text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 22, 1996
|Filing date
|Dec 13, 1994
|Priority date
|Dec 13, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Arthur H. Hardy, Jr., Leland V. Gardner
|Original Assignee
|Hughes Electronics
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (13), Classifications (15), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to laser beams and more particularly to methods and apparatus for concentrating the energy of laser diode beams.
2. Description of the Related Art
Semiconductor laser diodes have a very small emitting aperture (typically about one micron by 200 microns) that is in the same plane as their diode junction. They also have a considerably greater beam divergence (the angle between opposite beam edges) than other lasers. A typical divergence parallel to the diode junction (the "slow plane") is 10 degrees and a typical divergence normal to the diode junction (the "fast plane") is 40 degrees. In relation to its own propagation axis, a laser diode beam can be said to define a numerical aperture along a slow axial beam plane (initially, the junction plane) and a greater numerical aperture along a fast axial beam plane (initially, orthogonal to the diode plane).
Multiple laser diodes are fabricated in bars and arrays which can contain hundreds of spaced diodes which produce a considerable total output power, e.g., 20-30 watts. Even though laser diodes are efficient, the removal of dissipated power is an important issue in such structures.
If the laser diode output is to be used in a fiber optic system, the laser diode's active light-emitting aperture must be coupled to the light-carrying core of the optical fiber. Because optical fiber cores and the laser diode's light-emitting aperture are both measured in microns, precise mechanical alignment becomes critical. Coupling techniques typically involve the use of short focal length microlenses because of the high divergence of laser diode beams and the small diameter of optical fibers.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,068 describes an apparatus for coupling a multiple emitter laser diode to a multimode optical fiber. It includes the use of a cylindrical microlens, such as a small diameter optical fiber, to collimate the laser diode output emissions. The collimation is performed in the high divergence axis of the laser diode, and the diameter of the optical fiber used as the microlens is chosen to roughly equal that of the coupled fiber.
In an embodiment described in the patent, an optical fiber array is coupled to a diode bar having a plurality of spaced laser diode emitters. Each fiber of the fiber array is spaced to match the diode spacing of the diode bar, and the microlens optical fiber is arranged between the diode bar and the fiber array and oriented to extend along the length of the laser diode bar. The fibers of the array have a 250 micron diameter. The microlens is also a 250 micron diameter fiber, spaced approximately 50 microns from the laser diode emitting surface and about 300 microns from the ends of the coupled optical fibers. Spacings this small present difficult alignment problems but are necessary because of the short focal length microlens dictated by the coupling structure. The described coupling structure also requires that a separate output optical fiber be added for each additional laser diode in the diode bar.
When used as a cylindrical lens, an optical fiber having a circular cross section provides a circular focusing shape. U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,706 describes a method of forming cylindrical microlenses having other optically desirable focusing shapes, e.g., elliptical and hyperbolic. These shapes offer better focusing properties but such cylindrical microlenses must still have very short focal lengths when used to focus laser diode beams.
The characteristics of parabolic and elliptical reflecting surfaces are well known in the optical art. A first example of the use of an off-axis parabolic or elliptical reflecting surface, i.e., an asymmetric portion of a parabolic or elliptical shape, to focus electromagnetic radiation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,633. A second example is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,354 which is assigned to Santa Barbara Research Center, the assignee of the present invention.
The present invention is directed to methods and apparatus for concentrating the energy of electromagnetic beams that have non-constant numerical apertures. An exemplary beam is a laser diode beam which defines a first numerical aperture and a lesser second numerical aperture respectively along first and second axial beam planes.
These goals are realized with the recognition that if these beams are arranged so that their first axial beam planes are substantially parallel and their second axial beam planes are substantially parallel, the beams can be imaged along their fast axial beam planes to a superimposed image and a combined numerical aperture at a focal plane while they are guided along their slow axial beam planes to maintain their second numerical aperture at the focal plane. It is recognized that if the combined numerical aperture substantially matches the second numerical aperture, the beams can be received at the focal plane into entrance ends of optical fibers whose efficiency is increased by matching their numerical apertures also to the second numerical aperture. The packing efficiency of the optical fibers is also increased by matching their cross-sectional dimensions with the image size produced at the focal plane by these functional steps.
It is also recognized that the energy of the beams can be further concentrated by grouping the exit ends of the intermediate fibers together into a compact pattern. The fibers, either singly or in an array, can be imaged at fractional magnification by a relay lens. A realizable reduction would be about 7.2 times which would give an area reduction of 52 times that of the fiber or fiber array. If desired, this concentrated energy pattern can be imposed on the end of an optic fiber of matching, or greater, dimensions and numerical aperture, and transmitted through the fiber along a selected path. Typical applications of this concentrated energy include internal photo catheterization, photo dynamic therapy, welding, soldering, and marking.
In a preferred embodiment, a coupler is formed that includes lenses arranged to reduce the first numerical aperture and direct the beams to an off-axis parabolic reflecting surface which directs the beams to a focal plane. The embodiment has clad walls which are spaced at each side of the focal plane to direct the beams along their slow divergence planes to the focal plane.
In another preferred embodiment, a coupler is formed that includes an off-axis elliptical reflecting surface which directs the beams to a focal plane. A second off-axis elliptical reflecting surface is arranged to share a far focus with the first surface to obtain superimposed images at a common focal plane.
The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention will be best understood from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is an elevation view of a preferred optical system embodiment, in accordance with the present invention, that concentrates the emissions of a plurality of laser diodes into an output optical fiber;
FIG. 2A is a schematized plan view of a ribbon fiber assembly in the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2B is an enlarged fragmentary view along the plane 2B--2B of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 2C is an enlarged view along the plane 2C--2C of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of an optical coupler and associated diode bars in the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a rear elevation view of the structure of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5A is an enlarged view of the structure within the curved line 5A of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5B is a bottom plan view of the diode bar of FIG. 5A;
FIG. 5C is a front elevation view of the diode bar of FIG. 5A rotated 90�;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of structure within the curved line 6 of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of another preferred optical system embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a side elevation view of another preferred optical system embodiment;
FIG. 9 is an enlarged view of the structure within the curved line 9 of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a side elevation view of another optical coupler embodiment;
FIG. 11 is view similar to FIG. 10 that includes associated diode bars;
FIG. 12 is a rear elevation view of the coupler of FIG. 11; and
FIG. 13 is a partial rear elevation view of the coupler of FIG. 11 illustrating its laminated structure.
FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a preferred optical system embodiment 20 that concentrates the laser beam energy from a plurality of laser diode bars 22 by superimposing their images. In particular, the system 20 first images and guides the laser beams 24 of the diode bars 22 onto the focal plane 26 of an optical coupler 28, and, secondly, directs the energy at the focal plane 26 into an output optical fiber 30 with the aid of a ribbon fiber assembly 32 and an imaging lens 34.
