text:
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
May, 2006
Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum
Mobile WiMAX – Part II: A Comparative Analysis
This paper has been prepared on behalf of the WiMAX Forum and the material presented represents the combined efforts of many people from several WiMAX Forum organizations with long-standing experience in wireless technologies. Additionally, a broader range of WiMAX Forum members have had the opportunity to technically review and critique the material and every attempt has been made to ensure its accuracy. Numerous references are cited in the document for the reader interested in a more indepth discussion of the material. The overall preparation and editing was done by Doug Gray, a Telecommunications Consultant under contract to the WiMAX Forum.
Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .
Page 2 of 47
3GPP 3GPP2 AAS ACK AES AG AMC A-MIMO AMS ARQ ASN ASP BE CC CCI CCM CDF CDM CDMA CINR CMAC CP CQI CSN CSTD CTC CWTS DL DOCSIS DPCCH DRC DSC DSL DVB E-AGCH EAP EESM E-DCH E-DPCCH 3G Partnership Project 3G Partnership Project 2 Adaptive Antenna System also Advanced Antenna System Acknowledge Advanced Encryption Standard Absolute Grant Adaptive Modulation and Coding Adaptive Multiple Input Multiple Output (Antenna) Adaptive MIMO Switching Automatic Repeat reQuest Access Service Network Application Service Provider Best Effort Chase Combining (also Convolutional Code) Co-Channel Interference Counter with Cipher-block chaining Message authentication code Cumulative Distribution Function Code Division Multiplex Code Division Multiple Access Carrier to Interference + Noise Ratio block Cipher-based Message Authentication Code Cyclic Prefix Channel Quality Indicator Connectivity Service Network Cyclic Shift Transmit Diversity Convolutional Turbo Code China Wireless Telecommunications Standards group Downlink Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification Downlink Physical Control Channel Data Rate Control Data Source Control Digital Subscriber Line Digital Video Broadcast E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel Extensible Authentication Protocol Exponential Effective SIR Mapping Enhanced Data Channel E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .
Page 3 of 47
________________________________________________________________________ E-DPDCH E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Control Channel E-HICH E DCH HARQ Acknowledgement Indicator Channel EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power E-RGCH E-DCH Relative Grant Channel ErtPS Extended Real-Time Polling Service EVDO Evolution Data Optimized or Evolution Data Only E-UTRA Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access EVDV Evolution Data-Voice FBSS Fast Base Station Switching FCH Frame Control Header FDD Frequency Division Duplex FFT Fast Fourier Transform FTP File Transfer Protocol FUSC Fully Used Sub-Carrier GPRS General Packet Radio Service HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest HHO Hard Hand-Off HMAC keyed Hash Message Authentication Code HO Hand-Off or Hand Over HRPD High Rate Packet Data HSPA High Speed Packet Access HSDPA High Speed Downlink Data Packet Access HS-DPCCH High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel HS-DSCH High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel HS-SCCH High-Speed Shared Control Channel HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Data Packet Access HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol IE Information Element IEFT Internet Engineering Task Force IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform IR Incremental Redundancy ISI Inter-Symbol Interference LDPC Low-Density-Parity-Check LOS Line of Sight LTE Long Term Evolution MAC Media Access Control MAI Multiple Access Interference MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAP Media Access Protocol MBS Multicast and Broadcast Service
Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .
Page 4 of 47
3 . Page 5 of 47 v3.________________________________________________________________________ MDHO Macro Diversity Hand Over MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output (Antenna) MLD Maximum Likely-hood symbol Detection MMS Multimedia Message Service MMSE Minimum Mean Squared Error MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching MS Mobile Station MSO Multi-Services Operator NACK Not Acknowledge NAP Network Access Provider NLOS Non Line-of-Sight NRM Network Reference Model nrtPS Non-Real-Time Polling Service NSP Network Service Provider OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access PER Packet Error Rate PF Proportional Fair (Scheduler) PKM Public Key Management PSK Phase Shift Keying PUSC Partially Used Sub-Carrier QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS Quality of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RA Reverse Activity RAB Reverse-Link Activity Bit RG Relative Grant RNC Radio Network Controller RPC Reverse Power Control RR Round Robin (Scheduler) RRI Reverse Rate Indicator RTG Receive/transmit Transition Gap rtPS Real-Time Polling Service RUIM Removable User Identity Module SDMA Space (or Spatial) Division (or Diversity) Multiple Access SF Spreading Factor SFN Single Frequency Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node SHO Soft Hand-Off SIM Subscriber Identity Module Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .
Page 6 of 47 v3.3 .________________________________________________________________________ SIMO Single Input Multiple Output (Antenna) SINR Signal to Interference + Noise Ratio SISO Single Input Single Output (Antenna) SLA Service Level Agreement SM Spatial Multiplexing SMS Short Message Service SNIR Signal to Noise + Interference Ratio SNR Signal to Noise Ratio S-OFDMA Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access SS Subscriber Station STBC Space Time Block Code STC Space Time Coding TD-CDMA Time Division Code Division Multiple Access TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access TDD Time Division Duplex TDM Time Division Multiplex TEK Traffic Encryption Key TFRI Transport Format Related Information TTG Transmit/receive Transition Gap TTI Transmission Time Interval TU Typical Urban (as in channel model) UE User Equipment UGS Unsolicited Grant Service UL Uplink UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module UTRAN LTE UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Long Term Evolution V-MIMO Virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (Antenna) VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol VPN Virtual Private Network VSF Variable Spreading Factor VSM Vertical Spatial Multiplexing WAP Wireless Application Protocol WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WiBro Wireless Broadband (Service) WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .
................................... 31 3......................................................................................... 19 2............................................................7 Quality of Service .. 14 2...... 35 3..................... 9 Mobile WiMAX: A Comparative Analysis ................... 32 3................................. Comparing Mobile WiMAX to 1xEVDO and HSPA.....................2 Brief Overview of HSDPA/HSUPA.........................................2.....1............ 31 3...................................... 33 3.... 12 1...................................................................... 42 Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .2..............................................................2...............................................................................................3 Roadmap for 3G Enhancements .............................................2..................................................................................... 12 2.................................................................................... 14 2............................................................4 Bandwidth Efficient Handoff..... 35 Figure 10: Performance of Adaptive MIMO Switch (AMS)........ 16 Figure 2: 1xEV-DO-Rev A UL Channel Structure................................................... 32 3............... 28 3............................................ 26 3........ 17 Figure 4: Multiplexing of UE's in the Code Domain ....................................... Evolution of 3G Systems .......... 24 Figure 8: Evolution for 3G CDMA Systems ......................... 23 Figure 7: E-DCH Physical Channel Structure ......................... 21 Figure 5: Control Channel Structure for HSDPA .......................... 37 Figure 11: Channel/Sector Throughput Comparison........................................................................................ WiMAX-EVDO-HSPA Performance Comparison .....................................8 Advanced Antenna Technology............5 Frequency Selective Scheduling ...........1.....................................1 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) ............................................................................................ Conclusion ......................... 28 3..................................................... 46 Figures Figure 1: 1xEV-DO-Rev A DL Channel Structure................................4 Support for Spectral-Efficient TDD.............................................1 Tolerance to Multipath and Self-Interference.......................................................................................................................................... Introduction......................................................... 30 3.................................................................................2 Scalable Channel Bandwidth ..........2. 37 5......________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............2...1 Brief Overview of 1xEVDO ...............3 Fast Scheduling............1 Common Features ....................................1.................................... 44 References........................1............................. 26 Figure 9: Fractional Frequency Reuse with Mobile WiMAX ............................. Page 7 of 47 v3.............................................3 Orthogonal Uplink Multiple Access ............................ 36 4............................................................................................. 30 3.................. 34 3....2 Hybrid ARQ. 16 Figure 3: Example of 1xEVDO-Rev A Forward Traffic Channel......6 Fractional Frequency Reuse.....2............ 25 3... 22 Figure 6: HS-DSCH to HS-SCCH Association ................. 29 3.........3 ........................................................... 30 3............2 Key Advantages of Mobile WiMAX............................................................................................................................................................................................................................2.......................................................
........................................ 44 Tables Table 1: WiMAX/3GTechnology Availability........................... 36 Table 6: Mobile WiMAX and 3G System Parameters .. 19 Table 3: Summary of Comparative Features ........ 43 Figure 13: Optimized Mobile WiMAX with MIMO (2x2) . 29 Table 5: Mobile WiMAX Applications and Quality of Service ..................... 38 Table 7: Mobile WiMAX OFDMA Parameters ................................................ Page 8 of 47 v3................................................................................................................................................... 39 Table 10: Performance Comparison ........................................................................................ 27 Table 4: Summary of AMC Capability............. 42 Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum ..________________________________________________________________________ Figure 12: Spectral Efficiency Comparison........................................................................... 13 Table 2: 1xEVDO-Rev A Supported DL Data Rates .................................... 41 Table 11: Mobile WiMAX SIMO/MIMO Comparison ................ 39 Table 8: Propagation Model.............................................................................................. 39 Table 9: Multipath Models for Performance Simulation ....................................................................................................3 .................................................................................................
assuming a DL/UL ratio of 3:1. A further CDMA2000 enhancement. Two 3G CDMA variants are widely used today. and peak UL sector data rates up to 14 Mbps. the QoS can be Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . provides enhancements to the uplink. With high data rate and flexible scheduling. Quality of Service (QoS): The fundamental premise of the IEEE 802. assuming a DL/UL ratio of 1:1. This approach has several key advantages over the traditional CDMA-based 3G systems: High Data Rates: MIMO antenna techniques with flexible sub-channelization schemes and Advanced Coding and Modulation enable the Mobile WiMAX technology to support peak DL sector data rates up to 46 Mbps. HSUPA. WCDMA. It defines Service Flows which can map to DiffServ code points or MPLS flow labels that enable end-to-end IP-based QoS.16e-2005 based Mobile WiMAX technology and details of how its distinct capabilities can be applied in enabling broadband mobile services were discussed.25 MHz channels. in a 10 MHz channel. an FDD solution based on 5 MHz channels and CDMA2000.________________________________________________________________________ Mobile WiMAX – Part II: A Comparative Analysis EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper is a companion paper to Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Mobile WiMAX systems offer scalability in both radio access technology and network architecture. subchannelization and MAP-based signaling schemes provide a flexible mechanism for optimal scheduling of space. Page 9 of 47 v3. Part I also provided a Mobile WiMAX performance evaluation. thus providing a great deal of flexibility in network deployment options and service offerings. In part I the salient features of the 802. 3GPP is also considering longer term enhancements for WCDMA such as MIMO support with HSPA. Similar changes have been developed by 3GPP2 for CDMA2000 where 1xEVDO-Rev 0 and 1xEVDO-Rev A provide throughput enhancements for data traffic.99G is also on the evolutionary roadmap for both WCDMA and CDMA2000. EVDO-Rev B adds multicarrier capability.3 . an FDD solution based on 1. Additionally. frequency. To improve downlink capacity in 3G systems 3GPP has developed the HSDPA enhancement for WCDMA. In this companion paper a comparison of Mobile WiMAX performance characteristics with contemporary and evolving 3G technologies is provided. Mobile WiMAX is based on OFDM/OFDMA technology. and time resources over the air interface on a frame-by-frame basis.16 MAC architecture is QoS. This discussion and performance comparison provides a more complete picture of the role that Mobile WiMAX can play in the evolution of broadband mobile networks. UTRAN Long Term Evolution (UTRAN-LTE) also referred to as 3. A further enhancement.
