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Display your school pride with this Hawkeyes stainless steel water bottle in team colors. The twist-top plastic lid prevents spills and has a top loop for easy transport.
Includes: Bottle
Features: Twist Off Lids
Capacity (volume): 26.000
Container Material: Stainless Steel
Lid Material: Plastic
Finish: Smooth
Care and Cleaning: Clean with Water and mild Soap
Dimensions: 11.100 H x 2.750 W x 8.880 D
Weight: .400
other Info.
- Online Item #: 13563021
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 047-90-1226
- Made in the USA


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8 of 9 people found the following review helpful
Dc pad is a Dream,
By A Customer
This review is from: Official Sega Dreamcast Controller (Dreamcast) (Video Game)
The official dreamcast pad I have to say is a very comfortable control pad which suits all types of games. The analogue stick is perfect for 3d games especially sonic adventure, and the D-pad is there for people who want to play 2d games etc. The triggers are very repsonsive especially in racing games. This is one quality control pad!
Review Details
A Customer

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Cheryl Cole's Ex-Husband Accidentally Shot an Intern With Air Rifle
British singer Cheryl Cole's ex-husband, soccer star Ashley Cole, is in trouble with his club's bosses after allegedly shooting an intern with an air rifle, according to U.K. reports. The sports star, who plays for English soccer giant Chelsea Football Club, reportedly left work experience student Tom Cowan badly wounded after he accidentally shot him at close range with a high-powered .22 rifle at the club's training ground in Surrey, England.
According to Britain's News of the World, the 21 year old had been given medical treatment on the spot last Sunday, February 20, but had to head to hospital two days later as the injury worsened. Cole reportedly had no idea the weapon was loaded - but his actions have landed him in trouble with the club's managers.
A source tells the newspaper, "It's truly inconceivable that a Premier League footballer could bring a gun to the training ground. But Ashley pulled the rifle from a box and started larking (playing) about with it in the changing room. Cole didn't know the gun was loaded but it's a disgrace. His behavior beggars belief."
Another insider adds, "Tom screamed as this lead pellet hit him in the side. He was bleeding profusely. He was in agony and seemed to go into shock as he steadied himself and sat down on one of the benches."
Cheryl Cole, a superstar in Britain thanks to her judging role on Simon Cowell's TV talent show "The X Factor", split from the soccer player after allegations of his infidelity hit the headlines early in 2010. Their divorce was finalized in September 2010.
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- Mariah Carey Casually Throws Shade at the Kardashians. See What She Says


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The Undertones News
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The 35 Hottest Women Over The Age Of Sixty
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23 Shocking Stars Who Were Reported Missing... And What Happened To Them!
Updated: Thu Jul 21, 2016 09:25 am
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Resources to aid the role play of Trial of the Warden based on the book Holes by Louis Sachar. Includes a research lesson on trials, a lesson on how to write an eye witness account, task sheets for each member of the trial, character cards, self reflection and peer reflection pages. I did this over a week with a year 8 class and it worked really well. Book out a hall or similar to make it most effective when you actually come to run the trial!
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GCSE Media Studies Revision Booklet
Contents: Section A – Action/Adventure Films 1. Terminology Glossary 2. What is Section A about? 3. Action/Adventure Conventions Revision 4. Superman Returns screenshot analysis 5. Action/Adventure Representation Revision 6. Representation screenshot analysis Section B – TV Comedy 1. Terminology Glossary 2. What is Section B about? 3. Audience Pleasures in TV Comedy Revision 4. Institution and scheduling Revision
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Movie Music Part 2 - Fun focused listening using film trailer clips
Following the introductory 'Movie music' Part 1, this lesson continues to engage learners and is good for developing listening vocabulary and aural skills. The scaffolded pptx. picks one musical element (pitch for instance) and has students watch and listen to selected, short film clips using the Trailer from the Justice League Official Comic-Con (2017) movie. To begin, students focus on just one music element. Then, they listen again focusing on a different musical element. This pptx. gives short guides on each music element for students to copy and use as they watch and listen. The guides can be reused many times as general notes for listening skills in other topics. This exercise is engaging, promotes discussion and skilfully has students listening over and over with a focus on each element as they practise their skills. They won't know how hard they are working! This lesson builds listening skills and helps students meet ACARA Year 7 and 8 Achievement Standard: "By the end of Year 8, students identify and analyse how the elements of music are used in different styles and apply this knowledge in their performances and compositions. They evaluate musical choices they and others from different cultures, times and places make to communicate meaning as performers and composers." http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/the-arts/music/curriculum Generally meets outcomes for: Enquiring – identifying, exploring and organising information and ideas • Identify and clarify information and ideas • Organise and process information Generating ideas, possibilities and actions • Imagine possibilities and connect ideas • Consider alternatives Reflecting on thinking and processes • Think about thinking (metacognition) • Reflect on processes Analysing, synthesising and evaluating reasoning and procedures • Draw conclusions • Analyse composers' use of the elements of music and stylistic features when listening to and interpreting music. • identifying elements of music aurally and then discussing how these elements, composition techniques and devices are used and manipulated to create a style. • accessing and researching music through real or virtual performances to analyse performers' interpretations of composers' intentions
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Library/Media Center Notes Home to Parents
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text: Kayak cousins With their paddles every which way, Kenny and Natalie Sarmiento, Los Angeles, and their cousin Jared Reynoso, 11, Wenatchee, row their rental kayak back to shore at Walla Walla Point Park Tuesday. The park's lagoon is a cool spot to spend time on the warm summer afternoons. 1 month, 2 weeks ago


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VIDEO: Lorde Performs Hit Single 'Royals' on GMA
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On this morning's GOOD MORNING AMERICA on ABC, young New Zealand artist Lorde sings her number one hit song in America "Royals". Check out the performance below!
About Lorde:
Lorde's first EP,The Love Club, was released on 22 November 2012; and her first single, "Royals", debuted at Number 1 on the New Zealand Top 40 and also reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, making her the first New Zealand solo artist to have a number one song in the United States.
Her debut album, Pure Heroine, was released on 27 September 2013.


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Comedy Carnival, Cocktails & Club Entry£6 instead of up to £18.95 for a comedy night inc. a drink & club entry, £12 for 2 or £24 for 4 at Comedy Carnival - save up to 68%
A ticket to Comedy Carnival inc. a drink each and club entry (was up to £18.95) OR redeem towards another Wowcher deal.You save 68% (£12.95)
2 tickets to Comedy Carnival inc. a drink each and club entry (was up to £37.90) OR redeem towards another Wowcher deal.You save 68% (£25.90)
4 tickets to Comedy Carnival inc. a drink each and club entry (was up to £75.80) OR redeem towards another Wowcher deal.You save 68% (£51.80)
Save up to 68%
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- Get 1, 2 or 4 tickets to a night at Comedy Carnival.
- Watch fresh new talent as well as household names.
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- Shows in Leicester Square on Friday nights.
The Fine Print
- One per 1, 2 or 4 people.
- May buy multiples as gifts.
- Voucher valid on Fridays until 27th Jul 2014.
- Must be aged 18 or over.
- No cancellations, exchanges or refunds once booked.
- Cannot be used in conjunction with any other offer.
- No stag parties.
- Subject to availability.
Full Details
People always say they're going to go out and have a laugh, but do they really? Well, with today's deal, that's pretty much the aim of the game...
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Routinely attracted to London's comedy circuit, an array of hugely talented international comedians are here to entertain you! Today's deal offers you 1, 2 or 4 tickets to laugh-a-minute Comedy Carnival, so you can choose to tickle your funny bone with a date, pal or as a group. With shows that regularly feature acts from Michael McIntyre's Comedy Road Show, you'll be in for a real treat with a mix of fresh new talent as well as household names, with upcoming guests including Radio 1's Tom Deacon and Mock The Week star Ian Stone. Better yet, you'll each a Sex on the Beach cocktail each and club entry afterwards. What more could you want? Shows run every Friday from 8pm-10pm (with club nights following until 3am) at Bar Rumba in Leicester Square.
Upcoming dates:
- Friday 18th April: Paul Sinha (The Chase, Tom Deacon (Radio 1), Ola and Pete Jonas
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- More dates and acts to be announced. Check here for further details
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Frommer's Boston 2007by Marie Morris
Completely updated every year (unlike most of the competition), Frommer's Boston features gorgeous color photos of the sights and experiences that await you. Our author, a longtime resident of Boston's North End, hits all the highlights, from Fenway Park to the Freedom Trail. She's checked out all the city's best hotels and restaurants in person, and offers authoritative, candid reviews that will help you find the choices that suit your tastes and budget. You'll also get up-to-the-minute coverage of shopping and nightlife; in-depth coverage of Cambridge; detailed walking tours; accurate neighborhood maps; advice on planning a successful family vacation; and side trips to Lexington, Concord, Plymouth, and the North Shore. Frommer's Boston also includes a color fold-out map.
