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Table of contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Introduction .......................................................... 1 Meaning ............................................................... 1 Definitions ............................................................ 3 Necessary and sufficient conditions ...................... 5 Linguistic pitfalls ................................................... 7 Basic logical concepts ........................................ 12 Arguments.......................................................... 13 Validity and soundness ....................................... 14 Patterns of valid arguments ................................ 16
10. Causation........................................................... 20 11. Morality .............................................................. 21 12. Fallacies ............................................................. 22 13. Going forward..................................................... 23
Critical thinking plays a crucial role in evaluating the usefulness of new ideas. as creativity is not just a matter of coming up with new ideas. we need to justify and reflect on our values and decisions. The aim is to highlight some of the more important concepts and principles of critical thinking to give a general impression of the field. Clear and systematic thinking can improve the comprehension and expression of ideas. For further study. Introduction Critical thinking is the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. This is a misconception. Critical thinking provides the tools for this process of self-evaluation. 2. and being able to think clearly and rationally. selecting the best ones and modifying them if necessary. In order to live a meaningful life and to structure our lives accordingly. Critical thinking is also necessary for self-reflection. and to cooperate with others in solving problems and acquiring knowledge. they can also be used to support other viewpoints. It is neither a comprehensive survey nor a self-contained textbook. Meaning LITERAL MEANING is a property of linguistic expressions. It is sometimes suggested that critical thinking is incompatible with creativity. Critical thinking does not mean being argumentative or being critical of others.1. readers can look up the books and online resources listed at the end. Critical thinking is a general thinking skill that is useful for all sorts of careers and professions. A creative person is someone who can generate new ideas that are useful and relevant to the task at hand. Although critical thinking skills can be used in exposing fallacies and bad reasoning. The literal meaning -1- . This mini guide contains a brief discussion of the basics of critical thinking. so good critical thinking can also enhance language and presentation skills.
Meaninglessness In ordinary language the adjective "meaningless" is sometimes used rather indiscriminately." Strictly speaking. and not by what one or the other party thinks was implied implicitly. We might perhaps take Lala to be saying that Po likes to read. "I am very tired. But this is at most the conversational implicature.the information that is implicitly conveyed in a particular conversational context. This is particularly important in the legal context. distinct from the literal meaning of the statement. and he replies "if I come. ultimately it is settled by looking at the literal meaning of the terms. suppose we hear Lala says. But the statement is perfectly grammatical and meaningful. But even if this is the case. and not its conversational implicature. it is its literal meaning that we should consider. Similarly. I will come. "Po likes books". this is an empty statement as it does not provide any useful information as to whether Peter might come or not. It might turn out that Po hates reading and she likes books only because she regards them as good investment. One important point illustrated by this example is that when we want to find out whether a statement is true. Rather. For example. To be accurate one should not describe such statements as meaningless." Naturally we would infer that Lily does not want to go to the cinema. Lala's assertion is still true. suppose Peter is asked whether he will go to the party. For example.of a sequence of words is determined by its grammatical properties and the meanings that are conventionally assigned to those words. The literal meaning of a statement should be distinguished from its conversational implicature . Claims that are pointless or empty sometimes are also described as "meaningless". But this is not part of the literal meaning of what is said. and not part of the literal meaning of what is being said. -2- . the information that she does not want to go is inferred indirectly. The content of a contract is typically given by the literal meaning of the terms of the contract. suppose we ask Lily whether she wants to go to the cinema and she replies. and if there is a dispute about the contract.
in defining "bachelor" to mean "an unmarried man". For example. whether or not the term has already got a meaning. We might divide definitions into four kinds: Reportive definition A REPORTIVE DEFINITIO n is sometimes also known as a lexical definition. It reports the existing meaning of a term.a DEFINIENDUM and a DEFINIEN. Definitions Lack of clarity in meaning can hinder good reasoning and obstruct effective communication. The definiendum is the term that is to be defined. whereas the definien is the group of words or concepts used in the definition that is supposed to have the same meaning as the definiendum.3. suppose a stipulative definition is proposed to define "MBA" to mean "married but available". For example. or the definition of "prime number" as referring to any integer greater than one and divisible only by one and itself. If the stipulative definition is accepted. Stipulative definition A STIPULATIVE DEFINITION is not used to explain the existing meaning of a term. a bus company might want to give discounts to elderly people. This includes the "bachelor" example above. the word "bachelor" is the definiendum. One way to make meaning clearer is to use definitions. then the term is used in the new way that is prescribed. A definition is made up of two parts . Accepting such a definition. we can then go about describing other people as MBAs. But simply declaring that the elderly can pay a reduced fare will lead to many disputes. and "an unmarried man" is the definien. The aim of a precising definition is to make the meaning of a term more precise for some purpose. A reportive definition should capture the correct usage of the term that is defined. For example. Precising definition A PRECISING DEFINITION might be regarded as a combination of reportive and stipulative definition. -3- . It is used to assign a new meaning to a term.
even though it might be useful as a rhetorical tool. For example. "language" might be used in a different sense. This definition carries a negative connotation. the communication systems of most animals would not qualify as language. Finally. as the term "murder" suggests that abortion is wrongful killing. To resolve this dispute. it is important that the proposed -4- . précising definitions can also be used to resolve disputes that involve some key concepts whose meanings might not be clear enough. Evaluating definitions The criteria for evaluating definitions depend on the kind of definition we are considering. Persuasive definition A PERSUASIVE DEFINITION is any definition that attaches an emotive. With reportive definition. Similarly. allowing a user of the language to communicate information about objects or situations remote in time and space from the location of discourse. précising definitions are very important in drawing up laws and regulations. Used in such a way. positive or derogatory meaning to a term where it has none. then obviously birds and other animals do make use of languages. This is of course one among many possible definitions. and it also assumes that the aborted fetus is already a person. Such a definition is surely not appropriate in a rational debate on the moral legitimacy o f abortion. requiring a combinatorial syntax and semantics. We might want to eliminate or punish sexual harassment. If by "language" we refer to any system of communication.since it is not clear how old one should be in order to be an elderly person. but we need a good definition of sexual harassment in order that people know what is appropriate and what is not. a biology professor giving an unwelcome surprise exam on human sexuality should better not be counted as sexual harassment under any such definition. Suppose two people are arguing whether animals such as birds or apes possess language. On the other hand. we need to be more precise as to what is meant by "language". So one might define "an elderly person" to mean "any person of age 65 or above". someone against abortion might define "abortion" as "the murder of an innocent still-born person". For example.
