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ScreenwritingAvailable through the Bachelor of Fine Arts
The Screenwriting specialisation is designed for those who have the desire and talent to write audience-driven stories for the screen.
Since its creation in 1966, the VCA's School of Film and Television has included screenwriting as the central element in all of its programs.
The Bachelor of Fine Arts (Screenwriting) is the first dedicated undergraduate screenwriting degree in Australia. It trains students in the many facets of screenwriting through lectures, classes, film screenings, onset experience and intensive modules.
During your studies you undertake units in cinematic writing, TV writing, adaptation and writing for games and web content. You also attend workshops with the Bachelor of Fine Arts (Film and Television) directing students, with a view to developing a wider industry perspective and forming creative partnerships.
At the end of three years you will be equipped to write professionally for screen media and have acquired a solid base in many generic skills such as presenting professional work, giving and receiving feedback and working in creative teams.
Selection into this specialisation is talent-based and includes a test and, if you are shortlisted, an interview. See details.
The Screenwriting specialisation is subject to Academic Board approval.
Graduates of this specialisation may find employment as a screenwriter –in film, television, games and new medias.
Subjects you could take in this major
Through a course of research, students undertake their year-long project under the guidance of their individual supervisor for presentation at the end of the academic year. The major project can consist of single defined project and/or contributions to a number of projects depending on the nature of the discipline. At the time of selection the written outline of the proposed major project or major field of study is submitted. This provides the framework for developing the lines of inquiry taken by the student and the final creative work outcome.
A weekly seminar that begins to introduce and examine the relationship between research and practice within the context of practice led research. This seminar acquaints students with a range of research methods and research paradigms, key issues and practical skills relevant to the creative arts. It assists students in refining their research question/proposal and developing a research methodology appropriate to their discipline and project. In the seminar research skills, techniques and methodologies are demonstrated both by instruction and example.
The research paper should identify and critically reflect on an issue persuasively presented as relevant to the candidate's major project. It should demonstrate a capacity for critical investigation and discrimination and address context as well as identify pertinent thematic, technical, stylistic and formal issues. Students are expected to present aspects of their research to their peers and produce a 5 - 7,000 word research paper for examination at the completion of the year.
Entry requirements for the Bachelor of Fine Arts
The Clearly-in Rank is the lowest score at which students were granted entry in 2016. i
The Clearly-in Rank should be used as a guide for entry. It is not set in advance and may vary from year to year. The Clearly-in Rank is determined by the number of places available, the number of applicants listing the course as a preference and the academic achievement of those applicants.
Access Melbourne allows eligible students to be considered below the Clearly-in Rank. i
You must achieve the minimum ATAR (if indicated) to be considered for entry to this degree. The Clearly-in Rank may be above the Minimum ATAR, depending on the demand for the course and the number of places available.
Units 3 & 4: A study score of at least 25 in English/English Language/Literature or at least 30 in EAL.
Selection into the Bachelor of Fine Arts is talent-based. The selection process for each specialisation may include: Animation: test, interview and folio; Contemporary Music: audition, personal statement and folio; Dance: audition and interview; Film and Television: test and interview; Music Theatre: audition; Production: written support material, interview and group workshop; Screenwriting: test and interview; Theatre Practice: audition, interview and workshop; Visual Art: interview and folio.
Further info at http://vca.unimelb.edu.au/study/degrees


text:
Gardner taxi comeback needs a new license
There are 1 comment on the Telegram & Gazette story from Apr 20, 2011, titled Gardner taxi comeback needs a new license. In it, Telegram & Gazette reports that:
Smiley's Taxi will have to apply for a new hackney license if it wants to operate again in the city after the City Council voted last night to uphold the police chief's decision to revoke the company's license.
Join the discussion below, or Read more at Telegram & Gazette.
#1 Apr 21, 2011
yeah thats a smart idea. take it and then give them a chance to renew it when we all know, their money goes to drugs and personal gains. the cars WILL not get better. they sit there and cover crack selling for their son bruce loyyd. they jack the rent up in thier building they rent to tenants all the time, take the dish washers out, dont fix a thing! why would you guys allow them to come back? just sell the company to somebody else who gives a crap about their employees! i cannot BELIEVE you will give them this chance AFTER they publicily blammed the city and state for their own selfish irresponsible actions. idc, if they get ti again they can expect a big rock through their windows....
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Latest Weather Blog
8-week-old and other kids found living in a meth lab
HAMMOND - Three children are in state custody after sheriff's deputies said they were discovered in a methamphetamine lab in Hammond Tuesday.
The Tangipahoa Parish Sheriff's Office said it was investigating a burglary on Wardline Road when detectives smelled the drug lab. Deputies said they got permission to search the residence, and discovered a lab that had contaminated the entire home.
Four adults and three children were removed from the residence. The children are eight weeks old, five years old, and nine years old.
The Hammond Fire Department Haz-Mat team was called in for decontamination. All the residents had to remove their contaminated clothing and other items then be scrubbed with biodegradable soap.
The children were taken to North Oaks Medical Center to be checked for chemical exposure then taken into state custody.
The adults, Mark White Jr., 32, Tamara White, 29, Justin Kuffner, 30 and Jeffery Kuffner, 34, are charged with manufacturing methamphetamine and child endangerment.
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text:
Chegg suffers in public trading
Not all Internet IPOs are created equal.
Shares of Chegg declined Wednesday in their first day on the New York Stock Exchange, offering proof that investors aren't enamored with just any technology stock.
Chegg Inc.'s shares, trading under the "CHGG" ticker symbol, dropped $2.82, or 23 percent, to close Wednesday's trading session at $9.68.
The Santa Clara-based company, which provides online textbook rentals primarily to college students and other education services, said the initial public offering of 15 million shares priced at $12.50 per share. That was above the projected price range of $9.50 to $11.50 per share.
Chegg raised approximately $187.5 million in the transaction.
Investors may have been concerned with Chegg's lack of profits. According to the company's IPO paperwork, Chegg has "experienced significant net losses" since its incorporation in July 2005. The company lost $37.6 million in 2011, $49 million in 2012, and bled $21.2 million in the first six months of this year. Although its annual revenue has consistently grown – to $213 million in 2012 – Chegg said in its IPO filing that it couldn't assure investors that it will be profitable any time soon.
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Firstwatch: Clay Matthews, the Brewers and Egypt
The Green Bay Packers are still on their victory lap.
Aaron Rodgers got the star treatment Monday on the "Late Show with David Letterman." Now it's Clay Matthews turn with his post-Super Bowl appearance last night on "The Tonight Show with Lay Leno" and this afternoon on "Ellen."
As much as we love the Packers title, it's time to start paying attention to the Milwaukee Brewers as they head to training camp. Shaun Marcum avoided his arbitration today in Pheonix by signing a nice contract last night.
Lieutenant Governor Rebecca Kleefisch will talk about benefits Republican leaders are seeking for small businesses today at the Oconomowoc Chamber Business Breakfast. On the tech front, Verizon has its iPhone 4 more widely available in its stores and Apple stores starting today.
And in volatile Egypt, strikes are spreading throughout the country, a new twist in the protests that threaten to topple the government of the Middle Eastern country.
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Roster prediction: Breaking down Packers' 53
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More than 50 pro-Sanders demonstrators cited by police
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Nairobi, Kenya News
Local news for Nairobi, Kenya continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
How Should the US Government Respond to ISIS?
Tragic: 40 Stars Who Committed Suicide
Same Sex Marriage: It's Officially Legal
Nairobi, Kenya news is powered by NewsRank™
Trending Now
The 35 Hottest Women Over The Age Of Sixty
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Updated: Sat Jul 23, 2016 01:16 pm
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News / Headlines / Comeback / Teaser / Music Video
Baek Ah Yeon Debut Stage... Clear Voice and Increased Beauty
By Staff Writer | September 17, 2012 11:38 AM EDT
Singer Baek Ah Yeon had her first debut stage.
In SBS "Inkigayo" aired on Septebmer 16, Baek Ah Yeon performed her songs "Stay" and "Sad Song."