0 1. is designed to be able to scale to work in different channelizations from 1.5 1. spectrum resources for wireless broadband worldwide are still quite disparate in its allocations. To quantify the technology differences. Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz) 2. As opposed to priority-based QoS schemes.0 Mobile WiMAX HSPA 3xEVDO-Rev B DL UL 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Mobile WiMAX HSPA 3xEVDO-Rev B DL UL Sector Throughput (Mbps) Spectral efficiency and sector throughput comparison of HSPA. this approach enables support for guaranteed service levels including committed and peak information rates. and Mobile WiMAX under the same user traffic conditions The high data throughput results in better data multiplexing and low data latency. Mobile WiMAX technology therefore. This also allows diverse economies to realize the multi-faceted benefits of the Mobile WiMAX technology for their specific geographic needs such as providing affordable internet access in rural settings versus enhancing the capacity of mobile broadband access in metro and suburban areas. and HSDPA/HSUPA (HSPA). a throughput and spectral efficiency performance comparison is provided based on simulations using a common set of parameters for the three systems: Mobile WiMAX. The spectral efficiency for Mobile WiMAX with MIMO is more than 2 times better than EVDO Rev B and HSPA in both downlink and uplink and. latency. the sector throughput is more than 2 times higher in the DL and about 2 times higher in the UL.5 2.5 0. in the same bandwidth.3 . an important requirement for the successful delivery of broadband mobile services ranging from real-time interactive gaming and streaming media to non-real-time web browsing and simple file transfers. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . which is essential to enable broadband data services and VoIP with high quality of service. The performance will enable transparency of quality of service between Mobile WiMAX and broadband wired services such as Cable and DSL.0 0. The simulations show that Mobile WiMAX has a distinct advantage over the 3G enhancements in both spectral efficiency and channel/sector throughput in both the DL and UL directions. 1xEVDO Rev A and Rev B. EVDO-Rev B.25 to 20 MHz to comply with varied worldwide requirements as efforts proceed to achieve spectrum harmonization in the longer term. Page 10 of 47 v3.________________________________________________________________________ better enforced. Scalability: Despite an increasingly globalized economy. and jitter for varied types of traffic on a customer-by-customer basis.
With its architecture and performance advantages and wide industry support.________________________________________________________________________ Additional WiMAX benefits include its open standard approach and healthy ecosystem.3 . Hundreds of companies have contributed to the development of the technology and many companies have announced product plans for this technology. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . Mobile WiMAX is well-positioned to play a key role in the evolution of future broadband wireless networks on a global scale. The broad industry participation and worldwide adoption will ensure economies of scale that will help drive low cost of subscription and enable the deployment of a wide range of broadband mobile services in both developed and emerging markets. Page 11 of 47 v3.
latency.________________________________________________________________________ Mobile WiMAX: A Comparative Analysis 1. This paper provides a detailed discussion of how Mobile WiMAX compares to the evolution of 3G technologies. Part I provided a detailed description the Mobile WiMAX technology and a performance evaluation based on a set of simulation parameters. assuming a DL/UL ratio of 1:1. With high data rate and flexible scheduling. To improve downlink capacity in 3G systems 3GPP has developed the HSDPA [2] enhancement for WCDMA. 1xEVDO-Rev 0 [5] changes the downlink from CDM to TDM. and jitter for varied types of traffic on a customer-by-customer basis. HSUPA [3. Mobile WiMAX is based on OFDM/OFDMA technology [6.3 . Mobile WiMAX systems offer scalability in both radio access technology and network architecture. Advanced Coding and Modulation enable the Mobile WiMAX technology to support peak DL sector data rates up to 46 Mbps. A further enhancement.7. Mobile Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . Quality of Service (QoS): The fundamental premise of the IEEE 802. As opposed to priority-based QoS schemes. Additionally. and peak UL sector data rates up to 14 Mbps. assuming a DL/UL ratio of 3:1. It defines Service Flows which can map to DiffServ code points or MPLS flow labels that enable end-to-end IP based QoS. Similar changes have been developed by 3GPP2 for CDMA2000. frequency and time resources over the air interface on a frame-by-frame basis. Page 12 of 47 v3.4]. thus providing a great deal of flexibility in network deployment options and service offerings. in a 10 MHz channel. 1xEVDO-Rev A provides additional DL improvements along with throughput enhancements to the uplink and 1xEVDO Rev B adds multi-carrier capability. This enhancement changes the downlink from CDM to TDM-CDM so as to enable adaptive modulation and coding and other spectral efficiency improvements. Further evolution for WCDMA such as 3GPP/3GPP2 Long Term Evolution (LTE) is expected to adopt OFDM-based technology to further improve data throughput. this approach enables support for guaranteed service levels including committed and peak information rates.16 MAC architecture is QoS. provides enhancements to the uplink as well but the uplink is still limited to lower order modulation. the QoS can be better enforced.8]. spectrum resources for wireless broadband worldwide are still quite disparate in its allocations. Scalability: Despite an increasingly globalized economy. subchannelization and MAP-based signaling schemes provide a flexible mechanism for optimal scheduling of space. It has several key advantages over the traditional CDMA-based 3G systems: High Data Rates: MIMO antenna techniques with flexible sub-channelization schemes. Introduction This paper is a companion paper to "Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation" [1].
25 to 20 MHz to comply with varied worldwide requirements as efforts proceed to achieve spectrum harmonization in the longer term. System Enhancements First Commercial Availability 1xEVDO. data throughput and spectral efficiency for all three technologies based on a common set of parameters and assumptions. is designed to be able to scale to work in different channelizations from 1.10]. All of these technologies will become available in a phased fashion. thus providing an upgrade path to enable operators to offer data services over their existing networks.3 . The 1xEVDO-Rev A standard was approved in March 2004 and the commercial launch of services based on this standard took place in 2005 with more extensive deployments expected in 2006 [11.________________________________________________________________________ WiMAX technology therefore. This also allows diverse economies to realize the multi-faceted benefits of the Mobile WiMAX technology for their specific geographic needs such as providing affordable internet access in rural settings versus enhancing the capacity of mobile broadband access in metro and suburban areas.12]. Page 13 of 47 v3. WCDMA HSDPA DL Enhancements 2005/2006 HSUPA Add UL Enhancements 2007/8 WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Mobility 2006/7 Table 1: WiMAX/3G Technology Availability In this paper. In Section 3 a qualitative comparison of the Mobile WiMAX technology with the 3G enhancements is provided by describing and comparing key attributes and identifying the advantages that OFDMA-based Mobile WiMAX has over the 3G enhancements. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . These enhancements. based on the work of 3GPP and 3GPP2 are designed to add capacity to existing WCDMA and CDMA2000 3G FDDbased networks. 1xEVDO and HSDPA/HSPA. The first commercial HSDPA deployment was announced in December 2005 [13] and operators in Europe [14] and Japan [15] have announced plans for HSDPA deployments in 2006. Mobile WiMAX is expected to begin rolling out in late 2006 and early 2007. CDMA2000 Rev 0 DL Enhancements 2003 Rev A Add UL Enhancements 2005 Rev B Add Multi-Carrier 2008 HSPA. The technology comparison continues in Section 4 with a quantitative comparison of the two key metrics. a high level comparison of commonalities and differences of these different technologies is discussed. 1xEVDO Rev 0 was initially launched in Korea and Japan in 2003 followed by extensive deployments in the in 2004 and 2005 [9. Section 2 provides a discussion of the enhancements for 3G systems.
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). adds further DL capacity enhancements and is expected to increase the DL peak data rate to 4. 1xEVDO-Rev 0 has had initial success in South Korea and is now being widely deployed. also known as High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) is a data optimized evolution of CDMA2000 developed by the 3GPP2.25 MHz channel.3 . significant changes have been made in 1xEV-DO Rev 0 to achieve this data throughput performance.8 Mbps (Rev A) in the uplink (UL). and with a further release known as.________________________________________________________________________ 2.9 Mbps in a 1.6 kbps (Rev 0) and 1. Evolution of 3G Systems The 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) and 3G Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) have been defining standards for enhancements to today's 3G systems. Page 14 of 47 v3. which is still in the process of standardization. 2. provides capacity enhancements to the uplink as well. Extensions to both WCDMA and CDMA2000 have been defined with the objective of adding network capacity and features to enable operators to offer new data-oriented services over their existing networks. This enhancement offers over the air downlink peak data rate of up to 14 Mbps in a 5 MHz channel. These extensions are: Evolution Data-Optimized1 (1xEVDO) [5]. Features that have been introduced or changed include: Downlink channel is changed from Code Division Multiplex (CDM) to Time Division Multiplex (TDM) to allow full transmission power to a single user.1 Brief Overview of 1xEVDO 1xEV-DO is a high-speed data only system for 1. over the air peak data rates of 2.4 Mbps peak DL data rate and average DL throughput that is significantly higher than the baseline CDMA2000-1x system.4 Mbps (Rev 0) and 3. HSDPA as defined by 3GPP provides downlink enhancements to WCDMA R'99. 1xEVDO offers. The original 1xEV-DO specifications can achieve 2. Compared with CDMA2000-1x. Downlink power control is replaced by closed loop downlink rate adaptation. In a 1.1 Mbps (Rev A) in the downlink (DL) and 153. EVDO-Rev B. Adaptive coding (Turbo Code)/modulation Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Fast downlink scheduling Soft handoff is replaced by a more bandwidth efficient "virtual" soft handoff 1 Originally referred to as Evolution-Data Only and more recently as Evolution-Data Optimized Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .25 MHz FDD channels. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) [2].25 MHz channel.