A definition is TOO WIDE (or too broad) if the definien applies to things that the definiendum does not apply to. 4.definition correctly captures the usage of the term that is defined. A necessary condition is sometimes also called "an essential condition". Some examples : Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Having four sides is necessary for being a square. To say that X is a NECESSARY CONDITION for Y is to say that it is impossible to have Y without X. Necessary and sufficient conditions The concepts of necessary and sufficient conditions help us understand and explain the different kinds of connections between concepts. For example. Not being an even number is essential for being a prime number. it is also too wide as tea leaves are edible but are not vegetables. Notice that a definition may be both too wide and too narrow at the same time.g. On the other hand. Being brave is a necessary condition for being a good soldier. this means that the definition should be neither too wide nor too narrow. defining an airplane as a machine that flies is too wide since helicopters are also flying machines but they are not airplanes. since the definition is not meant to capture existing usage. But it is important that the definition should avoid circularity. A definition is TOO NARROW if the definien fails to apply to things to which the definiendum applies. the absence of X guarantees the absence of Y. d efining a triangle as a plane figure with three equal straight sides. -5- . inconsistency and obscurity. The question of whether a definition is too broad or too narrow does not arise with stipulative definitions. In particular. and how different states of affairs are related to each other. In other words. If you define vegetables as the edible leaves of any plant. the definition is too narrow as it fails to include tomatoes and potatoes. e.
having good finger technique is a necessary condition. Another necessary condition is being good at interpreting piano pieces. we simply find a situation where Y is present but X is not. then Y must also be present. can also be understood as saying that X is a sufficient condition for Y. Being divisible by 4 is sufficient for being an even number. Note that some state of affairs can have more than one sufficient condition. Expressions such as "If X then Y". it is impossible to have X without Y. In other words. Whales are mammals. A certain state of affairs might have more than one necessary condition. For example. Again. For example. or "X is enough for Y". To say that X is a SUFFICIENT CONDITION for Y is to say that the presence of X guarantees the presence of Y. even though we might be using different terms. to be a good concert pianist.To show that X is not a necessary condition for Y. To show that X is not sufficient for Y. but of course being green. Being blue is sufficient for being colored. some examples : Ÿ Ÿ Being a square is sufficient for having four sides. since a well-respected social activist might in fact be quite poor. when we say things like "life requires oxygen". being red are also -6- . but they live in the sea. we turn to sufficient conditions. this is equivalent to saying that the presence of oxygen is a necessary condition for the existence of life. If X is present. Next. Living on the land is not necessary for being a mammal. we come up with cases where X is present but Y is not. But this is not enough. Loyalty is not sufficient for honesty because one might have to lie in order to protect the person one is loyal to. We invoke the notion of a necessary condition very often in our daily life. Examples : Ÿ Ÿ Being rich is not necessary for being well-respected. A very mean and wicked person who loves someone might not be loved by anyone. Examples : Ÿ Ÿ Loving someone is not sufficient for being loved.
LEXICAL AMBIGUITY refers to cases where a single term has more than one meaning in the language. 5. Having a son is sufficient but not necessary for being a parent (a parent can have only one daughter). For -7- . For example. Given any two conditions X and Y. there are four ways in which they might be related to each other: Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ X is necessary but not sufficient for Y. Here are some examples : Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Having four sides is necessary but not sufficient for being a square (since a rectangle has four sides but it is not a square). X is sufficient but not necessary for Y. Linguistic pitfalls Linguistic pitfalls are misuses of language where language is used to obscure. (or "jointly necessary and sufficient") X is neither necessary nor sufficient for Y. distort or make statements appear to be more informative or profound than they actually are. Being a tall person is neither necessary nor sufficient for being a successful person. Necessary and sufficient conditions are often very useful in explaining the connections between abstract concepts. in explaining the nature of democracy we might say that the rule-of-law is necessary but not sufficient for democracy. This classification is very useful when we want to clarify how two concepts are related to each other. X is both necessary and sufficient for Y.sufficient for being colored. Being an unmarried man is both necessary and sufficient for being a bachelor. Ambiguity There are different kinds of ambiguity.
avoiding ambiguity applies only to situations where we want to communicate precisely and accurately. "bank" (river bank or financial institution). But of course we can think of many counterexamples to such a claim. or it might mean violence on TV is the topic to be discussed. or it can be used to describe physical depth ("This hole is very deep"). this statement implies that there is no politician who is not corrupted. So the person who makes the statement might say "I don't really mean each and every politician. When we encounter ambiguity. This process of removing ambiguity is known as "disambiguation". This can happen even when it is clear what the meanings of the individual words are. Naturally. Similarly for words like "young" (inexperienced or young of age)." But then who exactly are the people referred to? SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY means having more than one meaning because there is more than one way to interpret the grammatical structure. the following statement does not make it clear who is hurt: Ÿ "Ally hit Georgia and then she started bleeding. such as "politicians are corrupt". Literally. ambiguity might actually be desirable." It might mean the discussion will be conducted during a television program. we might try to clarify meaning explicitly by listing out all the different possible interpretations. Consider the sentence "we shall be discussing violence on TV. As the sun sets the surroundings become dark. the word "deep" can mean profundity ("What you have said is very deep. Vagueness A term is vague if it has an imprecise boundary. or a third party? Many people like to make very general statements. When dealing with ambiguous language we should ensure that the context makes it clear to the audience what the correct interpretation should be. etc." Who is bleeding? Ally or Georgia.example. For example. but there is no sharp boundary when the -8- ."). REFERENTIAL AMBIGUITY arises when the context does not make it clear what a pronoun or quantifier is referring to. In literary activities.
and the different meanings of an ambiguous term can be very precise indeed. Notice that we should make a distinction between vagueness and ambiguity. Many students often like to ask questions such as : Ÿ Ÿ Is there going to be a lot of homework for this course? Is the final exam going to be difficult? But of course words like "difficult" and "a lot" are vague.surroundings suddenly switch from being bright to being dark. How precise we should be depends of course on the context. -9- . So "dark" and "bright" are vague terms. "cheap". but this indecision is not due to lack of knowledge about that person's height. When we need to be precise and informative we should avoid vagueness. Many terms in the language are vague. t one can easily find one event or another as "evidence" that confirms the prediction. but still you cannot decide whether he is tall or not. A word can be vague even though it is not ambiguous. This is because the meaning of the term is not precise enough. "mountain". e. It is not clear how these questions should be answered! Vague claims are also frequent in horoscope predictions. You might know exactly how tall that person is. "clever".g. Here is one: Ÿ Be prepared for a change of direction this week as something crops up. The same for this rather pointless prediction: Ÿ This piece of news is going to affect the stock market to a certain extent. It would be a mistake to say that critical thinking requires that we eliminate all vagueness. Vague terms can be useful in everyday life because often we do not have to be too precise. Since it is not clear what counts as a change of direction (someone blocking your way on the pavement so you can' walk in a straight line?). "Tall" is also vague since there are cases where it is hard to say whether a person is tall or not.
Consider again the association of abortion with murder. Many expressions in the language are not purely descriptive but carry positive or negative connotations.10 - . either explicitly or implicitly. is love more important than money? Well.1900) Distortion Distortion is a matter of using words with inappropriate semantic associations. This includes terms such as "useful".Incomplete Meaning A term has an incomplete meaning if the property or relation it expresses depends on some further parameter to be specified by the context. For example. .Oscar Wilde (1854 . So just saying that something is useful or important is empty unless it is made clear in what way it is so. As an argument against abortion it therefore begs the question as it presupposes that abortion is wrong. it is better to be good than to be ugly. "important". since murders are usually taken to be wrongful killings. or to use words in a way that deviates from its standard meaning without clear indications. . Reification . The word "murder" carries the connotation that the act is wrong. But if you are looking for someone to share your life. Suppose someone argues. which is exactly what is to be proven. Practically all objects are useful and important only in some respects but not others. Here are two sample statements whose meanings are not complete: Ÿ Ÿ "Will this year's final exam be similar to the one last year?" "It is better to be beautiful than to be good. "similar" and "better". someone who is not careful and fails to detect the inappropriate negative connotation might easily be swayed by the argument. The use of inappropriate emotive expressions is one typical example of distortion. "abortion is the murder of an unwanted child and so should not be allowed". then money is more important." . it depends. then love is perhaps better. If you are starving to death. But . However.