Product Details
- 9780471792628
- Publisher:
- Wiley
- Publication date:
- 09/12/2006
- Series:
- Frommer's Complete Series, #266
- Edition description:
- Revised Edition
- Pages:
- 322
- Product dimensions:
- 5.10(w) x 7.90(h) x 0.90(d)
Meet the Author
Marie Morris grew up in New York and graduated from Harvard, where she studied history. She has worked for 02138 magazine, the Boston Herald, Boston magazine, and the New York Times. She's the author of Frommer's Boston Day by Day, Boston For Dummies, and Frommer's Irreverent Guide to Boston, and she covers Boston for Frommer's New England. She lives in Boston, not far from Paul Revere.
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Cardinal Tagle speaks out against secular winds of change
Modern society has inflicted wounds on individuals and families, he says
Picture: Wikimedia Commons
October 28, 2013
Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, the archbishop of Manila in the Philippines, was among the participants at this week's plenary assembly of the Pontifical Council for the Family. In an interview with Susy Hodges he spoke of "the winds of change" arising from secularization and the new media that are buffeting the family in the Philippines and how the Church can respond to these challenges. The Cardinal also spoke of the ambivalence of the success of our modern society and the wounds that this has inflicted on individuals and the family.
Cardinal Tagle says he is grateful that "the traditional values that have kept families together and alive" are still there in his homeland but acknowledges that "they are beginning to see the effects of secularization and the media" and the "winds of change" that they herald.
When asked if he predicts that these "winds of change" will become more threatening, he replies "in a sense yes" but adds that he believes that the resources and the imagination of the families will prevail. At the same time, he believes that the Church should be able to communicate to all those "who shape culture" the "beauty of the family" and notes that many of the Church's beliefs concerning the family are shared by non- Christians and can be used to forge a common "mission and vision" on this key issue.
"The Church," says Cardinal Tagle, "needs to present the human face of Jesus" and goes on to speak about how humanity "is very much aware of the ambivalence of the success (of modern society) and the wounds that this has inflicted on individuals and families."
Asked for his assessment of Pope Francis' papacy so far, Cardinal Tagle says it's a question of continuity when it comes to Church traditions but like the other popes, he has brought, "his personal way of incarnating the papal ministry" that is shaped partly by his personal background. He says the Pope's humbleness and his desire to be close to his flock really resonates with the faithful and that's the way to evangelize, especially in Asia.
When it comes to the views of young people in the Philippines and what kind of Church they want to see, Cardinal Tagle shared with us the results of a recent survey on this topic in his homeland.
He said the survey showed that young people "are turned off by a Church that is quite judgmental, a Church that comes across as pessimistic and heavy" … that does not rejoice at anything." If, on the other hand, the Church projects "joy and hope", the Cardinal added, then "the young people are more disposed" to listen to the "No" or prohibitions.
Full Story: Cardinal Tagle: The ambivalence of our society's success and its wounds on the family
Source: Vatican Radio
New Delhi domestic workers protest rape
Many are young Christian girls from tribal areas looking to better their lives
World Youth Day a time to share faith with others
In communist Vietnam, young Catholics find it difficult to live out their faith
Pakistan takes steps to end 'honor killings'
Further steps must be taken to ensure women their right to marry according to their own free will, says priest
Hundreds of Malaysians head to World Youth Day
For one young Catholic, the event will be like a spiritual shot-in-the-arm
Nepalese Christian jailed over religious conversion
Police accuse her of trying to convert Hindu children in orphanage she runs with husband


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Entertaining the troops has become a way of life for comedian Don Barnhart who once again brings his Battle Comics to the military stationed overseas. Don Barnhart and his Battle Comics Stand Up & Improv Tour will head to the Mediterranean in August to entertain the troops stationed overseas for Armed Forces Entertainment. (more...)
The 35th anniversary of the largest touring dance conventions arrives in town, led by the legendary Joe Tremaine, a testament to all that dance gives our society. (more...)
Broadway's original Belle and Sweeney Todd pay visits to see the tough guy in tap shoes. (more...)
Cagney's pugnacious attitude and formidable talent grabbed Creighton by the lapels, and now he's starring in a Yankee Doodle Dandy of a musical. (more...)
Annette Warren, the "secret" singing voice of Ava Gardner and Lucille Ball in such films as the MGM classic "Show Boat," and a nightclub, TV and recording star who career spans the past 70 years, will celebrate her 94th birthday with a special performance of her new one-woman show, "I Ain't Done Yet" at the Catalina Jazz Club in Hollywood on Wed., July 13 at 8:30 PM. The show will trace her life with songs and stories from her beginning in Cleveland, through her successes in New York, London and Los Angeles. (more...)
This July 4th, America's national Independence Day celebration kicks off our country's 240th birthday with a special salute to our Olympians and Paralympians as they prepare for Rio. (more...)
Allowing readers to spend personal moments with popular names from history, author Walt Brown announces the release of his new book, 'Athletes, Celebrities, Personal Moments, The 60s and 70s' (published by AuthorHouse), which he says shows 'society repeats itself and you, today, will share similar moments from the past.' (more...)
?Tony and Emmy Award-winning comedian, actor, producer, writer and director Billy Crystal will tour Australia this July and August and a special brand new show has just been announced for Adelaide. (more...)
Inspired by Bob Hope's legacy, award-winning comedian Don Barnhart will once again head overseas bringing laughter to the men and women serving in the Armed Forces. (more...)
Catalina Bar & Grill, 6725 Sunset Boulevard, Hollywood, CA 90028 will present Broadway, film and television star Neile Adams in NEILE ADAMS SINGS KANDER & EBB, featuring popular show tunes from "Chicago," "The Rink," "Flora the Red Menace," "Kiss of the Spider Woman," "The Act," "Steel Pier," "Funny Lady" "Woman of the Year" and "The Happy Time." The show will be presented on Thursday, June 16, 2016 at 8:30p.m. (more...)
For Blue Note Hawaii, the state's premier venue for the world's most celebrated artists, June begins with one of the most celebrated singer-songwriters in recent history, Christopher Cross, followed by a Reggae Meets Jazz series with Monty Alexander Harlem Kingston Express, contemporary jazz instrumentalist group Acoustic Alchemy and Grammy Award-winning vocalist Lisa Fischer & Grand Baton. June also brings a host of local talent including Adagio, Willie K, Paula Fuga, Darren Benitez, Hotclub of Hulaville, Rolando Sanchez, Little Albert and Jake Shimabukuro. Blue Note Hawaii also continues Gospel Brunch every Sunday with a 1:00 p.m. show time and doors opening at 11:00 a.m. (more...)
Initial casting is announced today (26 May 2016) for Qdos Entertainment's London Palladium production of Cinderella. The 32 strong cast will be led byPaul O'Grady as The Wicked Stepmother, Julian Clary as Dandini, Lee Mead as Prince Charming, Paul Zerdin as Buttons, Nigel Havers as Lord Chamberlain and Count Arthur Strong as Baron Hardup. The roles of Cinderella, the Fairy Godmother and the Ugly Sisters will be announced soon. (more...)
Julien's Auctions, the world record breaking auction house to the stars, has announced on offer one of the most personal collections of Marilyn Monroe from the estate of Lee Strasberg. (more...)
A SPOOKY haunted mansion, possible heirs to a fortune and a variety of secrets and mysteries are the key ingredients of Roleystone Theatre's latest production. (more...)
Explore. Rescue. Protect! 'Octonauts' announced a brand new, action-packed and interactive theatre show for the very first time in the U.S. The Octonauts and the Deep Sea Volcano Adventure (www.octonautsliveus.com) features brand new and fan favorite songs (more...)
Stars of stage and screen will illuminate the night sky when the Pasadena Symphony and POPS presents its annual free Music Under the Stars concert on Saturday, May 14 at Pasadena City Hall's Centennial Square. (more...)
The Strand Theater in Zelionople, Pennsylvania has announced the complete cast for their upcoming production of the musical comedy Murphy's Law running May 13 - 15, 2016. (more...)
Julien's Auctions, the world record breaking auction house to the stars, has announced its highly anticipated Music Icons auction event to take place at the Hard Rock Café New York on Saturday, May 21, 2016. (more...)
