text:
The new home of
Carmarthenshire has natural scenic beauty, glorious long beaches, a fascinating history and is also home to the National Botanic Gardens of Wales, which could state its claim to be the 'Garden of Wales'. In fact this region has a blend of both great coastal and countryside locations that makes it the ideal place for a self-catering cottage holiday in wales.
The National Botanic Gardens of Wales has the largest single-span glasshouse in the world with an unrivalled collection of plants from across the world. If you're into gardening a trip to Aberglasney should also be on your agenda, here you can see perfectly restored 15th century gardens.
History plays a large part in the story of the region, so it almost goes without saying that ancient attractions are some of the biggest draws, for instance Carreg Cennen Castle which can be traced back to the 13th century. This romantic ruin offers a lovely walk up to its hillside location and amazing views. For more historical interest you could get along to the National Trust property at Dinefwr Castle and Park with its beautiful 12th century castle situated amongst a tranquil 800-acre park with wild deer and stunning flora and fauna.
For some gentle exercise visit the Millennium Coast Path, its 12 mile cycle way is perfect for family days out on the bike, with Pembrey Country Park at one end and the National Wetlands Centre at the other. Great views of the Burry estuary!
For more strenuous activity try walking Llyn Y Fan Fac, in the Black Mountains on the western edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park.
A great way to see the region is to hop onto the Heart of Wales Railway, which travels a route between Swansea and Shrewsbury. These steam locomotives travel through some of the most stunning scenery in Britain.
The Dylan Thomas Boathouse in Laugharne; the author's very own holiday cottage in Carmarthenshire offers incredible views over the Tâf Estuary, so it's not hard to see how Thomas could find so much inspiration from the area.
If we've whetted your appetite take a look at our selection of holiday cottages in Carmarthenshire.
4 reviews
Situated in the idylic village of Llansteffan, and commanding sea views of the Towy Estuary and over Carmarthen Bay directly from the living room, Beachfront Cottage has been tastefully furnished following a beach theme. The sandy beach is within walking distance just across the picnic green and road. Llansteffan is a quaint village with pubs, shop, restaurant and post office. Ideal holiday base for all the family, with many places of historical interest including several castles and the Dylan Thomas boat house. Further afield to the west are the National Botanical Gardens and the popular resorts of Saundersfoot and Tenby with the sandy beaches and many shops, restaurants and bars. Shops ¼ mile.
Kitchen/dining room with TV, sea views and quarry-tiled floor. Double doors to bunk bedroom and single bedroom with 4ft bed. Shower room with toilet. First floor: Living room with sea views and wooden floor. Two bedrooms each with Velux window and wooden floor; one double and one single. Bathroom with shower attachment and toilet.
0 reviews
Opposite the majestic village church, this Grade II listed building is thought to have been constructed in the mid to late 19th century. It is part of a virtually intact and coherent group of houses at the centre of the pretty and tranquil village of Myddfai. It was originally the village post office and shop, as the name suggests, and has been in the owner's family since 1921.The owner's grandfather (who was the postmaster) and great grandfather were also the village blacksmiths, and the Old Smithy can still be seen in the village, identified by a horseshoe over the door. The Old Post Office shop front and doorway are still there today and inside the house, some of the shop shelving is still in use on the wall as a bookcase. The shop door has beautiful stained glass panels that create patterns on the walls when the evening sunlight passes through it. Outside, the small post box is still in use and is set within the wall of the house. The post office was finally closed in 1988, when the owner's grandmother was no longer well enough to run it, but it has remained a cherished and charming family house and is now available for holidaymakers to enjoy and appreciate. Inside this cosy cottage there is a wood burner in the living room for homely nights, or the study offers the perfect place to sit and read or families may enjoy using the games console. The attractive sun room is the place to enjoy a morning coffee or evening glass of wine. Sitting here you can take in the spectacular views of the rolling countryside beyond the large enclosed lawned garden and patio. The property complies with the Visit Wales Cyclists and Walkers Schemes. These two awards are given to properties which go that extra mile to provide excellent facilities for guests. This means The Old Post Office has somewhere you can dry outdoor clothing, lock up your bikes, access a water point outside to clean your muddy boots and bikes and, essential for any adventure, a first aid kit.The village of Myddfai lies in the stunning Brecon Beacons National Park, and in the foothills of the Black Mountain. The Brecon Beacons National Park offers uncrowded roads to visit the historic towns and villages, and of course, the most spectacular scenery and opportunities for outdoor pursuits. It is also the first International Dark-Sky reserve in Wales. On a clear night in the Brecon Beacons, you can see the Milky Way, major constellations, bright nebulas and even meteor showers; enough to make anyone starry eyed. During the 13th century, Myddfai was frequented by physicians and medicinal remedies were created. Over the years, the stories of the Physicians of Myddfai have become bound up with the legend of Llyn y Fan Fach – the Lady of the Lake. You can learn all about this at the Myddfai Visitor Centre, which is situated just a few yards from The Old Post Office. Here you will also find a fascinating craft shop and a lovely café; the perfect place to relax whilst you learn about the legends. Just 3 miles away you will discover the ancient Carmarthenshire market town of Llandovery, with a wider selection of shops, cafés, pubs and restaurants, as well as the Heritage Centre giving an insight into the lives of the drovers who passed through the town. Visit the ruins of the 13th century Carreg Cennen Castle or the Red Kite Feeding Station at Llanddeusant, where daily feeding of these amazing birds takes place in the summer. The market town of Llandeilo is not too far away and here you will discover lots of independent boutique shops and eateries; the town is fast gaining a reputation as a foodies paradise. Also within easy reach are the National Trust Dolaucothi Gold Mines (tours available), Aberglasney Gardens and the National Botanic Garden of Wales with its great glass dome, perfect for a visit at any ti...
Ground Floor:Living room: With wood burner, 40" Freesat TV, DVD player with a selection of DVDs and door leading to garden.Kitchen/dining room: With induction hob, electric oven, microwave, American style fridge/freezer and Freeview TV.Study: With double sofa bed (for flexible sleeping arrangements), Freeview TV, Playstation 2 and a selection of games.Sun room: With door leading to garden.Separate toilet.First Floor:Bedroom 1: With kingsize bed and Freeview TV.Bedroom 2: With kingsize bed and Freeview TV.Bedroom 3: With twin beds.Bedroom 4: With kingsize bed (access from one side only) and Freeview TV.Bathroom: With bath, shower cubicle, toilet and heated towel rail.Shower room: With shower cubicle (no toilet).
Oil central heating, electricity, bed linen, towels and Wi-Fi included. Initial logs for wood burner included, remainder available locally. Cot, highchair and stairgate available on request. External utility room with washing machine and tumble dryer. Enclosed lawned garden with patio, garden furniture and barbecue. On road parking. No smoking.
3 reviews
An ideal "get away from it all" retreat
This lovely detached property is tucked away in a peaceful setting, surrounded by a large, woodland style garden. The property is ideal for for dog walkers, being closely situated to a large forest. The property has been decorated and furnished to a very good standard but still retains its Victorian character with many of its original features and furniture. Albert Mount also has everything you require for modern living and makes a perfect base for a family holiday or for friends to get together. It is an ideal 'get away from it all' retreat. Its location gives you both the peace and quiet of the countryside whilst also being centrally located to visit numerous attractions for all tastes. Just a few miles away is the Red Kite Feeding Station and within a five mile radius there are the Dolaucothi Roman Gold Mines, horse riding centre, fishing lake and a pub serving good food. For walks and cycling Brechfa Forest and the Brecon Beacons are within easy reach. There are two market towns, Llandovery and Llandeilo nearby offering boutique shops, galleries and delicatessens. Within a reasonable drive are Aberglasney Gardens with its Ninfarium and the National Botanical Gardens of Wales. A little further west are beautiful sandy beaches and activity parks. Shop 2½ miles, pub and restaurant 2 miles.
Ground floor: Living room with wooden floor. Dining room/kitchen with tiled floor. Utility room. Separate toilet. First floor: 4 bedrooms: 2 double, 1 twin, 1 single. Bathroom with bath, shower cubicle and toilet.
Woodburner in living room (no fuel provided). Underfloor oil central heating, electricity, bed linen and towels included. Cot. High chair. Satellite TV. DVD. CD. Electric cooker. Microwave. Washing machine. Tumble dryer. Dishwasher. Fridge/freezer. Wi-fi. Enclosed lawned garden with sitting-out area and furniture. Ample parking. Cycle store. Natural water supply from spring. Welcome pack. No smoking. NB: Drops in woodland.
7 reviews
Set in a fabulous secluded location, surrounded by panoramic views of the black mountains, Rhiwddu Barns is located within the Brecon Beacons National Park (AONB) and offers peace and tranquillity in abundance. These three semi-detached, holiday cottages, converted from traditional farm buildings have been sympathetically restored and furnished to a very good standard, providing an ideal touring base for a family or couple. Outside, there are private patio areas where you can sit, relax and unwind, whilst watching the peregrine falcons and red kites soar over the magnificent scenery. The Brecon Beacons is a natural playground for ramblers, birdwatchers and mountain bikers alike, offering breath-taking views with fantastic walks amidst the tumbling waterfalls and shimmering lakes. Nearby, the ancient market towns of Llandelio and Llandovery are famous for the strong Welsh culture and offer plenty of shops, traditional pubs and restaurants, within a short driving. Explore the historic castles of the west including Dryslwyn, Carreg Cennen and Dynefwr. For family days out, visit the National Botanic Garden of Wales, Dan Yr Ogof Caves, Dolaucoth Goldmines or an hour's drive; enjoy the thrilling leisure parks of Pembrokeshire or visit Oakwood, Folly Farm and Bluestone, set in the popular coastal resort of Tenby. Shop 3 miles, pub and restaurant 2 miles.
Large living room with double sofa bed (for alternative sleeping only), slate floor and French doors. Dining room/farmhouse-style kitchen with gas range (for cooking), slate floor and French doors. Shower room with toilet. First floor: Two double bedrooms, each with 6ft bed, TV and oak floor, one with en-suite shower room and toilet. Further double bedroom with oak floor. Single bedroom with oak floor. Bathroom with Jacuzzi bath and toilet.
9 reviews
Close to the sea
This delightful holiday property with sea views, is set in the sleepy seaside village of Ferryside. Traditionally presented, Ivy Cottage has large proportions and is set in its own large enclosed garden. It is uniquely positioned less than a few minutes walk to the seafront. It is an ideal family location and a delight for children as the railway runs quietly through the centre of the village, also providing ideal links to Carmarthen and Pembrokeshire. Ferryside is an almost undiscovered part of the Carmarthenshire coastline and benefits from all the peace and tranquillity. Guests can take advantage of a spa complex, located only 150 yards from the cottage which offers a large indoor swimming pool, gym, sauna, steam room and games room (at cost). Ffos Las Racecourse is 7 miles (15-minute drive). Horse riding nearby. Ideal for golf. Shop 500 yards, pub and restaurant 150 yards.
Ground floor: Living room. Dining room with tiled floor/kitchen. Separate toilet. Steep, Dutch paddle staircase to first floor: 4 bedrooms: 2 double (one 5ft), 1 twin, 1 single. Bathroom with bath, shower cubicle and toilet.