or more generally. This is a category . the HKU Student Law Society puts up a slogan that says "we are the law". Consider the famous sentence "colourless green ideas sleep furiously". avoid using reification.The word "reify" came from the Latin word "res". Some years ago. then reification should perhaps be avoided. This sentence contains a number of category mistakes. in general. if our purpose is to convey information clearly and simply." This treats truth as if it were a physical object that can either be in here or out there somewhere.11 - . Of course. What is meant is probably something like "the truth about [a certain issue] is something that we can discover if we try hard enough. If a claim that involves reification constitutes a meaningful and informative claim. taken as a body of facts about what has happened in the past. but justice is not really a property of history. since green ideas cannot be said to be colorless. this is a good sign that the original statement does not actually have a clear meaning. unless you want dramatic impact." For a different example. It increases dramatic impact and is often used in poetry and metaphors. But truth is an abstract property of claims and theories and is not located anywhere. and ideas are not the kind of things that can sleep. Reification is treating an abstract idea or property as if it were a concrete physical object. Perhaps the intended meaning is something like "in time people will make the correct and fair opinion on the matter under discussion. So. For example. But if you have to. then it can be expressed more clearly in simpler language without using reification. consider the popular claim that "History is just. So this is an example of reification." The two examples here show that reification in itself need not be objectionable." A person or a system of rules or laws can be just or unjust. we know roughly what the intended meaning is. When it is difficult if not impossible to carry out this translation. But again we can guess what the speaker might have in mind when the statement is made. one slogan on a popular TV programme says "The truth is out there. However. misrepresenting the category to which something belongs. Category mistakes This is the mistake of ascribing a property to some object which logically it cannot possess. which means thing. make sure you know what you really intend to say.
"30 people have died in the riots" entails "more than 20 people died in the riots". 6. But of course. For example. "all birds can fly" is stronger than "most birds can fly". and people are not. and "The earth is spherical" are inconsistent statements since nothing can be both flat and spherical. if you have any two statements that are both true. A stronger claim is of course more likely to be wrong. which is still stronger than "some birds can fly". it does not follow that Y is also false. If X entails Y but Y does not entail X.12 - .g. . if X is true then Y must also be true. In other words. Entailment A sentence X entails Y if Y follows logically from X.mistake as laws are regulations and rules. Law students should know better than proclaim slogans like that. then we say that X is a stronger claim than Y (or "Y is weaker than X"). if X entails Y and we find out that X is false. Basic logical concepts Consistency Two (or more) statements are inconsistent with each other when it i s logically impossible for all of them to be true at the same time. For example. suppose we want to praise X but are not sure whether X is the best or not. To use a typical example. they are certainly consistent. On the other hand. So we need not be accused of speaking falsely even if it turns out that X is not the best. "The earth is flat". Of course. e. But this goes against the idea of justice and rule-of-law which are central to modern democratic communities. sometimes people do say "I am the law" to mean they are the boss and that everyone should obey whatever they command. If X entails Y and we find out that Y is false. we might use the weaker claim "X is one of the best" rather than the stronger "X is the best". but not vice-versa. then we should conclude that X is also false.
If two statements are logically equivalent. The first two statements are the premises. Donald can swim. "everyone is ill" is equivalent to "nobody is not ill". "it follows that". though obviously not in cases like "I have been here since noon". one of which is the CONCLUSION and the others are the PREMISES or ASSUMPTIONS of the argument.".. For example. But sometimes the job can be made easier by the presence of certain premise or conclusion indicators.13 - . are often preceded by words like "therefore". identify and evaluate arguments is a crucial part of critical thinking. the term has a different meaning. To give an argument is to provide a set of premises as reasons for accepting the conclusion. an argument is taken to be a list of statements. The ability to construct. So how do we identify them? There are no easy mechanical rules. However. on the other hand. "so". Here. supported by the statements that come afterwards. . For example. with the premises and conclusions clearly laid out. Words like "after all". and "cheap things are no good" is actually equivalent to "good things are not cheap".. Here is an example of a short argument made up of three statements. if a person makes a statement. and the last one is the conclusion: Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Every duck can swim. Arguments In ordinary usage. and then adds "this is because . Donald is a duck. the word "argument" is often used to refer to a heated dispute between two or more parties. then necessarily they must always have the same truth value. But in logic and critical thinking. then it is quite likely that the first statement is presented as a conclusion. 7.Logical Equivalence If two statements entail each other then they are logically equivalent. Conclusions. "suppose" and "since" are also often used to precede premises. and we usually have to rely on the context in order to determine which are the premises and the conclusions. Arguments in real life often are not presented in such a neat manner.
A valid argument can also have a false premise but a true conclusion.14 - . 8. In other words. so is the conclusion. so you should make sure you fully understand this topic. a valid argument is one where the premises entail the conclusion. there is no way that the conclusion will be false. a valid argument is one where it is necessarily the case that the conclusion is true if the premises are all true. Obviously. So the argument is indeed valid. however. is not a valid argument. Basically. if the premise is true. It depends only on the logical connection between the premises and the conclusion. corruption is not acceptable. For example it might be expressed by a rhetorical question: Ÿ How can you believe that corruption is acceptable? It is neither fair nor legal! We might reconstruct the argument explicitly as follows: Ÿ Ÿ Corruption is not fair and it is not legal. So.sometimes the conclusion of an argument might not be explicitly written out. and good writing and presentation skills include the ability to present arguments systematically and clearly. So here is a valid argument: Ÿ Barbie is over 90 years old. It does not depend on their actual truth or falsity. So Barbie is over 20 years old. Good reading skills include the ability to reconstruct the arguments that are presented informally. the argument is still valid. Validity and soundness The idea of a VALID ARGUMENT is one of the most important concepts in critical thinking. Validity only requires that when the premises are true. Even if Barbie is actually only 10 years old. It is INVALID: . Notice that the validity of the argument does not depend on whether the premise is in fact true. as when Barbie is 30 years old. A valid argument can have false premises and a false conclusion. This.
because the logical connection between them is missing.Ÿ Barbie is over 20 years old. Statements (the premises and the conclusion) can be true or false. or the argument is not valid. But validity does not tell us whether the premises or the conclusion are true or not. and all the premises are true. but they should never be described as true or false. it is important that you are able to discover and construct counterexamples. it would be nice if we can provide sound arguments to support an opinion. or 80 years old. so is the conclusion. it follows from such a definition that a sound argument must also have a true conclusion. Being able to provide counterexamples can help you convince other people that a certain argument is mistaken. This method of carrying out a rational discussion is something we should follow if we want to improve our critical thinking. Of course. Notice that we are making a distinction between truth and validity. Soundness Given a valid argument. or both. In discussion. So Barbie is over 90 years old.15 - . Call these situations COUNTEREXAMPLES to the argument. This means showing that our argument is valid. as when Barbie is 30 years old. The argument is not valid because it is possible that the premise is true and the conclusion is false. we are defining a valid argument as an argument with no possible counterexamples. If an argument is valid. The invalid argument above is an example if Barbie is 99 years old. Arguments might be valid or invalid. then it is called a SOUND argument. To sharpen your skills in evaluating arguments. Remember that true premises and a true conclusion are not sufficient for validity. Anyone who disagree would have to show that our premises are not all true. Basically. and that the premises are all true. all we know is that if the premises are true. but they are not valid or invalid. Hidden assumptions . Notice that an invalid argument can have true premises and a true conclusion.
