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The Project Entitled "POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION USING MICROCONTROLLER-BASED RELAY" designed with Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC 16F877A). Utility companies have enormous amounts of money invested in transformers of all types, including distribution and power transformer. Operating, maintaining, and inspecting all power transformers are not an easy work. In order to reduce burden on maintenance of such transformers a new idea has been discovered. This project is mainly used to protect the transformer from getting worn out due to electrical disturbances. The electrical parameters like current, voltage of the transformers are fed as base values, using a keypad to the Peripheral Interface Controller and the output signal is provided to operate a relay by comparing the base values with the operating electrical parameters. The application consists of a board of electronic components inclusive of a PIC 16F877A microcontroller with programmable logic. It has been designed to work with high accuracy. The electrical parameters of the power transformer such as voltage and current are fed to the Peripheral Interface Controller as base values. The voltage and current value during the operation of the power transformer is monitored and fed to the controller. These values are monitored using a LCD display. By comparing these values the Peripheral Interface Controller produces a trip signal which operates the relay and in turn the connectivity between main supply and the power transformer is cut off,
thus protecting the power transformer from malfunctioning.
This paper mainly deals with the protection of power transformer from various faults. The second chapter deals with the various methods already existing in the protection of the transformer from various faults. The various faults occurring in the transformer and the steps taken to protect the device from these faults are also discussed. The components of the project and the embedded system are explained in the same chapter. The next chapter gives an elaborate description of the PIC microcontroller and its working. This chapter mentions the core features and peripheral features of the PIC16F877A. The various memory organizations and the ports description are detailed in this chapter. The fourth chapter contains the idea of the software used in the project and the variation code. The fifth chapter describes the hardware implemented in the project and the working principle of the various components of the hardware. The choice of relay considering the various factors is also listed out in this chapter.
The protection system of transformer is inevitable due to the voltage fluctuation, frequent insulation failure, earth fault, over current etc. Thus the following automatic protection systems are incorporated.
1. Buchholz devices:
A Buchholz relay, also called a gas relay or a sudden pressure relay, is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. It also provides protection against all kind of slowly developed faults such as insulation failure of winding, core heating and fall of oil level. 2. Earth fault relays: An earth fault usually involves a partial breakdown of winding insulation to earth. The resulting leakage current is considerably less than the short circuit current. The earth fault may continue for a long time and creates damage before it ultimately develops into a short circuit and
Over current relays: An over current relay. In existing method the transformer does not have automatic protective relays for protecting the transformer. Usually provides protection against phase -to-phase faults and overloading faults. also called as overload relay have high current setting and are arranged to operate against faults between phases. Differential system: Differential system. 3. 4. also called as circulating-current system provides protection against short-circuits between turns of a winding and between windings that correspond to phase-to-phase or three phase type shortcircuits ie.4 removed from the system. The complete protection of transformer usually requires the combination of these systems. Most of the transformers are usually connected to the supply system through series fuses instead of circuit breakers. it provides protection against earth and phase faults. . Usually provides protection against earth fault only.
5 2.1 Basic Transformer .2 TRANSFORMER – DEFINITION A device used to transfer electric energy from one circuit to another. current. Fig 2. or other electric characteristic. especially a pair of multiple wound. phase. inductively coupled wire coils that affect such a transfer with a change in voltage.
. However.6 2. This necessitates providing adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults. 2.1) • E is the sinusoidal rms or root mean square voltage of the winding. voltage.3 THE UNIVERSAL EMF EQUATION If the flux in the core is sinusoidal. chances of faults occurring on them are very rare.4 NECESSITY FOR PROTECTION Transformers are static devices. totally enclosed and generally oil immersed. magnetic flux density and core cross-sectional area is given by the universal emf equation (from Faraday's Law): …(2. • a is the cross-sectional area of the core in square meters • B is the peak magnetic flux density in Tesla • P is the power in volt amperes or watts. • f is the frequency in hertz. the relationship for either winding between its number of turns. Therefore. the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. • N is the number of turns of wire on the winding.
5. On the occurrence of such a fault. relay protection is not provided against open circuits because this condition is relatively harmless. . in which many abnormal conditions may arise.2 Overheating Faults: Overheating of the transformer is usually caused by sustained overloads or short circuits and very occasionally by the failure of the cooling system. the transformer can be disconnected manually from the system. Open circuits 2. The relay protection is also not provided against this contingency and thermal accessories are generally used to sound an alarm or control the banks of fans. 2. 2.1 Open circuit Faults: An open circuit in one phase of a 3-phase transformer may cause undesirable heating. Overheating 3. Winding short-circuits 2.3 Winding Short-circuit Faults: Winding short-circuits (also called internal faults) on the transformer arise from deterioration of winding insulation due to overheating or mechanical injury.7 2.5. In practice.5.5 COMMON TRANSFORMER FAULTS As compared with generators. power transformers may suffer only from: 1.
the transformer must be disconnected quickly from the system because a prolonged arc in the transformer may cause oil fire.6 PROPOSED METHOD In proposed method. 2. relay protection is absolutely necessary for internal faults. monitoring and protecting the power transformer from overvoltage and over current are performed automatically by using PIC microcontroller.2 Rectifier.8 When an internal fault occurs. Therefore. 2. 2.1 Components of the project: The protection of power transformers that we have implemented as our project exclusively contains the following as shown in the Fig.6. filter and Regulating circuit (Power circuits) Voltage measuring circuit using Potential Transformer Current measuring circuit using Current Transformer Keypad and LCD display Driver circuit and a Relay PIC 16F877A microcontroller board .
9 Fig 2.7 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM • An Embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a computer. .2 Block Diagram of Protection of power transformer using Microcontroller based relay 2. • Response— Your system may to react to events quickly. • You will encounter a number of difficulties when you writer embeddedsystem software in addition to those you encounter when you write applications.
software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job. and the software in these systems must conserve power. • Power Consumption—Portable systems must run on battery power.10 • Testability— Setting up equipment to teat embedded software can be difficult. and you must make the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists. . • Cost—Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system projects. or disk drives. Some have a serial port or network connection. • Debugability— Without a screen or a keyboard. • Embedded systems have a microprocessor and a memory. They usually do not have keyboards. • Reliability—Embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human intervention. screens. • Program installation—You will need special tools to get your software into embedded systems. finding out what the software is doing wrong is a troublesome problem. • Processor Hogs—Computing that requires larger amounts of CPU time can complicate the response problem. • Memory Space—Memory is limited on embedded systems.
Figure2. ROM and fast accessible caches. etc.11 2.7. fax cum modem. It is a dedicated computerbased system for an application(s) or product. As its software usually embeds in ROM (Read Only Memory) it does not need secondary memories as in a computer.) b. • Output units like video monitor. An embedded system is one that has computer-hardware with software embedded in it as one of its most important component. An embedded system has three main components • It has hardware. Secondary memory (magnetic memory located in hard disks. diskettes and cartridge tapes and optical memory in CD-ROM) • Input units like keyword. It may be either an independent system or a part of a larger system. digitizer. • Networking units like Ethernet card. etc. • I/O units like a modem. Primary memory (semiconductor memories-RAM. • A microprocessor • A large memory comprising the following two kinds: a. . printer etc. scanner etc. front-end processor-based drivers.1 Components of an Embedded System A computer is a system that has the following or more components.3 shows the units in the hardware of an embedded system. mouse.
iii. The application software may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks. An embedded system has software designed to keep in view three constraints: i.12 • It has main application software. Available system memory Available processor speed and The need to limit power dissipation when running the system continuously in cycles of wait for events. • It has a real time operating system that supervises the application software and provides a mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling and do the context-switch between the various processes. The size of the hex file produced by the compiler is one of the .2 Programming the PIC in C: Compilers produce hex file that is downloaded into ROM of the microcontroller. It schedules their working and execution by following a plan to control the latencies and to meet the deadlines. run. stop and wakeup. • It sets the rules during the execution of the application software. A smallscale embedded system may not need an RTOS. 2. It organizes access to a resource in sequence of the series of tasks of the system. Latency refers to the waiting period between running the codes of a task and the instance at which the need for the task arises.7. RTOS defines the way the system works. ii.
1. the following are some of the major reasons for writing C programs instead of assembly. C code is portable to other microcontrollers with little modifications. on the other hand programming 8051 in C is less time consuming and much easier to write. The assembly language produces hex file that is much smaller than C programming.13 main factors to be considered while programming the microcontroller. • A tool chain for developing embedded software typically contains a crosscompiler. but size of hex file produced is much larger than if we use assembly language which may lead to increase in memory size for even a small application so it decreases the application speed. a cross-assembler.8 EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS • Embedded software development is typically done on a host machine. because the microcontroller have limited on chip ROM. different from the larger machine on which the software will eventually be shipped to customers. . • A cross-compiler understands as assembly language that is specific to your target microprocessor and outputs instructions for that microprocessor. and a method for loading the software into the target machine. • A cross-compiler understands the same C language as a native compiler (with a few exceptions) but its output uses the instruction set of the target microprocessor. It is easier and less time consuming to write than assembly. 2. 2. C is easier to modify and update. a linker/locator. Although. 3.