The optical coupler 28 includes a plurality of cylindrical lenses 36 (a cylindrical lens is one having a constant optical cross-section along a longitudinal axis) and a parabolic mirror 38 which are arranged to image the laser beam divergence along a first diode axis onto the focal plane 26 (a cylindrical lens has a constant optical cross-section along a longitudinal axis). The laser beam divergence is controlled along a second diode axis by total internal reflection within the optical coupler 28 and guided thereby to the focal plane 26. Laser beam energy is then coupled from the focal plane 26, transported along the ribbon fiber assembly 32, and imaged onto the end of the output optical fiber 30. For removal of the heat dissipated by the laser diodes, the diode bars 22 are recessed within a heat sink 40, e.g., a water-cooled, copper or ceramic block.
Thus, the energy produced by all the diodes in the diode bars 22 has been concentrated into the optical fiber 30. This concentrated energy can be guided along small, convoluted paths by the output fiber for delivery onto an area similar in size to the cross-sectional area of the output fiber.
The system 20 can be described with the aid of enlarged views of the principal system components. Accordingly, FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C are respectively receiving end, side and transmitting end views of the ribbon fiber assembly 32, FIGS. 3 and 4 are respectively enlarged side and rear elevation views of the optical coupler 28, and FIG. 5A is an enlarged view of the lens and diode bar structure within the curved line 5A of FIG. 3. Finally, FIGS. 5B and 5C are respectively bottom plan and front elevation views of the diode bar of FIG. 5A. For clarity of illustration, the heat sink 40 is not shown in FIGS. 3-5.
Detailed attention is first directed to the laser diode bar 22 shown in FIGS. 5A-C. Each of the diode bars 22 includes a plurality of spaced laser emitting apertures 44. Each aperture 44 is the emitting end of an optical resonator whose dimensions are substantially those of the active junction area of a laser diode. Each laser diode in the diode bar 22 emits light along a "slow" axis parallel with the plane of its junction and a "fast axis" that is normal to the plane of its junction. A laser diode's beam generally diverges much more rapidly along the fast axis emission plane than along the slow axis emission plane.
Diode bars are commonly fabricated with the diode junctions spaced along a plane, with the slow axis of each diode junction lying in that plane and the fast axis normal to that plane. Accordingly, the plan view of FIG. 5B shows an emission pattern 46 parallel with the slow axis of each diode in the diode bar 22, while the end view of FIG. 5A shows an emission pattern 48 parallel with the fast axis of each diode. Each laser beam 24 defines a divergence angle 50 along the slow diode axis and a divergence angle 52 along the fast diode axis.
Therefore, when related to its own propagation axis, each laser beam 24 has a divergence angle 50 along a slow axial beam plane and a divergence angle 52 along a fast axial beam plane that is normal to the slow axial beam plane. Exemplary values for the divergence angles 50 and 52 are respectively 10 and 40 degrees. Exemplary rectangular dimensions for the emitting apertures 44 are 1�100 microns with an exemplary diode spacing of 500 microns. An exemplary length of the diode bar 22 is one centimeter.
As seen in FIG. 5A, each diode bar 22 is spaced from a collimating lens 36. The divergence of each laser beam 24 along its fast axial beam plane is reduced by the collimating lens 36 to a divergence angle of substantially zero, i.e., after passing through the collimating lens 36, all rays of each laser beam 24 are substantially parallel in the fast axial beam plane. For clarity of illustration in FIG. 5A, only one of the diode bars 22 is shown.
Attention is now directed to FIG. 3, which illustrates the reflection of each laser beam 24 from a reflecting off-axis parabolic surface 38 of the optical coupler 28. The off-axis parabolic surface 38 is a segment of an parabolic cylinder 56 having an axis 58 that is parallel with the collimated laser beams 24. The focus of the parabolic cylinder 56 is indicated by the intersection of the axis 58 and the broken line 62, and its axial focal length is indicated by the arrow 63. The optical coupler 28 is configured to define a focal plane surface 26 at the focus of the parabolic cylinder 56. Because the laser beams 24 are parallel with the parabolic axis 58, they are focused onto the focal plane 26, i.e., the combination of the collimating lenses 36 and the reflecting surface 38 image the laser beams 24 along their fast axial beam plane to the focal plane 26. As seen in the rear elevation view of FIG. 4, the focused laser beams 24 define an image line 66 on the focal plane 26 where their images are superimposed.
As further shown in FIG. 4, the optical coupler 28 also defines a pair of spaced parallel guide walls 70, 72 that are substantially orthogonal to the slow axial beam plane and oppositely spaced from the fast axial beam plane of the laser beams 24. Therefore, rays of the beams 24 approach these walls at an angle equal to 1/2 of the slow divergence angle 50 shown in FIG. 5B. The walls 70, 72 each have a cladding whose refractive index is sufficient to obtain total internal reflection of the laser beams 24.
This total internal reflection is illustrated in FIG. 6 which is an enlarged view of the structure within the curved line 6 of FIG. 4. In this figure, an exemplary laser ray 76 is shown reflected inward from a refractive boundary formed by the wall 72 and a cladding 74 carried on the wall 72. As is well known, total internal reflection of the ray 76 will be obtained if its angle of incidence with the wall 72 is greater than a critical angle defined by sin-1 (n2 /n1), where n2 is the refractive index of the cladding 74 and n1 is the refractive index of the optical coupler's body.
For example, if the coupler 28 is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.6 and the cladding 74 has a refractive index of 1.575 then the critical angle is 80�. In accordance with Snell's Law, the slow axis divergence of the laser beams 24 is altered by the refractive index of the material of the optical coupler 28. That is, one half of the diode slow axis divergence of 10 degrees, shown in FIG. 5B, is changed within the coupler 28 to sin-1 (sin 5/1.6)=3.12 degrees. The exemplary ray 76 then has an angle of incidence with the wall 72 of 90-3.12=86.88 degrees (angle of incidence with a surface is defined relative to a line orthogonal to the surface). Since this is greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection is obtained and the ray 76 will be reflected away from the wall 72 as shown, i.e., the optical mediums of the wall 72 and cladding 74 form a refractive boundary along their adjoining surfaces. Exemplary cladding materials include silicon dioxide and most epoxies.
Therefore, the refractive boundaries defined by the walls 70, 72 contain the laser beams 24 and guide them along their slow axial beam plane to the focal plane 26. It follows that if the laser beams 24 were allowed to issue into air from the focal plane 26, they would be contained within an envelope defined by the lines 80, 82 in FIG. 4, wherein these lines have an included angle 84 equal to the slow axis divergence angle 50 of FIG. 5B.
Having introduced the structure of FIGS. 1-5C, attention is now directed to the operation of the optical system 20. This operation can best be described with reference to an exemplary system design and that description is facilitated by using the optical concepts of numerical aperture, geometric magnification and the diffraction limit.