playing video games. In everyday life. contraception).When people give arguments sometimes certain assumptions are left implicit. Someone who gives such an argument presumably has in mind the hidden assumption that whatever that is unnatural is wrong. Modus ponens . It is an important part of critical thinking that we should be able to identify such hidden assumptions or implicit assumptions. The way to do this is to see what additional assumptions are needed to add to an argument to make it valid. As this example illustrates. This argument as it stands is not valid. pointing out the hidden assumption in an argument can help resolve or clarify the issues involved in a dispute. Once this is pointed out. You should make sure that you can recognize these patterns and make use of them in reasoning.g. because if we start with true assumptions. 9. we can ask whether it is justified. then our conclusions must also be true. By using special symbols we can describe patterns of valid argument. that there are plenty of things that are "unnatural" but are not usually regarded as wrong (e. and formulate rules for evaluating the validity of an argument. We might argue for example. Example : Ÿ Homosexuality is wrong because it is unnatural.16 - . But how do we determine whether an argument is valid? This is where formal logic comes in. It is only when this assumption is added that the argument becomes valid. and use only valid arguments to establish new conclusions. the arguments we normally encounter are often arguments where important assumptions are not made explicit. Below we introduce a few patterns of valid arguments. having medical operations. Patterns of valid arguments Obviously valid arguments play a very important role in reasoning.
Therefore Jane lives in London. for we can see that any argument of the same form is a valid argument. Therefore 510511 is not the largest prime number. don't confuse modus ponens with the following form of argument.If P then Q. so it will conduct electricity.17 - . There is no largest prime number. Here. This shows that the three arguments have a common form. Jane lives in England. which is not valid! Ÿ Affirming the consequent . we can generate the original three valid arguments. it will conduct electricity. Daniel is unhappy. So Bing has gone shopping. Therefore. Ÿ These three arguments are of course valid. This object is made of copper. It is also in virtue of this form that the arguments are valid.making a mistake of reasoning. They are used to translate or represent statements. Therefore Q. Because this particular pattern of argument is quite common. Q. it has been given a name. Ÿ Ÿ If Jane lives in London then Jane lives in England. If Lam is a Buddhist then he should not eat pork. If there is no largest prime number. Lam is a Buddhist. Furthermore you probably notice that they are very similar to each other.Consider the following arguments : Ÿ Ÿ If this object is made of copper. See if you can come up with situations where the premises of these . However. the letters P and Q are called sentence letters. P. Giving arguments of this form is a fallacy . then 510511 is not the largest prime number. If Bing has gone shopping then Daniel will be unhappy. This particular mistake is known as affirming the consequent. What is common between them is that they have the same structure or form: Ÿ If P then Q. It is known as MODUS PONENS . By replacing P and Q with appropriate sentences. Therefore Lam should not eat pork. P.
Therefore." Ÿ If Norah Jones is coming to Hong Kong today. Therefore. If Elsie is competent. or the only good schools left will be private ones for rich kids. Therefore. If Q then R. If God created the universe then the universe will be perfect. if P then R. P. Therefore.18 - . Either the government brings about more sensible educational reforms. So if Q means "Today is hot. the newspapers would have reported it. Q . not-Q. So if God created the universe there will be no evil. Therefore.If P then Q. They would show that the arguments are not valid. not-P. not-P. Hypothetical syllogism Ÿ Ÿ If P then Q.". P or Q. Here. Here are some other patterns of valid argument : Modus tollens Ÿ If P then Q. Not-Q. The . So she will not get an important job. If the universe is perfect then there will be no evil. "not-Q" simply means the denial of Q. or "Today is not hot. But there are no such reports in the newspapers.arguments are true but the conclusions false. But do distinguish modus tollens from the following fallacious pattern of argument : Ÿ Ÿ Denying the antecedent . she will get an important job. then "not-Q" can be used to translate "It is not the case that today is hot". Disjunctive syllogism Ÿ Ÿ P or Q. Not-P. Not-Q. But Elsie is not competent. so Norah Jones is not coming to Hong Kong today.
When R is the same as S. But surely this is not correct. and it is recognized as such under the law. no matter what the situation is. So the only good schools left will be private ones for rich kids.) So the people are going to be unhappy anyway.19 - . Since the original claim leads to an unacceptable consequence. If someone threatens your life and the only way to save yourself is to kill the attacker. suppose someone claims that the right to life is absolute and that it is always wrong to kill a life. Therefore. prove that it would lead to a contradiction or some other claim that is false or absurd. If Q then S. then most people would agree that this is permissible. . If we don't. Conclude that S must be false. Dilemma Ÿ P or Q. As an example. If we do. Now assume that this is true. Therefore. Other Patterns There are of course many other patterns of deductively valid arguments. Ÿ Either we increase the tax rate or we don't. If P then R. Here is the method to follow if you want to prove that a certain statement S is false: Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ First assume that S is true. R. Arguing by Reductio ad Absurdum The Latin name here simply means "reduced to absurdity". If Q then R. (Because the government will not have enough money to provide for public services. If P then R. We would then have to conclude that killing for self-defense is also wrong. From the assumption that it is true. Those of you who can spot connections quickly might notice that this is none other than an application of modus tollens. we have a simpler form : P or Q. R or S.government is not going to carry out sensible educational reforms. we should conclude that the right to life is not absolute. the people will also be unhappy. the people will be unhappy.
and that you can construct instances of these patterns. It is natural to think that deterioration of memory is caused by over-reliance on computer devices.Some are too obvious to mention. the reason for the correlation is perhaps just that if two persons love each other. But it might be the other way round. Suppose events of type A are positively correlated with events of type B.g. It is understandable that you might not remember the names of all these patterns. What is important is that you can recognize these argument patterns when you come across them in everyday life. Causation The most important thing to remember about causation is probably the advice that one should not confuse correlation with causation. Therefore Q. The correlation events have a common cause Suppose a study shows that married couples who have sex more often are less likely to get divorce. Ÿ P and Q. we have to consider the possibility that there might be a common cause underlying the correlated events. This would be a premature inference because there are other alternative explanations which should be ruled out first: The order of causation is reversed Suppose we find out that people who use electronic diaries and computer address books tend to have worse memory. In this particular case.20 - . So love is the common cause behind the correlated . Should one therefore have more sex in order to avoid divorce? Before drawing such a conclusion. One common mistake in causal reasoning is to jump to the conclusion that A is therefore the cause of B. they are more likely to have sex and less likely to separate. e. 10. Perhaps there is such a correlation because people who do not have good memories (for genetic or other reasons) are more likely to rely on such devices.