Baek Ah Yeon, who placed 3rd in SBS audition program "K-pop Star," caught much attention during the duration of the audition for her voice that improved and became clearer by day. After the program ended, Baek Ah Yeon signed a contract with JYP Entertainment, and held her first debut stage.
On the stage, Baek Ah Yeon performed with her clear voice, and she seemed to have gotten much prettier while preparing for the debut album. She also seemed much more professional as an official singer.
Photo Credit: SBS
© Copyright 2016 KpopStarz.com. All Rights Reserved.
Tagged : Baek Ah Yeon, Stay, Sad Song, SBS, Inkigayo
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text:
Usapho High Tea - 13 August 2016
Usapho Foundation is hosting a high tea event.Date: Saturday, 13 August 2016
Time: 14h00 – 17h00
Place: Brighton Civic Hall, Kraaifontein
Cost: R50 p/p
(Includes guest speakers, entertainment, exhibitions and a photo booth ~ bring some cash)
RSVP: 22 July 2016
Golf Day - 28 May 2016
Usapho Golf Day 2016
USAPHO FOUNDATION hosted it's Annual Golf Day at the prestigious Erinvale Golf Estate in Somerset West. After a beautiful day on the greens, players and guests then enjoyed dinner and prize giving in the clubhouse. Thank you to all who attended, supported and made this memorable day a success. The proceeds of this event will be used to run the Teen Parenting Programmes in the community.


text:
New Gaming PC build
Last response: in Systems
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- My son wants to build a gaming pc Forum
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- Help this noob with his 1500 dollar gaming pc build!? Forum
- $2k - $3k PC Build for Editing and Gaming Forum
- More resources
Read discussions in other Systems categories


text:
Serbia and Croatia seal Olympic berthsBy Zoran Milosavljevic BELGRADE (Reuters) - Bitter Balkan rivals Serbia and Croatia booked two of the last three remaining Olympic basketball berths after contrasting wins over their respective rivals on Saturday. The Serbians qualified for ... Yahoo! News, 2 weeks ago
Serbia thump Puerto Rico to seal Olympic berth - Town Hall, 2 weeks ago
Serbia, Croatia seal Olympic berths - Oman Observer, 2 weeks ago
More from: Reuters UK, SRN News...and 9 other sources
7 images for belgrade arena
Pinoy referee grabs share of limelight
One Filipino stood out during the semis of the FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament at the Mall of Asia Arena last Saturday. He was impressive and almost flawless. Not only that. He was also authoritative. Bong Pascual So in the end he ...Manila Bulletin, 2 weeks ago
MERA's plans & prospects in Serbia - High road to success runs through Belgrade
In July 2014 MERA Company started a new branch office in Belgrade. The Company is one of the global leaders in value added software R&D services. The company's clientele includes world-leading equipment manufacturers and software solutions vendors.EKapija.com, 1 month ago
China backs EU bid of Serbia, "sincere and reliable partner"
Chinese President Xi Jinping said on Saturday in Belgrade that his country supports Serbia's efforts to join the European Union. Source: B92 Saturday, June 18, 2016 | 14:14 (Tanjug) The Chinese leader, who arrived here on Friday , made ...B92, 1 month ago
"It's Russia, not Serbia, standing in way of Kosovo in UN"
Kosovo Foreign Minister Enver Hoxhaj has told the Kosovo Clan TV that Belgrade was not the one standing in the way of "Kosovo's UN membership." Source: Tanjug Friday, June 17, 2016 | 11:52 Pristina (Tanjug, file) Instead, he said, it was ...B92, 1 month ago
Corporate Bits | George Lam to bring anniversary concert to the Venetian
versary concert to the Venetian Hong Kong Cantopop legend George Lam will perform at The Venetian's Cotai Arena on July 16 for his latest performance, George Lam 40th Anniversary Concert (Macau). Lam kicked off his anniversary world tour with ...Macau Daily Times, 1 month ago
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Advanced Search Follow Us on Twitter Tweets by @WRIcities Find Us On Facebook [embedded content] Building Efficiency By Jennifer Layke June 6, 2016 0 Comments Belgrade, Serbia committed to new goals in building efficiency.WRI, 1 month ago
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France team members (L-R) Nicolas Mahut, Pierre-Hugues Herbert, captain Yannick Noah, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Lucas Pouille pose for photographers after the International Tennis Federation Davis Cup quarter-final draw ceremony. PHOTO: AFP PRAGUE: ...The Express Tribune, 1 week ago
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text:
Today's Tarot for Colin Powell
spread is a tool for revealing the path of spiritual growth in difficult situations. It is a favorite of mystics and those confronting a major life challenge. The
Golden Tarot
is a modern celebration of late medieval artwork. This deck is the choice of scholars, for it evokes images of elegance amid barbarism, and the light of virtue in dark times. If you would like your own copy of the Golden Tarot, you can
buy it now
The card in the middle of the circle represents
the core or central issue
of the situation.
Four of Wands (Completion)
: A chance to rest and rejoice, having successfully resolved a matter of great import. The initial success of a business venture or creative project. The blossoming of a friendship or romantic relationship. Conclusions drawn based on hard won experience. Spiritual, material, or emotional rewards for diligent effort. May suggest marriage, childbirth, or a victory celebration.
The card at the bottom of the circle represents
something you did
to bring the situation about.
Queen of Coins
: The essence of earth behaving as water, such as a hot spring: A warm and generous host, providing shelter and comfort for all who would seek it. A person steadfast, practical, and domestic, able to create opulence and stability in any setting. The qualities of maturity and sensibility, coupled with an innate appreciation for nature and the material world.
The card at the bottom left of the circle represents
your beliefs, impressions, or expectations
Ten of Swords (Ruin)
: Crushing defeat brought about by idle intellectualism divorced from reality. Sadness and desolation in the aftermath of a catastrophic and total collapse. A decisive conclusion brought about through the swift and merciless application of overwhelming force.
The card at the bottom right of the circle represents
the most likely outcome
of the situation given present circumstances.
Eight of Coins (Prudence)
: Dedicating yourself fully to a task. Learning a new craft or skill. Applying painstaking attention to detail. Industriousness and the efficient completion of tasks. Sticking with a project long enough to see it through.
The card at the upper left of the circle represents
the spiritual history of the situation
the things you've learned.
Eight of Wands (Swiftness)
: A sudden release of raw power, cutting through confusion and indecision, and setting things in motion. Rapid progress towards a desired goal, brought about by immediate and decisive action. Boldness and daring in love, business, travel, or spiritual growth.
The card at the top of the circle represents
the spiritual tasks and challenges
of the present situation.
The Empress
: The essence of femininity and matriarchy. Creativity, productivity, and the foundation of civilization. Initiative and practical actions that promote prosperity, comfort and luxury. Fruitfulness and motherhood.
The card at the upper right of the circle represents
the metamorphosis of the spiritual situation
, and how your knowledge will evolve.
Knight of Cups, when reversed
: The dark essence of water behaving as fire, such as a flash flood: Deceptive charm in the service of intense insecurity and rapidly shifting moods. Selfishness, indolence, and a complete lack of maturity. Misguided idealism divorced from practicality. Destructive romantic passions and infidelity.
The card at the left of the lower line represents
the person or qualities that will sustain your spiritual journey
Seven of Coins (Assessment), when reversed
: Labors abandoned before completion. Impatience, lack of effort, and the wasting of time. Idle and unprofitable speculation.
The card in the middle of the lower line represents
the qualities that you express
in this circumstance.
Queen of Cups, when reversed
: The dark essence of water, such as a deep and foreboding lake: Discomfort with the worlds of mind and matter, leading to a retreat to the spiritual. The embrace of negative relationships, driven by the desperate fear of being alone. Devotion to fantasies and daydreams, to the exclusion of practical skills or the pursuit of knowledge. Insecurity leading to dishonor, vice, and undue susceptibility to outside influences.
The card at the right of the lower line represents
the person or qualities that will reveal spiritual knowledge
Page of Coins, when reversed
: The dark essence of earth, such as a chasm: Unfavorable news about business, finance, or the physical world. One who delights in all forms of luxury and physical excess, leaving practical matters unattended. Irrationality and failure to recognize obvious facts, coupled with a poor work ethic. Wastefulness, lack of focus, and loss. May portend the loss of a job or promotion.