In the reverse (or up) link. pilot. and smaller frame size (6. these enhancements include smaller packet sizes. In a later release. called 1xEVDO-Rev A. MAC. The access terminal adjusts the mean output power level of the Pilot Channel in response to each power control bit received on this channel. and multiplexing packets from multiple users in the MAC layer.67 milliseconds). In the forward link. AMC. Data Rate Control (DRC) channel to indicate the supportable forward traffic channel data rate and the best serving sector on the HDR forward channel. higher peak rates of 1. A Reverse Power Control (RPC) channel is also added.1 Mbps). a new reverse link Data Source Control (DSC) channel is defined to specify the cell from which forward link packets are requested (serving cell selection). With these enhancements in both forward and reverse links. The reverse link includes the following channels: Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) channel to indicate whether the data channel is being transmitted or not transmitted and its corresponding rate. In 1xEVDO-Rev A. conversational services (e. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .________________________________________________________________________ 1xEV-DO-Rev 0 however. was designed to support only packet data services and not conversational services. On the forward link. and an Auxiliary Pilot Channel is added to the reverse link to facilitate demodulation at high data rates. higher DL peak data rate (up to 3. and control information. The channel structure of the 1xEVDO-Rev A forward and reverse link is shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively.g.3 . and Acknowledgement (ACK) channel to inform the access network whether or not the forward link data packet was received successfully. they include support of H-ARQ. additional enhancements were added to the 1xEV-DO specification. Page 15 of 47 v3. The forward link contains time-multiplexed user channels for transport of traffic. a Reverse Activity (RA) channel is added to provide an indication to the access terminal of loading on each sector's reverse link.8 Mbps. VoIP and gaming) can be supported in the newly enhanced 1xEVDO-Rev A systems.
The supported DL modulation Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . while the user's MAC layer transmissions are code-division multiplexed on the MAC time slot.3 . Page 16 of 47 v3. each user's data transmission is time-division multiplexed on the data time slot using a fixed spreading factor of 16.________________________________________________________________________ Downlink Pilot Medium Access Control Control Traffic Reverse Activity DRC Lock Reverse Power Control ARQ Figure 1: 1xEV-DO-Rev A DL Channel Structure Uplink Access Traffic Pilot Data Primary Pilot Auxiliary Pilot Medium Access Control Data Rate Control Ack Data Reverse Rate Indicator Data Source Control Figure 2: 1xEV-DO-Rev A UL Channel Structure In the forward link.
MAC information.2 kbps Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . pilot. Synchronous H-ARQ and incremental redundancy are also supported. while the remaining 1600 chips are allocated to the preamble and data bits. The pilot bits are allocated 192 chips. 128 560 400 64 336 688 Figure 3: Example of 1xEVDO-Rev A Forward Traffic Channel Transmission Format (1024.preamble. four information fields are present .________________________________________________________________________ formats include QPSK. Page 17 of 47 v3.3 . the MAC bits occupy 256 chips. 128). In each time slot on the DL.2 kbps. 8-PSK. Nominal Data Rate = 307. and 16-QAM. 2. Figure 3 provides an example of the coding structure and packet assembly for a data rate of 307. and data.
1024) (256.4 76. there is an ACK/NACK feedback from the AT. Transmission Format: Physical Layer Packet Size (bits). for the transmission format (1024.072 Mbps. 1024) in the table. 1024) (128. For example.2 19. the only packet size supported is 3072 bits. 1024) (512. 128) (128. 256) (256.8 kbps to 3. 8. Similarly. error control coding rate. 512) (512. Nominal Transmit Duration (slots). 64) (256. For each forward link transmission.6 19.8 153.8 Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .4 76.________________________________________________________________________ Table 2 provides a summary of the data rates supported by 1xEVDO-Rev A in the forward link. 512) (128. 16. 4.4 kbps. 64) (512. the possible packet sizes range from 128 to 2048 bits. 4. 16. For QPSK modulation. packet sizes of 4096 and 5120 bits are supported. the achieved data rate will be 614.4 38. With 8PSK. Preamble Length (chips) (128. The access terminal (AT) may request one of the data rates based on the measured forward link signal strength and the AT buffer size.2 38.8 9.2 38.6 19. 1024) (512. If the transmission is successfully received before using up the assigned time slots (early termination).8 76. 8. 4. and modulation rate. The DL data rate for 1xEVDO-Rev A ranges from 4. for 16-QAM. 256) (128. 2. 1.4 kbps as opposed to the nominal data rate of 38. 1024) (256. 128) (256. 2. 512) (256.4 76. Each data rate has a different preamble length. the achieved data rate is higher than the nominal data rate. 4. Page 18 of 47 v3.6 19.3 . 4. 1. 256) Code Modulation Rate Type 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK Nominal Data Rate (kbps) 4. 16. 1024) (128.8 9. 8. 4. if the packet is received successfully after one time slot. 16.2 38.
4 1. 64) (512.228. 2. 64) (2048. HSDPA includes the following advanced features: Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) 2 The actual supportable data rate depends on the link SINR. 64) Code Modulation Rate Type 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM Nominal Data Rate (kbps) 76. 1. 64) (5120. 128) (2048.4 307. 2.843.8 153. 64) (3072. 4.________________________________________________________________________ Transmission Format: Physical Layer Packet Size (bits).0 (5120. 8. 2.2 Brief Overview of HSDPA/HSUPA 3GPP Release 5 extends the WCDMA specification with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). 64) (4096.228.6 307. 4.2 307. 128) (1024. 1. 512) (1024.6 307. 64) (4096. 64) (1024.2 614. 128) (1024.6 153.2 614. 1.3 . 1. 256) (1024. 2.072. 4.457.6 1. 64) (1024. 1024) (1024.0 2 Table 2: 1xEVDO-Rev A Supported DL Data Rates 2.6 1. 128) (512. 64) (2048.8 921.536. 2. 128) (512. 1. 16. 4.8 153. 64) (3072. 2.2 38. 64) 1/3 16-QAM 3. 2. Preamble Length (chips) (512. Page 19 of 47 v3. 1.8 2. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . Nominal Transmit Duration (slots).6 153.4 76.2 1. 2.
e. The smaller frame size improves fat pipe multiplexing. Multi-code transmission is allowed. which translates to mobiles being assigned multiple channelization codes (CCs) in the same HSDSCH sub-frame. multiple UEs may be assigned CCs in the same TTI. i.g. Multi-channel stop-and-wait ARQ with a small number of channels (e. rather than selective repeat with a large window size. A significant reduction in overall delay was enabled by moving the scheduling and HARQ functionality from the Radio Network Controller (RNC) to the base transceiver station (or Node-B) and using a smaller frame size (also known as Transmission Time Interval (TTI)) of 2 milliseconds. The same scrambling code sequence is applied to all the CCs.. In HSDPA AMC. 6) is an efficient. multi-user diversity.________________________________________________________________________ Multi-code operation Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Higher DL peak rates (up to 14 Mbps) De-centralized architecture where scheduling functions are moved from the Radio Network Controller (RNC) to Node-B thus reducing latency and enabling fast scheduling. HARQ and scheduling are handled by the Node-B. Page 20 of 47 v3. depending on its capability. namely Variable Spreading Factor (VSF) and fast power control.3 . These features replace two fundamental WCDMA features. and H-ARQ. Signaling is provided to allow fully asynchronous operation. multiplexing of multiple mobiles in the code-domain is allowed which is illustrated in Figure 4. Furthermore. Multi-channel stop-andwait ARQ is the underlying form of ARQ. simple protocol that minimizes the memory required for HARQ and stalling. which allows for fast link adaptation based on instantaneous channel conditions. A High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) transmission uses channelization codes at a fixed spreading factor of 16. The HS-DSCH supports both QPSK and 16-QAM modulation. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . The TTI of an HS-DSCH sub-frame is 2 milliseconds compared to 10 milliseconds for R99 WCDMA.
regular data and control information may also be transmitted on the Dedicated Physical Data and Control Channels (DPDCH and DPCCH). the new High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) is used to signal HARQ acknowledgement and the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) to the Node B. On the uplink.3 . voice) Power & Code HS-PDSCH Code Space (Not necessarily contiguous) UE 3 UE 1 UE 3 UE 2 UE 2 TTI 0 TTI 2ms TTI 1 UE 1 UE 2 TTI 2 UE 3 UE 1 TTI 4 TTI 3 Time Figure 4: Multiplexing of UE's in the Code Domain Design of the associated control channel is very important to maximize the throughput of HS-DSCH. On the downlink. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . Concurrent to high-speed data. System Overhea d + HSDPA Control R'99 Services (e. The signaling information includes Transport Format and Resource Information and HARQ related information. Page 21 of 47 v3.g. The overall control channel structure of the HS-DSCH is shown in Figure 5.________________________________________________________________________ CPICH Time Ref. high-speed data is transmitted on the HS-DSCH while the associated signaling information is transmitted by the High Speed Shared Control Channel (HSSCCH). The HS-DPCCH is a separate code multiplexed uplink channel.
This allows time for the mobile to set up for HS-DSCH demodulation. There is a one to one mapping between the HS-DSCH data sub-frame and the HS-SCCH control sub-frame with a 2-slot delay between the two as shown in Figure 6.3 . 4 channels) User Equipment Figure 5: Control Channel Structure for HSDPA For each HS-DSCH TTI. Page 22 of 47 v3. The number of HS-SCCHs can range from one to a maximum of four per mobile station.________________________________________________________________________ DL-DPDCH DL-DPCCH HS-DSCH high-speed downlink shared channel Node B UL-DPDCH UL-DPCCH HS-DPCCH conveys channel quality report and ACK/NACK HS-PDSCH carries HS-DSCH transport channel HS-SCCH signalling info for the HS-DSCH (max. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . downlink signaling for the mobile station is carried on the HSSCCH.