Woodburner in living room (initial fuel included mid October-March only). Oil central heating, electricity, bed linen and towels included. Electric cooker. Microwave. Washing machine. Dishwasher. Fridge/freezer. Wi-fi. Enclosed lawned garden with sitting-out area and furniture. Ample parking.
1 reviews
Ground Floor: The property has under-floor and electric heating, solar hot water panels and comprises: Lounge: with Freeview TV, DVD and Radio/CD, WiFi Internet Access and IPod Docking Station. Wood burning stove, table football; a cosy and well presented room being in two parts. Kitchen / Dining: with electric RangeMaster cooker with two ovens and five ring ceramic hotplates, microwave, large fridge / freezer and dishwasher, washing machine and tumble dryer, dining furniture and double French doors leading to the patio and garden Cloakroom: with WC and wash basin
First Floor: Bedroom 1: with king-size bed and En-suite Wet room with Shower, WC, wash basin, heated towel rail and shaver point Bedroom 2: with double bed and En-suite Wet room with Shower, WC, wash basin, heated towel rail and shaver point Bedroom 3: with double bed Bedroom 4: with two 3ft bunk beds Bathroom: with shower over bath, WC and wash basin, heated towel rail and shaver point
All fuel and power included. Bed linen and towels supplied.
Surrounding gardens comprises a large lawned garden, pond, mixture of native plants, mature shrubs, double swing, patio, outdoor furniture and BBQ. Off-road parking spaces for three cars and secure storage for bicycles and log supply etc. This property has been awarded the Green Tourism Gold Award.
15 reviews
Y Felin is a barn conversion, one of a pair, set on a working farm overlooking the ancient town of Kidwelly with its magnificent castle and church. It has breathtaking views of the sea and countryside and is the perfect base to explore Carmarthenshire. Pembrey Country Park, 4 miles, has a 7-mile sandy beach, 130m dry ski slope and pitch & putt. Enjoy cycling along the Millennium Coastal Path. The market town of Carmarthen is 8 miles. Shop and pub 1 mile.
Spacious beamed living/dining room with wood-burning stove, wooden floor and large well-equipped kitchen area with slate floor. Utility. Two twin bedrooms, one with en-suite wet room and toilet and one with en-suite bathroom with over-bath shower and toilet. Open-tread stairs to first floor: Galleried sitting room. Two double bedrooms, with en-suite bathroom with over-bath shower, toilet.
17 reviews
The imposing brick built house of Trewydden dates back to circa 1895 and stands proudly in the small Towy Valley Carmarthenshire village of Llanwrda, adjacent to the A482 and opposite the River Dulais. The house has been sympathetically styled to retain its Victorian heritage but has many contemporary comforts too, including a glass conservatory and a good quality kitchen with a range cooker and ceramic hob; perfect for preparing food if eight people are staying. The sociable breakfast table is a great place to start the day but for more formal dining, Trewydden also boasts a lovely dining room. The enclosed garden is spacious and level and abundant with flowers from Spring to Autumn.A village shop and pub are on hand just a short stroll from the house and the interesting towns of Llandovery and Llandeilo are 4 miles and 8 miles away respectively where you will find an array of eateries and chic shopping. The famous Brecon Beacons National Park is also very accessible from here as is the National Botanic Garden of Wales, the UK's largest of its type with a spectacular glass dome so you can enjoy a visit all year round. Less than 15 minutes drive will bring you to the fascinating National Trust Dolaucothi Goldmines and guided tours take you back to experience the conditions of the Roman, Victorian and 1930s underground workings. If beaches (including dog friendly ones) are what you're after, the glorious beaches of the Ceredigion Heritage Coastline or Carmarthenshire are within 30 miles. Carmarthenshire has it all; awe inspiring castles, beautiful gardens, some of the finest and longest beaches, unique towns, varied landscapes and an overwhelming choice of attractions to satisfy the most energetic visitors or those looking for peaceful relaxation. Why not come and discover what it has to offer and choose Trewydden as your holiday home? Heart of Wales Railway ½ mile. Shop 100 yards, pub 250 yards.
Ground floor: Living room. Dining room. Conservatory. Kitchen. Cloakroom. First floor: 4 bedrooms: 2 double, one (5ft) with en-suite shower room and toilet, 2 twin. Bathroom with shower over bath and toilet.
Oil central heating, electricity, bed linen and towels included. Travel cot. High chair. Video. DVD. CD. Ceramic hob. Electric range. Microwave. Washing machine. Tumble dryer. Dishwasher. Fridge/freezer. Wi-fi. Walled garden with patio and furniture. Barbecue. Garage. Cycle store.
13 reviews
Peacefully set in a rural location with fantastic views of the Towy Valley, this detached, sensitively restored Welsh barn is a perfect holiday base. Explore the Brecon Beacons, Brechfa Forest or visit Llandeilo, Carmarthen, Aberglasney, Carreg Cennen Castle or Tenby beach. Shop and pub 1 mile.
Two beamed living/dining areas with wood-burning stove, French doors, open plan with large farmhouse-style kitchen. Slate floors throughout. Two double bedrooms, one with en-suite bathroom with shower over Jacuzzi bath and toilet, one with en-suite shower room, toilet. First floor: Double bedroom with double sofa bed (alternative sleeping only), French doors to balcony and en-suite shower room with toilet. Twin bedroom with French doors to balcony and en-suite shower room with toilet.
Cennen Cottages are set off a country lane close to the small village of Bethlehem in the upper Twyi Valley with lovely views across open farmland and up towards Carn Goch, an Iron age hill fort. Dolgoed House (ref RA5) has lots of character with exposed stone and beams and boasts four en-suite bedrooms; two of which are on the ground floor. Y Stabl (ref OM2) is an attractive stone barn conversion. Both properties stand detached and have a wood-burning stove for cosy evenings, and a large lawned garden and patio for enjoying al fresco dining on warmer days. Located in the west of the Brecon Beacons National Park, between the boutique town of Llandeilo and the farming village of Llangadog, both just a few miles away and offer a good choice of places to eat and drink. There is spectacular walking along the high ridges of the Fforest Fawer Geopark, plus scenic cycle rides or drives along the river. The area is home to the red kite, one of the UK's most beautiful birds of prey. It is also the setting of numerous castle and historical sites set in stunning locations including Carreg Cennen, Newtwon House, Dinefwr Castle and Park and the Dolau Cothi Gold Mines (underground tours available). The National Botanic Garden of Wales, with its giant glass dome is well worth a visit at any time of year, while at the coast, Kidwelly Castle and Pembrey Country Park, with its 8 miles of sandy beaches, are must-see day trips. Shop and pubs and restaurant 3 miles.
Spacious living/dining room with wood-burning stove and wooden floor. Spacious kitchen with breakfast table and tiled floor. Utility/garage. Beamed double bedroom with TV, sitting area, door to patio and en-suite bathroom with bath, shower cubicle and toilet. Further double bedroom with en-suite shower room and toilet. Separate toilet. First floor: Beamed double bedroom with TV and step down to en-suite bathroom with over-bath shower and toilet. Beamed twin bedroom with step down to en-suite bathroom with over-bath shower and toilet.
7 reviews
A spacious house 22 yards from sandy Llansteffan Beach. One of a pair, the south-facing holiday home has beautiful views up and down the wide estuary and of the magnificent Norman castle. The village remains unspoilt, tucked away in a very pretty corner of Wales, with a tea room/beach shop almost next door and a shop/café, post office, restaurant and two pubs (within walking distance), giving it a laid back attitude to life. Amenities include tennis courts, beach/river fishing, horse riding, open farms and boat club with other pubs and hotels on this lovely peninsula between the Rivers Taf and Towy. A short drive leads to Laugharne, final resting place of Dylan Thomas, and Pembrey Country Park with dry ski slope and miles of bike riding and the Cefn Sidan Beach. Shop 10 yards.
Entrance hall. Large living room with bay window. Spacious, well-equipped, galley-style kitchen/dining room with patio doors to enclosed garden. Utility. Separate toilet. First floor: Double bedroom with 5ft bed and en-suite bathroom with toilet. Double bedroom with sea view. Twin bedroom. Bunk bedroom (for +2 children) with sea view. Shower room with bidet and toilet.
National Trust Holiday CottagePenparc is a comfortable detached house built between 1905 and 1911 and was originally two cottages. The walls are of snecked (irregular rough stone) masonry with a distinctive terracotta hipped roof. Located right on the edge of the Dinefwr Park on the outskirts of Llandeilo accessed by a rough track, the cottage has wonderful views into the park and you will often see grazing animals. Dinefwr offers a national nature reserve, historic house and 18th-century landscape park, enclosing a medieval deer park. There are walks directly from the cottage and an enclosed garden to enjoy. With fascinating power and influence for more than 2,000 years, Dinefwr is embedded in the history of Wales. Two forts are evidence of its Roman past. The forward thinking George and Cecil Rice designed the superb 18th-century landscape that you will see today. Newton House offers visitors a distinctive experience with exhibitions that tell the story and inspire visitors to explore the castle and park. Carmarthenshire is one of the old counties of Wales and is known as 'The Garden of Wales'; a haven for visitors looking to mine rich traditions and culture, to explore landscapes and stories and taste the rich flavours of this very special region. Llandeilo itself offers an array of pubs, restaurants and cafés and has become a hub for those seeking out more individual chic shopping. Visit the National Trust Dolaucothi Gold Mines (tours available year round), Carreg Cennen Castle, and the National Botanic Garden of Wales with its vast glass dome. If beaches are your thing, Carmarthenshire offers some of the most glorious sandy beaches in Europe. There are miles of coastal paths to walk or cycle too. The mountainous region of the Brecon Beacons is also within easy reach and is known for its spectacular natural landscapes. On a clear day, you can see as far as the Gower Peninsula to the west and across the lush Usk Valley to the English border to the east. Beach 24 miles. Shop and restaurant 1¼ miles, pub ¾ mile.
Step to entrance. Spacious living room with wood-burning stove and tiled floor. Spacious kitchen with dining area and tiled floor. Study. Utility. Shower room with toilet. First floor: Two double bedrooms, each with 5ft bed and en-suite shower room with toilet; one with low sloping ceiling. Two twin bedrooms. Bathroom with shower attachment and toilet.
Looking for something with a little more?
cottages.com is a trading name of Wyndham Vacation Rentals (UK) Ltd. Registered in England and Wales.
Registered Office: Spring Mill, Stoney Bank Road, Earby, Lancashire,BB94 0AA, UK
Company Registration Number 00965389. VAT Registration Number: GB 598 22 99 77
Subscribe to our latest Deals & offers
cottages.com is the new home of cottages4you (Cottages for You).
cottages.com is a trading name of Wyndham Vacation Rentals (UK) Ltd. Registered in England and Wales.
