteristics of the evolving SC field. By comparing simulations using the linear model and the realistic Raman response over a range of pulse durations and input soliton numbers, we have shown that depending on the parameter regime considered, the use of a linear approximation to the Raman response will significantly overestimate the degree of nonlinear spectral broadening and introduce qualitative and quantitative errors into both the predicted spectral characteristics and noise properties. Using a linear approximation to the Raman gain can of course yield important physical insights in theoretical studies, but it is important to fully appreciate its limitations and not to apply it in cases where it is likely to yield inaccurate results. As a general rule of thumb, when the bandwidth of the evolving spectral field approaches the bandwidth of the Raman gain and/or contains temporal structures shorter than 60 fs, the linear model is likely to lose validity and the simulation results must be considered with care. Ideally, for numerical studies, our conclusion is that the linear approximation should not be used at all; direct integration of an accurate model for the Raman response is numerically straightforward, and we recommend that this become the norm in numerical modeling of SC generation.
We acknowledge financial support from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche project IMFINI ANR-09-BLAN-0065, the Academy of Finland Research grants 132279 and 130099, and from the graduate school of the Tampere University of Technology.
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text:
Rancor MOC
Posted 29 October 2009 - 10:15 AM
Hello folks. I recently signed up to Eurobricks. To start my time here I decided to take a few new and better pictures of my Rancor MOC. /Rob
Some additional pics on flickr -
Posted 29 October 2009 - 10:23 AM
Currently appearing as Sith Lord Dar'vole'e In pedro's Jedi duel game.
Posted 29 October 2009 - 10:38 AM
Very good use of those technic hinge and towball bricks! I especially like your Malakili figure!
~ Christopher
Posted 29 October 2009 - 12:55 PM
Posted 29 October 2009 - 02:31 PM
Is it as poseable as it looks?
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Posted 29 October 2009 - 02:41 PM
Giovanni Capanni, a problem-eliminating hitman in CMF Mafia 2
Chlodochar, a LOYAL warrior in Ragnarök Now Redux
Thomas, an INNOCENT fish-watcher aboard the Pearl.
Ginny, a TOWNIE jockey in Heartlake Heartbreak!.
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Gen, a TOWNIE bum in Eurodina
Geoffrey Oult, an Honorable soldier in Imperial Soldiers Mafia
Posted 29 October 2009 - 02:55 PM
k-9 bot have it
space speeder have it
galactic enforcer
squiddies pitstop
max security transport have
Posted 29 October 2009 - 03:12 PM
Captain Genaro, on Oct 29 2009, 08:41 AM, said:
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Posted 29 October 2009 - 06:40 PM
Posted 30 October 2009 - 01:58 AM
Very nice rancor!
Well done! and looking forward to seeing more MOCs from you.
Edited by CommanderFox, 30 October 2009 - 01:59 AM.
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Posted 30 October 2009 - 01:38 PM
Posted 30 October 2009 - 03:20 PM
Posted 30 October 2009 - 04:41 PM
This MOC looks even better (not for the aesthetics but because it's all TLG pieces) and I don't know why I haven't done something similar although maybe not as good) myself - lack of funds and brown pieces would play a part in not being able to build it for me. I never knew how well the gripping pieces and the tooth pieces would suit each other as the top and bottom jaws but they worked perfectly, as with the circular pieces from the bottom of a gearstick. Not only is the mififig scale roughly correct, but so are the tiny details such as the brown 1x1 circular pieces on the arms. I only thing I can fault with the MOC is the appearance of the red parts of the technic joints for the legs, which wouldn't attract attention if they were bley like the others. Otherwise, a faultless MOC and you're very welcome to Eurobricks in my opinion roblin
'The-Rancor' on Brickshelf
Posted 30 October 2009 - 07:00 PM
But this is perfect!
It is amazing how you did it!
I like every segment of it.
Details are phenomenal, great job, man!
Posted 30 October 2009 - 09:27 PM
Big Cam, on Oct 29 2009, 03:12 PM, said:
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Posted 30 October 2009 - 09:33 PM
Posted 30 October 2009 - 11:55 PM
computerbug, on Oct 31 2009, 09:33 AM, said:
I kinda does actually. But I think it looks more like a rancor
great work!
Formerly gone by the name of "Roncanator"
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Posted 07 November 2009 - 07:29 AM
Edit: lol i took a look at Domo and they DO have a striking similarity.