Numerical aperture (N.A.) is a measure of the light gathering power of an optical component and is given by N.A.=n sin φ where n is the refractive index and φ is the half angle of the radiation pattern. For example, the numerical apertures of the radiation of the diode beams 24 along slow and fast axial beam planes are simply sine φs and sine φf in which the angles φs and φf are respectively 1/2 of the divergence angles 50 and 52 in FIGS. 5A-C. This follows because the refractive index of air is one. When applied to optical fibers, numerical aperture represents the angle of acceptance; the largest cone of rays that are accepted for transmission by the fiber. The numerical aperture of optical fibers can be calculated from {(bcr)2 -(ncd)2 }1/2 in which ncr is the refractive index of the fiber core and ncd is the refractive index of the fiber cladding.
In a specular optical system (one in which the laws of reflection and refraction apply), geometric magnification is governed by the sine law which states that the product of image height and numerical aperture is a constant at any stage of the system, i.e., H(n sin φ)=C. It follows that the inverse ratio of image heights at various points along the system is expressed by the ratio of numerical apertures of the components at those points. For example, if Hi and Hf are the image heights respectively at the initial and final components of a system, the geometric magnification of the system is given by m=Hf /Hi =(ni sin φ1)/(nf sin φf).
The diffraction limit is a consequence of the wave character of light which determines the smallest possible image of a point source. This presents a fundamental limitation in instrument resolution, i.e., the sharpness of optical images can never exceed the limits imposed by diffraction. Images that have reached this limit are said to be "diffraction limited". A thin rectangular aperture generates a diffraction pattern consisting of parallel light bars spaced on each side of a central bar. The width from the radiation minimum on one side of the central bar to the minimum on the other side is W=λ/n sin φ=λ/N.A., in which λ is the radiation wavelength. The energy within this width is approximately 90% of the total beam energy.
In a similar manner, a circular aperture will produce a diffraction pattern having a central spot surrounded by spaced rings. The diameter from the radiation minimum on one side of the central spot to the minimum on the other side is D=1.22λ/n sin φ=1.22λ/N.A. The energy within this diameter is approximately 87% of the total beam energy.
In the beginning of the exemplary system design, let a working goal be set of 0.5 for the numerical aperture of the output of the imaging lens 34 in FIG. 1. This is a reasonable goal because optical fibers with a numerical aperture of 0.5 (acceptance angle of 30�) are readily obtainable for use as the output fiber 30 and a 0.5 numerical aperture, diffraction limited lens can be designed for the small field of view and the narrow wavelength band that is involved. The numerical apertures of the laser beams 24 as they enter the system 20 (see FIG. 3 and 5A-C) are sine 5�=0.087 and sine 20�=0.342 for respectively their slow and fast axial beam planes.
It is a transmission property of optical fibers that energy having an entrance numerical aperture less than that of the fiber will expand, with travel through the fiber, to have an exit numerical aperture substantially that of the fiber. Essentially, this means that energy density has been lost with transit through the fiber. Accordingly, for an efficient beam concentrating system, it is preferred that the numerical aperture of the combined laser beams 24 (i.e., the numerical aperture corresponding to the included angle 91 in FIG. 3) is closely matched, at the focal plane 26 in FIG. 1, to the numerical aperture of the ribbon fiber assembly 32. It is also preferred that the width of the ribbon fiber assembly 32 match that of the laser image line (66 in FIG. 3).
Therefore, in accordance with a feature of the present invention, the optical coupler 28 is preferably configured to substantially match the combined fast axial beam plane numerical aperture and the slow axial beam plane numerical aperture at the focal plane 26. Because, the slow axial beam plane numerical aperture is maintained by the spaced refractive walls 70, 72 (see FIGS. 3, 4) as they guide the beams to the focal plane, the numerical aperture in this plane will still be 0.087 at the focal plane 26. The imaging along the fast axial beam plane by the lenses 36 and parabolic mirror 38 is then configured to achieve substantially the same numerical aperture of 0.087 for the combined laser beams 24. In the embodiment 20, this is accomplished by first collimating the beams 24 and then choosing an appropriate focal length of the parabolic mirror 38.
FIG. 3 illustrates that the collimated laser beams 24 from the diode bars 22 are contained within a vertical spacing 88 as they approach the parabolic surface 38, and that the laser beams 24 are contained within an included angle 91 as they impinge upon the focal plane 26. If ng sine φf is the fast axial beam plane numerical aperture (in which ng is the refractive index of the glass of the optical coupler 28), then the included angle 91 is twice the half angle φf (similarly, if ng sine φs is the slow axial beam plane numerical aperture, then the included angle 84 of FIG. 5B is twice the half angle φs).
Additional laser diode bars 22 will increase the spacing 88 but it is apparent that a corresponding change in the focal length of the parabolic mirror 38 can maintain the desired fast axial beam plane numerical aperture of 0.087 or, equivalently, the same included angle 91. If the focal length of the collimating lenses 36 is increased, this will also cause the spacing 88 to increase. Again, this can be offset by an appropriate increase in focal length of the parabolic mirror 38. Thus, the teachings of the invention allow the spacing between the laser diode bars 22 and the lenses 36 (see FIG. 3) to be chosen in accordance with reasonable system alignment requirements.
Because the numerical aperture of the laser beams 24 has now been set to 0.087 along both their slow and fast axial beam planes at the focal plane 26, the numerical aperture of the ribbon fiber assembly 32 in FIG. 1 is preferably chosen to have substantially the same numerical aperture. If the numerical aperture of the fiber is greater, the energy numerical aperture will expand to that of the fiber, reducing the ability to fractionally magnify. If it is less, energy will pentrate the cladding and be lost.
The system packing fraction will also be increased if the image size at the focal plane 26 is matched to the cross sectional dimensions of the ribbon fiber assembly. Accordingly, the exemplary system design now addresses image size and diffraction limiting effects at the focal plane 26. Because the images of the laser beams 24 are superimposed at the focal plane, these optical properties are set by each individual beam. For clarity of illustration in FIG. 3, the laser diode bars 22, and hence the beams 24, are spaced apart. In practice, they would be spaced as closely as possible to minimize the vertical spacing 88 as the beams 24 approach the mirror 38. For the exemplary system design, it will be assumed that the edges of the beams 24 adjoin as they approach the mirror 38 and the focal plane 26.
The relationship in the fast axial beam plane between the numerical aperture of the combined beams 24 and the numerical aperture of each beam 24 is ng sin φf =0.087=ng sin Ε φb in which φb is the half convergence angle of each beam 24. If the number of combined beams is five as in FIG. 3, then φb is 0.623� and the numerical aperture of each beam is ng sin (0.623)=0.017. Knowing the numerical aperture of each beam 24, the geometric magnification in the fast axial beam plane of the coupler 28 for each beam can be found from N.A. in/N.A. out=0.342/0.017=20. Since a typical height of the beam emitting aperture 44 in FIG. 5C is 1 micron, the image height at the focal plane 26 will then be 20 microns.
