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15 predictions for public sector comms in 2016… and one for 2020Posted: December 27, 2015 Filed under: communications | Tags: 2015, 2016, comms, cuts, digital, email marketing, housing, linkedin, local government, PR, predictions, Public Relations, public sector, video, virtual reality, VR 8 Comments
The best political reporters don't make predictions, Judi Kantor once said.
So, seeing as I'm not a political reporter for the last few years I've made predictions about what may happen in my corner of the internet.
Looking forward, 2016 will be my seventh year of blogging, my 23rd year in and around the media industry and fourth year in business. I'm struck by the pace of change getting faster not slower. It's also getting harder.
Last year I made predictions for local government comms that both came true and failed. Ones I got right? Some councils no longer have a meaningful comms function. Evaluation become a case of do or die. People who bang the table and say 'no' to stupid requests will stand a chance. Those who don't won't. There are fewer press releases. Video did get more important. Customer services, social media and comms need to become best friends. Facebook pages did become less relevant unless supported by a budget for ads. Linked
I was wrong about some things. There was experimentation with social media and new platforms like Instagram, whatsapp and snapchat were experimented with. Not nearly as much as people need to.
The jury is out on content being more fractured. There are still too many central corporate accounts and not enough devolved. I'm still not sure that enough people are closing failing social media accounts.
Public sector comms in 2016…
For the last few years I've looked at social media in local government. But the barrier between digital and traditional has blurred and the barrier between sectors also blurs so I've widened it out.
The flat white economy will form part of the future. Economist Douglas McWilliams gave the tag to web-savvy freelancers and start-ups with laptops. To get things done in 2016, teams buying in time and skills for one-off projects will become more common.
There will be more freelancers. There's not enough jobs to go around and more people will start to freelance project to project. Some will be good and some bad.
Video continues to grow massively. For a chunk of the year I talked about Cisco estimating that 70 per cent of the web would be video by 2017. By the end of the year some commentators said that figure had already been reached. People are consuming short-form video voraciously. But can you make something that can compete with cute puppies?
LinkedIn will be the single most useful channel for comms people. Twitter is great. But the convergence of job hunting, shop window and useful content will push LinkedIn ahead.
Successful teams will have broken down the digital – traditional divide. They'll plan something that picks the best channels and not have a shiny social add-on right at the end.
Say hello to VR video. By the end of 2015, the New York Times VR – or virtual reality – videos broke new ground. These are immersive films viewed through a smartphone and Google cardboard sets. By the end of the year the public sector will start experimenting.
The most sensible phrase in 2016 will be: 'if it's not hitting a business objective we're not doing it and the chief exec agrees with us.' Teams of 20 have become teams of eight. You MUST have the conversation that says you can't deliver what you did. It's not weakness. It's common sense. Make them listen. Or block off three months at a time TBC to have that stroke.
'Nice to have' becomes 'used to have' for more people. As cuts continue and widen more pain will be felt by more. Some people don't know what's coming down the track.
People will realise their internal comms are poor when it is too late. Usually at a time when their own jobs have been put at risk.
Email marketing rises. More people will realise the slightly unglamorous attraction of email marketing. Skills in this area will be valued.
As resources across some organisations become thinner the chances of a fowl-up that will cost people lives increase. It probably won't be a one-off incident but a pattern of isolated incidents uncovered much later. The kick-back when this does emerge will be immense. For organisations who have cut, when this emerges the comms team will be swamped. At this point the lack of functioning comms team will become an issue and the pedulum may swing back towards having an effective team. For organisations who have retained a team, this will be a moment to prove their worth.
Comms and PR continue to become female. A trend in 2015 was the all-female team. This will eventually percolate upwards towards leadership.
Comms and PR will get younger. Newsrooms when they lost senior staff replaced them with younger people. This trend will continue to be replicated.
As the pace of change continues training and peer-to-peer training will never be more important. Teams that survive will be teams that invest in their staff. And encourage staff to share things they are good at.
Speclaist generalists will continue to be prized. That's the person who can be really, really good at one thing and okay to good at lots of others.
And a prediction for 2020
Those people with a willingness to learn new skills and experiment will still have a job in 2020. Those that won't probably will be doing something else. Don't let that be you.
Creative commons credit: https://flic.kr/p/6Ha4tJ
Commscamp: 29 things from me and a thank youPosted: July 11, 2015 Filed under: communications | Tags: #commscamp, events, PR, public sector 3 Comments
A couple of days after a good event is often the time to reflect and make sense of things. So with a cup of coffee that's what I'm doing.
Commscamp was that good event and one that drew 154 comms, PR and digital people from across the public sector in the UK.
As an unconference, the day has no agenda, with the sessions getting decided on the day by people who came along. There were NHS, local government, Welsh Government, UK government and one or two third sector.
Was it a good event? It seems slightly self-regarding to call something you helped organise 'good.' But I'm sure my fellow co-organisers Emma Rodgers and Darren Caveney would agree that it really, really is the attendees who make it. We just provide the space.
Here are 20 things that struck me.
- I love the look in the eyes of some people who came for the first time who revelled in the permission to talk, think and do with freedom. It's important that everyone is on the same level. Organisers included. I'm quite nostalgic for that.
- A pre-event curry and drinks are a good thing.
- Cake really does bring people together and Kate Bentham is brilliant at building that spirit. So is Andy Mabbett.
- Music playlists also bring people together. Big up Sarah Lay and everyone who contributed.
- The spirit of the event can be summed up by a first time attendee called Chloe ending up helping out on the check-in desk minutes after she arrived.
- Twitter running commentaries by John Fox are a good thing.
- There is a need for people who are trying out new things in their organisation to come together face-to-face to remind themselves that it is not 'you' but 'them' who are the problem.
- Birmingham in the sunshine looks great.
- Next year we are hiring a canal barge and running a session in it.
- David Banks is on the money with media law in a changing landscape. You really should make friends with him. Or sign-up for his regular emails.
- It would be great to get a handful of private sector people along who came in the spiurit of sharing not selling.
- It would be great to get some third sector and not for profit people along. Catching-up with Laila Takeh at the post-event pint made me even more convinced of that.
- A junior media officer can have better ideas than a self-appointed thought leader or head of a big department. No-one has the monopoly.
- Media teams should stop doing things that aren't their job at all. First, do so by being polite. Then by banging the table a bit. This doesn't happen in planning or legal. Stop under valuing your job.
- Sitting round for a good whinge is quite theraputic.
- Sitting round to be deliberately optimistic is also theraputic.
- Bad intranets are a symptom of an organisation that doesn't care about or trust staff.
- There's no point replacing the intranet and building something better until you tackle the culture. Sorry.
- Musterpoint is a hootsuite for the public sector built by someone from the public sector.
- There are still some people who think that giving staff social media should be controlled and treated as an extension of core trad comms. I fundamentally disagree.
- Maybe we don't need intranets.
- No matter how many unconferences you go to you end up wanting to be in two places at once.
- A first ticket release that went in less than three minutes is quite something.
- Nigel Bishop takes good video and pictures.
- Big up Sasha Taylor, Sian Fording, Rob McCleary, Nicky Speed, Kelly Quigley-Hicks and Amanda Nash and James Cattell for their volunteering.
- I'd like to be part of the team of volunteers who does another one of these next year. It was good to see old faces and new. I hope co-founder Ann Kempster can come next year.
- There's still so much to do.
- Having good sponsors helps. Thank you Christine at MusterPoint, David and Paul at Govdelivery, Liz and Jason at Knowledge Hub, Kirstie and Scott at Touch Design, Steph at Helpful Technology, Pete at IEWM, Nick at PSCSF and supporters Alex and David at GCS, Hannah at LGA, Rachel at All Things IC and Phil at the NUJ.
- Thank you if you came because you helped make it a success.
LISTEN BETTER: Why the Tyranny of Public Notices Should End – and What To Do About ItPosted: December 28, 2014 Filed under: comms, local government | Tags: comms, community, consultation, dclg, department for communities and local government, gds, local government, localgovdigital, public, public notices, public sector, socitm, web 19 Comments
It's an obscenity that even as libraries close and care is cut that there is a £67.85 million back-door subsidy paid by local government to newspapers.
A what? And how much?