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text:
|3 Reviews
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|4 - 5 nights
Your booking will be backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee when you complete your reservation online and finalise payment on HomeAway.Learn more
Situated only 40 meters from the beach, surrounded by crystal blue water and a charming Greek island landscape, our four Luxury Villas were build in 2010. Space, Privacy and Tranquility are some of the keywords.The villas are tastefully designed in order to match the natural surroundings. Each villa has three levels and you can enjoy features such as sunbeds, private pools ( with waterfall, al fresco shower, turbo/hydro massage) , Mini Jacuzzi in bathroom, television in every bedroom ,top modern design, fully- equipped kitchen, lounge with 42' TV (HD),just to mention some. Full cleaning service every 4th+7th day and 24/7 on call service. We have planted a vegetable &herb garden , just for you to help yourself. Other touches are for example welcome surprises and plenty of roses in different colors. Fantastic area and very pretty neighborhood in Kiotari's booming 'it-place'.
My name is Karen and I live here at the Kiotari area. More specifically near a village called Asklipios. I am the Operations Manager for Horizon Line Villas. I started managing these villas for 2 years. It has been great interacting with the guests through emails and then meeting them when they arrive.
This property is great because you feel like you are in a home away from home but with something extra like the private pool and beautiful sea view. It is so relaxing and there are also some things to do and places to eat.
One unique benefit is that although it is a home, we provide free cleaning services almost every other day. There is a maintenance man on call. In addition we have an infinity pool that can heat up with a waterfall.
Me and my family spent 14 days in Horizon Line Villas. Villa Ariti was perfect, beautiful decorated with many amenities. I don't know where to start from, relaxing sofas, home cinema tv, pool with waterfall (you can just sleep while listening to it, big enough kitchen with big fridge.And the stunning view of the sea, especially at 7.30 pm..
We also had a car and we had the opportunity to visit a couple of nice villages around (Asklipion, Lindos). I strongly recommend Horizon Line Villas in Kiotari Beach.
I recently stayed at Horizon Line Villas (in July) with my husband and twin daughters. The villas are absolutely gorgeous, squeaky clean and very spacious with plenty of room for everything and everyone (something you really appreciate when you have two 6 year olds running around like crazy!) The location is lovely and serene perfect for relaxing. The outdoor area is fabulous, we lounged around the pool all day, but the beach directly across from our villa was also very beautiful so having the option of pool and beach right at our feet was great. As for the interior I loved the modern decor and the beds were really comfy. Our villa had a super modern kitchen which was wonderful, perfect for wipping up a good meal and snacks, really came in handy with the kids. Also the Kiotari area is lovely, plenty of shops and Greek tavernas. Overall we had an amazing stay, if I were to go to Rhodes again I would definately stay here for a second time, I recommend it hands down.
Very relaxing and tranquil if this is what you like in a romance / family holiday. It is ideal for relaxing, swimming, reading books and enjoy some good Greek wine on the balcony while watching the beautiful view. It is very south of the island ,what we requested ( away from noise ,many tourists and and city ). There are only 4 villas, so you should book early if you want particular dates. We felt that we had a lot of privacy, taking into the consideration that we had 3 other villa "neighbors". As the matter of fact, our daughter (sofia 5 years) got a new friend in one of the other villas. They played very well at the beach together. Only 1 minute to the Lighthouse, a very charming beach bar. Plus for very clean water! Very comfortable and luxuries furnitures and we enjoyed tv's in every bedroom. The beds were fantastic and we slept like kings and queens.So quiet area as well... A good idea is to rent a car to get around since the food district and entertainment is about a klm. away from the hotel. My favorite restaurant in Kiotari was Mourella! I would defiantly recommend Horizon Line villas, they are a bit pricy, however, it is good value for money.
Other Activities: Go carts
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
2016 Seasonal
1 Jul 2016 - 28 Aug 2016
5 night minimum stay
for 5 nights
2016 Seasonal
29 Aug 2016 - 29 Sep 2016
4 night minimum stay
for 4 nights
2016 Seasonal
30 Sep 2016 - 31 Oct 2016
4 night minimum stay
for 4 nights
My Standard Rate
5 night minimum stay
for 5 nights
|No additional mandatory fees
Rates are per night.
When requesting as for any Special Offers!!
An Early booking discount of 15% off the rates will be given until 9th January 2016 and 10% from 10th January until 30th March 2016.
For further details, please email or phone.
Please note:
- It is important to arrange travel insurance as offered from Home Away: Europ Assistance
Learn more about this vacation rental at the manager's website:


text:
Kruszewski wins 2 national awards
Henrico Citizen Managing Editor Patty Kruszewski won two awards in the 2012 National Federation of Press Women Communications Contest, to be presented at the Sept. 22 NFPW awards banquet in Scottsdale, Arizona.
The national awards were issued after Kruszewski's four first-place entries from the Virginia Press Women (VPW) contest advanced to the NFPW to compete against first-place state winners from across the country.
Kruszewski won a second place in the feature story category for her article entitled "Maronite Marathon," about the annual preparation for the Lebanese Food Festival produced by St. Anthony's Maronite Catholic Church.
In the category of feature articles written specifically for the web, Kruszewski won a third place with her story about a rare Robert E. Lee letter coming home to the Dabbs House Museum, where it was originally written, after almost 100 years.
Local choral group seeks volunteers
Citizen Staff Reports 07/18/2016
Good Vibrations choral group is looking for all voices with some musical experience to sing with the volunteer choir. The season runs from August to November. Genre includes patriotic and inspirational. > Read more.
County plans Fourth of July event
Henrico County Recreation and Parks will present "Red, White, and Lights" at Meadow Farm Museum/Crump Park July 4.
Henrico County has hosted a Fourth of July celebration annually since 1981, but this year's event will offer a later start time and expanded hours and be highlighted by new entertainment.
The free event will begin at 4:30 p.m. and will feature the Richmond Symphony, a laser-light show, patriotic performances, and family activities. > Read more.
Good food and fun, bargain prices
Pelon's serves up a good mix of variety, value
I first stumbled into Pelon's on a Wednesday night, lured by the promise of $2 tacos and beers. At those prices, I had assumed the place was a hole in the wall, and was pleasantly surprised by the spacious, pleasant interior.
Having spent my teen summers in Virginia Beach surfing, I also felt instantly at home amid the ocean-themed decor. From the ride-the-waves posters lining the walls and the TV displaying non-stop surfing footage, to the foosball table and enormous spools serving as tables, Pelon's is a delight for beach lovers and surfing fans. Reading the menu is part of the entertainment here, as patrons browse burrito choices that include Rip Tide, The Curl, Hawaiian Pipeline and Big Kahuna. > Read more.
University of Richmond to offer professional brewing program
Bondurant appointed as Henrico General District Court judge
Reynolds Community College named a '2016 Great College to Work For'
Church uses goats to clear overgrowth
- More News
Print Edition
Jul. 21, 2016Click here to read the print edition.
Good food and fun, bargain prices
Weekend Top 10
Polka taking over Henrico libraries July 19-21
Herman's Hermits' Peter Noone to play Henrico Theatre July 23
Weekend Top 10
- More Entertainment
Obituary – Roger Wilder Clark
Obituary – Louise Johnson Guirkin
Obituary – Alger Manson "Tinker" Abernathy
- More Obituaries
Local choral group seeks volunteers
County plans Fourth of July event
Tuckahoe YMCA to host Refugee Community Resource Fair
- More Community
'Good old days' were good – for some
Of character and parenting
Opinion: Rename school for late Henrico officer
- More Opinions
Henrico teams win district, state championships
Varina HS to host Basketball Skill Development Academy June 20-23
Strawberry visits Tuckahoe Little League
- More Sports
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CalendarThe Summer Nature Series at Three Lakes Nature Center, 400 Sausiluta Dr., continues with "Ssslither! Snakes" from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. Nature center staff will open the classroom doors… Full text


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 25, 1989
|Filing date
|Feb 26, 1988
|Priority date
|Sep 26, 1986
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Wayne P. Bosze, Ronald L. Froebe, Gordon McClure, Ronald E. Thomas, Jr., Philip F. Weingartner
|Original Assignee
|Bourns, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (10), Classifications (15), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a division of co-pending application Ser. No. 006/912,875; filed Sept. 26, 1986 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,802.