9 MICROCONTROLLER FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS In the literature discussing microprocessors. and so on at suitable addresses in ROM and RAM. A printer is an example of embedded system since the . constant strings. we often see the term embedded system. 2. Microprocessor and Microcontroller are widely used in embedded system products. • Linker/locators produce output in a variety of formats. startup code. In addition it places code. it is up to you to ensure that your liker/locator's output is compatible with the tools you use for the loading software into your target. data. An embedded product uses a microprocessor (or microcontroller) to do one task and one task only.14 • A linker/locator combines separately compiled and assembled modules into an executable image.
Fig 2.15 processor inside it performs only one task. getting the data and printing it.3 Block Diagram for Microcontroller unit . namely.
16 CHAPTER 3 PIC MICROCONTROLLER 3. other components such as memory or components for receiving and sending data must be added to it externally.1 Need for Microcontroller: • Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has in-built CPU memory and peripherals to make it act as a mini-computer . microcontroller is designed to be all of that in one.1. the most important difference is its functionality. In order to operate a microprocessor. On the other hand. No other external components are needed for its application because all the necessary peripherals are already built into it. In short. First of all.1. Thus we save time and space needed to construct devices. What is PIC and why you go for PIC? PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller as coined by microchip technology • PIC is very popular microcontroller world wide • Microchip is the first manufacturer of 8 pin RISC MCU • Focus on high performance cost effective field programmable embedded control solution 3. microprocessor is the heart of the computer. INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER: Microcontroller differs from microprocessor in many ways.
and relative addressing modes Power-on Reset (POR) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC Oscillator for reliable operation Programmable code-protection .17 • Microcontroller has one or two operational codes for moving data from external to CPU • Microcontroller has many bit handling instructions • Microcontroller works faster than microprocessor because of rapid movement of bits within the chip • Microcontroller can function as a computer with the addition of no external parts 3. indirect. CORE FEATURES: High-performance RISC CPU Only 35 single word instructions to learn Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory. Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM) Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory Interrupt capability (up to 14 internal/external Eight level deep hardware stack Direct.2.
4 MHz 20Ma typical @ 3V.5 ns. max resolution is 12. prescaler and postscaler Two Capture. 32 kHz < 1Ma typical standby current 3. PWM modules • Capture is 16-bit. Compare. PERIPHERAL FATURES: Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register.5V High Sink/Source Current: 25 Ma Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges Low-power consumption: < 2 Ma typical @ 5V.3. 10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter .18 Power saving SLEEP mode Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins Only single 5V source needed for programming capability In-Circuit Debugging via two pins Wide operating voltage range: 2. • PWM max resolution is 10-bit. • Compare is 16-bit. max resolution is 200 ns.5V to 5.
WR and CS controls 3.4. (Master Mode) and I2C. (Master/Slave) USART/SCI with 9-bit address detection.19 Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI. ARCHITECTURE OF PIC 16F877A Fig 3. with external RD. Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide.1 Architecture of 16F877A .
3.1 that gives details about the specifications of PIC 16F877A. Fig 2.2 shows the complete pin diagram of the IC PIC 16F877A.5 TABLE SPECIFICATIONS .20 The complete architecture of PIC 16F877A is shown in the fig 3.
6 PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877 DEVICE PIC 16F877A PROGRAM FLASH DATA MEMORY 368 Bytes DATA EEPROM 256 Bytes 8K .21 3.
This pin is an active low reset to the device. OSC2 pin outputs CLKOUT which has 1/4 the frequency of OSC1. Connects to crystal or resonator in crystal oscillator mode. PORTA is a bidirectional I/O port. MCLR/VPP/ THV 1 2 18 I/P ST RA0/AN0 2 3 19 I/O TTL RA0 can also be analog input0 RA1/AN1 3 4 20 I/O TTL RA1 can also be analog input1 RA2/AN2/ VREF4 5 21 I/O TTL RA2 can also be analog input2 or negative analog reference voltage . and denotes the instruction cycle rate Master clear (reset) input or programming voltage input or high voltage test mode control. In RC mode.22 Pin# Pin# Pin# Type Type Oscillator crystal input/external clock source input. OSC1/CLKIN 13 14 30 I ST/ CMOS(4) OSC2/ CLKOUT 14 15 31 O - Oscillator crystal output.
Interrupt on change pin Interrupt on change pin or In-Circuit debugger pin. Serial programming clock.23 RA3/AN3/ VREF+ 5 6 22 I/O TTL RA3 can also be analog input3 or positive analog reference voltage RA4/T0CKI 6 7 23 I/O ST RA4 can also be the clock input to the Timer0 timer/counter. TTL TTL TTL RB3 can also be the low voltage programming input Interrupt on change pin. RA5 can also be analog input4 or the slave select for the synchronous serial port. PORTB can be software programmed for internal weak pull-up on all inputs RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RB3/PGM 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 8 9 10 11 I/O I/O I/O I/O TTL/ST(1) RB0 can also be the external interrupt pin. RA5/SS/AN4 7 8 24 I/O TTL PORTB is a bidirectional I/O port. RB4 RB5 37 38 41 42 14 15 I/O I/O TTL TTL . Output is open drain type.
TTL/ST(2) Interrupt on change pin or In-Circuit Debugger pin. Serial programming data. TTL/ST(2)
PORTC is a bidirectional I/O port. RC0/T1OSO/ T1CKI 15 16 32 I/O ST RC0 can also be the Timer1 oscillator output or a Timer1 clock input. RC1 can also be the Timer1 oscillator input or Capture2 input/Compare2 output/PWM2 output. RC2 can also be the Capture1 input/Compare1 output/PWM1 output. RC3 can also be the synchronous serial clock input/output for both SPI and I2C modes. RC4 can also be the SPI Data In (SPI mode) or data I/O (I2C mode). RC5 can also be the SPI Data Out (SPI mode). RC5/SDO 24 26 43 I/O ST
RC6 can also be the USART Asynchronous Transmit or Synchronous Clock. RC7 can also be the USART Asynchronous Receive or Synchronous Data.
PORTD is a bidirectional I/O port or parallel slave port when RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 RD7/PSP7 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30 21 22 23 24 30 31 32 33 38 39 40 41 2 3 4 5 I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O ST/TTL(3) interfacing to a ST/TTL(3) ST/TTL(3) ST/TTL(3) ST/TTL(3) ST/TTL(3) ST/TTL(3) ST/TTL(3) microprocessor bus.
PORTE is a bidirectional I/O port. RE0/RD/AN5 8 9 25 I/O RE0 can also be read ST/TTL(3) control for the parallel slave port, or analog input5. ST/TTL
RE1 can also be write control for the parallel slave port, or analog input6. RE2 can also be select control for the parallel slave port, or analog input7.
Ground reference for logic and I/O pins
12,13 , 33,34
These pins are not internally connected. These pins should be left unconnected.
Input/Output Ports Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin.
Clearing a TRISA bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output. The corresponding data direction register is TRISA. Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and analog VREF input. Therefore a write to a port implies that the port pins are read.e. All other RA port pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers.e. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control bits in the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1). Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin.27 3. The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain output.8.1 PORT A FUNCTIONS: Name RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2 RA3/AN3/VREF RA4/TOCKI Bit# bit0 bit1 bit2 bit3 Buffer TTL TTL TTL TTL Function Input/output or analog input Input/output or analog input Input/output or analog input Input/output or analog input or VREF Input/output or external clock input for . Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins whereas writing to it will write to the port latch. The TRISA register controls the direction of the RA pins.. 3.1 PORT A and the TRIS A Register: PORTA is a 6-bit wide bi-directional port. Setting a TRISA bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input. put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-impedance mode. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register are maintained set when using them as analog inputs.8. i. put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin. this value is modified.. i. even when they are being used as analog inputs. and then written to the port data latch.
The user. Only pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur (i. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up.28 RA5/ /AN4 bit4 bit5 ST TTL Timer0.. The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output.8. The "mismatch" outputs of RB7:RB4 are ORed together to generate the RB Port Change Interrupt with flag bit RBIF (INTCON<0>). can clear the interrupt in the following manner: .e. any RB7:RB4 pin configured as an output is excluded from the interrupt on change comparison). The input pins (of RB7:RB4) are compared with the old value latched on the last read of PORTB. RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD. Four of PORTB's pins. in the interrupt service routine. The alternate functions of these pins are described in the Special Features Section.e. put the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode.2 PORT B and the TRIS B Register: PORTB is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. Clearing a TRISB bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an output. i. This interrupt can wake the device from SLEEP. RB7:RB4. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset.e.. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (OPTION_REG<7>). have an interrupt on change feature. Three pins of PORTB are multiplexed with the Low Voltage Programming function. i. Setting a TRISB bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an input. The corresponding data direction register is TRISB. RB3/PGM. Output is open drain type Input/output or slave select input for synchronous serial port or analog input 3. A single control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin.