Registered Office: Spring Mill, Stoney Bank Road, Earby, Lancashire,BB94 0AA, UK
Company Registration Number 00965389. VAT Registration Number: GB 598 22 99 77


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 18, 2000
|Filing date
|Jan 19, 1999
|Priority date
|Jan 19, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Shi-Woo Rhee, Doo-Hwan Cho, Jai-Wook Park, Sang-Woo Kang
|Original Assignee
|Postech Foundation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (7), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to novel, highly volatile organocuprous precursors which are useful in the chemical vapor deposition of a copper film having good step-coverage and hole-filling properties; and to a process for the preparation of a copper film using same.
Hitherto, many metals such as tungsten and aluminum have been widely used as interconnecting materials in many electronic devices such as semiconductors. However, an aluminum interconnect (specific resistance: about 2.7 μΩ.cm) tends to be hampered by the problem of electromigration, while tungsten has the problem of high resistivity (specific resistance: about 5.4 μΩ.cm). Therefore, attempts have recently been made to use copper which is highly conductive (specific resistance: about 1.67 μΩ.cm) and electromigration resistant, as an interconnecting material in advanced devices such as ultra-large semiconductor integrated circuits.
A metallic interconnect is typically formed by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using a metallorganic precursor compound, and Cu films have previously been prepared using various organic copper precursors such as Cu(II)(hfac)2, wherein hfac stands for hexafluoroacetyl-acetonate. However, a CVD process using such Cu(II) precursors requires a high deposition temperature and the resulting Cu film is often contaminated by various impurities.
Organic copper(I) precursor compounds usable in a low temperature, selective CVD process have been recently developed. For example, the use of organocuprous precursors such as (hfac)Cu(I) (vinyltrimethylsilane) and (hfac)Cu(I) (allyltrimethylsilane) in a low temperature CVD process to selectively deposit a Cu film on a conductive substrate surface has been disclosed by Norman et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,731. However, the CVD using the above Cu(I)-vinylsilane precursors provides copper films having poor step-coverage and hole-filling characteristics.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,516 teaches the use of Cu(I)-olefin precursors such as (hfac)Cu(I).COD (COD: cyclooctadiene) and (hfac)Cu(I).NBD (NBD: norbonadiene) in a low temperature CVD process. The above Cu(I)-olefin precursors are solids, and for their vaporization, they are sublimed at a temperature below their thermal decomposition temperatures, e.g., about 105� C. for (hfac)Cu(I).COD. Thus, the CVD process; disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,516 is hampered by the difficult problem of handling solid precursors in a mass production system. Moreover, the CVD of a copper film using, e.g., (hfac)Cu(I).COD requires a relatively high substrate temperature of above 150� C. and the resulting copper film is often of poor quality.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a liquid organic copper(I) precursor which can be conveniently used in a low-temperature CVD process for the production of a contaminant-free copper film having good step-coverage and hole-filling properties.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an organocuprous compound of formula (I) ##STR2## wherein: R1 represents a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, and
R2 and R3 are each independently a perfluorinated C1-4 alkyl group.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provide d a process for depositing a copper film on a substrate, which comprises vaporizing the compound of formula (I) at a temperature ranging from 15 to 60� C. and bringing the resulting vapor into contact with the substrate heated to a temperature ranging from 70 to 250� C.
The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows the dependence of the Cu deposition rate on the substrate temperature in a CVD process using the inventive organocuprous precursor;
FIG. 2 presents the change in the specific resistance of copper films derived from the inventive precursor with the substrate temperature;
FIG. 3 depicts the elemental composition of a copper film derived from the inventive precursor, analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy;
FIG. 4 reproduces XRD traces of copper films deposited at various temperatures using the inventive precursor;
FIG. 5 illustrates XSEM photographs of copper films derived from the inventive precursor;
FIG. 6 shows SEM and XSEM photographs of copper films derived from (hfac)Cu(allyltrimethylsilane); and
FIGS. 7 and 8 represent XSEM photographs of copper films deposited in a hole-containing substrate using the inventive precursor and (hfac)Cu(allyltrimethylsilane), respectively.
Among the compounds of formula (I) according to the present invention, preferred are those represented by formula (I-a) ##STR3## wherein R2 and R3 are the same as defined above, preferably trifluoromethyl group.
When R2 and R3 are each a trifluoromethyl group, the compound of formula (I) may be prepared by reacting 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione (Hhfac), a vinylcycloalkane and cuprous oxide (Cu2 O) in the presence of an organic solvent, e.g., an ether or dichloromethane. This reaction may be conducted at a temperature ranging from 0 to 20� C. under an ambient pressure for 30 to 60 minutes. The reactants may be preferably employed in a Hhfac: vinylcycloalkane: Cu2 O molar ratio of about 2:2:1.
The compound of formula (I) according to the present invention has good thermostability and high volatility, and in a CVD process for the formation of a copper film on a specified surface of a substrate, it may be conveniently volatilized in a bubbler at a temperature ranging from about 15 to 60� C. Alternatively, the liquid compound of formula (I) may be employed in a direct liquid injection (DLI) system.
The CVD process for the formation of a copper thin film using the inventive organocuprous precursor may be carried out in a conventional manner, e.g., by vaporizing the inventive precursor and conveying the resulting vapor with a carrier gas such as argon to a substrate, e.g., platinum, silica or TiN, heated to a temperature ranging from 70 to 250� C., preferably 70 to 110� C. under a reduced pressure, e.g., 0.1 to 10 torr. The thickness of the copper film may be conveniently controlled by adjusting the deposition time.
The following Examples are intended to further illustrate the present invention without limiting its scope.
0.5 g (3.5 mmol) of Cu2 O and 0.84 g (3.5 mmol) of MgSO4 were charged to a Schlenk flask and thereto was added 30 ml of diethyl ether which had been previously distilled from sodium benzophenone under an argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to 0� C. and added thereto was 0.78 g (7.0 mmol) of vinylcyclohexane. The resulting reddish suspension was stirred for 30 minutes, and slowly added thereto was a solution of 1.46 g (7.0 mmol) of 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione(Hhfac) in diethyl ether with a canula. The resulting mixture was stirred until the color of the mixture changed from yellow to green. The resulting solution was filtered through a bed of CELLITE™ and the solvent was removed therefrom under a reduced pressure to obtain 1.13 g of the titled compound as a green liquid (yield 85%).
1 H-NMR (CDCl3, ppm) δ 6.13(s, 1H, hfac proton), 5.29(m, 1H, CH2 ═CH--), 4.33(dd, 2H, CH2 ═CH--), 1.66-1.97(m, 6H, cyclohexyl), 1.08-1.35(m, 5H, cyclohexyl).
13 C-NMR (CDCl3, ppm) δ 178.33(q, 33.7 Hz, CF3 COOH), 117.92(q, 277.5 Hz, --CF3), 114.79(CH2 ═CH--), 90.34(COCHCO), 79.09 (CH2 ═CH--), [42.22, 33.65, 26.31, 26.17(cyclohexyl)].
The titled compound in its liquid form was found to be stable indefinitely at 60� C. This should be contrasted with the thermal instability of the liquid form of the prior art precursor, (hfac)Cu(I)(allyltrimethylsilane), at 60� C.
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated using vinylcyclopentane in place of vinylcyclohexane to obtain the titled compound as a bluish green liquid in a yield of 75%.
1 H-NMR (CDCl3, ppm) δ 6.10(s, 1H, hfac proton), 5.35(m, 1H, CH2 ═CH--), 4.38(m, 2H, CH2 ═CH--), 2.39(m, 1H, cyclopentyl), 1.86(m, 2H, cyclopentyl), 1.68(m, 2H, cyclopentyl), 1.44(m, 4H, cyclopentyl).
13 C-NMR (CDCl3, ppm) δ 178.52(q, CH3 COCH), 120.11(q, --CF3), 117.06(CH2 ═CH--), 90.12(COCHCO), 83.59(CH2 ═CH--) [45.16,34.01, 26.01(cyclopentyl)]
A copper film was formed on a TiN or SiO2 -coated substrate by a CVD process. Specifically, the compound synthesized in Example 1 was fed to a bubbler maintained at 45� C. The resulting vapor stream was conveyed together with an argon carrier gas at a flow rate of 50 sccm to the surface of the substrate positioned in a CVD chamber under a pressure of 0.3 mmHg.
The deposition rate of the copper film and the specific resistance of the deposited film depending on the substrate temperature were measured, and the results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively.
FIG. 1 shows that the copper film starts to form even at a low substrate temperature of 75� C. The deposition rate increases rapidly until the substrate temperature reaches 120� C., but it increases only very slowly at above 125� C. Further, it can be seen from FIG. 2 that the specific resistance of the film deposited at a substrate temperature of 100� C. to 175� C. approximately reaches that of bulk copper (about 1.67 μΩ.cm).
The copper film deposited at 125� C. was analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy to determine its depth profile in terms of elemental composition, and the result in FIG. 3 demonstrates that the copper film deposited in accordance with the present invention is exceptionally pure, containing no significant amounts of impurities such as O, F and C.
Further, in order to determine the crystallinity of the copper film deposited in accordance with the present invention, each of the films deposited at 125, 175, 225 and 250� C. was analyzed with a X-ray diffractometer and the result in FIG. 4 shows that the copper film deposited onto the substrate in accordance with the present invention has preferential (111) orientation, with a minor degree of (200) orientation. The higher the (111) to (200) intensity ratio is, an interconnect made of the film becomes more resistant to the occurrence of short. Accordingly, it is clear that the copper film deposited in accordance with the present invention has excellent physical properties.
FIG. 5 illustrates XSEM (cross-sectional SEM) photographs of four copper films (3,000 Å thick) deposited at 100, 150, 225 and 250� C., respectively ((a): substrate temperature(Ts)=100� C., (b): Ts=150� C., (c): Ts=225� C., and (d): Ts=250� C.). From the shape and size of crystals, it can be seen that the deposited films exhibit good step coverage.
For a comparative purpose, the above-mentioned film deposition procedure was repeated employing Cu(hexafluoroacetylacetonate)allyltrimethylsilane in place of the inventive precursor at substrate temperatures of 75, 125, 175, 225 and 275� C. The SEM and XSEM photographs of the deposited films are shown in FIG. 6 ((a),(f): Ts=75� C., (b),(g): Ts=125� C., (c),(h): Ts=175� C., (d),(i): Ts=225� C., and (d),(j): Ts=275� C.). By comparing FIG. 5 with FIG. 6, it should become clear that the copper film derived from the inventive organocuprous compound gives a better step coverage than that derived from the prior art compound.
The CVD procedure of Example 3 was repeated except that a TiN-coated substrate having contact holes of a depth of 1.3 μm and a width of 0.3 μm was employed to fill the holes with metallic copper. FIG. 7 shows XSEM photographs of the hole-filled substrates produced by CVD at 100 and 125� C. ((a): Ts=100� C. and (b): Ts=125� C.), and it is clear that the inventive compound provides excellent hole-filling.
The procedure of Example 4 was repeated using Cu(hexafluoroacetylacetonate)allyltrimethylsilane in place of the inventive precursor compound at substrate temperatures of 75, 125 and 175� C., and XSEM photographs of the deposited substrates are shown in FIG. 8 ((a): Ts=75� C., (b): Ts=125� C. and (c): Ts=175� C.).
By comparing FIG. 7 with FIG. 8, it can be concluded that the inventive organocuprous precursor provides a better hole-filling capability than the prior art compound.