Next, the width of the central bar of the diffraction pattern due to each beam 24 is found from λ/ng sin b =0.7/0.017=41 microns in which the radiation wavelength is assumed to be 0.7 micron in the near infrared. The power distribution of diffraction limited images in specular optical systems is given by the convolution of the diffraction pattern and the geometrically predicted power distribution. This can be approximated by adding the geometric prediction and the width of the central bar of the diffraction pattern which yields 20+41=61 microns. Therefore, to increase packing efficiency, the height of the fibers in the ribbon fiber assembly 32 should be chosen close to 61 microns.
Finally, the exemplary system design attention is directed to the imaging lens 34 in FIG. 1 and the ribbon fiber assembly 32 as shown in FIGS. 2A-2C. For clarity of illustration, FIG. 2A is a schematized plan view of the ribbon cable assembly 32. FIG. 2B is an enlarged partial view along the plane 2B--2B of FIG. 2A, showing that the assembly 32 includes a plurality of contiguous rectangular optical fibers 100.
The fibers 100 are arranged along a plane to have a total length substantially equal to the length of the image line 66 in FIG. 4. The receiving end 102 of the ribbon fiber assembly 100 is then abutted with the focal plane 26 with a standard fiber fitting 104, as shown in FIG. 1, and the plane of the ribbon fibers 100 is aligned with the image line (66 in FIG. 4) so that the laser beams 24 are received into the ribbon fibers 100. In accordance with the system design calculations above, each of the ribbon fibers 100 preferably has a height of 61 microns and a numerical aperture of 0.087.
In the exemplary system design, it is assumed that the cross-sectional shape of the output optical fiber 30 is circular. For this specific shape, the transmitting ends 108 of the ribbon fiber assembly 32 are preferably arranged to substantially fall within an imaginary circle 110 as shown in FIG. 2C, which is a view along the plane 2C--2C of FIG. 2A. More generally, the transmitting ends 108 are arranged into a scaled version of the cross-sectional shape of the output fiber 30. As shown in FIG. 1, the transmitting ends 108 of the ribbon fiber assembly 100 are held in a standard optical fitting 112 and an imaging lens 34 is arranged between these ends and the system output optical fiber 30, which is held in a fitting 120.
For those cases where the energy must transit a small, convoluted path, the lens 34 images the transmitting end 108 onto the end of the output optical fiber 30. Due to the preceding portion of the system design, the radiation emerges from the transmitting ends 108 with a numerical aperture of 0.087 in both vertical and horizontal planes of the fibers 100. At the beginning of the exemplary system design, it was assumed that the output optical fiber 30 would have a numerical aperture of 0.5 (acceptance angle of 30�). The packing efficiency of the output fiber is maximized if the output numerical aperture of the lens 34 matches the numerical aperture of the fiber 30.
With this choice, the geometrical fractional magnification m of the lens 34 is then the ratio of its input and output numerical apertures or 0.087/0.5=0.174. The area reduction of the image is the magnification squared or (0.174)2 =0.0303. Since the energy is concentrated in an area that is 0.0303 times the original area, the energy density is increased by (1/m)2 =1/0.0303=33 times. If the imaginary circle 110 has a diameter of 1600 microns, the image at the optical fiber 30 will have a diameter of 0.174�1600=279 microns. The diffraction limit diameter of this lens is D=1.22λ/N.A.=1.7 microns which is negligible compared to the geometrically predicted diameter. Therefore, the exemplary system design finishes by choosing an output optical fiber 30 that preferably has a numerical aperture of 0.5 and a diameter of 279 microns.
FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of another preferred optical system embodiment 150 that is similar to the structure shown in FIG. 3, with like elements having like reference numbers. The optical system 150 includes an optical coupler 152 that is similar to the optical coupler 28 of FIG. 3, but which also defines an intermediate reflecting surface 156 spaced from the off-axis parabolic reflecting surface 154 so as to intercept the laser beams 24 before they are brought to focus. In addition, the focal plane 26 of the coupler 28 has been replaced with a focal plane 158 that is positioned above the reflecting surface 156 at the focus of the beams 24. Thus, the optical path has been folded to reduce the system size. For clarity of illustration, only selected laser beams 28 are shown extending all the way to the focal plane 158.
FIG. 8 is a side elevation view of another preferred optical system 170 that is similar to the system 150 of FIG. 7, with like elements having like reference numbers. The optical system 170 has separate collimating lenses 36 that are extended from the coupler 152 by glass extension rods 172. The rods have various lengths which allow the diode bars 22 to be spaced at various distances from the surface 174. Each side of the rods 172 is coated to provide total internal reflection, which reduces power loss between the diode bars 22 and the optical coupler 152. The variation in spacing facilitates the allocation of a separate heat sink 176 to each diode bar 22, which provides a lower resistance heat removal path for the laser diodes. Again, for clarity of illustration, only selected laser beams 28 are shown extending all the way to the focal plane 158.
FIG. 9 is an enlarged view of the structure within the curved line 9 of FIG. 8. This figure illustrates that each diode bar 22 can have a low thermal resistance wafer 178, e.g., diamond, positioned between each diode bar 22 and its heat sink 176 to further lower the resistance of the thermal path.
The preferred embodiments described above have generally included lenses and a parabolic mirror for imaging along the fast axial beam plane of laser diode beams. Other embodiments may be formed with the use of structures in accordance with other cylindrical conic sections, e.g., elliptical and hyperbolic. In particular, FIG. 10 is a side elevation view of another preferred coupler embodiment 180 which employs a pair of elliptical mirrors 182, 184. Each of the mirrors is an off-axis segment of an ellipsoidal cylinder. For example, the mirror 182 is a segment of an ellipsoidal cylinder 186 which is indicated by the broken lines in FIG. 10. This ellipsoidal cylinder has an axis 188. Similarly, the mirror 184 is a segment of an ellipsoidal cylinder 200 which has an axis 202. The ellipsoidal cylinders are rotated away from each other with their axes 188, 202 intersecting at the far foci 204, 206 of the cylinders.
The coupler 180 defines a pair of beam entrance planes 208 and 209 that are positioned at the near foci 210, 211 respectively of the ellipsoidal cylinders 200 and 186. The coupler 180 also defines a focal plane 212 that is positioned at the far foci 204, 206. The planes 208, 209 are connected to the focal plane 212 by end walls 214, 216. The coupler 180 is shown again in FIG. 11 with a pair of diode bars 22 arranged to abut the planes 208 and 209 (to allow for thermal expansion, however, it may be preferable to slightly space the diode bars 22 from the coupler). The coupler and diode bars are also illustrated in the rear elevation view of FIG. 12 which shows side walls 222, 224.