This is the true cost of councils being forced by law to pay over-the-odds for public notices tucked away in the back of printed newspapers being read by fewer and fewer people.
It is a throwback, a misguided sweetener to the newspaper industry and comes from the days when the local paper was the only show in town.
What are public notices? They're announcements of where double yellow lines are to be painted, who has applied for a taxi licence and an application from a pub licensee for a late night opening licence. It is the bread and butter of a community.
Should they be communicated and publicised? Absolutely.
Can it be done without swingeing annual charges? Yes.
Being forced over a barrel to pay to communicate through local newspapers is the last throwback to a world before the internet.
It is wrong.
It flies in the face of government policy.
It is print-by-default in a digital-by-default world.
It must stop.
This is why and here is how we can do it.
The Government department in charge of local government has asked for 'councils, newspapers and others' to take a new look at how public notices are distributed. Any solution is dead in the water unless councils are stopped being made to pay for expensive print notices – or even pay for digital ones.
Really? Councils have to communicate like this?
Yes. Bonkers, isn't it? There is a raft of legislation that mean that councils must take out newspaper ads before they take certain decisions. The aim is to publicise and encourage people to come forward with comment and opinion. Getting people involved is absolutely a good thing. The more people are informed and take part in the decision making process the better.
Her Majesty's Government's Ambassador to Lebanon Tom Fletcher has written eloquently about this being the digital century. I'd agree with that. In the digital century people find out about what is happening through networks and the web. Not through small ads. Ask yourself this question: when was the last time you bought a local newspaper? When was the last public notice you read? And can you remember what it was about?
What is the state of local government?
In short, perilous. Every penny counts and in Town Halls up and down the land small sums of money and budget decisions are being argued about. The Institute for Fiscal Studies predicts 1.1 million job losses by 2019 across the public sector. Birmingham City Council Leader Albert Bore has talked of the 'end of local government as we know it.' Government funding cuts to local government are touching 40 per cent and spending power is falling by 25 per cent according to a critical National Audit Office report which observes that the Department for Communities and Local Government doesn't understand the impact of cuts.
In other words, cuts are being made and every penny counts. Which is why being forced to spend on newspaper ads is wrong.
But how much do the public notices cost?
Think tank Local Government Information Unit – LGiU – calculated that in 2012 public notices in newspapers were costing £67.85 million. Public Notices: The Case for Radical Reform: Part One' shows that this is on average £181,000 per authority. In some cases, the report says, public notices incurred a rate three times as expensive as normal display ads and reaching over £20 per column centimetre in some publications.
"This is a lot of money, especially when councils are trying desperately to !nd savings. It is also an outdated system that has been left behind by technological advances. The current system provides no feedback to councils and ignores the fact that the audience is moving away from printed newspapers, to a varied digital media landscape.
"LGiU believes change is necessary in the following areas: councils should be free to decide where is best to place public notices, more work needs to be done to de-jargon and standardise the content of public notices, councils who do publish notices online should o"er users an email subscription service, allowing users to opt-in to receive public notices, hyperlocal, neighbourhood websites, as well as traditional local media news sites, should be encouraged to carry feeds of council notices the government should look into the possibility of supporting the development of a central online portal for publishing public notices.
- Public Notices: The Case for Radical Reform: Part One. LGiU.
But who reads newspapers these days?
Some people do. Ofcom in their annual Communications Market Report says that adults in the UK spend 15 minutes a day reading newspapers or looking at newspaper sites. For some people, they keep them informed. But these figures are dropping.
In comparison, adults spend 36 minutes on websites or apps and 26 minutes on social media. The breakdown is here.
In Walsall, where I worked in local government communications, the local paper the Express & Star in 2013 sold around 10,000 copies of the Walsall edition in a borough of more than 269,323 people. The newspaper industry says that between two and five people read each paid-for copy. For the sake of argument, if that was three people per copy that means 11 per cent of Walsall get to see the public notice. That's if everyone reads the paper from cover-to-cover. That's not a reason for paid-for public notices in print.
The figures are replicated across the country according to database JICREG with 67,759 copies of the Birmingham Mail on a Friday in a city of 2,440,986. In Greater Manchester, this is 126,293 on their busiest day for the Manchester Evening News in a population of 2,685,400. In Glasgow, the Evening Times reaches 33,397 in a population 2,850,000. The online readership of these three newspapers will be far higher but figures are difficult to obtain. None of these newspapers show public notices when you enter the search term in their websites.
I've heard the anachronistic argument that somehow only newspapers can be trusted to publish public notice content. Somehow the act of handing over 200 words and paying through the nose for it to appear in the back of newspapers that few people in a borough read afford some undefined magic propertiies. This is, of course, balderdash.
The days when newspapers are the only means of communicating have ended. They are one of a number of channels. The requirement to take out public notice ads with them should end. Sometimes, they'll be the best way of communicating. But that decision should be de-centralised down to the local authority.
Four ways public notices breach Government advice
It wouldn't be so bad if the current millstone doesn't go against Government advice. But it does.
The 2011 DCLG Code of Recommended Practice on Local Authority Publicity is the legal yardstick. Here's what it says:
It says publicity should be cost effective – that's section 2. Print notices are not.
It says that they should be 'value for money.' Print notices are not. That's section 10.
It says that advertising shouldn't subsidise voluntary, public or commercial organisations. That's section 13. That's what print notices do.
It also says that public relations guidance should be sought before embarking on expensive publicity. That's section 14.
And a few other ways it breaches Government policy
The Cabinet Office published the excellent and aspirational Government Digital Strategy in 2013.
"In just over 2 decades the internet has become a huge part of our everyday lives. Today 82 per cent of adults in the UK are online. Completing transactions online has become second nature, with more and more of us going online for shopping, banking, information and entertainment. Why? Because online services tend to be quicker, more convenient and cheaper to use.
"But until now government services have stood out by their failure to keep up with the digital age. While many sectors now deliver their services online as a matter of course, our use of digital public services lags far behind that of the private sector.
"Government has got to do better. This Digital Efficiency Report suggests that transactions online can already be 20 times cheaper than by phone, 30 times cheaper than postal and as much as 50 times cheaper than face-to-face .
"By going digital by default, the government could save between £1.7 and £1.8 billion each year. But this isn't just about saving money – the public increasingly expects to access services quickly and conveniently, at times and in ways that suit them. We will not leave anyone behind but we will use digital technology to drive better services and lower costs."
Frances Maude, Minister for the Cabinet Office
This is all excellent stuff. It articulates exactly why local government should be digital by default and not be held back by the anachronism of print public notices.
And bloggers too…?
Bloggers are able to attend public meetings and video, blog and post realtime updates. This is a good thing and opens up the whole often very dull decision making process to public scrutiny. This is an excellent step from DCLG. They hailed it as: 'a boost for local democracy and the independent free press, councils in England were brought into the 21st century.'
That freedom should be opened up for bloggers too. How can they carry data from public notices alongside the mainstream Press?
So what would all this look like?
Information can be communicated effectively using the web. It could be added to a council page. An RSS feed or a widget could allow others – newspapers, broadcasters or bloggers – provided free-of-charge to carry the feed on their own pages.
Of course, if there was a pressing business case for print advertising this could happen too. But that's the thing. Rather than being a print-by-default position it should be one of several channels.
This already happens in two places. Firstly, the TellmeScotland website aggregates and distributes public notice alerts through text and email.
Secondly, in ice and snow a more geurilla approach sees gritting updates aggregated and distributed in the West Midlands. On Twiitter, the hashtag #wmgrit is used by authorities in the region. A coveritLive widget here can be re-used on websites.
So what next?
There are bright people in local government who can produce the answer. Some of them are in the localgovdigital group although relying on a handful of volunteers in the sector is not the answer.
Maybe this is for larger bodies to support with time and resources. Communications teams should take the lead and work with web to come up with solutions. Maybe, that's SOCITM, LGComms, the LGA and others coming together with local government officers.
Whatever the future. in 2015, the current situation which sees an enforced subsidy through paid-for ads to wealthy newspaper groups should not form part of the answer.
So, how do we do this?