Perhaps it has the opposite effect! The correlation is a coincidence A correlation provides evidence for causation only if the correlation is robust and can be observed repeatedly. Simply having more sex might not make divorce less likely. and whether varying the amount of medicine might have differential effects. The claim that "Your nose is longer than your ear" is a descriptive claim. Descriptive statements describe facts without any value judgments. and what rights or duties we might have. we . the man should see what happens when he does not take the medicine. Similarly. Abortion is permissible under certain situations. Perhaps his indigestion problems are relatively minor and they go away quickly whatever he does. Notice that descriptive claims about moral beliefs in themselves are not normative. No value judgment is involved since the statement says nothing as to whether what is described is good or bad. 11. So the apparent improvement is just a coincidence and the medicine does not provide any benefit at all. To see whether the medicine is really effective. Morality Morality is about what is right or wrong. a man who recovers from indigestion whenever he takes a certain Chinese medicine should not jump to the conclusion that the medicine causes him to get well. In contrast. and what should or should not be done. We should not discriminate against homosexuals. the following claims are normative claims: Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ A democratic society should not enact unjust laws. There is not judgment s of whether Peter is right or wrong so this is not a normative claim. Just because I have twice lost something on a black Friday does not warrant the conclusion that something spooky is at work. The statement "Peter thinks that abortion is wrong" is a descriptive statement about one of Peter' beliefs. As such morality is normative and not purely descriptive. Given that descriptive statements do not involve any moral judgments.21 - .events.
It is a mistake to try to derive normative claims solely on the basis of descriptive claims. as opposed to making mistakes that are of a factual nature. but if it is a matter of whether something occurs naturally in the environment. On the other hand. if I believe that there are round squares. Next we have the fallacy of inappropriate presuppositions. Similarly. To infer a normative claim. 12. but this does not mean we should do the same thing. or that animals can be used for food because this is what nature is like. and a fallacy. An example is to argue that cloning is wrong because it is unnatural. many people often argue that we ought to be selfish. If I counted twenty people in the room when there were in fact twenty-one. we might divide fallacies into four kinds : Ÿ Fallacies of inconsistency are cases where something inconsistent or self-defeating has been proposed or accepted.22 - Ÿ . I am believing something that is inconsistent. since I should not have believed something inconsistent if my reasoning is good. What counts as unnatural is not very clear. Such a mistake is known as THE NATURALISTIC FALLACY . then I made a factual mistake. as in believing in the existence of round squares. then the claim that something is or is not natural is a descriptive claim. These are cases where we have an assumption or a question presupposing something that is not reasonable to accept in the . you need to make assumptions about values or about what is right and wrong. Some animals kill the weak and the old. Broadly speaking. Again these arguments jump from purely descriptive claims to normative conclusions.should be careful of arguments that rely on purely descriptive assumptions to derive a normative conclusion. or leave them to die miserably. or that evolution is a matter of survival of the fittest. Fallacies FALLACIES are mistakes of reasoning. and by themselves they have no normative consequences. This is a mistake of reasoning. This can be done only when normative assumptions like "unnatural things are wrong" are added. Just because something happened quite a lot does not mean that it should be done.
For example. To improve one's thinking one must recognize that the importance of reflecting on the reasons for belief and action. But persistent practice can bring about improvements only if one has the right kind of motivation and attitude.23 - . to improve critical thinking skills it is necessary to develop the ability to internalize the principles one have learnt in normal reasoning. because "otherwise I would not be able to find a good job". we need to learn the principles of critical thinking. One might acquire an understanding of the theories of good tennis. such as some basic logic. and to develop the disposition and ability and apply such principles in daily life. Students who like to be spoon-fed and dislike challenges and having to find things out for themselves are not going to improve their own thinking. But these assumptions might not be correct and if no adequate justification is offered then the question might not be an appropriate one. Like the acquisition of many other skills. Fallacies of relevance are cases where an irrelevant assumption is used to defend a conclusion. merely knowing the principles that distinguish good and bad reasoning is not enough. to admit having made mistakes. One must also be willing to engage in debate. 13. However. We also need to know what typical fallacies people make in order to avoid them. and attitude. suppose a student failed a course and asked the teacher to give him a pass instead. This is an example of the fallacy of irrelevance since grades should be given on the basis of performance only.Ÿ Ÿ relevant conversational context. The naturalistic fallacy is one example. Fallacies of insufficiency are cases where the evidence supporting a conclusion is insufficient or weak. practice. First. Going forward What should we do to improve our critical thinking skills? Critical thinking is a skill. We have summarized some of the main principles in this little booklet. and to deal with linguistic complexities and abstract . Asking whether human nature is good or evil presupposes that there is such a thing as human nature and that it must be either good or bad. Similarly. and yet fail to apply and make use of such theories in actual game play. to break old habits. there are three main factors involved in learning critical thinking : theory.
philosophy. http://www.unimelb. http://philosophy. Ÿ . a web site with online tutorials and exercises on critical thinking and creative thinking skills.hku. In this booklet we have discussed only a very small part of critical thinking.hk/think .edu.au/reason/critical/ .24 - .concepts.End - ."Critical thinking web"."Tim van Gelder' critical thinking on the web". Anthony Weston (2001) A Rulebook for Arguments 3rd edition Hackett. a directory of online resources s related to critical thinking. If you want to learn more you can look up these books and resources : Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Patrick Hurley (2003) A Concise Introduction to Logic 8th edition Wadsworth.
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Using paper bags are now popular in the market because of its many uses. Aside from it is being attractive most people find it environment-friendly as well. The use of paper bag can be similar with plastic bags however their difference is the renewable feature of it. Paper bag is renewable because it is biodegradable unlike plastic bags. And it is most recommended to use paper bags because of so many reasons that you should know.
Those reasons will enlighten you to use paper bags. To give you idea on what are those, here are the top 3 reasons why use paper bags:
- Using paper bags with prints on it of your business or company logo is offering an excellent publicity. This can serve as a walking marketing or advertisement in the streets. By being more creative with the paper bag that you will be using, surely there will be more of advertisements that it can produce. You can use your endless creativity with the paper bag, so the next time you will need to print again another advertisement to it, this can be more attractive to your customers and certainly can lead to more sales! It is better to get ideas from your staffs on the design you can put on for your paper bags.
- Paper is more recognized by the consumers and the government because of its renewable and recyclable resources. Because of this, the use of paper bags are more recognized because it can be recycled or reused. Paper can be used up to its small piece that is why the government is implementing only the use of paper bags as much as possible. People are being educated about the importance of this because of the effect of non-recyclable or non-biodegradable materials to the environment. This can affect many people's health and the whole environment. So the use of paper bags is being implemented.
- The global environment regulatory recommends paper products because it is biodegradable and would not harm the environment. Most countries are already starting to do their jobs like banning of plastic bags and making them slowly removed in the market. Most of the people know that plastic bags are not good for the environment and it can affect health as well. This is the reason why paper bags are being used now, to save the environment. There are taxes or fines imposed for those that will be using plastic bags in some areas.
There are still so many reasons why use paper bags and you will be surprised that it is better to use paper bags than anything else. You are not only helping the environment but you are helping yourself as well because it can save you from any adverse effect of this to your well-being. As early as possible before it is too late, you can make a change. Reuse any paper bags existing, recreate anything you can do with it and definitely you can make a change and help the environment.

subset: commoncrawl


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Not paid by city council for work done examining pianos
Dear Editor,
I wish to draw to your attention a matter which is causing me grave concern, specifically payment for work done by me for the Mayor and City Council of Georgetown. I was requested by the former Town Clerk in 2012 to examine two pianos belonging to the council. The pianos were in a very bad condition and I gave my findings to the Town Clerk along with an estimate for the cost of repairs and my fee for examination. The Town Clerk assured me that the documents had to be processed and they would be in contact with me.