Page 23 of 47 v3.________________________________________________________________________ 15 Time Slots = 10 ms 15 Timeslots = 10ms P-CCPCH Radio Frame HS-SCCH 2 Time Slot 2 Timeslot Offset offset HS-DSCH Sub-Frame Sub-Frame 3 Time Slots==2ms 3 timeslots 2 ms Figure 6: HS-DSCH to HS-SCCH Association HARQ acknowledgements on the HS-DPCCH are positive (ACK) or negative (NACK). three new channels are added in the downlink. The 3GPP has also defined WCDMA enhancements for the uplink path [16]. The CQI contains measurement feedback information used by the Node-B to select transport format (also called MCS) and resource. The ACK/NACK message is signaled via different transmitted power levels relative to the R99 uplink DPCCH. Similarly. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH) and E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH). namely. On the uplink. In the Enhanced Uplink. This enhancement is known as High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) and the combination of HSDPA and HSUPA is known simply as HSPA (High Speed Packet Access). E-DCH HARQ Acknowledgement Indicator Channel (E-HICH). several new physical channels are introduced to provide and support high-speed data transmission for the Enhanced Data Channel (E-DCH) as shown in Figure 7. two new code-multiplexed channels are added – E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH) and E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH).3 .
the Absolute Grant (AG) provides an absolute limitation of the maximum amount of uplink resources the UE may use. while relative grant from a non-serving cell has only two values . down and hold.________________________________________________________________________ DL-DPDCH DL-DPCCH ACK Ch (EHICH) Conveys ACK/NACK Node B UL-DPDCH UL-DPCCH E-DPDCH Carries EDCH Transport channel E-RGCH Conveys relative grant information E-AGCH Conveys absolute grant information E-DPCCH Signaling info for E-DPDCH (TFRI) User Equipment Figure 7: E-DCH Physical Channel Structure The E-DPDCH carries the data payload and supports AMC with fully synchronous HARQ. The scheduling and Transport Format Related Information (TFRI) are sent on the corresponding E-DPCCH. Both schemes can be viewed as a management of Transport Format Combination selection at the UE with different scheduling-related signaling rules. The length of the E-DCH sub-frames is either 2 milliseconds or 10 milliseconds. Two fundamental approaches exist in scheduling UE transmissions – (1) Node B controlled rate scheduling. The Relative Grant (RG) is sent by both the Serving and non-Serving Node-Bs as a complement to Absolute Grant. where all uplink transmissions can randomly occur in parallel with the selected rates restricted to keep the total noise rise at the Node B at an acceptable level.down and hold. The scheduler could Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . and (2) Node B controlled time and rate scheduling.up. Page 24 of 47 v3. there is only one Absolute Grant transmitted by the serving E-DCH cell.3 . Relative Grant increases or decreases the resource limitation with respect to the previous value. In the downlink. For each UE. where only a subset of UEs with pending data are selected to transmit over a given time interval with selected rates restricted. An 8-channel and 4-channel stop-and-wait HARQ protocol is used for the 2 ms and 10 ms frames respectively. Relative grant from a serving cell has three values .
4 Mbps. Extensive US deployments have been announced for 2006 [12]. The initial launch for EV-DO Rev A with CDMA2000 UL enhancements took place in Korea and Japan in 2005. In dedicated mode. For a 10ms TTI. The 3GPP envisions additional long term WCDMA enhancements leading to UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Node Long Term Evolution (UTRAN LTE) [18] also referred to as 3. 3GPP2 is on a similar path with LTE for CDMA2000. These additional 3G enhancements therefore.10]. Page 25 of 47 v3.3 Roadmap for 3G Enhancements 1xEVDO Rev 0 had initial success in Korea and Japan beginning in 2003 with additional major deployments following in 2004 and 2005 [9. Commercial deployments for 1xEVDO-Rev B are not anticipated until 2008 [17]. are not considered in the following section which compares WiMAX attributes and performance to 3G. Furthermore. It also provides for dynamic allocation of up to fifteen 1.99G or Evolved UMTS.25 MHz carrier to 4.9 Mbps and. Note that autonomous scheduling where the UE simply ramps up its rate until it reaches the maximum set or receives a down RG command was not included in the final specification 2. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . the serving cell sends RGs to update the maximum resource the UE may use. the scheduler can be operated only in dedicated mode. This revision to the standard [17]. increases DL spectral efficiency and data throughput by adding 64QAM to the DL modulation scheme.________________________________________________________________________ be operated in per-UE or per-HARQ process mode for 2 ms TTI depending on whether the resource grants are associated with each UE or with each HARQ process. A further enhancement to the CDMA2000 standard is 1xEVDO-Rev B (also known as DO Multi-Carrier).25 MHz carriers in a 20 MHz bandwidth. only per-UE process scheduling is used.3 . As a result. will provide a peak DL rate of 14.7 Mbps and a peak UL data rate of 5. The 3G evolution roadmap excluding LTE is summarized in Figure 8. Since approved standards for LTE are not expected until 2007. by aggregating 3 carriers in a nominal 5 MHz channel bandwidth. the 1xEVDO-Rev B enhancement will increase the DL peak over the air data rate for a 1. The first commercial launch of HSDPA-based services was announced in December 2005 [13] and operators in Europe [14] and Japan [15] have announced plans to launch services based on HSDPA in 2006. HSUPA/HSPA availability is not expected until the 2007 or 2008 timeframe. it is not likely that products will be available until 2009 or later.
1/1. A point by point comparison of the attributes of Mobile WiMAX with 3G-based 1xEVDO and HSDPA/HSPA systems is useful in addressing how these technologies can meet future network requirements for mobile broadband data services.0 Mbps HSUPA (HSPA) 2x5 MHz FDD Enhanced UL Capacity Peak = 14/5. In the following sections. Mobile WiMAX – Part 1 [1]. Since Mobile WiMAX has evolved from system concepts initially designed for fixed wireless access. The following table provides a summary of the attributes that have been discussed in more detail in the previous sections and the companion paper. WiMAX faces the challenge of meeting the additional requirements necessary to support mobility.3 . we look at what these technologies have in common and how they differ.4/0.8 Mbps WCDMA (UMTS) 3GPP Release 99 2x5 MHz FDD HSDPA 2x5 MHz FDD Enhanced DL Capacity Peak = 14/2. Page 26 of 47 v3. inherit both the advantages and limitations of legacy 3G systems.15 Mbps 1xEVDO Rev A 2x1.25 MHz FDD Enhanced DL/UL Capacity Peak = 3.8 Mbps 1xEVDO Rev B 2x1. WiMAX on the other hand was initially developed for fixed broadband wireless access and is optimized for broadband data services.8 Mbps 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008/9 Figure 8: Evolution for 3G CDMA Systems 3.9/1. Comparing Mobile WiMAX to 1xEVDO and HSPA 1xEVDO and HSDPA/HSPA have evolved from 3G CDMA standards to provide data services over a network originally conceived for mobile voice services.________________________________________________________________________ CDMA2000 3GPP2 1xEVDO Rev 0 2x1. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .25 MHz FDD Enhanced DL & Multi-Carrier Peak = 4.25 MHz FDD Enhanced DL Capacity Peak = 2. These 3G enhancements have evolved from the 3G experiences and as a result.
Page 27 of 47 v3. 8.________________________________________________________________________ HSDPA/HSUPA Attribute 1xEVDO Rev A Mobile WiMAX (HSPA) Base Standard CDMA2000/IS-95 WCDMA IEEE 802.16e-2005 3 Duplex Method FDD FDD TDD Downlink TDM CDM-TDM OFDMA Uplink Multiple CDMA CDMA Access Scalable: 5. Turbo 14 Mbps QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM QPSK/16QAM CC. DL/UL=1 (10 MHz BW) 7 Mbps.25 MHz 5. The user peak rate may also be limited by its service capabilities. DL/UL=3 (10 MHz BW) Multi-Channel Asynchronous CC Fast Scheduling in DL and UL Network Optimized Hard Handoff STBC.1 Mbps QPSK/16QAM BPSK/QPSK CC.67 milliseconds 2 milliseconds Frame Size 5 milliseconds TDD UL 6. the aggregated UL sector peak throughput can be doubled to 14 Mbps for DL/UL=1 and 8 Mbps for DL/UL=3.8 Mbps Fast 6-Channel Asynchronous CC Fast Scheduling in Scheduling the DL Network Initiated Handoff Hard Handoff Simple Open & Tx Diversity and Simple Open Loop Closed Loop MIMO Diversity Diversity Yes Beamforming No (Dedicated Pilots) Table 3: Summary of Comparative Features 3 FDD will be considered for future WiMAX profiles based on specific market opportunities and regulatory requirements. 10 milliseconds Modulation DL Modulation UL Coding DL Peak Over the Air Data Rate UL Peak Over the Air Data Rate H-ARQ QPSK/8PSK/ 16QAM BPSK. With UL collaborative MIMO.0 MHz 10 MHz DL 1.8 Mbps Fast 4-Channel Synchronous IR Fast Scheduling in the DL Virtual Soft Handoff 5. Turbo 4 46 Mbps. DL/UL=15 4 Mbps.75. 4 Assumes MIMO (2x2) mode in DL and 4 OFDM symbols for overhead and 44 data OFDM symbols (out of 48 total) in each frame. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .3 . Channel BW 1.67 milliseconds 2. DL/UL=3 32 Mbps. 7. 5 The user UL peak data rate assumes 4 OFDM symbols overhead. The peak throughput performance for TDD is related to the DL/UL range supported by the Release-1 Mobile WiMAX profiles. SM Yes 1.QPSK/8PSK Turbo 3.
fragmenting or padding to the predetermined packet size causes overhead in packet convergence. the overhead for fragmentation and padding is reduced. are common to EVDO. The uplink can support 16QAM modulation (64QAM optional) due to OFDMA orthogonal uplink subchannels. 1/4 6 Rev B with 64QAM is a hardware upgrade from Rev A. 1xEVDO-Rev A and HSUPA introduce adaptive coding and modulation in the uplink to enhance uplink data rate. there is a finite number of transmission formats with each mapping to a specific packet size. 1xEVDO-Rev B introduces 64QAM to further increase the peak downlink data rate. However.3 . Mobile WiMAX supports AMC in both downlink and uplink with variable packet size. QPSK 6 Turbo: 1/3. QPSK 1xEVDO-Rev A 1xEVDO-Rev B 64QAM . Technology 1xEVDO-Rev 0 DL Modulation DL Code Rate UL Modulation Fixed (BPSK) UL Code Rate Fixed 16QAM. the scheduling overhead can be reduced.________________________________________________________________________ 3.1. code rate and modulation order combination. designed to enhance data throughput.1 Common Features Several features. 8PSK. HSPDA/HSPA and Mobile WiMAX including: Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) Fast Scheduling Bandwidth Efficient Handoff 3. The AMC capabilities for each of the systems are summarized in the following table. An incoming packet has to be fragmented to fit to the correct transmission format. In 1xEVDO and HSPA. 16QAM. 8PSK Turbo: 1/2. 1/5 BPSK. With a limited number of transmission formats.1 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Downlink power control is replaced with Adaptive Modulation and Coding in both 1xEVDO and HSDPA/HSPA. Although the scheduling overhead is higher to support variable packet size. Page 28 of 47 v3. 8PSK. Rev B software upgrade is limited to 16QAM. QPSK. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .
. 2/3.20]. 2/3. 4/4 UL Modulation Fixed (BPSK) BPSK. Since the re- Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . 1/8. Repetition: 1/12. Page 29 of 47 v3. 1/2. Chase Combining (CC) or Incremental Redundancy (IR) can be implemented at the receiver to jointly process the packets in error and new retransmission to improve the packet reception. the remaining pre-assigned time slots are given up (early termination) for reuse. 1/12. 16QAM. CC. In asynchronous operation. 3/4. the packet is coded across all the sub-packets for retransmission. 1xEVDO supports synchronous operation where all the retransmissions occur in fixed intervals that are scheduled at the first transmission. Since in HARQ CC. HARQ CC is supported by Mobile WiMAX and HSPA. 5/6 Optional Mobile WiMAX Turbo. 3/4. Multi-channel stop-and-wait ARQ with a small number of channels (e. Repetition: QPSK. CC: 1/4. QPSK DL Modulation DL Code Rate Turbo. 1/4. 6) is an efficient. In IR. 1/8.1. Optional 5/6 Table 4: Summary of AMC Capability 3. 3/4. CC: 2/3. CC. the retransmissions are identical.________________________________________________________________________ Technology HSDPA HSPA (HSDPA+HSUPA) 16QAM. The packets in error are kept at the receiver. the packet retransmission after receiving a NACK is determined by the base station scheduler. 64QAM. The asynchronous operation allows variable delay between retransmissions which provides more flexibility to the scheduler at the cost of additional overhead for each retransmission allocation.3 . 64QAM QPSK 1/2. A dedicated ACK channel is allocated to provide feedback for fast retransmission in case the packet is in error. 16QAM. some large packets span over multiple slots. 4/4 Turbo.2 Hybrid ARQ All systems support HARQ as an important means to improve the robustness of data transmission over the wireless channel [19. IR decoding is more complex than CC. it is easy to extend to different transmission techniques such as MIMO. simple protocol that minimizes the memory required for HARQ and stalling. QPSK UL Code Rate Fixed Turbo. 2/4. However. 1/4.g. HARQ is a physical layer stop and wait ARQ protocol. If a transmission is successfully received. HARQ IR is supported by 1xEVDO. Multi-channel HARQ operation is supported by all systems. 3/4. The synchronous operation avoids scheduling overhead for retransmissions. Mobile WiMAX and HSPA provide signaling to allow fully asynchronous operation.
in order to minimize the handoff delay.3 Fast Scheduling Fast schedulers located in the base station are specified for all three technologies. HSPA uplink supports (1) Autonomous scheduling . Page 30 of 47 v3.all uplink transmissions can randomly occur in parallel with controlled rates. Particularly since uplink subchannels are orthogonal. 3.1. HSPA and 1xEVDO all apply fast scheduling in the downlink. The Mobile WiMAX physical layer is based on Scalable OFDMA technology. and QoS is better enforced. Furthermore.the uplink resource is more efficiently allocated. Mobile WiMAX also supports Fast Base Station Switch (FBSS) and Marco Diversity Handover (MDHO) as options to further reduce the handoff delay. However.1. WiMAX was designed to meet the requirements necessary for the delivery of broadband data services as well as voice. 1xEVDO depends on the DSC signal for feedback on link conditions to accomplish "Virtual" Soft Handoff. Mobile WiMAX supports "Network Optimized Hard Handoff" for bandwidth-efficient handoff with reduced delay achieving a handoff delay less than 50 ms. with uplink scheduling .4 Bandwidth Efficient Handoff With soft handoff. which have evolved from voice-centric systems. multiple base stations in a mobile active set of base stations transmit the same data simultaneously. is not the preferred approach since it is neither spectrally-efficient nor is it necessary for delay-tolerant data traffic. 3. in order to enable rapid response to traffic and channel condition variations. Soft handoff however.________________________________________________________________________ transmission slots are predetermined. the scheduling can change very quickly and the amount of resources allocated ranging from the smallest unit to the entire frame. 3. Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX applies fast scheduling in both downlink and uplink. This is especially well suited for bursty data traffic and rapidly changing channel conditions. the quality of an individual link cannot be easily controlled even with dedicated scheduling. where only a subset of UEs with pending data are selected to transmit over a given time interval with selected rates restricted. typically employed in voice-centric mobile networks. performance is more predictable. and (2) Dedicated scheduling [21]. HSPA does not support soft handoff but uses a more bandwidth efficient "Network Initiated Hard Handoff" that can be optimized for reduced delay.controlled time and rate scheduling.2 Key Advantages of Mobile WiMAX Unlike the CDMA-based 3G systems. due to nonorthogonal uplink. The scheduling is constrained by traffic QoS requirements and CQI channel feedback. these large packets do not get the same level of protection from HARQ as small packets even though they require better protection. With Mobile WiMAX. The new technologies employed for Mobile WiMAX result in Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . therefore. WiMAX performs scheduling on a per-frame basis and broadcasts the downlink/uplink scheduling in the MAP messages at the beginning of each frame.3 .
is changed in these two cases resulting in a different sub-carrier spacing. The number of multipath components does not limit the performance of the system as long as the multipaths are within the cyclic prefix window.________________________________________________________________________ lower equipment complexity and simpler mobility management due to the all-IP core network and provide Mobile WiMAX systems with many other advantages over CDMAbased 3G systems including: Tolerance to Multipath and Self-Interference Scalable Channel Bandwidth Orthogonal Uplink Multiple Access Support for Spectrally-Efficient TDD Frequency-Selective Scheduling Fractional Frequency Reuse Fine Quality of Service (QoS) Advanced Antenna Technology 3. RAKE receivers are usually employed to combat multipath fading. OFDMA systems therefore are robust to multipath effects. it can support a wide range of bandwidths. The scalability is achieved by adjusting the FFT size7 to the channel bandwidth while fixing the sub-carrier frequency spacing. OFDMA systems are more robust and the equipment less complex than CDMA systems. Doppler effect and lack of time synchronization can cause CDMA systems to suffer from intracell interference between users in the same cell and even self-interference in the absence of other users. By fixing the sub-carrier spacing and symbol duration. in addition to multipath. This interference can be mitigated by employing a time domain equalizer. cannot completely remove interference as in OFDMA and does not scale well with channel bandwidth since the complexity increases with channel bandwidth and increased delay spread.1 Tolerance to Multipath and Self-Interference With OFDMA systems. However. other impairments such as frequency offset. Page 31 of 47 v3.2 Scalable Channel Bandwidth Scalability is one of the most important advantages of OFDMA [8].2. The sub-channel orthogonality within the cyclic prefix window also relaxes the time synchronization requirement. The equalizer however. Therefore. in broadband wireless systems where multipath effect is prevalent.2. In CDMA systems. rather than FFT size. The sampling factor. With the OFDMA sub-carrier structure. the sub-channels maintain their orthogonality in a multipath channel.3 . the basic unit 7 Channel bandwidths of 7 MHz and 8. 3.75 MHz are exceptions. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .
25 MHz for 1xEVDO and 5 MHz for HSPA). the impact to higher layers is minimal when scaling the bandwidth. 8.3 Orthogonal Uplink Multiple Access When considering multiple access benefits. Therefore. With CDMA. Therefore the uplink performance is more predictable and QoS is better enforced. Mobile WiMAX supports channel bandwidths of 5 MHz. can support higher order uplink modulations and achieve higher uplink spectral efficiency. is the bottleneck in most CDMA systems. With the flexibility to support a wider bandwidth.2. 3. because the signals occupy the entire bandwidth and do not have the same modular property as the OFDMA signals in the frequency domain. whereas Mobile WiMAX supports TDD and optionally.25 MHz to 20 MHz. OFDMA systems can be deployed in various frequency band intervals to flexibly address the need for various spectrum allocation and usage model requirements. nevertheless. 1xEVDO and HSPA and do not provide scalability in a natural manner. Both the CDMA code and frame structure may have to be reoptimized for the new channel bandwidth. due to the uplink synchronization issues. and 10 MHz and can optionally support channel bandwidths ranging from 1. TDD does require system-wide frame synchronization. One immediate advantage stemming from scalability is the flexibility of deployment. sub-channel orthogonality provides OFDMA with a distinct advantage over CDMA. the users interfere with each other during uplink multiple access and MAI significantly reduces uplink spectral efficiency.3 . WiMAX with OFDMA on the other hand. asynchronous CDMA is used in the uplink in most practical CDMA systems. there is no (or little) multiple access interference (MAI) between multiple users. Mobile WiMAX also enjoys high aggregate sector throughput. in fact. Since with OFDMA. lower latency and better QoS. Therefore.75 MHz. which allows more efficient multiplexing of data traffic. users are allocated different portions of the channel. Orthogonal uplink sub-channels also enables the uplink scheduler to provide better control of the uplink quality and uplink resource allocation. 3.2.________________________________________________________________________ of physical (time and frequency) resource is fixed. These systems are very sensitive to bandwidth change. With little modification to air interface. on the other hand. Even though it is possible to construct orthogonal spreading codes. TDD is the preferred duplexing mode for broadband services for the following reasons: Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . The CDMA-based systems such as 1xEVDO and HSPA on the other hand. Full and Half-Duplex FDD. OFDMA therefore. are optimized for a specific channel plan (1. each user transmits over the entire channel. is capable of providing balanced downlink/uplink throughput. Page 32 of 47 v3. To counter interference issues. With asynchronous CDMA. Uplink capacity.4 Support for Spectral-Efficient TDD Both HSDPA and 1xEVDO are FDD-based. 7 MHz.