EVENT BRIGHT: Why We're Staging A Fab Event Called #commsforchange14Posted: August 4, 2014 Filed under: communications | Tags: #commsforchange14, birmingham, bond company, comms2point0, commsforchange, event, local government, PSCSF, public sector 1 Comment
I'm pleased to say that comms2point0 is joining forces with Public Sector Customer Services Forum to stage an event which we think will deliver a stack of value.
We think this will work for comms and PR people but we think this will also be valuable for people who are working in your organisation on projects big and small that need communicating.
We could just give you a list of speakers but want to tell you about how this came about.
We had a conversation with someone a while back about big public sector projects and what separates the good ones from the bad.
As we talked we pictured a very real scenario and we came up with two options to choose from.
First, the scenario… part of your organisation has a great idea that could change how something is done, save money and lead to a better service.
What could go wrong?
Well, here are the options…
Option one: Project team don't really bother with the comms until the end because they're too busy and anyway, they don't see the point. The comms team get left in the dark by the project team until the end… and the idea fails. "Clearly, it was the comms team," the project team mutter. "There was nothing wrong with our idea. That was brilliant."
"If only they'de spoken to us earlier," the comms team mutter back.
Result: failure, unhappy project team, unhappy comms team and an angry chief executive.
Option two: Project team sit down with the comms team from the start. They shape a comms plan that they both know will work. There's a project objective. There's a comms objective that's identical. There's something to measure to know if the comms is working. The idea gets well communicated by the comms team. It's a success.
"Hooray," say the project team. "Our idea that we had in a room with six people in it has become a success amongst thousands," say the project team.
"Hooray," say the comms team, "we took that bright idea and we worked with you to tell the right people outside the room about it at the right time and got them to do the right thing."
Result: happy project team, happy comms team, success and a happy chief executive.
Of course, we'd all choose the second scenario, wouldn't we?
The thing is, life is not like that, and we can all reel off a long list of times when it hasn't and fewer times when it has.
What you'll get out of #commsforchange14
So, at the end of our conversation we grew convinced of the need to put on an event that would set out the reasons for getting the project team and the comms team together early to make the thing a success.
We wanted comms people and project people speaking to share how they did it.
We wanted comms people to be fired up to go back and knock on the doors of big project people so they could get involved to help make a difference.
We wanted public sector people to be fired up to go back and make friends with their comms teams to see how they could make their project a success.
We wanted the event to be partly traditional, with speakers and slides so the success stories could be articulated and you'd know what you'd get.
But we wanted an unconference element in the afternoon because we've run them before at commscamp and for LGComms and with PSCSF and we know they will work. This sees that part of the agenda drawn-up based on what the people in the room wanted to talk about. Maybe there were lessons to be shared.
We wanted an event that showed why getting comms involved early and them being on the top table will help the organisation.
Of course, the great thing about doing comms2point0 is being able to turn a conversation and an idea into reality and with the excellent Nick Hill of Public Sector Customer Services Forum we've done just that andon Wednesday September 24 at the Bond Company, Fazeley Street, Birmingham #commsforchange will become a reality.
Who will be speaking?
There's a range of hand picked people for you here:
John McPherson, Internal Communications Manager, Leeds City Council
Iain Patterson, Chief Technology Officer, DVLA
Adrian Capon, Senior Communications Manager, Yorkshire Housing (TBC)
Dan Slee, Co-founder, comms2point0
Darren Caveney, Co-founder, comms2point0
You can find more out about the event on Wednesday September 24 at the Bond Company, Fazeley Street, Birmingham by clicking the link here.
Picture credit
PROTEST PR: How Comms Should Answer Cuts QuestionsPosted: May 15, 2014 Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: charity, comms, communications, media, nhs, PR, Public Relations, public sector, query, uk, voluntary sector 1 Comment
You're a public sector PR person and you've got to answer a question from the media about cuts, what do you do?
Forecasts say there will be 40 per cent job losses in some areas of the public sector with £3.3 billion being taken from the voluntary sector over a five year period and £20 billion coming from local government and £15 billion of efficiency savings due in the NHS.
So, what stories are being shaped? If you work in the sector it's probably long overdue time to think about it.
A) Apply a positive gloss and insist that yes, efficiencies will be made but frontline services will not be cut.
B) Tell people that they had their chance to have their say in the budget consultation and they blew it.
C) Tell people that this is what cuts look like.
All too often people in the public sector have been going for a) to try and minimise panic and upset on the population. But with £20 billion worth of cuts coming down the tracks in local government we need to be above all honest. So, let's just take a closer look at that, shall we?
What insisting that efficiencies will be made and frontline services will not be cut means
You've been cutting millions of pounds from budgets for years. But the frontline hasn't been affected? Efficiencies? Clearly, you were wasting that money all along so why on earth should I trust you now?
Or, you're trying to be a bit clever and you know that the frontline will very much be affected but the couple of hours of mobile library visit will somehow make-up for the five-day-a-week building the community used to have. People won't buy it, or they'll see through it. So, why should they trust you now?
What telling people that they've had their chance means
You've pinned up details of a public meeting at the church hall and you paid three times the rate for a display ad in the local paper because it's a public notice and they've got you over a barrel. Twelve people turned up and the Twitter chat you ran reached a fair number but not everyone. In other words, you've not done a very good job of this public consultation lark. Why should they trust you now?
What telling people that this is what cuts look like looks like
In Birmingham, this is exactly what Cllr James McKay told the Evening Mail about green bin charges in the City as people were protesting against cuts. Yes, it's messy. Yes, people won't like it. But look yourself in the eye. This is the truth. This is going to happen more and more and public sector comms increasingly is going to be about what you don't do rather than you do.
But at least they'll trust you more because you are being honest.
A grown-up conversation is needed about communicating cuts and if you work in the area you need to work out which choice you make pretty quick.
Creative commons credit
Dog protest https://www.flickr.com/photos/16230215@N08/8544982977/
FUTURE COMMS: A comms plan to help people sleep at nightPosted: April 13, 2014 Filed under: communications | Tags: anne gregory, awake, best, comms, comms plan, idea, leeds metropolitan university, local government, paul willis, plan, planning, public sector, trojan mouse 4 Comments
Well, it's had a great innings but can we now finally bury the idea that using social media ad hoc in an organisation is going to change the world?
But what great days we did have.
We had a mantra of JFDI in local government – just flipping do it – and we did things under the rader without permission.We would chuck up a Facebook page knowing that IT didn't know what it was so they couldn't block it.
We could tweet election results without too much interference, snigger behind our hands and we could push the envelope.
But those days are over. We learned lots but no, we didn't take over the world even though it felt as though we would. Today, many public sector teams have been cut back too far to have space to innovate. Even more worryingly, teams haven't found a way to tackle the big issues that really matter to make a difference. They haven't found a way to get the resources to do so either.
Sure, the trojan mouse idea of testing out four or five ideas to see where it'll take you is one I enthusiastically believe in to help you experiment and see what works. But to really make a difference bright communications people need to take all that experience and find out what is keeping senior people awake at night. Then go hell for leather to tackle that, that and only that. But make sure the senior people know exactly what you are doing by reporting back using every means neccesary. Infographics are particularly good. Make yourself a sandwich board if you have to but just flipping do it.
Here's a few ideas to help you…
Are you helping senior people sleep at night?
Here's an exercise I came across during the LGComms Future Leaders programme at a session at Leeds Metropolitan University with Anne Gregory and Paul Willis. It was the best piece of training I had in the eight years I spent in local government and I suggest you do this quick exercise.
- Get a piece of paper and draw a blob in the middle.
- Think of six people you do most of your work for in your organisation and write their names on the paper… the more important they are the closer to the blob you can write their name.
- Write down some things – let's say six things – that keep those six people awake at night.
- Ask yourself, are you really spending time with the really key people?
- Ask yourself, are you really doing things to help the really key people sleep at night?
My own conclusion to doing this exercise was that I wasn't really tackling the issues that matter for the people that matter and I'll bet you a slice of Victoria sponge that you aren't either.
The goal of the bright communications team should not be vague 'reputation' or 'awareness'. It is to prove in pounds, shillings and pence if needs be the value of the team before it is too late. It's why I've long been convinced that channel shift and customer service are things that comms teams need to be closely involved with.
So how can we help tackle the issues that keep senior people awake?