This invention relates generally to the field of resistive elements used in variable resistors (potentiometers and rheostats). More particularly, it relates to an improved cermet resistive element that provides lower contact resistance and improved contact resistance stability, while maintaining good linearity, resolution, setability, and wear characteristics.
Resistive elements made of thick film cermet inks have achieved widespread usage in the electronics industry. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,950,995; 3,149,002; 3,200,010; 3,207,706; 3,252,831; 3,308,528; 3,326,720; 3,343,985; 3,479,216; and 3,573,229. In fabricating cermet resistive elements, there are several criteria that are sought to be achieved. For example, it is desirable to minimize contact resistance while also maximizing durability (in terms of element and wiper life), thermal stability, resolution, and setability. To a large extent, there must be some trade-off among these goals, especially if cost is a factor.
The contact resistance of a variable resistor is a resistance that is exhibited between the conductive wiper and the resistive element. The contact resistance is actually the sum of two components: a "constriction" resistance and a "tarnish" resistance. The former is proportional to the sum of the wiper and resistive element resistivities, and it is inversely proportional to the effective diameter of the surface-to-surface contact between the wiper and the resistive element. The latter is a function of the resistivity of contaminants or oxide films which may occupy the contact area.
The prior art has taken a number of approaches toward minimizing contact resistance. A common approach is the use of multi-fingered wipers to increase the number of contact points. To reduce the "tarnish" resistivity, noble metals are used in the wipers. Both of these approaches add appreciably to the expense of manufacture. Another approach is to increase the force of the wiper against the resistance element. This technique, however, reduces the life expectancy of the wiper and the resistive element. The prior art has also employed chemical and mechanical (i.e., abrasive) means to remove surface irregularities and contaminants on the resistive film. Such surface treatments, however, may create changes in the total resistance of the element and induce instabilities.
An approach that has shown some promise is that of lowering the surface resistivity of the resistive element at the point of contact with the wiper, without significantly lowering the bulk resistivity of the element, thereby maintaining the desired total resistance. An example of such a technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,717,837 to MacLachlan. The technique disclosed therein comprises the vapor deposition of noble metal (e.g., gold, palladium, rhodium, or platinum) onto the surface of a vapor deposited cermet resistive element. The result, as stated in the MacLachlan patent, is to decrease contact resistance while only slightly lowering the total resistance of the cermet element.
While the approach taught by the MacLachlan patent shows promise, there are still drawbacks. For example, the random shape, size, and distribution of the conductive metal "islands" on the cermet surface can result in problems of resolution, linearity, and setability, due to an uneven distribution of the islands, and due to the irregular shapes and sizes of the islands. Moreover, the high conductivity of the vapor-deposited noble metal requires careful control of its application in order to avoid unwanted shunting of the resistive element and the resultant excessive lowering of its total resistance.
It can thus be appreciated that the prior art, while recognizing the need to lower contact resistance, has not yet developed the ability to do so without seriously compromising other important design considerations.
Broadly, the present invention is an improved film-type resistive element, wherein the improvement comprises the application, on the surface of the resistive element, of an array or matrix of discrete relatively high conductivity islands, in a repetitive pattern, with predetermined spacing between the islands. More particularly, the pattern is configured to allow the wiper of the variable resistor to make electrical contact with as many equi-potential islands as possible, without shorting out any more of the length of the resistor element than is necessary. This provides numerous "make-before-break" steps, resulting in very fine resolution. In one preferred embodiment, the islands are formed of a high conductivity thick film ink that is screen printed onto a cermet resistive element layer ("base layer") after the base layer has been sintered ("fired"). In another preferred embodiment, the islands may be formed of a noble metal that is deposited (by vapor depositions, sputtering, or ion implantation) through a mask conforming to the desired pattern. In any embodiment, the islands are preferably of substantially uniform shape and size.
As will be set forth in greater detail below, several types of materials are suitable for the islands. For example, thick film inks having a high percentage (by weight) of gold or lead ruthenate have shown good results, with ruthenium dioxide, silver, and silver/palladium alloy inks also showing promise. In the vapor deposition embodiment of the invention, nickel/chrome alloys have yielded good results, with noble metals (especially gold) being preferred in high temperature environments where nickel/chrome may be prone to oxidation.
The present invention thus provides a repetitive pattern, with predetermined spacing, of uniformly-sized and uniformly-shaped islands on the base layer, wherein the islands are of a measurably higher conductivity (lower resistivity) than the base layer. The islands exhibit a relatively high surface conductivity, as compared to the base layer, but their bulk conductivity does not add appreciably to that of the base layer. The result is substantially diminished contact resistance without an intolerable decrease in the total resistance of the resistive element. In addition, contact resistance stability is enhanced even under low current ("dry circuit") conditions. Moreover, the repetitive pattern, comprising a multiplicity of islands, provides excellent linearity and setability, along with fine resolution. Indeed, the parameters of linearity, setability, and resolution can be varied, according to need, by using different spacing, sizes, and shapes for the islands.
Still another advantage is that the uniformity and regularity of the islands minimizes the possibility of direct contact between the wiper and the base layer, thereby contributing to low contact resisitance, while also maintaining good linearity and setability. Wiper wear is substantially reduced in most instances by the wiper's contact with the relatively smooth islands, rather than with the relatively abrasive base layer. Likewise, the wear on the resistive element is usually substantially reduced.
A further advantage provided by the regular pattern of uniform islands is the ability to provide high yields in electrical conformity under high volume production, a result that is difficult (if not impossible) to achieve with the random island distribution of the prior art.
The advantages discussed above, as well as others exhibited by the present invention, will be better understood from the detailed description which follows.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of a variable resistor incorporating a resistive element constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary plan view of the resistive element in the variable resistor of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken alone line 3--3 of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a detailed, enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 3.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a variable resistor 10 of one type that advantageously incorporates a film-type resistive element 12 constructed in accordance with the present invention. The variable resistor 10 is a linear action type, but it should be understood that the present invention is adaptable to a wide variety of variable resistors, including rotary action types as well as linear action types.
The variable resistor 10, apart from the resistive element 12 (to be described below), is a conventional device, well-known in the art, and need only be described sufficiently to put the present invention in its proper context. Accordingly, the variable resistor 10 may simply be described as comprising an insulative substrate 14 (typically a ceramic material), the top surface of which is provided with the resistive element 12 and a conductive collector element 16, arranged as substantially parallel strips. The resistive element 12 is terminated at each end by a conductive termination 18, each of which is conductively connected to a lead 20 that extends through the lower surface of the substrate 14. Likewise, one end of the collector strip is conductively connected to a third lead 20.
A wiper 24 is attached to the underside of a carrier 26, the latter engaging a lead screw 28 for moving the wiper 24 along the resistive element 12 and the collector element 16. The wiper 24 is advantageously of the multi-fingered type as shown, but the particular configuration of the wiper is not critical to the invention. Likewise, the mechanism for moving the carrier may be of any appropriate type of the several known in the art.
Finally, the substrate 14, the wiper 24, the carrier 26, and the body of the lead screw 28 are encased within a housing 30 which is typically of a suitable plastic. The lead screw 28 has a head 32 which protrudes from one end of the housing, and which is configured for manipulation by an appropriate tool (e.g., a screwdriver).
The novel resistive element 12 of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4. The resistive element 12 comprises a base layer 34 which is preferably a film of cermet material, onto which is applied an array or matrix of conductive "islands" 36. The base layer 34 is preferably formed of any of several commercially-available cermet thick film inks, as will be discussed more specifically below. The base layer 34 is applied by conventional screen printing techniques, and it is then sintered ("fired") before the array of islands 36 is applied to it by any of the methods described below. Alternatively, the base layer 34 may be of a thin film cermet applied by a technique such as vapor deposition, as is known in the art. The base layer 34 could also be a film of carbon filled polymer (here called conductive plastic) having a known resistivity.