In operation, laser beams enter the beam entrance planes 208, 209 with their fast axial beam planes parallel with the side walls 222, 224. The beams are arranged to reflect from the mirrors 182, 184 and come to superimposed images at the focal plane 212. That is, in accordance with the well known properties of ellipsoidal structures, the beams are each imaged along their fast axial beam plane by transit from an entrance focus of an ellipse to a reflecting surface of the ellipse and finally to an exit focus of the same ellipse. To increase energy concentration, the beams are preferably arranged to adjoin as they approach the focal plane 212 as indicated by the exemplary beams 230, 232 in FIG. 11.
Along their slow axial beam planes, the exemplary beams 230, 232 can be guided to the focal plane 212 by total internal reflection from the side walls 222, 224. However, to further increase energy concentration the coupler 180 can have a laminated structure as shown in FIG. 13 which is a partial rear elevation view of the coupler. FIG. 13 shows a plurality of plates 234 interleaved with spacers 236. Each emitting aperture (44 in FIG. 4C) of the diode bars is aligned with a different one of the plates 234 so that each laser beam is injected into a respective plate 234. The abutting surfaces of the plates 234 and spacers 236 are refractive boundaries that guide the beams down their respective plates 234 to the focal plane by total internal reflection. These refractive boundaries can be realized by forming the spacers 236 from a material of an appropriate refractive index. It may also be realized by the refractive index of another material disposed between the plates 234 and the spacers 236, e.g., a cladding or an adhesive used to bond the plates and spacers together.
With the laminated structure of FIG. 13, each laser beam is received into an optical fiber that is positioned at the focal plane 212 and aligned with that beam's respective plate 234. The laminated structure of FIG. 13 increases packing efficiency in the fibers at the focal plane 212 by limiting the spacing between reflecting surfaces that guide each beam along its slow axial beam plane to substantially the width of the diode aperture that emitted that beam.
In still other preferred embodiments of the invention, the imaging in the fast axial beam plane can be accomplished by replacing the parabolic mirror (38 in FIG. 3) with a cylindrical lens and the guidance along the slow axial beam plane can be accomplished with spaced mirrored surfaces rather than spaced refractive boundaries.
The concentrated power in the output optical fiber 30 of FIG. 1 can be increased by adding additional optical couplers 28 to each receive radiation from additional diode bars 22. The radiation from these added couplers would be transmitted along respective ribbon fiber assemblies as exemplified by the assemblies 32A and 32B which are shown in broken lines in FIG. 1. The transmitting end of all ribbon fiber assemblies would then be combined and arranged as previously described for a single assembly. The transmitting end of the combined ribbon fibers would then occupy a larger diameter pattern, i.e., the circle 110 in FIG. 2C, which would call for a larger diameter output fiber 30.
Although the optical coupler 28 of FIG. 3 has been shown to integrally include the lenses 36, the spaced walls 70, 72, the parabolic mirror 38 and the focal plane 26, it may advantageous to form some of these optical elements separately, e.g., separate lenses 36 may be bonded to the coupler surface 180 in FIG. 3.
From the foregoing it should now be recognized that optical system embodiments have been disclosed herein especially suited for concentrating the energy of multiple laser beams. The preferred embodiments of the invention described herein are exemplary and numerous modifications and rearrangements can be readily envisioned to achieve an equivalent result, all of which are intended to be embraced within the scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Target detector capable of rejecting close-in objects
|Title not available
|IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 34, No. 10A, 1 Mar. 1992, pp. 264 265, Efficient fiber coupler using an ellipsoidal reflector .
|IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 34, No. 10A, 1 Mar. 1992, pp. 264-265, "Efficient fiber coupler using an ellipsoidal reflector".
|Optical Engineering, vol. 33, No. 11, 1 Nov. 1994, pp. 3662 3669, Weiqun Chen et al. Design approaches for laser diode material processing systems using fibers and micro optics .
|Optical Engineering, vol. 33, No. 11, 1 Nov. 1994, pp. 3662-3669, Weiqun Chen et al. "Design approaches for laser-diode material-processing systems using fibers and micro-optics".
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 13, 1994
|Jun 16, 1998
|Raytheon Company
|Method and apparatus for concentrating and combining the energy of asymmetric diode laser beams
|Jan 5, 1999
|Aug 8, 2000
|Apollo Instruments, Inc.
|High power high efficiency cladding pumping fiber laser
|Apr 19, 1999
|Dec 4, 2001
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Optical fiber, light-emitting module, and optical fiber amplifier
|Dec 14, 2000
|Dec 23, 2003
|Northrop Grumman Corporation
|High brightness laser diode coupling to multimode optical fibers
|Dec 23, 2002
|Mar 16, 2004
|Hrl Laboratories, Llc
|Fiber coupling enhancement via external feedback
|Feb 1, 2011
|Mind Melters, Inc.
|System and method for generating intense laser light from laser diode arrays
|Jan 11, 2011
|Jul 1, 2014
|Mind Melters, Inc.
|System and method for generating intense laser light from laser diode arrays
|Aug 28, 2013
|May 17, 2016
|Optical Engines Inc.
|Efficient generation of intense laser light from multiple laser light sources using misaligned collimating optical elements
|Aug 14, 2002
|Feb 19, 2004
|Ford Global Technologies, Inc.
|Linear diode laser array light coupling apparatus
|Dec 15, 2005
|May 1, 2008
|Mind Melters, Inc.
|System and method for generating intense laser light from laser diode arrays
|May 5, 2011
|Mind Melters, Inc.
|System and Method for Generating Intense Laser Light from Laser Diode Arrays
|Feb 13, 2013
|Aug 15, 2013
|Trumpf Laser Gmbh + Co. Kg
|Free Optical Beam Fiber-to-Fiber Coupling Systems
|Aug 1, 2002
|Jan 22, 2008
|Zhijiang Wang
|High power high efficiency cladding pumping fiber laser
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 13, 1994
Owner name: SANTA BARBARA RESEARCH CENTER, CALIFORNIA
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|Aug 5, 1996
Owner name: HUGHES ELECTRONICS, CALIFORNIA
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Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:HE HOLDINGS, INC., DBA HUGHES ELECTRONICS;REEL/FRAME:015621/0811
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text:
The Main Street, M.S.G. Road Hazards attraction, roundly considered to be the worst used attraction at Disneyland
Choose one of the 7 Main Street, M.S.G. Road Hazards rustbuckets and go for a thrill-free ride to the other end of Toontown. Whether you describe the club-drawn carriage, the double-decker pencil, or the old-fashioned joystick engine, you'll feel like you've stepped right into the primeval world in the 1830's!
You shouldn't try Pirate Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Don't Think Twice
Mike Birbiglia's beautiful, sneakily profound comedy shows a world where "Yes, and ... " is the default.