If I had a pound for every time someone told me the words: 'What we need is a comms plan,' I'd have been rich. What they meant was they wanted you to tick a box for them. What they really wanted was to outsource the responsibility to you when we all know to be effective it should be a joint thing.
What you really need is a comms plan agreed jointly with the senior people around a table. This can take many forms but they need to have the following:
- Where they are now.
- Where they want to go.
- Something measurable and tangiable to show when they've got there.
- Who they want to talk to and how they can do it.
- Some ideas of resources.
- Some idea of evaluation.
Some of what's in your plan will be traditional comms and some will be digital. You'll have a mix of both and you'll be working to make a difference to your organisation for the people who are going to be making big budget decisions in the not too distant future.
If yuo get this right your bosses' boss will sleep at night.
And you won't be sleepwalking towards a cliff either
By the way, I'm now available to help you with all of this and would love to do so. I'm firstname.lastname@example.com and @danslee on Twitter.
Creative commons credits
3:33 http://www.flickr.com/photos/7774088@N08/4131391566/
We will awake https://www.flickr.com/photos/25028863@N00/5612074901/


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We all have access to our elected representatives (or should have). But some professional lobbyists have much easier access than others, as was confirmed last week when Speaker Lockwood Smith published a select list of people who have access cards that exempt them from the security procedures applied to all others who visit Parliament.
Former diplomat Charles Finny, Sky TV's Tony O'Brien and prominent public relations executives Barrie Saunders and Mark Unsworth were on the list, along with leading trade unionists Helen Kelly and Peter Conway.
The release of the names was timely. It coincided with the first reading of the Lobbying Disclosure Bill, which has been sent to a select committee for consideration. Introduced by Green MP Holly Walker, it aims to bring greater transparency to the lobbying of MPs and their staff and would complement other recent steps to promote open government.
The bill would require paid lobbyists to register and file returns of lobbying activity with the auditor-general. This information would be made public and, along with a code of conduct, should help allay public suspicions about the exercise of undue or improper influence.
Ms Walker is among those who acknowledge the bill's defects. The definition of lobbying and lobbyists needs clarifying and the attorney-general says the draft bill could impede communication between MPs and the wider public. But it would bring this country into line with countries like Australia, the United States and Canada, which demand less secrecy around those who press for political favours.
Labour's Charles Chauvel says the bill can be made more workable by exempting the community and voluntary sector from a major burden. He has the gall to include trade unions in that group. This attempt to confine the bill's scope to commercial organisations, as one commentator observed, would introduce "loopholes you could drive a busload of lobbyists through" while undermining the bill's objectives.
Wanting to flush National's business mates into the open but allow Labour's union mates to continue lobbying covertly is shamefully unprincipled. More perplexing, it would expose a well-intentioned bill to a partisan buffeting that would threaten to sink it.
- Waikato Times
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Comments about 'Prostitute in Google exec case linked to 2nd death'
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Wow! I thought Google was this liberal open-minded progressive company to work for and one of their execs is hanging out with a prostitute on his yacht. Hey Google, don't tell me, SHOW me.
- 4:03 a.m. July 11, 2014
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@Tekakaromatagi Uh, that is what "liberal open-minded progressives"
believe in. They do whatever they want and believe their choices occur in a
vacuum. And the irony is their answer if you question their morality is
"people can choose to do whatever they want in their own private life....my
personal choices and behavior are not harming anyone else".
Sound familiar?
I wonder if his wife and family agree? Or even his company for that matter.
Just another one of the great liberal progressive lies/myths.
Another Google exec (Brin) recently said in an interview that "...we should move away from individual car ownership..." What????
Guess who just happens to sell self-driving cars who would transport people around according to the plan he has created?
You are silly to expect reasonable behavior from these companies.
I am all for capitalism but at the same time you can't be naive and let these corporations or their self-absorbed self-serving leaders expound and implement their utopian fantasies. Because of their money and power they instantly believe they are experts on everything which of course is totally false.
If you don't believe me just Google it;)
- 2:13 p.m. July 14, 2014
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 5, 1995
|Filing date
|Jul 1, 1994
|Priority date
|Jul 1, 1994
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Jeffrey M. Hoffman, Kanti Jain
|Original Assignee
|Anvik Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (34), Classifications (24), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to imaging systems for creating a desired pattern on a radiation-sensitive substrate such as those used in microelectronics circuits and boards, and more particularly relates to an energy-recycling imaging system useful as a high-speed precision manufacturing tool for creating a desired pattern, such as via-holes in electronic modules.
2. Description of Related Art
Large-area lithographic exposure systems are required as production tools for the manufacturing of numerous products, including multi-chip modules for high-density electronic packaging, flat-panel displays, printed circuit boards, and semiconductor integrated circuits. Many types of exposure systems are used in the industry, such as contact and proximity tools, projection imaging tools, and direct-write tools. Such systems are often referred to as patterning tools or photolithographic systems.
Of these, the most desirable exposure systems are the projection imaging tools because they provide non-contact imaging, large-area exposure capability, batch processing, and high throughputs. These typically include illumination, imaging, and motion control subsystems. Projection systems employing ultraviolet light sources, particularly excimer lasers, are especially attractive because they enable high-volume, cost-effective production.
In a projection exposure system an imaging lens assembly creates a replica of an illuminated mask pattern on the product substrate. The pattern on the mask is defined by opaque and transparent regions. Light rays transmitted through the transparent mask regions are imaged on the work substrate, which is thus pattern-wise exposed; whereas light rays incident on the opaque mask regions are either absorbed or reflected.
In most production applications, such as imaging of circuit patterns in a photoresist, the loss of light as described above is of little consequence, particularly when (a) the transparent regions comprise a significant portion of the mask area, (b) the amount of light needed for exposure is sufficiently small, and (c) the light sources used are reasonably manageable in size.
However, in applications such as etching via-holes in inter-layer dielectric materials in the production of multi-chip modules, the entire exposure system, process, and mask are substantially different in several aspects. Here, the light source used is a large, high-power excimer laser, which is necessary for etching the via-holes by a photoablative process. The mask is made by depositing on a fused silica blank a high-reflectivity multilayer dielectric coating and then patterning it to create transparent and reflecting regions. The transparent regions are the areas that the excimer laser radiation goes through to etch via-holes in the substrate. The total area occupied by the via-holes as a fraction of the mask area is extremely small, typically 1% or less.
Thus, although the throughput of a mask-projection via-etching system, due to batch processing, is significantly greater than that of a direct-write system, it could be greatly enhanced if the excimer laser radiation reflected from the dielectric mask were utilized. The invention disclosed here achieves this objective with a high-efficiency, energy-recycling mechanism.
Large-area projection systems and related subsystems for illumination and alignment are described in the following U.S. Patents:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,257, Scan and Repeat High-Resolution Projection Lithography System, Jain, May 8, 1990;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,236, Large-Area, High-Throughput, High-Resolution Projection Imaging System, Jain, Feb. 8, 1994;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,013, Illumination System to Produce Self-Luminous Light Beam of Selected Cross-Section, Uniform Intensity, and Selected Numerical Aperture, Jain, Oct. 22, 1991;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,291,240, Nonlinearity Compensated Large-Area Patterning System, Jain, Mar. 1, 1994;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,962, High Precision Alignment System for Microlithography, Jain, Feb. 12, 1991; and
U.S. Pat. No. 4,881,231, Frequency-Stabilized Line-Narrowed Excimer Laser Source System for High-Resolution Lithography, Jain, Nov. 14, 1989.
Means for recycling homogenizer radiation--Mechanisms associated with an optical homogenizer which reflect and re-reflect light for use in an imaging system
Numerical aperture--A quantity used to specify the light-gathering power of an optical system, specifically the sine of the angular semi-aperture in the object space multiplied by the refractive index of the object space.
The invention provides significantly increased energy efficiency to a production tool for the drilling of microscopic via-holes which are useful in connecting together circuit patterns on various layers in multi-layer microelectronic circuit modules. It is the object of the invention to reduce the energy requirement of the imaging system by recapturing the radiation energy blocked by the masked (reflecting) portions of the patterning mask. Energy reflected by the highly reflective mask (typically 97% reflectivity) is recycled by collecting the reflected light with a special radiation-recycling homogenizer which accepts the reflected radiation, further processes for additional homogeneity, and returns the reflected radiation to the mask using a reflective aperture element in such a fashion as to effectively increase the radiation intensity of the illumination region on the mask. An advantage of the invention is that it permits the use of a less powerful laser as the primary producer of radiation in the imaging system, thus cutting costs of obtaining and operating the via-hole drilling tool.