After I was not contacted and could not get in contact with the Town Clerk I tried on several occasions in Novem-ber of 2012 to have an audience with the Mayor and was unsuccessful. Three weeks ago I again tried to contact the Mayor in person but I saw an official from his office instead. He asked me for proof of work done. I had a copy which I took to him on January 18, 2013. I was then directed to the Town Clerk who indicated that there was no record of any such transaction, therefore, I cannot be paid.
I have been tuning pianos for the council ever since Elma Meers was Town Clerk and have never encountered such difficulty and embarrassment to receive payment. I just need to be paid for work done examining the pianos.
Yours faithfully,
Laurie Greenidge
Editor's note
We are sending a copy of this letter to Town Clerk (ag) Carol Sooba for any comment she might wish to make.
More in Letters
There was a net reduction of tax revenues by $1.2B
Dear Editor, On July 13, the media reported Minister Jordan as saying that Central Government's revenues increased by 5.9% or by $3B as of April 2016 compared to April 2015.
Small drainage tube causing Mainstay/Three Friends flooding
Dear Editor, The residents of the Essequibo Coast continue to experience flooding from heavy rainfall. Around 2 pm on Saturday (July 23rd) I received phone calls from residents of Mainstay/Three Friends and Hampton Court that their yards and lower flats were under water.
Leguan roads are in a terrible state
Dear Editor, The potholes in the Leguan roads get bigger every day. The residents complained to the Leguan NDC about the deteriorated roads without success.
Expired goods at Port Mourant market
Dear Editor, It is now becoming epidemic and frustrating to see the high volume of expired goods that are being circulated and sold to consumers at the Port Mourant Market.
Why the blood test and $5,000 to register children at Skeldon High School?
Dear Editor, The result slips for the Grade 6 Assessment have July 22 as the date for parents to register children in secondary school.
The buck stops at someone
Dear Editor, Antonio and Joshua George, victims of the fire which engulfed the Drop-In Centre were laid to rest recently. In the total confusion which ensued, during the fire one of the children remembered his brother was not with him, and paid the extreme sacrifice.


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Above: Piglet's Car Tool Twist, a favorite attraction of Zazu
The Piglet's Car Tool Twist entrance is like a cruise across Tooltown. The attraction cars are supposed to look like Beanie the Cab, and while you drive you can twist them by pandering the captives.
Ruin everything with Zombie Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production


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An angry corner resident, also known as, hooker.
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Chris Brown's Nekkid NSFW Peen Shots, Leaked by Perez Hilton
Perez Hilton posted photos of Chris Brown naked. Apparently, one of Brown's exes leaked the photos...coincidentally, his album F.A.M.E. drops this month! All we have to say about Brown's package is: No wonder Rihanna put up with him. Check it out after the jump.
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Art Magnified
Albuquerque Pedestrian Project
Harwood Art Center
By Eva Dameron
You may unknowingly be part of Alexander Ferguson's new exhibit, the Albuquerque Pedestrian Project at the Harwood Art Center (1114 Seventh Street NW). He tapes processed film to the ground in certain areas of the city, creating photographic images without a camera. Elements, people, animals and time create the image rather than light. Ferguson also made sound recordings at each site. You can hear these through headphones mounted on the walls of the exhibit, placed beside each corresponding photograph. A reception for the exhibit will be held Friday, Sept. 16, from 5 to 8:30 p.m. in the Harwood's North Gallery. Runs through Sept. 28. 242-6367.
Today's Events
Sandra Cisneros Exhibition Tour at National Hispanic Cultural Center
Author of The House on Mango Street shares her thoughts and perspectives about both her own writing and the exhibit.
Desert Muse Rising: The 5 Elements at Eye on the Mountain Gallery
Miranda Sings at Kiva AuditoriumMore Recommended Events ››
Kombat Kitty at Stoneface • 7.29.2016
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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|November 9, 2012 07:03 PM EST
SAO PAULO, Nov. 9, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- EZTEC S.A. (BOVESPA: EZTC3) celebrates its 33rd anniversary as one of the most profitable builders and developers in Brazil. The Company announces its results for the third quarter of 2012 (3Q12). Except where stated otherwise, EZTEC's operating and financial information is presented on a consolidated basis and in Brazilian real (R$), in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in Brazil ("BR GAAP") and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) applicable to real estate developers in Brazil, as approved by the Accounting Pronouncement Committee (CPC), Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil (CVM) and Federal Accounting Board (CFC).
- Net Revenue reached R$598.8 million in 9M12, up 12.8% from 9M11.
- Gross Profit was R$315.4 million in 9M12, up 18.8% from 9M11, with Gross Margin of 52.7%, (12.7 p.p. above our guidance for the year).
- EBITDA was R$238.1 million in 9M12, increase of 18.5% from 9M11, for EBITDA Margin of 39.8%.
- Net Income was R$252.0 million in 9M12, with net margin of 42.1%, 12.1 p.p. above the guidance for the year, representing Earnings per Share of R$1.718 and Annualized ROE of 24.7%.
- EZTEC kept its financial strength in 3Q12, ending the period with Cash Equivalents and Financial Investments of R$165.6 million. Excluding the debt of R$139.0 million (being exclusively of SFH financing), the Company's Net Cash stood at R$26.6 million, which was complemented by Performed Receivables from real estate projects of R$232.6 million, which are available for securitization and yielding IGP-M + 12% p.a.
- In the 3Q12, the Company launched 5 projects: the middle-high end residential The View Nova Atlantica, in the south zone of Sao Paulo, with own PSV of R$81.0 million; the commercial project Green Work, located in the south zone of Sao Paulo, with own PSV of R$140.2 million; the middle-high end residential projects Up Home Santana and Chacara Cantareira, both in the north zone of Sao Paulo, with own PSV of R$49.0 million and R$76.5 million respectively; and the middle-end residential project Prime House Sao Bernardo, in the city of Sao Bernardo, a part of the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA), with own PSV of R$149.4 million, totaling R$822.5 million launched in the 9M12. As a result, EZTEC achieved 68.5% of the lowpoint of its launch Guidance for 2012.
- EZTEC's stake of Contracted Sales, net of brokerage commissions and rescissions, reached R$665.4 million in 9M12, growth of 4.8% from 9M11.
- As of September 30th, 2012, EZTEC's Land Bank (ex-EZ Tower) totaled R$4.3 billion in own PSV. The average cost of lot acquisitions, including the costs associated with expanding construction potential, is equivalent to 10.2% of PSV.
Conference Call
November 12th, 2012 – 10:30 a.m. (US EDT)
Webcast: http://webcast.mzvaluemonitor.com/Home/Login/487
Phone: +1 (412) 317-6776
For further information contact:
EZTEC S.A. - Investor Relations
Phone: +55 (11) 5056-8313
E-mail: [email protected]
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SYS-CON Events announced today that LeaseWeb USA, a cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider, will exhibit at the 19th International Cloud Expo, which will take place on November 1–3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. LeaseWeb is one of the world's largest hosting brands. The company helps customers define, develop and deploy IT infrastructure tailored to their exact business needs, by combining various kinds cloud solutions.