Specifications for TDCDMA were approved by 3GPP in 1999 and continue to evolve. TD-SCDMA adds a synchronization mechanism and is designed to operate at a 1. TDD only requires a single channel for both downlink and uplink providing greater flexibility for adaptation to varied global spectrum allocations. are not discussed in greater detail in this paper. downlink traffic will generally be dominant. Unlike FDD. TDD assures channel reciprocity for better support of link adaptation. worldwide adoption of these systems has been limited and therefore.5 Frequency Selective Scheduling Both 1xEVDO and HSPA signals occupy the entire bandwidth. TD-CDMA is designed for operation at a 3. propagation conditions can vary over different portions of the spectrum in different ways for different users. MIMO and other closed loop advanced antenna technologies.3 . Either the downlink channel or the uplink channel will be underutilized when the traffic is asymmetric resulting in a net decrease in overall spectral efficiency. Nevertheless. With traffic becoming more and more dominated by data. Mobile WiMAX signals on the other hand only occupy a portion of the bandwidth.2. Both TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA were adopted by 3GPP as part of UMTS Release 4 in 2001. this multi-user diversity technique can achieve significant capacity gains over TDMA/CDMA [22]. Page 33 of 47 v3.84 Mcps chip rate in a 5 MHz channel. given the favorable attributes of TDD for datacentric services these systems can also be expected to play an important part in the ongoing evolution of 3G networks. 3. TD-SCDMA was proposed by the China Wireless Telecommunications Standards group (CWTS) and approved by the ITU in 1999. WiMAX with adjacent sub-carrier permutation makes it possible to allocate a subset of sub-carriers to mobile users based on relative signal strength. UMTS-TDD or TDCDMA uses a combined time division code division access scheme based on a radio access approach defined by the ETSI Delta group. downlink and uplink always have fixed and generally. It should be noted that there are TDD solutions for 3G as well. Transceiver design for TDD implementations is less complex and therefore less expensive.28 Mcps chip rate in a 1. By allocating a subset of sub-carriers to each MS for which the MS enjoys the strongest path gains. To date.________________________________________________________________________ TDD enables adjustment of the downlink/uplink ratio on a per cluster basis to efficiently support asymmetric downlink/uplink traffic while maintaining frame synchronization. In broadband wireless channels. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . TD-CDMA can also use AMC features developed for HSDPA to further enhance channel capacity.6 MHz channel. equal DL and UL bandwidths. With FDD. which requires a pair of channels. Mobile WiMAX supports frequency selective scheduling to take full advantage of multi-user frequency diversity and improve QoS.
3 . Page 34 of 47 v3. which only occupy a small fraction of the channel bandwidth. A segment is a subdivision of the available OFDMA sub-channels (one segment may include all sub-channels). In Figure 9. The sub-channel reuse pattern can be configured so that users close to the base station operate on the zone with all sub-channels available. due to heavy interference in frequency reuse one deployment.________________________________________________________________________ 3. F2 and F3 are different sets of sub-channels in the same frequency channel. the same loading factor is applied to all users within the coverage area. Permutation Zone is a number of contiguous OFDMA symbols in DL or UL that use the same permutation. In Mobile WiMAX. The sub-channel reuse planning can be adaptively optimized across sectors or cells based on network load and interference conditions on a per frame basis. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . However. users operate on sub-channels. While for the edge users. leading to capacity loss by "over-protecting" users that are closer to the base station. All the cells/sectors can operate on the same frequency channel and no frequency planning is required. the flexible sub-channel reuse is facilitated by sub-channel segmentation and permutation zone. users at the cell edge may suffer low connection quality. the full load frequency reuse of one is maintained for center users to maximize spectral efficiency while fractional frequency reuse is achieved for edge users to improve edge user connection quality and throughput.e. each cell/sector operates on the zone with a fraction of all sub-channels available. the cell edge interference problem can be easily addressed by reconfiguration of the sub-channel usage without resorting to traditional frequency planning. 1xEVDO and HSPA address the interference issue by adjusting the loading of the network. The DL or UL sub-frame may contain more than one permutation zone. Since in WiMAX. 1xEVDO and HSPA all support frequency reuse one. In this configuration.6 Fractional Frequency Reuse Mobile WiMAX. One segment is used for deploying a single instance of MAC.2. However. F1. all cells/sectors operate on one frequency channel to maximize spectrum utilization. i.
3 . The service flow parameters can be dynamically managed through MAC messages to accommodate the dynamic service demand. higher priority traffic may completely starve lower priority traffic during periods of high usage. Furthermore. symmetric downlink/uplink capacity. The high system throughput also allows efficient multiplexing and low data latency. The WiMAX QoS is specified for each service flow. the connection-oriented QoS can effectively enable the end-to-end QoS control. high system throughput. Therefore. Using a priority-based technique to support Conversational Class. since the sub-channels are orthogonal. Since the air interface is usually the bottleneck. the DL and UL link quality and QoS can be easily controlled by the base station scheduler. Service flows provide the same control mechanism in both the DL and UL to improve QoS in both directions. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .________________________________________________________________________ F1+F2+F3 F3 F2 F1 Figure 9: Fractional Frequency Reuse with Mobile WiMAX 3.7 Quality of Service WiMAX was developed from the outset to meet the stringent requirements for the delivery of broadband services. there is no intra-cell interference in either DL or UL. with fast air link. and Background Class services. is more limited. The connection-oriented QoS therefore. Support for QoS in 3G systems. Streaming Class. Therefore.2. Interactive Class. on the other hand. fine resource granularity and flexible resource allocation Mobile WiMAX can support a wide range of data services and applications with varied QoS requirements as summarized in Table 5. Page 35 of 47 v3. can provide accurate control over the air interface.
25. Since the processing complexity for smart antenna technologies scales with the channel bandwidth. In general however. With OFDM/OFDMA systems therefore. supporting advanced antenna technologies in broadband wireless channels poses a more significant challenge than it does with Mobile WiMAX [23]. etc. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .27]. These technologies can improve both system coverage and capacity. Complex equalizers are not required to compensate frequency selective fading. Both 1xEVDO and HSPA support simple transmit diversity and the HSPA standard has an option to support Beamforming. Page 36 of 47 v3.________________________________________________________________________ QoS Category UGS Unsolicited Grant Service Applications VoIP QoS Specifications Maximum Sustained Rate Maximum Latency Tolerance Jitter Tolerance Streaming Audio or Video rtPS Minimum Reserved Rate Real-Time Polling Maximum Sustained Rate Service Maximum Latency Tolerance Traffic Priority Voice with Activity ErtPS Minimum Reserved Rate Extended Real-Time Detection (VoIP) Maximum Sustained Rate Polling Service Maximum Latency Tolerance Jitter Tolerance Traffic Priority nrtPS File Transfer Protocol Minimum Reserved Rate Non-Real-Time Polling (FTP) Maximum Sustained Rate Service Traffic Priority Data Transfer. it is far easier to support smart antenna technologies. Mobile WiMAX on the other hand. OFDM/OFDMA converts a frequency selective wideband channel into multiple flat narrow band sub-carriers and allows smart antenna operations to be performed on vector flat sub-carriers. STC and SM [24. is based on smart antenna friendly OFDM/OFDMA technology.8 Advanced Antenna Technology In CDMA-based systems.26. Traffic Priority Table 5: Mobile WiMAX Applications and Quality of Service 3. the use of advanced antenna technologies in current 1xEVDO and HSPA solutions has been limited. the signals occupy the entire bandwidth.3 . Web BE Maximum Sustained Rate Best-Effort Service Browsing.2. Mobile WiMAX supports a full range of smart antenna technologies to enhance performance including Beamforming.
UTRAN-LTE is a further 3G evolution planned by the 3GPP but work is in its early stages and projected performance specifications are not yet well-defined. LTE therefore is not included in the comparative analysis. Spectral Efficiency STC + SM STC SM Signal to Noise Ratio Figure 10: Performance of Adaptive MIMO Switch (AMS) 4. the Packet Error Rate (PER) can be high and thus the coverage area where target PER is met may be limited. To provide a quantitative comparison of Mobile WiMAX. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . SM for example. The Mobile WiMAX system configuration is based on the WiMAX Forum baseline minimum configuration and is summarized in Tables 6 and 7. Table 6 also includes the EVDO and HSPA system parameters used for the simulation. The performance simulation is based on the propagation and mixed user model summarized in Tables 8 and 9. improves peak throughput but. the commonly accepted 1xEV-DV evaluation methodology [28. Page 37 of 47 v3.3 . the performance of Mobile WiMAX is compared with EVDO and HSPA. 1xEVDO and HSPA system performance.30] is used.________________________________________________________________________ WiMAX also supports dynamic switching between the smart antenna technologies to maximize the benefit based on channel conditions. EVDO (Rev A & Rev B) and HSPA on the other hand are well defined and have a similar product time-line as Mobile WiMAX. WiMAX-EVDO-HSPA Performance Comparison In this section. when channel conditions are poor. STC on the other hand provides large coverage regardless of the channel condition but does not improve the peak throughput.29. Mobile WiMAX supports Adaptive MIMO Switching (AMS) between multiple MIMO modes to maximize spectral efficiency with no reduction in coverage area as illustrated in Figure 10.
Rx: 2 4 dB Tx: 1. Rx: 2 Tx: 1.8 kilometers 36 meters 70° (-3 dB) with 20 dB front-to-back ratio 32 meters 1.________________________________________________________________________ Values Parameters Number of 3-Sector Cells Operating Frequency Duplex Channel Bandwidth BS-to-BS Distance Minimum Mobile-to-BS Distance Antenna Pattern BS Height Mobile Terminal Height BS Antenna Gain MS Antenna Gain BS Maximum PA Power Mobile Terminal Maximum PA Power # of BS Tx/Rx Antenna # of MS Tx/Rx Antenna BS Noise Figure Mobile WiMAX 2500 MHz TDD 10 MHz 2 x 1.94 kHz 91.2 1024 10. Rx: 2 1xEVDO 19 2000 MHz FDD 2 x 5 MHz HSPA MS Noise Figure 7 dB Table 6: Mobile WiMAX and 3G System Parameters Parameters System Channel Bandwidth (MHz) Sampling Frequency (Fp in MHz) FFT Size (NFFT) Sub-Carrier Frequency Spacing Useful Symbol Time (Tb = 1/f) Guard Time (T g =T b/8) OFDMA Symbol Duration (Ts = Tb + Tg) Frame duration Number of OFDMA Symbols Page 38 of 47 Values 10 11.25 MHz 2. . Rx: 2 Tx: 1.9 microsec 5 millisec 48 v3.4 microsec 11.3 Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .5 meters 15 dBi -1 dBi 43 dBm 23 dBm Tx: 2.4 microsec 102.