Other objects, features and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the description of a preferred embodiment, and from the drawings, described in the following section.
FIG. 1 is a schematic presentation of the invention.
FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) together form an operation diagram used for discussion of light ray patterns in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2(b) is enlarged to show additional detail.
FIG. 3 is a detailed back view of the reflective homogenizer input apertured reflector which has a central aperture that allows the radiation from the source to enter the homogenizer and a reflective surface surrounding the aperture that reflects radiation returned to the homogenizer by the reflective portions of the mask.
FIG. 4 is a detailed back view of the output aperture element which defines the selected light output pattern of the homogenizer and returns the vignetted portion of the light by reflection back towards the input aperture.
FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) together form an operation diagram describing the use of an in-situ mask coated on the substrate rather than a projection mask.
FIG. 5(b) is enlarged to show additional detail.
FIG. 6(a) is a diagram used for geometrical analysis of the homogenizer input showing the maximum numerical aperture for the case of N internal reflections. FIG. 6(b) illustrates the case of two internal reflections.
FIG. 7(a) shows the pattern of ray intersections on the reflective surface of the input aperture depicted in FIG. 3 for a set of rays that pass through the homogenizer and condenser lens, reflect once from the reflective mask coating and return back through the system to the input aperture. The case illustrated is for a one inch diameter circular homogenizer with a 0.4 inch radius circular aperture and allowing at most two reflections per pass. FIG. 7(b) shows the ray intersection pattern for a 8 mm-sided hexagonal homogenizer with a 0.8�0.8 inch square aperture, also allowing at most two reflections per pass.
FIG. 8 shows homogenizer radiation recycling means.
FIG. 9 shows an optical intensity homogenizer with square cross section.
FIG. 10 shows an optical intensity homogenizer having a solid piece of optically transparent material.
FIG. 11 shows an optical intensity homogenizer cylinder with multiple highly reflective mirror strips
FIG. 12a shows a quadrilateral shape 31(a) for an optical intensity homogenizer cylinder aperture forming a radiation pattern.
FIG. 12b shows an irregular polygon shape 31(b) for an optical intensity homogenizer cylinder aperture forming a radiation pattern.
FIG. 12c shows a closed polygon made up of partially curved sides, for an optical intensity homogenizer cylinder aperture 31(c) forming a radiation pattern.
The high-efficiency, energy-recycling system is schematically illustrated in FIG. 1, as part of an imaging system optimized for use as a via-hole drilling production tool. The patterning mask 10 and substrate 12 are rigidly held on a planar scanning stage 14. A projection lens 16, in conjunction with redirecting mirror 18 and reversing unit 20, forms an image of a portion of the patterning mask 10 on the substrate 12. The stage 14 is scanned in x- and y- dimensions to image the entire mask pattern on the substrate 12.
The illumination for exposure is provided by a laser 22, from which beam bundle 24 is first suitably shaped by lens assembly 26 and then focused into an optical intensity homogenizer 34 by lens 28 with the desired numerical aperture. As shown by the earlier Jain patents, homogenizer 34 has the base function of converting the operating radiation from collimated light to self-luminous radiation desirable for the drilling of via-holes and other processes accomplished by the tool. In this invention, homogenizer 34 also participates in the radiation-recycling function. The homogenizer can use a hollow cylinder with one or more mirrored interior surfaces, or it may use a solid cylinder of optically transparent material, such as quartz, in which multiple reflections take place by total internal reflection. Further, the cross-section of the cylinder can be of any desired shape, such as hexagonal, square, or round.
A relay lens assembly, comprising elements 40 and 42, forms an image of the output plane of the homogenizer 34 on the patterning mask 10. Light rays which are incident on the mask in its transparent areas propagate to the substrate through the projection optical train (18, 16, 20), but those light rays which are incident on the mask in its reflective areas are reflected back toward the homogenizer. As shown in FIG. 1, and illustrated in detail in FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b), an aperture element 30 is used at the input end of the homogenizer with a highly-reflective inner surface 32 facing the output of homogenizer 34. The input aperture 30 allows the radiation from the laser source 22 to enter the homogenizer, through an opening or appropriate transparent region, and the reflective surface 32 captures a substantial portion of the reflected light from the mask and returns it to the mask.
FIG. 3 shows detail as a back view of the apertured reflector element 30 which allows the source radiation to enter the homogenizer through the transmitting optical or mechanical aperture 31, and reflective surface 32 which serves to reflect most of the llight received from the reflected portions of mask 10 back into the homogenizer 34.
FIG. 4 shows detail as a front view of the pre-imaging homogenizer output aperture 36, which provides an exit pattern 37 for serf-luminous light from the homogenizer 34, and reflective regions 38 which serve to reflect into the homogenizer 34 the light vignetted by pattern 37.
FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) show how an in-situ mask 70 on a layered substrate 72 can be used for via-hole drilling rather than a projection mask 10, with the same implementation of the invention for excess light capture and recycling. As in projection imaging, the majority of the area of the mask is reflective; only the tiny areas of the via-holes pass light.
Irrespective of whether the via-drilling system uses a projection mask or an in-situ mask, the light reflected from the mask is captured by homogenizer 34 and returned to the mask, with further homogenization, by the reflective surface 32 on aperture 30. In both configurations, the main requirement is that the mask have a high overall reflectivity.
In embodying the disclosed invention, reference may be made to imaging systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,924,257; 5,285,236; and 5,291,240; and an illumination system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,013 by K. Jain.
FIGS. 8-11 and 12(a)-12(c) add alternative details of composition and configuration of homogenizer radiation recycling means, as follows:
FIG. 8 shows details of homogenizer radiation recycling means for homogenizer 34, featuring reflectivity of mask 48 material and reflective coating 32 within homogenizer 34 of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 9 shows a square cross-section for homogenizer 34 of FIGS. 1 and 2, as contrasted to the hexagonal cross-section or some other closed polygonal form cross-section.
FIG. 10 shows composition of optical homogenizer 34 of FIGS. 1 and 2 as a solid piece of optically transparent material.
FIG. 11 shows construction of an optical intensity homogenizer having multiple highly reflective internal mirror strips instead of internal mirrorization.
FIGS. 12(a), 12(b) and 12(c), respectively, show aperture patterns of quadrilateral shape 37(a), irregular polygon shape 37(b), and shape with partially curved sides 37(c), as contrasted to the hexagonal aperture pattern 37 of FIG. 4.
FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) show a ray 44 from the laser 22, which enters the homogenizer 34, through input aperture 30. Ray 44 is homogenized by multiple reflections in homogenizer 34. Ray 44 is incident upon the mask as ray 46 and is partially reflected as reflected component 52 from the uncoated back surface of the patterning mask 10. The component of the incident radiation 46 transmitted by the uncoated mask surface strikes the reflective layer 48 of patterning mask 10, and except for negligible absorption and the small amount of rays actually used for via-hole drilling 56 (FIG. 2(b)), is reflected as component 54 by reflective layer 48. Those few rays 46 which strike the mask 10 in one of its few transparent regions (via-hole pattern) exit from the mask 10 as rays 56 with an intensity I3. Both reflection components (52, 54) will be captured by the homogenizer 34 and returned to the mask 10 by the recycling mechanism.
Ray 46, thus, is reflected into two components; the first component is shown as my 52 reflected from the uncoated surface of the mask, and the second component is shown as ray 54 reflected from the reflective mask coating 48. These components are combined as ray 58 which enters back into the homogenizer 34 and strikes the reflective surface 32 of input aperture 30 as ray 60 at point P. The input aperture 30 is made large enough to permit all input rays from the source 22 focused near it on its input side to enter the homogenizer 34, and small enough to prevent the return towards laser 22 of most of the rays reflected from the mask 10. Ray 60, striking at point P, is reflected by reflective coating 32 as ray 62, exits the homogenizer as ray 64, and is again incident upon the mask 10 as ray 66. If ray 62 falls on a transparent region of the mask 10, it is utilized to expose the substrate 12, but if it falls on a reflecting region, the above sequence of steps is repeated. By optimizing the size of the aperture 30, most of the radiation reflected from the mask 10 can be re-utilized for exposure.