Jul. 25, 2016 09:45 AM EDT Reads: 1,134
Whether your IoT service is connecting cars, homes, appliances, wearable, cameras or other devices, one question hangs in the balance – how do you actually make money from this service? The ability to turn your IoT service into profit requires the ability to create a monetization strategy that is flexible, scalable and working for you in real-time. It must be a transparent, smoothly implemented strategy that all stakeholders – from customers to the board – will be able to understand and comprehe...
Jul. 25, 2016 09:30 AM EDT Reads: 2,106
The cloud market growth today is largely in public clouds. While there is a lot of spend in IT departments in virtualization, these aren't yet translating into a true "cloud" experience within the enterprise. What is stopping the growth of the "private cloud" market? In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Nara Rajagopalan, CEO of Accelerite, explored the challenges in deploying, managing, and getting adoption for a private cloud within an enterprise. What are the key differences between wh...
Jul. 25, 2016 09:15 AM EDT Reads: 2,012
SYS-CON Events announced today that Venafi, the Immune System for the Internet™ and the leading provider of Next Generation Trust Protection, will exhibit at @DevOpsSummit at 19th International Cloud Expo, which will take place on November 1–3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. Venafi is the Immune System for the Internet™ that protects the foundation of all cybersecurity – cryptographic keys and digital certificates – so they can't be misused by bad guys in attacks...
Jul. 25, 2016 08:30 AM EDT Reads: 1,280
Large scale deployments present unique planning challenges, system commissioning hurdles between IT and OT and demand careful system hand-off orchestration. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Jeff Smith, Senior Director and a founding member of Incenergy, will discuss some of the key tactics to ensure delivery success based on his experience of the last two years deploying Industrial IoT systems across four continents.
Jul. 25, 2016 06:00 AM EDT Reads: 1,505
There will be new vendors providing applications, middleware, and connected devices to support the thriving IoT ecosystem. This essentially means that electronic device manufacturers will also be in the software business. Many will be new to building embedded software or robust software. This creates an increased importance on software quality, particularly within the Industrial Internet of Things where business-critical applications are becoming dependent on products controlled by software. Qua...
Jul. 25, 2016 05:45 AM EDT Reads: 1,382
SYS-CON Events has announced today that Roger Strukhoff has been named conference chair of Cloud Expo and @ThingsExpo 2016 Silicon Valley. The 19th Cloud Expo and 6th @ThingsExpo will take place on November 1-3, 2016, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. "The Internet of Things brings trillions of dollars of opportunity to developers and enterprise IT, no matter how you measure it," stated Roger Strukhoff. "More importantly, it leverages the power of devices and the Interne...
Jul. 25, 2016 05:00 AM EDT Reads: 2,021


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Huawei pledged on Monday to become more environmentally friendly by pushing its supply chain to go green.
The Chinese vendor said a pilot scheme encouraging sustainability has been rolled out to 24 suppliers and will gradually be extended to cover more of them until environmental performance become a prerequisite for future
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Vodafone UK launches fixed voice, broadband to small businesses
EU approves Germany's tweaked vectoring plan
Softbank agrees €28.8bn acquisition of ARM
AT&T, Verizon among five bidders left in running for Yahoo
Vodafone cheers EC conditions on Deutsche Telekom vectoring
AT&T launches on-demand network functions in 76 countries
US govt to establish 5G research cities
ECT brings virtualisation, NFV to INtellECT service delivery platform
NZ regulator examines impact of Vodafone/Sky merger
Vodafone UK chief to lead Netherlands JV with Liberty Global
Zain signs €882m Saudi network upgrade deal
China Unicom deploys SDN-based RAN
Akamai releases Q1 state of the Internet report
Ericsson boasts 5-Gbps 5G trial
Millicom rolls out mobile education service
Alepo to provide policy, charging for Ghana's BLU
Globe urges PLDT to connect to PHOpenIX
New research reveals the power of the consumer in a 'social media era'


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Win prizes, kudos, recognition! Enter AOP prestigious Photography Awards before 7 August
Based on this weeks POTW choice , you have no chance Dave but this, IMO, is worthy of consideration for that status.
A wonderful image in every respect. My compliments.
A wonderful image in every respect. My compliments.
Congrats on the well deserved HC Dave, excellent,
Have my weekly award with pleasure, this is a little cracker and well deserving of the EC
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Video game creator Eric Chahi has left his mark on the gaming industry by designing titles that deeply immerse players in strong emotional content. Internationally acclaimed for titles such as The Time Travellers, Heart of Darkness, From Dust and, above all, Another World, Eric has created entire worlds that all bear the undeniable imprint of his personality.
Go eyes-on with PS4's upcoming virtual reality headset at a retailer near you.
Would you be willing to answer a few brief questions about PlayStation.Blog?


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Gov. Mark Dayton is to be commended for presenting a budget this week that is structurally balanced and proposes needed tax reform. Whether the overall size of the budget is acceptable will need to be decided by the Legislature.
For the first time since the early 2000s, a Minnesota governor has proposed a budget that has revenues equal to expenditures in not only the upcoming two-year period but also in the following two years. This by definition is a structurally balanced budget. If it is adopted, and if Minnesota has normal economic times, there will be no budget deficit two years from now. This fulfills the key recommendation of the Minnesota Budget Trends Study Commission.
Embedded in the governor's budget is major tax reform. It starts with the premise that Minnesota citizens should pay roughly equal amounts of income, sales and property taxes. The current tax system is unbalanced, with Minnesotans paying more in property taxes and less in sales taxes.
To rectify this situation, the governor courageously proposes extending the sales tax to clothing costing more than $100, to some personal services and to e-sales, while lowering the sales tax rate to 5.5 percent. Minnesota would go from having the seventh-highest sales tax rate to having the 27th-highest.
Dayton uses some of that new money to extend a $500 property tax rebate to Minnesota homeowners, because property taxes have increased 86 percent since 2002. He also increases local government aid to cities and counties so that, in combination with the property tax rebate, property taxes overall would drop 10 percent.
While Minnesotans are paying about the right amount in income taxes in total to have a balanced tax system, the governor, consistent with his campaign pledge of two years ago, proposes raising the income tax rate two percentage points on the wealthiest Minnesotans (those making more than $150,000 if single or $250,000 if married).
Because of the proposed changes in the sales, property and income taxes, the cost burden of each of the taxes on Minnesotans would be roughly equal. Another positive of the proposal is that Minnesota's total tax revenue would be less volatile in future years.
Business taxes are reformed as well. The governor proposes lowering the corporate tax rate from 9.8 percent to 8.4 percent by eliminating a number of current tax breaks for particular corporations. As with the sales tax proposals, the corporate tax changes follow sound economic policy of expanding the tax base and lowering the rate.
All of these proposals would be a major improvement for Minnesota. There will be many critics, however. Anyone who is losing their tax break (be it clothing retailers, corporations with foreign royalties, or barbers) will vehemently object. It will take fortitude for the Legislature to withstand the criticisms and focus on the common good.
The biggest concern with Dayton's proposal is the overall size of the budget increase. The budget totals nearly $38 billion of spending, an 8 percent increase for the two-year period.
Wisely, the governor found cost savings in the spending base. His administration's work on health care reforms and management efficiencies pay off in reduced spending. But there are spending initiatives that increase expenditures overall.
An increase of 5 to 6 percent over two years seems more reasonable with the economy still recovering.