The islands 36 are formed of a material that is substantially more conductive than the material of the base layer 34, preferably having a resistivity of at least approximately one order of magnitude less than that of the base layer material. Several types of materials are suitable for forming the islands. A preferred material is a thick film ink having a gold content of approximately 85 percent to 92 percent by weight. High metal content thick film inks may be used that have other metals as their predominant component, such as, for example, silver and silver/palladium alloy. Also, cermets which are predominantly lead ruthenate or ruthenium dioxide may yield the desired results in certain base layer materials. (Such thick film inks might not, however, be suitable on a base layer of conductive plastic.) The islands may also be formed of a substantially pure conductive metal, preferably a noble metal such as gold. Nickel/chromium alloy also yields good results, but it may tend to oxidize, especially in high temperature environments. Conductive plastics may also be suitable for the islands, especially where a conductive plastic (of lower conductivity) is used for the base layer.
The method used to apply the islands 36 to the base layer 34 depends upon the material of which they are made. Specifically, if the islands are to be formed of a substantially pure metal, such as a noble metal or a nickel/chromium alloy, they may be applied by vapor deposition, sputtering, or ion implantation through a mask that is appropriately configured to the desired pattern, as will be explained more fully below. If the islands are made of an ink with a predominant conductive component, conventional screen printing techniques can be used, again using an appropriately configured screen or mask. A second firing is then performed to sinter the islands. With any method, the best results are achieved if the base layer is fired before the islands are applied. When certain thick film inks are used for the islands, care must be taken during the application procedure, especially during the second firing, to prevent "encapsulation" of the islands, a phenomenon in which the islands are glazed over by the non-metallic (glass, refractory, or oxide) component of the thick film ink from which they are formed. Such encapsulation or overglazing results in a high surface resistivity, thereby nullifying the desired result of low contact resistance.
To provide good setability, the islands should be of substantially uniform shape and size, and they should be applied in a repetitive pattern with predetermined inter-island spacing. While the particular pattern used is not critical, best results are achieved with a pattern wherein the wiper 24 makes electrical contact with the greatest number of islands on or near the same equi-potential line on the resistive element 12 at all times throughout its travel from one end of the resistive element to the other. Many such patterns could easily be devised by those of ordinary skill in the pertinent arts, the pattern illustrated in the drawings being merely representative. Typically, the predetermined spacing between the islands will be substantially uniform throughout the array. In certain instances, however, the spacing will not be uniform. For example, in an arcuate resistive element for a rotary variable resistor, the spacing may be varied in a predetermined manner in the radial direction to maintain uniform current densities. Also, spacing may be changed in a predetermined manner along the path of wiper travel if a nonlinear resistance function is desired. The particular shape and size of the islands, likewise, are not critical parameters, except that the thickness of the islands, that is, their height above the surface of the base layer 34, should be uniform. It will be appreciated that resolution is improved by minimizing the size of the islands and the spacing between them, consistent with the other design criteria discussed above.
By way of a specific example, an experimental resistive element in accordance with the present invention was prepared with a base layer of a commercially-available cermet resistor ink comprising (before firing) approximtely 30 percent bismuth ruthenate and approximately 35 percent to 40 percent lead borosilicate glass, with the balance being volatile vehicles. (All percentages are by weight.) The sheet resistivity was one kilohm per square at 10 microns of thickness. The islands were of a commercially-available gold cermet ink comprising approximately 90 percent gold by weight, the balance being glass and volatile vehicles, with a sheet resistivity in the range of approximately 2 to 10 milliohms per square at 10 microns of thickness. The gold cermet ink was applied to the surface of the cermet through a suitable mask after the cermet has been properly fired. The resistive element was then re-fired to sinter the gold cermet ink. The resulting resistive element demonstrated measurably reduced contact resistance as compared with a control element comprising the same cermet resistive layer without the islands. The reduction in total resistance was within tolerable limits. Similar results were obtained with the base layer formed of a cermet resistor ink comprising approximately 25 percent bismuth ruthenate and 35 percent to 40 percent lead borosilicate glass, with a sheet resistivity of 10 kilohms per square at 10 microns of thickness.
The reduction in contact resistance achieved in the tested samples is believed to be the result of the metallurgical bond (meaning a continuous metal link) that forms between each island and the surrounding resistive film, as well as of the inherent conductivity of the islands themselves. More specifically, without the islands, the contact resistance is the resistance through the mechanical pressure junction between the highly conductive wiper and the high resistivity cermet film.
With the islands, the contact resistance of the wiper-to-cermet pressure junction is replaced by a wiper-to-island pressure junction in series with the bulk conductivity of the island and the conductivity of the electrically conductive junction provided by the aforementioned metallurgical bond. The bulk conductivity of the island and the conductivity of the metallurgical bond junction each can be several orders of the magnitude greater than the conductivity of the wiper-to-cermet pressure junction.
In summary, the present invention provides a resistive element with significantly reduced contact resistance, and with measurable improvement in contact resistance stability, as compared to prior art film-type resistive elements. These benefits are achieved without sacrificing good linearity and setability, while maintaining the ability to achieve fine resolution. Moreover, repeatability and uniformity of electrical characteristics on a mass production basis can be readily achieved. Furthermore, increased operational lifetime is typically achieved through reduced wiper and resistive element wear. In many instances, reduced contact resistance variation (CRV) is also achieved.
The embodiments of the invention described herein are exemplary as preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the pertinent arts may devise modifications and variations to suit particular needs. For example, as mentioned above, there may be a wide variety of patterns for the islands that will yield satisfactory results. Moreover, modifications and variations in the materials employed may be developed, as will the techniques of applying the island-forming material onto the base layer. For instance, thick film inks with noble metals other than gold, silver, and palladium might conceivably be employed for the islands. As a further example, either the base layer or the islands may be formed of conductive plastics, as previously mentioned. These and other modifications that may suggest themselves are to be considered within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 11, 1965
|Jun 4, 1968
|Beckman Instruments Inc
|Method of making cermet resistance element and terminal connections therefor
|Jun 12, 1967
|Nov 10, 1970
|Plessey Co Ltd
|Nov 5, 1984
|Sep 10, 1985
|Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Resistor sheet input tablet for the input of two-dimensional patterns and method for production of parts for same
|Jan 10, 1985
|Sep 10, 1985
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Thick film conductor compositions
|Aug 1, 1984
|Aug 11, 1987
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Hybrid integrated circuit substrate and method of manufacturing the same
|Aug 4, 1986
|Mar 1, 1988
|Motorola, Inc.
|Thick film conductor structure
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 28, 1991
|Dec 8, 1992
|Spectrol Electronics Corporation
|Thick-film circuit element on a ceramic substrate
|Jul 11, 1995
|Dec 30, 1997
|Spectrol Electronics Corporation
|Thick-film circuit element
|Feb 10, 1997
|Sep 1, 1998
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd.
|Linear motion electric component with screw-actuated wiper
|Jun 30, 2000
|Oct 28, 2003
|Aptek Williams, Inc.
|Electrical switch device and process for manufacturing same
|Feb 21, 2002
|Nov 9, 2004
|Bei Technologies, Inc.
|Resistance element for potentiometric devices, and method of manufacture
|Jul 23, 2003
|May 10, 2005
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd
|Variable-resistance element
|Nov 7, 2014
|Jul 5, 2016
|Alevo International, S.A.
|Commutating circuit breaker
|Jul 23, 2003
|Jul 8, 2004
|Alps Electric Co., Ltd.
|Variable-resistance element
|Sep 24, 2004
|Mar 31, 2005
|Riley Richard E.
|Resistance element and method of manufacture
|Sep 14, 1998
|May 19, 1999
|CTS Corporation
|Conductor burnishing
|U.S. Classification
|427/102, 427/103, 427/376.3, 427/126.5, 427/383.5, 427/125
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 16, 1990
|Certificate of correction
|Nov 25, 1992
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 28, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 28, 1992
|Surcharge for late payment
|Dec 3, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 14, 1997
|Surcharge for late payment
|Feb 14, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 22, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
|By Business Wire
Article Rating:
|June 25, 2014 11:30 AM EDT
CounterTack, a pioneer in delivering real-time endpoint threat detection, context and visibility around targeted attacks, today announced it has joined the McAfee Security Innovation Alliance (McAfee SIA) program, a premier technology partnering program.