The Sundays In Summer Cabaret Series begins its 7th season on Sunday, May 1, 2016 at 2 PM with Internationally renowned singer Tish Oney at the Arthur Newman Theatre in Palm Desert. Ms. Oney, an acclaimed pianist, will accompany herself on the baby grand piano for "Going My Way - The Songs Of Jimmy Van Heusen" as the first of 29 different cabaret concerts to be presented by producer Les Michaels. (more...)
Following the triumphant success of 700 Sundays in Australia Billy Crystal returns for An Evening of Sit Down With Billy Crystal! (more...)
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ADDENDUM (a) is the height by which a tooth projects beyond the pitch circle or pitch line. BASE DIAMETER (Db) is the diameter of the base cylinder from which the involute portion of a tooth profile is generated. BACKLASH (B) is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on the pitch circles. As actually indicated by measuring devices, backlash may be determined variously in the transverse, normal, or axial-planes, and either in the direction of the pitch circles or on the line of action. Such measurements should be corrected to corresponding values on transverse pitch circles for general comparisons. BORE LENGTH is the total length through a gear, sprocket, or coupling bore. CIRCULAR PITCH (p) is the distance along the pitch circle or pitch line between corresponding profiles of adjacent teeth. CIRCULAR THICKNESS (t) is the length of arc between the two sides of a gear tooth on the pitch circle, unless otherwise specified. CLEARANCE-OPERATING (c) is the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear. CONTACT RATIO (mc) in general, the number of angular pitches through which a tooth surface rotates from the beginning to the end of contact. DEDENDUM (b) is the depth of a tooth space below the pitch line. It is normally greater than the addendum of the mating gear to provide clearance. DIAMETRAL PITCH (P) is the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter. FACE WIDTH (F) is the length of the teeth in an axial plane. FILLET RADIUS (rf) is the radius of the fillet curve at the base of the gear tooth. FULL DEPTH TEETH are those in which the working depth equals 2.000 divided by the normal diametral pitch.
GEAR is a machine part with gear teeth. When two gears run together, the one with the larger number of teeth is called the gear. HUB DIAMETER is outside diameter of a gear, sprocket or coupling hub. HUB PROJECTION is the distance the hub extends beyond the gear face. INVOLUTE TEETH of spur gears, helical gears and worms are those in which the active portion of the profile in the transverse plane is the involute of a circle. LONG- AND SHORT-ADDENDUM TEETH are those of engaging gears (on a standard designed center distance) one of which has a long addendum and the other has a short addendum. KEYWAY is the machined groove running the length of the bore. A similar groove is machined in the shaft and a key fits into this opening. NORMAL DIAMETRAL PITCH (P n ) is the value of the diametral pitch as calculated in the normal plane of a helical gear or worm. NORMAL PLANE is the plane normal to the tooth surface at a pitch point and perpendicular to the pitch plane. For a helical gear this plane can be normal to one tooth at a point laying in the plane surface. At such point, the normal plane contains the line normal to the tooth surface and this is normal to the pitch circle. NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE (øn) in a normal plane of helical tooth. OUTSIDE DIAMETER (Do) is the diameter of the addendum (outside) circle.
Gear Catalog
WHOLE DEPTH (ht) is the total depth of a tooth space. PRESSURE ANGLE BASE CIRCLE PITCH CIRCLE WORKING DEPTH CLEARANCE WHOLE DEPTH CENTER DISTANCE ADDENDUM DEDENDUM CIRCULAR TOOTH THICKNESS ROOT DIA. PINION is a machine part with gear teeth. ROOT DIAMETER (Dr) is the diameter at the base of the tooth space. the pitch diameters can be determined directly from the center distance and the number of teeth. ROOT (TOOTH) FILLET CIRCULAR PITCH GEAR GEAR 138 Gear Catalog . WORKING DEPTH (hk) is the depth of engagement of two gears. that is. In involute teeth. equal to addendum plus dedendum. TOOTH PARTS PINION PINION LINE OF ACTION TOOTH PROFILE (INVOLUTE) PITCH CIRCLE OUTSIDE DIA. TIP RELIEF is an arbitrary modification of a tooth profile whereby a small amount of material is removed near the tip of the gear tooth. PITCH CYLINDER is the cylinder of diameter equal to the pitch circle. It is the pressure angle at the operating pitch diameter. PRESSURE ANGLE (ø) is the angle at a pitch point between the line of pressure which is normal to the tooth surface. When two gears run together. equal to the working depth plus variance. PITCH DIAMETER (D) is the diameter of the pitch circle. the one with the smaller number of teeth is called the pinion.ENGINEERING INFORMATION SPUR GEARS GEAR NOMENCLATURE (Continued) PITCH CIRCLE is the circle derived from a number of teeth and a specified diametral or circular pitch. pressure angle is often described also as the angle between the line of action and the line tangent to the pitch circle. In parallel shaft gears. Circle on which spacing or tooth profiles is established and from which the tooth proportions are constructed. UNDERCUT is a condition in generated gear teeth when any part of the fillet curve lies inside a line drawn tangent to the working profile at its point of juncture with the fillet. PRESSURE ANGLE—OPERATING (ør) is determined by the center distance at which the gears operate. and the plane tangent to the pitch surface. Standard pressure angles are established in connection with standard gear-tooth proportions. the sum of their addendums.
on larger gears is less curved (straighter). for involute systems. The involute profile is the most commonly used system for gearing today. I E– UT OL NV EA CIRCL INVOLUT E– CI R CL E A C CL IR EB C IR CLE B Involute gear tooth forms and standard tooth proportions are specified in terms of a basic rack which has straight-sided teeth. and is straight on a rack.ENGINEERING INFORMATION SPUR GEARS INVOLUTE FORM Gear teeth could be manufactured with a wide variety of shapes and profiles. An involute is a curve that is traced by a point on a taut cord unwinding from a circle. 20 TEETH 48 TEETH RACK Gear Catalog 139 . The involute is a form of spiral. which is called a BASE CIRCLE. the involute tooth profile of smaller gears is considerably curved. An involute drawn from a larger base circle will be less curved (straighter) than one drawn from a smaller base circle. which is essentially an infinitely large gear. Similarly. the curvature of which becomes straighter as it is drawn from a base circle and eventually would become a straight line if drawn far enough. and all Boston spur and helical gears are of involute form.
3565 . full depth system gears.4314 .2696 .1120 . quieter operation provided that undercut of teeth is not present.0472 . Therefore. The lower pressure angle results in less change in backlash due to center distance variation and concentricity errors.1250 .0500 .0625 .1963 .3142 .1667 . Thickness of Tooth Depth to be on Pitch Cut in Gear Line (Inches) Addendum (Inches) (Hobbed Gears) (Inches) .1000 .1798 .0417 .0208 .2618 .0491 .0982 . The diametral pitch of a gear is the number of teeth in the gear for each inch of pitch diameter. 14-1/2°PA gears have extensive use.1571 .3142 . It also provides a higher contact ratio and consequent smoother.5236 .0982 .2618 . The pressure angle. TOOTH DIMENSIONS For convenience. While 20°PA is generally recognized as having higher load carrying capacity.0785 .3927 .1963 .2500 . refers to the angle when the gears are mounted on their standard center distances. Boston Gear manufactures both 14-1/2° and 20° PA. the diametral pitch determines the size of the gear tooth.0327 .ENGINEERING INFORMATION SPUR GEARS DIAMETRAL PITCH SYSTEM All stock gears are made in accordance with the diametral pitch system. PRESSURE ANGLE Pressure angle is the angle at a pitch point between the line of pressure which is normal to the tooth surface.0156 Circular Diametral Pitch Pitch (Inches) 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 32 48 64 1.7854 . involute.7190 .0245 .0654 .3927 .0478 . and the plane tangent to the pitch surface.5393 .1309 .0491 140 Gear Catalog .3333 . as defined in this catalog.0312 .2157 . Tooth Proportions of various standard diametral pitches of Spur Gears are given below.0364 .0654 .2000 .0833 .0708 .1571 .0937 .1348 .6283 .1309 .5236 .