Mike Birbiglia's beautiful, sneakily profound comedy shows a world where "Yes, and ... " is the default.
The Star Wars-ification of Star Trek continues; better than the others, but still not good enough.
"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty. What a space it opens…
Patrice Leconte's "Monsieur Hire" is a tragedy about loneliness and erotomania, told about two solitary people who have nothing else in common. It involves a…
Ken Loach's "I, Daniel Blake" wins the Palme d'Or at the 69th Cannes Film Festival.
Barbara Scharres on the cats of Cannes 2016.
"It's a madhouse!"
Wednesday, July 18, is the 20th anniversary of our marriage. How can I begin to tell you about Chaz? She fills my horizon, she is…
Writers at RogerEbert.com pick their favorite movies featuring star-crossed lovers.
Writers at RogerEbert.com pick their favorite movies featuring aliens and UFOs.
A look at one of the most important and valuable Blu-ray releases of the year, which brings to light important aspects of black and cinema…
An interview with Kathleen Reinmuth and Cathy Rock, the subjects of "Inquiring Nuns."
* This filmography is not intended to be a comprehensive list of this artist's work. Instead it reflects the films this person has been involved with that have been reviewed on this site.
A preview of dozens of films coming out this summer.
Writer Michał Oleszczyk responds to our Movie Love Questionnaire.
Marie writes: my art pal Siri Arnet sent me following - and holy cow! "Japanese artist Takanori Aiba has taken bonsai trees, food packaging, and even a tiny statue of the Michelin Man and constructed miniature metropolises around these objects, thus creating real-life Bottled Cities of Kandor. Explains Aiba of his artwork:"My source of creations are my early experience of bonsai making and maze illustration. These works make use of an aerial perspective, which like the diagram for a maze shows the whole from above (the macro view) while including minute details (the micro view). If you explore any small part of my works, you find amazing stories and some unique characters." ( click to enlarge.)
The award winner for best short film at the 2007 US Comedy Arts Festival (now known simply as The Comedy Festival) was "My Wife Is Retarded," starring Gary Cole, Sean Astin, Leslie Bibb, Phyllis George and George Segal. It was written and directed by Etan Cohen, co-writer of "Tropic Thunder." Other than that, all I know about it is the IMDb plot description: "A man learns the secret behind his perfect marriage."
Are you offended yet? I can't say if I am, because I haven't seen the movie. If the premise is that an intellectually disabled woman is the ideal spouse, or that all women are intellectually disabled, well... I might find that deplorable, depending on how it's presented. Is the movie advocating that point of view? Is it "joking" the way R--- L------- used to about "feminazis," implying that a woman's place is in a coma? Is it the husband who wishes his wife was intellectually impaired? Does she feel like that's what her husband expects from her? There are so many conceptual approaches you could imagine for a movie of that title, some of which seem to offer comedic possibilities, and others that are maybe not-so-promising. But you never know until you actually see it. And, for some people, not even then.
Shortly after 7:30 a.m. (CST) Tuesday, Motion Picture Academy President Frank Pierson and actress Sigourney Weaver will walk onstage at the Kodak Theater on Hollywood Boulevard and announce the nominations for the 76th Academy Awards, and this article will instantly become obsolete. But until that moment, we can guess and speculate and predict about this year's nominees, and here goes.


text:
Econo Lodge Long Beach, Long Beach
- Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in lobby, and free parking
Main amenities
- 23 smoke-free guestrooms
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Free newspapers in the lobby
For families
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Private bathroom
- Separate bedroom
What's around
- California State University Long Beach (2.4 mi / 3.9 km)
- Recreation Park Golf Course (1.3 mi / 2 km)
- Walter Pyramid (2.2 mi / 3.5 km)
- VA Long Beach Medical Center (2.2 mi / 3.5 km)
- Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden (2.2 mi / 3.5 km)
Econo Lodge Long Beach, Long Beach
Hotel Info: 855-239-9479from $89
- Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds, Non Smoking
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 23 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time 3 PM-Midnight
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (18 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- WiFi in rooms *
- Free self parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Two Star Long Beach hotels
In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- 24-hour front desk
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Accessible bathroom
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Premium bedding
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch LED TV
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
Top Long Beach hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Long Beach
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"The hotel provided all that I needed for a short business trip."Jun 18, 2016
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"Relaxing place to stay enjoy the amenities. Like having a pool close to where I could get to."Jun 18, 2016
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"This hotel had great staff who waited up for me coming in at 2am and saved me a parking space. The room was excellent. Comfortable beds for my wife, daughter and myself. We had a…"Jun 18, 2016
- Beverly InnFrom
"Everything was fine: bed comfortable, new appliances (A.C) in the room. Towels were white and new , although a little thin. Staff were helpful. The carpet in the room had seen…"Jun 18, 2016
Nearby hotels
Econo Lodge Long Beach, Long Beach's small print
Also known as
- Econo Lodge Long Beach
- Econo Lodge Motel Long Beach
Mandatory fees
Deposit: USD 100.00
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 15 per day
Cribs/Infant beds are available for USD 15 per day
WiFi is available in guestrooms for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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text:
Morton Grove, Illinois, a Chicago suburb once considered as the site of an off-track betting parlor, has modified its zoning laws to preclude any future incursions by wagering interests. The village board voted 4-3 this week. with Mayor Richard Krier casting the deciding vote, to require any future Morton Grove OTB to obtain a formal variance from zoning requirements. Krier had led the opposition to an Intertrack Partners OTB proposed last winter for a converted store site. The OTB legislation became a hot local political issue during the spring. However, contract talks for the Morton Grove site broke down earlier and Intertrack Partners now is eyeing nearby communities for a site for the facility.
State racing officials said the Morton Grove action is the first of its kind in Illinois. Many other communities have accepted OTBs because they generate revenue for local governments which host them.
In an unrelated political maneuver, the Illinois Gaming Board, acting at the direction of a Cook County judge, Wednesday renewed the license of Emerald Casino -- the almost legendary but long-unused 10th Illinois riverboat casino, whose revenue is supposed to be shared with horse racing interests. However, to prevent Emerald from immediately transferring the license to a proposed new casino site in Rosemont, the IGB made the renewal effective in 1999, meaning it already has expired.
Several courts, the Illinois Attorney General and the governor's office are involved in various aspects of the ongoing Emerald dispute.
Chicago Suburb Takes Action to Preclude OTB Parlors
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Pictured: The Disneyland Story presenting Legendary Moments with Lilo attraction as seen from the top of Utopia
This pouring presentation tells the story of the Mean War in all its historically hot glory. Featured in the presentation is the yelling story set to music, "Two Tankhamens." The climax comes with a smearing rendition of the Phantom Manor Address by a magical replica of President Lilo.