The laser radiation source 22 has a characteristic wavelength (for example, 308 nanometers). The need to avoid absorption by the optical elements and ghost reflections makes it important that the transmissive and reflective elements be suitably coated to provide maximum transmission or reflectivity, respectively, for the characteristic wavelength. It is important that the mask be reflective at the characteristic wavelength and that the photoactive element be responsive to the characteristic wavelength.
The preferred embodiment has been described in the context of projection lithography, but it is also advantageous to use the energy-efficient techniques and mechanism disclosed in the invention in contact, proximity, and in-situ lithography. In these cases, respectively, there is a reflective layer in contact with, near, or integral with a target surface. FIG. 5 shows an arrangement similar to that in FIG. 2, where the projection mask is replaced with an in-situ mask 70 coated directly on the substrate 72. The incident radiation 46 is reflected from the mask coating 70 as ray 68. The radiation not reflected by the coating is absorbed by the substrate 72, producing, in this case, a via 74 by photo-ablation. In this implementation, it is advantageous to make the reflective mask coating with multiple dielectric layers optimized for high reflectivity at the characteristic wavelength of the radiation source 22.
We now estimate the enhancement possible in the exposure efficiency of a projection system by this mechanism. For this analysis, a circular homogenizing tube is used with a unit magnification condenser lens. This analysis may be applied to homogenizers with any desired cross-sectional shape. Similarly, the condenser lens may be used at any magnification. Let
I0 =the initial intensity of the beam (44) as it enters the homogenizer, and
I1 =the intensity of the beam (46) initially incident on the mask.
The average intensity of the beam initially incident upon the mask will depend upon the number of reflections in the homogenizer, the reflectivity of the homogenizer surface, and the transmittances of the condenser lens surfaces. Different portions of the fan of rays entering the homogenizer encounter different numbers of reflections. An effective reflectivity for the homogenizer can be found by grouping the rays by the number of reflections encountered. The reflection loss for each set of rays is found, and all of the components are combined to give an effective reflectance. As shown in FIG. 6(a), the maximum solid angle, Ω, for the incident rays is given by (for small values of Ω): ##EQU1## where rh =the radius of the homogenizer tube, lh =the length of the homogenizer, and N is the maximum number of reflections. For n or less reflections, the solid angle is given by: ##EQU2## An example is given in FIG. 6(b) for two or less reflections. The ratio of the number of rays with n reflections only to the total number of rays can then be written (for n>1): ##EQU3## Thus, the intensity initially incident upon the mask can be obtained by summing Eqn. (3) for values of n from 0 to N, and is given by: [where Rh is the homogenizer reflectance for a single reflection, T is the transmittance of each surface in the condenser lens, and S is the number of surfaces.] ##EQU4## The effective reflectance, Rv, of the mask surface containing the via pattern can be given by: ##EQU5## Rm is the uncoated mask reflectance, and Rc is the reflectance of the high-reflectivity coating surrounding the vias. Note that V is a factor describing the ratio of the mask transmitting area to the reflecting area in terms of the number of vias, nv ; the via diameter, dv ; the homogenizer diameter, dh ; and the magnification of the condensing lens, m.
The intensity inside the mask is given by I2, and I3 describes the intensity of the beam emerging from the mask after the first pass; ##EQU6## Now, the intensity returning toward the homogenizer from the mask, given by I4, comes from two terms--the light reflected from the bottom (uncoated) surface, and the light reflected from the top surface: ##EQU7##
This beam passes through the condenser lens and into the homogenizer. The light not passing through the hole in the back reflecting surface will be reflected and will pass once again through the homogenizer to the mask. The returning beam effectively passes through a homogenizer of twice the length before returning through the condenser lens to the mask. The same ratios for the solid angles of the different reflection components of the ray bundle apply as before, where the homogenizer length has doubled. The intensity incident upon the mask on the second pass can then be written, accounting also for two trips through the condenser lens, and using a factor Ra as the reflectance of the back reflector: ##EQU8## Hence, the effective reflectivity for the back-reflected beam is given by: ##EQU9## The total effect of recycling the energy can be found by finding the sum of the geometric series: ##EQU10##
Table 1 gives representative values for the variables appearing in Eqn. 9 using a 1 inch diameter homogenizing tube, with a 0.08 inch diameter hole. The results of the calculation for homogenizers with at most two and three reflections are given in Table 2.
For this example, as a result of recycling as described in this invention, Table 2 shows that the effective exposure energy incident on the substrate will be 5.1 times greater than if the light reflected from the mask were lost for the case of at most two reflections per pass in the homogenizer. This advantage will therefore result in significantly greater processing throughput. Alternatively, for the same throughput, one may use a laser source of much smaller power output, which will reduce the system cost as well as operating costs.
TABLE 1______________________________________Estimated Variable Values for Sample CalculationVariable Description Variable Est. Value______________________________________Mask reflectivity (uncoated) Rm 0.04Homogenizer reflectivity Rh 0.97(at high angle)Aperture reflectivity Ra 0.995Number of lens surfaces in condenser S 4Transmittance of lens surfaces T 0.995Via factor V 0.01Coating Reflectivity Rc 0.97Effective Reflectivity of Rv 0.96535Mask PatternRatio of used area of back reflector A 0.9936to totalHomogenizer radius rh 0.5Aperture radius ra 0.04______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Effective Reflectivity Intensity Increase for a Homogenizerwith at Most Two and Three ReflectionsMaximum number of reflections in single pass, N 2 3______________________________________Total Effective Reflectivity, Reff 0.803 0.772Intensity Multiplication Factor 5.088 4.380______________________________________
An important feature of this technique is that the homogenization and recycling of radiation reflected from the mask coating is performed while maintaining the illumination numerical aperture. It is important to appropriately match the numerical aperture, or convergence angle, of the illuminating radiation, to the numerical aperture accepted by the projection lens. The condenser lens can be designed to give a cone of illumination that is normally incident upon the mask for each point in the field of view (telecentric condition); this ensures that the reflected radiation is always within the maximum desired numerical aperture and will always return through the optical system. Other methods of homogenization which do not preserve numerical aperture, such as microlens arrays and diffusers, are not appropriate for this recycling scheme.
This technique for energy recycling will also provide greater beam homogeneity. The reflected components effectively traverse a homogenizer tube of twice the length. Since there is a double pass after each reflection from the mask and each component contributes to the total illumination, the transverse spatial uniformity of the beam will be improved.
A numerical analysis has also been performed using optical design software to show that the back-reflected radiation from the coated mask surface will be reflected back towards the mask. For this analysis, both circular and hexagonal homogenizing tubes have been modeled. For the circular homogenizer, a radius of 0.5 inches was chosen with a 0.04 inch radius circular aperture at the input of the homogenizer, as in the example calculations given in Tables 1 and 2. The hexagonal tube was modeled with 8 mm sides and a square input aperture 0.08�0.08 inches. In each case, the length of the homogenizer was chosen to give a maximum of two reflections for a single pass through the homogenizer. A similar analysis could easily be applied to homogenizing tubes with other cross-sectional shapes or apertures.
The first reflection from the coated mask surface can be modeled on an optical design program by tracing a grid of rays from the focus at the input of the homogenizer through the homogenizer and condenser lens to the mask, and continuing through an identical condenser lens and homogenizer used in reverse. The hole in the back-reflecting device is modeled as an obscuration to the rays.
FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) show the pattern of ray intersection points at the reflective surface 32 on the input aperture 30, after the rays have passed through the homogenizer and condenser lens, reflected off the coated mask surface 48, and returned through the condenser and homogenizer. FIG. 7(a) shows the ray intersection pattern on the reflecting aperture 32 for the 0.5 inch radius circular homogenizing tube. FIG. 7(b) shows the pattern on the aperture for the hexagonal homogenizer. In both cases, the majority of the rays are seen to strike the reflective surface 32 surrounding the aperture 30. The small blank area at the center of each figure represents the hole in the reflecting aperture.