While the invention has been described with respect to the above specific embodiments, it should be recognized that various modifications and changes may be made to the invention by those skilled in the art which also fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 23, 1991
|Sep 1, 1992
|Air Products And Chemicals, Inc.
|Volatile liquid precursors for the chemical vapor deposition of copper
|Jul 6, 1993
|Sep 12, 1995
|Terfloth; Christian
|Compound for depositing copper layers
|Mar 6, 1996
|Sep 2, 1997
|Tri-Chemical Laboratory, Inc.
|Manufacturing process for producing a β copper diketone complex
|Jan 21, 1997
|Jun 16, 1998
|Sharp Microelectronics Technology, Inc.
|Precursor with (alkyloxy)(alkyl)-silylolefin ligand to deposit copper
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 6, 2000
|Aug 6, 2002
|Asahi Denka Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Copper material for chemical vapor deposition and process for forming thin film using the same
|Apr 5, 2000
|Aug 27, 2002
|Tokyo Electron Limited
|In-situ source synthesis for metal CVD
|Sep 25, 2001
|Dec 2, 2003
|L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme A Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude
|Copper source liquid for MOCVD processes and method for the preparation thereof
|Jun 2, 2003
|Jul 20, 2004
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Copper metal precursor
|Jan 30, 2004
|Jan 4, 2005
|Air Products And Chemicals, Inc.
|Copper CVD precursors with enhanced adhesion properties
|Sep 25, 2001
|Oct 2, 2003
|Akinobu Nasu
|Copper source liquid for mocvd processes and method for the preparation thereof
|Jun 2, 2003
|Oct 30, 2003
|Wei-Wei Zhuang
|Copper metal precursor
|U.S. Classification
|556/117, 427/252, 556/112
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 22, 1999
Owner name: POSTECH FOUNDATION, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RHEE, SHI-WOO;CHO, DOO-HWAN;PARK, JAI-WOOK;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009829/0473
Effective date: 19990210
|Feb 4, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 19, 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 14, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20040718

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Leanna : Please write to our customer support, they will solve the issue.
won't send or deliver card. something wrong with card or website. so sad. would of been a great...
LOVE this song... the words are perfect....
These is the kind of song that can touch your heart. Every words means so much to two people in...
it's really touch's my heart very nice
what a touching words.....
awesome ballad . .
fantastic lyrics n beautifuly sung.... n a gentle way to show ur affection
A cute teddy ecard hug for your love!
A passionate romantic card to express your warm love emotions!
Let this pink shy bunny say, I love you, to someone special.
Music by Christine Calder (CC-50) used with permission. Send this beautiful ecard to...
Beautiful passionate words from the heart for your love.
Romantic greetings for your loved one.
Tell your sweetheart that your love for him/ her increases with each passing day.
Make your love fall for you all over again.
this is the best video i have ever seen !!
Express your love with this romantic card.
Beautiful "I love You" card .
A beautiful romantic card to express love emotions.
I love you... A Musical Video Message to send to your loved one(s). Send this youtube...
"You're The Inspiration" is track #1 on the album Greatest Hits: 1982-1989...
A moonlit love card for your sweetheart.
Please wait...
Please wait...
Get a weekly dose of stories on friendship, love, misadventures and special offers. It's free, read it once and you're hooked!
Read the latest newsletter or Editor Bob's Blog


text:
Public Hearing On AEP Rate Increase To BE Held Today
A public hearing about American Electric Power's proposed 13.8 percent rate hike is scheduled to be held at 6:30 p.m. today in Wheeling.
According to the West Virginia Public Service Commission website, the hearing will be held in City Council's chamber, located on the second floor of the City-County Building, 1500 Chapline St., Wheeling.
In a news release, AARP West Virginia encourages residents to attend the Wheeling hearing or three other upcoming hearings in the state to "speak out against another proposed rate hike by Appalachian Power and Wheeling Power, which will adversely impact 440,000 residential electric utility customers in 24 West Virginia counties."
AEP applied for the increase May 14.
Other hearings include: 6:30 p.m. Tuesday at the Beckley-Raleigh County Courthouse, 215 Main St., Beckley; 6:30 p.m. Monday at the Cabell County Courthouse, 750 Fifth Ave., County Commission Courtroom, Huntington; 6:30 p.m. Nov. 16 at the PSC office, 201 Brooks St., Howard M. Cunningham Hearing Room, Charleston.
"Less than six months after being granted a $96 million (7.6 percent) rate increase by state regulators, Appalachian Power and Wheeling Power are seeking another $155 million from West Virginia consumers," said Gaylene Miller, AARP West Virginia senior state director, in a news release. "While AARP and its members understand AEP's responsibility to its shareholders, the continued escalation of electric rates, at a time where household incomes have seen no growth for the past two years, means more and more West Virginians will be facing the tough decision of buying food, buying medications or paying their utility bill."
AEP has said the rate increase is necessary to cover the cost of coal and federally mandated scrubbers on smoke stacks.


text:
/PRNewswire/ --Information Services Group (ISG) (NASDAQ: III), a leading technology insights, market intelligence and advisory services company, in... ...http://in.advfn.com/p.php?pid=nmona&article=72021196
GlobeNewswire 2016-07-21 THIS NEWS RELEASE IS NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES OR TO U.S. NEWS AGENCIES VANCOUVER, British Columbia,... ...http://www.bizwireexpress.com/showstoryGNW.php?storyid=127942
PRWeb 2016-07-21 The software selection process can be confusing. Download this Intelex-sponsored whitepaper for a step-by-step guide that will... ...http://www.bizwireexpress.com/showstoryPRWeb.php?storyid=533045
MUMBAI: Does employee satisfaction serve as a good indicator of value? An ET Intelligence Group study of stock market returns generated by firms... ...http://economictimes.indiatimes.com//happy-employees-mean-healthier-investor-returns-study/articleshow/53292050.cms
WestJet Airlines Ltd. (TSX:WJA) Intraday Stock Chart Today : Tuesday 19 July 2016 CALGARY , July 19, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -WestJet will hold... ...http://in.advfn.com/p.php?pid=nmona&article=71998701


text:
Yesterday, I walked into a situation that I thought was concerning my eighteen-year-old daughter, as she sobbed in her room, when in fact it was about my youngest daughter. What a precious moment it was!
The hottest part of the day was approaching. I'd just got home from work and had taken off my shoes. I went into my bedroom in the back of the house and got comfortable by removing those uncomfortable corporate shoes & clothes, put my hair in a ponytail and slipped on my grey shorts and grey tank top. I thought of how much better I was feeling already.
I could tell that nearby there was something up in the house. I could feel it, as a mother, my instincts had kicked in. I walked towards the small square bedroom, which is closest to the front of the house, and as I opened the door, the room was muggy and warm.
Both my daughters, Miliana and Lae'ula turned their heads as I walked into the room. Miliana was crying! I sat right next to her, trying to console her. I asked her what was wrong. She could hardly get the words out. I kept pleading that I wanted to help her and to please tell me. I can't handle it, when any of my three children are hurting. Not much was working, so I turned to Lae'ula and asked her. She shrugged her shoulders and didn't really speak. She just gave me a sad look with those big brown eyes. So now, I was determined to find out who or what was hurting one of my girls.
As a few minutes past, we just all kind of sat there for a moment while all of our thoughts were different. I tried again to get some information and finally, Miliana barely got out the words, it's not me, it's about Lae'ula! I was then confused. I asked why she was crying. Miliana said, I've just graduated High School and am out and today was Lae'ula first day of school and it was terrible. I wasn't there for her, as she sat all alone at lunch. We always sat together. Her first day wasn't supposed to be like this and I can no longer be there for her. Max (Lae'ula's boyfriend) decided that he needed some space and went off with the boys…can you believe that mom…the first day of school, he left her all alone and I wasn't there!
I knew that our family is tight. And I knew that my two daughters were close, however at that moment, I realized, and they had confirmed that I had two awesome young ladies. One was crying for the other. It was so beautiful and beyond words. Every time I play it back in my head, it brings tears to my eyes.
This validates that these sisters, today, tomorrow, and always, will be there for each other. And as a mother, this is I am so proud of both of them as this is LOVE!


text:
Keyword: Ohio
Indians rally for 3 in 9th to stun Nationals 7-6
CLEVELAND (AP) — Francisco Lindor pushed an RBI single through Washington's drawn-in infield with one out in the ninth inning, and the Cleveland Indians rallied for three runs in their final at-bat to stun the Washington Nationals 7-6 on Tuesday night in a matchup of two first-place teams with sights on October.
Setback: Browns' oft-suspended Gordon has quadriceps injury
CLEVELAND (AP) — Josh Gordon's return to football has been sidetracked again.
Bengals' TE Eifert, LB Maualuga sidelined for start of camp
CINCINNATI (AP) — Tight end Tyler Eifert and linebacker Rey Maualuga are among the Cincinnati Bengals players sidelined by injuries as the team opens training camp this week.
Cavs give coach Tyronn Lue multiyear contract extension
CLEVELAND (AP) — Thrust into an awkward situation in January, Tyronn Lue finished on top in June.
Giants hit 2 home runs but lose to Reds 7-5
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — The Giants had the best record in baseball heading into the All-Star break. Since then, it's been mostly downhill for manager Bruce Bochy's ballclub.
Bruce homers twice to power Reds past Giants, 7-5
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — With the trade deadline less than a week away, Jay Bruce isn't sure how much longer he'll be in Cincinnati.
AP source: Lue, Cavs agree to multiyear contract extension
CLEVELAND (AP) — Along with a sparkling diamond ring, Tyronn Lue's getting another reward for an NBA title.
NFL reinstates suspended Browns wide receiver Josh Gordon
CLEVELAND (AP) — Josh Gordon's curious and complicated career has taken a new turn.
Buckeyes' Barrett, Iowa's King lead Big Ten preseason picks
CHICAGO (AP) — Penn State coach James Franklin sees an improved team in Happy Valley — and a program that can't escape the shadow cast by the Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse scandal.
Green Bay Packers hit ground running for training camp
GREEN BAY, Wis. (AP) — Looking good, Aaron Rodgers.


text:
Milf and bukkake girls teams up for hardcore bukkake action
Redhead with big tits in a bukkake orgy
Viktoria going through rounds of bukkake
Maica Hase asian getting sprayed at the gloryhole with bukkake
Bukkake fuck fest plus girl on girl
Linda Sylvie and Ashlee three gorgeous bukkake whores
Three fucking and bukkake scenes
Viktoria teaches her teenie apprentice how to be a good bukkake slut
Bukkake time with two brunette vixens
Dido Angel gets DP and bukkake
german bukkake gangbang wild groupsex
Sexy young sluts loves bukkake and warm semen on their cute faces
Cute bukkake whore takes a warm Jizz bath
Another Bukkake For Gianna Michaels
Busty bukkake babe Fiona loves to get warm jizz on her glasses
The Ultimate bukkake whore Viktoria is seriously addicted to cum swallowing
Dirty bukkake girl will do anything to satisfy your needs
Sperm lover Meli is back for more hardcore bukkake action!