The interrupt on change feature is recommended for wake-up on key depression operation and operations where PORTB is only used for the interrupt on change feature. allow easy interface to a keypad and make it possible for wake-up on key depression. b) Clear flag bit RBIF. Internal software programmable weak pull- . This will end the mismatch condition. Internal software programmable weak pullRB5 bit5 TTL up Input/output pin (with interrupt on change). and allow flag bit RBIF to be cleared.2 PORT B FUNCTIONS: Name RB0/INT Bit# bit0 Buffer Function (1) TTL/ST Input/output pin or external interrupt input. together with software configurable pull-ups on these four pins. Reading PORTB will end the mismatch condition. 3. Internal software programmable weak pull-up Input/output pin or programming pin in LVP mode. Polling of PORTB is not recommended while using the interrupt on change feature. A mismatch condition will continue to set flag bit RBIF. Internal software programmable weak RB4 bit4 TTL pull-up Input/output pin (with interrupt on change). This interrupt on mismatch feature.8. Internal software programmable weak pullRB1 RB2 RB3/PGM bit1 bit2 bit3 TTL TTL TTL up Input/output pin.29 a) Any read or write of PORTB. Internal software programmable weak pull-up Input/output pin.
.e. The corresponding data direction register is TRISC. put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin. When enabling peripheral functions. i. PORTC pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers..e. .5). Internal software programmable weak pull-up.30 RB6/PGC bit6 TTL/ST (2) up Input/output pin (with interrupt on change) or In-Circuit Debugger pin. put the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode. ST = Schmitt Trigger input (2) Note 1: This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured as the external interrupt. Some peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output. Internal software programmable weak pull-up. i. Setting a TRISC bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an input.3 PORT C and the TRIS C Register: PORTC is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port.8. 3. When the I2C module is enabled. Clearing a TRISC bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an output. Legend: TTL = TTL input. Serial programming clock. RB7/PGD bit7 TTL/ST Input/output pin (with interrupt on change) or In-Circuit Debugger pin. care should be taken in defining TRIS bits for each PORTC pin. Serial programming data. PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions (Table-3. 2: This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in serial programming mode. the PORTC (3:4) pins can be configured with normal I2C levels or with SMBUS levels by using the CKE bit (SSPSTAT <6>).
3 PORT C FUNCTIONS: Name RC0/T1OSO/T1CK I RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 Bit# bit0 bit1 Buffer Type ST ST Function Input/output port pin or Timer1 oscillator output/Timer1 clock input Input/output port pin or Timer1 oscillator input or Capture2 input/Compare2 output/PWM2 RC2/CCP1 bit2 ST output Input/output port pin or Capture1 input/Compare1 output/PWM1 RC3/SCK/SCL bit3 ST output RC3 can also be the synchronous serial clock for both SPI and I2C RC4/SDI/SDA RC5/SDO RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/DT bit4 bit5 bit6 bit7 ST ST ST ST modes RC4 can also be the SPI Data In (SPI mode) or data I/O (I2C mode). 3. read-modify write instructions (BSF. Since the TRIS bit override is in effect while the peripheral is enabled. BCF. The user should refer to the corresponding peripheral section for the correct TRIS bit settings. Input/output port pin or Synchronous Serial Port data output Input/output port pin or USART Asynchronous Transmit or Synchronous Clock Input/output port pin or USART . XORWF) with TRISC as destination should be avoided.31 while other peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input.8.
PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers.32 Asynchronous Receive or Synchronous Data Legend: ST = Schmitt Trigger input 3. 3.4 PORT D FUNCTIONS: Name RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 Bit# bit0 bit1 bit2 bit3 bit4 bit5 bit6 Buffer Type ST/TTL(1) ST/TTL ST/TTL ST/TTL ST/TTL ST/TTL ST/TTL (1) Function Input/output port pin or parallel slave port bit0 Input/output port pin or parallel slave port bit1 Input/output port pin or parallel slave port bit2 Input/output port pin or parallel slave port bit3 Input/output port pin or parallel slave port bit4 Input/output port pin or parallel slave port bit5 Input/output port pin or parallel slave port (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) . In this mode. the input buffers are TTL. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit wide microprocessor Port (parallel slave port) by setting control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). Each pin is individually configurable as an input or output.8.8.4 PORT D and TRIS D Registers: This section is not applicable to the 28-pin devices.
Ensure ADCON1 is configured for digital I/O. These pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. In this mode the input buffers are TTL. The user must make sure to keep the pins configured as inputs when using them as analog inputs. the user must make sure that the TRISE<2:0> bits are set (pins are configured as digital inputs). The PORTE pins become control inputs for the microprocessor port when bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>) is set. 3. When selected as an analog input.8. In this mode.8. RE1/WR/AN6 and RE2/CS/AN7. these pins will read as '0's. which are individually configurable as inputs or outputs. PORTE pins are multiplexed with analog inputs. TRISE controls the direction of the RE pins.33 RD7/PSP7 bit7 ST/TTL (1) bit6 Input/output port pin or parallel slave port bit7 Legend: ST = Schmitt Trigger input TTL = TTL input Note 1: Input buffers are Schmitt Triggers when in I/O mode and TTL buffer when in Parallel Slave Port Mode 3.5 PORT E FUNCTIONS: Name RE0/ /AN5 Bit# bit0 Buffer Type Function ST/TTL(1) Input/output port pin or read control input in parallel slave port mode or analog input: . even when they are being used as analog inputs.5 PORT E and TRIS E Register: PORTE has three pins RE0/RD/AN5.
The Program Memory and Data Memory have separate buses so that concurrent access can occur and is detailed in this section.34 RE1/ /AN6 bit1 ST/TTL(1) 1=Not a read operation 0=Read operation. The program memory and Data Memory have separate buses so that concurrent access can occur.0. Writes PORTD register (if chip selected) Input/output port pin or write control input in parallel slave port mode or analog input: RE2/ /AN7 bit2 ST/TTL(1) 1=Device is not selected 0=Device is selected Legend: ST = Schmitt Trigger input TTL = TTL input Note 1: Input buffers are Schmitt Triggers when in I/O mode and TTL buffers when in Parallel Slave Port Mode. The EEPROM data memory block is detailed in Section 4. Reads PORTD register (if chip selected) Input/output port pin or write control input in parallel slave port mode or analog input: 1=Not a write operation 0=Write operation. There are three memory blocks in each of the PIC16F87X MCUs. Additional information on device memory may be found in the PIC micro Mid-Range Reference Manual. 3.9 MEMORY ORGANIZATION: There are three memory blocks in each of the PIC16F877 MUCs. .
3 Memory Organization 3.1 Program memory organization: The PIC16F877 devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing 8K*14 words of FLASH program memory. 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h. Accessing a location above the physically implemented address will cause a wrap around.2 DATA memory organization: . The RESET vector is at 3.35 Fig 3.9.9.
implemented as static RAM. The embedded c compiler has the bias function to connect the . Embedded C is a compiler which constitutes more build in function.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED 'C': Embedded is the extension of c language. The lower locations of each bank are reserved for the Special Function Registers. All implemented banks contain special function registers. Above the Special Function Registers are General Purpose Registers. Bits RP1 (STATUS<6) and RP0 (STATYUS<5>) are the bank selected bits.36 The data memory is partitioned into multiple banks which contain the General Purpose Registers and the special functions Registers. By using c language it is easy to connect the comport easily. Some frequently used special function registers from one bank may be mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker access. RP1:RP0 Banks 00 01 10 11 0 1 2 3 Each bank extends up to 7Fh (1238 bytes). CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE USED 4.
37 comport. assemble and link entire program The compiler perform strong type checking and issues warning about various constructs which may represent programming errors The generated code is extremely small and fast in execution A full run time library is provided implementing all standard c input/ output and other function The source code for all run time routine is provided • • • • A power full general purpose macro-assembler is provided • Programs may be generated to execute under the host operating system or customized for installation in ROM. The command from fussing kit sends from the c program according to user wish.1 HI-TEC 'C' HI-TEC 'C' is a set of software that translates the program written in the C language in to executable machine code versions are available which compile the program for the operation under the host operating system.1. 4. Some of the Hi-Tec features are • • A simple batch file will compile. 4.2 PIC TOOLS The tools used in PIC microcontroller is given below .
void adc0(void).h> #include <lcd.h> void adc_init(void).38 MP LAB Mp lab provides the following functions • Create and edit source file • Group files in to projects • Debug source code • Debug executable logic using the simulator Tools in Mp Lab are • Mp Lab development tool • Mp Lab project manager • Mp Lab editor • Mp Lab –SIM simulator • Mp Lab –ICE emulator 4. .3 VARIATION CODE USED: #include <pic.
curr_high. static bit relay @ ((unsigned ) & PORTE*8+1). static bit dec @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+3). void set_mode().curr_low. relay=0. void hex_dec_cur(unsigned char).volt_high. static bit set @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+0). unsigned int temp0.curr. static bit ent @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+1).temp1. . void main() { TRISC=0x0f. unsigned char volt.j. lcd_init().volt_low.39 void adc1(void). adc_init(). static bit inc @((unsigned) &PORTC*8+2).