"In today's evolving threat landscape, organizations are looking for innovative, integrated solutions that will provide them with advanced endpoint protection," said Ed Barry, vice president of the McAfee Security Innovation Alliance. "We are pleased to welcome CounterTack into the McAfee Security Innovation Alliance program. With CounterTack Sentinel, our customers will benefit from quicker threat detection and shorter response time."
Recently named to the list of "Cool Vendors" in the Gartner Cool Vendors for Application and Endpoint Security 2014 report, CounterTack's Sentinel platform delivers the most scalable, enterprise-class endpoint threat detection and response on the market. Once deployed, the platform provides a complete view of attack methods and attack intent through behavioral analysis to provide teams with key attacker activity, throughout the attack lifecycle. Customers and partners benefit from CounterTack Sentinel through its real-time detection and forensic-level analysis capability. Security teams have context on specific attacks and more visibility on endpoint workstation, laptop and server endpoint threats across their enterprise. Joining the McAfee SIA program expands CounterTack's global reach in helping companies get control of their endpoints and turn the tables on attackers.
"Joining the McAfee Security Innovation Alliance program further validates CounterTack's ability to seamlessly collaborate with some of the most trusted leaders in the security industry," said Avi Legmann, SVP, business development, CounterTack. "Unlike threat detection and analysis that focuses solely on binaries, or simply takes snapshots of an organization's attack landscape like Mandiant, Sentinel provides continuous monitoring and analysis of the actual behavioral actions that contribute to broader attacks. We are committed to providing our customers, partners and managed services organizations with the most innovative solutions to protect their critical information assets, and look forward to strengthening our partnership innovations with McAfee."
About CounterTack
CounterTack's real-time endpoint threat detection and response platform, CounterTack Sentinel, delivers unprecedented visibility and context to enterprise security teams around targeted, persistent threats. CounterTack dramatically reduces the impact of advanced attacks, providing real-time, behavioral-based intelligence on attacker activity upon infiltration, so organizations can defend their business leveraging Sentinel's contextual attack evidence for a rapid, prioritized response.
By combining 'stealthware' technology and Big Data analytics, CounterTack turns the tables on attackers, giving security teams and incident responders an advantage over their adversaries to make better security decisions with real-time, automated, forensic-level analysis. CounterTack is revolutionizing how companies defend their endpoints -- across the enterprise.
To learn more, visit www.countertack.com.
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text:
AUSTRALIA: Simeon Wine's fortunes drop 5%
Major Australian bulk producer, Simeon Wines, dropped 5% in post-tax profit to $A18.2m in 1999-2000 but MD, Neil McKenzie, says that immediate prospects are bright with a 12%-15% profit forecast for the current year."Demand is as buoyant as it has ever been with major clients looking to do more business," he said after announcing a 17% increase in revenues to $A115m.EBIT fell 3% to $A28.6m with EBIT of winery operations $A8m higher but EBIT of vineyard sales being $A8m lower because the poor vintage meant minimal returns from sales of grapes, usually 10,000 tonnes.Direct sales to UK outlets, following the appointment of a UK sales manager, had lifted 25%.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 6, 1988
|Filing date
|Sep 17, 1986
|Priority date
|Sep 17, 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Doreswamy R. Iyengar, James J. Krikke
|Original Assignee
|Basf Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Classifications (9), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a pigment toner and to a process for its manufacture. More particularly, the invention relates to an improved Alkali Blue pigment toner characterized by soft texture and high tinting strength and to a process for its manufacture.
"Alkali Blue" is generally known in the art as, and is used herein to define, an arylpararosaniline sulfonic acid of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R may be hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, alkyl containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, nitro-, amino-, sulfonamidealkylamino containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R1 and R2 may be hydrogen, or alkyl containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R3 may be hydrogen or phenyl with or without a grouping such as R and X may be hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, SO3 H or COOH.
A process for converting aryl pararosaniline sulfonic acid dyestuffs into soft textured pigments with high tinctorial strength is outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 3,582,381. The method calls for obtaining a fine aqueous suspension of the dyestuff which is subsequently treated at elevated temperatures (80� to 100� C.) with an aqueous emulsion (O/W emulsion) of natural or synthetic vehicles prepared by known methods using emulsifying agents and/or high speed equipment such as dissolvers, homogenizers, and colloid mills. The slurry is then suction filtered, washed and dried at lower temperatures (50� to 80� C.).
U.S. Pat. No. 3,712,824 uses a similar method with an emulsion made using a varnish comprised of (a) a water immiscible organic liquid with a high boiling point, (b) a resin which is compatible with the organic liquid used and (c) an organic sovent insoluble in water but which can solubilize or swell the resin. The varnish-emulsion prepared using emulsifying agents and/or a homogenizer is mixed with the pigment slurry and the mixture further agitated in a high speed agitator such as a dissolver to obtain a foamy mass which is dried in vacuum or by hot air (50� to 80� C.) to obtain an easily dispersible pigment.
A somewhat modified method is outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,357 where no separate emulsion is prepared. The pigment is coprecipitated with one or more anionic surfactants (in situ emulsifiers) and the resulting slurry is mixed with a hydrophobic oil phase, vigorously stirred and heat treated (if needed) to obtain a coated presscake which on drying (70� to 80� C.) yields a soft textured pigment.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,745 discloses a process for preparing coloristically valuable pigments by dissolving the pigment in an alkali solution and an additive. The additives that may be employed include "tall resin." The pigment can be precipitated from the alkaline solutions by the addition of acids.
In general the prior art methods involve two or more steps and call for the us of surfactant(s) treated pigments or emulsifying agents to make emulsions and high speed equipment to transfer the pigment from aqeuous into the oil phase. Accordingly, it is a purpose of the instant invention to provide a process for preparing soft textured, high strength Alkali Blue toners wherein little or no external energy is needed for emulsification thus simplifying the process by eliminating the need for high speed equipment as well as the need for added surfactants.
The instant invention relates to a process for preparing a soft textured, high strength Alkali Blue pigment toner comprising preparing an initial mixture from an alkali metal hydroxide, Alkali Blue pigment, resin, an oil, or varnish, free fatty acid and water and adding a mineral acid to said initial mixture to precipitate the pigment product. In essence the process amounts to treating the pigment with a spontaneously formed emulsion obtained from the resin, oil or varnish and free fatty acid without the use of high speed mixing equipment or added surfactants.
It is preferred to employ sodium hydroxide as the alkali metal hydroxide although potassium hydroxide could be used as well as lithium hydroxide.
Suitable Alkali Soluble Resins include resins (synthetic or natural) with an acid number of approximately 100 or above such as: rosin, rosin ester, hydrogenated rosin, maeeated rosins and rosin esters, fumarated rosin and rosin esters, tall oil resins, terpene based resins such as Petrex acid (marketed by Hercules Co.), and resin modified acid phenol resins.
Oils which may be employed in the process of the instant invention include natural fats and oils such as vegetable oils and marine fats and oils. Examples of suitable vegetable oils are castor oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, and tall oil. Examples of suitable marine fats and oils include menhaden, salmon, sardine, and sperm oil.
In lieu of the oil, a varnish, i.e., a resin plus a solvent, may be employed. The percent solvent in the varnish would generally range from about 35 to 90 percent, preferably 60 to 80 percent. Almost any conventional varnish may be employed.
Natural fats and oils contain a large number of fatty acids both of the saturated and unsaturated type. The more common of these acids are Lauric (C12 -dodecanoic), Myrisitc (C14 -tetradecanooic), palmitic (C16 -hexadecanoic), stearic (C18 -octadecanoic), oleic (C18 -octadecenoic), Linoleic (C18 -octadecadienoic) and linoleic (C18 -octadecadienoic and linolenic (C18 -octadecatrienoic) acids.