5 10 dB Channel Model Model A Model B Model C Model D Model E Multi-path Model Pedestrian A Pedestrian B Vehicular A Pedestrian A Single Path # of Fingers 1 3 2 1 1 Speed 3 km/hr 10 km/hr 30 km/hr 120 km/hr 0. 3 for UL and 1 for TTG). Page 39 of 47 v3.3 .5 Hz Fading Jakes Jakes Jakes Jakes Assignment Probability 30% 30% 20% 10% Rician 10% Factor K = 10 dB Table 9: Multipath Models for Performance Simulation Each frame in the Mobile WiMAX configuration contains 48 OFDM symbols. 37 data symbols and 11 overhead symbols (7 for DL. The configurations summarized in Table 5 are applied to 1xEVDO and HSPA for the quantitative performance comparison.________________________________________________________________________ Parameters DL PUSC Values Null Sub-carriers 184 Pilot Sub-carriers 120 Data Sub-carriers 720 Sub-Channels 30 Null Sub-carriers 184 Pilot Sub-carriers 280 Data Sub-carriers 560 Sub-Channels 35 Table 7: Mobile WiMAX OFDMA Parameters UL PUSC Parameters Propagation Model Log-Normal Shadowing SD ( s) BS shadowing correlation Penetration Loss Table 8: Propagation Model Value COST 231 Suburban 8 dB 0. The key differences in the simulation parameters between Mobile WiMAX and EVDO and HSPA are: Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . The 37 data symbols are partitioned to provide a DL to UL ratio of 28:9 (approximately 3:1). fDoppler = 1.
This configuration represents the baseline functionality as specified in the Release-1 system profile for Mobile WiMAX. The results of the simulation clearly show the spectral efficiency and sector throughput advantages of Mobile WiMAX over both 1xEVDO [21. single antenna Tx and dual antenna Rx (1x2. HSPA operates on two 5 MHz FDD channels and 1xEVDO-Rev A operates on two 1.3 . The UL spectral efficiency gain for Mobile WiMAX is achieved with no additional complexity at the client due to orthogonal uplink access. For multi-carrier EVDO-Rev B a 3-carrier 5 MHz FDD channel implementation is selected to provide a case comparable to a 10 MHz TDD channel for the Mobile WiMAX implementation. improves slightly as a result of the optional 64QAM feature in the DL channel.84 bps/Hz/sector in the UL.5 GHz for Mobile WiMAX. 3) frequency reuse pattern.2.________________________________________________________________________ EVDO and HSPA operate on a carrier frequency of 2. 8 Frequency reuse pattern is denoted as (c. and s is the number of sectors per BS site. range from 0. The full buffer traffic performance is simulated with 10 active users in each sector (30 per cell).36 bps/Hz/sector in the UL. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .25 MHz FDD channels whereas Mobile WiMAX is TDD on a single 10 MHz channel. EVDO-Rev B also assumes optional 64QAM is used in the DL. This frequency difference puts Mobile WiMAX at a slight propagation disadvantage to the other two technologies for this analysis. Low complexity Maximum Likelihood Symbol Detection (MLD) is assumed at the receivers in both DL and UL.78 to 0. The simulation results are summarized in Table 10 assuming a DL/UL ratio of 3:1 for Mobile WiMAX.91 bps/Hz/sector in the DL and 0. The spectral efficiency for Mobile WiMAX with MIMO is 1. Page 40 of 47 v3. n is the number of unique frequency channels required for reuse. The spatial channel mode is based on the delay line MIMO channel model [32] with multiple path components defined in Table 9 and spatial correlation 0. SIMO) with RAKE receivers are assumed in both DL and UL. EESM PHY abstraction [31] and ideal channel estimation and all apply the same channel model and channel mix as shown in Tables 8 and 9. link adaptation and proportional fair scheduler of each system are optimized according to its specification. where c is the number of BS sites per cluster. 8 All systems assume a (1.14 to 0. Since only three (3) 1.93 bps/Hz/sector in the DL and 0.34] and HSDPA/ HSPA [35]. For all the 3G cases. s).0 GHz as opposed to 2.25 MHz carriers are supported in the 5 MHz bandwidth channel the UL spectral efficiency for EVDO-Rev B is about 25% less than that of 1xEVDO-Rev A. 2x2 MIMO with Space Time Coding (STC) and Vertical Spatial Multiplexing (VSM) with Adaptive MIMO Switching (AMS) are assumed in the DL and two-user collaborative SM is assumed in the UL. 1. turbo coding. The EVDO-Rev B DL spectral efficiency however. UL scheduling and UL collaborative spatial multiplexing. n. The HARQ. The 3G systems on the other hand.33. For Mobile WiMAX.
70 HSPA FDD 10 5 DL/UL= 3 5 0.23 0. supports flexible configurations and DL/UL ratios ranging from 3:1 to 1:1.93 0.91 0. To provide a more complete comparison of the simulation results the bar charts in Figures 11 and 12 summarize the data throughput and spectral efficiency performance for all of the analyzed cases.30 3.61 MIMO DL/UL= 1 1.84 14.94 DL/UL=3 1.25 0. Page 41 of 47 v3.3 .78 0.14 3. Furthermore.2 Mobile WiMAX TDD 10 Net Information DL Through-put per Channel/ Sector UL (Mbps) Table 10: Performance Comparison Table 10.91 0. although a 2x2 MIMO configuration is required in the Release-1 system profile. summarizes the Mobile WiMAX performance with a 2x2 MIMO configuration and a specific DL/UL ratio of 3:1.85 0.________________________________________________________________________ Parameter Duplex Occupied Spectrum (MHz) Channel BW (MHz) Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz) DL UL DL UL 1x EVDO Rev A FDD 2.5 1.69 DL/UL=3 1. it is of interest to understand the performance differences with a SIMO configuration for Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX however.28 4.65 1. Therefore.91 0.45 3x EVDO Rev B FDD 10 5 5 0.39 HSDPA FDD 10 5 5 0.71 0.84 Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .91 1. The Mobile WiMAX SIMO and MIMO performance results for DL/UL ratios of 1:1 and 3:1 are shown in Table 11.25 1.50 1. 1x2 SIMO configurations may be adopted in early product releases. The assumptions for a SIMO configuration are the same as 2x2 MIMO except that STC and SM are disabled in the DL and collaborative MIMO is disabled in the UL.06 0. SIMO Parameter Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz) DL UL DL/UL = 1 1.10 0.78 0.36 1.1 2.
even early Mobile WiMAX deployments with SIMO will outperform EVDO and HSPA.3 .9 9. Page 42 of 47 v3.6 (Mbps) Table 11: Mobile WiMAX SIMO/MIMO Comparison 14. Mobile WiMAX with SIMO provides a DL throughput advantage of 28 to 96 % compared to 3xEVDO Rev B and 52 to 133% compared to HSPA depending on the DL/UL partition. In the same occupied spectrum. Net Throughput per Channel/Sector 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1:1 1xEVDO Rev A 2x1.2 UL 3.1 1.2 As can be seen in Figure 11 and Figure 12.2 Through-put per Channel/ Sector 4.1 9.25 3xEVDO Rev B 2x5 MHz HSDPA HSPA SIMO Mobile WiMAX 1x10 MHz 3:1 1:1 MIMO 3:1 Mbps DL UL Figure 11: Channel/Sector Throughput Comparison Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .1 2.________________________________________________________________________ SIMO MIMO Parameter DL/UL = 1 DL/UL=3 DL/UL= 1 DL/UL=3 Net Information DL 5.
With this added performance the spectral efficiency for Mobile WiMAX will be 2 to 3 times better than the 3G systems and.0 0. Page 43 of 47 v3.________________________________________________________________________ Spectral Efficiency 2. Therefore. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . These are key attributes essential for enabling broadband mobile services such as data. the DL sector throughput will be greater than 18 Mbps and the UL sector throughput more than 2. video. This high spectral efficiency combined with channel bandwidths up to 20 MHz provides a very high sector throughput capability for Mobile WiMAX systems compared to the 3G systems. the spectral efficiency for Mobile WiMAX can be further increased by 15 to 25%. with a 3:1 DL to UL ratio.5 1. the traffic is bursty and Mobile WiMAX. For most data applications.0 1. With frequency selective AMC sub-channelization.3 .0 1:1 1xEVDO 3xEVDO Rev A Rev B HSDPA HSPA SIMO 3:1 1:1 MIMO Mobile WiMAX 3:1 DL UL bps/Hz Figure 12: Spectral Efficiency Comparison It should be noted that the 11 symbols for control channel overhead assumed in the previous analysis is a conservative estimate for the traffic models used for the comparative analysis. and VoIP. can typically operate with less overhead and therefore. under those conditions. the spectral efficiency and throughput can be further improved by 20 to 30%. achieve higher spectral efficiency than the values indicated in Tables 10 and 11. The typical range for improvement in channel/sector throughput and spectral efficiency for a Mobile WiMAX system under these conditions as compared to the simulation results is illustrated in Figure 13 for the (2x2) MIMO configuration.5 0. In addition.8 Mbps. This throughput performance enables efficient data multiplexing and low data latency. the sub-channel considered for this case is PUSC diversity sub-channelization and frequency selective scheduling gain is not taken into account in the simulation. with an optimized Mobile WiMAX system and bursty data traffic.
91 0. such as AAS.19 UL Throughput + 20% Base Line Figure 13: Optimized Mobile WiMAX with MIMO (2x2) It should also be noted that this performance simulation was based on the Mobile WiMAX baseline MIMO (2x2) configuration.________________________________________________________________________ Channel/Sector Throughput for DL/UL Ratio = 3:1 20 bps per Hz Spectral Efficiency for DL/UL Ratio = 3:1 3. In contrast. From a network deployment perspective the throughput and efficiency performance advantages of Mobile WiMAX translate directly to a more cost-effective access network and rich service offering.0 0. 5. Conclusion In this paper. In fact OFDM/OFDMA is one proposal being considered in 3GPP/3GPP2 as the solution for LTE and is generally accepted as being the basis for 4G.5 2.3 . HARQ. have a fixed asymmetric downlink/uplink ratio determined by the difference in downlink/uplink spectral efficiency and fixed FDD channel bandwidths.5 0. All the systems have adopted advanced technologies to improve data throughput. Page 44 of 47 v3. EVDO and HSPA systems. Mobile WiMAX however.1 5 0 DL Throughput 2. Further performance improvements can be realized with optional advanced Mobile WiMAX features as discussed in Mobile WiMAX – Part I [1]. better uplink efficiency. EVDO and HSPA.84 + 30% + 20% Base Line 15 + 30% Mbps 10 14. we provided a detailed comparison of Mobile WiMAX.5 1. Mobile WiMAX can also dynamically adjust downlink/uplink ratio with TDD support providing greater flexibility and spectral efficiency advantages in supporting varied types of broadband traffic. and can support a full range of advanced antenna technologies. is based on OFDM/OFDMA technology which is more suitable for broadband wireless data communication.0 DL Spectral Efficiency UL Spectral Efficiency 1. An OFDM/OFDMA-based system has high granular resource allocation. various techniques including AMC. Costly spectrum licenses can be more efficiently utilized for generating operator revenues through value added services thus providing a greater return on the up-front investment. Additionally. based on FDD. and DL fast scheduling have been employed in all of these systems. In particular. These capabilities offer the potential for significant spectral efficiency advantages and better QoS in both the downlink and uplink direction.0 1. Mobile WiMAX provides superior QoS and offers operators greater Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum .0 2.