EEPROM_READ(15).16). EEPROM_READ(12). adc0().40 command(0x80). C: ". EEPROM_READ(14). command(0xc3). command(0xc0). curr_high=EEDATA. EEPROM_READ(13). volt_low=EEDATA. lcd_condis("Volt & Curr Moni". while(1) { temp0=0. curr_low=EEDATA. lcd_condis(" V: del(). volt_high=EEDATA.16). .
Left justified. command(0xca). ADC control . // 8-channel. } } //Main //While void adc_init() { ADCON1=0x02. temp0=0. || volt<volt_low || curr>curr_high || if(!set) set_mode(). if(volt>volt_high curr<curr_low)relay=1. adc1().41 hex_dec(volt). hex_dec_cur(curr).
temp1 = ADRESH. go/done bit high while(ADCON0!=0X01). } // to select the port A as input port void adc0() { for(j=0. delay(255). TRISE=0x00.42 TRISA=0xff. ADON=1. temp0 = temp0 + temp1. // Chk whether conversion finished or not // 8 bit value taken into one variable // selecting a particular channel and making the // Channel select (Cha: 0) // ADC module ON .j++) { ADCON0=0x00. ADCON0 =0x05.j<10. } volt=temp0/10.
ADCON0 =0x0d. } curr=temp0/10. temp1 = ADRESH. temp0 = temp0 + temp1. delay(255).j<10. } // Chk whether conversion finished or not // 8 bit value taken into one variable // selecting a particular channel and making the // Channel select (Cha: 0) // ADC module ON . go/done bit high while(ADCON0!=0X09).43 } void adc1() { for(j=0.j++) { ADCON0=0x08. ADON=1.
command(0xC0). t=hr/10.44 void hex_dec_cur(unsigned char val) { h=val/100. lcd_disp(h+0x30). lcd_disp('. lcd_disp(o+0x30). o=hr%10. .16). lcd_disp(t+0x30). lcd_condis("Hig Curr : ".16). lcd_condis(" Set Mode ". hr=val%100.'). } void set_mode() { command(0x80).
.} delay(15000).if(j>=255)j=255.delay(2000).hex_dec_cur(j). if(!inc){j++. ".command(0x0f). curr_high=EEDATA. command(0xC0).45 j=0. lcd_condis("Low Curr : j=0.hex_dec_cur(j).command(0x0f). while(ent) { command(0xca). del(). EEPROM_READ(12).16). while(ent) { command(0xca).j). if(j>=255)j=0.} else if(!dec){j--. } EEPROM_WRITE(12.
while(ent) { command(0xca).} else if(!dec){j--.if(j>=255)j=255. command(0xC0). if(j>=255)j=0. curr_low=EEDATA. } EEPROM_WRITE(13.hex_dec_cur(j).16).} delay(15000).46 if(!inc){j++. if(!inc){j++.command(0x0f). if(j>=255)j=0.if(j>=255)j=255. .} delay(15000).hex_dec(j). } ".j). EEPROM_READ(13).hex_dec(j).delay(2000). del().} else if(!dec){j--. lcd_condis("Hig Volt : j=0.hex_dec_cur(j).
command(0x0f).47 EEPROM_WRITE(14. command(0xC0). while(ent) { command(0xca).if(j>=255)j=255.delay(2000). .delay(2000). volt_high=EEDATA. if(!inc){j++. EEPROM_READ(14). lcd_condis("Low Volt : j=0.16). EEPROM_READ(15).} delay(15000).} else if(!dec){j--.hex_dec(j).j). ". } EEPROM_WRITE(15. if(j>=255)j=0. volt_low=EEDATA.hex_dec(j). del().j). del().
16). lcd_condis(" V: } C: ".48 command(0x80). typically 220V rms.16). which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. is connected to a transformer. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple . lcd_condis("Volt & Curr Moni".1 POWER SUPPLY AND ITS BLOCK DIAGRAM: The ac voltage. command(0xc0). CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTED 5.
. Fig 5.49 capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier. rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE BLOCK: Transformer: The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level. or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units. which is constructed with the help of op–amp.1 Power supply block 5.
Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them. Since current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage. up through RL. . this path is indicated by the solid arrows. The current flow through RL is always in the same direction. The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. and the output is taken from the remaining two corners. through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. Current flow will now be from point A through D4.50 Bridge rectifier: When four diodes are connected as shown in figure. and back to point A. the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The path for current flow is from point B through D1. this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier. through the secondary of T1. at point A and a negative potential at point B. This path is indicated by the broken arrows. through D3. up through RL. D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow. forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3. through D2. One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse.Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network.
Therefore. or an adjustably set voltage. which is 1000 volts. a fixed negative voltage. the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage. the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit. With both circuits using the same transformer. IC voltage regulators: Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used Ics. This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A and B. In the bridge rectifier shown in view B. In the conventional full-wave circuit shown—in view A. the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage. comparator amplifier. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes.51 One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant. The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds-500 v0lts. the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts. The peak voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. . as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. and overload protection all in a single IC. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source. corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts. control device.
Vi. Similarly. the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. with the third terminal connected to ground.2 Voltage Regulator for 5 V Fig. • For ICs. LCD --------.5 volts . Vo. 5. a regulated dc output voltage. applied to one input terminal. The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. from a second terminal. 5.3 Voltage Regulator for 12 V A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage. microcontroller.52 Fig.
3 VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT: This circuit is designed to monitor the supply voltage. When the input is less than zero. because of the feedback. too. When the input voltage is negative. It operates by producing an inverted half-wave-rectified signal and then adding that signal at double amplitude to the original signal in the summing amplifier. there is no current in the load and the output voltage is zero. it is amplified by the operational amplifier and it turns the diode on. When the input is positive. There is current in the load and.12 volts 5. Usually we are using the 0-6v potential transformer.53 • For alarm circuit. there is a negative voltage on the diode. op-amp. . The step down voltage is rectified by the precision rectifier. Then the output of the rectified voltage is adjusted to 0-5v with the help of variable resistor VR1. The precision rectifier is a configuration obtained with an operational amplifier in order to have a circuit behaving like an ideal diode or rectifier. Then given to ripples are filtered by the C1 capacitor. the output voltage is equal to the input. In this case. The full wave rectifier is the combination of half wave precision rectifer and summing amplifier. D2 is OFF and D1 is ON. so the output is zero. when the input is greater than zero. so it works like an open circuit. The supply voltage that has to monitor is step down by the potential transformer. relay circuits ---------. After the filtration the corresponding DC voltage is given to ADC or other related circuit. D2 is ON and D1 is OFF. The full-wave rectifier depends on the fact that both the half-wave rectifier and the summing amplifier are precision circuits. The result is a reversal of the selected polarity of the input signal. and the output is like the input with an amplification of − R2 / R1.
5. The precision rectifier is a configuration obtained with an operational amplifier in order to have a circuit behaving like an ideal diode or rectifier. Then the converted voltage is rectified by the precision rectifier. The step down current is converted by the voltage with the help of shunt resistor. The supply current that has to monitor is step down by the current transformer. .4 Voltage Measurement Circuit 5.4 CURRENT MEASUREMENT: This circuit is designed to monitor the supply current.54 Fig.
When the input is positive. so it works like an open circuit. When the input is less than zero. The full-wave rectifier depends on the fact that both the half-wave rectifier and the summing amplifier are precision circuits. The result is a reversal of the selected polarity of the input signal. when the input is greater than zero. It operates by producing an inverted half-wave-rectified signal and then adding that signal at double amplitude to the original signal in the summing amplifier. there is no current in the load and the output voltage is zero. D2 is OFF and D1 is ON. the output voltage is equal to the input. Then given to ripples are filtered by the C1 capacitor. there is a negative voltage on the diode. After the filtration the corresponding DC voltage is given to ADC or other related circuit. There is current in the load and. In this case. because of the feedback. Then the output of the rectified voltage is adjusted to 0-5v with the help of variable resistor VR1. and the output is like the input with an amplification of − R2 / R1. so the output is zero. When the input voltage is negative.55 The full wave rectifier is the combination of half wave precision rectifer and summing amplifier. . it is amplified by the operational amplifier and it turns the diode on. D2 is ON and D1 is OFF. too.
5. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.5 RELAY A relay is an electrically operated switch. . Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts.56 Fig.5 Current Measurement Circuit 5. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit.
The animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current.57 There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them. the link is magnetic and mechanical. typically 30mA for a 12V relay. This lever moves the switch contacts. making the relay DPDT. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switched on. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification. for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. Fig Relay types Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts. .
The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage.5. The normally open (NO) pin connected to load. They are Common. the transistor is conducting and shorts the collector and emitter terminal and zero signals are given to base of the Q2 transistor. 5. Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO). A Relay is nothing but electromagnetic switching device which consists of three pins. The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. So the relay is turned OFF state. . The load may be motor or any other load. NC and NO: • • • COM = Common. The relay ON and OFF is controlled by the pair of switching transistors (BC 547).58 Fig Relay internal connection The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM. always connect to this. When high pulse signal is given to base of the Q1 transistors.1 Circuit Description: This circuit is designed to control the load. COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on. The relay is connected in the Q2 transistor collector terminal. NO = Normally Open. NC = Normally Closed. It is the moving part of the switch. COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and relay is turned ON. Hence the common terminal and NO terminal of relay are shorted. Voltage Signal from Microcontroller or PC 1 Transistor Q1 ON Transistor Q2 OFF Relay OFF 0 OFF ON ON Fig. the transistor is turned OFF. Now load gets the supply voltage through relay. 5.59 When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor.6 Relay Circuit .
4. 2. Some relays operate perfectly well with a supply voltage which is a little lower than their rated value. You should find this information in the supplier's catalogue. Physical size and pin arrangement: If you are choosing a relay for an existing PCB you will need to ensure that its dimensions and pin arrangement are suitable.2 Choice of Relay: You need to consider several features when choosing a relay: 1. Coil resistance: The circuit must be able to supply the current required by the relay coil. for example: "5A at 24V DC or 125V AC". Coil voltage: The relay's coil voltage rating and resistance must suit the circuit powering the relay coil. Switch ratings (voltage and current): The relay's switch contacts must be suitable for the circuit they are to control. but it is too much for most ICs and they will require a transistor to amplify the current. Many relays have a coil rated for a 12V supply but 5V and 24V relays are also readily available.60 5. 3. You will need to check the voltage and current ratings. Note that the voltage rating is usually higher for AC. This is OK for a 555 timer IC (maximum output current 200mA).5. You can use Ohm's law to calculate the current: Relay coil current = Supply voltage/Coil resistance For example: A 12V supply relay with a coil resistance of 400 passes a current of 30mA. .
. Note that the diode is connected 'backwards' so that it will normally not conduct. DPDT): Most relays are SPDT or DPDT which are often described as "single pole changeover" (SPCO) or "double pole changeover" (DPCO). Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Conduction only occurs when the relay coil is switched off. For further information please see the page on switches. PROTECTION DIODES FOR RELAY: Transistors and ICs (chips) must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike' produced when the relay coil is switched off. The diagram shows how a signal diode (e. transistors cannot.g. IN4148) is connected across the relay coil to provide this protection. transistors can only switch DC. Advantages of relays: • Relays can switch AC and DC. • • Disadvantages of relays: • Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents. Relays can switch high voltages. Switch contact arrangement (SPDT. Relays can switch many contacts at once. at this moment current tries to continue flowing through the coil and it is harmlessly diverted through the diode. Without the diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a damaging high voltage 'spike' in its attempt to keep the current flowing.61 5.
This polarizer's would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle. but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal. the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. so a low power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character. such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation. transistors can switch many times per second. An LCD consists of two glass panels. The light rays passing through . and hence the LCD appears transparent.6 LCD DISPLAY: Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties of both liquids and crystals. with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them. Rather than having a melting point.62 • Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays). One each polarizer's are pasted outside the two glass panels. Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil. light rays are rotated by the two polarizers and the liquid crystal. which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle. symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal. in a particular direction. • • 5. Relays require more current than many chips can provide. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes. When the LCD is in the off state. they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid.
reading is possible in the dark. calculators and measuring instruments are the simple seven-segment displays. These have resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility. having a limited amount of numeric data. The LCDs used exclusively in watches. Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCD's more customer friendly. The LCD does don't generate light and so light is needed to read the display. Crystalonics dot–matrix (alphanumeric) liquid crystal displays are available in TN. Since the LCD's consume less power. they are compatible with low power electronic circuits. with or without backlight. The use of C-MOS LCD controller and driver ICs result in low power consumption. more information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. The LCD's are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. STN types. The LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics.1 Features of LCD • The built-in controller IC has the following features: • Correspond to high speed MPU interface (2MHz) • 80 x 8 bit display RAM (80 Characters max) . The LCD's have long life and a wide operating temperature range. and can be powered for long durations.6. By using backlighting.63 the LCD would be rotated by the polarizer's. These modules can be interfaced with a 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor /Micro controller. which would result in activating / highlighting the desired characters. and also in small TV applications. 5.
5. display character blink. cursor shift.6. cursor home.7 KEYPAD Keypad is used to enter the predefined values of the power transformer.64 • 9. 5. 208 character fonts (5 x 8 dots) 32 character fonts (5 x 10 dots) • 64 x 8 bit character generator RAM 8 character generator RAM 8 character fonts (5 x 8 dots) 4 characters fonts (5 x 10 dots) • Programmable duty cycles • 1/8 – for one line of 5 x 8 dots with cursor • 1/11 – for one line of 5 x 10 dots with cursor • 1/16 – for one line of 5 x 8 dots with cursor • Wide range of instruction functions display clear. facsimiles. display on/off.920-bit character generator ROM for a total of 240 character fonts. telephones. display shift. • Automatic reset circuit. etc. The operations of the keys are to increment and decrement the values to be set. cursor on/off. Keypad with four keys is employed.2 Applications: Personal computers. . word processors. which initializes the controller / driver ICs after power on.
better isolation and accurate detection of the fault. Protection of power transformer is a big challenge nowadays. The major faults on transformers occur due to short circuits in the transformers or in their connections. By the help of microcontroller-based relay. The basic system used for protection against these faults is the differential relay scheme. protection of transformer is performed very quickly and accurately. . Therefore chances of faults occurring on them are very rare. This necessitates to provide adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults.65 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION Transformers are static devices. This system provides a better and safer protection than the other methods which are currently in use. The advantages of this system over the current methods in use are fast response. totally enclosed and generally oil immersed. This system overcomes the other drawbacks in the existing systems such as maintenance and response time. However the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system.
Sidhu. A novel approach to the classification of transient phenomena in power transformers using combined wavelet transform and neural network.L. and H.66 REFERENCES 1.S. "Performance analysis of traditional and improved transformer differential protective relays. M.. Guzman. A. Canada.. S.. Sachdev and M. IEEE Trans.J. 2000.. IEEE Trans.. Hfuda. . Zocholl. 16:4 4. Hector J. and R. P. 5.Benmouyal. Sidhu and H. 2001. S.. 2..C.S.Benmouyal. Sachdev M. Altue (Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon) SEL. A. T.S. 43:1638-1648.Altuve 2001. Power Deliv.S..K. Power Deliv. A digital relaying algorithm for detecting transformer winding faults. 1989. Zocholl and G. Mao. "A current based solution for differential protection IEEE Trans. T. 3. G. Power Deliv. Power System Research Group University of Saskatchewan. Wood. Guzman. Aggarwal. 1996 Computer simulation of protective relay design for evaluation their performance.
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text: The Most Paranoid Game Trailer You'll See This WeekBrian Ashcraft4/22/11 6:20amFiled to: Watching youpixeljunkPixelJunk Shooter 2psnPS3VideoJapan34EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Cheese is great. It really is. So are PixelJunk's games, like PixelJunk Shooter 2 for the PS3. Check out this wonderfully depressing PixelJunk ad as well as this totally bizarre one. Reply34 repliesLeave a reply

subset: commoncrawl


text:
31 Parks near Spring, Texas
The Woodlands, Texas 8.96 miles NW
New Caney, Texas 17.97 miles NE
Cut And Shoot, Texas (map) | (936) 264-2854
Sites: 84 | Latest Rate: $41.00 | 23 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Dec 2015 - $41.00
We have used this RV Park for years with the previous owners. They sold out. We were going to continue to use but it but the rates have changed even with my FMCA and Good Sam discount.