Center Distance and Pressure Angle+C. in practice. it would be acceptable to limit the deviation to an increase over the nominal center distance of one half the average backlash. UNDERCUT When the number of teeth in a gear is small.005 . In a similar manner INTERNAL Spur Gear teeth may interfere when the pinion gear is too near the size of its mating internal gear.004 . Pinion Rb = Base Circle Radius. Base Radii.006 Diametral Pitch 8-9 10-13 14-32 33-64 Backlash (Inches) . of Teeth and Pitch Root Diameter (Dr) Dr = D – 2b C = D1 + D2 2 or N1 + N2 2P *Ro = Outside Radius. Gear rb = Base Circle Radius. some deviation from the theoretical standard center distance is inevitable and will alter the backlash.0025 SPUR GEAR FORMULAS FOR FULL DEPTH INVOLUTE TEETH To Obtain Having Circular Pitch (p) Formula Diametral Pitch (P) Circular Pitch (p) Pitch Diameter (D) An increase or decrease in center distance will cause an increase or decrease in backlash. stock spur gears will have the following average backlash: Diametral Pitch 3 4 5 6 7 Backlash (Inches) . For 20°PA the difference in tooth numbers should not be less than 12. The standard center distance being defined by: Standard Center Distance = Pinion PD + Gear PD 2 When mounted at this center distance.003 . The following may be used as a guide to assure proper operation of the gear set. the difference in tooth numbers between the gear and pinion should not be less than 15. The approximate relationship between center distance and backlash change of 14-1/2° and 20° pressure angle gears is shown below: For 14-1/2°–Change in Center Distance = 1. This fact should be considered in cases where backlash is critical.933 x Change in Backlash For 20° –Change in Center Distance = 1. Since this condition becomes more severe as tooth numbers decrease. This results in loss of a portion of the involute adjacent to the tooth base. the generating process removes material at this point.157 Diametral Pitch (P) ht = P Addendum (a) hk = 2(a) Whole Depth (ht) c = ht – 2a Addendum (a) Whole Depth (ht) & b = ht – a Addendum (a) Outside Radii. Gear ro = Outside Radius.ENGINEERING INFORMATION SPUR GEARS BACKLASH Stock spur gears are cut to operate at standard center distances. p Contact Ratio (Mc) P = 3.2 + . such deviation should be as small as possible. For most applications.002 P 2. it is apparent that a given change in center distance.) Outside Diameter (Do) Do Diametral Pitch (P) p = 3. Varying the center distance may afford a practical means of varying the backlash to a limited extent.007 .374 x Change in Backlash Base Diameter (Db) Number of Teeth (N) Tooth Thickness (t) @Pitch Diameter (D) Addendum (a) Outside Diameter (Do) Whole Depth (ht) (20P & Finer) Whole Depth (ht) (Courser than 20P) Working Depth (h k) Clearance (c) Dedendum (b) From this. On 14-1/2°PA gears undercutting occurs where a number of teeth is less than 32 and for 20°PA less than 18. 14-1/2° gears will have a smaller change in backlash than 20° gears.008 . Since.1416 P Number of Teeth (N) & D = N Diametral Pitch (P) P Outside Diameter (Do) & D = Do – 2 Diametral Pitch (P) P Pitch Diameter (D) and Db = Dcosø Pressure Angle (ø) Diametral Pitch (P) & N=PxD Pitch Diameter (D) Diametral Pitch (P) t = 1. To prevent this. 2 2 2 2 MM== Ro – Rb + r o – r b – Csinø* cc P ccosø p Pitch Diameter (D) and Dedendum (b) Center Distance (C) Pitch Diameter (D) or No. reducing tooth contact and tooth strength.010 .1416 p Number of Teeth (N) & P = N Pitch Diameter (D) D Number of Teeth (N) & P = N + 2 (Approx.P.5708 P Diametral Pitch (P) a=1 P Pitch Diameter (D) & Do = D + 2a Addendum (a) Diametral Pitch (P) ht = 2. it is recommended that the minimum number of teeth be 16 for 14-1/2°PA and 13 for 20°PA. Pinion f a b c hk ht p rf t f = ADDENDUM = DEDENDUM = CLEARANCE = WORKING DEPTH = WHOLE DEPTH = CIRCULAR PITCH = FILLET RADIUS = CIRCULAR TOOTH THICKNESS = PRESSURE ANGLE PITCH LINE t a hk h t c rf b Gear Catalog 141 .013 . the tip of the mating gear tooth may interfere with the lower portion of the tooth profile. For 14-1/2°PA.
...........344 0...302 0..346 0..236 0......383 0.389 0.....292 0...226 0....361 0.... the modified Lewis Formula shown below may be used with (S) values of 6000 PSI for Phenolic Laminated material....352 0. Alloy (Heat-treated) .399 0..... 25000 ....314 0.. It is this formula that is the basis for all Boston Spur Gear ratings.... 150 + .000 For a known HP....358 0......358 0..421 0..........325 0.408 0...223 0...210 0....... Plastic .....20 Carbon (Untreated) ..........276 0.364 0..... 20000 ...... following well established formula and procedures.. per Sq. Lbs..........270 0...458 0...375 0.283 0.... per Min.390 20° Full Depth Involute 0.............40 C.....314 0.........20 Carbon (Case-hardened) ...415 0..433 0.25 W = SFY P 200 + V TABLE II–VALUES OF SAFE STATIC STRESS (s) Material (s) Lb... 40000 { Max. Ft.......436 0.. T = 63025 x HP RPM TABLE I TOOTH FORM FACTOR (Y) Number of Teeth 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 100 150 200 300 Rack 14-1/2° Full Depth Involute 0.355 0....308 0.........277 0.... In. 63.......429 0.363 0... In..370 0..378 0..... 12000 .............368 0...... METALLIC SPUR GEARS 600 W = SFY P 600 + V W = Tooth Load............... 30000 ....337 0.....332 0....... Strength is determined in terms of tooth-beam stresses for static and dynamic conditions..377 0.320 0.360 0...... 5000 Bronze .......262 x D x RPM For NON-METALLIC GEARS. allowable torque (T) that should be imposed on a gear will be the safe tooth load (W) multiplied by D or T = W x D 2 2 The safe horsepower capacity of the gear (at a given RPM) can be calculated from HP = T x RPM or directly from (W) and (V)...471 0..425 0.......295 0.... which considers beam strength but not wear.352 0.336 0..322 0..264 0.245 0.............201 0..382 0...........289 0.... (Table II) F = Face Width.... per Sq. Satisfactory results may be obtained by the use of Barth's Revision to the Lewis Formula......025 WV HP = 33...308 0.. 10000 Cast Iron ....446 0....463 0. Y = Tooth Form Factor (Table I) P = Diametral Pitch D = Pitch Diameter V = Pitch Line Velocity.........442 0........255 0...264 0. 25000 Steel ....245 0. The formula is satisfactory for commercial gears at Pitch Circle velocities of up to 1500 FPM..176 0......192 0....329 0.302 0...40 Carbon (Heat-treated)....... (along the Pitch Line) S = Safe Material Stress (static) Lbs...............366 0..318 0..340 0....ENGINEERING INFORMATION SPUR GEARS LEWIS FORMULA (Barth Revision) Gear failure can occur due to tooth breakage (tooth stress) or surface failure (surface durability) as a result of fatigue and wear.....484 142 Gear Catalog .. In.....330 0......40 Carbon (Untreated) . = ...
the Helical Gear must be viewed as three-dimensional to show change in axial features. 2 HELIX ANGLE— NORMAL PLANE AXIAL PLANE HELIX ANGLE Y pn p p = AXIAL CIRCULAR PITCH pn = NORMAL CIRCULAR PITCH TWO RIGHT-HAND HELICAL GEARS TWO LEFT-HAND HELICAL GEARS LEFT-HAND AND RIGHT-HAND HELICAL GEARS All Boston Helicals are cut to the Diametral Pitch system. HAND – Helical Gears of the same hand operate at right angles. • Helical Gears thus tend to have greater load carrying capacity than Spur Gears of similar size. 1 Helical Gears of opposite hands run on parallel shafts. • Increased contact ratio due to the axial tooth overlap. • Due to the above. unlike the Spur Gear. those being: • Improved tooth strength due to the elongated helical wraparound. The teeth of a RIGHT HAND Helical Gear lean to the right when the gear is placed flat on a horizontal surface. smoother operating characteristics are apparent. Figure 1 Figure 2 LEFT HAND HELICAL GEAR RIGHT HAND HELICAL GEAR Gear Catalog 143 . LEAD (L) is the axial advance of a helix for one complete turn. However. resulting in a Normal Pitch which is lower in number than the Diametral Pitch. NORMAL DIAMETRAL PITCH (Pn) is the Diametral Pitch as calculated in the normal plane. In helical gears. Fig. INVOLUTE—The Helical tooth form is involute in the plane of rotation and can be developed in a manner similar to that of the Spur Gear.ENGINEERING INFORMATION HELICAL GEARS GEAR NOMENCLATURE The information contained in the Spur Gear section is also pertinent to Helical Gears with the addition of the following: HELIX ANGLE (y) is the angle between any helix and an element of its cylinder. Helical gears offer additional benefits relative to Spur Gears. which may be viewed as two-dimensional. see Fig. it is at the pitch diameter unless otherwise specified. The teeth of a LEFT HAND Helical Gear lean to the left when the gear is placed flat on a horizontal surface. as in the threads of cylindrical worms and teeth of helical gears.