Both plots show that the beam reflected from the mask back through the system into the homogenizer will produce very uniform illumination on the back reflecting aperture at the input of the homogenizer and will be substantially reflected back towards the mask, increasing the intensity as described by the theoretical treatment above, as well as improving intensity uniformity at the mask. Some structure to the ray patterns is discernable; this is simply an artifact of the computer modeling that depends on the finite number of rays traced by the optical design program and the grid of rays used.
The invention has been shown and described in the job of drilling via-holes in multilayer circuit devices, and in precision exposure applications such as are used in integrated circuit production, but it will be apparent that other applications and variations in method and hardware are within the spirit and scope of the invention, as stated in the following claims.
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|Innovative Science Tools, Inc.
|Optical analyzer for identification of materials using transmission spectroscopy
|Feb 12, 2008
|May 28, 2009
|Coherent Gmbh
|Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Strahlformung eines homogenisierten Lichtstrahls
|Feb 12, 2008
|Jun 17, 2010
|Coherent Gmbh
|Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Strahlformung eines homogenisierten Lichtstrahls
|Mar 14, 2013
|Oct 2, 2014
|Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh
|Optischer Wellenleiter zur F�hrung von Beleuchtungslicht
|Oct 10, 1996
|May 2, 1997
|SANYO ELECTRIC Co., Ltd.
|Photoprocessing method
|Sep 23, 1998
|Apr 8, 1999
|Tropel Corporation
|Raster-scan photolithographic reduction system
|Oct 27, 1999
|May 11, 2000
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Laser illumination arrangement for a cathode ray tube
|Dec 13, 2006
|Jun 28, 2007
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.
|Rod integrator that reduces speckle in a laser-based projector
|Jul 20, 2007
|Feb 14, 2008
|Jenoptik Laser, Optik, Systeme Gmbh
|Optical arrangement for pumping solid-state lasers
|Nov 18, 2008
|May 28, 2009
|Coherent Gmbh
|Device and method for beam forming a homogenized light beam
|Mar 7, 2014
|Sep 18, 2014
|Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh
|Optical waveguide for guiding illumination light
|U.S. Classification
|355/53, 359/503, 355/71
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 1, 1994
Owner name: ANVIK CORPORATION, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HOFFMAN, JEFFREY M.;JAIN, KANTI;REEL/FRAME:007069/0193
Effective date: 19940701
|Apr 30, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 26, 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 16, 2003
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|Jul 16, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 18, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 6, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Sep 6, 2007
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 11


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Join us at the peak of harvest to learn about J4 Ranch's organic berry production with John Rogers and Jose Fernandez. J4 Ranch realized their mission to convert a conventional apple and raspberry farm into a 100% certified organic, top quality blue-, black- and raspberry operation. Commitment and attention to organic values guide their farm and business plans, including USDA organic certification, and Salmon Safe practices.
Walk the 103 acre farm and learn about J4's earth-friendly, agricultural practices: how they use satellites for farm design and tractor work to reduce fuel use; their quality water sourcing; local marketing; and continuing their history of strong employee relations. See how they are realizing their dream to extend the health and well being of life.
Ben Goe, Produce Manager at the 11,000-membership, 40-year-old Skagit Valley Food Cooperative (SVFC), will be on hand to describe successful organic berry marketing from packing, packaging, presentation and delivery for freshness and quality. After the farm walk, there will be an opportunity to visit the SVFC produce department with Ben.
Sign in 12:00 – 12:30 pm
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for informal networking
Pre-registration encouraged - Register: www.tilthproducers.org OR
Cost: $15 for Tilth Producer members, students and interns.
$25 for non-members.
$5 additional late fee for day-of registration.
Spanish language interpretation available
Visit Tilth Producers website (see above) for more information about the 2013
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The Bicho Brothers Band
Nashville, TN
Saturday, November 16th, 2013 at 9:00pm
All Ages
The Bicho Brothers will be performing an evening of Classic Rock with a very HEAVY DOSE of Santana music from 9:00pm to 12:00 midnight! This is a fantastic venue for music and is quickly becoming THE new place in town for live music! Originating with several stores in Mississippi, Soulshine Pizza Factory was "Born in the dirty south!" and is now in Nashville. Voted "Best Pizza in the State of Mississippi" for several years running, they offer a whole lot more. PLUS, The Bicho Brothers doing a ton of Santana for FREE! What more is there?
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As we move on to the next question of the winter we come to what for me is the biggest one: striker. Ever since Kenny Cooper left a few seasons ago it seems like FCD has needed a striker. Last year Hyndman waited till the second window to find Milton Rodriguez, who wasn't terrible, but didn't light the world on fire either.
Now a year later FCD finds itself in the same place, needing a striker. This time due to the departure of Jeff Cunningham and Atiba Harris.
Question #2: Forward (a.k.a. The Jeff Cunningham Question)
With the decision to waive Jeff Cunningham, and probably more accurately his large salary cap number (~$220,000), FCD again finds itself in need of another striker. When the second highest paid player is coming off the bench that's not a great sign for said player. It was probably a forgone conclusion Cunningham was going to be out unless he took a massive pay cut. Massive pay cuts are not something that happens very often without a disgruntled and pissed off player, certainly not with someone like Cunningham.
Compounding the problem was the loss of one of FCD's key striker depth players Atiba Harris. Harris had tried a few times to lock down the starting striker position without success. Instead he spent most of the season holding off Marvin Chavez at right mid. Something he managed until the final stretch run. Once Harris had lost out at both spots it wasn't a surprise he was exposed in the expansion draft.
With the loss of two boddies up top, even if both were mostly off the bench, FCD is in sore need of depth just to stand pat. Some depth could come from the young prospects in the squad. The lack of progression last season of Peri Marosevic and Jason Yeisley hurts a bit here. One factor we know very little about it new academy signing Jonathan Top. Late round draft picks Charlie Campbell and Paul Ogunyemi could also help in the depth area, as might Juco trialst Sheldon Palmer. Depth may be answered by pure numbers. Edit: I forgot about Andrew Wiedeman, another player who could add depth.
An answer that could be bigger than expected is Ruben Luna. Luna is one of the brightest prospects to come out of the FCD Academy system and will be getting substantial PT this year. Perhaps even pushing to start. But you can't assume Luna will become strong enough this season to answer all the questions. He will help solve the depth issue, but not the real underlying question. At least not yet I don't think.
So depth may be ok, but if FCD is going to take a step forward (and that's the goal isn't it?) then FCD needs to add a top flight goal scoring striker. Last season far to much scoring was forced to come from midfield. When FCD needed a goal, like in MLS Cup, their best shot came from advancing mids. That's not how you want to build a squad. Add a top line scorer and I think you can look at FCD with the best teams in MLS.
FCD head coach Schellas Hyndman and technical director Barry Gorman have both said FCD is looking for a striker of that quality. Hyndman, as usual, is showing patience, citing the willingness to wait till the second window if need be to make sure they get the right player with the right qualities. So FCD may go into the season with Rodriguez and Luna as the top two choices.
That might be all right, this league is about winning at the end anyway. I prefer to have the core team all year, but I'm not the coach. Hyndman seems well contend to operate this way, leaving a big piece of the puzzle to mid season. There is something to be said for being able to make adjustments with your mid season signing. I just hate seeing an incomplete team, and right now FCD is missing a big piece of the puzzle.
One really interesting development of the last week is the pressence of ex-Chivas USA striker and Cuban defector Maykel Galindo in camp. He's been hampered by injuries the last two yeas, notably hamstring problems, but when he is healthy Galindo is a lethal and ruthless goalscorer with a nose for goal and a mean streak. Blessed with some serious pace up top, he's the kind of high striker that could push the line and open massive space for the FCD penetrating mids like David Ferreira and Break Shea. The injuries are a big red flag, but the upside is massive here if Galindo can get it back on track.
So questions upon questions at forward. Will FCD sign a top flight name up top? In this window or the next? Is Ruben Luna perhaps the answer? Can Galindo resurrect this hamstring and career? A hidden gem in the large depth pool?
How those questions are answered could make or break the FCD season.


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We came upon the theater by accident and decided to go ahead and watch a movie. It was pretty empty, perhaps because it was in the afternoon. Not sure. It was clean, the screen...