You will find this a decent park but NOT worth $40 when all parks around this area are much, much lower. It was great people, but now apparently people who think we all have more money then sense? Previous owners always had wonderful Christmas display. The Park is gravel and some have 2 concrete strips to park on. Is a quiet area and nothing actually wrong except not a $45 Park. - Stevie
Mar 2015 - $45.00
The facilities at Country Place were in need of some updating but were servicable. Showers are not available to you if you have a shower/bathroom on your unit. We had a problem with our bathroom and the staff were very accomodating to allow us to use the facilities until we got out unit fixed. Friendly, clean, above average customer service (but the office isn't open long hours). We would stay there again. We stayed for 3 months on a travel nursing contract. Poor WiFi in the back spaces. - redhedmedic
Aug 2014 - $29.00
We stayed here from the last of May to the last part of August, 2014. This qualifies me to make certain statements, pro and con, about this park. This may be lengthy. Bear with me. The park is located in Cut N Shoot, Texas, on the outskirts of Conroe, north of Houston. From the looks of the area, this isn't a Texas showplace town, but it is quaint and has its own uniqueness. Don't let that detract you from this park. The owners work hard at trying to keep the area maintained. The park has over seventy sites with full hookups. Some sites are concrete pads…some are concrete runners…some are gravel…all the roads are crushed rock/gravel. Our site was concrete runners and level from side to side. The only leveling required was from front to back. The park is divided into basically two section separated by two ponds with a dam/driveway to cross from one side of the park to the other. The front side of the park is more for short time campers…from one or two days, to a week or so. The back side is for long term customers. This portion of the RV park looks a little dated…some of the campers here are several years old. It was very quiet…after 9pm, there were hardly any lights on, except ours. The front portion of the park is newer and is where all the amenities are located. There are plenty of trees so you're in the shade most all the time…helps with the electricity bill if you are monthly people. This park can accommodate most any sized rig and has 20, 30 and 50 amp hookups. • Check-in was easy. Jan (pronounced "Yan") and Linda are the owners. Linda checked us in, and Jan escorted us to our site and helped get us positioned on the site. Upon check-in, you are given a map and three pages of rules for the park. The rules aren't unreasonable. Most of the long term sites are kept up well. • Rates are very reasonable…the website advertises daily, weekly and monthly rates. The monthly rate is advertised as $315.00 per month, plus electricity. We reserved a site and upon arrival, we were told the price was 335.00 per month. When we asked about the advertised rate of $315.00, we were told they were "out of those sites." We didn't complain as $335.00 is still reasonable, but I was a little taken aback when told that they were out of the advertised "$315 a month + electricity" sites. Make sure the price is what you want before your commit. By the way, our electric bill was around 90 bucks per month. • Pool was well maintained and clean. Pets are not allowed anywhere near the pool. • Country Place is pet friendly. There is no designated place to walk your pets, so anywhere is fair game. All the owners ask is that you pick up after your pets. Be respectful of others. Make sure your pets are treated for fleas….there are sand fleas here. Also, pets must be on a leash. • Meeting room – It's fairly large, but I really don't know how many it can accommodate. Parking is ample, but word of warning….do not park on the grass there or anywhere in this park. I've noticed some reviews where folks have been chewed out by the owner for parking on the grass. He works hard to keep it manicured as best he can, and there are signs everywhere warning of parking in the grass. If you park in the grass, and the owner gets upset with you, well, you earned that chewing out. • Security – There is a code for just about everything you use here, except the laundry room. There is a gate that is closed at night. There is a code for the gate, as well as the rest of the amenities, except for the laundry room. • Cable TV – There is none. But we did well with our antenna. We were able to pull in about 50 stations (including substations). If you don't have a dish, and you get bored with antenna TV, there are movies to rent in the office. • Public bathroom/shower – We rarely used them, but they were cleaned every day by personnel. • Landry room – Ample enough for the park. There are three washers and as many dryers. The dryer to your extreme right runs for 90 minutes on your quarters…the others run for 60 minutes. The laundry room has an AC unit and it's attached to a timer. However, it didn't work during our stay, or it was cut off from the outside. If you use this for your laundry, I'd recommend you going early in the morning, or late in the evening because if you go during the middle of the day during the summer, it is unbearably hot…no air movement at all. • Internet – Probably my biggest complaint about this park. We had to have it for the wife's work…not a luxury for us, but a necessity. The internet here is slow. It's not because of the signal strength, but because of bandwidth. During the day, it was faster…not as many people on it. At night, it was much slower. If you're planning on using something like a RoKu, or some other streaming device, you can forget about it. • Fishing – As stated before there are actually three ponds that are water runoff fed. These ponds are stocked with fish. You can fish here, but the park operates under the "catch and release" theory. • There is no garbage pickup at your camper. There is a dumpster available for you to place your garbage. It's a good walk from the back side of the park, but no too bad. I didn't mind it at all. In summary, my only real complaints were the internet, the difference in rates per month, and the lack of AC in the laundry room. Other than that, our stay was pleasant. Jan and Linda run a pretty tight ship. Jan is constantly working around the park. If you stay here, request to be placed on the front side of the park. - Traveling Man 49
Hockley, Texas (map) | (218) 356-7592
Sites: 37 | Latest Rate: $27.00 | 2 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Dec 2006 - $27.00
Park was poorly maintained and had trashy trailers. Too close to the local beer stop and lots of loud trucks without mufflers. Residents let dogs run loose and did not pick up after their dogs. A large number of semi-permanenet residents. - TXiceman
Dec 2005 - $27.00
The park owners do not enforce the rules and have dog owners keep their pets on a leash or pick up after them. Campground was noisy due to all of the locals with out mufflers on their vehicles. They also make unauthorized charges against your credit cards after you leave..paid for a full months rent and left after 17 days due to the conditions. - TXiceman
Houston, Texas (map) | (281) 448-3438
Sites: 70 | Latest Rate: $26.00 | 2 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Dec 2013 - $26.00
Overall first impression was the camground looked very old. Mostly Long termer here, which is not an issue. Assigned a site and found it was filled. On Duty Manager stated "well if they won't move, I'll shoot out their tires" Second site the electrical meter was broken and live power appeared to be exposed. Site was noting but an uneven hole. Third site more level but uneven ground. Slab was poured crooked which made t hard to back in. Went to hook up power at panel and found inside cover missing "EXPOSED BUSSES". Since I knew something about electricity, I was able to plug in, but a child or unsuspecting adult could get electrocuted very easily. Place needs a ton of work. basically bull doze and start over. Spaces are too tight, I was in a 23 ft Jayco 5th wheel and had problems. Not enough room. Will not return! Good Sam needs to re-evaluate this campground. The rating it gives are too high! - mark-frm-Ne
May 2005 - $22.00
This campground is in poor condition. No one available in office (even to take your money). Rough neighborhood and mostly occupied by permanent residents. Good Sam needs to go out and re-evaluate this campground. We stayed one night so we could visit friends in Houston and would never return to this campground. - jahiggins
Magnolia, Texas (map) | (281) 356-1928
Sites: 43 | Latest Rate: $39.00 | 3 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Dec 2013 - $39.00
Timber Ridge is an awesome place to stay. Excellent management and friendly. Close to everything, but still a peaceful, country atmosphere. Love it! - Jan B
Jul 2013 - $33.00
Timber Ridge RV Village was a stopping point for one of our small trips. The check in process was smooth with a friendly customer service rep. Getting into our site was quite difficult considering it was a back in. The roads are all gravel, and it is heavily forested in a pleasant way. The showers were not clean nor the restrooms. There weren't any amenities and it was a bit far from any highly urban areas. For a stopping point, it was definitely worth the price. - springchick
Oct 2011 - $11.00
This park just didn't do much for us. It was OK for a place to say for a week. We chose it for it's location. The price reflects the weekly rate. It's all gravel back-in's. The roads are a little rough and have some of the worst speed bumps I've ever encountered. Quite a few long-term residents and older rigs. Nearly all sites are shady. In fact, we had to trim some low hanging branches to get into our site. Overall, not a bad place to stay, just lacked character. - tbraeunig
New Caney, Texas (map) | (281) 354-9888
Sites: 110 | Latest Rate: $54.00 | 37 Reviews
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|Clean Showers:
Jan 2016 - $54.00
Only stayed for three nights but we enjoyed our stay ... the park is clean and neat. Plenty of grass for the dogs, small pet area but plenty of place to walk them including a trail. Locals that are long term keep their places clean. Excellent wifi, trash pickup. 4 or 5 wide pull throughs. Will definitely stop on our yearly journey to Mesa. - bobbodean
Nov 2015 - $60.00
We stayed three nights at the daily rate - $60 less 10% Good Sam discount is $54 per night, all in. We then decided to stay a month because we have resident friends close by (10 miles away from the RV park) and paid the monthly rate of $590, not including $100 deposit towards our one-month's power usage. The park management would not convert our paid three days into the monthly rate. This is the most expensive RV park I have ever been in. There is a leash-off fenced dog run with a bench seat and bags to pick up after the pets. Access to the park was quite easy and our RV is 45' plus we tow a Chevy Avalanche - overall we are about 72'. We unhooked the tow after entering our assigned parking spot. Garbage pickup every morning - leave the bag near the street. About 90% of the residents are monthly tenants. In a week there have not been but about five empty spots in any day. The other parks in the area are much cheaper and generally are full this time of year... if you can fit your RV into them. - David_Leslie_JB
Jan 2015 - $44.00
A great park, but highway construction makes it a bit challenging getting in and out unless you know the area. Some exits and entrances are closed. I would urge anyone coming from I-45 to call the office for the best directions. Staff was just great and so helpful. McCleskey is a small, not well marked one block street off the service road. If you miss it, you have to go a long way through some challenging roads because of construction. Everything paved, level, immaculate with good wifi (lots of towers around campground) and great cable. Easy propane fill for motorhomes. Just a block off highway, but noise was not a problem. Our campsite was a little close to our neighbor - awning almost touched his slide, and his sewer was right in our face as we exited our door, but many of the sites were more spacious. No grills or picnic tables. Nice community room with library, comfortable chairs, flat screen TV, Keurig coffeemaker available at all times. Good exercise room. - Seabreeze Texas
The Woodlands, Texas (map) | (936) 273-6666
Sites: 89 | Latest Rate: $50.00 | 20 Reviews
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Mar 2016 - $50.00
This was a very nice park, but had zero WiFi. I couldn't connect and went to the office. The lady there was quite nice, but that didn't help my connection. She said I should call the provider. I had my Iphone, so I didn't call. I shouldn't have to do that for $50 a day. No refunds. Otherwise the park is quite nice with three ponds for fishing and nice level gravel sites. If WiFi is important, don't stay here. We will not stay here again. - hudsonguy
Feb 2016 - $55.00
This was our second stay. Our first time the park was under different owners and managers, we only stayed a few days but we enjoyed the quiet with only a few neighbors in the back area. Loved the friendly helpful manager. 3 years ago the roads were in fair condition.