. . . . .14 11. 40000 TRANSVERSE VS. Ft. . .40 C.025 WV HP = 33. per Sq. . with modified Tooth Form Factors Y. . . . .327 36 . . Inches Y =Tooth Form Factor (Table IV) PN = Normal Diametral Pitch (Refer to Conversion Chart) D = Pitch Diameter V = Pitch Line Velocity.358 72 Factor Y . . . 12000 . .367 . . . . . . (along the Pitch Line) S = Safe Material Stress (static) Lbs. .364 . . . . . . . . . . .314 32 . Per Min. . .377 HORSEPOWER AND TORQUE Max. . . . . 10000 Cast Iron . In. .31 8. 25000 Steel . .ENGINEERING INFORMATION HELICAL GEARS HELICAL GEAR FORMULAS To Obtain Transverse Diametral Pitch (P) Having Formula P=N D P = PNCosy D=N P PN = P Cosy t = 1. .48 { TABLE IV—VALUES OF TOOTH FORM FACTOR (Y) No. . . . .28 22.372 . . . . . . NORMAL DIAMETRAL PITCH FOR BOSTON 45° HELICAL GEARS P Transverse Diametral Pitch 24 20 16 12 10 8 6 PN Normal Diametral Pitch 33. . Lbs. . . . . . = . . . . 600 W = SFY PN 600 + V W = Tooth Load.365 . . . . . . T = 63025 x HP RPM 144 Gear Catalog . per Sq. .262 x D x RPM TABLE III–VALUES OF SAFE STATIC STRESS (S) Material (s) Lb. . . . . allowable torque (T) that should be imposed on a gear will be the safe tooth load (W) multiplied by D or T = W x D 2 2 The safe horsepower capacity of the gear (at a given RPM) can be calculated from HP = T x RPM or directly from (W) and (V). 63. . .000 For a known HP. . . . (Table III) F = Face Width. . .5708 PN p =¹ t P pn= ptCosy L = ¹D Tany Number of Teeth (N) & Pitch Diameter (D) Normal Diametral Pitch (Pn) Helix Angle (y) Number of Teeth (N) & Pitch Diameter (D) Transverse Diametral Pitch (P) Normal Transverse Diametral Pitch (P) Diametral Pitch (PN) & Helix Angle (y) Normal Circular Normal Diametral Pitch (PN) Tooth Thickness (t) Transverse Diametral Pitch (P) Circular Pitch (pt) (Transverse) Normal Transverse Circular Pitch (pn) Circular Pitch (p) Pitch Diameter and Lead (L) Pitch Helix Angle HELICAL GEAR LEWIS FORMULA The beam strength of Helical Gears operating on parallel shafts can be calculated with the Lewis Formula revised to compensate for the difference between Spur and Helical Gears. . . . . .373 . . . . . . . 25000 .361 . . of Y Teeth . . . .339 40 . .352 60 . . . .20 Carbon (Case-hardened) . . . . . of Teeth 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 FOR 14-1/2°PA—45° HELIX ANGLE GEAR Factor No. . . . .40 Carbon (Heat-treated) . . .342 48 .345 50 . .20 Carbon (Untreated) . .97 14. . . Alloy (Heat-treated) . . 20000 .295 25 . . . . . . . In. . Bronze . . . .305 30 . . .94 28.374 . .63 16. .40 Carbon (Untreated) . . .370 . . . . . 30000 . .
may cause galling or excessive wear. Gear Catalog 145 . the tooth load is concentrated at a point. A separating force is also imposed on the gear set based on calculated Horsepower. under loads which gradually increase to the maximum expected. especially if the teeth are not well lubricated. The thrust load direction is indicated below. with the result that very small loads produce very high pressures.050 x HP Axial Thrust Load = RPM x Pitch Diameter Boston Helicals are all 45° Helix Angle. an axial or thrust load is developed. the tooth load which may be applied to such drives is very limited and of uncertain value. combined with the concentrated pressure.ENGINEERING INFORMATION HELICAL GEARS When Helical gears are operated on other than Parallel shafts. RIGHT HAND DRIVER THRUST BEARING DRIVER LEFTHAND DRIVER THRUST BEARING DRIVER LEFT-HAND DRIVER DRIVER THRUST BEARING RIGHT-HAND See page 118 for hardened and ground Thrust Washers. may be increased. by allowing the gears to "runin" in their operating position. producing a tangential force equal in magnitude to the axial thrust load. The sliding velocity is usually quite high and. The magnitude of the thrust load is based on calculated Horsepower. If one of the gears is made of bronze. Bearings must be adequate to absorb this load.386 Above formulae based on Boston 45° Helix Angle and 14-1/2° Normal Pressure Angle. THRUST LOADS As a result of the design of the Helical Gear tooth. and is perhaps best determined by trial under actual operating conditions. 126. the contact area and thereby the load carrying capacity. For these reasons. Separating Load = Axial Thrust Load x .
D. The teeth of a Right Hand gear lean to the right when the gear is placed flat on a horizontal surface.006 .188 2.002 P P 1 1 a= a= P P b = hT – a c = hT – 2a t= 1.d) Whole Depth (hT) Addendum (a) Dedendum (b) FACE ANGLE Having No.005 . specifications for long and short Addendum system for gears and pinions (pinion is cut long Addendum) which serves to reduce the amount of pinion tooth undercut and to nearly equalize the strength and durability of the gear set. MOUNTING DISTANCE PITCH APEX TO CROWN CROWN TO BACK All Boston Spiral Miter and Bevel gears are made with 35° spiral angles with all pinions cut left hand.188 + .002 hT = + .008 . Bevel gears are made in accordance with A.A.002 146 Gear Catalog . The basic tooth form is a modification to the involute form and is the common form used in production today. do) Number of Teeth In Pinion (Np) and Lp = tan -1 Np LG = 90 – Lp Gear (NG) NG Pinion & Gear Pitch Diameter (Dp + DG) do=Dp+2a(cos Lp) Do=DG+2a(cos LG) Addendum (a) & Pitch Angle (Lp + LG) BA CK ( ) Stock gears are cut to operate on an exact Mounting Distance with the following average backlash: Diametral Pitch 4 5 6 8 10 12-20 24-48 Backlash (Inches) .ENGINEERING INFORMATION MITER AND BEVEL GEARS Gear geometry for both straight and spiral tooth Miter and Bevel gears is of a complex nature and this text will not attempt to cover the topic in depth. CO ST Circular Tooth Thickness (t) Pitch Angle Outside Diameter (Do.5708 P b = hT – a c = hT – 2a t= 1.M.004 .003 .007 . of Teeth and Diametral Pitch (P) Diametral Pitch (P) Diametral Pitch (P) Whole Depth (hT) & Addendum (a) Whole Depth (nT) & Addendum (a) Diametral Pitch (P) Pinion d=n P hT = D=n P Gear CE FA PITCH ANGLE ADDENDUM DEDENDUM WHOLE DEPTH 2. Clearance NE DI O.5708 P PITCH DIA. NOMENCLATURE Nomenclature may best be understood by means of graphic representation depicted below: The teeth of a Left Hand gear lean to the left when the gear is placed on a horizontal surface. CO NE S DI T ROOT ANGLE PITCH APEX Straight Tooth Miter and Bevel Gear Formulas Formula To Obtain Pitch Diameter (D. Similar in nature to Helical gearing. Spiral Miters and Bevels must be run with a mating pinion or gear of opposite hand. All Boston standard stock Miter and Bevel gears are manufactured with a 20° Pressure Angle.G.