Edited by roblin, 07 November 2009 - 07:32 AM.
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Skip to comments.Dresden deserves to be remembered
Posted on 02/13/2013 9:04:00 AM PST by Kid Shelleen
It's the 68th anniversary of the Dresden bombing. In Britain, we don't think about it as much as, perhaps, we should. The bare facts. More than 1,200 RAF and USAAF bombers attacked the city between the 13th and 15th of February 1945, in four raids. They dropped 3,900 tons of high explosive and incendiary bombs, killing between 22,000 and 25,000 people, almost all civilians. The city's anti-aircraft defences had all been moved to defend the industrial works of the Ruhr valley. The details are chilling.
(Excerpt) Read more at blogs.telegraph.co.uk ...
The firebombing of Dresden was a war crime. It was a massacre, wanton annihilation in the vein of Attila the Hun. This "It was war" excuse is unmitigated BS like this whole WWII was a good war. It can't be a good war when the war was prosecuted by that effete Communist FDR, the USA's closest ally was the blood-soaked Soviet Union, and when the war was over Communism spread over half the world. Uncle Joe Stalin won WWII and the USA helped him do it. America is paying for it now as the Communists complete their takeover here.
And according to muawiyah, the way to stop that sort of thing is...to have moral outrage.
Like that will help.
The fact that force must be countered with greater force will not go away because you wish it so.
Sun Tsu pointed out what is required to not be on the receiving end of genocide when war comes that will bring it to somebody.
The Germans were bringing Genocide to a lot of people. Total war in kind was the only thing that was capable of stopping it.
I've ofter wondered why the bleeding hearts almost always fail to mention the blitz and the V2 rockets.
Dresden was a military target - moreover it was the best target for night-time bombers that existed at that stage of the war.
Bombing it was in no sense a war crime.
I knew that and probably should have stated so in my post.
But the deal was secret, and Stalin did indeed claim he was acting in defense of minorities in eastern Poland. And the various commie symp groups in the West supported him in this.
It should also be pointed out that the eastern boundaries of Poland were based not on any logical ethnic dividing line or ancient historical border but rather on the results of the Polish-Soviet War of 1820.
I was stationed in Heilbronn in 69/70. It was bombed several times during the war. In the City Hall building there was a model of the city in ruins, 62 percent destroyed.
It never has occured to me to question or doubt why or that it was bombed.
The city is on a major river, and presumably the target of the night raids by the Brits were military and/or industrial.
It appears the US and Britain bombed Heilbronn over the war years, night and day.
That is how wars are fought and won. Anybody unable to grasp this reality is living in a magical fantasy world.
I wish we were fighting that way in Afghanistan. Instead of bringing Americans home missing limbs or messed up from multipl deployments over a decade, we'd instead be killing civilians until the war was won.
We so thoroughly defeated Germany and Japan in less than four years, and they haven't spawned more warriors or tried it again.
Contrast that with pinprick precision, sparing the mothers of future warriors, and what we get is permanent war with islam.
I'm a very strong supporter of killing lots of civilians in war.
Would that be a preference for easy targets?
Acckk. Make that the "Polish-Soviet War of 1920."
Ah, the "they did it first" defense. If you read your history a little further, I think the race to include the civilian workforce as a target in WWII was already set by the precedents of WWI, where the Germans first bombed civilian London using Hindenburg-type airships.
In total war, both sides are guilty of escalation. The Germans were first to use trench gas attacks, then the Brits used them. The Brits were first to use tanks, then the Germans adopted them. It ends in horror, of course....and the resulting tolerance for inflicting and receiving it.
Of course, Stalin thought Finland was an easy target, too...
It worked for a whole city block in Boston, the SLA, Booth, Waco, etc.
Arson is
an acceptable the preferred police technique in your book.
Got it.
"Seeing it that way" doesn't make it true.
There is no moral relativism there though many make a case for such.
I agree. Once committed, anything less than conducting and winning a total war is a fool's errand.
That, or picking a winner...
Don't bomb Warsaw, Rotterdam, Coventry.
Strategic bombing never slowed down German industrial production and was practically a non factor in determining the outcome of the war. It was only good for one thing and that was the destruction of civilians.
If you want to make excuses for the incineration of tens of thousands non-combatants that's on you.