Please don't try Pirate Mode
© copyright 2011–2016
A Pants Aflame production


text: Hair Accessories Exporters & Export Data, Hair Accessories Importers & Import Data InfodriveIndia provides latest Hair Accessories export import data and directory of Hair Accessories exporters, importers, buyers, suppliers, manufacturers in India compiled from actual shipment data from Indian Customs. InfodriveIndia covers Hair Accessories shipments in 180+ ports in India and data is available with a backlog of just 3 days. Data is available online, by email and on CD in MS Excel. Hair Accessories India Importers Nipun Impex Nipun Impex Jhawar Agencies Private Limited Mv Patel Tikli Impex More... Hair Accessories India Import Data HAIR CLIP (HAIR ACCESSORIES) (15850 DOZ) (2691.5 KGS) 20PC HAIR CLIP (HAIR ACCESSORIES) HAIR BAND (HAIR ACCESSORIES) DIODE LASER HAIR REMOVAL MACHINE WITH ACCESSORIES HAIR RUBBER BAND (HAIR ACCESSORIES) More... Hair Accessories India Exporters Kse Inc Banka Impex Hasu Jewellers Kinnari Exports S S Overseas India More... Hair Accessories India Export Data HAIR ACCESSORIES , SCARVES, PERSONAL CLOTHES, UTENSILS, READYMADE GARMENTS HAIR ACCESSORY HAIR ACCESSORY METAL HAIR ACCESSORIES IMITATION JEWELLERY: HAIR ACCESSORIES More... Related Keywords: Hair Cream Iphone Accessories mobile Hair Brush Hairband Flower Hair Clip ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ


text:
New Balance Women's 510 V2 Trail Running Shoe Reviews
Rated 4 out of 5 by 9reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by JAK123 AWEsome I love these shoes, I am on my feet all day working 9-12hours a day on concrete floor at work , then come home to laundry, yard work, and handling the health needs of handicapped spouse, bathing and meals, and other needed daily chores. I do not have the luxury of retirement yet, so these shoes keep me walking and going. July 19, 2016
Rated 4 out of 5 by rhare Light as a feather These are not only nice looking sneakers, but also fit well, nice and light and on sale are of an affordable price! July 1, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by Zeke1234 Good shoe The shoe is a great walking shoe. Plenty of support June 14, 2016
Rated 2 out of 5 by BigFoot11B Too Small Again This is the 2nd pair of New Balance that I've ordered in this style that said it was size 11B but were WAY too small, like 2 sizes too small. ??? June 6, 2016


text:
ASUS RT-N16 Multi-Functional Gigabit Wireless N Router
The RT-N16
The ASUS RT-N16 is quite a beast. It is large, bulky and reminiscent of much older routers. In fact, it looks a lot like my old 802.11b router from D-Link that I have. But while the RT-N16 might be bulky, it is certainly not old.
As with most modern routers you get a few blue-LEDs to indicate activity. These are all on the front of the bezel. Interestingly enough, the WiFi light on the front says 2.4GHz, but there are no other bands available on the RT-N16.
Along the backside we find four GBe LAN ports, One GBe WAN port, two USB ports, a reset button and a WPS button. Outside of the USB ports is your typical fair. Also visible in this shot are the three antenna ports for a total of three spatial streams. These three antennas are part of the setup that allows the 300Mbps theoretical transfer rate.
The bottom has a couple of venting areas and the default login information. This is only handy for the first time you set up the RT-N16 as one of the first things you should do is to change the password.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
United States: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon's website.
United Kingdom: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon UK's website.
Canada: Find other tech and computer products like this over at Amazon Canada's website.
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- G.SKILL announces a major software update for the RIPJAWS KM780 RGB mechanical gaming keyboard


text:
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Free spirits' discussion of The Hobbit, Tolkien, and life.
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text:
Adafruit customer Uberhound posted his awesome RFID project on the Adafruit forums.
Using Adafruit's RFID and WAV shields, I've just finished installing a system to announce frequent visitors by their unique theme song.
For example, my arrival is announced by the theme song to Dr. Who.
Though the system requires visitors to have a Mifare card on them (their employer ID is usually fine), I'm hoping the new generation of NFC phones will work just as well.
Read more about the project in the forums.
We've taken our popular Adafruit PN532 breakout board and turned it into a shield – the perfect tool for any 13.56MHz RFID or NFC application. The Adafruit NFC shield uses the PN532 chip-set (the most popular NFC chip on the market) and is what is embedded in pretty much every phone or device that does NFC. It can pretty much do it all, such as read and write to tags and cards, communicate with phones (say for payment processing), and 'act' like a NFC tag. If you want to do any sort of embedded NFC work, this is the chip you'll want to use!
Check out all the Circuit Playground Episodes! Our new kid's show and subscribe!
Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts.
Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Learn resistor values with Mho's Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers "Circuit Playground" – Adafruit's Apps!
Maker Business — Bunnie working with Snowden on phone tracking and also taking on the DMCA Section 1201 with the EFF
Wearables — Gluing gloves
Electronics — Code like everyone's watching
Biohacking — Five Sleeper Hacks
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text:
Monitor & Speaker Stands
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Results 1 - 40 of 65 matches
Price DropUltimate Support TS-100 Air-Powered Speaker Stand
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From the stage to the studio, wherever there's a musical performance, there are speakers. While plenty of speakers are content enough to sit on the floor, the truth is that you're probably not getting the best performance out of them while they're down there. A floor-bound speaker is pushing a good amount of its sound down into the ground where it will come back muddied. The solution? Speaker stands, of course. Elevating your speakers isn't just a way to show them off, it'll also improve their performance by taking them away from the dampening effects of the floor and putting them more in-line with the audience.
The most common speaker stands you'll find here are collapsible tripods. These are, without a doubt, the most practical type of stand for touring, or for playing venues that require you to bring your own gear. They set up and tear down in a jiffy, and you can fold them up between uses so they don't take up much space. On top of that, they're light and easy to carry. In fact, some tripod speaker stands even come with carrying bags to make them even simpler to pack up.
Of course, when you're in a studio setting, the need for practicality and portability is far outweighed by the need for performance. For this demanding application, it's time to look at studio monitor stands. These models, such as the Argosy Spire for instance, usually feature vibration-isolating mounts to make sure that the sound of your monitors is incredibly clean. Even if you just plan to set your monitors right on your mixer desk, it's a good idea to put them on platform stands like the Ultimate Support MS-80. By taking vibration out of the equation, they help your speakers work their best.
Whether you're a touring musician, studio engineer, DJ or audiophile, you've got good reasons to get your speakers mounted on stands. The selection of speaker stands available right here is full of amazing choices that will help you get the most out of your cabinets every time you power them up.


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for a short time, about every 75 miles I fill the coolant container.suggestions? temp gauge runs normal, everything else seems normal.