Oyeloca latina all holes fucked bukkake facial cumshot
Chicks going hardcore in bukkake orgies
The beautiful brunette bukkake ladies
Redhead chick going wild in bukkake orgy
Bukkake plus HOT girl on girl action
skinny german ebony anal gangbang bukkake orgy
cute german teens first extreme bukkake gangbang orgy
Angel Vain - Work Those Knockers!
HomegrownVideos - Charity Takes It Hard For An Anal Creampie
Perfect dirty minded girlfriend


text:
$8.69In the bitter january of 1893, the German peace crusader Dr Otto Seligmann is blown to pieces in the Belvedere, his garden library at Chelsea. Detective Inspector Box and Sergeant Knollys interview Seligmann's associate, Count Cernzy, who reveals that Britain is infested by agents of the German war party. In the fog-shrouded garden of Seligmann's house, Box encounters Colonel Kershaw, the suave
$8.69When renowned archaeologist Professor Roderick Ainsworth unearths an ancient Roman temple of Mithras in London's Clerkenwell, his career is set to be crowned with a knighthood. Then a young analytical chemist is murdered in the temple, and circumstances suggest a ritual murder. On the same day, a prosperous manufacturer is found slaughtered at Carshalton. Again, evidence points to ritual sacrifice
$10.99The Monster in the Box is the latest addition to Ruth Rendell's "masterful" (Los Angeles Times) Inspector Wexford series.In this enthralling new book, Rendell, "the best mystery writer in the English-speaking world" (Time), takes Inspector Wexford back to his first murder case—a woman found strangled in her bedroom. Outside the crime scene, Wexford noticed a short, muscular man wearing a scarf and
An Inspector Bonaparte Mystery #19 featuring Bony, the first Aboriginal detective
Inspector Bonaparte Mysteries (Book 19)Sinister stones... On a lonely dirt road in Western Australia a police jeep is found. In it is Constable Stenhouse - shot dead. His Aboriginal tracker has disappeared. Enter Inspector Bonaparte, who soon realizes that he is not alone in his search for the criminal. The local Aboriginal tribe is seeking vengeance too...
A Chief Inspector Gamache Novel
Chief Inspector Gamache Novel (Book 4)"What happened here last night isn't allowed," said Madame Dubois.It was such an extraordinary thing to say it stopped the ravenous Inspector Beauvoir from taking another bite of his roast beef on baguette."You have a rule against murder?" he asked."I do. When my husband and I bought the Bellechasse we made a pact....Everything that stepped foot on this land would be safe."It is the height of
Chief Inspector Gamache Novel (Book 12)When an intricate old map is found stuffed into the walls of the bistro in Three Pines, it at first seems no more than a curiosity. But the closer the villagers look, the stranger it becomes.Given to Armand Gamache as a gift the first day of his new job, the map eventually leads him to shattering secrets. To an old friend and older adversary. It leads the former Chief of Homicide for the Sûreté du
Inspector Banks Novels (Book 8)In New York Times bestselling and Edgar Award-winning author Peter Robinson's brilliant thriller, Inspector Banks must solve the grisly murder of a beautiful teenage girl from a privileged family while uncovering the sordid lies that surround a village determined to keep its secrets hidden.A body is discovered in a graveyard—above ground. It is the sort of horrific crime Chief Inspector Alan Banks
Inspector Banks Novels (Book 20)One of the premier masters of modern British crime, New York Times bestselling author Peter Robinson brings back Detective Chief Inspector Alan Banks and his colleague DI Annie Cabbot in a complex case involving corruption, a dead cop, and a missing girlWatching the Dark A decorated detective inspector is murdered on the tranquil grounds of the St. Peter's Police Treatment Centre, shot through the
An Inspector Ian Rutledge Mystery
Inspector Ian Rutledge Mysteries (Book 14)"One of the best historical series being written today."—Washington Post"Todd once and for all establishes the shell-shocked Rutledge as the genre's most complex and fascinating detective."—Entertainment WeeklyThe Confession is historical crime fiction at its finest, continuing Charles Todd's New York Times bestselling mystery series featuring severely damaged British World War I veteran, and yet
$12.99Loyal readers of Arnaldur Indridason's Erlendur series will be thrilled by Into Oblivion, the mesmerizing follow-up to the gritty prequel Reykjavik Nights. Here devoted fans will get another glimpse of Erlendur in his early days as a young, budding detective, while also absorbing plenty about Iceland and what makes the place tick. It's 1979. A woman swims in a remote, milky-blue lagoon. Steam
Inspector Morse: The first three novelsFeaturing the first three books in this classic crime series starring Inspector Morse: Last Bus to Woodstock, Last Seen Wearing and The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn. Last Bus to Woodstock: The death of Sylvia Kaye figured dramatically in Thursday afternoon's edition of the Oxford Mail. By Friday evening Inspector Morse had informed the nation that the police were looking for a dangerous man –
A Chief Inspector Gamache Novel
Chief Inspector Gamache Novel (Book 3)"Many mystery buffs have credited Louise Penny with the revival of the type of traditional murder mystery made famous by Agatha Christie. . . . The book's title is a metaphor not only for the month of April but also for Gamache's personal and professional challenges---making this the series standout so far." --Sarah WeinmanWelcome to Three Pines, where the cruelest month is about to deliver on its


text:
Link to Us | Tell-a-Friend | Contact
Related Tags
- x64 envelope download
- x64 envelope budgeting download
- x64 envelope software download
- x64 envelope budget download
- x64 envelope printer download
- x64 envelope printing download
- x64 envelope template download
- x64 envelope stuffing download
- x64 envelope stuffing jobs download
- x64 envelope follower download
- x64 envelope program download
- x64 envelope shareware download
- x64 cd envelope download
- x64 customize envelope download
- x64 create envelope download
- x64 print envelope download
- x64 spectral envelope download
- x64 spectral envelope morphing download
- x64 audio envelope download
- x64 x64 envelope follower download
Popular x64 Tags
- forum software x64 download
- forum software download x64 download
- free forum software download x64 download
- free vlc x64 download
- skype x64 download
- windows 7 x64 download
- outlook express x64 download
- office x64 download
- msn x64 download
- turbo c x64 download
- partition magic x64 download
- filezilla x64 download
- nero x64 download
- hide my ip address x64 download
- daemon tools x64 download
- nero express 9 x64 download
- http tunnel x64 download
- sockscap x64 download
- dvd43 x64 download
- vacation picture book x64 download
- player x64 download
- vista home premium x64 download
- picasa x64 download
- gom player x64 download
- dvd decrypter x64 download
- filezilla ftp client x64 download
- adobe acrobat reader x64 download
- quicktime x64 download
- my work x64 download
- putty x64 download
AMD Overdrive 4.2.6.0659
... processor, memory and chipset to push the performance envelope further than ever before. AMD Black Edition Memory Profiles Achieve optimum high speed DDR3 performance with pre-tuned memory profiles. Open ...
tags: AMD Cipset, Overdrive AMD Cipset, Cipset Overclock, AMD, Cipset, Overdrive
Blender - 64 bit 2.76b
... impressive set of rigging tools like: * Envelope, skeleton and automatic skinning * Easy weight painting * Mirror functionality * Bone layers and colored groups for organization * B-spline ...
Open Source
Cube 2.2
... are immediately audible. CUBE´s unique time warping envelope gives you control over the timeline. You can ... movement can be made automatically with the morphing envelopes or manually by using MIDI controllers or the ...
Trialware | $412.50
Dexster 4.5
... From File); apply different effects (Amplify, Compressor, Delay, Envelope, Equalizer, Expander, Fade, Flanger, Invert, Normalize, Phaser, Reverb, Reverse, Silence, Stretch, Trim, Vibrato, Chorus, Pitch Shift, Distortion); apply VST effects; Vocal ...
Shareware | $45.00
Audacity Portable 2.1.1
... the volume up or down smoothly with the Envelope tool. Effects · Change the pitch without altering the tempo, or vice-versa. · Remove static, hiss, hum, or other ...
Open Source
tags: audio editor, audio recorder, Audacity Portable, Audacity, Portable, audio
FL Studio 12.2 Build 3
... Formula Controller - Updated, new UI. Fruity Envelope Controller - Updated, 8 Articulators, Mod X/Y env, Smart Knobs, New UI. Fruity Keyboard Controller - Attack smoothing, new UI. ...
Shareware | $99.00
tags: sequencer software, VST plugins, based sequencer, sequencer, VST, plugin, FLStudio
RECsoprano 1.2
... is a free soprano recorder plugin instrument, adding envelope control, a selection of tunning, polyphonic voices and a polyphonic portamento to recorder samples from Mihai Sorohan. FEATURES: · ...
tags: Soprano Recorder, Soprano VSTi, Soprano Plugin, Soprano, Recorder, VSTi
Easy Mail 184.108.40.206
... can quickly and easily . . . print envelopes, print mailing labels, maintain a mailing list, compose ... printer. Absolutely the easiest way to print envelopes, mailing labels, letters and memos. Use this quick, ...
Trialware | $34.95
tags: print label, print email, word processor, print, label, email
Icons8 App for Windows 2.0.10
... tagged, so if you are looking for an envelope icon, any related keyword would work: mail, message, send etc. We are often asked, where's the catch? Here: you should put ...
ALO Audio Editor 3.3.567
... From File); apply different effects (Amplify, Compressor, Delay, Envelope, Equalizer, Expander, Fade, Flanger, Invert, Normalize, Phaser, Reverb, Reverse, Silence, Stretch, Trim, Vibrato, Pitch Shift, Chorus); Insert noise and silence in ...
Shareware | $19.00
Sound Editor Pro 5.3.8
... and more. Audio effects include, amplify, normalize, equalizer, envelope, reverb, echo, reverse, sample rate conversion and more. Full featured Mp3 editing software support. Supports a number of other file formats ...
Shareware | $29.95
SSuite Label Printer 2.8.1
A label printer for parcels, shipping, and envelope addresses. Uses preprinted Avery labels as templates for printing customer addresses. The most common Avery label forms have been added, from address ...
MSpectralDynamics 2.09
... range from -80dB to 0dB editable using MeldaProduction Envelope System (MES). # Power spectrum analyzer - integrated ... enabling this feature MSpectralDynamics immediately inherits original processing envelope and you can modify it using our MeldaProduction ...
Demo | $270.00
tags: VST plugin, dynamic processor, free-form equalizer, VST, plugin, spectral
Cubase 8.5
... Virtual Bass Amp, Quadrafuzz v2, Multiband Expander*, Multiband Envelope Shaper* effects Mixing updates*: Virgin territories automation mode, direct routing and Wave Meters Allen Morgan Pop-Rock Toolbox: 30 construction kits, each ...
Trialware | $599.00
tags: audio editor, music mixer, MIDI Sequencer, mixer, recorder, composer, Cubase
... modulators and effects. In addition, a uniquely flexible envelope control with 68-stage envelopes allows for sounds to be subtly or radically ... integration with KORE 2 * * Flexible 68-stage envelopes with presets, envelope-step mode and Tempo sync * ...