An oil that contains an amount of free acid in excess of about 20 percent by weight, provides the source of fatty acid called for in the process and it is not necessary to provide a fatty acid from a separate source. The oils listed above generally contain major amounts of fatty acids in the range C12 -C18. Thus it would appear that providing an acid from a separate source would not be necessary. However, this is not always true since with most of the oils that include fatty acid the fatty acid is not present in the free form but in a combined state as glycerides, either simple or of the mixed type. A simple glyceride is a glyceride of one fatty acid only while a mixed glyceride can have as many as three different fatty acids. While the oils usually contain small amounts of free acids, in order to avoid the need for inclusion of a fatty acid from a separate source, it is necessary that the amount of free acid exceed about 20 percent by weight of the oil. The amount of free acid present in a fat or oil can be obtained from direct neutralization of the fat or oil and is expressed as the acid value which is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acid in one gram of the oil. When the free acid content of the oil or fat exceeds about 20 percent by weight, it is not necessary to provide fatty acid from another source. However, most of the oils of vegetable or animal origin which may be employed consist of C12 -C.sub. 18 fatty acids in a combined form as simple or mixed glyerides and contain less than 20 percent free fatty acid.
Where oils or varnishes are employed which contain less than 20 percent by weight free acid any individual or mixture of C12 to C18 free fatty acid derived from any source can be used to achieve the same purpose.
Suitable fatty acids which may be added are as follows: decanoic, lauric (dodecanoic), myristic (tetradecanoic), cis-9-tetradecenoic, pentadecanoic, cis-9-pentadecenoic, palmitic (hexadecanoic), cis-9-hexadecenoic, hexadecadienoic, heptadecanoic, stearic (octadecanoic), oleic (cis-9-octadecanoic), linoleic (cis-9-, cis-12-octadecandienoic), linolenic (cis-9-, cis-12-, cis-15-octadecatrienoic), octadecatetraenoic, nonadecanoic, eicosanoic, cis-9-eicosenoic, eicosadienoic, eicosatrienoic, arachidonic (cis-5, cis-8, cis-11, cis-13-14-eicosatetraenoic), eicosapentaenoic, docosanoic, cis-13-docosenoic, docosatetraenoic, 4-, 8-, 12-, 15-, 19-docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic. Most any source of these acids is suitable.
As pointed out above, the fats and oils of vegetable or animal origin primarily contain C12 to C18 fatty acids in a combined form as simple or mixed glycerides and contains less than 20 percent free fatty acid. However, there are exceptions. Tall oil, which is a by-product obtained from the waste liquors of the pinewood pulp mills, is primarily a mixture of free fatty and resins acids (76 to 95 percent) with small amounts of sterols, higher alcohols, etc.
The fatty acid contents vary from 20 to 60 percent, the resin acids from 10 to 60 percent, and the unsaponifiable constituents from as low as 5 to as high as 4 percent. Raw tall oil or, in other words, natural tall oil is very dark and has an extremely disagreeable odor. Refined or distilled tall oil eliminates most of the resinic acids but not the fatty acids whereby the fatty acid content is high. The resinic acids of U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,745 are natural resinic acids. They are obtained as a by-product of refining the crude tall oil. Accordingly in the instant invention the refined tall oil is used whereas the above patent uses the resinic acids obtained as a byproduct of refining. Thus the tall oil employed in the instant invention is refined tall oil containing fatty acids as a major constituent and resin acids as a minor constituent. This is a distinction from the "tall resin" which is one of a class of natural resins referred to in column 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,745.
Mixtures of tall oil with other fats and/or oils where the mixture has sufficient (approximately 20 percent) free acid can also be used to achieve spontaneous emulsification of the total mix.
Suitable tall oil products include those sold by Union Camp Corporation as follows. Acid refined tall oil having a 51.5 percent free acid content sold under the trademark Unitol S; reconstituted crude tall oil containing 62.0 percent free fatty acid sold under the trademark Unitol CX; distilled tall oil having a free fatty acid content of 72.0 percent sold under the trademark Unitol DT-25 and a tall oil fatty acid product containing 90.9 percent fatty acid sold under the trademark Unitol DSR.
Where a varnish or an oil containing less than 20 percent by weight free fatty acid is employed, the amount of added fatty acid can vary from about 30 to 75 percent and preferably 40 to 55 percent by weight of the total of the varnish or oil plus fatty acid.
The mineral acid employed for precipitation can be any conventional mineral acid such as HCl, H2 SO4, HNO3, or H3 PO4 the preferred acid being HCl. The acid can be used as an aqueous solution containing 2 to 10 percent by weight of the acid, preferably 2 percent, balance water. The initial mixture is prepared from by weight about 5.0 to 20 percent, preferably about 10 to 15 percent alkali metal hydroxide, about 40 to 85 percent, preferably about 55 to 70 percent Alkali Blue pigment, about 1 to 20 percent, preferably about 10 to 15 percent alkali soluble resin, about 1 to 20 percent, preferably about 10 to 15 percent oil or varnish, about 1 to 20, preferably about 5 to 15 percent free fatty acid, balance water. It is to be understood that with the exception of tall oil, the percentage of oil or varnish set forth above and hereinafter is exclusive of any free fatty acid contained therein and the percentage of free fatty acid is the total of any free fatty acid contained in the oil and any added free fatty acid. Where tall oil is employed, the amount of tall oil is about 10 to 50 percent by weight which is all of the tall oil used including the free fatty acid contained therein. Generally the ratio of alkali soluble resin to the oil or varnish plus fatty acid, will range from about 1:2 to 2:1. Preferably the amount of mineral acid employed is sufficient to neutralize the caustic solution of the Alkali Blue to completely precipitate the pigment and lower the pH to about 1.
The following examples are intended to exemplify the invention. All parts are by weight and all temperatures are in degree centigrade throughout this specification and claims unless otherwise designated. In the following examples the products produced according to the instant invention were compared with each other and with the standard soft textured Alkali Blue toner which had 24 percent by weight fumerated rosin ester of an acid number of 290 A conventional vehicle was employed which consists of 40 percent hydrocarbon oils sold by the Magie Brothers, Franklin Park, Ill., under the trademark Magiesol 47 and 60 percent of an aromatic modified hydrocarbon resin sold under the name Petrorez 140 by Lawter Chemicals, Inc. of Northbrook, Ill.
Using the above vehicle, the ease of dispersion was determined by the method which consists of mixing 0.1 gram of the dreed pigment with 5 grams of a white paste containing ca. 40 percent of zinc oxide in a beat set type lithographic varnish. The mixture is then hand spatulated on a clean Hoover Muller plate to wet the pigment, and is spatulated until uniform. The sample is then mulled for 25 revolutions with the fixed weight (2500 grams) on the Hoover Muller. The plates are scraped and the operation repeated. The plates ar scraped again and one-fourth of the sample is removed and set aside for later comparison. This one-fourth of the sample is generally designated 2X and is indicated under "Texture" in the Tables. The remainder of the sample is mulled for another 25 revolutions with a single weight on the Hoover muller, scraped and mulled again. The plates are then scraped again, and one-third of the remaining sample is removed and set aside which is designated 4X and is indicated under "Texture" in the Tables. The remainder is then mulled twice again as with the two previous batches and one-half of the remaining sample is removed and set aside which is designated 6X and indicated in the Tables under "Texture."
The remaining half of the last sample is then employed for determining the "ultimate strength" by mulling this portion on the Hoover muller with all the Hoover muller weights (7500 grams) three times at 50 revolutions each. That is to say it is mulled for 50 revolutions, scraped, mulled for 50 revolutions again, scraped, and finally mulled a third time for 50 revolutions. This sample is designated the ultimate and the values are set forth in the Table under the heading "Ultimate Strength."