Patent Office. PINION APEX ON CENTER PINION APEX DEFLECTED OR ASSEMBLED OFF CENTER MOUNTING DISTANCE TOO SMALL TOOTH BEARING CENTRAL TOOTH BEARING SHIFTED OFF CENTER BUT STILL SAFE (A) (B) Incorrect If Mounting Distance of either gear is made longer than dimension specified. The superiority of these gears over straight bevels with full length tooth bearing. Incorrect If Mounting Distance of one or both gears is made less than dimension specified. This results in increased life and quieter operation. 1. Gear Catalog 147 .ENGINEERING INFORMATION MITER AND BEVEL GEARS Straight tooth bevel (and miter) gears are cut with generated tooth form having a localized lengthwise tooth bearing known as the "Coniflex"® tooth form.S. ILLUSTRATION OF LOCALIZED TOOTH BEARING IN STRAIGHT BEVEL CONIFLEX® GEARS Boston Gear Bevel and Miter Gears will provide smooth. These loads must be accommodated by the use of bearings. the gears will have a proper backlash and the ends of the gear teeth will be flush with each other (see drawings). the gears will not be in full mesh on a common pitch line and may have excessive backlash. 3. without concentration of the load on the end of the tooth. the teeth may bind. When mounted at the MD specified. See page 148. lies in the control of tooth contact. Drawing below shows gears mounted incorrectly with the Mounting Distance too short for one gear. All bevel and miter gears develop radial and axial thrust loads when transmitting power. Excessive wear or breakage can result. Excessive backlash or play. quiet operation and long life when properly mounted and lubricated. There are several important considerations in mounting these gears. All standard stock bevel and miter gears must be mounted at right angles (90°) for proper tooth bearing. Mounting Distance (MD) is the distance from the end of the hub of one gear to the center line of its mating gear. if great enough. 2. can cause a sudden impulse or shock load in starting or reversing which might cause serious tooth damage. MOUNTING DISTANCE TOO GREAT MOUNTING DISTANCE MOUNTING DISTANCE MOUNTING DISTANCE MOUNTING DISTANCE ®Registered in the U. The localization of contact permits minor adjustment of the gears in assembly and allows for some displacement due to deflection under operating loads. as shown in drawing below.
377 . . . . . . 25000 Steel . . . .352 .408 . . . allowable torque (T) that should be imposed on a gear will be the safe tooth load (W) multiplied by D or T = W x D 2 2 The safe horsepower capacity of the gear (at a given RPM) can be calculated from HP = T x RPM or directly from (W) and (V). .594 .424 . Gear Pin. In.446 .339 .262 x D x RPM TABLE I VALUES OF SAFE STATIC STRESS (s) Material (s) Lb. .402 . . . .418 — . .320 . .500 — — — — — . Gear Pin. . . . . Gear Pin. Several factors are often combined to make allowance for the tooth taper and the normal overhung mounting of Bevel gears. Stock Spiral Bevel pinions cut Left Hand only. . . .355 . .443 . . .443 .A. . In.399 . .361 . 600 . .342 .302 . . R. . .368 . .371 . No.20 Carbon (Untreated) . . . .543 . . .380 . .477 — — . 12000 . 40000 THRUST The axial thrust loads developed by straight tooth miter and bevel gears always tend to separate the gears. (Table 1) Face Width. SPIRAL 126.345 . . .421 — — — . . .349 . . .367 .000 For a known HP. . . .349 .543 — — — .364 . . . . . . . .311 . .487 . .324 . .383 . . based on calculated HP. .377 .399 .H.40 Carbon (Untreated) .323 . . .358 .025 HP = WV 33. . . .383 . (along the Pitch Line) Safe Material Stress (static) Lbs. . . SPIRAL TP = CLOCKWISE R.050 x HP tana cosb + tang sinb cosg RPM x D 126. . .050 x HP tana cosb + tang sinb cosg RPM x D HORSEPOWER AND TORQUE Max. . . . Gear Pin. . . . .386 .—LONG ADDENDUM PINIONS SHORT ADDENDUM GEARS The magnitude of the thrust may be calculated from the formulae below. . . . . . . per Sq. .402 . . .462 .427 . . 10000 Cast Iron .40 C. .336 . .427 . Gears Right Hand only. . . . CLOCKWISE L.396 .283 . . . .75 W = SFY P 600 + V W= S = F = Y = P = D = V = Tooth Load.301 . .367 . . . . . . . 25000 . .540 . .292 . Gear Pin.5 2 3 4 6 Pinion Pin. . . .20 Carbon (Case-hardened) . . 30000 . . . . . . . . { TABLE II TOOTH FORM FACTOR (Y) 20°P.412 . and an appropriate Thrust Bearing selected. .518 .405 .405 . . .364 . . . .456 .402 . . the direction of axial thrust loads developed by the driven gears will depend upon the hand and direction of rotation. . .408 — . . . .424 . SPIRAL TP = CLOCKWISE L. 20000 . . . . .346 . . . . Ft. . .377 .396 . . . per Sq. Lbs. . . . .40 Carbon (Heat-treated) .050 x HP x tan a cos b RPM x Pitch Diameter 126.H. .050 x HP tana sinb – tang cosb cosg RPM x D 126. . . SPIRAL TG = C. T = 63025 x HP RPM TG = C. . .569 . .333 . Gear 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 32 36 40 — — .506 . . .305 . . . . . . . .328 . . For Spiral Bevel and Miter Gears. . . = .339 . . .386 . . Tooth Form Factor (Table I) Diametral Pitch Pitch Diameter Pitch Line Velocity.333 . .421 — — — — — Straight Bevels and Miters Gear Thrust = 126. per Min. 63. Ratio Teeth 1 1. CLOCKWISE a = Tooth Pressure Angle b = 1/2 Pitch Angle NP Pitch Angle = tan-1 N G g = Spiral Angle = 35° ( ) 148 Gear Catalog .415 .H. . . .ENGINEERING INFORMATION MITER AND BEVEL BEARS TOOTH STRENGTH (Straight Tooth) The beam strength of Miter and Bevel gears (straight tooth) may be calculated using the Lewis Formula revised to compensate for the differences between Spur and Bevel gears.418 . . . .386 .424 .402 . . .352 . . .434 . . . . . In. . .471 . . Alloy (Heat-treated) .050 x HP tana sinb + tang cosb cosg RPM x D 126. . .355 . .H. .396 . . . . .415 . . . . . .386 . . . . . . . . . . Plastic . . . .317 . . . . .474 .050 x HP x tan a sin b RPM x Pitch Diameter Pinion Thrust = Spiral Bevels and Miters Thrust values for Pinions and Gears are given for four possible combinations. . 5000 Bronze . . . . . . .462 .509 .
Worm gearing. For maximum efficiency the ratio should be kept low.ENGINEERING INFORMATION WORMS AND WORM GEARS Boston standard stock Worms and Worm Gears are used for the transmission of motion and/or power between non-intersecting shafts at right angles (90°). A common formula for estimating efficiency of a given Worm Gear reduction is: EFFICIENCY = E = Tang (1 – f tang) f + tang Threads of RIGHT-HAND lean to the Right when standing on either end: where g = Worm Lead Angle f = Coefficient of Friction For a Bronze Worm Gear and hardened Steel Worm. Due to the sliding action which occurs at the mesh of the Worm and Gear. THRUST LOADS As is true with Helical and Bevel gearing. The Chart below indicates the direction of thrust of Worms and Worm Gears when they are rotated as shown. produces Thrust loading. To absorb this thrust loading. when operating.03/. bearings should be located as indicated.05 may be assumed for estimated value only. The angle decreases with increasing ratio and worm pitch diameter. may also be applied to Worm Gearing with the addition of Worm Lead and Lead Angle. RIGHT-HAND DRIVEN DRIVEN DRIVER THRUST BEARING DRIVER HOW TO TELL A LEFT-HAND OR RIGHT-HAND WORM OR WORM GEAR DRIVEN DRIVEN LEFT-HAND DRIVEN DRIVEN DRIVER THRUST BEARING DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVEN Threads of LEFT-HAND lean to the Left when standing on either end: EFFICIENCY The efficiency of a worm gear drive depends on the lead angle of the worm. They should be considered for the following requirements: HIGH RATIO SPEED REDUCTION LIMITED SPACE RIGHT ANGLE (NON-INTERSECTING) SHAFTS GOOD RESISTANCE TO BACK DRIVING General nomenclature having been applied to Spur and Helical gear types. Gear Catalog 149 . Number of Threads (starts) and Worm Gear Throat diameter. a Coefficient of Friction in the range of . the efficiency is dependent on the Lead Angle and the Coefficient of the contacting surface. Worm Gear drives are considered the smoothest and quietest form of gearing when properly applied and maintained.