Trialware | $199.00
Gephi 0.9.1
... its ad-hoc OpenGL engine, Gephi is pushing the envelope on how interactive and efficient network exploration can be. · Networks up to 50K nodes and 500K edges · Iterate through ...
Open Source
Envelomat 1.2.75
Envelope printing software, including graphical envelope designer. Contains library of standard envelopes in international and USA address writing formats. Integrated envelope designer allows you to create your own desing of envelopes and archive it. Designer supports images like a ...
Shareware | $18.00
Label Maker Pro 3.2.1
... to print address labels, cards, letterheads, flyers, postcards, envelopes etc. from your databases. Print automatic label counter ... for business printing. Product Highlights 1)Create labels, letterheads, envelopes and more. 2)Link to your Microsoft Excel files, ...
Shareware | $60.00
AKRAM Audio Editor 2.2.659
... From File); apply different effects (Amplify, Compressor, Delay, Envelope, Equalizer, Expander, Fade, Flanger, Invert, Normalize, Phaser, Reverb, Reverse, Silence, Stretch, Trim, Vibrato, Chorus, Pitch Shift); Insert noise and silence in ...
Shareware | $22.00
Alpha 3.3.0
... sounding multimode filter with saturation dedicated filter ADSFR envelope Amplifier section with dedicated ADSFR envelope 7 slot Modulation Matrix, 19 sources, 18 destinations ...
Demo | $99.00
... user data through Utilities and Tools: Utilities: Phase Envelope, Hydrate Calculations, Pure Component Properties, True Critical Point, PSV Sizing, Vessel Sizing, Spreadsheet and Petroleum Cold Flow Properties Tools: Hypothetical Component ...
Open Source
nProbe 7.1.150107
... traffic and ability to export in flows inner/outer envelope/packet information. · Support of both flow and packet sampling. · Support of Flexible Netflow: create your netflow templates, now with PEN ...
Open Source
tags: capture packet, flow sample, capture card, capture, flow, packet
Easy Mail Plus 18.104.22.168
... fax it, print it, email it, prepare an envelope and print a label. Best of all, leave ... printer settings alone! For mailing, just stick an envelope where the paper goes and let Easy Mail ...
Shareware | $49.95
tags: labels, envelopes, address, database, mail merge, Email, Email merge, bulk email, word processing, fax, Email, print, printing, printer
Wavepad Audio Editing Software Free 6.52
... more. * Audio effects include, amplify, normalize, equaliser, envelope, reverb, echo, reverse, sample rate conversion and more * Special effects include reduce vocals, distortion, chorus and more. * Batch processing ...
Members area
Top 64-bit Downloads
Windows 10 x64 10586 Threshold
x64 trialware download
Media Creation Tool x64 10.0.10240.1639
x64 freeware download
Adobe Flash Player 10
for 64-bit Windows Preview 2
x64 freeware download
VLC Media Player x64 3.0.0 nighty
x64 open source download
Firefox 64bit x64 44.0.2
x64 open source download
Google Chrome x64 bit 37.0.2062.102
x64 freeware download
Cyberfox 47.0.2
x64 freeware download
WinRAR (x64) 5.31
x64 shareware download
Windows 7 x64
x64 trialware download
Windows 8 x64 RTM Build 9200
x64 trialware download
Top Downloads
Android PC Sync Manager 220.127.116.11
freeware download
MoboPlay for Android PC
Suite 22.214.171.124
freeware download
MoboLot for Android
Transfer 188.8.131.52
freeware download
PC Manager 9.5
freeware download
DOSBox 0.74
freeware download
Windows 10 x64 10586 Threshold
trialware download
Hamachi 22.214.171.1246
trialware download
Free CUDA Video
Converter 7.31
freeware download
Notepad++ 6.9.2
open source download
BlueStacks App Player 22.214.171.12424
freeware download
Cheat Engine 6.5
open source download
BitTorrent 7.9.7 B42331
freeware download
uTorrent (µTorrent) 3.4.7 B42330
open source download
PDF Creator for Windows
7 7.00
shareware download
Windows Live Essentials
freeware download


text:
Coming up in the next {{countdown}} {{countdownlbl}}
Coming up next:
Skip to this video now
Now Playing:
Play Video
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
Feed Frenzy: It's Miley-Madonna Mash-Up!
Their duo set on MTV's Unplugged begs the question: Is Madonna ready to cede the pop crown?
'Miley: The Movement': Why the Singer Pushes the Envelope
MTV airs documentary on Miley Cyrus' transformation from Hannah Montana to VMA vixen.
Now Playing: Feed Frenzy: It's Miley-Madonna Mash-Up!
Now Playing: 'Miley: The Movement': Why the Singer Pushes the Envelope
Now Playing: Miley Cyrus, Marketing Genius?
Now Playing: New Harry Potter Book Excites Fans of the Popular Kids Fiction Series
Now Playing: Keeping Kids Busy During the Summer Months
Now Playing: 'Girl Meets World' Reunites the Whole TGIF Gang
Now Playing: What Would You Do: Rude Ventriloquist Berates Pedestrians
Now Playing: What Would You Do: Black Customer Is Racially Profiled While Shopping In High End Store
Now Playing: What Would You Do: Parents Disapprove Of Daughters Wheelchair Bound Boyfriend
Now Playing: What Would You Do: Married Man Has Affair With Gay Lover While On Date With His Wife
Now Playing: What Would You Do: College Students Peer Pressure Friend Into Abusing Adderall
Now Playing: Mother of Missing Woman and Reporter Credited For Arrest of Man Suspected of Killing Wife: Part 6
Now Playing: Private Investigator Befriends Man Suspected of Being a Killer: Part 5
Now Playing: Young Boy Claims His Father Confessed to Killing His Mom: Part 4
Now Playing: Man Claims New Wife Left, Ran Off to Mexico: Part 3
Now Playing: Suspicions Fall on Husband After Wife's Tragic River Death: Part 2
Now Playing: Woman Dies After Being Thrown Into River While Fishing With Husband: Part 1
Now Playing: Kanye West Says Wife Kim Kardashian's Body Is a Work of Art
Now Playing: Justin Bieber Reportedly Turns Down $5M Offer to Perform at RNC
Now Playing: Nancy Pelosi Suggests Trump Is Sabotaging His Own Campaign
Now Playing: {{itm.title}}


text:
Reading mode: Light Dark
Pentax smc FA 50mm F1.4
Prime lens | Pentax KAF | 20817
Add this product to your shortlist for comparison
Reviewed Nov 13, 2008Review
Buy on Amazon.com
2 options
$346.95 – $381.99Buy on Amazon.com
User reviews
Questions & Answers
2 questions askedAsk a new question
Gear list
|I own it
|I want it
|I had it
Product description
Discuss in the Pentax SLR Talk forum
Manufacturer description: With an angle of view and perspective similar to the human eye, the smc PENTAX FA 50mm F1.4 is incredibly fast and offers outstanding depth of field control. It's versatile enough for all types of subjects in all types of lighting conditions.
Product timeline
Review, Nov 13, 2008
Nov 13, 2008
Quick specs
|Lens type
|Prime lens
|Focal length
|50 mm
|Image stab.
|Lens mount
|Pentax KAF
|Max aperture
|Min aperture
|Min focus
|0.45 m (17.72″)
|Max magnification
|220 g (0.49 lb)
|38 mm (1.5″)
Pentax smc P-FA 50mm 1:1.4 Review samples
25 images • Posted on Nov 13, 2008 • View gallery
Support DPReview. Shop with
Latest reviews
Finished challenges
Most popular cameras
In-depth testingLatest Camera ReviewsBeyond the studio testsFeature Articles and VideosPIX VideosTalks, demos and panels691The Canon that canCanon EOS 80D Review364Touchscreen street shooterFujifilm X70 Review2136Upwardly mobileSony a6300 Review327Power ZoomPanasonic Lumix ZS100/TZ100 Review2481Retro through-and-throughFujifilm X-Pro2 Review537ArticlePanasonic Lumix DMC-GX8 review1513A lot to Leica? Hands-on with the Leica SL (Typ 601)546Ultra-compactSony Cyber-shot RX1R II review735In Fine DetailCanon EOS 5DS / 5DS R ReviewTwice as Nice?Canon EOS 7D Mark II Review421Real-world testThe Sony a6000 goes surfingrock steadyOlympus OM-D E-M5 II Review1067History RepeatingOlympus PEN-F Review325Can we get much wider?Canon EF 11-24mm F4 L USM gallery378You'll be impressedShootout: Tamron 15-30 F2.8 vs. Nikon 14-24 F2.8172Bag ReviewPeak Design Everyday Messenger197Beyond the table top5 mini tripods reviewed
Top threads
Follow us
All content, design, and layout are Copyright © 1998 - 2016 Digital Photography Review All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or part in any form or medium without specific written permission is prohibited.


text:
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
In this essay I will look at the use of language and imagery in literary works where nature writing is found. I will examine how authors like Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, John Muir and Emily Dickinson describe nature and how they relate to nature in their works, more specifically if they describe it accurately in a representational way or metaphorically. In my discussion I will apply concepts of Laurence Buell and his "dual accountability" in order to explain the paradoxes found in nature writing. In this essay my main focus will be how the accuracy of nature writing is achieved in different ways. In addition, I will look at how this creates alienation or familiarization, distance or closeness between the reader and nature through the use of anthropomorphisms, personification, gendering and "naturalization".
Nature's inexpressibility
"Nature" is a very vague concept and is widely used in many contexts, from human nature to brute nature. What is natural and what is unnatural? Herman Melville tried to be very precise in his depiction of nature, more specifically the marine nature, nature at sea, in his monumental Moby Dick. Not only did he attempt to describe sea life in specific detail, but also the whole nature of whaling did he venture to describe in meticulous detail. This attempt to represent nature as truthfully as possible is a problematic one as seen in the following passage from the novel, which could also be regarded as a metaphor for the mysterious feelings we have for nature. It is a relationship with mixed feelings of admiration and hesitant fear of the unknown: Almost forgetting for the moment all thoughts of Moby Dick, we now gazed at the wondrous phenomenon which the secret seas have hitherto revealed to mankind. A vast pulpy mass, furlongs in length and breadth, of a glancing cream-color, lay
E-226 Literature and Nature
floating on the water, innumerable long arms radiating from its centre, and curling and twisting like a nest of anacondas, as if blindly to clutch at any hapless object within reach. No perceptible face or front did it have; no conceivable token of either sensation or instinct; but undulated there on the billows, an unearthly, formless, chance-like apparition of life.