Congratulations ! You just justified the nuking of an American city.
The blood of Dresden is all on Hitler's hands.
So true. This is another case of victimizing the perpetrator which creeps into even this forum.
The allies had suffered enough. IMO they can be forgiven for bombing the life out of the last remaining German industrial city if there was even a chance it would continue to contribute to killing their own.
When your loved ones' lives are at stake one can be forgiven for taking the lives of the perpetrators; in the situation one would laugh at the trial lawyers' argument to stop because there are some innocents among them.
Well, this is anecdotal, but my grandfather toured Buchenwald, right after it was liberated. He once told me that anyone who said they didn't know what was happening there is a liar, because you could smell the place from 20 miles away.
Hiroshima also deserves to be remembered, and to do so doesn't make one a "bleeding heart."
One thing most don't about Buchenwald, is that after the war, the Soviets continued to use it as a Concentration Camp.
My grandfather used to speak at the men's breakfast at the church about his experiences in WWII Europe. Of the things he spoke about often was the brutality of war and the amazing ability of humanity to come immediately after.
"it simply strengthened their resolve to resist. Now, tell me what part worked"
Sure the people who lived through it may have hated us and been determined to fight harder...but the 20K 40K however many that died had their will to resist reduced to 0. That is the point of total war
They certainly fought the Soviets harder, but in the West, they surrendered en masse.
Of course that probably had more to do with the stories of Red Army soldiers raping German women.
You seem to have a rather belligerent "name", for such a passivist point of view.
We are sadly rapidly coming to the point where the only thing kids are going to wind up learning about from WWII will be Hiroshima and Dresden, and how "bad" we were.
So how would you have gained custody of Dorner? Please enlighten us all.
The issue of Poland is sad, but not as disgraceful as what occurred with Czechoslovakia at Munich.
The USSR didn't invade until after the Britain and France had already declared war on Germany. The honorable thing to do would have been to also declare war on the USSR, but practically, they would have had zero chance of defeating or even defending themselves from an allied USSR/Germany alliance.
The USSR had declared that they were invading Poland to save it from Hitler. I doubt anyone believed that, but motivation was a moot point unless the Germans could be defeated first.
All of that said, the Germans left almost nothing in Germany to defend against the French. Even then, having declared war, the French and British sat on their hands until attacked by the Germans, who had time to reposition after taking Poland.
Had the French taken their tanks and airforce and attacked into Germany, while the German army was beginning its attack on Poland, they might have actually kept the Germans from taking Poland and simultaneously kept Stalin from jumping off into Poland.
They're doing no such thing, and equating the questioning of what Jane Fonda said regarding our actions in Vietnam to the actions of the allies in WWII is intellectually weak. Anything Jane Fonda ever said is completely irrelevant to this conversation.
No one here is celebrating the Nazis, or celebrating the Japanese. They're questioning the morality of incinerating thousands of civilians when that action would have no impact at all on the conduct of the war. I think Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justified. It helped the Japanese realize they couldn't win. Dresden? I think the case is not nearly so clearly.
Your "bomb them all and let God sort them out attitude" is, quite frankly, boring.
And when we firebombed Tokyo killing 100,000 people in one night five months earlier?
Failure of the United States ARTILLERY, or Snipers killing Adolph Hitler, in WWI led directly resulted in the rise of the Nazis and then the initiation of WWII.
The bat bombs we developed were for fire starting. And they worked well enough that they kept setting our stuff on fire. LOL
Too many Freepers, being conservatives, love history, and get sucked into the History Channel and its clones which haven't produced any historical value for a decade but do produce and endless supply of revisionism, watered down education, and numerous tidbits and facts that are packaged together in hairbrained explanations of history that would have been laughed at by any serious historian (or literate critical thinker) a generation ago.
He has to eat. He's going to get thirsty. He has to breathe. He's going to need to sleep.
He is in an isolate area, he poses no risk to the public.
Deliberately setting fire to the building (Police scanner intercepts indicate that no less than 7 incendiary devices were used, and that the arson was going "as planned" strongly indicate that there was no intent to risk taking him alive)
Me? I would have been inclined to fill the place with CS teargas, or some related non-lethal agent (pepper gas, retch gas or stench). In a couple hours they could have had Gov Brown authorize use of national guard non-lethal area denial equipment, noise, dazzle, or heat.