Dayton does have the spending priorities right. The budget increases go to education -- early education scholarships, all-day kindergarten for more children and a general increase in K-12 funding. All state employees should receive pay increases after years of having none.
There is much to like in this proposed budget. It is rare that a governor has the political courage to propose major changes and truly lead. When critics complain about a particular change, we need to support the governor.
The Legislature should work to improve the governor's proposals. If we want a more stable state government with a fairer tax system, we will need to make our voices heard over the complaints of the critics to ensure that the Legislature does the right thing.
Jay Kiedrowski is a senior fellow at the Humphrey School of Public Affairs and was finance commissioner under DFL Gov. Rudy Perpich.
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Gdyian ++ has numerous Sport Horse In-Hand Regional Titles, including East Coast Champion Arabian Sport Horse Stallion In-Hand, Dressage Second Level,…Stud Fee: $750
Black straight egyptian , Al Khamsa, Blue List, Non-Minstril. Halter res. champion, Western Pleasure Champion producing Champions in halter and performance…Stud Fee: $1,000
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Something to look back on when we're older: Chinese couple have wedding photos taken 88 years after their big day
- Wu Conghan, and Wu Sognshi married in 1924 and never had a photo taken
- Now aged 101 and 103 they finally have a lasting memory of their day
Ask any engaged couple and they will say their wedding will not be complete without the romantic photographs to commemorate the ceremony.
Some newlyweds have theirs taken
after the ceremony, but this Chinese couple had to wait a record 88 years until they
finally got the picture to remember their special day.
Centenarian couple Wu Conghan, and Wu Sognshi married in Sichuan province, China in 1924 and never had their wedding photo taken - until now.
Never too late: Dressed in their finest wedding attire the 101-year-old groom and his 103-year-old bride pose for their photo - 88 years after the wedding
Conghan, 101, and Sognshi, 103, have been together for almost nine decades, and happily married for 88 years.
They always dreamed of having a wedding photo taken, but when they got married there was not the option.
Recently their dream was made reality by a photo company in their local town of Nanchong in Sichuan and the pair posed up in their wedding finery for the shots.
As with everything related to the big
day, the bride was determined it was going to be perfect and was snapped
ensuring that her husband looked his best in the white shirt.
Dream come true: The couple from Nanchong in China's Sichuan province married in 1924, and were never given the opportunity to commemorate their big day
Bridezilla: Sognshi buttons her husband's shirt to make sure that he looks the perfect groom on camera
Eternal bliss: The couple has been together for nearly nine decades
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- Visit the Winter Sports Store for a large selection of ski jackets, ski pants and more.
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The STAR was developed especially for the young market. The helmet stands out with a trendy young design and Head's use of high-quality materials. Fitted with THERMAL VENTILATION, sizing system and removable ear protectors, this kids' helmet is on a par with our adult models.
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By Simon Rowi on 28 Jan. 2014
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This is a great looking and great fitting helmet I bought for my daughter, just learning to ski. My wintersports insurance company advised me that insurance could be invalid should a helmet not be worn, I had already decided to buy her one as I did for her cycling. I chose this one as it is a respected brand, it's a good price and, wait for it, it matched the rest of her ski-ing gear. The goggles I bought for her clip neatly into the retainer at the back and she's really happy with the fit. Hopefully, we'll never know how inpact resistant it is, but it feels as sturdy as any other product on the market.
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Oy, I liked RH3!
I thought it was pretty mediocre myself. But loads better than Rush Hour 3!
No. Not really. Actually I didn't think it was sexist, but incredibly ageist as well (if that is a word, and if not, person who is against old and young people).
Oh, and Robert De Niro is really scaring the piss out of me.
Oh, and Robert De Niro is really scaring the piss out of me.
Stardust This movie has to be one of the greatest fantsey movies ever.Dose anyone agree?
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Looking for fun and motivated individuals ready to grow with a our company and succeed. Some experience would be nice but can train to coach and sell....
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Lakewood, CO technology and marketing company looking for a LOCAL (working in our office) WordPress developer who also has design experience....
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Omni Eye Specialists - Denver, CO
Payment collections for various office locations. Positions will work from multiple office locations. Previous ophthalmolgy office experience would be helpful...
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Provides a wide variety of opportunities to facilitate and build relationships and natural supports in the community while utilizing the community as a learning...
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Osprey Aether 60
Cottowood Heights, UT | 24 Days
Osprey Aether 60 BackpackSize: MediumThis has been a great back, but need a larger model to carry my kids equipment now that they've started back more...
Pro-Form 520 Treadmill
Stansbury Park, UT | 24 Days
Great treadmill- in good conditionPro-Form 520 TreadmillPlease text if interested:)
Kelty Little Dipper 40
Spanish Fork, UT | 24 Days
2 Lightly used Kelty Little Dipper Junior 40 sleeping bags. Comes with stuff bag. 30 each OBO.
Bluffdale, UT | 24 Days
Two coolers one Igloo and one Rubermaid. Both in excellent condition they have been well taken care of. $10 each or both for $15.
2013 Specialized Status 2 Downhill Bike
Park City, UT | 24 Days
This bike is unbelievably fun!!! The 200mm-travel Status II downhill bike brings World Championship FSR downhill technology to a more accessible price more...
South Jordan, UT | 24 Days
2009 CANNONDALE CAAD 9 58CM. SHIMANO 105. CARBON FORKS, ALUM FRAME. THIS BIKE IS IN PERFECT CONDITION. NEVER CRASHED. UNBELIEVABLY LIGHT FOR AN ALUM more...
Lifetime Manta 10 ft Kayak
Pleasant View, UT | 24 Days
Two Lifetime Manta kayaks with paddles and seat/backrests. Designed to seat up to three people with a 500 lb capacity. Very stable design. Newer ka more...
Taysom Hill's Official Practice Football
Provo, UT | 24 Days
Straight from the practice field, right to your home. Don't miss out on this exclusive memorabilia!
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Got a car and no longer ride it open to trades
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West Valley, UT | 24 Days
94inchesx12 feet with a depth of 51 inches Michael Phelps by Master Spas swim spa for sale by owner. We bought it for our daughter who had medical more...
Coleman 2 gallon jug with spout.
Taylorsville, UT | 24 Days
Coleman 2 gallon cooler jug...good condition except slight dent on top corner.
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Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.04 / 5.00 1,076 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.97 / 5.00 2,302 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.94 / 5.00 2,769 Views
lol so true, but you need iimagination to write stories and create most random things in the world. like a cat godzilla eating a cheese city full of phones. lol side affects are crazy
I like this alot.
you hav a good point
Warning: Over use of the iMagination may cause irreversible damage to the brain and or your entire head. Do Not try to share your iMagination with anyone because they will think your insane and stop talking to you
BTW its pretty ironic that this was made using a computer and hours of work on a computer program o-o
Haha XD
When it comes down to me, it's kind of preaching to the choir (novelist here) but it's an excellent point. People are beginning to forget how to create, only to consume.
you can do ANYTHING!!
actually made me remember that i do have an imagination. Hilarious flash, keep it coming.


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Comfortable outdoor bathing this weekend
Ocean temps peaking
9 a.m., July 23
Capital Cities is a pop group from Los Angeles, featuring dual frontmen Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian. San Diego's the Hampton Beats will open the show.
334 7th Avenue, San Diego, 92101
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