(Melville, Moby Dick, "Squid", 261)
In this passage Melville tries to describe a sea creature identified as a gigantic squid. Interestingly he makes use of words and phrases like "the secret seas", "innumerable", "no perceptible face", "blindly" and "unearthly". Nature is almost portrayed as something that cannot be described. The "secret seas" possess creatures with no human feature, no firm body but "a vast pulpy mass" with no face and "no conceivable token of either sensation or instinct". Moreover it seems like this creature of the depths is a "chance-like apparition of life", it is part of the unpredictability of nature. In its extreme paradoxical sense it appears to be almost "unnatural", which complicates even further the conception of what nature really is. Henry David Thoreau also finds it difficult to portray nature at Walden Pond accurately to his readers in Walden, although he depicts nature as truthfully as he can throughout. Nevertheless he makes use of anthropomorphisms and religious imagery in order to communicate the beauty of nature to the reader: "A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature. It is the earth's eye; looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature" (Walden, Chapter 9: "The Ponds", 1866). Thoreau makes use of anthropomorphic imagery to express the inexpressible. The inexpressibility of nature and the impotency of language are expressed in some of Emily Dickinson's poems. Language is impotent in describing nature accurately to the reader because of the cultural constructs that bind language. Emily Dickinson arrives at
E-226 Literature and Nature
this conclusion in her poem "668": "Nature is what we know/Yet have no art to say/So impotent Our Wisdom is/To Her Simplicity". Dickinson's poem expresses frustration because we cannot use language to describe nature in perfect detail due to its insufficient means of representation. Her attempt to make nature familiar through language fails. She can only experience nature accurately through her senses, or intuition. To some extent we can say that nature, or the meaning of it, is inexpressible. Melville and Thoreau would both perhaps agree to this.
The Idea of Accuracy
Nevertheless, nature writers do try to communicate their experience with nature in their respective works. Thoreau does it in his detailed description of Walden Pond and Melville through Ishmael in Moby Dick. Melville becomes almost scientific when he lets Ishmael explains the tail of the whale:
The entire member seems a dense webbed bed of welded sinews; but cut into it, and you find that three distinct strata compose it: - upper, middle, and lower. The fibres in the upper and lower layers, are long and horizontal; those of the middle one, very short, and running crosswise between the outside layers. This triune structure, as much as anything else, imparts power to the tail.
(Melville, Moby Dick, "The Tail", 347)
Almost like a marine biologist Melville lets Ishmael cut through the sinews and skin of the whale with words as his tools with a clinical precision in this passage. The accuracy is extreme and Melville makes every layer of the tail "visible" to the reader without using any metaphoric language of any kind. With the precision of a doctor he cuts through the skin in an attempt to portray the workings of the tail, as a pathologist would show how a
E-226 Literature and Nature
human organ works. Thoreau is rarely as "scientific" but he too attempts to describe nature in the manner of a naturalist: At length the sun's rays have attained the right angle, and warm winds blow up mist and rain and melt the snow banks, and the sun dispersing the mist smiles on a checkered landscape of russet and white smoking with incense, through which the traveler picks his way from islet to islet, cheered by the music of a thousand tinkling rills and rivulets whose veins are filled with the blood of winter which they are bearing off.
(Thoreau, Walden, Chapter 17: "Spring", 1927)
Both writers treat accuracy from two different viewpoints in these quotes, both the "scientific" and the "poetic". Melville presents the seascape with many poetic renderings in Moby Dick and Thoreau displays "scientific" ways of presenting nature, especially in the case of the temperatures of the lake. Lawrence Buell's coined the expression of "dual accountability" which is applied "to matter and to discursive mentation" (Buell, "Representing the Environment", 92), where the narrative intention is to describe nature as accurately as possible, but simultaneously construct its meaning or attribute a certain philosophy to it. Buell presents the idea of "dual accountability" as a relation between representation and construction where "literature's referential dimension" (86), in which emphasis emphasize is on the accuracy of representation, is interconnected with the "poesis, textuality, ideology, the unconscious" (92) of the constructive element in literature. The concern with representational accuracy, then, is found in both Melville's clinical precision and Thoreau's poetic portrayal of spring at Walden Pond. Thoreau uses quite neutral words like "warm" and "melt", but he makes use of anthropomorphisms such as "the sun smiles on a checkered landscape (…) smoking with incense". Notwithstanding this stylized image, Thoreau both represents and constructs nature because his ambition is
E-226 Literature and Nature
to "put the reader or viewer in touch with the environment" (Buell, "Representing the Environment", 97). Basically, when discussing the idea of accuracy in nature writing one needs to take in consideration the idea of "environmental art as a deliberate dislocation of ordinary perception" (104), which essentially serves the purpose of bringing the reader closer to the subject matter of the text.
In the works in question the authors often ascribe human characteristics like evil and good to animals and natural phenomena. It is especially interesting how Melville portrays the sharks in Moby Dick. They are presented as malignant creatures with blood thirst and represent the dark side of Darwinism, and may be compared to the way in which Thoreau writes about the brutality of the ants (Walden, Chapter 12: "Brute Neighbors" 1888-). The sharks seem to be presented as embodied evil: They viciously snapped, not only at each other's disembowelments, but like flexible bows, bent around, and bit their own; till those entrails seemed swallowed over and over again by the same mouth, to be oppositely voided by the gaping wound. Nor was this all. It was unsafe to meddle with the corpses and ghosts of these creatures. A sort of generic or Pantheistic vitality seemed to lurk in their very joints and bones, after what might be called the individual life had departed.
(Melville, Moby Dick, "The Shark Massacre", 283)
In this carnage, where sharks flock around a whale corpse that hangs from the ship, nature's darker sides are depicted with vivid gruesome detail. Melville describes them as vicious, acting in the unrestrained manner of a mob. Furthermore, he writes that there seem to be a "Pantheistic vitality" that lurks "in their very joints and bones", which could imply that they are part of the unpredictability of nature's law. We could also observe the amorality of nature in Dickinson's poem "328" where she describes a bird: "A Bird came
E-226 Literature and Nature
down the Walk/He did not know I saw/He bit an Angleworm in halves/And ate the fellow, raw" (Dickinson, "328").
In another passage Melville describes a gigantic sperm whale that "lay rolling in the water like the capsized hull of a frigate, his broad, glossy back, of an Ethiopian hue, glistening in the sun's rays like a mirror" ("Stubb Kills A Whale", 266). This use of anthropomorphisms, like "the hull of a frigate" with an "Ethiopian hue" makes the sight of the whale more familiar to us as readers, but how accurate is it? As with the malevolence of the sharks, we can also picture a capsized frigate at sea, but does this image bring us closer to nature? Melville continues to describe the whale as "a portly burgher smoking his pipe of a warm afternoon" ("Stubb Kills A Whale", 266). This is yet another anthropomorphism of social life used to describe the tranquility of the whale. Such a use of anthropomorphism is very problematic because it may complicate the image we get of the whale. Melville's use of images like "a frigate" or "a portly burgher smoking his pipe" could distract and alienate the reader from the objective of the passage, namely to describe a nature scene where a whale comes to the surface. Why does he use these cultural-linguistic phrases? His intentions may produce different reactions in the reader. On the one hand the reaction may involve a feeling of detachment from the whale, but on the other hand the reaction may lead to familiarization and identification with the whale. Melville creates a familiar image of "a portly burgher smoking his pipe" which humanizes the whale and this essentially reinforces the drama a few passages later when the whale is attacked: "The red tide now poured from all sides from the monster like brooks down a hill" ("Stubb Kills A Whale", 269). A serene image is suddenly turned into a bloody slaughter and Melville has created a violent opposition between the initial
E-226 Literature and Nature
presentation of the whale through anthropomorphism and then the sudden manifestation of the whale as a "monster". In a way we can assert that Melville employs cultural-linguistic phrases in order to create a dynamics between closeness and distance to the whale, which ultimately results in a violent reaction with the reader since a familiarity is established prior to the forthcoming bloodshed.
In an excerpt from John Muir's The Mountains of California Mount Ritter, located in Yosemite National Park, is depicted with human features. As Muir makes his way through "the yawning chasm of the foot" and onwards to "the mouth of a narrow avalanche gully" where he encounters "the mountain face" (Muir, "The Range of Light", 253). Muir applies much religious anthropomorphism like "cathedrals", "turrets" and "spires" as well (255256): "Colossal spires 200 feet in height waved like supple goldenrods chanting and bowing low as if in worship, while the whole mass of their long, tremulous foliage was kindled into one continuous blaze of white sun-fire" (Muir, "The Range of Light", 260). Surely, this religious anthropomorphism had another impact on contemporary readers in Muir's time than in our times where religious references may not "help" the reader to picture the landscape. This use of anthropomorphism may very well distract and distance the modern reader from the subject matter. Notwithstanding religious imagery Muir applies well-known anthropomorphisms that has become worked into our language when we speak of nature, as in the "shoulder" or the "foot" of mountains. These kinds of anthropomorphism assist us in relating to nature and this is how Melville, like Muir, tries to communicate the sight of a scene in nature, be it a mountain or a whale. The poet, or the writer, uses a language to connect us as readers to the subject matter. By using anthropomorphisms both Melville and Muir
E-226 Literature and Nature
make a connection between human culture and nature's "massive picture" (Muir, "The Range of Light", 252). Melville's cultural-linguistic construct of the whale as a "frigate" is intended to familiarize the reader who has never seen a whale, but knows how a capsized frigate looks like because that may feel more familiar in society. In the same way Muir represents the mountain as something human in order to make it familiar, but one could also argue that he de-naturalizes it by humanizing it. In other words he makes the mountain more of a cultural phenomena than a natural one, which may create an unintended distance to the subject matter and the idea of presenting nature accurately. Indeed, whether anthropomorphic language distracts or familiarizes the reader with nature is essentially a question of connotation and interpretation.
Thoreau makes use of anthropomorphisms in Walden when he writes about on how the leaves turn in the fall: "And gradually from week to week the character of each tree came out, and it admired itself reflected in the smooth mirror of the lake. Each morning the manager of this gallery substituted some new picture, distinguished by more brilliant or harmonious coloring, for the old upon the walls" (Walden, Chapter 13: "House-Warming", 1893). Indeed, this is another example of how the author humanizes natural objects and grants them an identity, which displays unity with nature and a respect for it. Thoreau feels close to the trees and eagerly observes the change in color of their leaves. In Walden there are also examples of "naturalization" where Thoreau identifies himself with nature and attributes natural phenomena to himself: "I grew in those seasons like corn in the night" (Walden, Chapter 4: "Sounds", 1827). This type of imagery works in the opposite way of anthropomorphism, but has the same purpose of bringing the nature
E-226 Literature and Nature
and man closer. One could argue that there exists a paradoxical relation between the distance and closeness created by "naturalization" as well, which even so leads to an understanding of nature. However, "naturalization" takes nature as its point of departure; it attributes nature to man and thus make the unity between them more striking. Nature is where Thoreau feels like he belongs: "I go and come with a strange liberty in Nature, a part of herself" (Walden, Chapter 5: "Solitude", 1836). Indeed, human nature is inevitably part of nature and through the means of language we try to relate to it and express this relationship.
The Gendering of Nature
The gendering of nature is found in all our works of nature writing. This is another example of how the poets try to connect nature with man and make it familiar. It is especially obvious how Melville ascribes femininity to the sky and masculinity to the sea in Moby Dick:
It was a clear steel-blue day. The firmaments of air and sea were hardly separable in that all-pervading azure; only, the pensive air was transparently pure and soft, with a woman's look, and the robust and man-like sea heaved with long, strong, lingering swells, as Samson's chest in his sleep. Hither, and thither, on high, glided the snowwhite wings of small, unspeckled birds; these were the gentle thoughts of the feminine air; but to and from the depths, far down in the bottomless blue, rushed mighty leviathans, sword-fish, and sharks; and these were the strong, troubled, murderous thinkings of the masculine sea.