We were here for a month this stay, the monthly price excludes electric and has gone up along with the amount of people living full time in need-of-repair trailers, no free WiFi, no social gatherings, not much for kids except catch and release fishing and room to run. The roads are full of holes, filled up with gravel only after the rains have stopped for two days, per the management. Staff is friendly, sites are OK but we did sink and had to readjust several times in our second site. We moved from our first site in the front section because we had no room to park our car and the trimmed branches still blew against our roof. All sites are gravel and mostly level and hook-ups work fine. Maintenance is poor, next to our parking spot had huge ruts the entire month from the previous people and I asked several times for it to be repaired. We left with the muddy ruts still across the grass. The roads are dark and only a few lamp posts work. We didn't bother visiting the bath house located in a park model trailer or either of the small laundry rooms but I did see people using them. It's fine for an overnight or two because it is convenient to The Woodlands and the freeway. I would have thought, for the price increase, that it would have included free WiFi and working lamp posts but our hot spot worked well and the wood ducks and water foul by the ponds were peaceful to watch. - PERRELLAS
Sep 2015 - $50.00
We made reservations for November, but were in town in September and rode through this park. Not sure how it can be rated so high. I am convinced the park management reviewed it because:
1) our jeep barely fit down the one track muddy lane to the park, motor home would have had real difficulty
2) most sites were just a dirt and gravel and construction trucks that limited access
3) trash and filth everywhere
4) cancellation policy only revealed after paid ! No refunds ! - JohnBoyToo
Houston, Texas (map) | (281) 890-5500
Sites: 297 | Latest Rate: $35.00 | 40 Reviews
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Apr 2016 - $35.00
Hard to rate as the rains were awful many roads were closed having said that the staff other then the manager were clueless we called several times to get directions and they could not give us correct directions, they have the flea market which make getting into the park on the weekends dam near impossible, the office is not clearly marked, the electric hook ups are very low to the ground and if you use a surge protector you have a difficult time plugging your power cord in it hits the ground. not a great idea when every thing is sitting in water. The office needs some adults not teenagers who when they answer the phone have a little knowledge about how to get there when the freeway is closed, getting wrong directions several times just does not cut it. The site was large but the whole park is nothing more than a giant parking lot. if you want to go to a flea market then it may be the place for you other than that I will pass you also have the toll roads which some are pass only does not take cash and no pay by mail . Would not stay here again if you are just staying the night there are a few parks right off the 10 without having to travel all over the place to get there and. - tazman1953
Apr 2016 - $30.00
Excellent access to all highways. Great office staff. - Zoni Jay
Mar 2016 - $31.00
This is a nice campground. They have some pull thru sites.
They have 50 Amp FHU available. The park is clean and tidy.
ATT & Verizon work well. Plenty of clear sky for satellite set up. Restrooms are clean individual cubicles. No train or Hwy noise. Good free WiFi. Internal roads are concrete and pads are concrete but are close together. There is a large swap meet on the site at weekends. We will stay again. - TedandJan
29321 S. Plum Creek Dr. Spring, Texas 77386 (map) | (281) 298-8008
Sites: 115 | Latest Rate: $69.00 | 103 Reviews
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Jul 2016 - $69.00
Stayed here over the 4th of July weekend. Beautiful resort, certainly qualifies as luxury. Wide roads, wide concrete sites, plenty of space and privacy. Patio included actual patio furniture, round table with umbrella and gas grille. Staff is first rate and cheerful. The guide to our site even dusted off the patio table when we arrived. Just first rate. Would definitely stay here again. - ajmurray
May 2016 - $25.00
We were camped here for a month. It was first long stay as full timers. Unfortunately Houston area was hit with massive rains and flooded the road going into the camp on two separate occasions. On top of that there was no power for 2 days on 2 separate occasions. I would put no blame on the camp/staff. They did their best to ensure everyone had the opportunity to evacuate if they choose. The camp other wise was great. The long/full timers were very friendly. The camp has very clean/updated facilities. Good Wifi too. - KSU Alum
Apr 2016 - $45.00
This is as good as an RV park can get. They even come by and pick up your trash. Just the Best. It deserves its all 10's rating. They have an exercise room, pool, wash room with coin changer and iron. - REO
Spring, Texas (map) | (281) 350-3475
Sites: 70 | Latest Rate: $24.00 | 8 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Dec 2012 - $24.00
We have stayed here a few times in the past year as the park is close to our son and his family and cheaper than other parks in the area. The roads are paved, in good condition. Sites in RV section are nice, fairly level concrete. Pull through sites appear shorter than back in. On our last visit (Christmas week) we were assigned to a site that was extremely difficult to back into. The road is narrow and only a vacant site catty-cornered to ours allowed our back in. On a visit about a year ago, we were assigned to a site in the mobile home area. It was paved, large and very wide, much nicer than the recent back in site. We usually have our grandsons over for a "sleepover" while near them. We don't bother at this park since there is nothing to entertain them. Wifi is advertised, but we have never been able to get it at any site or even parking up near the office. I keep hoping that will be remedied since this is a convenient, clean park for us. - nana&papashepp
May 2012 - $21.00
Tight, close together sites and short, barely enough room to park your car behind the rig, even though they have some pull through sites. No frills park, no pool, no clubhouse, no laundry, and nowhere to go to get out of the rig for awhile. No place to ride a bike for exercise other than to ride up and down the streets of this small park. Sites were cement pads. No patio or room really, to sit outside without being right under your neighbor's window. Cell signals fine, Wi-Fi was VERY sketchy (did not work reliably at all). - sparky59
Jan 2010 - $25.00
I stayed in this campground for five days in January 2010. The campground came under new ownership in 2007 or 2008 and the link to the campground page has not been updated, indicating the new owners have not accessed it. The campground was very full during my stay. At least one night I didn't see any vacancies. Many people appear to be living here, but the place is kept very clean and it was still quiet. A nice place to stay. - LNC
Magnolia, Texas (map) | (281) 259-8300
Sites: 25 | Latest Rate: $28.00 | 3 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
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Feb 2012 - $28.00
Worse campground we have stayed at during our entire 3 month trip from Wichita, KS to Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Not clean, site was poorly maintained, entire area smelled of sewer, and they did not take credit cards on-site, only cash. Lucky (?) we made our reservations on-line. Camp consisted mainly of people living there, I think we were the only travelers to stay part-time. Would NOT return under any circumstances. - roamerparty
Oct 2010 - $30.00
This is a nice little park. The staff is very friendly and helpful. There are numerous long-term residents in the park. Our site was gravel/dirt, and required minimal leveling. The community room was very nice, and the restrooms/showers/laundry room were all shiny and clean. A TACO card gets you a 10% discount. We chose this park because it's near the Texas Renaissance Festival in nearby Plantersville. There are other parks closer to the site, but the ones we saw consisted of an open field with hookups installed; no trees, etc. Rambling Vines has no picnic tables, cooking grills, or swimming pool, but it's a quiet little park. We had stayed here a couple of years ago, and will go back again. - K Graham
Nov 2005 - $20.00
Small park just west of the town. Very convenient for the Texas Renaissance Festival (TRF). About half of the residents are permanent. Fairly new park (2003?). Dirt roads and dirt sites. Next to highway but quiet. Very nice manager and family-owned by folks who live on-site. Some pull throughs but mostly back-ins. Lots of shade trees. Easy drive from Houston. Pet friendly and lots of space to walk them. Good selection of restaurants in the town. Met some nice folks also going to the TRF. We camped here on three different weekends in a 40 footer. - r.boylan


text:
After the Bell
Before the Bell
Jim Cramer's Daily Booyah
Midday Bell
Top 10
Winners & Losers
SOURCE China Xiniya Fashion Limited
TheStreet highlights 3 stocks pushing the Consumer Non-Durables industry lower today.