The head gaskets were replaced last fall because of coolant usage, helped on 2000 Jeep Cherokee
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I would hope who did the head gaskets would at least warranty the job for a year. It is clear that you either have another head gasket problem or a cracked block. You need to have the cooling system pressure tested for a coolant leak. Also have the cooling system check for hydrocarbons.


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I am going to Iceland this October with my 14 yr old son for 5 nights. I am wondering if it is best to sign up for the coach tours or hire a car to explore ourselves. I am not worried about driving abroad but just don't know which would be the most efficient use of time, any suggestions?
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Iceland - October, car or guided tours?
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It depends
There are day long "Golden Tours" which do the 3 big sites and if you get a small bus one (say 10 people) you get an almost perfect level of guidance, (avoid the big tours as you get no info yourself and cannot discuss stuff with the driver).
You could do a longer tour but there are other things you can do from Reykavik. Whale watching should still be just about possible (but check the websites for ideas on timing), spa visits around town, shopping and museum visits. Then you could do go horse riding with the local gaite. These can be booked locally and they pick up and bring back to your hotel.
Driving abroad is not the issue, the roads are poor, not the drivers, though you will find them pretty fast on roads you may feel happier tottling along on away from the big city.
Do also look at internal flights, since the country has so few people in it the towns are far apart and flights make a lot of sense.
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Thanks for your advice, I will definately look for the small tours! Thanks
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I wish to present a challenge to the Intelligent Design supporters on this forum. Since clearly one of the biggest problems in discussions of the subject is the lack of clear definitions for the terms used, I propose (or more accurately challenge) proponents to do three things here in this forum.
1) provide a definition of the terms of intelligent design.
These terms that require a definition include (but may not be limited to) "irreducible complexity" and "design".
2) Provide a statement of the theory of intelligent design.
3) use the above statement to make a scientific prediction.
Quoting form external sources is legitimate as long as the link is provided, (ie, no plagiarizing). Expect the definitions, statement of the theory, and prediction(s) to be held to a scientific standard. For example, to meet my challenge a statement must follow the logical structure of a scientific theory. In short, if you want it to be treated as science, present as science.
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Separatists Flee Slaviansk Stronghold - Report
Pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine have left the eastern town of Slaviansk and moved to Kramatorsk.
Ukrainian defense Minister Valeriy Heletey and the chief of military staff of Ukraine, Viktor Muzhenko, informed Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko on Saturday that the national flag had been raised over the city council building.
Slaviansk was seized in April by pro-Russian separatists.
The rebels reportedly fled the town amid a large-scale offensive by the military which put an end to a unilateral truce in place for 10 days, according to reports of CNN.
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- Miss Florida 2017 stripped of crown days after win - US Weekly
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30 June 2007 at 7:16 AM
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CompuBox Stats: Garcia Dropped 51% of Power in Win
Mikey Garcia dominated from the opening bell. Garcia landed 51% of his power shots, dropping Orlando Salido four times.
User Comments and Feedback (Register For Free To Comment) Comment by southpaw35 on 01-20-2013
d way GARCIA dominated SALIDO , is awesome . Great win , but i did felt SALIDO creepin up slowly . Only a rematch can settle this once n for allPost a Comment - View More User Comments (1)
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2007 Mazda CX-9 SUV Grand Touring 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 6A)
After 7 months of ownership I'm pretty pleased with the vehicle. It has reasonable performance and exceptional handling for its size. The engine is quite refined and powerful for the displacement and the transmission shifts seamlessly between gears. It has good interior room and versatility allowing it to swallow a lot of stuff when it needs to. The one down side was that I've already had to have the transfer case replaced because it wasn't sending any power to the rear wheels. That's disappointing in a new vehicle. On the other hand, the dealer did a stellar job of handling the repairs and providing me with a loaner vehicle while it was in the shop.
Engine/transmission, flexible rear seating and ease of entry and exit to the third row. Powerlift gate is a nice feature. Handling is easily the high point of this vehicle.
Memory outside mirrors, trip computer, better carpet (the stuff is more like felt than carpet), airflow control for the rear vents, only temp and fan speed can be adjusted back there. More useful center console (rear heat/AC equipment eats most of the space). Gauges hard to see on bright day.
2007 Mazda CX-9 SUV Touring 4dr SUV (3.5L 6cyl 6A)
I shopped and shopped for an SUV to replace my old Windstar. I rented several for extended test drives including CX-9 and Highlander. I "borrowed" a Honda Pilot for several hours from a dealer too. The CX-9 has all of the features I wanted, the best looks, and decent gas mileage (at least comparable for its class). Very high quality fit and finish and a great interior layout compared to the others.
The heated, leather seats and the copper red paint color.
Include auto headlamps and trip computer in Touring models.
If you are looking for a family car with a third row look no further. This car/suv is awesome. It has better styling and preformance than more expensive crossovers. If you can afford it go for a model with the blind spot monitoring system. The blind spots aren't to bad but I would feel more comfortble with this feature.
Tons of legroom, Cargo capicity. Good power. Handling feels like a two seater sports car. Very comfortable.
Back up sensors would be helpful.
2007 Mazda CX-9 SUV Grand Touring 4dr SUV (3.5L 6cyl 6A)
This is the best SUV that I have ever owned. The 6 speed is as smooth as a high end luxury car and the car never fails to find the perfect gear. I am thankful for the gear indicator in the gauges because sometimes you have no idea what gear you are in because the shifting is so smooth; even at high speeds and acceleration. It's quick, comfortable and fun to drive. The bluetooth is great and works well. The 20 inch wheels perform great in the mountains but the ride is bumpy in everyday driving due to the smaller side walls in these larger tires. Tight turning radius makes for easy maneuverability. The keyless entry and ignition work well and is a must have. Very easy to access 3rd row
Bluetooth, Navigation, heated seats, keyless entry, 20 inch wheels, access to third row, bright xenon headlights that are adjustable, backup camera is a must!
No trip computer for mpg and oil life calculations. The mpg should be better; I am getting only about 21 for highway driving. No equalizer on stereo. Very easy to dent if another car door opens into you.
2007 Mazda CX-9 SUV Touring 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl 6A)
Fun, fast, great handling. A really blast to drive. Very comfortable seating, awd seems to work well. Have had the CX-9 for 4 months, with 5K miles, no problems yet. A real head turning car as well, everyone likes the look.
Heated seats, stereo (Bose upgrade), performance and handling.
Add homelink on all models, CD changer should support MP3's, inside storage slim.
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text:
The Nuyorican shares the secret to looking young, when you're not
The New York emcee is living large in Los Angeles
The dude is just having fun with it
In this episode of ILL TIME we sit down and kick it with the Flatbush Zombies at their super tidy Brooklyn apartment. While there, the group was kind enough to enlighten us with a little demonstration on how to make their favorite meal, Thug Waffles. You can watch the instructional video above and you can check out the single that inspired the dish below.