(Melville, Moby Dick, "The Symphony", 490)
The feminine features are "pure and soft" as in "the snow-white wings of small, unspeckled birds" or like the air which is filled with "gentle thoughts". The masculine features are "robust" and "murderous" as in violent and phallic references such as "man-
E-226 Literature and Nature
like sea heaved with long, strong, lingering swells" or "rushed mighty leviathans, swordfish, and sharks". These are well-known divisions of femininity and masculinity. When used in nature writing violence and malice are usually attributed to the male sex, whilst maternity and tenderness is attributed to the female sex. In Dickinson's poem we see explicit examples of this where she speaks of nature as «the Gentlest Mother» who has «Her Golden finger on Her lip/Wills Silence - Everywhere-» (Dickinson, "790"), whereas and the masculinity is portrayed with something frightening and with sexual undertones: «I dreaded that first Robin, so/But He is mastered, now, I'm some accustomed to Him grown/He hurts a little though» (Dickinson, "348"). If one could say that this division of femininity and masculinity is a sexual one as well Thoreau has another example of gendered anthropomorphism which presents us with different associations as he depicts nature as: "A ruddy and lusty old dame, who delights in all weathers and seasons, and is likely to outlive all her children yet" (Walden, Chapter 6: "Solitude", 1841). Nature's "lustiness" not withstanding, more than anything else this line gives connotations of security and care of a grandmother. Nature is likened to something we all associate with protection and nurture, and thus appreciate. Gendering as a literary technique works in both directions of familiarization and detachment. As human beings we can relate to gendering and sexuality in nature and this can make us familiar with the "gentility" of the female or the "robustness" of the male. On the other hand gendering bases itself on cultural stereotypes. These stereotypes are onedimensional and thus create a very one-dimensional view of nature. In spite of the biologically and historically concept of the "brutality" of men and the "sweetness" of women this may not necessarily bring one closer to a precise description of nature and its phenomena.
E-226 Literature and Nature
Distance or closeness to nature
In my discussion I want to see if the use of anthropomorphisms in nature writing creates a sense of closeness between nature and man. In the examples I have used above there are attempts to make nature familiar, which often is the intention of anthropomorphism, whether or not that familiarity relates to sweet or disturbing aspects of nature. Ahab makes Moby-Dick into something evil, but as Starbuck tells him: "See! Moby Dick seeks thee not. It is thou, thou, that madly seekest him!" (Moby Dick, "The Chase - Third Day", 516). Ahab makes Moby-Dick embody total malice and devotes his life to pursue and kill it. In the end this leads to Ahab's doom; he brings the rest of the Pequod's crew with him into the depth of the sea, except Ishmael whose life is spared so he can tell the story of human monomania. Nature is what it is, namely nature, and we are part of it. We need to acknowledge this or else will we feel detached from nature and disillusioned like Ahab. In his chapter "Brute Neighbors" Thoreau recounts a scene of battling ants as if it were a war report. There are "legions" of ants that cover the surrounding hills, which are "strewn with the dead and dying". Thoreau likens the "internecine war" to a "battle" between "red republicans" and "black imperialist" (Walden, Chapter 12: "Brute Neighbors", 1888). He ascribes human history and politics to the ants, which represent the brutality of nature. Interestingly war is often called "barbaric" and "uncivilized" and attributed to our natural, brutal instincts, but Thoreau employs cultural-linguistic constructs of war to describe the ants' actions. Thoreau makes the account of the battle very vivid to us as he "enlarges" it into a human perspective by using anthropomorphisms like "war" and "battlefield" or references to The Iliad and the Trojan War. In a sense it can be regarded as "the macrocosm in the microcosm". Thoreau's interpretation of the ants as
E-226 Literature and Nature
brutally "battling" is similar to Ahab's rage against Moby-Dick as a malicious agent, although Ahab is literal and serious and Thoreau is humorous. Descriptions like the one in "Brute Neighbors" is ultimately also an interpretation of nature, where "linguistic inventiveness" (Brøgger, Handout, 10) makes the scene more familiar and easier for the reader to understand. We can never be free from our own interpretations; they can even capture us and become our doom, like in the case of Ahab and the Pequod. Our conceptions of nature are never objective. Everyone perceives the world differently, depending on individual interests. A mountain could be a maternal god, a forest pond could be a mirror and a bird could be an uncaring fellow. But does such a constructionist position introduced by Kant, where everyone perceives the world subjectively, bring us closer to nature or does it create a cultural-linguistic barrier between nature and us?
The Neo-Platonic philosophy of essentialism, where the meaning of nature is immanently given is presented in Emerson and to some degree in Thoreau. For some readers this attribution of essentialist notions to natural phenomena could create a distance to the nature descriptions. In Moby Dick Ishmael tells of the closeness he feels with nature, through very accurate and vivid imagery: At such times, under an abated sun; afloat all day upon smooth, slow heaving swells; seated in his boat, light as a birch canoe; and so sociably mixing with the soft waves themselves, that like hearth-stone cats they purr against the gunwale; these are the times of dreamy quietude, when beholding the tranquil beauty and brilliancy of the ocean's skin, one forgets the tiger heart that pants beneath it; and would not willingly remember, that this velvet paw but conceals a remorseless fang.
(Melville, Moby Dick, "The Gilder", 449)
E-226 Literature and Nature
Ishmael expresses an awareness of the ambiguity of nature in this passage. Beneath the surface, or "this velvet paw", is concealed "a remorseless fang" which could also very well be a good metaphor for nature itself, the unpredictability of its sudden storms, catastrophes and disasters. The scene of a smooth sea is beautiful, but could in hours change into a terrifying scene with storms or a gigantic squids that surface at sea. We do not know what lies beneath the surface and we cannot easily predict nature. "I believe that men are generally still a little afraid of the dark" (Walden, Chapter 5: "Solitude", 1837), writes Thoreau and states human beings` fear of nature's unpredictability. One could argue that the ambiguity that Ishmael expresses in this passage is also a result of a projection of his "interior landscape" onto nature, where the narrative construction works as what Barry Lopez thinks of as "a kind of projection within a person of a part of the exterior landscape" (Lopez, "Landscape and Narrative", 65). Furthermore, Lopez may applaud the ambiguity of the passage, as he believes that "the truth reveals itself most fully not in dogma but in the paradox, irony, and contradictions distinguishing compelling narratives" (71). Nevertheless what makes these passages so intriguing is that they create precision in what they aim to describe. This precision creates closeness and may make the reader acknowledge unity with nature though the familiarity created. Although cultural-linguistic constructs are employed in achieving this exactness precision is the main objective. Therefore is "linguistic inventiveness" often necessary as a literary technique in order to achieve this precision. Obviously, this kind of precision created by cultural-linguistic constructs may cause both familiarity and alienation. Nature is not immanently good, or bad. Nonetheless, it is a question of interpretation of nature and a sense of ambiguity is expressed thematically.
E-226 Literature and Nature
This ambiguity emphasizes the relationship between what Lopez calls the "interior landscape" and the "exterior landscape" (65). In the end we could conclude that both formative precision and thematic complexity helps creating closeness through precision.
In my discussion on accuracy in nature writing I have looked at how writers like Melville, Thoreau, Dickinson and Muir have tried to describe and present nature in literature. Their attempts at precision are both scientific and poetic. Formatively speaking precision creates closeness, which Buell refers to as "literature's referential dimension" (86) and is elementary in nature writing. My discussion has also involved great focus on the use of anthropomorphism in nature writing. Seeing nature in human terms helps the reader to relate to what is being presented in this kind of literature. Gendering, "naturalization" and anthropomorphisms are means of bringing us as readers closer to an understanding and awareness of nature. It is a way in which the writer brings the reader and the subject matter of the text closer to each other through identification, but essentially it is a question of interpretation whether this leads to distance or closeness. Thematically we can speak of a certain lack of respect for nature that can lead to alienation and distance when reading nature-related literature. The aim of accuracy in nature writing focuses often on the project of awareness of nature as something we should respect and acknowledge, like in the texts of Thoreau and Muir. In order to overcome the "inexpressibility" of nature the author needs to make use of "representation's power to invent, stylize and dislocate" (Buell, "Representing the Environment", 99). This is the advantage of literary geniuses like Melville, Thoreau and Dickinson. They attempt to create "harmony between the two landscapes" - the exterior
E-226 Literature and Nature
and the interior one (Lopez, "Landscape and Narrative", 68). Ultimately, any nature writing is interpretation. Through "linguistic inventiveness" (Brøgger, Handout, 10) nature is depicted accurately, but also attributed with cultural constructs. Nature writing has a dual function of representing accurately and constructing by use of anthropomorphism and other cultural imagery because this creates awareness in the reader and nature's presence as well as its multiple and complex signification.
Brøgger, Fredrik Chr. Handout: "Theory of the Study of Nature Writing", University of Tromsø, 2002 Buell, Lawrence. "Representing the Environment", The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995 Dickinson, Emily. The Poems of Emily Dickinson, 1960, in The Norton Anthology of American Literature, fifth ed., vol. 1, gen. ed. Nina Baym, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1998 Lopez, Barry. "Landscape and Narrative", Crossing Open Ground, Vintage, New York, 1978 Melville, Herman. Moby Dick, 1851, in Moby Dick by Herman Melville, ed. Charles Child Walcutt, Bantam Books, New York, 1981 Muir, John. "The Range of Light", The Mountains of California, 1894, in The Wilderness Reader, ed. Frank Bergon, NAL, New York, 1980 Thoreau, Henry David. Walden, or Life in the Woods, 1854, in The Norton Anthology of American Literature, fifth ed., vol. 1, gen. ed. Nina Baym, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1998
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
We've moved you to where you read on your other device.
Get the full title to continue listening from where you left off, or restart the preview.


text:
Live Webcam mike_chloe
Short tits flash
Amateur selfshot masturbation
Hot licking pussy
Clit orgasm on cam
Sexy cam masturbation show
Hot riding on dildo
In panties has clit vibrator
Sexy cosplay cam show
Cosplay masturbation show
She naked dancing on cam
And masturbation with dildo
Nice tits and knee socks
She gets huge orgasm
Redhead babe showing her firm body
What a great body!
Nice amazing boobs
Look at that sexy body!
Bella, Bella, gorgeous woman.
Brunette dildoing in the shower
Horny stepsister morning selfshot masturbation
Pantyhose on cam
Brunette chick with a small boobies gets wild in the bath tub with her favorite dildo
And plays with hitachi
She is so hot and sexy
She plays with pussy too
Hot cam masturbation
She is absolutely stunning!
Nice pretty pussy and butthole too!
Masturbation in bathroom
Hot body on cam
Hot cam hitachi masturbation
Busty preggo brunette in sexy black lingerie masturbates
She plays with her nipples
Amazingly beautiful Booooobs!
Cute wet pussy and fine body
And she opening pussy on cam
Two girls outdoors without panties
Live Webcam hotfallingdevil
Live Webcam emma_lu1
Live Webcam annietaylor_cb
Live Webcam robert1993bi