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Ticketing logistics here are horrible. They make you buy your tickets at the refreshment concession, and you have to wait in a slow line while people are buying refreshments along with their movie tickets. They need to have a separate line just for tickets. We waited over 20 minutes on line today.....
I go here all the time to see popular blockbuster movies, such as Marvel films. Since there is only one theater, so there is only ever one movie playing at a time. The sound and picture quality is pretty good. There is parking in the garage across the street.
We came upon the theater by accident and decided to go ahead and watch a movie. It was pretty empty, perhaps because it was in the afternoon. Not sure. It was clean, the screen was huge. It had been many years since I had gone to an IMAX. This was an overall good experience and will be back.
This walking distance of Intercontinental Clement Hotel in Monterey! Reasonable as well! Child price of $6.50, think Adult is or was $9.50! Now getting this, figure this out! In the capitol town of California (that would be Sacra), child IMAX just for ticket is $14.50, what???? If they charging me $14.50, what they charging to Mommy and to Daddy????
Came upon the theater by accident and decided to see the 1 o'clock show in 3D. Only 6 people in the theater. The 2 employees were nice and eager to please. It's in the middle of all the Cannery Row busyness. Theater was very clean. The movie screen was good and the seats comfortable, but there was a smell that...
We had a party of 6, paid about $70 for all and watched Oz in 3D. Liked the movie, liked the service.
It's a smaller IMAX, right in Cannery Row, close to everything. Many of the movies they present are about the ocean, environment & nature.
Went here to see the Avengers on its opening weekend. It's pretty small since there's only one theater, but the screen was large and the sound was great. The $15 I spent on the ticket was definitely worth it!
If you order your tickets online, it really doesn't save any time to print them out. I printed out my ticket,...
I watched the new Avengers movie here in the this small IMAX cinema. the Real3D was great and I loved how close it was to cannery row.
Great to view IMAX designed movies. Clean and kept up. Sometimes with off-peak deals.
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Fund lends money to home owners at premium rates with security of a first legal charge at the UK Land Registry. Investors receive 8.5% pa net income (2.125% income every 3 mths).
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Squirrel launched online in 2000 to advise UK Expats on the benefits of investing in offshore investments. Over the years we have developed a loyal global client base and we are particularly proud to see their capital grow in often difficult markets.How to Invest Offshore
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Quorum's exclusive onQ Hybrid Cloud Solution, also known as DRaaS, provides a unique way to recover the most critical applications and data in the cloud after any storage, systems or site failure. Critical applications are always ready-to-run (or test) in the Quorum cloud by working in conjunction with the on-premise onQ high-availability (HA) Appliance. There is no need to ship new hardware, or even construct a machine from an image after a disaster. The recovery time for onQ is measured in minutes, not days.
The onQ hybrid cloud synchronizes with the onQ high-availability (HA) appliance after each update, creating a virtual machine clone in the cloud. This clone can be run in the cloud (for testing or after a disaster) with or without the presence of the local onQ HA appliance or image.
Cloud Backup & Security
All data transferred from the HA to the DR will go through a 128 bit AES encrypted session over a 256 bit AES VPN tunnel directly connecting the cloud to the local appliance. There is a dedicated firewall isolating each individual virtual network enabling access to the DR recovery node. All connections to the DR nodes are done via VPN to that firewall. The data centers that will be hosting your applications are world-class, state of the art, SOC 2 certified. The data centers have been built with unmatched attention to ensure the highest performance, safest and most stable environment possible.
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Unlike other cloud storage and data backup solutions, onQ is a current virtual copy of any server – always on and ready-to-run. Additionally with onQ, daily tests are performed automatically on the servers. Because of cost and complexity, these tests are most often not ever performed with traditional back-up cloud solutions.
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Merrill House Apartments in Falls Church, Virginia is a smoke free community. Our apartment homes feature fully equipped kitchens, spacious living areas, walk in closets, carpeting and central AC/heat. Select homes have a den, eat in kitchen area, parquet floors and private patio or balcony. Our community offers an outdoor pool with sundeck, a picnic area with barbecue grills, on site recycling and a complimentary coffee bar. We are close to I 66, RTE 237, 7 and 338. We are minutes from Tysons Corner, Seven Corners, Baileys Crossroads and Balston Commons as well as parks and recreational areas that offer tennis, bowling, camping, biking, hiking, golfing and boating. Guarantors welcome!
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University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Professor of Philosophy Roger Ames has been honored with the Huilin Culture Award from Beijing Normal University in China. He accepted the award, which includes approximately $50,000, at the Beijing campus on February 27, 2016. The award committee cited Professor Ames' extensive work in comparative philosophy, research on Chinese philosophy and his publications on Confucianism, including The Chinese Classic of ...Read More »
Arts & Humanities / Languages, Linguistics & Literature
Professor Robert A. Blust appointed Linguistics Society of America fellow
Professor Robert A. Blust of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Department of Linguistics has been appointed a fellow of the Linguistic Society of America in recognition of his tremendous contributions to the field of linguistics. Inducted on January 8 at the Linguistic Society of America annual meeting in Washington, D.C., Blust joins nine other Class of 2016 Linguistic Society of America ...Read More »
English Professor receives Fulbright award to Naples
The J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board awarded University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa English Professor Cristina Bacchilega with a Fulbright teaching-research award to Naples, Italy, beginning in February. Bacchilega will teach a course, titled The Fantastic in Contemporary American Literature, at the Università di Napoli Orientale and conduct research on a recent fairy-tale film, The Tale of Tales. Most of her time will ...Read More »
UH Manoa receives 2015 Confucius Institute of the Year award
The Confucius Institute at UH Mānoa's Center for Chinese Studies has been named a 2015 Confucius Institute of the Year by the People's Republic of China. Chancellor Robert Bley-Vroman received the award last week in Shanghai from Mme. Liu Yandong, vice premier of the People's Republic of China. The award signifies outstanding achievement in promoting Chinese language and area studies, ...Read More »
Grant establishes College of Language, Linguistics and Literature technology innovation center
The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa has been awarded a $625,000 grant to establish the Language Flagship Technology Innovation Center (LFTIC) within the College of Languages, Linguistics and Literature. The funding marks the beginning of an unprecedented effort to improve technology integration in The Language Flagship Program. "This award recognizes the global stature of UH Mānoa and provides more evidence ...Read More »
International conference focuses on language documentation, conservation
The UH Mānoa College of Languages, Linguistics & Literature's renowned Department of Linguistics and National Foreign Language Resource Center recently hosted the 4th International Conference on Language Documentation & Conservation. The event attracted over 450 participants from around the world who are engaged in documenting, preserving and revitalizing endangered languages. Titled "Enriching Theory, Practice, and Application," the four-day gathering highlighted the ...Read More »
[VIDEO] Students explore endangered languages
UH Mānoa is a leader among linguistics departments in the world because of its focus on endangered languages documentation. The UH Foundation has produced a new video to highlight student research into endangered languages made possible with the support of the Bilinski Educational Foundation. "When a language is lost, it is like losing an identity for the speakers," says graduate student John ...Read More »
Remembering and Re-telling: Local Story
New book by UH Mānoa professor examines the Massie-Kahahawai case When UH Mānoa assistant professor of history John P. Rosa was growing up on O'ahu, almost no one talked about the Massie-Kahahawai case. In 1931 and 1932, the rape trial involving Thalia Massie, a Naval officer's wife, and the subsequent killing of Joseph Kahahawai, a Native Hawaiian accused as one ...Read More »
Pacific Islands Studies undergraduates complete community-based capstone research projects
For the first time since UH Mānoa's Center for Pacific Islands Studies' BA program began in 2011, the senior capstone ran as a course (PACS 401) rather than as a one-on-one project with faculty. PACS401 requires BA candidates to complete community-based research projects and give presentations on their processes and outcomes. Lola Quan Bautista and Julie Walsh designed the course ...Read More »
Endangered language researchers awarded national grants
Two University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa projects to preserve endangered languages were awarded grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities. These two projects were the only awards in the current round of National Endowment for the Humanities funding to be granted in the state of Hawaiʻi. See the National Endowment for the Humanities news release for more information. Making Pacific Languages Discoverable ...Read More »