of Threads) a=1 P DW = do – 2a DG = NGp 3. RATING The high rate of sliding friction that takes place at the mesh of the Worm and Gear results in a more complex method of rating these Gears as opposed to the other Gear types. The statement is made to cover the broad spectrum of variables effecting self-locking characteristics of a particular gear set in a specific application. Again. Generally speaking. no guarantee is made and the customer should be so advised. a positive brake should be used. of Threads ( ) DO = DT + .1416 p L = p(No. However. our experience indicates that for a hardened worm and bronze gear properly manufactured. Material factors. mounted and lubricated.1416d NG Ratio = No. vibration may cause motion at the point of mesh with further reduction in the friction angle.D. the actual surface finish and lubrication may reduce this significantly. there is reasonable expectation of self-locking. if the worm lead angle is less than 5°. friction factors and velocity factors must all be considered and applied to reflect a realistic durability rating. Again. of Teeth on Gear (NG) and Number of Threads on Worm Throat Dia. (DO) Having Diametral Pitch (P) Circular Pitch (p) Number of Threads in Worm & Circular Pitch (p) Diametral Pitch (P) Outside Diameter (d o) & Addendum (a) Circular Pitch (p) & Number of Teeth (N) Pitch Diameter of Worm (d w) & Worm Gear (DG) Circular Pitch (p) Diametral Pitch (P) Whole Depth (h T) & Outside Diameter (d w) Pitch Diameter of Worm Gear (D) & Addendum (a) Pitch Diameter of Worm(D) & The Lead (L) No. under no condition should be considered to hold a load when at rest. More important. no guarantee should be made and customer should be advised. if the lead angle is greater than 11°.6866 p hT = 2. CD = dw + DG 2 hT = .157 P dr = do – 2hT DT = DG + 2a L g = tan-1 3. However.ENGINEERING INFORMATION WORMS AND WORM GEARS WORM AND WORM GEAR FORMULAS To Obtain Circular Pitch (p) Diametral Pitch (P) Lead (of Worm) (L) Addendum (a) Pitch Diameter (D) of Worm (DW) Pitch Diameter of Worm Gear (DG) Center Distance Between Worm & Worm Gear (CD) Whole Depth of Teeth (hT) Bottom Diameter of Worm (Dr) Throat Diameter of Worm Gear (DT) Lead Angle of Worm (g) Ratio Gear O. Theoretically. making it difficult to predict. The same variables exist. 150 Gear Catalog . (DT) and Addendum (a) Formula p = 3. Boston worm gear sets. back-driving capability may be expected. a worm gear will not back drive if the friction angle is greater than the worm lead angle.6a SELF-LOCKING ABILITY There is often some confusion as to the self-locking ability of a worm and gear set.1416 P P = 3. If safety is involved.1416 WORM GEAR BACK-DRIVING This is the converse of self-locking and refers to the ability of the worm gear to drive the worm.
0 1. 4.ENGINEERING INFORMATION COUPLINGS ALIGNMENT Alignment of Boston couplings should be performed by the following steps to meet lateral and angular misalignment specifications below.011 .022 . The detrimental effects of these rotational deviations can be reduced. LUBRICATION MISALIGNMENT TOLERANCES Coupling Series FC—Bronze Insert FC—Urethane Insert FC—Rubber Insert BF BG (Shear Type) FA FCP (Plastic) Lateral . It is in these instances when the Boot Kits become a desirable alternative.053 . The difference between any two readings should be within specifications below. Align shafts and supports to give minimum lateral and angular misalignment. Assemble coupling halves to shaft.044 .018 . and uniform speed restored by using two joints (and an intermediate shaft) to connect shafts at an angle or misaligned in a parallel direction.5 .078 .026 .0 Size 250 300 400 Volume (Ozs. MAXIMUM READING DIFFERENTIAL Size FC12 FC15 FC20 FC25 FC30 FC38 FC45 Rubber .0 50. For satisfactory performance. Lubricate these joints with a Lith EP-2 grease or equivalent.) 25.013 .5 7. 2.4 .065 .039 Note: Joints should be initially lubricated with a 90 weight oil before being packed with grease.) 2.003 Angular See Chart below 1-1/2° 2° 2° 3° PIN and BLOCK TYPE These universal joints are not lubricated when shipped.026 .0 30.052 .097 .0 15.066 .002 . dirt contamination and inaccessible locations make it impractical to maintain proper lubrication. spider must be removed. Lock couplings on shaft and check distance using feeler gauges between drive lug on one half and space between on other coupling half.5 Size 100 125 150 175 200 Volume (Ozs. FEELER GAUGE FEELER GAUGE LATERAL MISALIGNMENT ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT For connecting shafts in the same plane the joints should be arranged to operate at equal angles and with the bearing pins of the yokes on the intermediate shaft in line with each other. 1. The center cross of these joints holds a generous supply of lubricant which is fed to the bearings by centrifugal action. These cyclic speed fluctuations (two per revolution) cause vibration.002 1/32 .) .039 . FORGED AND CAST TYPE Universal Joints are not lubricated when shipped. For high-angle.001 .032 .002 . Rotate coupling and check gap at a minimum of 3 other coupling positions. Many applications are considered severe when in harsh environments and when a combination of speed.078 Bronze . daily regreasing may be required.) This should be within specifications below. VOLUME OF LUBRICATION FOR BOOTED JOINTS Size 37 50 62 75 87 Volume (Ozs.022 . 3. all booted joints should be used with a LITH-EP-000 grease for an ambient temperature range of 40° to 225°F. Slide couplings together and check lateral misalignment using straight edge and feeler gauge over coupling outside diameter (On BF Series couplings.033 . high-speed operation or in extreme dirt or moist conditions.117 Insert Urethane . Gear Catalog 151 . UNIVERSAL JOINTS MOUNTING A single universal joint (rotating at uniform speed) operating at an angle will introduce periodic variations of angular velocity to the driven shaft. higher shaft stresses and bearing loads which will be more severe with larger angles of operation.0 3.002 . Light-duty. low-angle operation may require only occasional lubrication.5 4.035 .1 FC SERIES ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT Chart reflects maximum angular misalignment of 1-1/2° for rubber.75 1. 1° for urethane and 1/2° for bronze.
). setscrew. After several hours or running under load. One procedure is: mount the part on an arbor. This can be accomplished by adjusting the Worm Gear axially. E. LUBRICATION The use of a straight mineral oil is recommended for most worm gear applications. For customers. In setting up for reboring the most important consideration is to preserve the accuracy of concentricity and lateral runout provided in the original product. SAE80 or 90 gear oil should be satisfactory for splash lubricated gears. this tolerance might vary from . The tolerance on Center Distance normally should be positive to avoid possibility of gear teeth binding. gears must be accurately aligned and supported by a shaft and bearing system which maintains alignment under load. Evolution of Contact in a Worm Gear Worm rotation Entering side Leaving side Initially. Tolerance value is dependent on acceptable system backlash.P. As a guide for average application. Boston Worm Gears are cut to close tolerancing of the Center Line of the Gear tooth to the flush side of the Gear. E. check face and bore runout prior to reboring. for low speed applications. Customers wishing to do the hardening operation should refer to "Materials" below for information.002 for Boston Gear's fine pitch gears to . WORMS AND WORM GEAR It is important that the mounting assures the central plane of the Worm gear passes essentially through the axis of the Worm. Therefore. When properly mounted Worm Gears will become more efficient after initial break-in period. HOW WORM GEARS "ADJUST" THEMSELVES The gear in a worm gear reducer is made of a soft bronze material. etc. This type of oil is applicable to gears of all materials. keyway. the maximum bore should not exceed 60% of the Hub Diameter and depending on Key size should be checked for minimum wall thickness. the guidelines listed below should be beneficial. Boston Gear offers a service for hardening stock sprockets. contact has spread to cover the entire working area of the tooth. it can cold-work and wear-in to accommodate slight errors in misalignment. This added treatment can provide increased horsepower capacity with resultant longer life and/or reduction in size and weight. consult a lubricant manufacturer.P. Where extremely high or low speed conditions are encountered. A minimum of one setscrew diameter over a keyway is considered adequate.001 inch at the tooth mesh for general applications. contact is concentrated on the leaving side of the worm. choosing to make their own alterations. lubricants normally should be selected of the same viscosity as straight mineral oil. As a basic rule of thumb. (Extreme Pressure) lubricants may be used with Iron and Steel Gears. gear has cold-worked to spread area of contact. a moly-Disulphide grease may be used successfully. Temperatures up to 200°F can be safely tolerated for short periods of time. Alterations to hardened gears should not be made without consultation with factory. lubricants are not recommended for use with brass or bronze gears. machine hub diameter to provide a true running surface. including non-metallic materials. After many hours of operation. Many specialty lubricants have been recently developed to meet the application demands of today's markets. Oil temperature of 150°F should not be exceeded for continuous duty applications.ENGINEERING INFORMATION GENERAL MOUNTING SPUR & HELICAL For proper functioning gears.005 for the coarsest pitch. 152 Gear Catalog .P. Deflection should not exceed . ALTERATIONS Boston Gear Service Centers are equipped to alter catalog sprockets (rebore. remove from arbor and chuck on the hub diameter. In those instances where Bath or Drip Feed is not practical. There are several methods for accomplishing this. Mild E. including synthetics and both high and low temperature oils and greases.