The samples obtained from each of the following, Examples 2-27, are compared with the standard in each case. The numerical values shown in the Table are obtained by a series of comparisons of each example with the standard whereby when the color is stronger than the standard, the white paste in the vehicle described above is added to dilute the sample of the Example in increments after which each dilution is checked against the standard by drawdown until the strength is the same as the standard. The percentage of pigment in the diluted sample is then determined and the difference between that percentage and 100 is indicated as the number preceded by the indication +. For example, the Ultimate Strength sample of Example 2 had to be diluted down to the point where the amount of pigment was 78 percent of that in the standard. Seventy-eight is then substracted from 100 to give 22, which is the number shown in the Table preceded by the +. This means that it is 22 percent stronger than the standard. Where the sample is obviously weaker than the standard, more pigment is added until color strength is equal to the standard. The percentage of pigment as compared to the percentage in the standard is then determined For example, with Example 13 this was 111 percent for the Ultimate Strength, and it is indicated in the Table as -11.
This same testing and numerical system applies also to the numbers shown in the "Texture" columns. For example, +50 means that it took only half as much pigment to obtain the same strength as obtained in the standard, and -25 means that it required 25 percent more pigment to achieve the same strength as the standard. The texture can be determined by the numbers under the "Texture" column comparing the strength of each example for two passes against that of six passes. The closer the strength value of two passes is to that for six passes, the more easily dispersed the material is. For example, where the values for two passes and six passes are identical, it is fully dispersed in two passes. The texture numbers such as those for Example 4 merely mean that the strength after two passes was 20 percent stronger than the standard was after two passes and was 16 percent stronger after six passes than the standard was after six passes. It does not mean that the values are the same in absolute terms. If you compare these with the "Ultimate Strength" values, Example 4 is only 11 percent stronger than the standard after three more passes. This indicates that while the ultimate strength is only 11 percent better, the initial strength is 20 percent better than the standard which, in other words, means that it disperses much faster than the standard.
In preparing the standard a caustic solution with Alkali Blue consisting principally of triphenylpararosaniline monosulfonic acid was prepared consisting of by weight 8 parts of the Alkali Blue, 2 parts of sodium hydroxide, balance water to 100 percent. A fumerated rosin ester having an acid number of 290, sold by Filtrez Resin Products under the trademark Filtrez 591 was added to this caustic solution in an amount of 24 percent by weight of the total solids. The solution was then heated to 60� C. with stirring and the pigment precipitated with an aqueous 2 percent HCl solution in an amount sufficient to lower the pH to less than 1.0. This is followed by heat treatment at 95� C. for five minutes, filtration, washing and drying at 50� C.
Seven products according to the instant invention were made up as set forth in Example 1 substituting for the 24 percent of fumarated rosin ester a composition of 14 percent fumarated rosin ester and 10 percent of a tall oil product identified by trademark and grade number in Table I below which trademarked tall oil products are described in the preceding specification. The results of the texture and ultimate strength tests as described above, compared to Example 1 as the standard, are set forth in Table I below.
TABLE I______________________________________ Texture UltimateExample Oil 2x 4x 6x Strength______________________________________2 Unitol DT-25 -7 +4 +11 +223 Unitol DT-25 +1 +8 +11 +184 Unitol DT-25 +20 +26 +16 +115 Unitol DT-25 -8 -4 +6 +96 Unitol DT-25 +11 +9 +9 +207 Unitol S -21 -9 +1 +68 Unitol DSR +8 +17 +26 +29______________________________________
Examples 9-17 were prepared in a manner similar to that described for Examples 2-8 with the exception that only a single additive was employed and the amounts are as shown in Table II below. The products of Examples 9-17 were tested for texture and ultimate strength by the methods described above using the product of Example 1 as a standard. The results are shown in Table II below.
TABLE II______________________________________Ex-am- Ultimateple Additive Used Amount 2x 4x 6x Strength______________________________________ 9 Pentalyn-269 24% +10 +7 +4 +810 Gum Rosin 24% -4 +3 +4 +611 JonRez (SM-705) 24% +12 +3 +5 +312 Filtrez 591 24% -11 -5 -2 +613 Unitol DT-25 24% -34 -43 -39 -1114 Unitol DT-25 20% -24 -21 -9 +1515 Unitol S 20 -42 -31 -34 -916 Unitol S 20% -45 -36 -18 +217 Unitol DSR 20 -30 -45 -42 -8______________________________________
In the above Table II, the additives may be described as follows:
Pentalyn-269 is an alkali soluble modified rosin ester sold by the Hercules Company.
JonRez (SM-705) is a maleic modified rosin ester sold by the St. John Resin Company and having an acid value of the resin of approximately 200.
Filtrez 591 is as described above in connection with Example 1.
The Unitol products are all described above in the specification.
It can be seen from Table II, with a few exceptions possibly due to laboratory error, the combination of a resin with the oil produces superior results to the use of resin alone or oil alone as can be seen from a comparison of the results of Table II with those of Table I.
These examples illustrate the results achieved where the total percentage of additive is 24 percent but the ratio of resin to oil varies. Products of Examples 18-22 were prepared as described for Examples 2-8 using in all cases the fumarated rosin ester having an acid number of 290, which is designated Filtrez 591 in the above Tables, and utilizing the Unitol DT-25 as the oil in all cases. These products were all tested for texture and ultimate strength as set forth above and the results are shown in Table III below.
TABLE III______________________________________Resin Oil Texture UltimateExample Percent Percent 2x 4x 6x Strength______________________________________18 16 8.0 +15 +16 +18 +2919 14 10.0 +11 +9 +19 +2020 12 12.0 +15 +11 +16 +3421 10 14.0 +4 -4 +5 +1922 8 16.0 -5 -10 +10 +31______________________________________
From the above it can be seen that even though the ratio of resin to oil was varied, the ultimate strength was substantially greater than the standard.
These products were prepared substantially the same as Examples 18-22 with the exception that in all Examples the ratio of oil to resin is 1:1 and the total amount of oil plus resin is varied from 16 to 32 percent as shown in Table IV below. These products were subjected to the texture and ultimate strength tests set forth above, the results of which are shown in Table IV below.
TABLE IV______________________________________Example Total Texture UltimateNo. Additives, % 2x 4x 6x Strength______________________________________23 16 -21 -7 +2 +924 20 Equal +5 +8 +1125 24 +3 +6 +8 +826 28 +8 +6 +8 +727 32 +6 +7 +5 +4______________________________________
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 2, 1968
|Jun 1, 1971
|Hoechst Ag
|Process for converting aryl pararosaniline sulfonic acid dyestuffs into pigments
|Jul 25, 1969
|Jan 18, 1972
|Hoechst Ag
|Process for converting dyestuffs of the aryl-pararosaniline sulfonic acid series into valuable pigments having a high tinctorial strength
|Nov 5, 1970
|Jan 23, 1973
|Sakata Shokai Co Ltd
|Easily dispersible pigment and process for producing same
|Mar 3, 1976
|Jun 28, 1977
|The Sherwin-Williams Company
|Easy dispersing alkali blue powder and process for manufacture
|Sep 5, 1979
|Feb 17, 1981
|Liquid Paper Corporation
|Thermally activated ink and transfer method
|Jun 8, 1981
|May 17, 1983
|Basf Wyandotte Corporation
|Soft textured high strength alkali blue pigment
|Feb 15, 1983
|Jun 26, 1984
|Basf Wyandotte Corporation
|Process for the preparation of easily dispersible, high color strength, powdered alkali blue pigments
|Nov 12, 1982
|Sep 4, 1984
|Basf Wyandotte Corporation
|Soft textured high strength Alkali Blue pigment
|U.S. Classification
|106/408, 106/500, 106/504
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 15, 1988
Owner name: BASF CORPORATION, 1419 BIDDLE AVENUE, WYANDOTTE, M
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:IYENGAR, DORESWAMY R.;KRIKKE, JAMES J.;REEL/FRAME:004917/0608;SIGNING DATES FROM 19860822 TO 19860825
|Apr 7, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 6, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 5, 2000
|Fee payment
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|Mar 10, 2005
Owner name: BPS PRINTING SYSTEMS LLC (FORMERLY BASF PRINTING S
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Owner name: J.P. MORGAN EUROPE, AS SECURITY AGENT, UNITED KING
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|Sep 5, 2014
Owner name: BPS PRINTING SYSTEMS, LLC, NORTH CAROLINA
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