From a performance perspective. Page 45 of 47 v3. This is an essential requirement for the success of Mobile WiMAX. only Mobile WiMAX can transport DSL and cable-like services cost-effectively in a mobile environment. high data throughput and low cost of deployment Mobile WiMAX is a leading solution for wireless broadband services. Other benefits of WiMAX include its open standard approach and healthy ecosystem. VoIP. Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . By creating a common platform that addresses a wide range of market segments. With a scalable architecture. Mobile WiMAX is well-positioned to experience a high global take rate.3 . a technology aimed at delivering broadband mobile services ranging from real-time interactive gaming.________________________________________________________________________ flexibility in implementing Service Level Agreements to meet varied customer requirements. and streaming media to non-real-time web browsing and simple file transfers. The broad industry participation with worldwide adoption of the standard will ensure economies of scale that will help drive low cost of subscription and enable the deployment of broadband mobile services in both developed and emerging markets. Hundreds of companies have contributed to the development of the technology and many companies have announced product plans for this technology.
Rysavy. A. "Overview of Enhanced Uplink for 3GPP W-CDMA. of Sarnoff Symposium. "OFDMA – A Broadband Wireless Access Technology. Xiao and R. Sept. 2004. of PIMRC. M. Li and W. pp. rd "CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification". R. CDG Press Release. Mar." V6. 2004 "Sprint begins Launch of EV-DO Wireless High Speed Data Service". Feb. R. 2005 "Cingular Launches 3G Network". Love. Sep 23. 17 "CDMA2000 EV-DO Revision B Standard to be Published in First Quarter of 2006". 22 23 Page 46 of 47 v3. Mar." V6. July 7." 54th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Nov. Ratasuk.16 – 2004. Proceedings of the Annual Allerton Conference on Communications. Krzymien. "Scheduling and Resource Allocation of Enhanced Uplink for 3GPP W-CDMA" Proc. CDMA Development Group. Love. Xiao and R. vol. "Verizon.0.0. vol. 2005 "Siemens Equips T-Mobile with HSDPA". 2005 3GPP TR25. Hujun Yin and Siavash Alamouti. Germany. Vol 08. K.________________________________________________________________________ References 1 2 3 4 5 "Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation". Ghosh. "Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems. Dec.16 WirelessMAN". 3GPP TR 25. Berlin. 3 Generation Partnership Project 2 "3GPP2". 2005." IEEE STD 802. "Hard Numbers and Expert's Insights on Migration to Wireless 4G Technology" pp. 2006 "NTT DoCoMo Develops Prototype HSDPA Handsets". Oct. 2005. 3GPP TS 25.0. D. R. 2004. Ghosh. 2006 14 15 16 A. Nortel Extend EV-DO Roll Out". Nov. May 2004. "FDD Enhanced Uplink Overall Description. G. Whinnett. Xiao. and Computing.0." V6. 16. P. Control. G. "Feasibility Study for Enhanced Uplink for UTRAN FDD. December 6. 6 7 "Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems. Oct 2002. 2005 8 9 10 11 12 13 "O2. 2004. Press Release.16e/D12. pp. 2005 "The 3G Evolution – Taking CDMA into the Next Decade".896. Feb 1.308. Intel Technology Journal. Oct. 2005 Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . pp. 3GPP TS25. pp. 20.0. Yavuz.808. Paranchych. 2261-2265. 2004. "Performance Improvement of the HDR System due to Hybrid ARQ." 59th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. 2005. 2004. Aug. 2006. "Scalable OFDMA Physical Layer in IEEE 802. Hassan Yagoobi. WiMAX Forum. Sep. Hong Kong. "Analysis of Hybrid ARQ with Link Adaptation".1. March 21. 2001. Feb 27. "FDD Enhanced Uplink Physical Layer Aspects. Kuchibhotla. Press Release." IEEE Proc. 4. 20 21 W. N. 18 19 W.309. 9-16. MANX Telecom and Lucent Technologies to Launch Europe's First Super-Fast 3G Service" O2 Press Release." IEEE P802. "High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Overall Description". Sprint Press Release. March 2006.3 . Ratasuk. 2192-2196. B. 1618-1619. March 2004. W. NTT DoCoMo Press Release. Ratasuk. 4. Wu.
"Simplified Link Level MIMO Channel Model. Los Angeles.further Considerations". Padovani. Meeting #35.A. pp. 32 D. Grob. Ghosh. 33 34 35 Copyright 2006 WiMAX Forum "WiMAX Forum " and "WiMAX Forum CERTIFIED " are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum . Xiao. 45. J. H. Tong. vol. Lisbon. J. and R. W.16e. vol. Golden. pp. November 2003. R. Love. Ghosh and R.H. A. "Space-time Block Codes from Orthogonal Designs. 16. F. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3GPP TSG-RAN-1. "Simplified Processing for Wireless Communication at High Spectral Efficiency. Ratasuk. pp 1451-1458. P. "Effective SIR Computation for OFDM System-Level Simulations. 3GPP2 C. 1999.3 . "Performance of 3GPP High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). H. 38. 1456-1467. pp. Love. Proceedings of VTC Fall 2004. Kitchener. "1xEV-DO System Performance: Analysis and Simulation". no. pp. Jafarkhani and A. P. 3GPP TSG-RAN-1. July 1999. October 1998. R. Ma. vol. vol. M. Autumn 1996. Jul. Ratasuk. D." 60th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. A. Tarokh. 3GPP TSG-RAN-1. W." IEEE 802. Valenzuela. Xiao. R. J. Wang. Alamouti. A.W. V. "A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications. N.R1002-0. November 2003. J. Johnson. December 2004. P. 41-59.J. System-Level evaluation of OFDM . 17. Viterbi. Foschini." R1-03-1370. Bender. Zhang and B.D. 5. G. November 17-21." IEEE Communications Magazine. 7. Page 47 of 47 v3. Black. Wolniansky and R. Zhu. G. Jia. P. M. 2000." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. "Effective SIR Computation for OFDM System-Level Simulations. 2003. M." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory." IEEE. CDMA2000 Evaluation Methodology. Calderbank. Portugal. "CDMA/HDR: A BandwidthEfficient High-Speed Wireless Data Service for Nomadic Users. Sindhusayana. pp. G. 70-77. Fong. Portugal.M. vol. Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Meeting #35. Sept 2004. R1-031303. 3359-3363. 1841-1852. Yu. "Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading Environment When Using Multielement Antennas." R1-03-1370.________________________________________________________________________ 24 S. W. Lisbon. April 2004. Foschini." Bell Labs Tech. R.
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
We've moved you to where you read on your other device.
Get the full title to continue listening from where you left off, or restart the preview.


text:
Iran's "grisly human rights record" is a key issue
Post your comment
Comments on this article are now closed.
Reader comments
Chris Bryant is a member of Labour Friends of Israel so there might just be a tinge of Tel Aviv style Muslim bashing here..though of course no-one with a brain has had any illusions about the medieval brutality of the Iranian Mullahs who rule this Islamic theocracy."Adulterous" women are stoned to death publicly also so hanging gay men is just par for the course.Ultra Orthodox Jews hold views little different one might add.They just do not ,as yet,get the opportunity to carry them through.
As I know QBoy, and was present with him last year outside the Iranian Embassy to condemn the execution of gay children by the Iranian Government, I find it hard to believe that he really thinks 'It's OK for people to believe homosexuality is wrong.' It's not. Ever. QBoy is way too intelligent a man to think it's OK for gay people in Poland to be stigmatised by their vile government. Ultimatley religion, whether dictated by the Nazi Pope or some insidious Mullah, must be shown to be the ephemeral nihilism that it truly evokes. God has failed. Wake up and smell the coffee!
These comments are un-moderated and do not necessarily represent the views of PinkNews. If you believe that a comment is inappropriate or libellous, please contact us.
Most commented this week
- This trans woman was refused a Brazilian wax because she hasn't had gender reassignment surgery 111
- Government slammed for 'lukewarm' commitment to transgender reforms 106
- Gay couples in open relationships likely to be closer, study suggests 99
- Jeremy Clarkson mocks trans-friendly toilets: 'You might as well install urinals for Klingons' 96
- Gay billionaire tells Republican convention: 'I am proud to be gay' 81
- Study calls for trans identification to be removed from list of mental illnesses 69
- Trump to appeal to LGBT community as he accepts GOP nomination 68
- Justin Bieber rejected film role due to gay sex scene, claims writer 66
- School bathroom ban 'humiliates' trans students by making them wear green bracelets 60
- 'Gay or Christian?' Church distributes amazing LGBT-affirming pamphlet at Pride 57

subset: commoncrawl


text:
product details-Tab
The Expert Balance of Shade + Shimmer for Natural Glow.
Light diffusing Maybelline New York Face Studio Master Hi-Light blush and bronzer formulas have an expert balance of shade and shimmer illuminator for natural glow. Skin goes soft lit with zero glitz. Because those in the know don't overglow.
WARNING: This product contains a chemical known in the State of California to cause cancer and/or birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to: www.P65Warnings.ca.gov/.
©Maybelline LLC
(based on 1 review)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
Reviewed by 1 customer
Displaying review 1
Back to top
Love the color and effect, but....
By Plain Jane
from Racine, WI
describe yourself Budget Buyer
See all my reviews
Best Uses
Comments about Maybelline Master Hi-Light by FaceStudio Blush, Nude, .31 oz:
I love the color and lasting power of this product. I purchased in Rose. I am on my third "compact". A little goes a long way, but it blends out to a lovely long wearing natural looking color (I am fair, brown eyes, grey hair). HOWEVER.....when you are getting near to the end, when the pan is almost showing, the "stripes" of highlighter and blush separate and you have no way to pick up any color using a blush brush or even the skimpy emergency brush provided with the product. You have chunks. I dumped these chunks into a ziploc bag and smashed them up as best I could and then back into the compact and use it liike a regular loose blush. However, as you know, loose powder is pretty messy. I wish Maybelline could come up with a more "cohesive" type product lke this as it is my favorite color.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review