Selection of material is based on size and whether furnished as hardened or untreated. Helical. durable surface and a higher strength core. PLAIN – A Standard Diameter of Hole 5/16 to 7/16" 1/2 to 9/16 5/8 to 7/8 15/16 to 1-1/4 1-5/16 to 1-3/8 1-7/16 to 1-3/4 1-13/16 to 2-1/4 2-5/16 to 2-3/4 2-13/16 to 3-1/4 3-5/16 to 3-3/4 3-13/16 to 4-1/2 4-9/16 to 5-1/2 5-9/16 to 6-1/2 W 3/32" 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 W d X DIA.218 – 1. Phosphor bronze is used for helicals and some worm gears (12P and coarser)." Plastic Gears listed are molded from either Delrin®. Web.20 or .109" X' = 2.109" 1. dependent on size.20 carbon steel with no subsequent treatment.218" Gear Catalog 153 . OF HOLE OR D d 3/64" 1/16 3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 7/16 1/2 Recommended Setscrew 10-32 1/4-20 5/16-18 3/8-16 7/16-14 1/2-13 9/16-12 5/8-11 3/4-10 7/8-9 1-8 1-1/8-7 1-1/4-6 WEB – B WEB WITH LIGHTNING HOLES – C X' FORMULA: X= (D/2)2– (W/2) 2 + d + D/2 SPOKE – D X' = 2X – D EXAMPLE: Hole 1". and Worm Gears are carried in Plain.45 carbon steel. Carburizing and hardening is the most common process used. STANDARD KEYWAYS AND SETSCREWS STYLES Boston Spur. For those applications requiring increased wearability. X= (1/2)2 – (1/8)2 + 1/8 + 1/2 = 1. Case-hardening produces a wear resistant. Stock cast iron gears are manufactured from ASTM-CLASS 30 cast iron to Boston Gear specifications. Non-metallic spur Gears listed in this Catalog are made from cotton reinforced phenolic normally referred to as Grade "C. or Spoke styles. Keyway 1/4" wide by 1/8" deep. Acetal or Minlon®.000 = 1. as illustrated.ENGINEERING INFORMATION GENERAL MATERIALS Boston Gear stock steel gears are made from a . Boston stock worms are made of either a . Bronze worm and helical gears are produced from several alloys selected for bearing and strength properties. Finer pitch worm gears are made from several different grades of bronze. This provides a fine-grained material with good wear-resistant properties. Several proprietary nitriding processes are available for producing an essentially distortion-free part with a relatively shallow but wear-resistant case.
— Inches (RPM) Torque (T) In. If the shaft is revolved.000 x 1 TORQUE (T) is the product of a FORCE (W) in pounds.) x Output rpm Output hp = —————————— 63.2618 x RPM T=WxR WxV HP = ———— 33000 ———— HP = T x RPM 63025 63025 x HP T = ————— RPM 33000 x HP W = ————— V 63025 x HP RPM = ————— T Horsepower (HP) Horsepower (HP) Torque (T) In. Per Min.1. Force (W) Lbs. THE AMOUNT OF POWER used (Foot Pounds per Minute) is the WORK (Foot Pounds) done divided by the TIME (Minutes) required. . V Rev. .32) x 0. (in.) FORCE (Lbs. of Shaft. . . & Rev. Lbs. Lbs.85 x N•m Torque (lb-in.000 LBS.) hp = ———————————— 33.2. ILLUSTRATION OF HORSEPOWER FORCE (W) = 33.) K = Overhung Load Factor Overhung Load Factors: Sprocket or Timing Belt . .7457 in. POWER is used.ENGINEERING INFORMATION HOW TO FIGURE HORSEPOWER AND TORQUE TO OBTAIN Velocity (V) Feet Per Minute HAVING FORMULA Cut on Dotted Lines and Keep for Quick Reference Pitch Diameter (D) of Gear or Sprocket – Inches V = . Per Min.) = W x —— x RPM 12 Since (1) HORSEPOWER = 33. = mm/25. °F = (°C x 1.1. .) hp x 63.-in.) 33.025 OT = Input Torque x Ratio x Efficiency OT = Output Torque Input rpm Output rpm = ———— Ratio 2 TK OHL = ———— D OHL = Overhung Load (lb) T = Shaft Torque (lb-in.) x rpm Torque (lb.2618 x D Gear or Sprocket—Inches Pitch Diameter (D) Velocity (V) Ft.) = 0.000 x 1 1000 x 33 HP = ———— = 1 HP 33.1.025 Torque (lb. . . TIME = 1 MIN. Per Min. and WORK is done.50 Variable Pitch Pulley . 1000 LBS. . times a RADIUS (R) in inches from the center of shaft (Lever Arm) and is expressed in Inch Pounds. FORCE (W) 1000 LBS. Lbs. . Per Min. . (RPM) Horsepower (HP) & Velocity (V) Ft. 2¹R WORK (Ft. @ 1750 rpm 1 hp = 3 lb-ft. 2¹R POWER (Ft.00 Pinion & Gear Drive . .000 63.) POWER (Foot Pounds per Minute) = ———————— TIME (Minutes) POWER is usually expressed in terms of HORSEPOWER. THE AMOUNT OF WORK done (Foot Pounds) is the FORCE (Pounds) exerted multiplied by the DISTANCE (Feet) through which the FORCE acts. Lbs. . .) D = PD of Sprocket. Per Min.6 x kg•m Torque (lb-in.025 154 Gear Catalog .000 LBS. .) = 88. .) = —————— rpm Mechanical Output hp = ———— x 100% Efficiency Input hp OT (lb-in. & Velocity (V) Ft. Force (W) Lbs.25 Pulley & V-Belt Drive . . . Per Min. . Lbs. Per Min. . Per of Gear or Sprocket Min. . V D = —————— . WORK (Ft. . Torque (T) In. & Radius (R) Inches Force (W) Lbs. .-in) = Force (lb) x Radius (in.000 x 1 HP = ————— = 1 HP 33. . Per Min. Lbs. . TIME = 1 MIN. (RPM) & Pitch Diameter (D) of RPM = ————— . . Horsepower (HP) & Rev. .-in.50 Pulley & Flat Belt Drive . (RPM) Horsepower (HP) & Rev.) x DISTANCE (Feet) = ——————————————— 33000 x TIME (Min.025 but TORQUE (Inch Pounds) = FORCE (W) X RADIUS (R) TORQUE (T) x RPM Therefore HORSEPOWER (HP) = ————————— 63. . the FORCE (W) is moved through a distance. WORK is the exerting of a FORCE through a DISTANCE.556 Temp. . .262 x Dia. . It is the WORK done in exerting a FORCE OF ONE POUND through a DISTANCE of ONE FOOT. POWER is the rate of doing work.025 Force (lb) x Velocity (ft/min. of Rev. . R = 1" R = 2" W300* W150* T=WR=300 x 1=300 In. . .000 Foot Pounds per Minute 2¹R RPM WxRxRPM HORSEPOWER (HP) = W x —— x ——— = —————— 12 33. HORSEPOWER is POWER (Foot Pounds per Minute) divided by 33000.) x rpm hp = ————————— 63. T=WR=150 x 2=300 In. . . . . . @ 1750 rpm Torque (lb. & Rev. POWER (Ft. °C = (°F . Pounds per Min. DISTANCE = 33 FT. Pounds) = W x —— x No.) = 86.8) + 32 Torque (lb-in.000 Velocity (ft/min. Pinion or Pulley (in. Lbs.) x DISTANCE (Feet) = ——————————————— 33000 x TIME (Min. Lbs. (RPM) APPLICATION FORMULAS 1 hp = 36 lb-in. per Minute) HORSEPOWER (HP) = ———————————— 33000 WORK (Ft. (RPM) Torque (T) In.2618 x D x RPM & Rev.4 Temp.) = 8.5 x daN•m Velocity (V) Ft. ONE FOOT POUND is a unit of WORK. Per Min. 33. . 12 When this WORK is done in a specified TIME. . .50 kW = hp x 0.) FORCE (Lbs. DISTANCE = 1 FT. Pounds) = ————————— 33000 x TIME (Min.3.
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