TheStreet highlights 3 stocks that pushed the Consumer Non-Durables industry
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Action Alerts PLUS is a registered trademark of TheStreet, Inc.


text:
I would like to throw mad props to "geno1173" for being one of our regulars for so long. He went ahead and uploaded about fifty pictures, all of which were either on topic or close enough. On top of that they weren't awful! In fact, they were very far from awful. I'm just going to wrap up the good section of this Phriday with a geno1173 megablast! The next ten pictures are all his.
It's just a little confusing, is all.
The good news is the republican convention is over. The bad news is if I can escape this police car how do I anull a marriage??
Title of this one pretty much says it all. If it's what you're looking for, then uh, look no further
There is literally nothing sexier than eye contact.
A dandy fop dog gets a rhino piss party and ant enema in the Jungle. Weldcome to Hell.
Photoshop Phriday showcases the tremendous image manipulation talents of the Something Awful Forum Goons. Each week they tackle a new theme, parodying movies, video games, comics, history, and anything else you can think of. If you want in on the action, join us on the Something Awful Forums!
Copyright ©2016 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


text:
Diddy Changes His Name to Swag for a Week
Sean Combs used to be famous for hanging out with The Notorious B.I.G.
Now he's famous for a bunch of stupid crap like Making the Band, a show whose cultural relevance can be measured in how funny you find Dave Chapelle's parody.
In addition to tabloid fodder like gun scandals with Jennifer Lopez, another excellently inane footnote on the Sean Combs Wikipedia profile is the rapper-producer's endless name changes, the most recent being the dumbest.
We all met Combs as Puff Daddy, alternately tagged Puff and Puffy. And I feel like I remember people saying "P. Diddy." Then it was Diddy. And now he's asking people call him ... Swag! And only for a week.
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Seems like Combs .. Excuse me, Swag, may have had a little too much of that Cîroc he's always pushing. Apparently, the actual impetus for the change is Swag's recovery from a recent illness. He wants this "comeback" to be something a little extra special. Something that makes you change your name for a week.
Crossfade sorta believes the stated reason for the change. But we also suspect Combs is desperately trying to stay relevant with the Odd Future/Lil B/Facebook crowd, all of whom are obsessed with saying ... Swag!
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Kevin Butcher, 23-Year-Old Burbank Man on Motorcycle, Killed in I-10 Crash With Another (Allegedly Drunk) Man on Motorcycle
Kevin Butcher was riding his red Ducati motorcycle down the 10 East yesterday afternoon, when traffic began to slow up ahead.
He was riding behind another motorcyclist on a white Honda at the time -- a 29-year-old man from North Hollywood who West L.A. CHP Officer Travis Ruiz guesses was Butcher's friend.
Both were reportedly "splitting lanes" while pushing 90 mph. Then, just before 4:30 p.m. near the exit to the 405, the Acura in front of them put on the brakes.
Though the Honda began to brake as well, Butcher did not -- so his motorcycle slammed into the one in front of him.
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"The Honda that got run into went down on the ground and went down underneath the Acura," says Ruiz. "Then the Ducati goes up over the Acura."
Butcher was found unconscious at the scene, and later pronounced dead at the UCLA Medical Center. The North Hollywood man was transported to the hospital as well -- but not before failing a field sobriety test and being handcuffed to his stretcher.
Ruiz says the 29-year-old was in fine enough condition to take the test at the scene, but soon noticed a huge gash in his own leg.
No other injuries were reported.
On Facebook, Butcher lists his hometown and current residence as Burbank. He's a fan of Da Bike Shop, a motorcycle customization and repair shop in North Hollywood.
One Los Angeles Times commenter writes, "Rest in peace lil butcher." And another: "Kevin Lynn Butcher you will be missed." A commenter named Richard also offers a witness account:
"We were driving back from PCH and saw 2 bikes zipping between traffic lanes. A minute later all the traffic slowed and we saw the 2 downed bikes and several stopped cars. One rider was on the ground as another person pumped his chest. It was a sobering reminder about the dangers of riding between cars, especially on the 10 by the 405 intersection."
Did you know the victim, or see the accident happen? Let us know.
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text:
As Blood Runs Black surprise
Didn't they do a kickstarter? Its only right to release the album if they made their fans pay to record it.
Pretty good song to cut my finger nails to. All done now.
Lol, "Thanks for paying the production costs for our record, to bad you'll never hear it!"
Song sux.
why do all lyric videos use the same crappy font?
Seems like the only thing I'm really digging is the bass. Everything else is just kinda there. Being annoying.
why do all lyric videos use the same crappy font?
To personally annoy you
Truly awful lyrics, rest of the song was mediocre.
These lyrics videos have to stop.
These guys are assholes, they're making it less and less clear what their intentions are, for what reason?
lol that solo less than a minute in was so shitty
I can't believe that solo was recorded and then subsequently used. So piss poor!!!
Solo sounds like somebody playing it wrong on Guitar Hero
yeah i dont get this the hosted a funding thing for their new album, said they were breaking up, and then "surprise we actually ARE gonna release that album you gave us the money to make!"
how is that a surprise
at all
Digging: Nails - You Will Never Be One of Us
One of the worst deathcore acts around and that's saying something
not their biggest fan but they're far away from the conversation of worst deathcore acts
Much confusion.
Oh well I guess my donation will be rewarded now.
Wow this is cheesy. Sounds like some of Haste The Day's later releases, except without the hooks.
Death to false metal.
"Solo sounds like somebody playing it wrong on Guitar Hero"
hahaha for real.
So they took peoples money and have the entire album ready, but they're not sure if they're going to release it? Thats just weak.
Like the songwriting.
"not their biggest fan but they're far away from the conversation of worst deathcore acts"
"Solo sounds like somebody playing it wrong on Guitar Hero"
Haha, true
This is actually really cool, mad 2006/7.
I loved both their albums, fuck me right?
Allegiance brought teh riffs and junz. Instinct was bland as fuck. Check my breakdown list Moreira
Ya it was, In Honour is a jam dough.
Song is pretty damn weak.
like the entire band
yeah especially that drummer! he's not remotely talented cause you don't like them!
wow user xfingthesullen saying something absolutely fucking retarded on sputnikmusic.com so unexpected
their drummer is pretty much legendary and the dude's saying the whole band is weak lol
also coming from the guy that said that people with depression should get over it so im really not surprised tbh
Joey Jordison is also supposedly an amazing drummer, doesn't make Slipknot a good band
and btw Betray, saying people with depression should get over it might be bad, but not as bad as 5ing tomorrow we die alive. and it's not me who did the latter hur hur
yeah but leche is straight up impressive, have u ever even listened 2 abrb?
tteotd got him to drum for them after josh kulick left thats how legit he is
@1:28 "Are you listening?"
@1:29 "You are currently listening to Insomniac"
metalcore logic.
"Betray, saying people with depression should get over it might be bad, but not as bad as 5ing tomorrow we die alive."
pretty sure that's actually way worse you fucking tool.
I have TWDA at a 4, btw.
Yeah buddy, and that has so much bearing on my opinion on ABRB. It totally invalidates it because yeah, my stance on suicide somehow makes me unable to appreciate ABRB. Tee hee
"It totally invalidates it because yeah, my stance on suicide somehow makes me unable to appreciate ABRB."
nah but it does make you a giant dipshit
xfing comfirmed fuccboi
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According to a July 20 report from Bloomberg,Premier Oil Plc, the U.K. explorer operating in Europe, Asia and Africa, bought Delek Energy Systems Ltd. out of an offshore project in Vietnam.
(Source: Bloomberg.com)
Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
Japanese shipping company Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, has, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Lakler S.A., agreed to conclude a charter contract with Gas Sayago, for
The bodies of 21 women and one man were brought ashore to Sicily on Friday as fellow migrants described scenes of panic and violence when water poured into their dinghy.
Keppel Offshore & Marine Ltd (Keppel O&M)'s wholly owned subsidiary Keppel Singmarine Pte Ltd (Keppel Singmarine) has secured contracts from Jan De Nul Group to