But I don't have a need to kill him before he could testify in court. Nor the need to impose vigilante justice on one who killed some of my own. I trust the courts and the legal system to render justice.
That the police don't speaks volumes...
Stop adding logic and facts. You'll confuse him. Any argument that we tried to minimize civilian casualties in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is a real laugher. (And I support the bombings)
Dresden was as ideologically pure as a German city could get. Untouched by the ravages of war, its citizenry remained as fanatical as could be by that point in the war.
Just as Eisenhower paraded German citizens through the concentration camps, Dresden had to pay its own price.
If the Nazis didn't take over Germany, then the Communists would have.
There would have been war either way. The only question is who would have started it, Germany or the Soviet Union.
Yes, because stupidity needs to be nipped in the bud.
*shrug* Would most muslims hesitate for an instant if they had the bomb, and thought it would bring about a world caliphate?
Would Kim-il Unnngh hesitate?
Would China, if they thought could keep their fingerprints off of it, and they thought they could get the contract to rebuild?
I need a new keyboard now. Have to put the soda down.
Whatever you say Miss Fonda.
So don't start them......The Germans started it, we finished it.
That's waisis!
Congrats!! Your bona fides as a complete and total intellectual lightweight are now confirmed. Did you stick your tongue out when you typed that too?
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The Triple Crown is one of the most anticipated annual sporting events. The Belmont Stakes, the third leg of the Triple Crown, will be run Saturday, and California Chrome has a shot at becoming the first Triple Crown winner since 1978.
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Images courtesy of WENN.com.
Hilary Duff in Acquaverde Evans White Skinny Crop Jeans
How amazing does Hilary Duff look here? I absolutely adore this outfit on her! She was seen leaving the gym and then heading to lunch at Cecconi's restaurant in West Hollywood, California. How does she look this good leaving the gym?!
Hilary wore a pair of Acquaverde Evans white skinny crop jeans with white heels and a white bobble hat. I love how she teamed the white with a grey sweater and a beige bag too. All of these neutrals look amazing together and this is definitely a chic example of how you can transition white from winter into spring! Her dark lipstick really adds that finishing touch! Do you like Hilary's look? You can buy these jeans online at RevolveClothing.com.
Images courtesy of RCF/MEKA/INFdaily.com.
Hilary Duff in FRAME Denim Le Skinny de Jeanne in Columbia Road Destroy
Hilary Duff was caught after getting some coffee in Beverly Hills, California. The actress wore a pair of the FRAME Denim Le Skinny de Jeanne in Columbia Road Destroy with a simple grey t shirt and her favorite IRO boots.
FRAME seems to be one of Hilary's go-to brands right now. They do fit her really amazing, so I can see why she has worn many pairs since they launched. These would have to be my favorite for her to get caught in. From the way she styled them to the way they fit her, they are pair that I would like to see her in again. You can click here to purchase these jeans from Trilogy for £250.
Hilary Duff in J Brand 901 Leggings in Coated Red
Hilary Duff was spotted heading to breakfast at La Conversation cafe in West Hollywood, California. The actress wore a pair of J Brand 901 Leggings in Coated Red with a pair of Chloe boots and a simple muscle t shirt. Hilary seems to be quite the fan of pairing her denim with muscle t shirts. I find that they give her outfits a bit more attitude than a regular t shirt would.
I also find that the color combination of the boots and jeans is really great. We don't see red paired with mushroom colors often, it has to be one of my favorites as they are very complimentary colors and tones down the aggressiveness that red gives off. What do you think of this look here? You can click here to purchase J Brand from their website.


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Saturday 16th July
Dr. Sketchy's presents "A Midsummer Night's Tease"
with Sophia St. Villier
Doors 5.30pm Drawing 6-9pm
@Secret Location near Beccles
All tickets £11.50 (bought in advance only)
Wednesday 25th May
Dr. Sketchy's presents "Birds of Paradise"
with Briar Rouge
Come and shake a tail feather!
Doors 6.45pm Drawing 7-10pm
@The Unthank Arms, 149 Newmarket St. NR2 2DR
Tickets £11.50 in adv or £13.50 on the door
© Natalya Umanska 2014. All images belong to and are the property of Natalya Umanska and must not be used without permission.
Any associated work has been used with the permission of those responsible.